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+Project Gutenberg's Dealings With The Dead, by A Sexton of the Old School
+
+This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with
+almost no restrictions whatsoever.  You may copy it, give it away or
+re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included
+with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org/license
+
+
+Title: Dealings With The Dead
+       Volume II
+
+Author: A Sexton of the Old School
+
+Release Date: May 12, 2012 [EBook #39675]
+
+Language: English
+
+Character set encoding: ISO-8859-1
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+*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK DEALINGS WITH THE DEAD ***
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+Dealings with the Dead.
+
+
+
+
+  DEALINGS WITH THE DEAD.
+
+
+  BY A SEXTON OF THE OLD SCHOOL.
+
+
+  VOLUME II.
+
+
+  BOSTON:
+  PUBLISHED BY DUTTON AND WENTWORTH,
+  33 AND 35 CONGRESS STREET:
+  AND
+  TICKNOR AND FIELDS,
+  CORNER OF WASHINGTON AND SCHOOL STREETS.
+  MDCCCLVI.
+
+
+
+
+Entered according to Act of Congress, in the year 1855, by DUTTON AND
+WENTWORTH, in the Clerk's Office of the District Court of the District of
+Massachusetts.
+
+
+
+
+Dealings with the Dead.
+
+BY A SEXTON OF THE OLD SCHOOL.
+
+
+
+
+No. XC.
+
+
+My earliest recollections of some, among the dead and buried aristocracy
+of Boston, find a ready embodiment, in cocked hats of enormous
+proportions, queues reaching to their middles, cloaks of scarlet
+broadcloth, lined with silk, and faced with velvet, and just so short, as
+to exhibit the swell of the leg, silk stockings, and breeches, highly
+polished shoes, and large, square, silver buckles, embroidered vests, with
+deep lappet pockets, similar to those, which were worn, in the age of
+_Louis Quatorze_, shirts ruffled, at the bosoms and sleeves, doeskin or
+beaver gloves, and glossy, black, Surinam walking canes, six feet in
+length, and commonly carried by the middle.
+
+Of the last of the Capulets we know nearly all, that it is desirable to
+know. Of the last of the cocked hats we are not so clearly certified.
+
+The dimensions of the military cocked hat were terrible; and, like those
+enormous, bear skin caps, which are in use, at present, eminently
+calculated to put the enemy to flight. I have seen one of those enormous
+cocked hats, which had long been preserved, as a memorial of the wearer's
+gallantry. In one corner, and near the extremity, was a round hole, said
+to have been made by a musket ball, at the battle of White Plains, Nov.
+30, 1776. As I contemplated this relic, it was impossible to avoid the
+comforting reflection, that the head of the gallant proprietor was at a
+very safe distance from the bullet.
+
+After the assassination of Henry IV., and greatly to the amusement of the
+gay and giddy courtiers of his successor, Louis XIII.--old Sully
+obstinately adhered to the costume of the former reign. Colonel Barnabas
+Clarke was very much of Sully's way of thinking. "And who," asks the
+reader, "was Colonel Barnabas Clarke?" He was a pensioner of the United
+States, and died a poor, though highly respected old man, in the town of
+Randolph, and Commonwealth of Massachusetts. For several years, he
+commanded the third Regiment of the first Brigade, and first Division of
+infantry; and he wore the largest cocked hat and the longest queue in the
+known world. He was a broad-shouldered, strong-hearted Revolutioner. Let
+me take the reader aside, for a brief space; and recite to him a pleasant
+anecdote of old Colonel Barnabas Clarke, which occurred, under my own
+observation, when John Brooks--whose patent of military nobilty bears date
+at Saratoga, but who was one of nature's noblemen from his cradle--was
+governor of Massachusetts.
+
+There was a militia muster of the Norfolk troops, and they were reviewed
+by Governor Brooks. They were drawn up in line. The Governor, bare headed,
+with his suite, had moved slowly down, in front of the array, each
+regiment, as he passed, paying the customary salute.
+
+The petty _chapeau militaire_ had then become almost universal, and, with,
+or without, its feather and gold edgings, was all over the field. Splendid
+epaulettes and eaglets glittered, on the shoulders of such, as were
+entitled to wear them. Prancing horses were caracoling and curvetting, in
+gaudy trappings. In the midst of this showy array, in front of his
+regiment, bolt upright, upon the back of his tall, chestnut horse, that,
+upon the strength of an extra allowance of oats, pawed the ground, and
+seemed to forget, that he was in the plough, the day before, sat an old
+man, of rugged features, and large proportions. Upon his head was that
+enormous cocked hat, of other days--upon his shoulders, scarcely
+distinguishable, was a small pair of tarnished epaulettes--the gray hairs
+at the extremity of his prodigious queue lay upon the crupper of his
+saddle--his ancient boots shaped to the leg, his long shanked spurs, his
+straight silver-hilted sword, and lion-headed pistols were of 1776. Such
+was the outer man of old Colonel Barnabas Clarke.
+
+As the Governor advanced, upon the line of the third Regiment of the first
+Brigade, the fifes of that regiment commenced their shrill whistle, and
+the drums began to roll; and, at the appropriate moment, the veteran
+saluted his excellency, in that rather angular style, which was common, in
+the days of our military fathers.
+
+At that moment, Governor Brooks checked his horse, and, replacing his hat
+upon his head, dismounted, and walked towards the Colonel, who,
+comprehending the intention, returned his sword to its scabbard, and came
+to the ground, with the alertness of a much younger man. They met midway,
+between the line and the reviewing cortege--in an instant, each grasped
+the other's hand, with the ardor of men, who are mutually endeared, by the
+recollection of partnership, in days of danger and daring--they had been
+fellow lodgers, within the intrenchments of Burgoyne, on the memorable
+night of October 7, 1777. After a few words of mutual respect and
+affection, they parted--the review went forward--the fifers and drummers
+outdid themselves--the beholders sent forth an irrepressible shout--and
+when old Colonel Barnabas got up once again, upon his chestnut horse, I
+thought he looked considerably more like old Frederick, hat, queue, and
+all, than he did, before he got down. He looked as proud as Tamerlane,
+after he had caged the Sultan, Bajazet--yet I saw him dash a tear from his
+eye, with the sleeve of his coat--I found one in my own. How frail we
+are!--there is one there now!
+
+While contemplating the remarkable resurrection that has occurred, within
+a few years, of old chairs and tables, porcelain and candlesticks, I
+confidently look forward to the resurrection of cocked hats. They were
+really very becoming. I speak not of those vasty beavers, manufactured, of
+yore, by that most accomplished, gentlemanly, and facetious of all
+hatters, Mr. Nathaniel Balch, No. 72 old Cornhill; but such as he made,
+for his excellent friend, and boon companion, Jeremiah Allen, Esquire,
+high Sheriff of Suffolk. When trimmed with gold lace, and adorned with the
+official cockade, it was a very becoming affair.
+
+No man carried the fashion, as I have described it, in the commencement of
+this article, to a greater extent, than Mr. Thomas Marshall, more commonly
+known as _Tommy Marshall_. He was a tailor, and his shop and house were in
+State Street, near the present site of the Boston Bank. In London, his
+leisurely gait, finished toilette, admirable personal equipments, and
+exceedingly composed and courtly carriage and deportment would have passed
+him off, for a gentleman, living at his ease, or for one of the nobility.
+Mr. Marshall was remarkable, for the exquisite polish, and classical cut
+of his cocked hat. He was much on 'change, in those primitive days, and
+highly respected, for his true sense of honor. Though the most
+accomplished tailor of his day, no one ever suspected him of cabbage.
+
+When I began the present article, it was my design to have written upon a
+very different subject--but since all my cogitations have been "_knocked
+into a cocked hat_," I may as well close this article, with a short
+anecdote of Tommy Marshall.
+
+There was a period--there often is, in similar cases--during which it was
+doubtful, if the celebrated James Otis was a sane or an insane man. During
+that period, he was engaged for the plaintiff, in a cause, in which Mr.
+Marshall was a witness, for the defendant. After a tedious cross
+examination, Mr. Otis perceived the impossibility of perplexing the
+witness, or driving him into any discrepancy; and, in a moment of despair,
+his mind, probably, not being perfectly balanced, he lifted his finger,
+and shaking it, knowingly, at the witness, exclaimed--"_Ah, Tommy
+Marshall, Tommy Marshall, I know you!_" "_And what do you know of me,
+sir?_" cried the witness, doubling his fist in the very face of Mr. Otis,
+and stamping on the floor--"_I know you're a tailor, Tommy!_"
+
+
+
+
+No. XCI.
+
+
+Wake--Vigil--Węcan--import one and the same thing. So we are informed, by
+that learned antiquary, John Whitaker, in his History of Manchester,
+published in 1771. Originally, this was a festival, kept by watching,
+through the night, preceding the day, on which a church was dedicated. We
+are told, by Shakspeare--
+
+  He that outlives this day, and sees old age,
+  Will yearly, on the _vigil_, feast his neighbors,
+  And say _tomorrow_ is Saint Crispian.
+
+These vigils, like the _agapę_, or love-feasts, fell, erelong, into
+disrepute, and furnished occasion, for disgraceful revelry and riot.
+
+The Irish _Wake_, as it is popularly called, however it may have sprung
+from the same original stock, is, at present, a very different affair.
+Howling, at a wake, is akin to the ululation of the mourning women of
+Greece, Rome, and Judea, to which I have alluded, in a former number. The
+object of the Irish _Wake_ is to rouse the spirit, which, otherwise, it is
+apprehended, might remain inactive, unwilling, or unable, to quit its
+mortal frame--to _wake_ the soul, not precisely, "by tender strokes of
+art," but by long-continued, nocturnal wailings and howlings. In practice,
+it has ever been accounted extremely difficult, to get the Irish soul
+fairly off, either upward or downward, without an abundance of
+intoxicating liquor.
+
+The philosophy of this is too high for me--I cannot attain unto it. I know
+not, whether the soul goes off, in a fit of disgust, at the senseless and
+insufferable uproar, or is fairly frightened out of its tabernacle. This I
+know, that boon companions, and plenty of liquor are the very last means I
+should think of employing, to induce a true-born Irishman, to give up the
+ghost. I have read with pleasure, in the Pilot, a Roman Catholic paper of
+this city, an editorial discommendation of this preposterous custom.
+
+However these barbarous proceedings may serve to outrage the dignity, and
+even the decency, of death, they have not always been absolutely useless.
+If the ravings, and rantings, the drunkenness, and the bloody brawls, that
+have sometimes occurred, during the celebration of an _Irish wake_, have
+proved unavailing, in raising the dead, or in exciting the lethargic
+soul--they have, certainly, sometimes sufficed, to restore consciousness
+to the cataleptic, who were supposed to be dead, and about to be committed
+to the grave.
+
+In April, 1804, Barney O'Brien, to all appearance, died suddenly, in the
+town of Ballyshannon. He had been a terrible bruiser, and so much of a
+profligate, that it was thought all the priests, in the county of Donegal,
+would have as much as they could do, of a long summer's day, to confess
+him. It was concluded, on all hands, that more than ordinary efforts would
+be required, for the _waking_ of Barney O'Brien's soul. A great crowd was
+accordingly gathered to the shanty of death. The mountain dew was
+supplied, without stint. The howling was terrific. Confusion began. The
+altercation of tongues was speedily followed, by the collision of fists,
+and the cracking of shelalahs. The yet uncovered coffin was overturned.
+The shock, in an instant, terminated the trance. Barney O'Brien stood
+erect, before the terrified and flying group, six feet and four inches in
+his winding sheet, screaming, at the very top of his lungs, as he
+rose--"_For the love o' the blissed Jasus, jist a dhrap o' the crathur,
+and a shelalah!_"
+
+In a former number, I have alluded to the subject of premature interment.
+A writer, in the London Quarterly, vol. lxiii. p. 458, observes, that
+"there exists, among the poor of the metropolitan districts, an inordinate
+dread of premature burial." After referring to a contrivance, in the
+receiving houses of Frankfort and Munich,--a ring, attached to the finger
+of the corpse, and connected with a lightly hung bell, in the watcher's
+room--he significantly asks--"_Has the corpse bell at Frankfort and Munich
+ever yet been rung?_"--For my own part, I have no correspondence with the
+sextons there, and cannot tell. It may possibly have been rung, while the
+watcher slept! After admitting the possibility of premature burial, this
+writer says, he should be content with Shakspeare's test--"_This feather
+stirs; she lives_," This may be a very good affirmative test. But, as a
+negative test, it would be good for little--_this feather stirs not; she
+is dead_. In cases of catalepsy, it often happens, that a feather will not
+stir; and even the more trustworthy test--the mirror--will furnish no
+evidence of life.
+
+To doubt the fact of premature interment is quite as absurd, as to credit
+all the tales, in this connection, fabricated by French and German
+wonder-mongers. During the existence of that terrible epidemic, which has
+so recently passed away, the necessity, real or imagined, of removing the
+corpses, as speedily as possible, has, very probably, occasioned some
+instances of premature interment.
+
+On the 28th of June, 1849, a Mr. Schridieder was supposed to be dead of
+cholera, at St. Louis, and was carried to the grave; where a noise in the
+coffin was heard, and, upon opening it, he was found to be alive.
+
+In the month of July, 1849, a Chicago paper contained the following
+statement:--
+
+"We know a gentleman now residing in this city, who was attacked by the
+cholera, in 1832, and after a short time, was supposed to have died. He
+was in the collapsed state, gave not the least sign of life, and when a
+glass was held over his mouth, there was no evidence that he still
+breathed. But, after his coffin was obtained, he revived, and is now
+living in Chicago, one of our most estimable citizens."
+
+"Another case, of a like character, occurred near this city, yesterday. A
+man who was in the collapsed state, and to all appearances dead, became
+reanimated after his coffin was procured. He revived slightly--again
+apparently died--again revived slightly--and finally died and was buried."
+
+I find the following, in the Boston Atlas of August 23, 1849:--
+
+"A painful occurrence has come to light in Baltimore, which creates
+intense excitement. The remains of the venerable D. Evans Reese, who died
+suddenly on Friday evening, were conveyed to the Light Street
+burying-ground, and while they were placed in the vault, the hand of a
+human being was discovered protruding from one of the coffins deposited
+there. On a closer examination, those present were startled to find the
+hand was firmly clenched, the coffin burst open, and the body turned
+entirely over, leaving not a doubt that the unfortunate being had been
+buried alive. The corpse was that of a very respectable man, who died,
+apparently, very suddenly, and whose body was placed in the vault on
+Friday last."
+
+The _Recherches Medico-legales sur l'incertitude des risques de la mort,
+les dangers dés inhumations précipiteés, les moyens de constater les décčs
+et de rappeler į la vie ceux qui sont en etat de mort apparente_, by I. de
+Fontenelle, is a very curious production. In a review of this work, and of
+the _Recherches Physiologiques, sur la vie et la mort_, by Bichat, in the
+London Quarterly, vol. lxxxv. page 369, the writer remarks--"_A gas is
+developed in the decaying body, which mimics, by its mechanical force,
+many of the movements of life. So powerful is this gas, in corpses, which
+have laid long in the water, that M. Devergie, the physician at the
+Morgue, at Paris, says that, unless secured to the table, they are often
+heaved up and thrown to the ground._"
+
+Upon this theory, the writer proposes, to account for those posthumous
+changes of position, which are known, sometimes to have taken place. It
+may serve to explain some of these occurrences. But the formation of this
+gas, in a greater or less degree, must be universal, while a change in the
+position is comparatively rare. The curiosity of friends often leads to an
+inspection of the dead, in every stage of decomposition. However valuable
+the theory, in the writer's estimation, the generation of the most
+powerful gas would scarcely be able to throw the body entirely out of the
+coffin, with its arms outstretched towards the portal of the tomb; of
+which, and of similar changes, there exist well authenticated records.
+
+It is quite probable, that the _Irish wake_ may have originated, in this
+very dread of premature interment, strangely blended with certain
+spiritual fancies, respecting the soul's reluctance to quit its tenement
+of clay.
+
+After relating the remarkable story of Asclepiades of Prusa in Bithynia,
+who restored to life an individual, then on his way to the funeral
+pile--Bayle, vol. ii. p. 379, Lond. 1735, relates the following
+interesting tale. A peasant of Poictou was married to a woman, who, after
+a long fit of sickness, fell into a profound lethargy, which so closely
+resembled death, that the poor people gathered round, and laid out the
+peasant's helpmate, for burial. The peasant assumed a becoming expression
+of sorrow, which utterly belied that exceeding great joy, that is natural
+to every man, when he becomes perfectly assured, that the tongue of a
+scolding wife is hushed forever.
+
+The people of that neighborhood were very poor; and, either from economy
+or taste, coffins were not used among them. The corpses were borne to the
+grave, simply enveloped in their shrouds, as we are told, by Castellan, is
+the custom, among the Turks. Those who bore the body, moved,
+inadvertently, rather too near a hedge, at the roadside, and, a sharp
+thorn pricking the leg of the corpse, the trance was broken--the supposed
+defunct sprang up on end--and began to scold, as vigorously as ever.
+
+The disappointed peasant had fourteen years more of it. At the expiration
+of that term, the good woman pined away, and appeared to die, once more.
+She was again borne toward the grave. When the bearers drew near to the
+spot, where the remarkable revival had occurred, upon a former occasion,
+the widower became very much excited; and, at length, unable to restrain
+his emotions, audibly exclaimed--"_don't go too near that hedge!_"
+
+In a number of the London Times, for 1821, there is an account of the
+directions, given by an old Irish expert in such matters, who was about to
+die, respecting his own _wake_--"Recollect to put three candles at the
+head of the bed, after ye lay me out, two at the foot, and one at each
+side. Mind now and put a plate with the salt on it, just atop of my
+breast. And d'ye hear--have plinty o' tobacky and pipes enough; and
+remimber to have the punch strong. And--blundenoons, what the devil's the
+use o' pratin t'ye--sure it's mysilf knows ye'll be after botching it, as
+I'll not be there mysel."
+
+
+
+
+No. XCII.
+
+
+That man must be an incorrigible _fool_, who does not, occasionally, like
+the Vicar of Wakefield, find himself growing weary of being always _wise_.
+In this sense, there are few men of sixty winters, who have not been
+guilty of being over-wise--of assuming, at some period of their lives, the
+port and majesty of the bird of Minerva--of exercising that talent, for
+silence and solemnity, ascribed by the French nobleman, as More relates,
+in his travels, to the English nation. A man, thus protected--dipped, as
+it were, in the waters of Lethe, _usque ad calcem_--is truly a pleasant
+fellow. There is no such thing as getting hold of him--there he is,
+conservative as a tortoise, _unguibus retractis_. He seems to think the
+exchange of intellectual commodities, entirely out of the question; he
+will have none of your folly, and he holds up his own superlative wisdom,
+as a cow, of consummate resolution, holds up her milk. If society were
+thus composed, what a concert of voices there would be, in unison with
+Job's--_we would not live alway_. Life would be no other, than a long
+funeral procession--the dead burying the dead. I am decidedly in favor of
+a cheerful philosophy. Jeremy Taylor says, that, "_the slightest going off
+from a man's natural temper is a species of drunkenness_." There are some
+men, certainly, who seem to think, that total abstinence, from every
+species of merriment, is a wholesome preparative, for a residence in
+Paradise. The Preacher saith of laughter, _it is mad, and of mirth, what
+doeth it?_ But in the very next chapter, he declares, _there is a time to
+dance and a time to sing_. We are told in the book of Proverbs, that _a
+merry heart doeth good, like a medicine_.
+
+There has probably seldom been a wiser man than Democritus of Abdera, who
+was called the laughing philosopher; and of whom Seneca says, in his work
+De Ira, ii. c. 10, _Democritum aiunt nunquam sine risu in publico fuisse;
+adeo nihil illi videbatur serium eorum, quę serio gerebantur_: Democritus
+never appeared in public, without laughter in his countenance; so that
+nothing seemed to affect him seriously, however much so it might affect
+the rest of mankind.--The Abderites, with some exceptions, thought him
+mad; or, in Beattie's words, when describing his minstrel boy--
+
+  "Some deem'd him wondrous wise, and some believ'd him mad."
+
+These Abderites, who were, notoriously, the most stupid of the Thracians,
+looked upon Democritus precisely as the miserable monks, about Oxford,
+looked upon Roger Bacon, in the thirteenth century--they believed him a
+magician, or a madman.
+
+To laugh and grow fat is a proverb. Whether Democritus grew fat or not, I
+am unable to say; but he died at a great age, having passed one hundred
+years; and he died cheerfully, as he had lived temperately. Lucretius says
+of him, lib. iii. v. 1052--
+
+  "_Sponte sua letho caput obvius obtulit ipse_."
+
+The tendency of his philosophy was to ensure longevity. The grand aim and
+end of it all were comprehended, in one word, [Greek: euphymia], or the
+enjoyment of a tranquil state of mind.
+
+There is much good-natured wisdom, in the command, and in the axiom of
+Horace--
+
+  "_Misce stultitiam consiliis brevem
+  Dulce est desipere in loco_"--
+
+which means, if an off-hand version will suffice--
+
+  Mix with your cares a little folly,
+  'Tis pleasant sometimes to be jolly.
+
+One of the most acceptable images, presented by Sir Walter Scott, is that
+of Counsellor Pleydell, perched upon the table, playing at high jinks, who
+compliments Colonel Mannering, by continuing the frolic, and telling him,
+that, if a fool had entered, instead of a man of sense, he should have
+come down immediately.
+
+My New England readers would be very much surprised, if they had any
+personal knowledge of the late excellent and venerable Bishop Griswold, to
+be told, that, among his works, there was an edition of Mother Goose's
+Melodies, with _prolegomina, notę, et varię lectiones_; well--there is no
+such thing there. But every one knows, that the comic romance of
+Bluebeard, as it is performed on the stage, was written by Bishop Heber,
+and is published in his works. Every one knows that Hannah More wrote
+tolerable plays, and was prevented, by nothing but her sex, from being a
+bishop. Every one knows that bishops and archbishops have done very funny
+things--_in loco_. And every one knows, that all this is quite as
+respectable, as being very reverently dull, and wearing the phylactery for
+life--_stand off, for I am stupider than thou_.
+
+I have now before me a small octavo volume--a very _bijou_ of a book, with
+the following title--_Arundines Cami, sive Musarum Cantabrigiensium Lusus
+Canori_, and bearing, for its motto--_Equitare in arundine longa_. This
+book is printed at Cambridge, England; and I have never seen a more
+beautiful specimen of typography. The work is edited by Henry Drury, Vicar
+of Wilton: and it contains a collection of Greek and Latin versions; by
+Mr. Drury himself, and by several good, holy, and learned men--Butler,
+late Bishop of Litchfield--Richard Porson--Hodgson, S. J. B. of Eton
+College--Vaughan, Principal of Harrow--Macaulay--Hallam--Law--and many
+others.
+
+The third edition of this delightful book was published in 1846. And now
+the reader would know something of the originals, which these grave and
+learned men have thought it worthy of their talents and time, to turn into
+Greek and Latin. I scarcely know where to select a specimen, among
+articles, every one of which is prepared, with such exquisite taste, and
+such perfect knowledge of the capabilities of the language employed. Among
+the readers of the Transcript, I happen to know some fair scholars, who
+would relish a Greek epigram, on any subject, as highly, as others enjoy a
+pointed paragraph in English, on the subject of rum and molasses. Here is
+a Greek version of the ditty--"What care I how black I be," by Mr.
+Hawtrey, Principal of Eton, which I would transcribe, were it not that a
+Greek word, now and then, presented in the common type, suggests to me,
+that you may not have a Greek font. It may be found by those, who are of
+the fancy, on page 49 of the work.
+
+Here is a version by Mr. Hodgson--how the shrill, thready voice of my dear
+old nurse rings in my ears, while reading the original! God reward her
+kind, untiring spirit--she has gone where little Pickles cease from
+troubling, and where weary nurses are at rest:--
+
+      Pat a cake, pat a cake, baker's man,
+      So I do, master, as fast as I can.
+      Pat it, and prick it, and mark it with C,
+      Then it will answer for Charley and me.
+
+  Tunde mihi dulcem pistor, mihi tunde farinam.
+      Tunditur, O rapida tunditur illa manu.
+  Punge decenter acu, tituloque inscribe magistri;
+      Sic mihi, Carolulo, sic erit esca meo.
+
+The contributions of Mr. H. Drury, the editor, are inferior to none--
+
+  There was an old man in Tobago,
+  Who liv'd on rice gruel and sago;
+    Till, much to his bliss,
+    His physician said this:
+  'To a leg, sir, of mutton you may go.'
+
+      Senex ęger in Tarento
+      De oryxa et pulmento
+      Vili vixerat invento;
+        Donec medicus
+      Seni inquit valde lęto,
+      'Senex ęger, o gaudeto,
+      Crus ovinum, jam non veto
+        Tibi benedicus.'
+
+Decidedly the most felicitous, though by no means the most elaborate in
+the volume, is the following, which is also by the editor, Mr. Drury--
+
+  Hey diddle diddle! The cat and the fiddle!
+    The cow jumped over the moon;
+  The little dog laughed to see such sport;
+    And the dish ran away with the spoon.
+
+  Hei didulum--atque iterum didulum! Felisque fidesque!
+    Vacca super lunę cornua prosiluit.
+  Nescio qua catulus risit dulcedine ludi;
+    Abstulit et turpi lanx cochleare fuga.
+
+A Latin version of Goldsmith's mad dog, by H. J. Hodgson, is very clever,
+and there are some on solemn subjects, and of a higher order.
+
+How sturdily these little ditties, the works of authors dead, buried, and
+unknown, have breasted the current of time! I had rather be the author of
+_Hush-a-bye baby, upon the tree top_, than of Joel Barlow's Vision of
+Columbus--for, though I have always perceived the propriety of putting
+babies to sleep, at proper times, I have never entirely appreciated the
+wisdom of doing the very same thing to adults, at all hours of the day.
+
+What powerful resurrectionists these nursery melodies are! Moll Pitcher of
+Endor had not a greater power over the dry bones of Samuel, than has the
+ring of some one of these little chimes, to bring before us, with all the
+freshness of years ago, that good old soul, who sat with her knitting
+beside us, and rocked our cradle, and watched our progress from petticoats
+to breeches; and gave notice of the first tooth; and the earliest words;
+and faithfully reported, from day to day, all our marvellous achievements,
+to one, who, had she been a queen, would have given us her sceptre for a
+hoop stick.
+
+
+
+
+No. XCIII.
+
+
+Byles is a patronymic of extraordinary rarity. It will be sought for,
+without success, in the voluminous record of Alexander Chalmers. It is not
+in the Biographia Britannica; though, even there, we may, occasionally,
+discover names, which, according to Cowper, were not born for
+immortality--
+
+  "_Oh fond attempt to give a deathless lot
+  To names ignoble, born to be forgot!_"
+
+Even in that conservative record of choice spirits, the Boston Directory
+for 1849, this patronymic is nowhere to be found.
+
+Henry Byles came from Sarum in England; and settled at Salisbury in this
+Commonwealth, as early as 1640. I am not aware, that any individual,
+particularly eminent, and bearing this uncommon name, has ever existed
+among us, excepting that eccentric clergyman, who, within the bounds of
+our little peninsula, at least, is still occasionally mentioned, as "_the
+celebrated Mather Byles_." I am aware, that he had a son, who bore the
+father's pręnomen, and graduated at Harvard, in 1751; became a doctor of
+divinity, in 1770; was a minister, in New London, and dismissed from his
+charge, in 1769; officiated, as an Episcopal clergyman, in Boston, for
+several years; went to St. Johns, N. B., at the time of the revolution;
+officiated there; and died, March 12, 1814.
+
+But my dealings, this evening, are with "_the celebrated Mather Byles_,"
+who was born of worthy parents, in the town of Boston, March 26, 1706. His
+father was an Englishman. Through the maternal line, he had John Cotton
+and Richard Mather, for his ancestors. He graduated, at Harvard, in 1725;
+was settled at the Hollis Street Church, Dec. 20, 1733; created D. D. at
+Aberdeen, in 1765; was, on account of his toryism, separated from his
+people, in 1776; and died of paralysis, July 5, 1788, at the age of 82. He
+was twice married; a niece of Governor Belcher was his first, and the
+daughter of Lieut. Governor Tailer, his second wife.
+
+I should be faithless, indeed, were I to go forward, without one passing
+word, for precious memory, in regard to those two perennial damsels, the
+daughters of Dr. Byles. How many visitations, at that ancient manse in
+Nassau Street! To how many of the sex--young--aye, and of no particular
+age--it has occurred, at the nick of time, when there was nothing under
+Heaven else to be done, to exclaim--"What an excellent occasion, for a
+visit to Katy and Polly!" And the visit was paid; and the descendants of
+"_the celebrated Mather Byles_" were so glad to see the visitors--and it
+was so long since their last visit--and it must not be so long again--and
+then the old stories, over and over, for the thousandth time--and the
+concerted merriment of these amiable visitors, as if the tales were quite
+as new, as the year itself, upon the first January morn--and the filial
+delights, that beamed upon the features of these vestals, at the effect,
+produced, by the recitation of stories, which really seemed to be made of
+that very _everlasting_ of which the breeches of our ancestors were
+made--and then the exhibition of those relics, and _heir looms_, or what
+remained of them, after some thirty years' presentation to all comers,
+which, in one way and another, were associated with the memory of "_the
+celebrated Mather Byles_,"--and then the oh don't gos--and oh fly not
+yets--and when will you come agains!
+
+The question naturally arises, and, rather distrustingly, demands an
+answer--what was "_the celebrated Mather Byles_"--celebrated for? In the
+first place, he was _Sanctę Theologię Doctor_. But his degree was from
+Aberdeen; and the Scotch colleges, at that period, were not particularly
+coy. With a cousin at court, and a little gold in hand, it was somewhat
+less difficult, for a clergyman, without very great learning, or talent,
+to obtain a doctorate, at Aberdeen, in 1765, than for a camel, of unusual
+proportions, to go through the eye of a very small needle. Even in our
+cis-atlantic colleges, these bestowments do not always serve to mark
+degrees of merit, with infallible accuracy--for God's sun does not more
+certainly shine, upon the just and upon the unjust, than doctorates have,
+in some cases, fallen upon wise men, and upon fools. That, which, charily
+and conservatively bestowed, may well be accounted an honor, necessarily
+loses its value, by diffusion and prostitution. Not many years ago, the
+worthy president of one of our colleges, being asked, how it happened,
+that a doctorate of divinity had been given to a certain person of
+ordinary talents, and very little learning; replied, with infinite
+_naiveté_--"_Why ---- had it; and ---- had it; and ---- had it; and we
+didn't like to hurt his feelings_."
+
+Let us not consider the claims of Mather Byles as definitely settled, by
+the faculty at Aberdeen.--He corresponded with Pope, and with Lansdowne,
+and with Watts. The works of the latter were sent to him, by the author,
+from time to time; and, among the treasures, highly prized by the family,
+was a presentation copy, in quarto, from Pope, of his translation of the
+Odyssey. This correspondence, however, so far as I was ever able to gather
+information from the daughters, many years ago, did not amount to much;
+the letters were very few, and very far between; on the one side
+complimentary, and bearing congratulations upon the occasion of some
+recent literary success; and, on the other, fraught with grateful
+civility; and accompanied, as is often the case, with copies of some of
+the author's productions.
+
+Let me here present a somewhat disconnected anecdote: At the sale of the
+library of Dr. Byles, a large folio Bible, in French, was purchased, by a
+private individual. This Bible had been presented to the French Protestant
+Church, in Boston, by Queen Anne; and, at the time, when it came to the
+hands of Dr. Byles, was the last relic of that church, whose visible
+temple had been erected in School Street, about 1716. Whoever desires to
+know more of these French Protestants, may turn to the "Memoir," by Dr.
+Holmes, or to vol. xxii. p. 62, of the Massachusetts Historical
+Collections.
+
+Dr. Byles wrote, in prose and verse, and quite _respectably_ in both.
+There is not more of the spirit of poetry, however, in his metrical
+compositions, than in his performances in prose. His versification was
+easy, and the style of his prose works was unaffected; his sentences were
+usually short, and never rendered unintelligible, by the multiplication of
+adjuncts, or by any affectation of sententious brevity. Yet nothing, that
+I have ever met with, from the pen of Dr. Byles, is particularly
+remarkable for its elegance; and it is in vain to look, among such of his
+writings, as have been preserved, for the evidences of extraordinary
+powers of thought. Some dozen of his published sermons are still extant.
+We have also several of his essays, in the New England Weekly Journal; a
+poem on the death of George I., and the accession of George II., in 1727;
+a sort of monodial address to Governor Belcher, on the death of his lady;
+a poem called the Conflagration; and a volume of metrical matters,
+published in 1744.
+
+If his celebrity had depended upon these and other literary labors, he
+would scarcely have won the appellation of "_the celebrated Mather
+Byles_."
+
+The _correspondent_ of Byles, Isaac Watts, never imagined, that the time
+would arrive, when his own voluminous lyrics and his address to "_Great
+Gouge_," would be classed, in the _Materia Poetica_, as soporifics, and
+scarcely find one, so poor, as to do them reverence; while millions of
+lisping tongues still continued to repeat, from age to age, till the
+English language should be forgotten,
+
+  "Let dogs delight
+  To bark and bite,
+  For God hath made them so;
+  Let bears and lions
+  Growl and fight,
+  For 'tis their nature to."
+
+Dr. Byles himself could not have imagined, while putting the finishing
+hand to "_The Conflagration_," that, if he had embarked his hopes of
+reaching posterity, in that heavy bottom, they must surely have foundered,
+in the gulf of oblivion--and that, after all, he would be wafted down the
+stream of time, to distant ages, astride, as it were, upon a feather--and
+that what he could never have accomplished, by his grave discourses, and
+elaborate, poetical labors, would be so certainly and signally achieved,
+by the never-to-be-forgotten quips, and cranks, and bon mots, and puns,
+and funny sayings, and comical doings of the reverend pastor of the Hollis
+Street Church.
+
+The reader must not do so great injustice to Dr. Byles, as to suppose,
+that he mingled together _sacra profanis_, or was in the habit of
+exhibiting, in the pulpit, that frolicsome vein, which was, in him, as
+congenital, as is the tendency, in a fish, to swim in water.
+
+The sentiment of Horace applies not here--
+
+  ------------ridentem dicere verum
+  Quid vetat?
+
+The serious writings of Dr. Byles are singularly free from everything,
+suggestive of frivolous association. In his pulpit, there was none of it;
+not a jot; while, out of it, unless on solemn occasions, there was very
+little else. I have heard from those, who knew him well, that he ransacked
+the whole vocabulary, in search of the materials for punning. Yet of his
+attempts, in this species of humor, few examples are remembered. The
+specimens of the wit and humor of this eccentric divine, which have been
+preserved, are often of a different character; and not a few of them of
+that description, which are called practical jokes. Some of these
+pleasantries were exceedingly clever, and others supremely ridiculous. It
+is now more than half a century, since I listened to the first, amusing
+anecdote of Mather Byles. Many have reached me since--some of them quite
+as clever, as any we have ever had--I will not say from Foote, or Hook, or
+Matthews; for such unclerical comparisons would be particularly
+odious--but quite as clever as anything from Jonathan Swift, or Sydney
+Smith. Suppose I convert my next number into a penny box, for the
+collection and safe keeping of these petty records--I know they are below
+the dignity of history--so is a very large proportion of all the thoughts,
+words, and actions of Kings and Emperors--I'll think of it.
+
+
+
+
+No. XCIV.
+
+
+There were political sympathies, during the American Revolution, between
+that eminent physician and excellent man, Dr. James Lloyd, and Mather
+Byles; yet, some forty-three years ago, I heard Dr. Lloyd remark, that, in
+company, the Reverend Mather Byles was a most troublesome puppy; and that
+there was no peace for his punning. Dr. Lloyd was, doubtless, of opinion,
+with Lord Kaimes, who remarked, in relation to this inveterate habit, that
+few might object to a little salt upon their plates, but the man must
+have an extraordinary appetite, who could make a meal of it.
+
+The daily employment of our mental powers, for the discovery of words,
+which agree in sound, but differ in sense, is a species of intellectual
+huckstering, well enough adapted to the capacities of those, who are unfit
+for business, on a larger scale. If this occupation could be made _to
+pay_, many an oysterman would be found, forsaking his calling, and
+successfully competing with those, who will not suffer ten words to be
+uttered, in their company, without converting five of them, at least, to
+this preposterous purpose.
+
+No conversation can be so grave, or so solemn, as to secure it from the
+rude and impertinent interruption of some one of these pleasant fellows;
+who seem to employ their little gift upon the community, as a species of
+laughing gas. A little of this may be well enough; but, like musk, in the
+gross, it is absolutely suffocating.
+
+The first story, that I ever heard, of Mather Byles, was related, at my
+father's table, by the Rev. Dr. Belknap, in 1797, the year before he died.
+It was upon a Saturday; and Dr. John Clarke and some other gentlemen,
+among whom I well remember Major General Lincoln, ate their salt fish
+there, that day. I was a boy; and I remember their mirth, when, after Dr.
+Belknap had told the story, I said to our minister, Dr. Clarke, near whom
+I was eating my apple, that I wished he was half as funny a minister, as
+Dr. Byles.
+
+Upon a Fast day, Dr. Byles had negotiated an exchange, with a country
+clergyman. Upon the appointed morning, each of them--for vehicles were not
+common then--proceeded, on horseback, to his respective place of
+appointment. Dr. Byles no sooner observed his brother clergyman
+approaching, at a distance, than he applied the whip; put his horse into a
+gallop; and, with his canonicals flying all abroad, passed his friend, at
+full run. "_What is the matter?_" he exclaimed, raising his hand in
+astonishment--"_Why so fast, brother Byles?_"--to which the Dr., without
+slackening his speed, replied, over his shoulder--"_It is Fast day!_"
+
+This is, unquestionably, very funny--but it is surely undesirable, for a
+consecrated servant of the Lord, thus lavishly to sacrifice, upon the
+altars of Momus.
+
+The distillery of Thomas Hill was at the corner of Essex and South
+Streets, not far from Dr. Belknap's residence in Lincoln Street. Dr. Byles
+called on Mr. Hill, and inquired--"Do you still?"--"That is my business,"
+Mr. Hill replied.--"Then," said Dr. Byles--"will you go with me, and still
+my wife?"
+
+As he was once occupied, in nailing some list upon his doors, to exclude
+the cold, a parishioner said to him--"the wind bloweth wheresoever it
+listeth, Dr. Byles."--"Yes sir," replied the Dr. "and man listeth,
+wheresoever the wind bloweth."
+
+He was intimate with General Knox, who was a bookseller, before the war.
+When the American troops took possession of the town, after the
+evacuation, Knox, who had become quite corpulent, marched in, at the head
+of his artillery. As he passed on, Byles, who thought himself privileged,
+on old scores, exclaimed, loud enough to be heard--"_I never saw an ox
+fatter in my life_." But Knox was not in the vein. He felt offended by
+this freedom, especially from Byles, who was then well known to be a tory;
+and replied, in uncourtly terms, that he was a "---- fool."
+
+In May, 1777, Dr. Byles was arrested, as a tory, and subsequently tried,
+convicted, and sentenced to confinement, on board a guard ship, and to be
+sent to England with his family, in forty days. This sentence was changed,
+by the board of war, to confinement in his own house. A guard was placed
+over him. After a time, the sentinel was removed--afterwards replaced--and
+again removed--when the Dr. exclaimed, that _he had been
+guarded--regarded--and disregarded_. He called his sentry his
+_observ-a-tory_.
+
+Perceiving, one morning, that the sentinel, a simple fellow, was absent,
+and seeing Dr. Byles himself, pacing before his own door, with a musket on
+his shoulder, the neighbors stepped over, to inquire the cause--"_You
+see_," said the Dr., "_I begged the sentinel to let me go for some milk
+for my family, but he would not suffer me to stir. I reasoned the matter
+with him; and he has gone, himself, to get it for me, on condition that I
+keep guard in his absence._"
+
+When he was very poor, and had no money to waste on follies, he caused the
+little room, in which he read and wrote, to be painted brown, that he
+might say to every visitor--"_You see I am in a brown study_."
+
+His family, having gone to rest, were roused one night, by the reiterated
+cry of _thieves!--thieves!_ in the doctor's loudest voice--the wife and
+daughters sprang instantly from their beds, and rushed into the
+room--there sat the Dr. alone, in his study chair--"_Where, father?_"
+cried the astonished family--"_there!_" he exclaimed, pointing to the
+candles.
+
+One bitter December night, he called his daughters from their bed, simply
+to inquire if they lay warm.
+
+He had a small collection of curiosities. Some visitors called, one
+morning; and Mrs. Byles, unwilling to be found at her ironing board, and
+desiring to hide herself, as she would not be so caught, by these ladies,
+for the world, the doctor put her in a closet, and buttoned her in. After
+a few remarks, the ladies expressed a wish to see the Dr's curiosities,
+which he proceeded to exhibit; and, after entertaining them very
+agreeably, for several hours, he told them he had kept the greatest
+curiosity to the last; and, proceeding to the closet, unbuttoned the door,
+and exhibited Mrs. Byles.
+
+He had complained, long, often, and fruitlessly, to the selectmen, of a
+quagmire, in front of his dwelling. One morning, two of the fathers of the
+town, after a violent rain, passing with their chaise, became stuck in
+this bog. As they were striving to extricate themselves, and pulling to
+the right and to the left, the doctor came forth, and bowing, with great
+politeness, exclaimed--"_I am delighted, gentlemen, to see you stirring in
+this matter, at last_."
+
+A candidate for fame proposed to fly, from the North Church steeple, and
+had already mounted, and was clapping his wings, to the great delight of
+the mob. Dr. Byles, mingling with the crowd, inquired what was the object
+of the gathering--"_We have come, sir_," said some one, "_to see a man
+fly_."--"_Poh, poh_," replied the doctor, "_I have seen a horse-fly_."
+
+A gentleman sent Dr. Byles a barrel of very fine oysters. Meeting the
+gentleman's wife, an hour or two after, in the street, the doctor assumed
+an air of great severity, and told her, that he had, that morning, been
+treated, by her husband, in a most _Billingsgate_ manner, and then
+abruptly left her. The lady, who was of a nervous temperament, went home
+in tears, and was quite miserable, till her husband returned, at noon, and
+explained the occurrence; but was so much offended with the doctor's
+folly, that he cut his acquaintance.
+
+A poor fellow, in agony with the toothache, meeting the doctor, asked him
+where he should go, to have it drawn. The doctor gave him a direction to
+a particular street and number. The man went, as directed; and, when the
+occupant came to the door, told him that Dr. Byles had sent him there, to
+have his tooth drawn. "_This is a poor joke, for Dr. Byles_," said the
+gentleman; "_I am not a dentist, but a portrait painter--it will give you
+little comfort, my friend, to have me draw your tooth_." Dr. Byles had
+sent the poor fellow to Copley.
+
+Upon the 19th of May, 1780, the memorable dark day, a lady wrote to the
+doctor as follows--"_Dear doctor, how do you account for this darkness?_"
+and received his immediate reply--"_Dear Madam, I am as much in the dark,
+as you are_." This, for sententious brevity, has never been surpassed,
+unless by the correspondence, between the comedian, Sam Foote, and his
+mother--"_Dear Sam, I'm in jail_"--"_Dear Mother, So am I._"
+
+He had, at one time, a remarkably stupid, and literal, Irish girl, as a
+domestic. With a look and voice of terror, he said to her, in haste--"_Go
+and say to your mistress, Dr. Byles has put an end to himself_." The girl
+flew up stairs, and, with a face of horror, exclaimed, at the top of her
+lungs--"_Dr. Byles has put an end to himself!_" The astonished wife and
+daughters rushed into the parlor--and there was the doctor, calmly walking
+about, with a part of a cow's tail, that he had picked up, in the street,
+tied to his coat, or cassock, behind.
+
+From the time of the stamp act, in 1765, to the period of the revolution,
+the cry had been repeated, in every form of phraseology, that our
+_grievances_ should be _redressed_. One fine morning, when the multitude
+had gathered on the Common, to see a regiment of red coats, paraded there,
+who had recently arrived--"_Well_," said the doctor, gazing at the
+spectacle, "_I think we can no longer complain_, that our _grievances_ are
+not _red dressed_." "_True_," said one of the laughers, who were standing
+near, "_but you have two ds, Dr. Byles_." "_To be sure, sir, I have_," the
+doctor instantly replied, "I had them from _Aberdeen_, in 1765."
+
+These pleasantries will, probably, survive "THE CONFLAGRATION." Had not
+this eccentric man possessed some very excellent and amiable qualities, he
+could not have maintained his clerical relation to the Hollis-Street
+Church and Society, for three and forty years, from 1733 to 1776; and have
+separated from them, at last, for political considerations alone.
+
+Had his talents and his influence been greater than they were, the
+peculiarities, to which I have alluded, would have been a theme, for
+deeper deprecation. The eccentricities of eminent men are mischievous, in
+the ratio of their eminence; for thousands, who cannot rival their
+excellencies, are often the successful imitators of their peculiarities
+and follies.
+
+I never sympathized with that worthy, old lady, who became satisfied, that
+Dr. Beecher was a terrible hypocrite, and without a spark of vital
+religion, because she saw him, from her window, on the Lord's day, in his
+back yard, gymnasticising, on a pole, in the intermission season; and
+thereby invigorating his powers, for the due performance of the evening
+services. Yet, as character is power, and as the children of this
+generation have a devilish pleasure in detecting inconsistencies, between
+the practice and the profession of the children of light--it is ever to be
+deplored, that clergymen should hazard one iota of their clerical
+respectability, for the love of fun; and it speaks marvels, for the moral
+and religious worth of Mather Byles, and for the forbearance,
+intelligence, and discrimination of his parishioners, that, for
+three-and-forty years, he maintained his ministerial position, in their
+midst, cutting such wild, unpriestly capers, and giving utterance to such
+amusing fooleries, from morning to night.
+
+
+
+
+No. XCV.
+
+
+I have already referred to the subject of being buried alive. There is
+something very terrible in the idea; and I am compelled, by some recent
+information, to believe, that occurrences of this distressing nature are
+more common, than I have hitherto supposed them to be.
+
+Not long ago, I fell into the society of a veteran, maiden lady, who, in
+the course of her evening revelations of the gossip she had gathered in
+the morning, informed the company, that an entire family, consisting of a
+husband, wife, and seven children, were buried alive.
+
+You have heard, or read, I doubt not, of that eminent French surgeon, who,
+while standing by the bedside of his dying friend and patron, utterly
+forgot all his professional cares and duties, in his exceeding great joy,
+at beholding, for the first time in his life, the genuine Sardonic grin,
+exhibited upon the distorted features of his dying benefactor. For a
+moment, my sincere sorrow, for the terrible fate of this interesting
+family, was utterly forgotten, in the delight I experienced, at the
+prospect of receiving such an interesting item, for my dealings with the
+dead.
+
+My tablets were out, in an instant--and, drawing my chair near that of
+this communicative lady, I requested a relation of all the particulars. My
+astonishment was very much increased, when she asserted, that they had
+actually buried themselves--and my utter disappointment--as an artist--can
+scarcely be conceived, when she added, that the whole family had gone to
+reside permanently in the country, giving up plays, concerts, balls,
+soirees and operas.
+
+Putting up my tablets, with a feeling of displeasure, illy concealed, I
+ventured to suggest, that opportunities, for intellectual improvement,
+were not wanting in the country; and that, perhaps, this worthy family
+preferred the enjoyment of rural quiet, to the miscellaneous cries of
+fire--oysters--and murder. She replied, that she had rather be murdered
+outright, than live in the country--listen to the frogs, from morning to
+night--and watch the progress of cucumbers and squashes.
+
+Seriously, this matter of being buried alive, is very unpleasant. The
+dead, the half-dead, and the dying, were brutally neglected, in the
+earlier days of Greece. Diogenes Laertius, lib. 8, _de vita et moribus
+philosophorum_, relates, that Empedocles, having restored Ponthia, a woman
+of Agrigentum, to life, who was on the point of being buried, laws began
+to be enacted, for the protection of the apparent dead. At Athens, no one
+could be buried, before the third day; and, commonly, throughout all
+Greece, burial and cremation were deferred, till the sixth or seventh day.
+Alexander kept Hephestion's body, till the tenth day. I have referred, in
+a former number, to the remarkable cases of Aviola and the Prętor Lamia,
+who revived, after being placed on the funeral pile. Another Prętor,
+Tubero, was saved, at the moment, when the torch was about to be applied.
+I have also alluded to the act of Asclepiades, who, in disregard of the
+ridicule of the bystanders, stopped a funeral procession, and reanimated
+the body, about to be burnt.
+
+A perusal of the _Somnium Scipionis_, and of the accounts of Hildanus,
+Camerarius, and Horstius--of Plato, in his Republic--and of Valerius
+Maximus, will satisfy the reader, that premature burials were, by no
+means, uncommon, of old.
+
+The idea of reviving in one's coffin--one of Fisk and Raymond's "_Patent
+Metallic Burial Cases, Air-Tight and Indestructible_"--is really awful!
+How truly, upon such an awakening as this, the wretch must wish he had
+been born a savage--a Mandan of the upper Missouri--neither to be burnt
+nor buried--but placed upon a mat, supported by poles--aloof from the
+accursed wolves and undertakers--with a reasonable supply of pemmican and
+corncake, and a calabash of water, by his side!
+
+The dread of such an occurrence has induced some very sensible people, to
+prefer cremation to earth and tomb burial. Of this we have a remarkable
+example, in our own country. An infant daughter of Henry Laurens, the
+first President of Congress, had, to all appearance, died of the small
+pox. She was, accordingly, laid out, and prepared for the grave. A window,
+which, during her illness, had been kept carefully closed, having been
+opened after the body was shrouded, and a stream of air blowing freshly
+into the apartment, the child revived, and the robes of death were
+joyfully exchanged, for her ordinary garments. This event naturally
+produced a strong impression, upon the father's mind. By his will, Mr.
+Laurens enjoined it upon his children, as a solemn duty, that his body
+should be burnt; and this injunction was duly fulfilled.
+
+In former numbers, I have referred the reader to various authorities, upon
+this interesting subject. I will offer a brief quotation from a sensible
+writer--"According to the present usage, as soon as the semblance of death
+appears, the chamber is deserted, by friends, relatives, and physicians,
+and the apparently dead, though frequently living, body is committed to
+the management of an ignorant or unfeeling nurse, whose care extends no
+further than laying the limbs straight, and securing her accustomed
+perquisites. The bed clothes are immediately removed, and the body is
+exposed to the air. This, _when cold_, must extinguish any spark of life,
+that may remain, and which, by a different treatment, might have been
+kindled into a flame; or it may only continue to repress it, and the
+unhappy person revive amidst the horrors of the tomb."--"Coldness,
+heaviness of the body, a leaden, livid color, with a yellowness in the
+visage," says the same author, "are all very uncertain signs." Mr.
+Zimmerman observed them all, upon the body of a criminal, who fainted,
+through the dread of the punishment he had merited. He was shaken, dragged
+about, and turned, in the same manner dead bodies are, without the least
+sign of resistance: and yet, at the end of twenty-four hours, he was
+recalled to life, by means of volatile alkali.
+
+In 1777, Dr. William Hawes, the founder of the Humane Society in London,
+published an address, on premature interment. This is a curious and
+valuable performance. I cannot here withhold the statement, that this
+excellent man, before the formation of the Humane Society, for several
+years, offered rewards, and paid them from his own purse, for the rescue
+of persons from drowning, between Westminster and London bridge. Dr. Hawes
+remarks, that the appearance of death has often been mistaken for the
+reality, in apoplectic, and fainting fits, and those, arising from any
+violent agitation of the mind, and from the free use of opium and
+spirituous liquors. Children, he observes, have often been restored, who
+have apparently died in convulsions. In case of fevers, in weak habits, or
+when the cure has been chiefly attempted, by means of depletion, the
+patient often sinks into a state, resembling death; and the friends, in
+the opinion of Dr. Hawes, have been fatally deceived. In small pox, he
+remarks, when the pustules sink, and death apparently ensues, means of
+restoration should by no means be neglected.
+
+In Lord Bacon's _Historia Vitę et Mortis_, a passage occurs,
+commencing--"Complura fuerunt exempla hominum, tanquam mortuorum, aut
+expositorum e lecto, aut delatorum ad funus, quinetiam nonnullorum in
+terra conditorum, qui nihilominus revixerunt," etc. But the passage is
+rather long, and in a dead language; and my professional experience has
+admonished me to be economical of space, and to occupy, for every dead
+subject, long or short, as little room, as possible. I therefore give an
+English version, of whose sufficiency the reader may judge, by glancing at
+the original, vol. viii. p. 447, Lond. 1824.--There were many examples,
+says Lord Bacon, of men, supposed to be dead, taken from their beds as
+corpses, or borne to their graves, some of them actually buried, who,
+nevertheless, revived. This fact, in regard to such as were buried, has
+been proved, upon re-opening their graves; by the bruises and wounds upon
+their heads; and by the manifest evidences of tossing about, and
+struggling in their coffins. John Scott, a man of genius, and a scholar,
+furnishes a very recent and remarkable example; who, shortly after his
+burial, was disinterred, and found, in that condition, by his servant, who
+was absent at the time of Mr. Scott's interment, and well acquainted, it
+seems, with those symptoms of catalepsy, to which he was liable.
+
+A like event happened, in my time, to a play-actor, buried at Cambridge. I
+remember the account, given me by a clever fellow, who being full of
+frolic, and desirous of knowing what were the feelings of persons, who
+were hanging, suspended himself to a beam, and let himself drop, thinking
+that he could lay hold on the beam, when he chose. This, however, he was
+unable to do; but, luckily, he was relieved by a companion. Upon being
+interrogated, he replied, that he had not been sensible of any pain--that,
+at first, a sort of fire and flashing came about his eyes--then extreme
+darkness and shadows--and, lastly, a sort of pale blue color, like that of
+the ocean. I have heard a physician, now living, say, that, by frictions
+and the warm bath, he had brought a man to life, who had hanged himself,
+and remained suspended, for half an hour. The same physician used to say,
+that he believed any one might be recovered, who had been suspended no
+longer, unless his neck was broken. Such is a version of Lord Bacon's
+statement.
+
+In the Gentleman's Magazine, for 1834, page 475, the following account is
+given of the feelings, during the process of hanging, by one, who was
+restored--"The preparations were dreadful, beyond all expression. On being
+dropped, he found himself midst fields and rivers of blood, which
+gradually acquired a greenish tinge; and imagined, if he could reach a
+certain spot in the same, he should be easy. He struggled forcibly to
+attain this, and felt no more."
+
+
+
+
+No. XCVI.
+
+
+It were greatly to be desired, that every driver of brute animals, Guinea
+negroes, and hard bargains, since he will not be a Christian, should be a
+Pythagorean. The doctrine of the metempsychosis would, doubtless, instil a
+salutary terror into his mind; and soften the harshness of his character,
+by creating a dread of being, himself, spavined and wind-galled, through
+all eternity; or destined to suffer from the lash, which he has
+mercilessly laid upon the slave; or condemned to endure that hard measure,
+which he has meted, in this world, to the miserable debtor.
+
+This opinion, which Pythagoras is said to have borrowed from the
+Egyptians, or, as some assert, from the Brachmans, makes the chief basis
+of religion, among the Banians and others, in India and China, at the
+present day; and is the cause of their great aversion to take the life of
+brute animals, and even insects. The accidental destruction of any living
+thing produces, with them, a feeling of sorrow, similar to that,
+experienced, as Mr. Catlin says, by an Indian, who unfortunately shot his
+_totem_, which, in that case, chanced to be a bear; that is, an animal of
+a certain race, one of which his guardian angel was supposed to inhabit.
+
+Vague and fantastical, as have been the notions of a future state, in
+different nations, the idea of a condition of being, after death, has been
+very universal. Such was the conclusion from the reasonings of Plato. Such
+were the results "quę Socrates supremo vitę die de immortalitate animorum
+disseruisset." Such was the faith of Cicero--"Sic mihi persuasi, sic
+sentio, quum tanta celeritas animorum sit, tanta memoria pręteritorum,
+futurorumque prudentia, tot artes, tantę scientię, tot inventa, non posse
+eam naturam, quę res eas contineat, esse mortalem." De Senec. 21.
+
+Seneca was born a year before the Christian era. There is a remarkable
+passage, in his sixty-third letter, addressed to Lucilius. He is striving
+to comfort Lucilius, who had lost his friend Flaccus--"Cogitemus ergo
+Lucili carissime, cito nos eo perventuros quo illum pervenisse moeremus.
+Et fortasse (si modo sapientium vera fama est, recipitque nos locus
+aliquis) quem putamus perisse, pręmissus est:"--Let us consider, my dear
+Lucilius, how soon we, ourselves, shall go whither he has gone, whose fate
+we deplore. And possibly (if the report of certain wise men be true, and
+there is indeed a place to receive us hereafter) he whom we consider as
+gone from us _forever_, has only gone _before_. Here is, indeed, a shadowy
+conception of a future state. The heathen and the Christian, the savage
+and the sage concur, in the feeling, or the faith, or the philosophy,
+whichever it may be, that, though flesh and blood, bone and muscle shall
+perish, the spirit shall not. An impression, like this, swells into
+conviction, from the very contemplation of its own instinctive and
+pervasive character.
+
+The Egyptians believed, in the abiding presence of the spirit with the
+body, so long as the latter could be preserved; and therefore bestowed
+great pains, in its preservation. In the travels of Lewis and Clarke, the
+Echeloot Indians are reported to pay great regard to their dead; and
+Captain Clarke was of the opinion, that they were believers in a future
+state. They have common cemeteries; the bodies, carefully wrapped in
+skins, are laid on mats, in vaults made of pine or cedar, eight feet
+square; the sides are covered with strange figures, cut and painted, and
+images are attached. On tall poles, surmounting these structures, are
+suspended brass kettles, old frying-pans, shells, skins, baskets, pieces
+of cloth, and hair. Sometimes the body is laid in one canoe, and covered
+with another. It is not easy to conjecture what occasion these poor
+Echeloots supposed spirits could have, for frying-pans and brass kettles.
+
+The faith of the inhabitants of Taheite is very peculiar. They believe,
+that the soul passes through no other purgatory, than the stomach of the
+_Eatooa_ bird. They say of the dead, that they are _harra po_, gone to the
+night; and they believe, that the soul is instantly swallowed, by the
+_Eatooa_ bird, and is purified by the process of deglutition; then it
+revives; becomes a superior being; never more to be liable to suffering.
+This soul is now raised to the rank of the _Eatooa_, and may, itself,
+swallow souls, whenever an opportunity occurs; which, having passed
+through this gastric purgation, may, in their turn, do the very same
+thing. Vancouver was present, at the obsequies of the chief, _Matooara_.
+The priest gave a funeral sermon--"_The trees yet live_," said he, "_the
+plants flourish, yet Matooara dies!_" It was a kind of expostulation with
+_Eatooa_.
+
+Baron Swedenborg's notions of the soul's condition, after death, are very
+original, and rather oriental. He believed, "that man eats, and drinks,
+and even enjoys conjugal delight, as in this world; that the resemblance
+between the two worlds is so great, that, in the spiritual world, there
+are cities with palaces and houses, and also writings and books,
+employments and merchandizes; that there are gold and silver, and precious
+stones there. There is, in the spiritual world, all and every thing that
+there is in the natural world; but that in Heaven, such things are in an
+infinitely more perfect state." Trade, in Heaven, is conducted,
+doubtless, on those lofty principles, inculcated, by the late Dr.
+Chalmers, in his commercial discourses; counterfeiters and bank robbers,
+marriage squabbles and curtain lectures are unknown; and no angel lendeth
+upon usury. In this arrangement, there is a remarkable oversight; for, as
+death is dispensed with, our vocation is no better, than Othello's. The
+superior advantages of the Baron's Heaven scarcely offer a fair
+compensation, for the suffering and inconvenience of removing, from our
+present tabernacles; and, for one, I should decidedly prefer to remain
+where I am, especially now that we have gotten the Cochituate water.
+
+Such being the fashion of Swedenborg's Heaven, it would be quite
+interesting, were he now among us, in the flesh, to have, under his own
+hand, a rough sketch of his Hell. As the former is a state, somewhat
+better, the latter must be a state somewhat worse, than our present
+condition. It would not be very difficult to give some little idea of
+Swedenborg's Orcus, or place of punishment. We should have an eternal
+subtreasury, of course, with a tariff, more onerous, if possible, than
+that of 1846: the infernal banks would not discount, and money, on prime
+paper, would be three per cent. a month. Slavery would cover the earth;
+and the South would rage against the North and its interference, like the
+maniac, against his best friend, who strives to prevent him, from cutting
+his own throat, with his own razor.
+
+Among the fancies, which have prevailed, in relation to the soul and its
+habits, none, perhaps, have been more remarkable, than the belief, in an
+actual _exodus_, or going forth, of the soul from the body, during life,
+on excursions of business or pleasure. This may be placed in the category
+of sick men's dreams; and probably is nothing else than that mighty
+conjuration of the mind, especially the mind of an invalid; of whose power
+no man had greater experience than Emanuel Swedenborg. The inhabitants of
+some of the Polynesian islands believe, that the spirits of their
+ancestors become divinities, or _Tees_. They believe the soul walks
+abroad, in dreams, under the charge of its _Tee_, or tutelary angel.
+
+Mydo, a boy, was brought from Taheite, by an English whaler, and died,
+kindly cared for, by the Moravians. One morning, he spoke to these
+friends, as follows:--"You told me my soul could not die, and I have been
+thinking about it. Last night my body lay on that bed, but I knew nothing
+of it, for my soul was very far off. My soul was in Taheite. I am sure I
+saw my mother and my friends, and I saw the trees and dwellings, as I left
+them. I spoke to the people, and they spoke to me; and yet my body was
+lying still in this room, all the while. In the morning, I was come again
+into my body, and was at Mirfield, and Taheite was a great many miles off.
+Now I understand what you say about my body being put into the earth, and
+my soul being somewhere else; and I wish to know where it will be, when it
+can no more return to my body." Such were the humble conceptions of the
+dying Taheitean boy--let the reader decide for himself what more there may
+be, under the grandiloquence of Addison--
+
+  --------Plato, thou reasonest well.
+  Else whence this pleasing hope, this fond desire,
+  This longing after immortality?
+  Or whence this secret dread and inward horror
+  Of falling into naught? Why shrinks the soul
+  Back on herself, and startles at destruction!
+  'Tis the divinity, that stirs within us;
+  'Tis Heaven itself, that points out an hereafter,
+  And intimates eternity to man.
+
+
+
+
+No. XCVII.
+
+
+The ashes of the dead are ransacked, not only for hidden treasure, and for
+interesting relics, but there is a figurative species of raking and
+scratching, among them, in quest of one's ancestors. This is, too
+frequently, a periculous experiment; for the searcher sometimes finds his
+progress--the pleasure of his employment, at least--rudely interrupted, by
+an offensive stump, which proves to be the relic of the whipping-post, or
+the gallows.
+
+Neither the party himself, nor the world, trouble their heads, about a
+man's ancestors, until he has distinguished himself, in some degree, or
+fancies that he has; for, while he is nobody, they are clearly nobody's
+ancestors. In Note A, upon the article _Touchet_, vol. ix., fol. ed.,
+Lond., 1739, Bayle remarks--"It is very common to fall into two extremes,
+with regard to those, whom Providence raises greatly above their former
+condition: some, by fabulous genealogies, procure them ancestors of the
+first quality; others reduce them to a rank, much below the true one."
+This remark was amply illustrated, in the case of Napoleon Bonaparte:
+while some there were, who thought they could make out a clear descent
+from the prince of darkness, others were ready to accommodate him with the
+most illustrious ancestry. The Emperor of Austria had a fancy, for tracing
+Napoleon's descent, from one of the petty sovereigns of Treviso; and a
+genealogist made a merit of proving him to be a descendant, from an
+ancient line of Gothic princes; to all this Napoleon sensibly replied,
+that he dated his patent of nobility, from the battle of Monte Notte.
+Cicero was of the same way of thinking, and prided himself, on being
+_novus homo_. Among the _fragmenta_, ascribed to him, there is a
+declamation against Sallust, published by Lemaire, in his edition of the
+Classics, though he believes it not to be Cicero's; in which, sec. ii.,
+are these words--_Ego meis majoribus virtute mea pręluxi; ut, si prius
+noti non fuerint, a me accipiant initium memorię suę_--_By my virtue, I
+have shown forth before my ancestors; so, that if they were unknown
+before, they will receive the commencement of their notoriety from me_. "I
+am no herald," said Sydney, "to inquire of men's pedigrees: it sufficeth
+for me if I know their virtues."
+
+This setting up for ancestors, among those, who, from the very nature of
+our institutions, are, and ever must be, a middling interest people, is as
+harmless, as it is sometimes ridiculous, and no more need be said of its
+inoffensiveness.
+
+From the very nature of the case, there can be no lack of ancestors. The
+simplest arithmetic will show, that the humblest citizen has more than
+_one million of grand parents_, within the twentieth degree; and it is
+calculated, in works on consanguinity, that, within the fifteenth degree,
+every man has nearly _two hundred and seventy millions of kindred_. There
+is no lack, therefore, of the raw material, for this light work; unless,
+in a case, like that of the little vagrant, who replied to the
+magistrate's inquiry, as to his parents, that he never had any, but _was
+washed ashore_. The process is very simple. Take the name of Smith, for
+example: set down all of that name, who have graduated at the English,
+American, and German colleges, for Schmidt is the same thing--then enrol
+all of that name, upon the habitable earth, who have, in any way,
+distinguished themselves; carefully avoiding the records of criminal
+courts, and such publications as Caulfield's Memoirs, the State Trials,
+and the Newgate Calendar. Such may be called the genealogy of the Smiths;
+and every man of that name, while contemplating the list of worthies, will
+find himself declaring a dividend, _per capita_, of all that was good, and
+great, and honorable, in the collection; and he will arise, from the
+perusal, a more complacent, if not a better man.
+
+This species of literature is certainly coming into vogue. I have lately
+seen, in this city, a large duodecimo volume, recently printed, in which
+the genealogy of a worthy family, among us, is traced, through Oliver
+Cromwell, to Ęneas, not Ęneas Silvius, who flourished in the early part of
+the fifteenth century, and became Pope Pius II., but to Ęneas, the King of
+the Latins. This royal descent is not through the second marriage with
+Lavinia; nor through the accidental relation, between Ęneas and Dido--
+
+  Speluncam Dido dux et Trojanus eandem
+  Deveniunt----------;
+
+but through the first marriage with the unfortunate Creusa, who was burnt
+to death, in the great Troy fire, which took place, according to the
+Parian Marbles, on the 23d of the month, Thargelion, i. e., 11th of June,
+1184 years before Christ. Ascanius was certainly therefore the ancestor of
+this worthy family, the son of Ęneas and Creusa; and the grandson of
+Anchises and Venus. Such a pedigree may satisfy a Welchman.
+
+I am forcibly reminded, by all this, of a very pleasant story, recounted
+by Horace Walpole, in a letter to Horace Mann: I refer to Letter CCV. in
+Lord Dover's edition. In 1749, when Mirepoix was ambassador in England,
+there was a Monsieur de Levi, in his suite. This man was proud of his
+Jewish name, and really appeared to set no bounds to his genealogical
+_gout_. They considered the Virgin Mary a cousin of their house, and had a
+painting, in which she is represented, as saying to Monsieur Levi's
+ancestor, who takes off his hat in her presence--"_Couvrez vous, mon
+cousin_:" to which he replies--"_Non pas, ma trčs sainte cousine, je scai
+trop bien le respect que je vous dois_." The editor, Lord Dover, says, in
+a note, that there is said to have been another ridiculous picture, in
+that family, in which Noah is represented, going into the ark, carrying a
+small trunk under his arm, on which is written--"_Papiers de la maison de
+Levis_."
+
+Very few persons are calculated for the task of tracing genealogies;
+patience and discrimination should be united with a certain slowness of
+belief, and wariness of imposition. Two of a feather do not more readily
+consociate, than two of a name, and of the genealogical fancy, contrive to
+strike up a relationship. There are also greater obstacles in the way,
+than a want of the requisite talents, temper, and
+attainments:--"Alterations of sirnames," says Camden, "which, in former
+ages, have been very common, have so obscured the truth of our pedigrees,
+that it will be no little labor to deduce many of them." For myself, a
+plain, old-fashioned sexton, as I am, I am much better satisfied, with the
+simple and intelligible assurance of my Bible, that I am a child of Adam,
+than I could possibly be, with any genealogical proofs, that Anchises and
+Venus were my ancestors. However, there is no such thing as accounting for
+taste; and it is not unpleasant, I admit, to those of us, who still
+cherish some of our early, classical attachments, to know, that the blood
+of that ancient family is still preserved among us.
+
+No man is more inclined than I am, to perpetuate a sentiment of profound
+respect for the memory of worthy ancestors. Let us extract, from the
+contemplation of their virtues, a profitable stimulus, to prevent us from
+being weary in well-doing. By the laws of Confucius, a part of the duty,
+which children owed to their parents, consisted in worshipping them, when
+dead. I am inclined to believe, that this filial worship or reverence may
+be well bestowed, in the ascending line, on all, who have deserved it, and
+who are, _bona fide_, our grandfathers and grandmothers. It seems to me
+quite proper and convenient, to have a well-authenticated catalogue or
+list of one's ancestors, as far back as possible; but let us exercise a
+sound discretion in this matter; and not run into absurdity. I am ready
+and willing to obey the laws of Confucius, as implicitly, as though I were
+a Chinaman, and reverence my ancestors; but I must, first, be well
+satisfied, as to their identity. I will never consent, because some
+professional genealogist has worked himself into a particular belief, to
+worship the man in the moon, for my great Proavus, nor Dido for my great,
+great grandmother.
+
+Domestic arboriculture is certainly getting into fashion, and a family
+tree is becoming quite essential to the self-complacency, at least, of
+many well-regulated families. The roots are found to push freely, in the
+superficial soil of family pride. Generally, these trees, to render them
+sightly, require to be pruned with a free hand; and the proprietor, when
+the crooked branches are skilfully removed, and all the small and
+imperfect fruit put entirely out of sight, may behold it, with heartfelt
+pleasure, and rejoice in the happy consciousness, that he is a SMINK. If,
+however, these family matters, instead of being preserved, for private
+amusement, are to be multiplied, by the press, there will, indeed, in the
+words of the wise man, be no end of making books.
+
+Ancestors are relics, and nothing else. Whenever the demand for ancestors
+becomes brisk, and genealogy becomes a _profession_--it becomes a _craft_.
+Laboureur, the historian, in his _Additions de Castelnau_, tom. ii. p.
+559, affords a specimen of genealogical trust-worthiness. "In 1560,
+Renatus of Sanzay built, with John le Feron, king at arms of France, a
+genealogy of the house of Sanzay, made up of near fifty descents, most of
+them enumerated, year by year; with the names, sirnames, and coats of arms
+of the women; whilst all those names, families, and arms were mere
+phantoms; brother Stephen of Lusignan, out of this mighty tub, as from a
+public fountain, let flow the nobility and blood of Lusignan to all
+persons, who desired any of it."--Again, on page 320, Laboureur
+says--"They admitted, as true, all that was vented by certain false
+antiquaries and downright enthusiasts, such as John le Maire de Belges,
+Forcatel, a civilian, Stephen of Lusignan, and John le Feron, whom I will
+charge with nothing but credulity." This, doubtless, is the stumbling
+block of most men, who engage in this semi-mythical employment.
+
+Nothing is more easy, than to mistake one dead person, for another, when
+corruption has done its work, upon the form and features. There is
+something bituminous in time. What masculine mistakes are committed by
+experts! Those relics, which have been the object of hereditary
+veneration, for thirty centuries, as the virgin daughter of some great
+high priest in the days of Cheops and Cephrenes, may, by the assistance of
+the savans, with the aid of magnifiers of extraordinary power, be
+demonstrated to be the blackened carcass of Hum-Bug-Phi, the son of
+Hassan, the camel-driver; who kept a little khane or caravansera near
+Joseph's granaries, in old Al Karirah, on the eastern banks of the Nile,
+famous--very--for the quality of its leeks and onions, three thousand
+years ago.
+
+
+
+
+No. XCVIII.
+
+
+Thank Heaven, I am not a young widow, for two plain reasons; I do not wish
+to be young again--and I would not be a widow, if I could help it. A young
+widow, widder, or widdy, as the word is variously spelt, has been a
+byword, of odd import, ever since the days, when Sara, the daughter of
+Raguel, exclaimed, in the fifteenth verse of the third chapter of the book
+of Tobit--"_My seven husbands are already dead, and why should I live?_"
+All this tilting against the widows, with goose quills for spears, arises
+from the fact, that these weapons of war are mainly in the hands of one
+sex. Men are the scribblers--the lions are the painters. Nothing, in the
+chapters of political economy, is more remarkable, than the fact, that,
+since all creation was divided into parishes, there has never been a
+parish, in which there was not a Mr. Tompkins, who was the very thing for
+the widow Button. But the cutting out and fitting of these matters
+commonly belongs to that amiable sisterhood, who are ever happy, without
+orders, to make up, at short notice.
+
+The result of my limited reading and observation has satisfied me
+entirely, that there is, and ever has been, a very great majority of bad
+husbands, over the bad wives, and of bewizzarded widowers, over the widows
+bewitched. When a poor, lone, young widow, for no reason under Heaven, but
+the desire to prove her respect, as Dr. Johnson says, for the state of
+matrimony, takes the initiative, every unmarried female, over thirty,
+longs to cut her ears off.
+
+If there be sin or silliness, in the repetition of the matrimonial
+relation, or in strong indications of uneasiness, in the state of single
+blessedness, man is the offender in chief.
+
+_Quadrigamus_, signifying a man who had been four times married, was a
+word, applicable of old. Henry VIII. had six wives, in succession. Let us
+summon a witness, from among the dead. Let us inquire, where is there a
+widow, maid, or wife, who would not be deemed a candidate for the old
+summary punishment of Skymmington, should she behave herself, as boldly,
+and outrageously, as John Milton behaved?
+
+Milton, though he did not commence his matrimonial experiments, until he
+was thirty-five, married, in succession, Mary Powell, in 1643--Catherine
+Woodcock, in 1653--and Elizabeth Minshull, in 1662. Mary Powell, who was
+the daughter of a Cavalier, and accustomed to the gaiety of her father's
+house, soon became weary of her solitary condition, with John Milton, who
+was, constitutionally, of a choleric and lordly temper. Contrasted with
+the loneliness, and slender appliances of her new home, the residence of
+her father, at Forest Hill, appeared to her, like paradise lost. So she
+went home, at the end of a month, ostensibly upon a visit; and, probably,
+gave no very flattering account of the honeymoon. Just about that period,
+the King's forces had thrashed Fairfax, in the North, and taught Waller
+the true difference, between prose and poetry, in the West; and "the
+Powells," says Dr. Symmons, "began to repent of their Republican
+connection." Milton wrote to his wife to return. She neither came, nor
+responded. He next sent a messenger, who was treated with contempt.
+Thereupon Milton immediately proceeded to pay his suit to a very beautiful
+and accomplished young lady, the daughter of a Dr. Davis; and Dr. Symmons
+is evidently of opinion, that the lady and her family had no objections to
+the proceeding, which is fully exhibited, in Milton's Prose Works, vol.
+vii. p. 205, Lond., 1806.
+
+Talk not of widows after this. Finding, even in those days of disorder,
+that no divorce, _a vinculo_, could be obtained, under existing laws, he
+wrote his celebrated works--The Doctrine and Discipline of Divorce, and
+the Judgment of Martin Bucer, concerning Divorce. In these works he sets
+forth his particular grievance, which the reader may easily comprehend,
+from one or two brief quotations--he speaks of a "_mute and spiritless
+mate_" and of "_himself bound to an image of earth and phlegm_."
+
+After the fight of Naseby, the Powells appear to have thought better of
+it; and Madame Milton returned, made the amende, and was restored in full.
+What sort of composition Milton made with Miss Davis nobody has ever
+disclosed. Certain it is, that compasionate damsel and the works upon
+divorce were all laid upon the same shelf. We are apt to find something
+of value, in a thing we have discarded, when we perceive, that it is
+capable of giving high satisfaction to another. This consideration may
+have influenced Mrs. Milton; and, very possibly, the desire of returning
+to the residence of Milton may have been secondary to that of jilting Miss
+Davis, which she was certainly entitled to do. I knew an old gentleman,
+who was always so much affected, in this manner, by the sight of his
+cast-off clothing, upon the persons of his servants, that nothing would
+content him, short of reclaimer.
+
+Milton was ever Milton still--_nihil tetigit quod non ornavit_. Take a
+brief extract or two from his work on divorce:--"What therefore God hath
+joined let no man put asunder. But here the Christian prudence lies, to
+consider what God hath joined. Shall we say that God hath joined error,
+fraud, unfitness, wrath, contention, perpetual loneliness, perpetual
+discord? Whatever lust, or wine, or witchery, threat or enticement,
+avarice or ambition hath joined together, faithful or unfaithful,
+Christian with anti-Christian, hate with hate, or hate with love--shall we
+say this is God's joining?"--"But unfitness and contrariety frustrate and
+nullify forever, unless it be a rare chance, all the good and peace of
+wedded conversation; and leave nothing between them enjoyable, but a prone
+and savage necessity, not worth the name of marriage, unaccompanied with
+love." Every word of all this was written with an eye to the object of his
+unlawful passion: but the legislature very justly considered the greatest
+good of the greatest possible number; and would not turn aside, to pass a
+bill, for the special relief of John Milton and Miss Davis.
+
+Selden, in his _Uxor Hebraica_, has proved, that polygamy existed, not
+only among the Hebrews, but among all nations, and in all ages. Mark
+Anthony is mentioned, as the first, among the Romans, who took the liberty
+of having two wives. What a gathering there would have been, in the Forum,
+if the news had been spread, that Mrs. Mark Anthony had taken the liberty
+of having two husbands! Every body knows, that widows are occasionally
+burnt, in Hindostan, on the funeral pile with their husbands. Whoever
+heard of a widower being burnt or even scorched, on a similar occasion?
+
+The Landgrave of Hesse, the most warlike of the Protestant leaders, caused
+a representation to be made to the theologians, that he must have two
+wives, and that he would not be denied. A most rampant and outrageous
+protocol was prepared, and handed to Bucerus, for the ministers at
+Wittemberg. The substance of this was equally discreditable to the
+Landgrave, and insulting to Luther and the holy fathers. The Landgrave was
+no gentleman, for he told the theologians, that his lady got drunk, and
+was personally disagreeable to him. He calls God to witness, that, if they
+do not sanction his polygamy, he will do just what he likes, and the sin
+will be upon their heads. He particularly wishes information, on one
+point--why he is not as good as Abraham, Jacob, David, Lamech, and
+Solomon; and why he has not as good a right to have a spare wife or two,
+as they had. He asks for two only.
+
+Luther was deeply troubled, and perplexed. The Reformation professed to
+bring back the world to the Scriptures, in which polygamy was expressly
+recognized. The Reformers held marriage to be _res politica_, and
+therefore subject to the law of the State. The matter became worse by
+delay. The Landgrave was filled with fury, and the theologians with fear.
+At last, poor Luther and the rest signed a paper, concluding with these
+memorable words--"If however your highness is utterly determined upon
+marrying a second wife, we are of opinion, that it ought to be done
+secretly. Signed and sealed at Wittemberg, after the feast of St.
+Nicholas, in the year 1539. Martin Luther, Philip Melancthon, Martin
+Bucer, Antony Corvin, Adam John Lening, Justin Wintfert, Dyonisius
+Melanther."
+
+The detail of all this may be found, in Hazlitt's translation of
+Michelet's Life of Luther, page 251, Lond. 1846. Bayle, article Luther,
+observes, that the theologians would have promptly refused to sanction
+such a thing, had the request come from any private gentleman--or, permit
+me to add, if it had come from the lady of the Landgrave, for a brace of
+husbands.
+
+It is my opinion, that great injustice is done to widows. The opinion of
+St. Jerome, who never was a widow, and knew nothing about it, that they
+should never marry again, is perfectly absurd; for there are some men,
+whose constitutional timidity would close the matrimonial highway forever,
+were it not for that peculiar species of encouragement, which none but
+widows can ever administer. For my own part, I would have a widow speak
+out, and spare not; for I am very fearful, that the opposite course is
+productive of great moral mischief, and tends to perpetuate a system of
+terrible hypocrisy. But let a sound discretion be exercised. I disapprove
+altogether of conditional engagements, made _durante vita mariti_.
+
+
+
+
+No. XCIX.
+
+
+Jonny Moorhead was a man of a kind heart and a pleasant fancy. He came
+hither from Belfast, in 1727. He became pastor of the Presbyterian Church
+in Long Lane, in 1730.--_Tempora mutantur_--Long Lane, and Jonny Moorhead,
+and the little, old, visible temple, and Presbyterianism itself, are like
+Rachel's first born--they are not. But in 1744, the good people built a
+new church, for Jonny Moorhead; in due time, Long Lane became Federal
+Street; and, Jonny's church bore the bell, which had rung so many peals,
+and the gilded tell-tale, which, for so many years, had done obeisance to
+all the winds of Heaven, upon the _old_ Brattle Street Church. These, upon
+the demolition of that church, in 1774, were the gift of John Hancock.
+Jonny Moorhead had little comfort from that bell, for he died December 3,
+1774, and could he have lived to see that Presbyterian weathercock go
+round, in after-times, it would have broken the tough, old strings of
+Jonny Moorhead's Irish heart.
+
+About one hundred years ago, Jonny Moorhead, upon a drowsy summer
+afternoon, gave out the one hundred and eighty-seventh psalm--the chief
+minstrel, with infinite embarrassment, suggested, that there were not so
+many in the _Book_--and tradition tells us, that Jonny replied--"_Weel,
+then, sing as mony as there be_."
+
+My recollection of this anecdote of Jonny Moorhead will be painfully
+revived, when I send forth the one hundredth number of these dealings with
+the dead. They have been prepared like patch-work, from such fragments, as
+my common-place book supplied, and at such broken hours of more than
+ordinary loneliness, as might otherwise have been snoozed, unconsciously
+away. I had cast all that I had written into a particular drawer; and
+great was my surprise, to find, that the hundredth was the last, and that,
+with that number, I shall have sung--"_as mony as there be_."
+
+One hundred--thought I--is an even number--few individuals care to survive
+one hundred. When these dealings with the dead had reached the number of
+four-score, I had serious misgivings, that their _strength_, to my weary
+reader, might prove nothing better than _labor and sorrow_;
+notwithstanding the occasional tokens of approbation, from some
+exceedingly old-fashioned people, who were altogether behind the times.
+
+Having attained this _point d'appui_, which appears well enough adapted
+for the long home of an old sexton, it occurred to me, that I could not
+possibly do a better thing, for myself, or a more acceptable thing for the
+public, than to gather up my tools, as snugly as possible, and quietly
+give up the ghost. But giving up the ghost, even in the sacristan sense of
+that awful phrase, is not particularly agreeable, after all. If I look
+upon each one of these hundred dealings, as a sepulchre of my own
+digging--I cannot deny, that the employment of my spade has been a
+particular solace to me. But there are other solaces--I know it--there are
+an hundred according to the exiled bard of Sulmo--
+
+                "----centum solatia curę
+  Et rus, et comites, et via longa dabunt."
+
+Other suggestions readily occur, and are as readily, discarded. Parents,
+occasionally, experiment upon the sensibility of their children, by fondly
+discoursing of the uncertainty of human existence, and mingling deep drawn
+sighs, with shadowy allusions to wills and codicils.
+
+For three-and-thirty years, our veteran, maiden aunt, Jemima Wycherly, at
+the close of her annual visit, which seldom fell short of six weeks, in
+its duration, though it seemed much longer, took each of us by the hand,
+and, with many tears, commended us fervently to the protecting arm of an
+overruling Providence, and bade us an eternal farewell!
+
+I have always contemplated the conduct of Charles V. in relation to the
+rehearsal of his funeral obsequies, as a piece of imperial foolery. "He
+ordered his tomb to be erected, in the chapel of the monastery. His
+domestics marched thither in funeral procession, with black tapers in
+their hands. He himself followed, in his shroud. He was laid in his
+coffin, with much solemnity. The service for the dead was chanted; and
+Charles joined in the prayers, which were offered for the rest of his
+soul, mingling his tears with those, which his attendants shed, as if
+they had been celebrating a real funeral. The ceremony closed, with
+sprinkling holy water on the coffin, in the usual form, and, all the
+assistants retiring, the doors of the chapel were shut. Then Charles rose
+out of the coffin, and withdrew to his apartment." Such is the statement
+of Dr. Robertson.[1]
+
+Notwithstanding this high authority, it is comforting, even at this late
+day, to believe, that a story, so discreditable to the memory of Charles,
+is without any substantial foundation. It has ever appeared remarkable,
+that Bayle should not have alluded to this curious anecdote. After
+bestowing the highest praise, on Richard Ford's Hand Book, for Travellers
+in Spain, the London Quarterly Review[2] furnishes an extract from the
+work, in which, after giving a minute and interesting account of the
+convent of St. Yuste, the final retreat of Charles V., Mr. Ford
+says--"_the story of his having had the funeral service said over himself,
+while alive, is untrue; no record, or tradition of the kind existed among
+the monks_."
+
+There is something, in these drafts upon _posterity_, to be accepted and
+paid, by the _present generation_, for the honor of the drawer, resembling
+the conduct of a man, who encroaches on his principal, or who anticipates
+his revenues.
+
+There is, undoubtedly, a species of luxury in leave-taking. We have
+delighted, to contemplate the edifying history of that gray-headed old
+rat, who, weary of the world, and determined to spend the remnant of his
+days, in pious meditation, took a final and affectionate leave of all his
+relatives and friends, and retired to a quiet hole--_in the recesses of a
+Cheshire cheese_.
+
+However gratified we may be, to witness the second, or third coming of an
+able, ardent, and ambitious politician, it is not in the gravest nature to
+restrain a smile, while we contrast that vehemence, which no time can
+temper--that _vis vivida vitę_--ready for all things, in the forum or the
+field--that unquenchable fire, brightly burning, beneath the frost of more
+than seventy winters--with those sad infirmities of ace--those silver
+hairs--that one foot in the grave--the necessity of turning from all
+sublunary things, and making way for Heaven, under the pale rays of life's
+parting sun--those senatorial adieus--and long, last farewells--those
+solemn prayers and fervent hopes for the happiness of his associates,
+whom he should meet no more, on this side of the eternal world--those
+_esto perpetuas_ for his country! How touching these things would be, but
+for their frequency! What more natural, or more excusable, having enjoyed
+the luxury of leave-taking, than a desire--after a reasonable interval--to
+repeat the process, which afforded so much pleasure, and inflicted so
+little pain!
+
+As to my own comparatively humble relation to the public--_parvis
+componere magna_--I am of opinion, that I should gain nothing, by
+affecting to retire, or by pretending to be dead. As to the former, it may
+be as truly averred of sextons, as it was, by Mr. Jefferson, of
+office-holders--"_few die and none resign_;" and, in respect to the
+latter, I not only despise the idea of such an imposition upon the public,
+but have some little fear, that the affectation might be too suddenly
+followed, by the reality, as Dr. Robertson, rightly or wrongly, affirms it
+to have been, in the case of Charles the Fifth.
+
+I am now fairly committed, for the first number, at least, of another
+hundred, but for nothing more. I pretend not to look deeper into futurity,
+than six feet, which is the depth of a well-made grave. When I shall have
+completed the second hundred, and commenced upon a third, I shall be well
+nigh ready to exclaim, in the words of Ovid--
+
+                                      "Vixi
+  Annos bis centum: nunc tertia vivitur ętas."
+
+A relation of liberty and equality is decidedly the best, for my reader
+and for me--I am not constrained to write, nor he to read--if he cannot
+lie cozily, in a grave of my digging--I do not propose to detain him
+there--to bury him alive. Dealing with the dead has not hardened my heart.
+I am a sexton of very considerable sensibility; and have, occasionally,
+mingled my tears with the earth, as I shovelled it in.
+
+In less figurative phrase, it is my desire to write, for my amusement,
+till one of us, the reader or myself, gives in, or gives out, and cries
+_enough_. I have a perfect respect for the old proverb, _de gustibus_, and
+by no means anticipate the pleasure of pleasing every body--
+
+  Men' moveat cimex Pantilius? aut cruciet, quod
+  Vellicet absentem Demetrius? aut quod ineptus
+  Fannius Hermogenis lędat conviva Tigelli?
+
+There are some readers, for example, who seem to look upon a classical
+quotation, as a personal affront. I conceive this objection to be scarcely
+equitable, from those, whose hybrid English, it is quite as hard to bear.
+
+There are mortals--offenders in some sort--whom it is difficult to please,
+like the culprit who cried _higher_ and _lower_, under the lash, till the
+Irish drummer's patience was perfectly exhausted, and he exclaimed--"_By
+Jasus, there's no plasing ye, strike where I will_."
+
+
+
+
+No. C.
+
+
+The sayings of eminent men, in a dying hour, are eminently worthy of being
+gathered together--they are often illustrative of the characters of the
+dead, and impressive upon the hearts of the living. Not a few of these
+parting words are scattered, over the breadth and length of history, and
+might form a volume--a _Vade Mecum_, for the patriot and the Christian--a
+casket of imperishable jewels.
+
+As an example of those sayings, to which I refer, nothing can be more
+apposite, than that of the Chevalier Bayard, while dying upon the field of
+battle. "He received a wound," says Robertson, "which he immediately
+perceived to be mortal, and being unable any longer to continue on
+horseback, he ordered one of his attendants to place him under a tree,
+with his face toward the enemy; then fixing his eyes on the guard of his
+sword, which he held up, instead of a cross, he addressed his prayers to
+God; and, in this posture, which became his character, both as a soldier
+and as a Christian, he calmly awaited the approach of death." Bourbon, who
+led the foremost of the enemy's troops, found him in this situation, and
+expressed regret and pity, at the sight. "_Pity not me_," cried the
+high-spirited chevalier, "_I die, as a man of honor ought, in the
+discharge of my duty; they indeed are objects of pity, who fight against
+their king, their country, and their oath_."
+
+How significant of the life of that great military phlebotomist, who, from
+the overthrow of the council of five hundred, in 1799, to his own in 1815,
+delighted in blood, and in war, were those wild, wandering words of the
+dying Napoleon--_tete d'armee!_
+
+We have the last words of consciousness, that were uttered, by the younger
+Adams, when stricken by the hand of death in the capitol--_the last of
+earth!_ We have also those of his venerable father, who expired, on the
+anniversary of that day, which he had so essentially contributed to render
+glorious, so long as the annals of our country shall continue to be
+preserved. On the morning of that day, the dying patriot, at the age of
+ninety-one, was awakened, by the customary pealing of bells, and the roar
+of artillery. Upon being asked, if he recognized the day, he replied--"_it
+is the glorious Fourth--God bless the day--God bless you all_."
+
+On the ninth day of July, 1850, another patriot died, at his post, and in
+the service of his country, whose parting words will long remain, engraven
+at full length, upon the broad area of the whole American heart,--I AM
+PREPARED--I HAVE ENDEAVORED TO DO MY DUTY! Here, in this comprehensive
+declaration of General Taylor, are embodied all, and more than all,
+contained in the long cherished words of the departing patriot--ESTO
+PERPETUA!
+
+  "And you brave Cobham, to the latest breath,
+  Shall feel your ruling passion, strong in death:
+  Such in those moments, as in all the past;
+  'O save my country, Heaven!' shall be your last."
+
+The ninth day of July is, with the Swiss, the day of their National
+Independence. On that memorable day, in 1836, they fought, and won the
+great battle of Sempach, against Leopold, Duke of Austria, which victory
+established the liberties of Switzerland.
+
+Upon the anniversary of that very day, just ninety-five years ago,
+Washington was signally preserved, from the sweeping and indiscriminate
+carnage of Indian warfare, for those high destinies, which he fulfilled so
+gloriously. The ninth day of July, 1755, was the day of General Braddock's
+defeat--the battle, as it is sometimes called, of Fort du Quesne.
+Hereafter, it will be noted, as a day of gloom, in our national calendar.
+A great--good man has fallen--in a trying hour--in the very midst of his
+labors--a wiser, a worthier could not have fallen, at a moment of deeper
+need. From sea to sea--from the mountain tops to the valleys below--from
+the city and from the wilderness--from the rich man's castle, and from the
+hunter's cabin--from the silver-haired and from the light-hearted, what an
+acclaim--what a response, as the voice of one man--has already answered
+to that dying declaration--I AM PREPARED--I HAVE ENDEAVORED TO DO MY DUTY!
+As an entire people, we know it--we feel it--and may God, in his infinite
+wisdom and goodness, enable us to profit, by a dispensation, so awfully
+solemn, and so terribly severe.
+
+The spirit of this great, good man is now by the side of that sainted
+shade, which once animated the form of the immortal Washington. They are
+looking down upon the destinies of their country. Who is so dull of
+hearing, as not to catch the context of those dying words? _I am
+prepared_--_I have endeavored to do my duty_--AND MAY MY DEATH CEMENT THAT
+UNION, WHICH I SO CHEERFULLY DEVOTED MY LIFE TO PRESERVE!
+
+It is finished. The career of this good man has closed forever.
+Ingratitude and calumny to him are nothing now. After days and nights of
+restless agitation, he has obtained one long, last night of sweet repose,
+reserved for those, who die _prepared, and who have endeavored to do
+their duty_. He has gone where the wicked cease from troubling, and where
+the weary are at rest. No summons to attend the agitating councils of the
+Cabinet shall disturb his profound repose--no sarcastic commentaries upon
+his honest policy, from the over-heated leaders of the Senate or the
+House, shall give him additional pain. Party malignity can no longer reach
+that ear. Even the hoary-headed, political Zoilus of the age can scarcely
+find a motive, base enough, among the recesses of an envenomed heart, for
+posthumous abuse. In view of this solemnizing event, the raving
+abolitionist and the Utopian non-resistant may be expected to hold their
+incomparably senseless tongues, at least till these obsequies be past.
+
+If I do not greatly mistake, the death of General Harrison and the death
+of General Taylor, so very soon after entering upon the performance of
+their presidential duties, will not fail to present before the whole
+American people, for their learning, a first and a second lesson, so
+perfectly legible, that he, who runs, may read.
+
+It perfectly comports with a respect, sincere and profound, for the
+memories of these excellent men, solemnly to inquire, if, upon certain
+well known and universally acknowledged principles, it would not be as
+wise, and even more wise, to select a statesman, whose conduct in the
+cabinet had made him preėminently popular, and to place him, with a
+sword, in his unpractised hand, at the head of the armies of the
+Republic--than to place, in the Presidential chair, a great soldier,
+universally and deservedly popular, for his success in war--however strong
+his common sense--however inflexible his integrity--however pure and
+devoted his patriotism--unless he also possesses that skill, and knowledge
+of affairs, which never came to man, by intuition; and which cannot be
+acquired, but by the laborious training and experience of years? This is a
+solemn question, for the people; and it may well be put, irrespectively of
+the public weal, and with a reference, directly, to the happiness, and
+even to the continued existence, of those, who may be so unfortunate as to
+become the objects of the popular favor. Is there any doubt, that all the
+battles, in which General Taylor has ever been engaged, have occasioned
+less wear and tear of body and mind, than have been produced, by the
+numberless trials and anxieties of the Presidential relation? It is a
+popular saying, and, perhaps, not altogether unworthy of general
+acceptation, that both General Harrison and General Taylor were _killed,
+not by kindness, but by care_.
+
+It may readily be supposed, that a gallant soldier would rather encounter
+the brunt of a battle, than such torrents of filth, as have been poured,
+professionally, upon the chief magistrate of the nation, from week to
+week, by the great scavenger, and his auxiliaries, at Washington. All this
+would have been borne, with comparative indifference, by a practised
+statesman, whose training had been among the contests of the forum, and
+whose moral cutis had been thickened, by time and exposure.
+
+To appear, and to be, all that a chief magistrate ought to appear, and to
+be, in the centre of his cabinet, what a mass of information, on a great
+variety of subjects--what tact, amid the details of the cabinet--must be
+required, which very few gentlemen, who have devoted themselves to the
+military profession, can be supposed to possess! If knowledge is power,
+ignorance is weakness; and the consciousness of that weakness produces a
+condition of suffering and anxiety. Instead of coming to the great work of
+government, with the necessary stock of knowledge, training, and
+experience--how incompetent is he, who comes to that work, like an actor,
+who is learning his part, during the progress of the play.
+
+The crude, iron ore is quite as well adapted to the purposes of the
+smith, or the cutler, without any subjection to the preparatory processes
+of metallurgy, as talent and virtue, however consummate, without
+preparatory training, and appropriate study, for the great and complicated
+work of government.
+
+Too much confidence is apt to be reposed, upon the idea, that the
+President will be sustained, by his cabinet; and that any deficiencies, in
+him, will be compensated, by their wisdom and experience. The President is
+an important, component part of the acting government. He is not, like the
+august Personage, at the head of the government of England, who can do no
+wrong; and whose chief employment is the breeding of royal babies, and the
+occasional reading of a little speech. He can do a great deal of wrong,
+and must do a great deal of work; and, when he differs from his cabinet,
+the more need he feels of practical and applicable wisdom and knowledge;
+and, the more upright and conscientious he is, the more miserable he
+becomes, under an oppressive sense of his incapacity.
+
+General Taylor will long be remembered, by the people of the United
+States, with profound and affectionate respect. His amiable and excellent
+qualities are embalmed in their hearts. He fought the battles of his
+country, with consummate skill and bravery. He led their armies, in many
+battles--and never, but to victory!
+
+A grateful people, in the fulness of their hearts, and amid the blindness
+of popular enthusiasm, and with the purest purposes, and with sentiments
+of patriotic devotion, rewarded their gallant soldier, by placing upon his
+brows, A GILDED CROWN OF THORNS!
+
+
+
+
+No. CI.
+
+
+The form of a Chinese tomb, says Mr. Davis, in his "Description of the
+Empire of China," whether large or small, is exactly that of the Greek
+_omega_ [Greek: Ō]. Their mourning color is white. Their cemeteries are
+upon the hills. No interments are permitted in cities. No corpse is
+suffered to be carried, through any walled town, which may lie in its way
+to the place of interment.
+
+The tombs of the rich, says M. Grosier, are shaped like a _horse shoe_,
+which, when well made, might pass for a very respectable [Greek: Ō].
+Almost immediately after death, says the latter writer, the corpse is
+arrayed in its best attire. A son will sell himself, as a slave, to
+purchase a coffin, for his father. The coffin, upon which no cost is
+spared, remains, frequently, for years, the most showy article of the
+expectant's furniture. The body lies in state, and is visited by all
+comers, for seven days. The hall of ceremony is hung with white,
+interspersed with black or violet colored silk. Flowers, perfumes, and wax
+lights abound. Those, who enter, salute the dead, as if he were alive, and
+knock their heads, three times, upon the ground. Upon this, the sons of
+the defunct creep forth, on their hands and knees, from behind a curtain,
+and, having returned the salutation, retire in the same manner.
+
+A Chinese hearse is a very elegant affair; it is covered with a
+dome-shaped canopy of violet-colored silk, with tufts of white, neatly
+embroidered, and surmounted with net work. In this the coffin reposes; and
+the whole is borne, by sixty-four men.
+
+Mourning continues for three years, during which the aggrieved abstain
+from flesh, wine, and all ordinary amusements.
+
+As we have had recently, among us, some half a dozen visitors, male and
+female, from the Celestial Empire, I am strongly tempted to turn from the
+dead, to the living.
+
+I have repeatedly attended the morning levees of Miss PWAN YEKOO, who was
+exhibited with her serving-maid, LUM AKUM, Mr. SOO CHUNE, the musical
+professor, his son and daughter, MUN CHUNG and AMOON, and Mr. ALEET MONG,
+the interpreter. This was certainly a very interesting group; such as
+never before has been presented in this city, and will not be again, I
+presume, for many years.
+
+Miss Yekoo is said to be seventeen, which appears to be her age. With the
+costume of the Chinese, which, in our eyes, is superlatively graceless, we
+have become sufficiently familiar, by the exhibition of the living males
+and the stuffed females, in our Chinese Museums. Of their music, we had an
+interesting specimen, a few years since. Being fortunately deaf, I can say
+nothing of the performances of Miss _Yekoo_ and Professor _Chune_. Their
+features and complexions are Chinese, of course, and cannot be better
+described than in the words of Sir John Barrow, as applicable to the race:
+"The narrow, elongated, half-closed eye; the linear and highly-arched
+eyebrow; the broad root of the nose; the projection of the upper jaw a
+little beyond the lower; the thin, straggling beard, and the body
+generally free from hair; a high, conical head, and triangular face: and
+these are the peculiar characteristics which obtained for them, in the
+_Systema Naturę_ of Linnęus, a place among the varieties of the species,
+distinguished by the name of _homines monstrosi_."
+
+Apart from these and other considerations, it was well for all, who had it
+in their power, to avail themselves of an opportunity, which is not likely
+to be presented again, for years, and examine, with their own eyes, those
+"_golden lilies_," for the production of which this little Chinese
+spinster, Miss _Pwan Yeekoo_ has been severely tortured, from her cradle.
+She is neither very large, nor very small, for a girl of seventeen, and
+her feet are precisely _two inches and a half_ in length. A small female
+foot, as it came from the hand of the great Creator, has ever been
+accounted a great beauty, since Eve was born. But, to the eyes of all
+beholders, on this side of the Yellow Sea, no more disgusting objects were
+ever presented, than the horribly contracted and crippled deformities,
+upon the ends of Miss Yekoo's little trotters.
+
+The bare feet are not exhibited; but a model of the foot, two inches and a
+half in length, on which is a shoe, which is taken off, by the exhibitor,
+and put upon the real foot of Miss Yekoo, over a shoe, already there. This
+model is affirmed to be exact. As it is presented in front, the great toe
+nail alone is visible, forming a central apex, for the foot. On being
+turned up, the four smaller toes are seen, closely compacted, and inverted
+upon the sole. It is not possible to walk, with the weight of the body
+upon the inverted toes, without pain. Miss Yekoo, like all other Chinese
+girls, with these crippled feet, walks, with manifest uneasiness and
+awkwardness, upon her heels. The _os calcis_ receives the whole weight of
+the body.
+
+To sustain the statement, that Miss Yekoo is a "_Chinese lady_," it is
+said, that these crippled feet are signs of aristocracy. Not infallible, I
+conceive:--not more so, than crippled ribs, occasioned by tight lacing,
+which may originate in the upper circles, but find hosts of imitators,
+among the lower orders. "We may add," says Mr. Davis, writing of this
+practice, "that this odious custom extends lower down, in the scale of
+society, than might have been expected, from its disabling effect, upon
+those, who have to labor for their subsistence. If the custom were first
+imposed, by the tyranny of the men, the women are fully revenged, in the
+diminution of their charms and domestic usefulness."
+
+Mr. Davis evidently supposes, that the custom had its rise in jealousy,
+and a desire to prevent the ambulatory sex, from gadding about. Various
+causes have been assigned, for this disgusting practice. Sir John Barrow,
+after expressing his surprise, at the silence of Marco Polo, on the
+subject of crippled feet, which were, doubtless, common in his time,
+observes--"Of the origin of this unnatural custom, the Chinese relate
+twenty different accounts, all absurd. Europeans suppose it to have
+originated in the jealousy of the men, determined, says M. de Pauw, to
+keep them '_si etroit qu'on ne peut comparer l'exactitude avec laquelle on
+les gouverne_.'"
+
+A _practice_, which, at its very birth, and during its infancy, required
+the assignment of some plausible reason, for its existence and
+support--when it grows up to be a _custom_, lives on and thrives,
+irrespectively of its origin, and, frequently, in spite of its absurdity.
+The blackened teeth of the Japanese--the goitres of the Swiss, in the
+valley of Chamouni--the flattened heads of certain Indian races--the
+crippled feet of the Chinese are illustrations of this truth, in the
+admiration which they still continue to receive. "Whatever," says Sir John
+Barrow, "may have been the cause, the continuance may more easily be
+explained: as long as the men will marry none but such as have crippled
+feet, crippled feet must forever remain in fashion among Chinese ladies."
+
+M. De Pauw, in his Philosophical Dissertations, alludes to this practice,
+in connection with that, formerly employed by the Egyptians, and which he
+calls--"_the method of confining the women anciently, in Egypt, by
+depriving them, in some measure, of the use of their feet_."
+
+Plutarch, in his _Precepta Connub_, says, that shoes were entirely
+forbidden to women, by the Egyptians. "Afterwards," says De Pauw, "they
+imagined it to be inconsistent with decency, that they should appear in
+public, with the feet naked, and, of course, they remained at home."
+
+The Kalif, Hakin, who founded the religion of the Druses, re-enacted this
+law. De Pauw remarks, that the assertion of Plutarch might seem doubtful,
+if a decree, prohibiting the manufacture of shoes for women, under the
+pain of death, were not found, as it is, in the _Kitab-al-Machaid_, or
+bible of the Druses.
+
+Upon my first visit to Pwan Yekoo and her _suite_, in connection with
+other visitors, I was not admitted for nearly two hours, after the
+appointed time. Ample sleeping arrangements had not been made, for these
+Celestials; and, for one night, at least, they had been packed, like a
+crate of China ware, in a closet, or small apartment, contiguous to the
+hall of exhibition. Yekoo was indignant, and refused to show her "golden
+lilies." By dint of long importunity, she appeared, but in no gentle
+humor. Indeed, when Yekoo came forth, followed by Lum Akum, I was
+reminded, at a glance, of Cruikshank's illustration of Mrs. Varden,
+followed by Meigs, with the Protestant manual. They soon recovered their
+better nature; and some little attention, paid by the visitors, to the
+Celestial pappooses, put them into tolerably good humor.
+
+At the close of the exhibition, we were invited near the platform. It
+would be superfluous to describe the Chinese costume, so commonly
+presented, in various works. I was especially attracted by the hair of
+Yekoo, and Lum Akum, who passes for her waiting woman. I examined it with
+my glasses. It was jet black, coarse, abundant, and besmeared with a
+stiffening paste or gluten, which mightily resembled grease. Upon the top
+of the head a slender, round stick, about the size of a crow's quill, is
+attached, projecting _aft_, in marine parlance, several inches, like a
+small ring tail boom. The design of this is to support the hair, which is
+thrown over it, and hangs, or is plastered, down with the shining paste,
+assuming the appearance, seen _a tergo_, of a rudder.
+
+The Chinese, in relation to the rest of mankind, are, certainly, a
+contrarious people. In 1833, Mr. Charles Majoribanks addressed a letter to
+the Right Hon. Charles Grant, in which he says:
+
+"China may, in many respects, be said to stand alone, among the nations;
+not only differing, but, in many instances, diametrically opposed, in the
+nature of its laws, customs, and institutions. A Chinese, when he goes
+into mourning, puts on white; the left hand they consider the place of
+honor; they think it an act of unbecoming familiarity to uncover the head;
+their mariner's compass, they assert, points to the South; the stomach
+they declare to be the seat of the understanding; and the chief God of
+their idolatry is the Devil."
+
+Suicide is no crime, with the Chinese. To receive a present, with one
+hand, is deemed an act of rudeness. They never say of the departed, that
+he is _dead_, but that he has _gone to his ancestors_. Among the good
+traits of the Chinese are to be numbered filial respect, and general
+sobriety. In one particular, their legislation may be considered superior
+to our own--among the grounds of divorce, says Mr. Davis, they include
+"_excessive talkativeness_."
+
+I have been reared, in the faith, that the Chinese are not only a
+_peculiar_, but an exceedingly _nasty_ generation. According to Barrow,
+and to Du Halde, in his _Hist. Gén. de la Chine_, they are so liable to a
+species of leprosy, that, for the purpose of arresting its progress, it is
+numbered among the causes of divorce. The itch and other cutaneous
+diseases are extremely common. "They seem," says De Pauw, "to have neither
+horror nor repugnance for any kind of food; they eat rats, bats, owls,
+storks, badgers, dogs," &c. Brand, in his _Reise nach China_,
+observes--"Dogs are chiefly employed, as food, by the Chinese, during the
+great heat in summer, because they fancy their flesh to have a cooling
+quality."
+
+Barrow was private secretary to the Earl of Macartnay, and, in 1804,
+published his travels in China, a work of great merit, and which has been
+highly lauded, for its candor and fidelity. In proof of my remark, I offer
+the following quotation, from that work, on pages 76 and 77. After
+alluding to the custom of crippling the feet, Mr. Barrow proceeds--"The
+interior wrappers of the ladies' feet are said to be seldom changed,
+remaining sometimes, until they can no longer hold together; a custom that
+conveys no very favorable idea of Chinese cleanliness. This indeed forms
+no part of their character; on the contrary, they are what Swift would
+call a _frowzy_ people. The comfort of clean linen, or frequent change of
+under-garments, is equally unknown to the sovereign and the peasant. A
+sort of thin coarse silk supplies the place of cotton or linen next the
+skin, among the upper ranks; but the common people wear a coarse kind of
+open cotton cloth. These vestments are more rarely removed for the purpose
+of washing, than for that of being replaced with new ones; and the
+consequence of such neglect is, as might naturally be supposed, an
+abundant increase of those vermin, to whose growth filthiness is found to
+be most favorable. The highest officers of state made no hesitation of
+calling their attendants, in public, to seek in their necks, for those
+troublesome animals, which, when caught, they very composedly put between
+their teeth. They carry no pocket handkerchief, but generally blow their
+noses into small square pieces of paper, which some of their attendants
+have ready prepared for the purpose. Many are not so cleanly, but spit
+about the rooms, or against the walls, like the French, and they wipe
+their dirty hands, in the sleeves of their gowns. They sleep at night in
+the same clothes they wear by day. Their bodies are as seldom washed, as
+their articles of dress. They never make use of the bath, warm or cold.
+Notwithstanding the vast number of rivers and canals, with which every
+part of the country is intersected, I do not remember to have seen a
+single group of boys bathing. The men, in the hottest day of summer, make
+use of warm water, for washing the hands and face. They are unacquainted
+with the use of soap."
+
+I do not disbelieve, that we, occasionally, meet men, who are very dirty,
+and remarkably orthodox, and, now and then, a well-washed and well-dressed
+villain--but sin and filth are too frequently found to form the very bond
+of iniquity. "Great crimes," says Sir John Barrow, "are not common, but
+little vices pervade all ranks of society. A Chinese is cold, cunning, and
+distrustful; always ready to take advantage of those he has to deal with;
+extremely covetous and deceitful; quarrelsome, vindictive, but timid and
+dastardly. A Chinese in office is a strange compound of insolence and
+meanness. All ranks and conditions have a total disregard for truth. From
+the Emperor downwards, the most palpable falsehoods are proclaimed, with
+unblushing effrontery, to answer a political, an interested, or
+exculpatory purpose."
+
+I beg leave respectfully to suggest to Miss Yekoo, to pay a little more
+attention to her teeth, and somewhat improve her personal appearance. The
+collections, upon their upper portions, are, by no means, necessary to
+prove her Tartar origin.
+
+
+
+
+No. CII.
+
+
+Death is rarely more unwelcome to any, than to those, who reasonably
+suppose the perils of the deep to be fairly passed, and who are permitted,
+after a long sojourn in other lands, to look once again upon their own--so
+near withal, that their eyes are gladdened, by the recognition of familiar
+landmarks; and who, in the silent chancel of their miscalculating hearts,
+thank God, that they are _at home at last_--and yet, in the very midst of
+life and joy, they are in death!
+
+There has ever seemed to me to be something exceedingly impressive, in the
+death of that eminent patriot, Josiah Quincy. He died when the bark, which
+bore him homeward was in sight of land--the headlands of Gloucester, April
+26, 1775--
+
+  ----Dulces moriens reminiscitur Argos.
+
+Few men, of our own country, have accomplished more, or acquired a more
+honorable celebrity, at the early age of thirty-one.
+
+His was a death in the common course of nature. I more especially allude,
+at this moment, to death as it occurs, from shipwreck, on one's own
+shores, when the voyage is apparently at an end, and the voyagers are
+anticipating an almost immediate reunion with their friends.
+
+The frequency of these occurrences revives, at the present moment, the
+sentiment of Horace, delivered some eighteen centuries ago--
+
+  Illi robur et ęs triplex
+    Circa pectus erat, qui fragilem truci
+  Commisit pelago ratem
+    Primus.------------
+
+We are oblivious of perils past. The tax on commerce, levied by the
+whirlwind, and by recklessness, and ignorance, far exceeds the common
+calculation of those, who know little, experimentally, of the perils of
+the deep; and who go not down upon the sea in ships. Precisely fifty years
+ago, it was estimated, at Lloyd's, that one ship per diem, three hundred
+and sixty-five ships, annually, were lost, in the open sea, and on lee
+shores. And, in Lloyd's Lists, for 1830, it was stated, that six hundred
+and seventy-seven British vessels were lost, during that year.
+
+Whether or not it be attributable to that natural eagerness, which
+increases, as the object of our heart's desire draws near, and is apt to
+abate somewhat of our ordinary vigilance--certain it is, that calamities
+of this nature are of no unfrequent occurrence, near the termination of a
+voyage, and when we have almost arrived at the haven, where we would be.
+
+About ten years ago, while enjoying the hospitality of some Southern
+friends, I became acquainted with a lady, the varying expression of whose
+features arrested my attention, and excited my surprise. Whenever her
+countenance was lighted up, by a smile, it was for an instant only; and an
+expression of solemnity, and even of sadness, immediately succeeded; as
+the darkness of an autumnal sky follows the feeble flashes of electric
+light.
+
+I sought an explanation of this peculiarity, from an old friend, who knew
+this lady well, Mr. Doddridge Crocker, formerly a merchant of this city,
+and then a resident of Charleston.
+
+He informed me, that, many years before, he had been a passenger, in
+company with this lady and her father, together with other citizens of
+Charleston, for New York, on board the Rose in Bloom. They had a
+prosperous voyage, until they came in sight of the Highlands. The
+passengers proceeded to make their toilets; and arrangements were in
+progress, for going speedily on shore. The ship was under a press of
+canvas, with a strong breeze. The wind shifted its direction suddenly, and
+soon became a gale. The Rose in Bloom was capsized, and lost. The lady,
+said Mr. Crocker, to whom you refer, and her father, amid the terrible
+confusion, which ensued, clung to some floating article, whose buoyancy,
+it soon became apparent, was not sufficient to support them both. The
+filial and paternal contest may be easily conceived, each entreating the
+other, to retain the only means of preservation. At length, the father
+abandoned his hold, and struck out for a floating spar, at some little
+distance. His struggles were ineffectual--he sunk, before his daughter's
+eyes! We were, ere long, rescued from our imminent peril. The impression,
+left upon her mind, was left there forever.
+
+The reader may possibly surmise, that my leading remarks have a particular
+reference to the recent shipwreck of the Elizabeth, upon the coast of New
+York. This catastrophe, which is imputed to ignorance and miscalculation,
+involves the loss of an interesting and intelligent young gentleman, Mr.
+Horace Sumner, of this city, and of the Marquis and Marchioness Ossoli,
+and their child. One of these sufferers I have known, in earlier days.
+Under the quiet, unpresuming roof of her worthy father, Mr. Timothy
+Fuller, I have met his daughter Margaret. Few then would have anticipated
+her melancholy fate, and fewer still, that she would become an Italian
+marchioness!
+
+Let me devote the remaining space, in the present article, to those
+unmitigated wretches, with hearts of flint, who rioted and revelled, amid
+the sufferings of their fellow-beings. An opportunity will now be
+afforded, to stamp this hellish practice, with all the force of the law,
+and whatever there may be of indignant severity, in public sentiment.
+
+Luring vessels on shore, by arranging false lights, and robbing wrecks are
+crimes of great antiquity. But I had no suspicion, that even the latter
+practice was carried on, so systematically, and so boldly, as it appears
+to have been, at the present day, in the State of New York. The names of
+the places, where these atrocities were committed, Fire Island, Patchogue,
+Islip, Babylon have something of a Cornish sound, undoubtedly.
+
+Of old, in all the northern regions of Europe, and especially, along the
+coasts of the Baltic Sea, a wreck was deemed "_a Providence_;" and laws
+were in force, authorizing the inhabitants to fall on, and plunder at
+discretion, or, in the language, then employed--"_in naufragorum miseria
+et calamitate, tanquam vultures, ad prędam currere_." Of the earlier
+periods of our own history, tales have been told, which, though almost
+beyond belief, would not have been related, if they had not been
+somewhere, upon the outskirts or frontiers of probability. Thus
+many--many--very many years ago, tradition intimates, that a worthy
+clergyman of Truro was interrupted, in the middle of his discourse, by one
+of his deacons, who caused the whole congregation to rise _en masse_, by
+seizing his hat and crying aloud--"_a wreck!_" whereupon the good man is
+reported, while putting up his notes, and opening the pulpit door, to have
+exclaimed--"_Stay--stay, my Christian friends, let us all have a fair
+start_."
+
+More than five hundred years ago, in the 13th of Edward III., laws were
+passed, in England, for the punishment of such offenders. These laws were
+amended and confirmed, in the 12th of Anne, and 4th of George I., 26th of
+George II., and 8th of Elizabeth. By the statute of 26 George II., ch.
+19, plundering a vessel, in distress, or wrecked, and putting out false
+lights, to deceive, were made capital felonies. By the civil law, stealing
+even a plank from a vessel, in distress, or wrecked, made the offender
+liable, for the entire ship and cargo. The early Neapolitan constitutions
+and the laws of the Wisigoths inflicted the severest punishment, not only
+upon such as plundered a wreck, but upon all, who were convicted of
+neglecting to aid a vessel in distress, when in their power to render
+comfort and assistance.
+
+By the laws of the United States--I refer to the act of March 3,
+1825--persons who plunder vessels in distress; and all, who obstruct the
+escape of the sufferers; the exhibitors of false lights and extinguishers
+of true ones, with intent to produce shipwreck, are punishable, by fine,
+not exceeding five thousand dollars, and imprisonment and hard labor, not
+exceeding ten years. The extreme mildness of this law has always struck me
+with amazement; for, among the offenders, described in the statute, are
+those, "_who shall wilfully obstruct the escape of any person, endeavoring
+to save his or her life_," &c.
+
+Since men went down upon the sea in ships, there has rarely occurred, in
+our own country, a case of deeper atrocity, than the present; and, it is
+to be hoped, that the tribunals of New York will exhibit a forcible
+example of mercy to the whole community, by a prompt and condign
+punishment of these heartless wretches.
+
+The fiendish spirit, which, of old, animated the Buccaneers of the
+Tortugas, will probably never entirely die out from the heart of man, till
+the period of millennial purgation. It is impossible to conceive of
+anything, in a population of hyęnas, more selfish, cold, and cruel, than
+the conduct of that abandoned class, of whose existence we have abundant
+evidence; to whom no music is so sweet, as that of the midnight hurricane;
+and who have, immemorially, obtained the appellation of _moon-cursers_,
+because they delight in that darkness, which is suited to their infernal
+profession.
+
+The laws of England have been unable to accomplish the extinction of these
+miscreants. The Cornish coast, exposed, as it is, to marine disaster, has
+ever been famous, for this species of crime and cruelty. It is chiefly
+confined to a few parishes, on the craggy shore, between Mount's Bay and
+the Lizard. "When a wreck takes place," says Mr. Haydn, page 559,
+following the words of Phillips, "thousands assemble with hatchets, axes,
+crowbars, &c., and many women and children fight, by habit, for the
+plunder, utterly regardless of the sufferers."
+
+For the honor of human nature I trust, that many, very many years have
+gone by, since any such atrocities were practised, upon the sea-coast of
+New England. The late Dr. Holbrook, of Milton, related an incident, which
+occurred, during the last war with Great Britain, extending not beyond
+mere pilfering; and which, in the case of one individual, at least, had
+rather an amusing termination.
+
+A vessel was wrecked, on Nantasket beach; and, her cargo was broken up,
+and scattered along the shore. On the following day, Dr. Holbrook was
+hastily summoned, to visit a patient, who was thought to be dying. He was
+thoroughly exhausted, and had vomited, through the whole day, a substance,
+in no degree offensive, but, on the contrary, exceedingly aromatic and
+agreeable. Nevertheless, he was sinking from exhaustion. Dr. Holbrook
+could not prevail upon the patient to admit, that he had partaken of any
+other, than his customary diet. His wife stated, that he had been absent
+the preceding night, and had not told her, in what manner he had been
+engaged.
+
+At last, the doctor gravely informed him, that it was folly to practise
+such deception; that, unless a physician knew the nature of the poison, he
+could not easily prescribe an antidote; and, that, if he persisted in his
+folly, death might be the consequence.
+
+At this, the fellow, who, with others, had been pilfering from the wreck,
+became thoroughly frightened; and, with an expression of great terror,
+confessed, that he feared he had _eaten rather too heartily of nutmegs_.
+
+
+
+
+No. CIII.
+
+
+In the Transcript of August 14, I notice an editorial criticism, upon the
+recent employment of the word _catafalque_. In primitive strictness, I
+believe that criticism to be perfectly correct; and that, in its original
+signification, _catafalque_ cannot be understood to mean a _funeral car_.
+
+In the _grand Dictionaire_, by Fleming & Tibbins, _catafalque_ is thus
+defined--"_decoration funebre qu'on eleve au milieu d'une église pour y
+placer le cercueil ou le representation d'un mort a qui l'on veut rendre
+les plus grands honneurs_."
+
+Herse is defined, by the same lexicographers, "_un cercueil, une biere,
+voiture pour porter un mort au tombeau, un char funebre, corbillard,
+pierre tumulaire provisoire_."
+
+Thus, while _catafalque_ seems to signify an ornamental structure, erected
+in the middle of a church, to support the coffin or the effigy of the
+dead, whom it is intended to honor--_herse_, at the present day, is
+understood to mean a coffin, a bier, a carriage to bear the dead to the
+tomb, a funeral car, a van, a temporary mausoleum or gravestone.
+
+_Herse_, whose etymology, according to Johnson, is unknown, imported,
+three hundred years ago, a temporary structure, in honor of the dead; such
+also is the meaning of the word _catafalque_; of this, there cannot be the
+slightest doubt. In this sense, herse was employed by Shakspeare, in his
+Henry IV.:
+
+                        "To add to your laments
+  Wherewith you now bedew King Henry's herse," &c.
+
+Johnson furnishes two definitions of the word, herse--1. A carriage, in
+which the dead are conveyed to the grave. 2. A temporary monument, set
+over a grave. It is quite certain, however, that the _herse_, whether
+justly styled _a monument_, or not, was _not_ usually "_set over the
+grave_," but more frequently, like the _catafalque_, agreeably to the
+definition given above--_au milieu d'une eglise_.
+
+No writer, probably, refers to the _herse_, so frequently, as old John
+Strype, in his Memorials; and, in no instance, I believe, in the sense of
+a _car_ or _vehicle_, or as a structure, "_set over the grave_."
+
+Strype's Memorials are the records of a Roman Catholic age, or of a
+period, during which, the usages of the Romish Church, in England, had not
+entirely worn out their welcome with the people--the reigns of Henry
+VIII., Edward VI., Bloody Mary, and Elizabeth. For, even during the reigns
+of Edward VI., and of Elizabeth, not a few of those pompous practices,
+which grew up, in the times of their respective predecessors, still clung
+upon the imaginations of the populace, and were reluctantly surrendered.
+
+The church is the theatre of the Romish ecclesiastic. The service is an
+attractive spectacle. If the world were struck blind, who does not
+perceive, that the principal supports of Romanism would be instantly taken
+away! It has been the practice of all churches, that deal somewhat
+extensively, in forms and ceremonies, to demand of their members, with a
+greater or less degree of peremptoriness, that certain acts shall be
+publicly performed--_au milieu d'une eglise_. Thus the ceremony of
+marriage--the baptism of infants--the churching of women--and the burial
+of the dead furnish occasion, for throwing open the temple, and exhibiting
+its showy furniture to the multitude; and of verifying a pleasing saying
+of the late eminent, and excellent Archbishop of Bordeaux, while Bishop of
+Boston--"_If we cannot catch them, in one way, we catch them in another_."
+
+Nothing has ever been a more prolific source of capital to the Romish
+church, in former ages, than funereal parade, _au milieu d'une eglise_.
+Strype, with very few exceptions, speaks of the _herse_ as a "_herse of
+wax_." To this I have alluded in an earlier number. It may require a brief
+explanation here. Wax candles, of divers colors and forms, were attached
+to the _herse_, and the wax chandler of those days was in great request,
+and often rose to wealth and distinction.
+
+The reader will readily perceive, that the _herse_, of those early times,
+was identical with the _catafalque_, if he will give his attention to the
+following statements--"1554, on the 5th of October were the obsequies of
+the said Duke of Norfolk celebrated at St. Mary Overy's: an herse being
+made with timber, and hanged with black, with his arms, and four goodly
+candlesticks gilded, and as many great tapers standing about it, all the
+choir hung in black," &c. Mem. vol. iii., part 1, ch. 25. Here is no
+_car_, but a temporary structure, _au milieu d'une eglise_--not "_set over
+the grave_"--_the choir hung in black, &c._
+
+To show how Strype distinguished between the _herse_ and a _car_ for
+conveyance, the reader may turn to the Memorials, vol. iii., part 1, page
+471, where, after describing the ceremonies, in the church, at the funeral
+of the Bishop of Winchester, Strype adds--"at the gate, the corpse was put
+into a _wagon_ with four horses, all covered with black," &c. This is our
+modern _herse_, but was not so called by Strype.
+
+"1557.--On the 5th of May was the Lady Chamberlin buried, with a fair
+hearse of wax." The following is sufficiently explicit--"1557, the same
+day (July 29) began the hearse, at Westminster, for the Lady Anne of
+Cleves, consisting of carpenters' work of seven principals; being as
+goodly a hearse, as had been seen." Vol iii. p. 11.
+
+"1557.--On the 3d of August, the body of the Lady Anne of Cleves was
+brought from Chelsy, where her house was, unto Westminster, to be buried;
+with all the children of Westminster, and many priests and clerks." Father
+Strype did not probably intend to say they were all to be buried together.
+
+"Then the gray Amis of Paul's, and three crosses, and the monks of
+Westminster, and my Lord Bishop of London, and Lord Abbot of Westminster,
+rode together next the monks. Then the two secretaries, Sir Edmund Peckham
+and Sir Robert Freston, cofferer to the Queen of England, my Lord Admiral
+and Mr. Darcy, of Essex, and many knights and gentlemen. And before her
+corpse, her servants, her banner of arms. Then her gentlemen and her head
+officers; and then her chariot, with eight banners of arms, consisting of
+divers arms, and four banners of images of white taffeta, wrought with
+gold, and her arms. And so they passed by St. James's, and thence to
+Charing Cross, with an hundred torches burning, her servants bearing them.
+And the twelve beadmen of Westminster had new black gowns, bearing twelve
+torches burning. There were four white branches with arms; then ladies and
+gentlewomen, all in black with their horses; eight heralds of arms, in
+black, with their horses, &c., &c. At the church door all did alight; and
+there the Lord Bishop of London and the Lord Abbot, in their copes, did
+receive the good lady, censing her. Men bore her under a canopy of black
+velvet, with four black staves _and so brought her into the hearse_, and
+there tarried dirge, remaining there all night, with lights burning."
+Ibid. "On the 22d was the hearse of the Lady Anne of Cleves, lately set up
+in Westminster Abbey, taken down, which the monks, by night, had spoiled
+of all the velvet cloth, arms, banners, pensils, majesty, and valance and
+all,--the which was never seen afore so done." Ibid. page 15.
+
+Hence it is manifest, that the _herse_, in the time of Strype, was
+identical with the _catafalque_ of the present day. Nevertheless, _herse_
+and _catafalque_ are as clearly not convertible terms, since the latter
+word can never be correctly applied to a funeral car.
+
+Two and twenty pages of original record are devoted, by Strype, to an
+account of the "ceremonies and funeral solemnities, paid to the corpse of
+King Henry VIII." These pages are extremely interesting, and full of
+curious detail. They also furnish additional evidence, that _the herse_
+was then understood to mean all, that is now meant by _the catafalque_.
+The works of Strype are not in the hands of very many; and the reader will
+not be displeased to know, in what manner they dealt with the dead body of
+an English King, some three hundred years ago. A few extracts are all,
+that my limits will allow:--
+
+"After the corps was cold, and seen by the Lords of the Privy Council and
+others of the nobility of the realm, as appertained, commandment was given
+to the apothecaries, chirurgeons, wax-chandlers, and others, to do their
+duties in spurging, cleansing, bowelling, cering, embalming, furnishing,
+and dressing with spices the said corpse; and also for wrapping the same
+in cerecloth of many folds over the fine cloth of rains and velvet, surely
+bound and trammel'd with cords of silk: which was done and executed of
+them accordingly, as to the dignity of such a mighty prince it
+appertaineth; and a writing in great and small letters annexed against the
+breast, containing his name and style, the day and year of his death, in
+like manner. And after this don, then was the plumber and carpenter
+appointed to case him in lead, and to chest him. Which being don, the said
+chest was covered about with blew velvet, and a cross set upon the same."
+
+"And the corps being thus ordained, the entrails and bowels were honorably
+buried in the chappel," &c. Mem., vol. 2, p. 289.
+
+"Then was the corps in the chest had into the midds of the privy chamber,
+and set upon tressels, with a rich pall of cloth of gold, and a cross
+thereon, with all manner of lights thereto requisite." Ibid.
+
+"In the said chappel was ordained a goodly, formal herse, with four-score
+square tapers; every light containing two foot in length, poising in the
+whole eighteen hundred weight of wax, garnished about with pensils and
+escutcheons, banners and bannerols of descents. And, at the four corners,
+four banners of saints, beaten in fine gold upon damask, with a majesty
+thereover," &c., &c. Ibid. 290.
+
+"The second day of the month of February, being Wednesday and Candlemas
+day, betwixt eight and nine of the clock at night, the herse being
+lighted, and all other things appointed and prepared, the said most royal
+corps was reverendly taken and removed from the chambers, &c., and so
+brought to the chappel, &c., and there it was honorably set and placed
+within the said herse under a pall of rich cloth of tissue, garnished with
+escutheons, and a rich cloth of gold, set with precious stones." Ibid.
+292.
+
+"And the herse, standing in the midst of said choir, was of a wonderful
+state and proportion; that is to say formed in the compass of eight panes
+and thirteen principals, double storied, of thirty-five foot high,
+curiously wrot, painted and gilded, having in it a wonderful sort of
+lights, amounting, in price, of wax, to the sum of four thousand pound
+weight, and garnished underneath with a rich majesty, and a doome double
+vallanced: on the which, on either side, was written the King's word, in
+beaten gold, upon silk, and his arms of descents. And the whole herse was
+richly fringed with double fringes of black silk and gold on either side,
+both within and without very gorgeous and valiant to behold." Ibid. 295.
+
+It does not appear, that, in those days any _single_ English word was
+employed, to express the _vehicle_, which we call a _hearse_, at the
+present day, unless the word _bier_ may suffice: and this, like the Roman
+_feretrum_, which I take to be much like our common graveyard article with
+legs, will scarcely answer the description of a four-wheeled car. I infer,
+that the _feretrum_ was a thing, which might be taken up, and set down,
+from the word _posito_ in Ovid's Fasti, iv., 851--
+
+  Osculaque applicuit posito suprema feretro.
+
+The _feretrum_ and the _capulus_, among the Romans, were designed mainly,
+for the poor. Citizens of any note were borne, as was our own practice,
+not very many years ago, on the shoulders of their friends.
+
+The _funeral car_ of Henry VIII. was a noble affair:--
+
+"There was ordained for the corps a sumptuous and valuable chariot of four
+wheels, very long and large, with four pillars, overlaid with cloth of
+gold at the four corners, bearing a pillow of rich cloth of gold and
+tissue, fringed with a goodly deep fringe of blew silk and gold; and
+underneath that, turned towards the chariot, was a marvellous excellent
+cloth of majesty, having in it a doom artificially wrought, in fine gold
+upon oyl: and at the nether part of the said Chariot was hanged with blew
+velvet down to the ground, between the wheels, and at other parts of the
+chariot, enclosed in like manner with blew velvet." Ibid. 295.
+
+"The next day early, the 14 February, the chariot was brought to the court
+hall door; and the corps with great reverence brought from the _herse_ to
+the same, by mitred prelats and others, temporal lords." Ibid. 598.
+
+Then, over the area of thirteen remaining pages, the record contains the
+minute particulars of the monarch's obsequies, which, though full of
+interest, are no farther to our present purpose.
+
+
+
+
+No. CIV.
+
+
+Bull--I speak not of Ole, but of John--Bull, when the teazle of opposition
+has elevated the nap of his temper, is a pestilent fellow: whatever the
+amount--and there is enough--of the milk of human kindness within him,
+there is, then, but one way, known among men, of getting it out, and that
+is, by giving Bull a bloody nose; whereupon he comes to his senses
+directly, and to a just appreciation of himself and his neighbors. True
+indeed it is, Bull is remarkably oblivious; and it sometimes becomes
+necessary to give him another, which is invariably followed, by the same
+happy result.
+
+_Qui hęret in cortice_ will never come at the milk of a cocoa nut. It is
+necessary to strip off its rough coat, and punch sundry holes in its
+_wooden walls_, and give it a regular cracking. It is precisely so with
+Bull. When the fit is upon him, Bull is terrible. He is the very Bull of
+Crete--the Bull of Claudian, in his rape of Proserpine--
+
+  Dictęus quatiens mugitibus urbes
+  Taurus--------------------------
+
+    Bull is a prodigious fellow;
+    Nations tremble at his bellow.
+
+There seems to have existed a strange, political hallucination, in regard
+to Bull and Jonathan. We are clearly, all of us, of one and the same
+family--a Bull-begotten people; and have a great deal of pleasure, in
+believing, that old madam Bull was the mother of us all. A goodly number
+of highly respectable Bulls came over the water, of old, and were well
+contented with the green pastures of the New World. They differed, upon
+some points, from the Bulls they had left behind. They did not believe,
+that there was a power or right, to bellow louder than the rest, vested in
+any particular Bull, which power came down from Bull to Bull, in unbroken
+succession, from the Bull of Bashan. Such a belief, in their opinion,
+would have been a terrible Bull. Well; all at once, the trans-atlantic
+Bulls began to call the cis-atlantic Bulls--_Jonathans_. A very good name
+it was--a great deal better than _Bulls_. There could be no objection to
+the name, in the abstract.
+
+But, unfortunately, it was bestowed, as a diminutive, and in derision; and
+the old Bulls, ere long, began to beat their flanks with their tails, and
+paw up the earth, and look unutterable things, about Jonathan's cowardice;
+and they came over the water in droves, and began to roar awfully; and
+tore up the earth, under our very noses: and, after doing all, in our
+power to spare the world the miserable spectacle of a conflict, among
+Bulls, that were brothers, of the whole blood, we went to work, _ex
+necessitate_, with hoofs and horns; and tossed up such a terrible dust, at
+Lexington, and Concord, and Bunker's Hill, and Long Island, and White
+Plains, and upon the Lakes, and at Sheensborough, and Albany, and
+Brandywine, and Saratoga, and Bennington, and Germantown, and Rhode
+Island, and Briar's Creek, and Camden, and Broad River, and Guilford, and
+Hobkirk's Hill, and the Eutaw Springs, and York Town, and at fifty places
+beside, that the old Bulls were perfectly astonished; and so very severely
+gored withal, that their roaring sunk, at last, into something like
+Snug's, when he became fearful of frightening the ladies. The old
+Bulls--those that survived--went _back again_, like Sawney, out of the
+peach orchard; and the mammoth Bull, in London, publicly acknowledged,
+that we were as independent a set of Bulls, as ever he saw, or heard of.
+
+No man, in his senses, marvels, that a contemptuous, and supercilious
+sentiment, towards us, in our days of small things, should have been
+indulged, by the vulgar and unphilosophical, among the English people. It
+is matter for surprise, nevertheless, that so much ignorance of the
+American character should have existed, in the higher ranks of British
+society--such disparaging estimates of men and _materiel_, on this side
+the water--such mistaken conceptions--such a general belief of almost
+universal pusillanimity, among men, who were not a whit the less
+Englishmen, than their revilers; as though there were something,
+particularly enervating, in breathing the bracing air of America, and
+listening to the thorough bass of the wild waters, breaking on our
+original walls of granite; and in struggling, with our horny hands, along
+the precipices, for bread--such an awful miscalculation of probabilities,
+as resulted at last, in the loss to King George of thirteen inestimable
+jewels, of the fairest water.
+
+The impressions, entertained of the Americans, by the English people, or a
+great majority of them, about that period, were truly amusing. It is
+scarcely worth while to comment on the abuse of us, by the early
+reviewers, and the taunting inquiry, long--long ago, what American had
+ever produced an epic?--Unluckily, Joel did, at last.--This question, thus
+early and impudently propounded, was quite as sensible, as it might be, to
+ask men, who, by dint of industry and thrift, are just getting plain
+shirts to their backs--who among them ever had lace ruffles? We have
+improved since that time; and _halmost hevery man in the ole population
+can hutter imself hin werry decent Henglish_.
+
+Josiah Quincy, _then_ junior, father of the late President of Harvard
+University, has noted some curious facts, in his journal, as reported by
+Gordon, i. 438. In a conversation between him and Col. Barré, who, though
+he opposed the Stamp Act, in 1765, supported the Boston Port Bill, in
+1774. Col. Barré said to Mr. Quincy--"About fourteen or fifteen years ago,
+I was through a considerable part of your country; for, in the expedition
+against Canada, my business caused me to pass by land, through
+Pennsylvania, New Jersey, New York, and Albany; and, when I returned again
+to this country, I was often speaking of America, and could not help
+speaking well of its climate, soil, and inhabitants; for you must know,
+sir, America was always a favorite with me. But, will you believe it, sir,
+yet I assure you it is true, more than two thirds of this island, at this
+time, thought the Americans were all negroes." Mr. Quincy replied that he
+did not in the least doubt it, for, if he was to judge by the late acts of
+Parliament, he should suppose, that a great majority of the people of
+Great Britain still thought so, for he found that their representatives
+still treated them as such.
+
+The ministry had decided, that "_the punishment of a few of the worst
+sort of traitors, such as Hancock and his crew, might be sufficient to
+teach the rest their duty, in future_."--"Some men of rank in the army,"
+says Gordon, i. 457, "treated all idea of resistance, by the Americans,
+with the utmost contempt. They are neither soldiers, nor ever can be made
+so, being naturally of a pusillanimous disposition, and utterly incapable
+of any sort of order or discipline; and by their laziness, uncleanliness,
+and radical defect of constitution, they are disabled from going through
+the service of a campaign. Many ludicrous stories, to that purport, were
+told, greatly to the entertainment of the house."
+
+Jonathan turned out, at the end of the Bull baiting, to have been neither
+a fool nor a coward: and the American Congress received a memorable
+compliment from Lord Chatham--"_For genuine sagacity, for singular
+moderation, for manly spirit, for sublime sentiments, and simplicity of
+language, for everything respectable and honorable, the Congress of
+Philadelphia shines unrivalled_."
+
+In the war of 1812, Bull was the very identical Bull, that he had been
+before: Frenchmen were frogs; Yankees were cowards--there was nobody that
+could fight, on the land or the sea, but Bull.
+
+"It has always," says that wittiest, and, I fear, wickedest of wags,
+William Cobbett, while addressing Lord Liverpool, "been the misfortune of
+England, that her rulers and her people have spoken and have thought
+contemptuously of the Americans. Was there a man in the country, who did
+not despise the American navy? Was there a public writer beside myself,
+who did not doom that navy to destruction in a month? Did not all parties
+exceedingly relish the description given, in a very august assembly, of
+'_half a dozen of fir frigates, with bits of striped bunting tied to their
+mast heads_'! Did not the Guerriere sail up and down the American coast,
+with her name, written on her flag, challenging those fir frigates? Did
+not the whole nation, with one voice exclaim at the affair of the _Little
+Belt_--'Only let Rogers come _within reach_ of one of our _frigates_!' If
+such was the opinion of the whole nation, with what justice is the Board
+of Admiralty blamed, for not sending out the means of combatting this
+extraordinary sort of foe? and for issuing a privilege to our frigates to
+run away from one of those _fir things with a bit of striped bunting at
+its mast head_? The result of the former war, while it enlightened nobody,
+added to the vindictiveness of hundreds of thousands; so that we have
+entered into this war with all our old stock of contempt, and a vastly
+increased stock of rancor. To think that the American republic is to be a
+great power is unsupportable. Of the effect of this contempt I know
+nobody, who has so much reason to repent, as the officers of his Majesty's
+navy. If they had triumphed, it would only have been over half a dozen
+_fir things, with bits of bunting at their mast heads_. They were sure to
+gain no reputation in the contest; and, if they failed, what was their
+lot? The worst of it is, they themselves did, in some measure, contribute
+to their own ill fate: for, of all men living, none spoke of poor Jonathan
+with so much contempt. There are some people, who are for taking the
+American commodores at their word, and ascribing their victories to the
+immediate intervention of Providence. Both Perry and McDonough begin their
+despatches by saying--"_Almighty God has given us a victory_."
+
+This is keen political satire; and it is well, that it should come to
+neighbor Bull's ears, from the mouth of an Englishman. It is more
+gracefully administered thus. That it was entirely deserved, no one will
+doubt, who has any recollection of Bull's unmeasured and unmitigated
+impudence, during the war of 1812, in its earlier stages. May God of his
+infinite mercy grant, that Peace Societies may have these matters,
+hereafter, very much their own way; though I have a little misgiving, I
+confess, as to the expediency of any sudden, or very general conversion of
+swords into ploughshares, or spears into pruning hooks.
+
+
+
+
+No. CV.
+
+
+_Modus in rebus_--an admirable proverb, upon all common occasions--is
+inapplicable, of course, to musical matters. No doubt of it. The luxury of
+sweet sounds cannot be too dearly bought; and, for its procurement,
+mankind may go stark mad, without any diminution of their respectability.
+
+Such I infer to be the popular philosophy of today--_while it is called
+today_. The moderns have been greatly perplexed, by the legends, which
+have come down to us, respecting the melody of swans. The _carmina
+cycnorum_ of Ovid, and the _Cantantes sublime ferent ad sidera cycni_, of
+Virgil, are perfectly incomprehensible by us. Cicero also, in his Tusculan
+Questions, i. 74, says, they die, _cum cantu et voluptate_. Martial, xiii.
+77, asserts the matter, very positively--
+
+  _Dulcia defecta modulatur carmina lingua
+  Cantator cycnus funeris ipse sui._
+
+I no more believe in the power of a living or a dying swan to make melody
+of any kind, than I believe in the antiquated hum-bug of immediate
+emancipation. Pliny had no confidence in the story, and expresses himself
+to that effect, x. 23, _Olorum morte narratur flebilis cantus (falso, ut
+arbitror) aliquot experimentis_.
+
+No mortal has done more than Shakspeare, among the moderns, to perpetuate
+this pleasant fancy--no bard, when weary of Pegasus, and preferring a
+drive to a ride, has harnessed his cygnets more frequently--or compelled
+them to sing more sweetly, in a dying hour. A single example may suffice.
+When prince Henry is told, that his father, King John, sang, during his
+dying frenzy, he says--
+
+  "Tis strange, that death should sing--
+  I am the cygnet to this pale faint swan,
+  Who chants a doleful hymn to his own death:
+  And, from the organ pipe of frailty, sings
+  His soul and body to their lasting rest."
+
+One brief example more--Emilia, after the murder of her mistress--
+
+  "Hark! canst thou hear me? I will play the swan;
+  And die in music."
+
+In all this there lurks not one particle of sober prose--one syllable of
+truth. The most learned refutation of it may be found, in the Pseudodoxia
+of Sir Thomas Browne, ii. 517, Lond. 1835.
+
+In the "_Memoires de l'Académie des Inscriptions_," M. Morin discusses the
+question very agreeably, why swans, that sang so delightfully, of old,
+sing so miserably, at the present day. Tame swans, he observes, are mutes:
+but the wild swan exerts its vocal powers, after a fashion of its own. He
+introduces the observations of the Abbé Arnaud, upon the performances of a
+couple of wild swans, which had located, upon the lagoons of Chantilly.
+"One can hardly say," says the Abbé, "that the swans of Chantilly
+sing--they cry; but their cries are truly and constantly modulated. Their
+voice is not sweet; on the contrary, it is shrill, piercing, and rather
+disagreeable; I could compare it to nothing better than the sound of a
+clarionet, winded by a person unacquainted with the instrument." Nothing
+surely savors less of melody than this. So thought Buffon--"_Des sons
+bruyans de clarion, mais dont les tons aigus et peu diversifiés sont
+néanmoins tres--éloignés de la tendre mélodie et de la variété douce et
+brilliante du ramage de nos oiseaux chanteurs_." Nat. Hist. des Oisaux,
+ix. 25.
+
+In his exposition of this error, imposed upon mankind, by the poets,
+Buffon expresses himself with singular beauty, in the concluding
+paragraph--"Nulle fiction en Histoire Naturelle, nulle fable chez les
+Anciens n'a ete plus célébrée, plus répétée, plus accréditee; elle s'étoit
+emparée de l'imagination vive et sensible des Grecs; poėtes, orateurs,
+philosophes méme l'ont adoptée, comme une verité trop agreable pour
+vouloir en douter. Il faut bien leur pardonner leurs fables; elles étoient
+aimables et touchantes; elles valoient bien de tristes, d'arides verités
+c'etoient de doux emblémes pour les ames sensibles. Les cygnes, sans
+doute, ne chantent point leur mort; mais toujours, en parlant du dernier
+essor et de derniers élans d'un beau génie pret į s'éteindre, on
+rappellera avec sentiment cette expression touchante--_c'est le chant du
+cygne!_" Ibid. 28.
+
+It is not surprising, that these celebrated naturalists, Buffon and Morin,
+who discourse, so eloquently, of Grecian and Roman swans, should say
+nothing of Swedish nightingales, for, between their time and the present,
+numerous additions have been made to the catalogue of songsters.
+
+The very thing, which the barber, Arkwright did, for all the spinning
+Jennies, in Lancashire, some seventy years ago, has been done by Jenny
+Lind, for all the singing Jennies upon earth, beside herself--they are
+cast into the shade.
+
+She came here with an irresistible prestige. A singing woman has been a
+proverb, since the world began; and, of course, long before Ulysses
+dropped in, upon the island of Ogygia, and listened to Calypso; or fell
+into serious difficulty, among the Sirens. A singing woman, a Siren, has
+been frequently accounted, and with great propriety, a singing bird of
+evil omen. How grateful then must it be, to know, that, while lending
+their ears and their eyes to this incomparable songstress, our wives, our
+daughters, and our sisters have before them a pure, and virtuous, and
+gentle, and generous creature, as free, as poor, human nature can well be
+free, from life's alloy, and very much as she was, when created--_a little
+lower than the angels_.
+
+Among other mythological matters, Pausanias relates, that the three
+Sirens, instigated by Juno, challenged the Muses to a trial of skill in
+singing. They were beaten, of course, for the Muses, being nine in number,
+there were three upon one. The victors, as the story goes, proceeded very
+deliberately, to pluck the golden feathers, from the wings of the
+vanquished, and converted them into crowns, for their own brows.
+
+Now, it cannot be denied, that Jenny has vanquished us all, and made the
+golden feathers fly abundantly. But this is not Jenny's fault; for,
+whatever the wisdom or the folly, the affair was our own entirely. If, for
+the sake of distinction, any one has seen fit to pluck every golden
+feather from his back, and appear, like the featherless biped of Diogenes,
+and give the golden feathers to Jenny, to make her a crown; we have
+substantial facts, upon which to predict, that Jenny will make a better
+use of those golden feathers, than to fool them away, for a song. If Jenny
+plucks golden feathers, from the backs of the rich, she finds bare spots
+enough, for a large part of them all, upon the backs of the poor: and, as
+for the crown, for Jenny's brows, if she goes onward, as she has begun,
+investing her treasure _in Heaven_, and selecting the Lord for her
+paymaster, _there_ will be her coronation; and her crown a crown of Glory.
+And, when she comes to lie down and die, let the two last lines of
+Johnson's imperishable epitaph, on Philips, be inscribed upon her tomb--
+
+  "Rest undisturb'd, beneath this marble shrine,
+  Till angels wake thee, with a note like thine."
+
+Orpheus was changed into a swan; Philomela into a nightingale; and Jenny,
+in due time, will be changed into an angel. Indeed, it is the opinion of
+some competent judges, that the metamorphosis has already commenced.
+
+Music is such a delightful, soothing thing, that one grieves, to think its
+professors and amateurs are frequently so excessively irritable.
+
+The disputes, between Handel and Senesino, and their respective partisans,
+disturbed all London, and finally broke up the Academy of Music, after it
+had been established, for nine years. The quarrels of Handel and
+Buononcini are said to have occasioned duels, among the amateurs; and the
+nation was filled, by these musical geniuses, with discord and uproar.
+Good humor was, in some degree, restored, by the following epigram, so
+often ascribed to Swift, the two last lines of which, however, are alone
+to be found in the editions of his works, by Nicholls, and Scott:
+
+  "Some say, that signor Buononcini,
+  Compar'd with Handel, is a ninny;
+  Others aver to him, that Handel
+  Does not deserve to hold a candle;
+  Strange, all this difference should be,
+  'Twixt tweedle dum and tweedle dee."
+
+This epigram cannot be attributed to that contempt for music, which is
+sometimes occasioned, by a constitutional inability to appreciate its
+effect, upon the great mass of mankind. It undoubtedly sprang from a
+desire to put an end, by the power of ridicule, to these unmusical
+disturbances of the public peace.
+
+Swift's musical pun, upon the accidental destruction of a fine Cremona
+fiddle, which was thrown down by a lady's mantua, has always been highly
+and deservedly commended; and recently, upon the very best authority,
+pronounced the finest specimen extant of this species of wit--"Perhaps,"
+says Sir Walter Scott, in his life of Swift, speaking of his puns, i. 467,
+"the application of the line of Virgil to the lady, who threw down with
+her mantua a Cremona fiddle, is the best ever made--
+
+  "Mantua vę miserę nimium vicina Cremonę!"
+
+In every nation, and in every age, the power of music has been
+acknowledged by mankind. Now and then, the negative idiosyncracies of
+certain persons place this particular department of pleasure, beyond the
+sphere of their comprehension, as effectually as utter blindness denies
+the power of enjoying the finest specimens of the painter's art.
+Occasionally, some pious divine, absolutely drunk with over-potent
+draughts of orthodoxy, like the friar, before Boccaccio, shakes his holy
+finger at this wicked world, and warns them to beware of the singing
+woman!
+
+The vocal power of music is ascribed to the angels in Heaven; and my own
+personal knowledge has assured me, that it affords a melancholy solace, to
+the slave in bonds.
+
+I passed the winter of 1840-41 with an invalid daughter, in the island of
+St. Croix. With a party of some six or eight, we devoted one delightful,
+moonlight evening, to a ride, on horseback, among the sugar-loaf summits
+of that beautiful speck amid the main. We were ascending the hills, in the
+neighborhood of the Annelly plantation--the moon was at full, that night;
+and the Caribbean Sea, far and wide, shone like a boundless prairie of
+burnished silver. As we were slowly winding our way, to the summit, one of
+our party called the attention of the rest to the sounds of music, coming
+from the slave cabins, at a distance. As we advanced, slowly and silently,
+towards the spot, the male and female voices were readily distinguished.
+
+We drew near, unperceived, and, checking our horses, listened, for several
+minutes, to the wild, simple notes of these children of bondage. "There is
+melody in this"--said one of our party aloud, and all was hushed, in an
+instant. We rode down to the cabins, and begged them to continue their
+song--but our solicitations were in vain--even the offer of sundry five
+stiver pieces, which operate, like a charm, upon many occasions, with the
+_uncles_ and the _aunties_, was ineffectual then. "_No massa--b'lieve no
+sing any more_"--were the only replies, and we went upon our way.
+
+As we descended the Annelly hills, on the opposite side, after leaving the
+negroes and their cabins, at some distance, we halted and listened--they
+had recommenced--the same wild music was floating upon the breeze.
+
+As we rode slowly along, my daughter asked me, if I could account for
+their reluctance to comply with our request. I told her, I could not.
+"Perhaps," said she, "they have a reason, somewhat like the reason of
+those, who sat down, by the waters of Babylon, and wept, and who could not
+sing one of the songs of Zion, in a strange land."
+
+It might have been thus. "_They that carried us away captive, required of
+us a song! They, that wasted us, required of us mirth!_"
+
+
+
+
+No. CVI.
+
+
+While pursuing his free inquiry into the origin of evil, I doubt, if Soame
+Jenyns had as much pleasure, as Sir Joseph Banks enjoyed, in his famous
+investigation, if fleas were the prototypes of lobsters.
+
+These inquiries are immeasurably pleasant. When a boy, I well remember my
+cogitations, what became of the old moons; and how joyously I accepted the
+solution of my nurse, who had quite a turn for judicial astrology, that
+they were unquestionably cut up, for stars.
+
+It is truly delightful to look into these occult matters--_rerum
+cognoscere causas_. There are subjects of deep interest, which lie
+somewhat nearer the surface of the earth--the origin of certain usages and
+undertakings, and the authorship of certain long-lived works, which appear
+to be made of a species of literary everlasting, but whose original
+proprietors have never been discovered. I have great respect, for those
+antiquarians, whose researches have unlocked so many of these long hidden
+mysteries; and, however bare-headed I may be, when the venerated names of
+Speed, or Strype, or Stow, or Rushworth, or Wood, or Holinshed occurs to
+my memory, I have an involuntary tendency to take off my hat.
+
+It was, doubtless, in allusion to their grotesque and uncouth
+versification, that the Earl of Rochester prepared his well-known
+epigram--
+
+  "Sternhold and Hopkins had great qualms,
+  When they translated David's Psalms."
+
+This version, which held its ground, for a century and a half, and, as
+Chalmers says, slowly gave place to the translation, by Tate and Brady,
+had an origin, of which, I presume, few individuals are apprized.
+
+Thomas Sternhold lived to translate fifty-one only of the Psalms; and the
+first edition was published in 1549, with this title--"_All such Psalms of
+David as Thomas Sterneholde, late groome of the king's majestye's robes
+did in his lyfetime drawe into Englyshe metre_."
+
+About this period, the larger cities of the kingdom had become inundated
+with obscene and blasphemous songs, to such a degree, that some powerful
+expedient seemed to be required, for the removal of this insufferable
+grievance. Accordingly, the felicitous idea occurred to Mr. Thomas
+Sternhold, of substituting the Psalms of David, as versified by himself,
+for the bacchanalian songs, then in use, throughout the realm. He
+anticipated a practical illustration of the command of St. James--"_Is any
+merry let him sing Psalms_."
+
+Ostensibly prepared for the use of the churches, the moving consideration,
+for this version, with Mr. Sternhold, was such as I have shown it to be.
+The motive is plainly stated, in the title-page--"_Set forth and allowed
+to be sung in churches of the people together, before and after evening
+prayer, as also before and after sermon; and moreover, in private houses,
+for their godly solace and comfort, laying apart all ungodly songs and
+ballads, which tend only to the nourishment of vice and the corrupting of
+youth_."
+
+Wood, in his Athenę Oxonienses, i. 183, Lond: 1813, says of
+Sternhold--"Being a most zealous reformer and a very strict liver, he
+became so scandalized, at the amorous and obscene songs used in the court,
+that he, forsooth turned into English metre fifty-one of David's Psalms,
+and caused musical notes to be set to them, thinking thereby, that the
+courtiers would sing them, instead of their sonnets, but did not, only
+some few excepted."
+
+How cheerfully would I go, undieted, for a long summer's day, to know who
+was the author of "Jonny Armstrong's Last Good Night;" and for a much
+longer term, to ascertain the writer of Chevy Chase, of which Ben Jonson
+used to say, he had rather have been the author of it, than of all his
+works. The words of Sir Philip Sidney, in his Discourse on Poetry, are
+quoted, by Addison, in No. 70 of the Spectator--"_I never heard the old
+song of Percy and Douglas, that I found not my heart more moved than with
+a trumpet_." The ballad of Chevy Chase was founded upon the battle of
+Otterburn, which was fought in 1388, and of which a brief account will be
+found in the fourteenth chapter of Sir Walter's first series of the
+Grandfathers Tales.
+
+The author of those songs for children, which have been lisped, by the
+tongues of millions, shall never be forgotten, while dogs delight to bark
+and bite--but who was the author of Hush-a-bye baby--Now we go up, up,
+up--Cock Robin--or Dickory Dock, no human tongue can tell!
+
+Poor André, we know, was the author of the Cow Chace; but the composer of
+our national air is utterly unknown. Who would not give more of the
+_siller_, to know to whose immortal mind we are indebted for Yankee
+Doodle, than to ascertain the authorship of the Letters of Junius?
+
+Both France and England have been more fortunate, in respect to the
+origin and authorship of their most popular, national songs. Speaking of
+Barbaroux and the Marseillois, Sir Walter Scott, in his Life of Napoleon,
+observes--"Besides the advantage of this enthusiastic leader, the
+Marseillois marched to the air of the finest hymn, to which Liberty or the
+Revolution had yet given birth."
+
+I am aware that something like doubt or obscurity hangs over the reputed
+authorship of the Hymn of the Marseillais. But in respect to the national
+air of Great Britain--_God save the King_--the authorship appears to be
+more satisfactorily, if not perfectly, indicated.
+
+It is certainly worthy of note, that this celebrated air, in which _John
+Bull_ has taken so much delight, ever since it came into existence, is by
+some persons supposed to have been the production of JOHN BULL himself, a
+celebrated composer of his day. An engraving of him may be found, in the
+History of Music, by Hawkins. There is an original painting of him, by J.
+W. Childe, in the Music School, at Oxford, which was engraved by Illman,
+with the words below--"John Bull, Mus. Doct. Cantab. Instaur. Oxon.
+MDXCII." A portrait of Dr. Bull will also be found, in Richard Clarke's
+_Account of the National Anthem, God save the King_, 8vo. Lond. 1822.
+
+The account of Bull, by Wood, in his Fasti, i. 235, Lond. 1815, is
+somewhat amusing--"1586, July 9.--John Bull, who had practised the fac. of
+music for 14 years, was then admitted batch, of music. This person, who
+had a most prodigious hand on the organ, and was famous, throughout the
+religious world, for his church music, had been trained up under an
+excellent master, named Blitheman, organist of Qu. Elizabeth's chappel,
+who died much lamented, in 1591. This Blitheman perceiving that he had a
+natural geny to the faculty, spared neither time nor labor to advance it
+to the utmost. So that in short time, he being more than master of it,
+which he showed by his most admirable compositions, played and sung in
+many churches beyond the seas, as well as at home, he took occasion to go
+incognito, into France and Germany. At length, hearing of a famous
+musician, belonging to a certain cathedral, (at St. Omers, as I have
+heard,) he applied himself, as a novice, to learn something of his
+faculty, and to see and admire his works. This musician, after some
+discourse had passed between them, conducted Bull to a vestry, or music
+school, joyning to the cathedral, and shew'd him a lesson, or song of
+forty parts, and then made a vaunting challenge to any person in the world
+to add one more part to them, supposing it to be so compleat and full,
+that it was impossible for any mortal man to correct or add to it. Bull
+thereupon desiring the use of ink and rul'd paper (such as we call musical
+paper) prayed the musician to lock him up in the said school for 2 or 3
+hours; which being done, not without great disdain by the musician, Bull,
+in that time or less, added forty more parts to the said lesson or song.
+The musician thereupon being called in, he viewed it, try'd it and retry'd
+it. At length he burst out into great ecstacy, and swore by the great God,
+that he that added those 40 parts must either be the Devil or Dr. Bull,
+&c. Whereupon Bull making himself known, the musician fell down and adored
+him."
+
+Of music it may be said, as of most other matters--_the fashion of these
+things passeth away_. So great was the fame of Bull in his day, and such
+tempting offers of preferment were made him, by the Emperor, and by the
+Kings of France and Spain, that Queen Elizabeth commanded him home. It is
+stated, in the Biographical History of England, ii. 167, that the famous
+Dr. Pepusch preferred some of the lessons in Bull's Parthenię, to the
+productions of most of the composers of that time. Yet Dr. Burney says of
+these lessons--"_They may be heard, by a lover of music, with as little
+emotion as the clapper of a sawmill, or the rumbling of a post-chaise_."
+
+Musicians are a sensitive and jealous generation. "Handel," says Chalmers,
+"despised the pedantry of Pepusch; and Pepusch, in return, refused to
+join, in the general chorus of Handel's praise."
+
+Handel, when a stripling at Hamburgh, laid claim to the first harpsichord,
+against a master, greatly his superior, in point of years, and the matter,
+upon trial, was decided in Handel's favor, which so incensed the other,
+that he drew, and made a thrust, at his young rival, whose life, according
+to Dr. Burney's version, was saved, by a fortunate contact, between the
+point of the rapier and a metal button.
+
+The principles, which govern, in all mutual admiration societies, are
+deeply laid in the nature of man. If Handel had borne the pedantry of Dr.
+Pepusch, with forbearance, or common civility, the Doctor would have,
+doubtless, afforded Handel the advantage of his highest commendation.
+
+The managers of musical matters act wisely, in tendering, to every
+conductor of a public journal, the
+
+  Melle soporatam et medicatis frugibus offam--
+
+But I fear they are not always as cautious and discriminating, as the
+occasion appears to demand. How very different would have been the fate of
+the poor strolling player, whom Goldsmith so pleasantly describes, had he
+taken a little more pains--only a little--to propitiate "_the lady, who
+had been nine months in London_!"
+
+The managers, upon such occasions, should never omit the most careful
+espionage, into the musical pretensions of every member of the press--I
+speak of their pretensions, and not of their actual knowledge--that, in
+the present connection, is of little importance: and, when they discover
+one of this powerful brotherhood, who, in musical matters, would be
+thought to know more than his neighbors, however mistaken he may be--let
+them pay him particular attention--let them procure him an excellent
+seat--once--twice perhaps--express a hope, that he is well
+accommodated--and occasionally, during the performance, be sure to catch
+his eye, as if with a "fearful longing after immortality," such as
+tomorrow's leader may possibly confer on the candidate for fame. How often
+the omission to observe these simple rules has been followed, by faint
+praise, and invidious discriminations!
+
+
+
+
+No. CVII.
+
+
+My great grandmother used to say, that she never desired to be told, that
+anything was broken, in her household; for, though she had been a
+housekeeper, for fifty years, nothing was ever broken, in her family, that
+had not been cracked before. I have the very same feeling in regard to the
+majority of all inventions and discoveries; for some ingenious fellow
+invariably presents himself, who, as it turns out, had verified the
+suggestion already.
+
+I never found my mind in a very feverish condition, while pursuing the
+inquiry, whether the art of medicine was first invented, by Hermes, Isis,
+or Osiris; nor while examining the arguments, ingenious though they are,
+of Clemens Alexandrinus, to prove, that Moses was a very respectable
+apothecary.
+
+I have ever supposed, that Necessity, the mother of invention, was the
+inventress of the blessed art; and that the origin was somewhat on this
+wise:--before the transgression, all went on well--there were neither
+aches nor ails--the apple certainly disagreed with Adam--he sought relief,
+by hunting for an antidote; and finding great comfort, in chewing such
+carminative herbs, as catmint and pennyroyal, he prescribed them to the
+sharer of his joys and sorrows. It is quite likely, that, with no family,
+and a great deal of time upon her hands, while walking in her garden, as
+poppies were not forbidden, Eve, to satisfy her curiosity, might have
+sucked their narcotic juice; and thus acquired a knowledge of opiates, so
+useful, ever since the fall.
+
+Physicking was, at first, a very general affair. Whether benevolence, or
+the desire of a little reputation lies at the bottom, there has ever
+existed, among mankind, a pungent, irresistible desire to physick one
+another. It is to be regretted, that Irenęus, who was just the man for it,
+had not given a few years of his life to ascertain, if Eve, during the
+parturition of Cain, or Abel, received any alleviation, from slippery elm.
+Plato, Theoctet. p. 149, says, the midwives of Athens did great, good
+service, on these occasions, with certain drugs and charms.
+
+In the beginning, so little was to be known, upon this subject, it is not
+wonderful, that almost every man should have known that little. Thus,
+according to Homer, Od. iv., 320, every Egyptian was a doctor:--
+
+  "From Pęon sprung, their patron god imparts
+  To all the Pharian race his healing arts."
+
+Herodotus, who was born, about 484, B. C., in Book II. of his history,
+sec. 84, speaks distinctly of the fact, that the Egyptian _doctors_ were
+not physicians, in the general sense, but confined their practice,
+respectively, to particular diseases. The passage may be thus
+translated--_Now, in truth, the art of medicine with them was so
+distributed, that their physicians managed particular disorders, and not
+diseases generally; thus, though all were referred to the physicians, some
+were doctors for the eyes, some for the head, some for the teeth, some for
+the belly, and some for the occult diseases_.
+
+The first mention of physicians, in Holy Writ, is in Genesis, 50, 2--"_And
+Joseph commanded his servants, the physicians, to embalm his father: and
+the physicians embalmed Israel_." _Physicians_, to this extent, were
+mechanical operators; and the celebrated physicians of Greece, Chiron,
+Machaon, Podalirius, Poeon, and even Ęsculapius, were _surgeons_. Their
+art, as Pliny says, did not go beyond curing a green wound. The cure of
+internal, or complicated, disorders was beyond their province. Celsus
+says, that Podalirius and Machaon, the physicians, who went with
+Agamemnon, to the wars of Troy, were never employed, to cure the plague,
+or internal maladies, nor anything but external injuries.
+
+No physician was required to manage external applications, in certain
+cases of common occurrence. In Kings II. xx. 7, Hezekiah appears to have
+thought himself extremely sick; when Isaiah applied a poultice of figs to
+his boil, and he soon was upon his legs again. This seems to have been
+accounted a remarkable cure, in those days, for Isaiah thought it worth
+repeating, xxxviii. 21. Job does not appear to have resorted to fig
+poultices, nor to any remedies, whatever: and, while Hezekiah behaved like
+a great baby, and wept bitterly, Job toughed it out, like a man; and,
+instead of mourning and murmuring, under the torment, not of one, but of
+countless boils, he poured forth torrents of incomparable eloquence, all
+the while, on various topics.
+
+Job's affliction, being viewed in the light of a direct judgment, it was
+deemed quite outrageous, by many, to stave off the wrath of Heaven, by
+interposing fig poultices, or remedies of any kind. Thus it appears, that
+Asa suffered severely with the gout; and there is a sharp fling against
+him, Chron. II. xvi. 12, on account of his want of faith--"_Yet in his
+disease he sought not to the Lord, but to the physicians_."
+
+This seems to be in accordance, with the opinion of those modern Fathers,
+who consider the use of ether or chloroform, in obstetric cases, a point
+blank insult to the majesty of Heaven, because of the primeval fiat--_in
+sorrow shalt thou bring forth children_.
+
+The race of Cyclops entertained a similar sentiment of submission, in
+sickness, according to Homer, Od. IX. 485. When _Oudeis_ (_Anglice Noman_)
+which always seemed to me an undignified pun, for an Epic, had put out the
+eye of Polyphemus, his roaring collected the neighboring giants. They
+inquired, outside the portal, what was the matter; and he replied, that
+_Oudeis_--_Noman_--was killing him; upon which they reply--
+
+  "If _Noman_ hurts thee, but the power divine
+  Inflict disease, it fits thee to resign.
+  To Jove or to thy father Neptune pray,
+  The Cyclops cried, and instant strode away."
+
+The theory was, that God worked upon mortals, by the agency of a great
+number and variety of evil spirits, or devils; and that the employment of
+remedial means was therefore neither more nor less, than withstanding the
+Almighty. Hence arose the custom, being supposed less offensive, in the
+sight of Heaven, of resorting to charms and incantations; and of employing
+diviners and magicians; and, as old Sir Robert Walpole is reported to have
+said, that every man has his price; so it was supposed to be the case,
+with those devils, who were engaged, in the system of tormenting mankind.
+Instead therefore of turning directly to the Lord, the sufferers were much
+in the habit of making their propitiatory suit, directly, to some false
+god, or influential demon. Of this we have an example, in Kings II. i. 2,
+et seq. Ahaziah, King of Israel, went up into his garret, probably, in the
+dark, and fell through the scuttle. He was severely bruised, and sent a
+messenger, post haste, to Ekron, to consult the false god, Baalzebub.
+Elisha, who, though a prophet, had no reputation, as a physician, was
+consulted by Hazael and by Naaman, about their distempers.
+
+Enchantments, talismans, music, phylacteries were in use, among the
+Hebrews, and formed no small part of their _materia medica_. Charms were
+used, as preventives against the bites of serpents. "Who," says
+Ecclesiasticus xii. 13, "_will pity a charmer, that is bitten with a
+serpent_?" This seems not to have availed, against the deaf adder,
+"which," Psalm lviii. 5, "_will not hearken to the voice of charmers,
+charming never so wisely_." And Jeremiah, viii. 17, declares, that the
+Lord will send cockatrices and serpents, that will not be charmed, upon
+any terms whatever.
+
+Some verses are preserved, by Cato, De Re Rustica, art. 160, which were
+used, in reducing a dislocated member. Dr. Johnson has informed us, though
+without naming his authority, that ABRACADABRA was a superstitious charm,
+against agues.
+
+It is quite amusing, while reading Sir Thomas Browne's remarks on
+quackery, in his Pseudodoxia, ch. xi. to see how readily he admits satanic
+agency, himself. Take the following passage--"When Gracchus was slain, the
+same day the chickens refused to come out of the coop; and Claudius
+Pulcher underwent the like success, when he commanded the tripudiary
+augurations; they died, not because the pullets would not feed, but
+because the devil foresaw their death, and contrived that abstinence in
+them."
+
+Sir Thomas was a wise and safe counsellor, in all cases, in which there
+was no chance for the devil to operate; but whenever there was a loop
+hole, according to the belief in those days, for diabolical influence to
+creep through, no man was more inclined to give the devil his due, than
+Sir Thomas.
+
+In this chapter, designed to be purely philosophical, he says of
+satan--"He deludeth us also by philters, ligatures, charms, ungrounded
+amulets, characters, and many superstitious ways, in the cure of common
+diseases, seconding herein the expectation of men with events of his own
+contriving, which, while some, unwilling to fall directly upon magic,
+impute unto the power of imagination, or the efficacy of hidden causes, he
+obtains a bloody advantage." This description of the devil and of his
+manoeuvres so precisely fits the empiric, and all his proceedings, that I
+should suspect Sir Thomas of the unusual sin of perpetrating a pleasantry;
+and, under the devil's _effigies_, presenting the image of a charlatan;
+were it not, for the knowledge we have of this great and good man's
+credulity, and his firm belief in satanic realities; and, that, in part
+upon his own testimony, two miserable women were condemned and executed,
+for witchcraft.
+
+
+
+
+No. CVIII.
+
+
+John Jahn says, in his Biblical Archęology, Upham's translation, page 105,
+that, in Babylon, when first attacked with disease, the patients were
+placed in the streets, for the purpose of ascertaining, from casual
+passengers, what practices or medicines _they_ had found useful, in
+similar cases. Imagine a poor fellow, suddenly attacked with a windy
+colic, and deposited for this purpose, in State Street, in the very place,
+formerly occupied, by the razor-strop man, or the magnolia merchant! If it
+be true--I very much doubt it--that, in a multitude of counsellors, there
+is safety, this must be an excellent arrangement for the patient.
+
+I have often thought, that benevolence was getting to be an epidemic;
+particularly when I have noticed the attentions of one or two hundred
+charitably disposed persons, gathered about a conservative horse, that
+would not budge an inch. They have not the slightest interest in the
+horse, nor in the driver--it's nothing under heaven, but pure brotherly
+love. The driver is distracted, by the advice of some twenty persons,
+pointing with sticks and umbrellas, in every direction, and all
+vociferating together. In the meanwhile, three or four volunteers are
+belaboring the shins of the refractory beast, while as many are rapping
+his nose with their sticks. Four stout fellows, at least, are trying to
+shove the buggy forward, and as many exerting their energies, to shove the
+horse backward. Half a dozen sailors, attracted by the noise, tumble up to
+the rescue; three seize the horse's head, and pull _a starboard_, and
+three take him, by the tail, and pull _to larboard_, and all yell
+together, to the driver, to put his helm hard down. At last, urged, by
+rage, terror, and despair, the poor brute shakes off his persecutors, with
+a rear, and a plunge, and a leap, and dashes through the bow window of a
+confectioner's shop, or of some dealer in naked women, done in Parian.
+
+I am very sorry we have been delayed, by this accident. Let us proceed.
+Never has there been known, among men, a more universal diffusion of such
+a little modicum of knowledge. The knowledge of the materia medica and of
+pathology, what there was of it, seems to have been held, by the
+Babylonians, as tenants in common, and upon the Agrarian principle--every
+man and woman had an equal share of it. Such, according to John Jahn,
+Professor of Orientals in Vienna, was the state of therapeutics, in
+Babylon.
+
+The Egyptians carried their sick into the temples of Serapis--the Greeks
+to those of Ęsculapius. Written receipts were preserved there, for the
+cure of different diseases. Professor Jahn certainly seems disposed to
+make the most of the knowledge of physic and surgery, among the
+Israelites. He says they had "_some acquaintance with chirurgical
+operations_." In support of this opinion, he refers to the rite of
+circumcision, and to--nothing else. He also says, that it is evident
+"_physicians sometimes undertook to exercise their skill, in removing
+diseases of an internal nature_."
+
+If the reader is good at conundrums, will he be so obliging as to _guess_,
+upon what evidence the worthy professor grounds this assertion? I perceive
+he gives it up--Well--on Samuel I. xvi. 16. And what sayeth Samuel?--"And
+Saul's servants said unto him, behold now an evil spirit from God
+troubleth thee. Let our Lord now command thy servants, which are before
+thee, to seek out a man, who is a cunning player on a harp: and it shall
+come to pass, when the evil spirit from God is upon thee, that he shall
+play with his hand, and thou shalt be well." This, reduced into plain
+language, is simply this--Saul's servants took the liberty of telling his
+majesty, that the devil was in him, and he had better have a little music.
+Accordingly, David was called in--_as a physician_, according to Jahn--and
+drove the devil out of Saul, by playing on his Jews'-harp. Jahn also
+informs us, and the Bible did before, that the art of healing was
+committed to the priests, who were specially bound, by law, "_to take
+cognizance of leprosies_." There were, as he admits, other _physicians_,
+probably of little note. _The priests_ were the regular, legalized
+faculty. On this ground, we can explain the severe reproach, cast upon
+Asa, who, when he had the gout, "_sought not the Lord but to the
+physician_:" that is, he did not seek the Lord, in prayer, through the
+intermediation of the regular faculty, the priests.
+
+There are ecclesiastics among us, who consider, that the Levitical law is
+obligatory upon the priesthood, throughout the United States of America,
+at the present day; and who believe it to be _their_ bounden duty, to take
+cognizance of leprosies, and all other disorders; and to physick the
+bodies, not less than the souls, of their respective parishioners. To this
+I sturdily object--not at all, from any doubt of their ability, to
+practise the profession, as skilfully, as did the son of Jesse, and to
+drive out devils with a Jews'-harp; and to cure all manner of diseases, in
+the same manner, in which the learned Kircherus avers, according to Sir
+Thomas Browne, vol. ii. page 536, Lond. 1835, the bite of the tarantula is
+cured, by songs and tunes; and to soothe boils as big as King Hezekiah's,
+with fig poultices, according to Scripture; for I have the greatest
+reverence for that intuition, whereby such men are spared those _studia
+annorum_, so necessary for the acquirement of any tolerable knowledge of
+the art of medicine, by all, who are not in holy orders. My objection is
+of quite another kind--I object to the union of the cure of souls and the
+cure of bodies, in the same person; as I object to the union of Church and
+State, and to the union of the power of the purse and the power of the
+sword. It is true, withal, that when a sufferer is killed, by ministerial
+physic, which never can happen, of course, but for the patient's want of
+faith, nobody dreams of such an irreverent proceeding, as pursuing the
+officious priest, for _mala praxis_.
+
+Priests and witches, jugglers, and old women have been the earliest
+practitioners of medicine, in every age, and every nation: and the
+principal, preventive, and remedial medicines, in all the primitive,
+unwritten pharmacopęias, have been consecrated herbs and roots, charms and
+incantations, amulets and prayers, and the free use of the Jews'-harp. The
+reader has heard the statement of Professor Jahn. In 1803, Dr.
+Winterbottom, physician to the colony of Sierra Leone, published, in
+London, a very interesting account of the state of medicine, in that
+colony. He says, that the practice of physic, in Africa, is entirely in
+the hands of old women. These practitioners, like the servants of Saul,
+believe, that almost all diseases are caused by evil spirits; in other
+words, that their patients are bedevilled: and they rely, mainly, on
+charms and incantations. Dr. W. states, that the natives get terribly
+drunk, at funerals--funerals produce drunkenness--drunkenness produces
+fevers--fevers produce death--and death produces funerals. All this is
+imputed to witchcraft, acting in a circle.
+
+In the account of the Voyage of the Ship Duff to Tongataboo, in 1796, the
+missionaries give a similar statement of the popular notion, as to the
+origin of diseases--the devil is at the bottom of them all; and exorcism
+the only remedy.
+
+In Mill's British India, vol. ii. p. 185, Lond. 1826, the reader may find
+a statement of the paltry amount of knowledge, on the subject, not only of
+medicine, but of surgery, among the Hindoos: "Even medicine and surgery,
+to the cultivation of which so obvious and powerful an interest invites,
+had scarcely attracted the rude understanding of the Hindus."
+
+Sir William Jones, in the Asiatic Researches, vol. i. p. 354, says, "there
+is no evidence, that, in any language of Asia, there exists one original
+treatise on medicine, considered as a science." Crawford, in his
+Sketches, and he has an exalted opinion of the Hindoos, states, that
+surgery is unknown among them; and, that, in cases of wounds from the
+sabre or musket, they do no more than wash the wound; bind it up with
+fresh leaves, and keep the patient on rice gruel. Buchanan, in his
+journey, through Mysore, vol. i. p. 336, informs us, that medicine was in
+the hands of ignorant and impudent charlatans. Origen, who was born, about
+185 A. D., states that the Egyptians believed thirty-six devils divided
+the human body, among them; and that diseases were cured, by supplication
+and sacrifice, to the particular devil, within whose precinct the malady
+lay. This is a convenient kind of practice. May it not have some relation
+to the fact, referred to by Herodotus, in his History, book ii. sec. 84,
+that the doctors, in Egypt, were not practitioners, in a general sense,
+but for one part of the body only. Possibly, though I affirm nothing of
+the sort, Origen may have written _devils_ for _doctors_, by mistake: for
+the doctors, in those days, were, manifestly, very little better.
+
+If it be true--_et quis negat?_--that Hippocrates was the father of
+physic--the child was neither born nor begotten, before its father, of
+course, and Hippocrates was born, about 400 B. C., which, according to
+Calmet, was about 600 years after David practised upon Saul, with his
+Jews'-harp. His genealogy was quite respectable. He descended from
+Ęsculapius, through a long line of doctors; and, by the mother's side, he
+was the eighteenth from Hercules, who was, of course, the great
+grandfather of physic, at eighteen removes; and who, it will be
+remembered, was an eminent practitioner, and doctored the Hydra. Divesting
+the subject of all, that is magical and fantastical, Hippocrates thought
+and taught such rational things, as no physician had thought and taught
+before. It appears amazing to us, the uninitiated, that the healing art
+should have been successfully practised at all, from the beginning of the
+world, till 1628, in utter ignorance of the circulation of the blood; yet
+it was in that year the discovery was made, when Dr. William Harvey
+dedicated to Charles I. and published his _Exercitatio anatomica de motu
+cordis et sanguinis_.
+
+
+
+
+No. CIX.
+
+
+Quackery may be found, in every vocation, from the humblest, to the
+holiest.
+
+_If the dead rise not at all_, says St. Paul, _what shall they do, who are
+baptized for the dead_! Nine different opinions are set forth, by Bosius,
+in regard to the true meaning of this passage. Scaliger and Grotius, who
+were men of common sense, conclude, that St. Paul referred to a practice,
+existing at the time; and St. Chrysostom tells a frolicsome story of this
+vicarious baptism; that a living sponsor was concealed under the bed of
+the defunct, and answered all the questions, put by the sagacious priest,
+to the corpse, about to be baptized.
+
+The dead have been, occasionally, through inadvertence, summoned to give
+evidence, in courts of justice. But, fortunately for quacks, in every
+department, dead men are mute upon the stand.
+
+Saul, if we may believe the singing women, who came out to meet him, after
+the fall of Goliath, hath slain his thousands; and, could dead men
+testify, it would, doubtless, appear, that quacks have slain their tens of
+thousands. When we consider the overbearing influence of that ignorant,
+impudent, and plausible jabber, which the quack has always at command, it
+must be admitted, that these, his fatal victories, are achieved, with the
+very same weapon, employed by Samson, in his destruction of the
+Philistines.
+
+There is nothing marvellous, in the existence of quackery, if we recognize
+the maxim of M. Sorbiere, in his _Relation d'une Voiage en Angleterre_, p.
+155, _homo est animal credulum et mendax_--man is a credulous and lying
+animal. David said, that all men were liars; but, as this is found in one
+of his lyrics, and he admits, that he uttered it in haste, it may be
+fairly carried to the account of _poetica licentia_. With no more,
+however, than a moderate allowance, for man's notorious diathesis towards
+lying, for pleasure or profit, it is truly wonderful, that credulity
+should preserve its relative level, as it does, and ever has done, since
+the world began. Many, who will not go an inch with the Almighty, without
+a sign, will deliver their noses, for safe keeping, into the hands of a
+charlatan, and be led by him, blindfold, to the charnel-house. Take away
+credulity, and the world would speedily prove an exhausted receiver, for
+all manner of quackery.
+
+At the close of the seventeenth century, there was a famous impostor in
+France, whom the royal family, on account of his marvellous powers,
+invited to Paris. His name was James Aymar. I shall speak of him more
+fully hereafter; and refer to him, at present, in connection with a remark
+of Leibnitz. Aymar's imposture had no relation to the healing art, but the
+remark of Leibnitz is not, on that account, the less applicable. That
+great man wrote a letter, in 1694, which may be found in the Journal of
+Tenzelius, in which he refers to Aymar's fraud, and to his subsequent
+confession, before the Prince of Condč. Aymar said, according to Leibnitz,
+that he was led on, _non tam propria audacia, quam aliena credulitate
+hominum, falli volentium, et velut obtrudentium sibi_--not so much by his
+own audacity, as by the credulity of others, who were not only willing to
+be cheated, but actually thrust themselves upon him. All Paris was
+occupied, in attempting to explain the mystery of Aymar's performances,
+with his wonderful wand: and Leibnitz says--
+
+_Nuper scripsi Parisios, utilius et examine dignius, mihi videri problema
+morale vel logicum, quomodo tot viri insignes Lugduni in fraudem ducti
+fuerint, quam illud pseudo-physicum, quomodo virga coryllacea tot miracula
+operetur_--I wrote lately to the Parisians, that a solution of the moral
+or logical problem, how it happened, that so many distinguished persons,
+in Lyons, came to be taken in, seemed to me of much greater utility, and
+far more worthy of investigation, than how this fellow performed miracles,
+with his hazel wand.
+
+It is worth noting, perhaps, that Leibnitz himself, according to the
+statement of the Abbé Conti, in the _Gazzette Litteraire_, for 1765, fell
+a victim to a quack medicine, given him by a Jesuit, for the gout.
+
+Ignorance is the hotbed of credulity. This axiom is not the less
+respectable, because the greatest philosophers, occasionally, place
+confidence in the veriest fools, and do their bidding. Wise and learned
+men, beyond the pale of their professional pursuits, or peculiar studies,
+are, very frequently, the simplest of simple folk--_non omnia possumus
+omnes_. Ignorance must be very common; for a vast majority of the human
+race have not proceeded so far, in the great volume of wisdom and
+knowledge, as that profitable but humiliating chapter, whose perusal is
+likely to stimulate their energies, by convincing them, that they are of
+yesterday and know nothing. Credulity must therefore be very common.
+
+Credulity has very little scope, for its fantastical operations among the
+exact sciences. Who does not foresee the fate of a geometrical quack, who
+should maintain, that the square of the hypothenuse, in a right-angled
+triangle, is either greater or less than the sum of the squares of the
+sides; or of the quack arithmetician, who would persuade our housewives,
+that of two and two pounds of Muscovado sugar, he had actually discovered
+the art of making five?
+
+The healing art--the science of medicine, cannot be placed, in the exact
+category.
+
+It is a popular saying, that _there is a glorious uncertainty in the law_.
+This opinion has been ably considered, by that most amiable and learned
+man, the late John Pickering, in his lecture, on the alleged uncertainty
+of the law--before the Society for the Diffusion of Useful Knowledge, in
+1834. The credulity of the client, to which Mr. Pickering does not refer,
+must, in some cases, be of extraordinary strength and quality. After
+presenting a case to his counsel, as favorably to himself as he can, and
+carefully suppressing much, that is material and adverse, he fondly
+believes, that his advocate will be able to mesmerise the court and jury,
+and procure a verdict, in opposition to the facts, apparent at the trial.
+He is disappointed of course; and then he complains of the uncertainty of
+the law, instead of the uncertainty of the facts.
+
+In a dissertation, before the Medical Society, in June, 1828, Dr. George
+Cheyne Shattuck, after setting forth a melancholy catalogue of the
+troubles and perplexities of the medical profession, concludes by saying,
+that "all these trials, to which the physician is subjected, do not equal
+that, which proceeds from the _uncertainty_ of the healing art." When we
+contrast this candid avowal, from an accomplished and experienced
+physician, with the splendid promises, and infallible assurances of
+empirics--with their balms of Gilead, panaceas, and elixirs of everlasting
+life--we cannot marvel, that the larger part of all the invalids, in this
+uncertain and credulous world, fly from those conservative professors, who
+promise nothing, to such as will assure them of a perfect relief, from
+their maladies, no matter how complicated, or chronic, they may be--with
+four words of inspiriting import--NO CURE NO PAY.
+
+I am no physician; my opinion therefore is not presented _ex cathedra_:
+but the averment of Dr. Shattuck is, I presume, to be viewed in no other
+light, than as the opinion of an honorable man, who would rather claim too
+little, than too much, for his own profession: who would rather perform
+more, than he has promised, than promise more, than he can perform. If the
+regularly bred and educated physician complains of uncertainty, none but a
+madman would seek for its opposite, in the palace, or the kennel, of a
+quack; for the charlatan may occasionally be found in either.
+
+The first thing to be done, I suppose, by the regular doctor, is to
+ascertain what the disease is. This, I believe, is the very last thing,
+thought of by the charlatan. He is spared the labor of all pathological
+inquiry, for all his medicines are, fortunately, panaceas. Thus, he
+administers a medicine, for the gout; the patient does not happen to have
+the gout, but the gravel; it is the same thing; for the physic, like our
+almanacs, was calculated, for different meridians.
+
+These gentlemen sometimes limit their practice to particular diseases,
+cancers, fistulas, fevers, &c. A memorial was presented, some few years
+since, to the legislature of Alabama, for the establishment of a medical
+college, to be devoted, exclusively, to vegetable practice. A shrewd, old
+member of the assembly rose, and spoke, much after this fashion--I shall
+support this measure, Mr. Speaker, on one condition, that a neighbor of
+mine shall be appointed president of this college. It is proper,
+therefore, that you should know how far he is qualified. He was a
+travelling merchant; dealt chiefly in apple-trade and other notions, and
+failed. He had once taken an old book, on fevers, in exchange for
+essences. This he got by heart. Fevers are common with us. He was a man of
+some tact; and, a week after he failed, he put up his sign, "BELA BODKIN,
+FEVER DOCTOR--ROOTS AND HERBS--F. R. S.--L. L. D.--M. D. No charge to the
+poor or the reverend clergy."--When asked, what he meant by adding those
+capital letters to his name, he said the alphabet was common property;
+that F. R. S. stood for Feverfew, Ragwort, and Slippery Elm--L. L. D. for
+Liverwort, Lichens, and Dill--and M. D. for Milk Diet.
+
+The thing took--his garret was crowded, from morning till night, and the
+regular doctor was driven out of that town. Those, who got well,
+proclaimed Dr. Bodkin's praises--those, who died, were a very silent
+majority. Everybody declared, of the dead, 'twas a pity they had applied
+too late. Bodkin was once called to a farmer's wife. He entered the house,
+with his book under his arm, saying FEVER! with a loud voice, as he
+crossed the threshhold. This evidence of his skill was astonishing.
+Without more than a glance at the patient, he asked the farmer, if he had
+a sorrel sheep; and, being told, that he had never heard of such a thing,
+he inquired, if he had a sorrel horse. The farmer replied, that he had,
+and a very valuable one. Dr. Bodkin assured him the horse must be killed
+immediately, and a broth made of the _in'ards_ for the sick wife. The
+farmer hesitated; the wife groaned; the doctor opened the book, and showed
+his authority--there it was--readable enough--"_sheep sorrel, horse
+sorrel, good in fevers_." The farmer smiled--the doctor departed in anger,
+saying, as he went, "you may decide which you will sacrifice, your wife or
+your nag." The woman died, and, shortly after, the horse. The neighbors
+considered the farmer a hard-hearted man--the wife a victim to the
+husband's selfishness--the sudden death of the horse a particular
+providence--and Dr. Bodkin the most skilful of physicians.
+
+
+
+
+No. CX.
+
+
+No class of men, not even the professors of the wrangling art, are, and
+ever have been, more universally used and abused, than the members of the
+medical profession. It has always appeared to me, that this abuse has been
+occasioned, in some degree, by the pompous air and Papal pretensions of
+certain members of the faculty; for the irritation of disappointment is,
+in the ratio of encouragement and hope; and the tongue of experience can
+have little to say of the infallibility of the medical art. The candid
+admission of its uncertainty, by Dr. Shattuck, in his dissertation, to
+which I have referred, is the true mode of erecting a barrier, between
+honorable and intelligent practitioners, and charlatans.
+
+The opinion of Cato and of Pliny, in regard to the art is, of course, to
+be construed, with an allowance, for its humble condition, in their day.
+With the exception of the superstitious, and even magical, employment of
+roots and herbs, it consisted, essentially, in externals. There was
+nothing like a systematic nosology. The [Greek: iatroi] of Athens, and the
+_medici_ of Rome were _vulnerarii_, or surgeons. Cato, who died at the age
+of 85, U. C. 605, is reported, by Pliny, lib. xxix. cap. 7, to have said
+of the doctors, in a letter to his son Marcus--_Jurarunt inter se,
+barbaros, necare omnes, medicina_. They have sworn among themselves,
+barbarians as they are, to kill us all with their physic. In cap. 5 of the
+same book, he thus expresses his opinion--_mutatur ars quotidie, toties
+interpolis, et ingeniorum Grecię flatu impellimur: palamque est, ut
+quisque inter istos loquendo polleat, imperatorem illico vitę nostrę
+necisque fieri: ceu vero non millia gentium sine medicis degant_. The art
+is varying, from day to day: as often as a change takes place, we are
+driven along, by some new wind of doctrine from Greece. When it becomes
+manifest, that one of these doctors gains the ascendency, by his
+harangues, he becomes, upon the spot, the arbiter of our life and death;
+as though there were not thousands of the nations, who got along without
+doctors. In the same passage he says, the art was not practised, among the
+Romans, until the sixth hundredth year, from the building of the city.
+
+The healing art seems to have been carried on, in those days, with fire
+and sword, that is, with the knife and the cautery. In cap. 6, of the same
+book, Pliny tells us, that, U. C. 535, _Romam venisse--vulnerarium--mireque
+gratum adventum ejus initio: mox a sęvitia secandi urendique transisse
+nomen in carnificem, et in tędium artem_--there came to Rome a surgeon,
+who was, at first, cordially received, but, shortly, on account of his
+cuttings and burnings, they called him a butcher, and his art a nuisance.
+
+A professional wrestler, who was unsuccessful, in his profession, met
+Diogenes, the cynic, as we are told, by Diog. Laertius, in Vita, lib. vi.
+p. 60, and told him, that he had given up wrestling, and taken to
+physic--"_Well done_," said the philosopher, "_now thou wilt be able to
+throw those, who have thrown thee_."
+
+The revolutions, which took place, in the practice of the healing art,
+previously to the period, when Pliny composed his Natural History, are
+certainly remarkable. Chrysippus, as far as he was able, overthrew the
+system of Hippocrates; Erasistratus overthrew the system of Chrysippus;
+the Empirics, or experimentalists, overthrew, to the best of their
+ability, the system of Erasistratus; Herophilus did the very same thing,
+for the Empirics; Asclepiades turned the tables, upon Herophilus; Vexius
+Valens next came into vogue, as the leader of a sect; then Thessalus, in
+Nero's age, opposed all previous systems; the system of Thessalus was
+overthrown by Crinas of Marseilles; and so on, to the end of the
+chapter--which chapter, by the way, somewhat resembles the first chapter
+of Matthew, substituting the word _overthrew_ for the word _begat_.
+
+Water doctors certainly existed, in those ancient days. After Crinas, says
+Pliny, cap. 5, of the same book, there came along one--_damnatis non solum
+prioribus medicis, verum, et balineis; frigidaque etiam hibernis algoribus
+lavari persuasit. Mergit ęgros in lacus. Videbamus senes consulares usque
+in ostentationem rigentes. Qua de re exstat etiam Annęi Senecę stipulatio.
+Nec dubium est omnes istos famam novitate aliqua aucupantes anima statim
+nostra negotiari._ Condemning not only all former physicians, but the
+baths, then in use, he persuaded his patients to use cold water, during
+the rigors of winter. He plunged sick folks in ponds. We have seen certain
+aged, consular gentlemen, freezing themselves, from sheer ostentation. We
+have the personal statement of Annęus Seneca, in proof of this practice.
+Nor can it be doubted, that those quacks, greedily seeking fame, by the
+production of some novelty, would readily bargain away any man's life, for
+lucre. The statement of Seneca, to which Pliny refers, may be found in
+Seneca's letters, 53, and 83, both to Lucilius; in which he tells his
+friend, that, according to his old usage, he bathed in the Eurypus, upon
+the Kalends of January.
+
+It would be easy to fill a volume, with the railings of such peevish
+philosophers, as Michael De Montaigne, against all sorts of physic and
+physicians. We are very apt to treat doctors and deities, in the same
+way--to scoff at them, in health, and fly to them, in sickness.
+
+That was a pertinent question of Cicero's, lib. i. de Divinatione, 14. _An
+Medicina, ars non putanda est, quam tamen multa fallunt? * * * num
+imperatorum scientia nihil est, quia summus imperator nuper fugit, amisso
+exercitu? Aut num propterea nulla est reipublicę gerendę ratio atque,
+prudentia, quia multa Cn. Pompeium, quędam Catonem, nonnulla etiam te
+ipsum fe fellerunt?_ As to medicine shall it be accounted not an art,
+because of the great uncertainty therein? What, then, is there no such
+thing as military skill, because a great commander lately fled, and lost
+his army? Can there be no such thing as a wise and prudent government,
+because Pompey has been often mistaken, even Cato sometimes, and yourself,
+now and then?
+
+If much more than all, that has been proclaimed, were true, in regard to
+the uncertainty of the healing art, still the practice of seeking some
+kind of counsel and assistance, whenever a screw gets loose, in our
+tabernacle of the flesh, is not likely to go out of fashion. What shall we
+do? Follow the tetotum doctor, and swallow a purge, if P. come uppermost?
+This is good evidence of our faith, in the doctrine of uncertainty. Or
+shall we go for the doctor, who works the cheapest? There is no reason,
+why we should not cheapen our physic, if we cheapen our salvation; for
+pack horses of all sorts, lay and clerical, are accounted the better
+workers, when they are rather low in flesh. Or shall we follow the example
+of the mutual admiration society, and get up a mutual physicking
+association? Most men are pathologists, by intuition. I have been
+perfectly astonished to find how many persons, especially females and root
+doctors, know just what ails their neighbors, upon the very first hint of
+their being out of order, without even seeing them.
+
+It is a curious fact, that, while men of honor, thoroughly educated, and
+who have devoted their whole lives, to the study and practice of the
+healing art, candidly admit its uncertainty, the ignorant and unprincipled
+of the earth alone, who have impudently resorted to the vocation,
+suddenly, and as an antidote to absolute starvation, boast of their
+infallibility, and deal in nothing, but panaceas. The fools, in this
+pleasant world, are such a respectable and wealthy minority, that the
+charlatan will not cease from among us, until the last of mortals shall
+have put on immortality: and then, like the fellow, who entered Charon's
+boat, with his commodities, he will try to smuggle some of his patent
+medicines, or _leetil doshes_, into the other world.
+
+A curious illustration of the popular notion, that no man is guilty of any
+presumptuous sin, merely because, after lying down, at night, a notorious
+_pedler_ or _tinker_, he rises, in the morning, a _physician_, may be
+found, in the fact, that a watchmaker, who would laugh at a tailor, should
+he offer to repair a timekeeper, will readily confide in him, as a
+physician, for himself, his wife, or his child.
+
+The most delicate female will sometimes submit her person, to the rubbings
+and manipulations of a blacksmith, in preference to following the
+prescriptions of a regular physician. A respectable citizen, with a pimple
+on the end of his nose, resembling, upon the testimony of a dozen old
+ladies, in the neighborhood, the identical cancer, of which every one of
+them was cured, by the famous Indian doctress, in Puzzlepot Alley, will,
+now and then, give his confidence to a lying, ignorant, half-drunken
+squaw, rather than to the most experienced member of the medical
+profession.
+
+Suffer me to close this imperfect sketch, with the words of Lord Bacon,
+vol. i. page 120, Lond. 1824. "We see the weakness and credulity of men is
+such, as they will often prefer a mountebank or witch, before a learned
+physician. And therefore the poets were clear-sighted, in discerning this
+extreme folly, when they made Ęsculapius and Circe brother and sister.
+For, in all times, in the opinion of the multitude, witches, and old
+women, and impostors have had a competition with physicians. And what
+followeth? Even this, that physicians say, to themselves, as Solomon
+expresseth it, upon a higher occasion, _If it befall to me, as befalleth
+to the fools, why should I labor to be more wise?_"
+
+
+
+
+No. CXI.
+
+
+Van Butchell, the fistula-doctor, in London, some forty years ago, had a
+white horse, and he painted the animal, with many colored spots. He also
+wore an enormous beard. These tricks were useful, in attracting notice. In
+the Harleian Miscellany, vol. viii. page 135, Lond. 1810, there is a
+clever article on quackery, published in 1678, from which I will extract a
+passage or two, for the benefit of the fraternity: "Any sexton will
+furnish you with a skull, in hope of your custom; over which hang up the
+skeleton of a monkey, to proclaim your skill in anatomy. Let your table be
+never without some old musty Greek or Arabic author, and the fourth book
+of Cornelius Agrippa's Occult Philosophy, wide open, with half a dozen
+gilt shillings, as so many guineas, received, that morning for fees. Fail
+not to oblige neighboring ale-houses to recommend you to inquirers; and
+hold correspondence with all the nurses and midwives near you, to applaud
+your skill at gossippings. The admiring patient shall cry you up for a
+scholar, provided always your nonsense be fluent, and mixed with a
+disparagement of the college, graduated doctors, and book-learned
+physicians. Pretend to the cure of all diseases, especially those, that
+are incurable."
+
+There are gentlemen of the medical and surgical professions, whose high
+reputation, for science and skill, is perfectly established, and who have
+humanely associated their honorable names with certain benevolent
+societies. Such is the fact, in regard to Dr. John Collins Warren, who, by
+his adoption of the broad ground of total abstinence from all intoxicating
+liquors, as a beverage, by men in health, and by his consistent practice
+and example, has become entitled to the grateful respect of every
+well-wisher of the temperance cause. To the best of my ability, I have
+long endeavored to do, for the sextons, the very thing, which that
+distinguished man would accomplish for the doctors, and other classes.
+Never did mortal more certainly oppose his own interest, than a physician,
+or a sexton, who advocates the temperance reform.
+
+There are, however, personages, in the medical profession, regulars, as
+well as volunteers, who cling to certain societies, with the paralyzing
+grasp of death--holding on to their very skirts, as boys cling behind our
+vehicles, _to get a cast_. The patronage and advocacy of some of these
+individuals are absolutely fatal. It may be surely affirmed of more than
+one of their number, _nihil tetigit quod non damnavit_.
+
+I have long been satisfied, that, without a great increase of societies,
+it will be utterly impossible to satisfy the innumerable aspirants, for
+the offices of President, Vice President, &c., in our ambitious community.
+A sagacious, medical friend of mine, whose whole heart is devoted to the
+public service, and I am sorry to say it, to the injury of his wife and
+children, has handed me a list of several societies, for the want of
+which, he assures me, the citizens of Boston are actually suffering, at
+the present moment. For myself, I cannot pretend to judge of such
+matters. A publication of the list may interest the benevolent, and,
+possibly, promote the cause of humanity. I give it entire:--
+
+A society, for soothing the feelings and relieving the apprehensions of
+criminals, especially midnight assassins.
+
+A mutual relief society, in case of flatulent colic.
+
+A society, for the diffusion of buttermilk, with funds to enable the
+visiting committee to place a full jug, in the hands of every man, woman
+and child, in the United States, upon the first Monday of every month.
+
+A friendly cockroach-trap society.
+
+A society, composed exclusively of medical men, without practice, for the
+destruction of sowbugs and pismires, throughout the Commonwealth.
+
+A society, for the promotion of domestic happiness, with power to send for
+persons and papers.
+
+A society, for elevating the standard of education, by introducing
+trigonometry into infant schools.
+
+An association, for the gratuitous administration, to the poorer classes,
+by steam power, of anodyne clysters.
+
+Let us return to the faculty. I am in favor of some peculiarity, in the
+dress and equipage of medical men. With the exception of certain stated
+hours, they cannot be found at home; and the case may be one of emergency.
+Van Butchell's spotted horse was readily distinguished, from Charing Cross
+to Temple Bar. This was very convenient for those, who were in quest of
+that remarkable leech. A small mast, abaft the vehicle, whether sulky,
+buggy, chariot, or phaeton, bearing the owner's private signal, would
+afford great public accommodation. There is nothing more nautical in such
+an arrangement, than in the use of the _killeck_, or small anchor, which
+many of the faculty regularly cast, when they are about to board a
+patient, and as regularly weigh, when they are about to take a new
+departure.
+
+The bright yellow chariot of Dr. Benjamin Rush was universally known in
+Philadelphia, and its environs; and his peculiar features are not likely
+to escape from the memory of any man, who ever beheld them. These striking
+points were seized, by that arch villain, Cobbett, when he published his
+pictured libel, representing that eminent physician, looking out of his
+chariot window, with a label, proceeding from his mouth--_Bleed and purge
+all Kensington!_ Upon Cobbett's trial for this libel, Dr. Rush swore,
+that, by making him ridiculous, it had seriously affected his practice.
+
+Dr. James Lloyd was easily discovered, by his large bay horse--take him
+for all in all--the finest harness gelding of his day, in Boston. With the
+eyes of a Swedenborgian, I see the good, old doctor now; and I hear the
+tramp of those highly polished, white topped boots; and I almost feel the
+lash of his horsewhip, around my boyish legs, rather too harshly
+administered, for mild practice however--but he was an able physician, and
+a gentleman--_factus ad unguem_. His remarkable courtliness of manner,
+arose, doubtless, in some degree, from his relation to the nobility.
+During the siege, General Howe and Lord Percy were his intimate friends;
+the latter was his tenant in 1775, occupying the Vassal estate, for which
+Dr. Lloyd was the agent, and which afterwards became the residence of the
+late Gardner Greene.
+
+Dr. Danforth, who resided, in 1789, near the residence of Dr. Lloyd, on
+Pemberton's Hill, nearly opposite Concert Hall, and, subsequently, in
+Green Street, might be recognized, by the broad top of his chaise, and the
+unvarying moderation of the pace, at which he drove. He was tall and thin.
+His features were perfectly Brunonian. There seemed to be nothing
+antiphlogistic about him. When pleased, he was very gentlemanly, in his
+manner and carriage. He ever placed himself, with remarkable exactitude,
+in the very centre of his vehicle, bolt upright; and, with his stern
+expression, wrinkled features, remarkably aquiline nose, prominent chin,
+and broad-brimmed hat, appeared, even some fifty years ago, like a remnant
+of a by-gone age. He had been a royalist. His manners were occasionally
+rough and overbearing.
+
+I remember to have told my mother, when a boy, that I should not like to
+take Dr. Danforth's physic. The character of his practice is, doubtless,
+well remembered, by those, who have taken his _divers_, as they were
+called, and lived to tell of it. The late Dr. Benjamin Waterhouse being
+interrogated, by some aged spinsters, as to the difference, between the
+practice of Dr. Danforth and his opponents, replied, that there were two
+ways of putting a disordered clock in tolerable condition--the first, by
+taking it apart, cleaning its various members of their dust and dirt,
+applying a little oil to the pivots, and attaching no other than its
+former weight; "and then," said he, "it will go very well, for a
+considerable time; and this we call the anti-Brunonian system."
+
+The second method he described, as follows: "You are to take no pains
+about examining the parts; let the dust and dirt remain, by all means;
+apply no oil to the pivots; but hitch on three or four times the original
+weight, and you will be able to drag it along, after a fashion; and this
+is the Brunonian system." In this, the reader will recognize one of the
+pleasantries of Dr. Waterhouse, rather than an impartial illustration.
+
+Dr. Isaac Rand, the son of Dr. Isaac Rand, of Charlestown, lived, in 1789,
+some sixty years ago, in Middle Street, just below Cross: in after years,
+he resided, till his death, in 1822, in Atkinson Street. He was a pupil of
+Dr. Lloyd. His liberalities to the poor became a proverb. The chaise, in
+which he practised, in his latter days, was a notable object. The width of
+it, though not equal to that of Solomon's temple, was several cubits. It
+became the property of the late Sheriff Badlam, who filled it to
+admiration. The mantle of Elijah was not a closer fit, upon the shoulders
+of Elisha.
+
+Dr. Rand was an able physician, and a truly good man. He made rather a
+more liberal use of the learned terms of his profession, than was the
+practice of other physicians. With him, this arose from habit, and a
+desire to speak with accuracy, and not from affectation. Charles Austin
+was shot dead, in State Street, by Thomas O. Selfridge, August 4, 1806, in
+self-defence. Dr. Rand was a witness, at the trial; and his long and
+learned, professional terms, so completely confounded the stenographers,
+that they were obliged to beat the _chamade_, and humbly beg for plainer
+English.
+
+I have more to say of these interesting matters, but am too near the
+boundary wall of my paper, to enter upon their consideration, at present.
+
+
+
+
+No. CXII.
+
+
+In my last number, I referred to three eminent physicians, of the olden
+time, Drs. Lloyd, Danforth, and Rand. Some sixty years ago, there were
+three and twenty physicians, in this city, exclusive of quacks. The
+residences of the three I have already stated. Dr. James Pecker resided,
+at the corner of Hanover and Friend Street--Thomas Bulfinch, in Bowdoin
+Square--Charles Jarvis, in Common Street--Lemuel Hayward, opposite the
+sign of the White Horse, in Newbury Street--Thomas Kast, in Fish Street,
+near the North Square--David Townsend, in Southack's Court--John Warren,
+next door to Cromwell's Head, in South Latin School Street, then kept by
+Joshua Brackett--Thomas Welsh, in Sudbury Street, near Concert
+Hall--William Eustis, in Sudbury Street, near the Mill Pond--John Homans,
+No. 6 Marlborough Street--John Sprague, in Federal Street--Nathaniel W.
+Appleton, in South Latin School Street, near the Stone Chapel--Joseph
+Whipple, in Orange Street--Aaron Dexter, in Milk Street, opposite the
+lower end of the rope walks, that were burnt, in the great fire, July 30,
+1794--Abijah Cheever, in Hanover Street--William Spooner, in Cambridge
+Street--John Fleet, in Milk Street--Amos Winship, in Hanover
+Street--Robert Rogerson, in Ship Street--Alexander A. Peters, in
+Marlborough Street--John Jeffries, who, in 1776, went to Halifax, with the
+British garrison, did not return and resume practice in Boston, till 1790.
+
+Ten years after, in 1799, the number had increased to twenty-nine, of whom
+nineteen were of the old guard of 1789.
+
+In 1816, the number had risen to forty-three, of whom eight only were of
+1789. In 1830, the number was seventy-five, two only surviving of
+1789--Drs. William Spooner and Thomas Welsh.
+
+In 1840, we had, in Boston, one hundred and twenty-two physicians,
+surgeons, and dentists, and a population of 93,383. There are now, in this
+physicky metropolis, according to the Directory, for 1848-9, physicians,
+of all sorts, not including those for the soul, but doctors, surgeons,
+dentists, regulars and quacks, of all colors and both sexes, 362. THREE
+HUNDRED AND SIXTY-TWO: an increase of two hundred and forty, in eight
+years. This is certainly encouraging. If 122 doctors are quite as many, as
+93,383 Athenians ought to bear, 362 require about 280,000 patients, and
+such should be our population. Let us arrange this formidable host. At the
+very _tete d'armee_, marching left in front, we have seven _Female
+Physicians_, preceded by an _Indian doctress_--next in order, come the
+surgeon _Dentists_, seventy in number--then the main body, to whom the
+publisher of the Directory courteously and indiscriminately applies the
+title of _Physicians_, two hundred and fifty-seven, rank and file;--seven
+and twenty _Botanic Doctors_ bring up the rear! How appropriate, in the
+hand of the very last of this enormous _cortege_, would be a banner,
+inscribed with those well known words--GOD SAVE THE COMMONWEALTH OF
+MASSACHUSETTS!
+
+I shall devote this paper to comparative statistics. In 1789, with
+twenty-three physicians in Boston, four less, than the present number of
+_botanic doctors_ alone, and three hundred and thirty-nine less, than the
+present number of regulars and pretenders, there were nine only of _our_
+profession, regularly enrolled, as F. U., funeral undertakers, and placed
+upon a footing with the Roman _designatores_, or _domini funerum_. There
+were several others, who bore to our profession the same relation, which
+bachelors of medicine bear to theirs, and who were entitled to subscribe
+themselves D. G., diggers of graves. Yet in 1840, the year, which I take,
+as a _point d'appui_ for my calculations, there were only twenty, enrolled
+as F. U., with 362 medical operatives, busily at work, day and night, upon
+the insides and outsides of our fellow-citizens! Here is matter for
+marvel! How was it done? Did the dead bury the dead? I presume the
+solution lies, in the fact, that there existed an unrecorded number of
+those, who were D. G. only.
+
+There were few dentists, _eo nomine_, some sixty years ago. Our ancestors
+appear to have gotten along pretty comfortably, in spite of their teeth.
+Many of those, who practised the "_dental art_," had so little employment,
+that it became convenient to unite their dental practice, with some other
+occupation. Thus John Templeman, was a _broker and dentist_, at the
+northeast corner of the Old State House. Whitlock was, doubtless,
+frequently called out, from a rehearsal, at the play house, to pull a
+refractory grinder. Isaac Greenwood advertises, in the Columbian Sentinel
+of June 1, 1785, not only his desire to wait upon all, who may require his
+services, at their houses, in the dental line; but a variety of umbrellas,
+canes, silk caps for bathing, dice, chess men, and cane for hoops and
+bonnets, by the dozen, or single stick. In the Boston Mercury of Jan. 6,
+1797, W. P. Greenwood combines, with his dental profession, the sale of
+piano-fortes and guitars. In 1799, the registered dentists were three
+only, Messrs. Isaac and Wm. P. Greenwood, and Josiah Flagg. In 1816, there
+were three only, Wm. P. Greenwood, Thomas Parsons, and Thomas Barnes.
+
+It would appear somewhat extravagant, perhaps, to state, that, including
+doctors of all sorts, there is a fraction more than two doctors to every
+one merchant, _eo nomine_, excluding commission merchants, of course, in
+the city of Boston. Such, nevertheless, appears to be the fact, unless Mr.
+Adams has made some important error, which I do not suspect, in his
+valuable Directory, for 1848-9.
+
+It will not be utterly worthless, to contemplate the quartermaster's
+department of this portentous army; and compare it with the corresponding
+establishment of other times. In 1789, there were fifteen druggists and
+apothecaries, in the town of Boston. Examples were exceedingly rare, in
+those days, of wholesale establishments, exclusively dealing in drugs and
+medicines. At present, we have, in this city, eighty-nine apothecaries,
+doing business, in as many different places--drugs and medicines are also
+sold, at wholesale, in forty-four establishments--there are fourteen
+special depots, for the sale of patent medicines, Gordak's drugs, Indian
+purgatives, Holman's restorative, Brandreth's pills, Sherry wine bitters,
+and pectoral balsam, Graefenberg's medicines, and many other kinds of
+nastiness--eighteen dealers exclusively in botanic medicines--ninety-seven
+nurses--twenty-eight undertakers--and eight warehouses for the sale of
+coffins!
+
+It is amusing, if nothing worse, to compare the relative increase, in the
+number of persons, who are, in various ways, employed about the sick, the
+dying, and the dead, in killing, or curing, or comforting, or burying,
+with the increase in some other crafts and callings. In 1789, there were
+thirty-one bakers, in Boston: there are now fifty-seven. The number has
+not doubled in sixty years. The number of doctors then, as I have stated,
+was twenty-three: now, charlatans included, it falls short, only six, of
+sixteen times that number.
+
+There were then sixty-seven tailors' shops; there are now one hundred and
+forty-eight such establishments. There were then thirty-six barbers,
+hair-dressers, and wig-makers: there are now ninety-one. There were then
+one hundred and five cabinet-makers and carpenters: there are now three
+hundred and fifty. This ratio of comparison will, by no means, hold, in
+some other callings. There were then nine auctioneers: there are now
+fifty-two. There were then seven brokers, of all sorts: there are now two
+hundred and ten. The source from which I draw my information, is the
+Directory of 1789, "printed and sold by John Norman, at Oliver's Dock,"
+and of which the writer speaks, in his preface, as "_this first attempt_."
+For want of sufficient designation, it is impossible, in this primitive
+work, to pick out the members of the legal profession. Compared with the
+present fraternity, whose name is legion, they were very few. There are
+more than three hundred and fifty practitioners of the law, in this city.
+In this, as in the medical profession, there are, and ever will be, _ex
+necessitate rei_, infernal scoundrels, and highly intelligent and
+honorable men--blind guides and safe counsellors. Not very long ago, a day
+of purification was appointed--some plan seemed to be excogitating, for
+the ventilation of the brotherhood. For once, they were gathered together,
+brothers, looking upon the features of brothers, and knowing them not.
+This was an occasion of mutual interest, and the arena was common
+ground--they came, some of them, doubtless, from strange quarters, lofty
+attics and lowly places--
+
+  "From all their dens the one-eyed race repair,
+  From rifted rocks, and mountains high in air."
+
+When doctors, lawyers, and brokers are greatly upon the increase, it is
+very clear, that we are getting into the way of submitting our bodies and
+estates, to be frequently, and extensively, tinkered.
+
+I cannot doubt, that in 1789, there were quacks, about town, who could not
+contrive to get their names inserted, in the same page, with the regular
+physicians. I cannot believe, however, that they bore any proportion to
+the unprincipled and ignorant impostors, at the present time. In the
+"Massachusetts Centinel," of Sept. 21, 1785, is the following
+advertisement--"_John Pope, who, for eighteen years past, has been noted
+for curing Cancers, schrophulous Tumours, fetid and phagedenic Ulcers,
+&c., has removed into a house, the north corner of Orange and Hollis
+Street, South End, Boston, where he proposes to open a school, for
+Reading, Writing, Arithmetick, &c._"
+
+In 1789 there were twenty-two distillers of rum in Boston: there are nine
+only, named in the Directory of 1848-9. The increase of doctors and all
+the appliances of sickness and death have not probably arisen from the
+falling off, among distillers. In 1789, there were about twenty
+innholders: there are now eighty-eight public houses, hotels, or
+taverns--ninety-two restaurants--thirty-five confectionery
+establishments--thirty-nine stores, under the caption of "liquors and
+wines"--sixty-nine places, for the sale of oysters, which are not always
+the _spiritless_ things they appear to be--one hundred and forty-three
+wholesale dealers, in West India goods and groceries--three hundred and
+seventy-three retailers of such articles: I speak not of those, who fall
+below the dignity of history; whose operations are entirely subterraneous;
+and whose entire stock in trade might be carried, in a wheelbarrow. We
+have also one hundred and fifty-two provision dealers. We live well in
+this city. It would be very pleasant, to walk over it, with old Captain
+Keayne, who died here, March 23, 1656, and who left a sum of money to the
+town, to erect a granary or storehouse, for the poor, in case of famine!
+
+
+
+
+No. CXIII.
+
+
+The Quack is commonly accounted a spurious leech--a false
+doctor--clinging, like a vicious barnacle, to the very bottom of the
+medical profession. But impostors exist, in every craft, calling, and
+profession, under the names of quacks, empirics, charmers, magicians,
+professors, sciolists, plagiaries, enchanters, charlatans, pretenders,
+judicial astrologers, quacksalvers, muffs, mountebanks, medicasters,
+barrators, cheats, puffs, champertors, cuckoos, diviners, jugglers, and
+verifiers of suggestions.
+
+Butler, in his Hudibras, says, of medical quacks, they
+
+  Seek out for plants, with signatures,
+  To quack of universal cures.
+
+In the Spectator, Addison has this observation--"At the first appearance,
+that a French quack made in Paris, a boy walked before him, publishing,
+with a shrill voice, '_my father cures all sorts of distempers_;' to which
+the doctor added, in a grave manner, '_what the boy says is true_.'"
+
+The imposture of James Aymar, to which I have alluded, was of a different
+kind. Aymar was an ignorant peasant of Dauphiné. He finally confessed
+himself to be an impostor, before the Prince of Condč; and the whole
+affair is narrated, by the apothecary of the prince, in a _Lettre ą M.
+L'Abbé, D. L., sur les veritables effets de la baguette de Jaques Aymar
+par P. Buissiere; chez Louis Lucas, ą Paris, 1694_.
+
+The power of this fellow's wand was not limited, to the discovery of
+hidden treasures, or springs of water; nor were his only dupes the lowly
+and the ignorant. As I have said, he was detected, and made a full
+confession, before the Prince of Condč. The magistrates published an
+official account of the imposture; yet such is the energy of the credulous
+principle, that M. Vallemont, a man of note, published a treatise "_on the
+occult philosophy of the divining wand_;" in which he tries to show, that
+Aymar, notwithstanding his mistakes, before the Prince, was really
+possessed of all the wonderful power he claimed, of divining with his
+wand. The measure of this popular credulity will be better understood,
+after perusing the following translation of an extract from the _Mercure
+Historique_, for April, 1697, page 440.--"The Prior of the Carthusians
+passed through Villeneuve with Aymar, to discover, by the aid of his wand,
+some landmarks, that were lost. Just before, a foundling had been left on
+the steps of the monastery. Aymar was employed, by the Superior, to find
+out the father. Followed by a great crowd, and guided by the indications
+of his wand, he went to the village of Comaret, in the County of
+Venaissin, and thence to a cottage, where he affirmed the child was born."
+
+Bayle says, on the authority of another letter from M. Buissiere, in 1698,
+that Aymar's apparent simplicity, and rustic dialect, and the rapid motion
+of his wand went far, to complete the delusion. He was also exceedingly
+devout, and never absent from mass, or confession. While he was at Paris,
+and before his exposure, the Pythoness, herself, would not have been more
+frequently, and zealously consulted, than was this crafty and ignorant
+boor, by the Parisians. Fees showered in from all quarters; and he was
+summoned, in all directions, to detect thieves; recover lost property;
+settle the question of genuine identity, among the relics of _prima facie_
+saints, in different churches; and, in truth, no limit was set, by his
+innumerable dupes, to the power of his miraculous wand. "I myself," says
+M. Buissiere, "saw a simple, young fellow, a silk weaver, who was engaged
+to a girl, give Aymar a couple of crowns, to know if she were a virgin."
+
+Joseph Francis Borri flourished, about the middle of the seventeenth
+century, and a most complicated scoundrel he was--heresiarch, traitor,
+alchymist, and empiric. He had spiritual revelations, of course. He was an
+intelligent and audacious liar, and converts came in apace. At his
+suggestion, his followers took upon themselves an oath of poverty, and
+placed all they possessed in the hands of Borri, who told them he would
+take care it should never again interfere with their devotions, but would
+be spent in prayers and masses, for their ulcerated souls. The bloodhounds
+of the Inquisition were soon upon his track, at the moment he was about to
+raise the standard of insurrection in Milan.
+
+He fled to Amsterdam--made capital of his persecution by the Inquisition;
+and won the reputation of a great chemist, and wonderful physician. He
+then went to Hamburg, and persuaded Queen Christina, to advance him a
+large sum of money, to be reimbursed, from the avails of the philosopher's
+stone, which Borri was to discover. This trick was clearly worth
+repeating. So thought Borri; and he tried it, with still better success,
+on his Majesty of Denmark. Still the stone remained undiscovered; and the
+thought occurred to Signor Borri, that it might not be amiss, to look for
+it, in Turkey. He accordingly removed; but was arrested at Vienna, by the
+Pope's agents; and consigned to the prisons of the Inquisition, for life.
+His fame, however, had become so omnipotent, that, upon the earnest
+application of the Duke d'Etrée, he was let loose, to prescribe for that
+nobleman, whom the regular physicians had given over. The Duke got well,
+and the world gave Borri the credit of the cure. When a poor suffering
+mortal is given over, in other words, _let alone_, by half a dozen
+doctors--I am speaking now of the regulars, not less than of the
+volunteers--he, occasionally, gets well.
+
+A wit replied to a French physician, who was marvelling how a certain Abbé
+came to die, since he himself and three other physicians were unremitting,
+in their attentions--"_My dear doctor, how could the poor abbé sustain
+himself, against you all four?_" The doctors do much as they did of old.
+Pliny, lib. xxix. 5, says, of consultations--"_Hinc illę circa ęgros
+miserę sententiarum concertationes, nullo idem censente ne videatur
+accessio alterius. Hinc illa infelicis monumenti inscriptio_, TURBA SE
+MEDICORUM PERIISSE." Hence those contemptible consultations, round the
+beds of the sick--no one assenting to the opinion of another, lest he
+should be deemed his subaltern. Hence the monumental inscription, over the
+poor fellow, who was destroyed in this way--KILLED BY A MOB OF DOCTORS!
+
+Who has not seen a fire rekindle, _sua sponte_, after the officious
+bellows have, apparently, extinguished the last spark? So, now and then,
+the vital spark, stimulated by the _vis medicatrix naturę_ will rekindle
+into life and action, after having been well nigh smothered, by all sorts
+of complicated efforts to restore it.
+
+This is the _punctum instans_, the very nick of time, for the charlatan:
+in he comes, looking insufferably wise, and brim full of sympathetic
+indignation. All has been done wrong, of course. While he affects to be
+doing everything, he does exactly nothing--stirs up an invisible,
+impalpable, infinitessimal, incomprehensible particle, in a little water,
+which the patient can neither see, feel, taste, nor smell. Down it goes.
+The patient's faith, as to the size of it, rather resembles a cocoanut
+than a grain of mustard seed. His confidence in the _new_ doctor is as
+gigantic, and as blind, as Polyphemus, after he had been _gouged_, by him
+of Ithaca. He plants his galvanic grasp, upon the wrist of the little
+doctor, much in the manner of a drowning man, clutching at a full grown
+straw. He is absolutely better already. The wife and the little ones look
+upon the mountebank, as their preserver from widowhood and orphanage.
+"_Dere ish noting_," he says, "_like de leetil doshes_;" and he takes his
+leave, regretting, as he closes the door, that his sleeve is not large
+enough, to hold the sum total of his laughter. Yet some of these quacks
+become _honest men_; and, however surprised at the result, they are
+finally unable, to resist the force of the popular outcry, in their own
+favor. They almost forget their days of duplicity, and small things--they
+arrive, somehow or other, at the conclusion, that, however unexpectedly,
+they are great men, and their wild tactics a system. They use longer
+words, move into larger houses, and talk of first principles: and all the
+practice of a neighborhood finally falls into the hands of Dr. Ninkempaup
+or Dr. Pauketpeeker.
+
+Francis Joseph Borri died, in prison, in 1695. Sorbiere in his _Voiage en
+Angleterre_, page 158, describes him thus--"He is a cunning blade; a
+lusty, dark-complexioned, good-looking fellow, well dressed, and lives at
+considerable expense, though not at such a rate, as some suppose; for
+eight or ten thousand livres will go a great way at Amsterdam. But a
+house, worth 15,000 crowns, in a fine location, five or six footmen, a
+French suit of clothes, a treat or two to the ladies, the occasional
+refusal of fees, five or six rix dollars distributed, at the proper time
+and place among the poor, a spice of insolence in discourse, and sundry
+other artifices have made some credulous persons say, that he gave away
+handfulls of diamonds, that he had discovered the philosophers stone, and
+the universal medicine." When he was in Amsterdam, he appeared in a
+splendid equipage, was accosted, by the title of "_your excellence_," and
+they talked of marrying him to one of the greatest fortunes.
+
+I have no taste for unsocial pleasures. Will the reader go with me to
+Franklin Place--let us take our station near No. 2, and turn our eyes to
+the opposite side--let us put back the hand of the world's timekeeper,
+some thirty years. A showy chariot, very peculiar, very yellow, and
+abundantly supplied with glass, with two tall bay horses, gaudily
+harnessed, is driven to the door of the mansion, by a coachman, in livery;
+and there it stands; till, after the expiration of an hour, perhaps, the
+house door is flung open, and there appears, upon the steps, a tall, dark
+visaged, portly personage, in black, who, looking slowly up and down the
+avenue, proceeds, with great deliberation, to draw on his yellow, buckskin
+gloves. Rings glitter upon his fingers; seals, keys, and safety chain,
+upon his person. His beaver, of an unusual form, is exquisitely glossy,
+surpassed, by nothing but the polish of his tall suwarrows, surmounted
+with black, silk tassels.
+
+He descends to the vehicle--the door is opened, with a bow of profound
+reverence, which is scarcely acknowledged, and in he gets, the very fac
+simile of a Spanish grandee. The chariot moves off, so very slowly, that
+we can easily follow it, on foot--on it goes, up Franklin, and down
+Washington, up Court, into Tremont, down School, into Washington, along
+Washington, up Winter, and through Park to Beacon Street, where it halts,
+before the mansion of some respectable citizen. The occupant alights, and,
+leaving his chariot there, proceeds, through obscure and winding ways, to
+visit his patients, on foot, in the purlieus of _La Montagne_.
+
+This was no other than the celebrated patentee of the famous bug liquid;
+who was forever putting the community on its guard, by admonishing the
+pill-taking public, that they _could not be too particular_, for _none
+were genuine, unless signed W. T. Conway_.
+
+
+
+
+No. CXIV.
+
+
+Charity began at home--I speak of Charity Shaw, the famous root and herb
+doctress, who was a great blessing to all undertakers, in this city, for
+many years--her practice was, at first, purely domestic--she began at
+home, in her own household; and, had she ended there, it had fared better,
+doubtless, with many, who have received the final attentions of our craft.
+The mischief of quackery is negative, as well as positive. Charity could
+not be fairly classed with those reckless empirics, who, rather than lose
+the sale of a nostrum, will send you directly to the devil, for a dollar:
+Charity was kind, though she vaunted herself a little in the newspapers.
+She was, now and then, rather severely handled, but she bore all things,
+and endured all things, and hoped all things; for, to do her justice, she
+was desirous, that her patients should recover: and, if she believed not
+all things, her patients did; and therein consisted the negative
+mischief--in that stupid credulity, which led them to follow this poor,
+ignorant, old woman, and thus prevented them, from applying for relief,
+where, if anywhere, in this uncertain world, it may be found--at the
+fountains of knowledge and experience. In Charity's day, there were
+several root and herb practitioners; but the greatest of these was
+Charity.
+
+Herb doctors have, for some two thousand years, attempted to turn back the
+tables, upon the faculty--they are a species of _garde mobile_, who have
+an old grudge against the _corps regulier_: for they have not forgotten,
+that, some two thousand years ago, herb doctors had all things pretty much
+in their own way. Two entire books, the twenty-sixth and twenty-seventh of
+Pliny's Natural History, are devoted to a consideration of the medicinal
+properties of herbs--the twentieth treats of the medicinal properties of
+vegetables--the twenty-third and twenty-fourth of the medicinal properties
+of roots and barks. Thus, we see, of what importance these simples were
+accounted, in the healing art, in that early age. Herbs, barks, and roots
+were, and, for ages, had been, the principal _materia medica_, and were
+employed, by the different sects--by the Rationalists, of whom Pliny, lib.
+xxvi. cap. 6, considers Herophilus the head, though this honor is
+ascribed, by Galen, to Hippocrates--the Empirics, or experimentalists--and
+the Methodics, who avoided all actions, for _mala praxis_, by adhering to
+the rules. Pliny manifestly inclined to herb doctoring. In the chapter,
+just now referred to, after alluding to the _verba, garrulitatemque_ of
+certain lecturers, he intimates, that they and their pupils had an easy
+time of it--_sedere namque his in scholis auditioni operatos gratius erat,
+quam ire in solitudines, et quoerere herbas alias aliis diebus anni_--for
+it was pleasanter to sit, listening in the lecture-rooms, than to run
+about in the fields and woods, culling certain simples, on certain days in
+the year.
+
+Herb doctors were destined to be overthrown; and the account, given by
+Pliny, in chapters 7, 8 and 9, book xxvi. of the sudden and complete
+revolution, in the practice of the healing art, is curious and
+interesting.
+
+Asclepiades, of Prusa, in Bythinia, came to Rome, in the time of Pompey
+the Great, about one hundred years before Christ, to teach rhetoric; and,
+like an impudent hussy, who came to this city, as a cook, from Vermont,
+some years ago, and, not succeeding, in that capacity, but hearing, that
+wet nurses obtained high wages here, prepared herself, for that lucrative
+occupation--so Asclepiades, not succeeding, as a rhetorician, prepared
+himself for a doctor. He was ignorant of the whole matter; but a man of
+genius; and, as he knew nothing of root and herb practice, he determined
+to cut up the whole system root and branch, and substitute one of his
+own--_torrenti ac meditata quotidie oratione blandiens omnia abdicavit:
+totamque medicinam ad causam revocando, conjecturę fecit_. By the power of
+his forcible and preconcerted orations, pronounced from day to day, in a
+smooth and persuasive manner, he overthrew the whole; and, bringing back
+the science of medicine to cause and effect, he constructed a system of
+inference or conjecture. Pliny is not disposed to be altogether pleased
+with Asclepiades, though he recounts his merits fairly. He says of
+him--_Id solum possumus indignari, unum hominem, e levissima gente, sine
+ullis opibus orsum, vectigalis sua causa, repente leges salutis humano
+genere dedisse, quas tamen postea abrogavere multi_--at least, we may feel
+rather indignant, that one, born among a people, remarkable for their
+levity, born also in poverty, toiling for his daily support, should thus
+suddenly lay down, for the human race, the laws of health, which,
+nevertheless, many rejected afterwards.
+
+Now it seems to me, that Asclepiades was a very clever fellow; and I
+think, upon Pliny's own showing, there was more reason, for indignation,
+against a people, who had so long tolerated the marvellous absurdities of
+the herb system, such as it then was, than against a man, who had the good
+sense to perceive, and the courage and perseverance to explode, them. What
+there was in the poverty of Asclepiades, or in the character of his
+countrymen, to rouse Pliny's indignation, I cannot conceive. Pliny says,
+lib. xxvi. cap. 9, after naming several things, which promoted this great
+change, in the practice of Physic--_Super omnia adjuvere eum magicę
+vanitates, in tantum erectę, ut abrogare herbis fidem cunctis possent_. He
+was especially assisted in his efforts, by the excesses, to which the
+magical absurdities had been carried, in respect to herbs, so that they
+alone were enough to destroy all confidence, in such things.
+
+Pliny proceeds to narrate some of these magical absurdities--the plant
+Ęthiops, thrown into lakes and rivers, would dry them up--the touch of it
+would open everything, that was shut. The Achęmenis, cast among the enemy,
+would cause immediate flight. The Latace would ensure plenty. Josephus
+also, De Bell, Ind. lib. vii. cap. 25--speaks of an excellent root for
+driving out devils.
+
+Pliny says, Asclepiades laid down five important
+particulars--_abstinentiam cibi_, _alias vini_, _fricationem corporis_,
+_ambulationem_, _gestationes_--abstinence from meat, and, at other times,
+from wine, friction of the body, walking, and various kinds of gestation,
+on horseback, and otherwise. There were some things, in the old practice,
+_nimis anxia et rudia_, too troublesome and coarse, whose rejection
+favored the new doctor greatly, _obruendi agros veste sudoresque omni modo
+ciendi; nunc corpora ad ignes torrendi_, etc.--smothering the sick in
+blankets, and exciting perspiration, by all possible means--roasting them
+before fires, &c. Like every other ingenious physician, he had something
+pleasant, of his own contriving, to propose--_tum primum pensili
+balinearum usu ad infinitum blandientem_--then first came up the
+employment of hanging baths, to the infinite delight of the public. These
+hanging baths, which Pliny says, lib. ix. 79, were really the invention of
+Sergius Orata, were rather supported than suspended--fires were kindled
+below--there were different _ahena_, or caldrons, the _caldarium_, and
+_frigidarium_. The _corrivatio_ was simply the running together of the
+cold and hot water. Annexed was the _laconicum_, or sweating room. The
+curious reader may compare the Roman baths with those at Constantinople,
+described by Miss Pardoe.
+
+_Alia quoque blandimenta_, says Pliny, _excogitabat, jam suspendendo
+lectulos, quorum jactatu aut morbos extenuaret, aut somnos alliceret_. He
+excogitated other delights, such as suspended beds, whose motion soothed
+the patient, or put him to sleep. The principle here seems pretty
+universal, lying at the bottom of all those simple contrivances,
+rocking-chairs, cribs, and cradles, swings, hammocks, &c. This is truly
+Indian practice--
+
+  Rock-a-bye baby upon the tree top,
+  And, when the wind blows, the cradle will rock.
+
+_Pręterea in quibusdam morbis medendi cruciatus detraxit, ut in anginis
+quas curabant in fauces organo demisso. Damnavit merito et vomitiones,
+tunc supra modum frequentes._ He also greatly diminished the severity of
+former practice, in certain diseases, in quinsies for example, which they
+used to cure, with an instrument, introduced into the fauces. He very
+properly condemned those vomitings, then frequent, beyond all account.
+This refers to the Roman usage, which is almost incomprehensible by us.
+Celsus, De Med. lib. i. 3, refers to it, as the practice _eorum, qui
+quotidie ejiciendo, vorandi facultatem moliuntur_--of those, who, by
+vomiting daily, acquired the faculty of gormandizing. Suetonius says of
+the imperial brute, Vitellius, sec. xiii. that he regularly dined, at
+three places daily, _facile omnibus sufficiens, vomitandi
+consuetudine_--easily enabled to do so, by his custom of vomiting.
+
+Pliny's reflection, upon the success of the new doctor, is very
+natural--_quę quum unusquisque semetipsum sibi pręstare posse
+intelligeret, faventibus cunctis, ut essent vera quę facillima erant,
+universum prope humanum genus circumegit in se, non alio modo quam si
+coelo emissus advenisset_. When every one saw, that he could apply the
+rules for himself, all agreeing that things, which were so very simple,
+must certainly be true, he gathered all mankind around him, precisely as
+though he had been one, sent from Heaven.
+
+In the following passage, Pliny employs the word, _artificium_, in an
+oblique sense. _Trahebat pręterea mentes artifcio mirabili, vinum
+promittendo ęgris._ He attracted men's minds, by the remarkable _artifice_
+of allowing wine to the sick.
+
+During the temperance movement, some eminent physicians have asserted,
+that wine was unnecessary, in every case--others have extended their
+practice, and increased their popularity, by making their patients as
+comfortable, as possible--_while they continued in the flesh_. A German,
+who had been very intemperate, joined a total abstinence society, by the
+advice of a temperance physician. In a little time the _tormina_ of his
+stomach became unbearable. Instead of calling his temperance physician,
+who would, probably, have eased the irritation, with a little wormwood, or
+opium, he sent for the popular doctor, who told him, at once, that he
+wanted brandy--"How much may I take?" inquired the German. "An ounce,
+during the forenoon;" replied the doctor. After he had gone, the German
+said to his son, "Harman, go, get de measure pook, and zee how mooch be
+won ounz." The boy brought the book, and read aloud, eight drachms make
+one ounce--the patient sprang half out of bed; and, rubbing his hands,
+exclaimed--"dat ish de toctor vor me; I never took more nor voor trams in
+a morning, in all my porn days--dat ish de trouble--I zee it now."
+
+
+
+
+No. CXV.
+
+
+Miss Bungs is dead. It is well to state this fact, lest I should be
+suspected of some covert allusion to the living. She firmly believed in
+the XXXIX. articles, and in a fortieth--namely--that man is a
+fortune-hunter, from his cradle. She often declared, that, sooner than wed
+a fortune-hunter, she would die a cruel death--she would die a maid--she
+did so, in the full possession of her senses, to the last.
+
+Her entire estate, consisting of sundry shares, in fancy stocks, two
+parrots, a monkey, a silver snuff-box, and her paraphernalia, she directed
+to be sold; and the avails employed, for the promotion of celibacy, among
+the heathen.
+
+Yet it was the opinion of those, who knew her intimately, that Miss Bungs
+was, at heart, sufficiently disposed to enter into the holy state of
+matrimony, could she have found one pure, disinterested spirit; but,
+unfortunately, she was fully persuaded, that every man, who smiled upon
+her, and inquired after her health, was "_after her money_." Miss Bungs
+was not unwilling to encourage the impression, that she was an object of
+particular regard, in certain quarters; and, if a gentleman picked up her
+glove, or escorted her across a gutter, she was in the habit of
+instituting particular inquiries, among her acquaintances--in strict
+confidence of course--in regard to his moral character--ejaculating with a
+sigh, that men were so mercenary now-a-days, it was difficult to know who
+could be trusted.
+
+Now, this was very wrong, in Miss Bungs. By the English law, if a man or a
+woman pretends, falsely, that he or she is married to any person, that
+person may libel, in the spiritual court, and obtain an injunction of
+silence; and this offence, in the language of the law, is called
+_jactitation of marriage_. I can see no reason why an injunction in cases
+of _jactitation of courtship_, should not be allowed; for serious evils
+may frequently arise, from such unauthorized pretences.
+
+After grave reflection, I am of opinion, that Miss Bungs carried her
+opposition to fortune-hunters, beyond the bounds of reason. Let us define
+our terms. The party, who marries, only for money, intending, from the
+very commencement, to make use of it, for the selfish gratification of
+vain, or vicious, propensities--is a fortune-hunter of the very worst
+kind. But let us not forget, as we go along, that this field is occupied
+by huntresses, as well as by hunters; and that, upon such voyages of
+discovery, the cap may be set, as effectually, as the compass.
+
+There is another class, with whom the degree of personal attachment, which
+really exists, is too feeble, to resist the combined influence of
+selfishness and pride. Such also, I suppose, may be placed in the category
+of fortune-hunters. We find an illustration of this, in the case of Mr.
+Mewins. After a liberal arrangement had been made, for the young lady, by
+her father; Mr. Mewins, having taken a particular fancy to a little, brown
+mare, demanded, that it should be thrown into the bargain; and, upon a
+positive refusal, the match was broken off. After a couple of years, the
+parties accidentally met, at a country ball--Mr. Mewins was quite willing
+to renew the engagement--the lady appeared not to have the slightest
+recollection of him. "Surely you have not forgotten me," said he--"What
+name, sir?" she inquired--"Mewins," he replied; "I had the honor of paying
+my addresses to you, about two years ago."--"I remember a person of that
+name," she rejoined, "who paid his addresses to my father's brown mare."
+
+In matrimony, wealth is, of course, a very comforting accessory. It
+renders an agreeable partner still more so--and it often goes, not a
+little way, to balance an unequal bargain. Time and talent may as wisely
+be wasted, in pursuit of the philosopher's stone, as of an unmixed good or
+evil, on this side the grave. Temper may be mistaken, or it may change;
+beauty may fade; but £60,000, well managed, will enable the _happy man or
+woman_, to bear up, with tolerable complacency, under the severest trials
+of domestic life. What a blessed thing it is, to fall back upon, when one
+is compelled to mourn, over the infirmities of the living, or the absence,
+of the dead! What a solace!
+
+It was therefore wrong, in Miss Bungs, to designate, as fortune-hunters,
+those, of either sex, who have come to the rational conclusion, that money
+is essential to the happiness of married life. No man or woman of common
+sense, who is poor, will, now-a-days, commit the indiscretion of _falling
+in love_, unless with some person of ample possessions.
+
+What, then, is to become of the penniless, and the unpretty! We must adopt
+the custom of the ancient Babylonians, introduced about 1433 B. C., by
+Atossa, the daughter of Belochus. At a certain season of the year, the
+most lovely damsels were assembled, and put up, singly, at auction, to be
+purchased, by the _highest_ bidder. The wealthy swains of Babylon poured
+forth their wealth, like water; and rivals settled the question, not by
+the length of their rapiers, but of their purses. The money, thus
+obtained, became the dowry of those, whose personal attractions were not
+likely to obtain them husbands. They also were put up, and sold to the
+_lowest_ bidder, as the poor were formerly disposed of, in our villages.
+Every unattractive maiden, young, old, and of no particular age, was put
+up, at a _maximum_, and bestowed on him, who would take her, with the
+smallest amount of dowry. It is quite possible, that certain lots may have
+been withdrawn.
+
+I rather prefer this practice to that of the Spartans, which prevailed,
+about 884 B. C. At an appointed time, the marriageable damsels were
+collected, in a hall, perfectly dark; and the young men were sent into the
+apartment; walking, evidently, neither by faith nor by sight, but,
+literally, feeling their way, and thus selected their helpmates. This is
+in perfect keeping with the principle, that love is blind.
+
+The ancient Greeks lived, and multiplied, without marriage. Eusebius, in
+the preface to his Chronicon, states, that marriage ceremonies were first
+introduced among them, by Cecrops, about 1554 B. C. The Athenians provided
+by law, that no unmarried man should be entrusted with public affairs, and
+the Lacedemomans passed severe laws against those, who unreasonably
+deferred their marriage. It is not easy to reconcile the general policy of
+promoting marriages, with the statute, 8 William III., 1695, by which they
+were taxed; as they were again, in 1784.
+
+The earliest celebration of marriages, in churches, was ordained by Pope
+Innocent III., A. D. 1199. Marriages were forbidden in Lent, A. D. 364,
+conforming, perhaps, to the rule of abstinence from flesh.
+
+Fortune-hunting has not always been unaccompanied with violence. Stealing
+an heiress was made felony, by 3 Henry VII. 1487, and benefit of clergy
+denied, in such cases, by 39 Eliz. 1596. In the first year of George IV.
+1820, this offence was made punishable by transportation. In the reign of
+William III., Captain Campbell forcibly married Miss Wharton, an heiress.
+The marriage was annulled, by act of Parliament, and Sir John Johnston was
+hanged, for abetting. In 1827, two brothers and a sister, Edward, William,
+and Frances Wakefield, were tried and convicted, for the felonious
+abduction of Miss Turner, an heiress, whose marriage with Edward Wakefield
+was annulled, by act of Parliament.
+
+No species of fortune-hunter appears so entirely contemptible, as the
+wretch, who marries for money, intending to employ it, not for the joint
+comfort of the parties, but for the payment of his own arrearages; and who
+resorts to the expedient of marriage, not to obtain a wife, but to avoid a
+jail. And the exultation is pretty universal, when such a vagabond falls,
+himself, into the snare, which he had so deliberately prepared, for
+another.
+
+In the fifth volume of the Diary of Samuel Pepys, pages 323, 329 and 330,
+Lord Braybrooke has recorded three letters to Pepys, from an extraordinary
+scoundrel of this description. The first letter from this man, Sir Samuel
+Morland, who seems to have had some employment in the navy, bears date
+"Saturday, 19 February, 1686-7." After communicating certain information,
+respecting naval affairs, he proceeds, as follows:--
+
+"I would have wayted on you with this account myself, but I presume you
+have, ere this time, heard what an unfortunate and fatall accident has
+lately befallen me, of which I shall give you an abreviat."
+
+"About three weeks or a month since, being in very great perplexities, and
+almost distracted for want of moneys, my private creditors tormenting me
+from morning to night, and some of them threatening me with a prison, and
+having no positive answer from his Majesty, about the £1300 which the late
+Lord Treasurer cutt off from my pension so severely, which left a debt
+upon me, which I was utterly unable to pay, there came a certain person to
+me, whom I had relieved in a starving condition, and for whom I had done a
+thousand kindnesses; who pretended, in gratitude to help me to a wife, who
+was a very vertuous, pious, and sweet disposition'd lady, and an heiress,
+who had £500 per ann. in land and inheritance, and £4000 in ready money,
+with the interest since nine years, besides a mortgage upon £300 per ann.
+more, with plate, jewels, &c. The devil himself could not contrive more
+probable circumstances than were layd before me; and when I had often a
+mind to enquire into the truth, I had no power, believing for certain
+reasons, that there were certain charms or witchcraft used upon me; and,
+withall, believing it utterly impossible that a person so obliged should
+ever be guilty of so black a deed as to betray me in so barbarous a
+manner. Besides that, I really believ'd it a blessing from Heaven for my
+charity to that person: and I was, about a fortnight since, led as a fool
+to the stocks, and married a coachman's daughter not worth a shilling, and
+one who, about nine months since, was brought to bed of a bastard; and
+thus I am both absolutely ruined, in my fortune and reputation, and must
+become a derision to all the world."
+
+"My case is at present in the Spiritual Court, and I presume, that one
+word from his Majesty to his Proctor, and Advocate, and Judge, would
+procure me speedy justice; if either our old acquaintance or Christian
+pity move you, I beg you to put in a kind word for me, and to deliver the
+enclosed into the King's own hands, with all convenient speed; for a
+criminal bound and going to execution is not in greater agonies than has
+been my poor, active soul since this befell me: and I earnestly beg you to
+leave in three lines for me with your porter, what answer the King gives
+you, and my man shall call for it. A flood of tears blind my eyes, and I
+can write no more, but that I am your most humble and poor distressed
+servant,
+
+  S. MORLAND."
+
+All that befell Sir Samuel and _Lady_ Morland, after his application to
+Pepys and the King, will be found fully set forth, by this prince of
+fortune-hunters, in the two remaining letters to which I have referred,
+and which I purpose to lay before the reader in the ensuing number.
+
+
+
+
+No. CXVI.
+
+
+The reader will remember, that we left Sir Samuel Morland, in deep
+distress, his eyes, to use his own words, in the letter to Pepys, _blinded
+by a flood of tears_. Of all fortune-hunters he was the most unfortunate,
+who have recorded, with their own hands, the history of their own most
+wretched adventures. Instead of marrying a "_vertuous, pious, and sweet
+disposition'd lady, with £500 per ann. in land, and £4000 in ready money,
+with plate, jewels, &c._," he found himself in silken bonds, with a
+coachman's daughter, "not worth a shilling," who, nine months before, had
+been introduced to a new code of sensations, by giving birth to a child,
+whose father was of that problematical species, which the law terms
+_putative_.
+
+I have promised to lay before the reader two additional letters, from Sir
+Samuel Morland, to Pepys, on the subject of his difficulties with Lady
+Morland. Here they are: the first will be found, in Pepys' Diary, vol. v.
+page 329.
+
+"17 May, 1688. Sir: Being of late unable to go abroad, by reason of my
+lame hip"--no wonder he was hipped--"which gives me great pain, besides
+that it would not be safe for me, at present, because of that
+strumpet's"--_Lady Morland's_--"debts, I take the boldness to entreat you,
+that, according to your wonted favors, of the same kind, you will be
+pleased, at the next opportunity, to give the King this following
+account."
+
+"A little before Christmas last, being informed, that she was willing, for
+a sum of money, to confess in open court a precontract with Mr. Cheek, and
+being at the same time assured, both by hir and my own lawyers, that such
+a confession would be sufficient for a sentence of nullity, I did deposit
+the money, and accordingly a day of tryall was appoynted; but after the
+cause had been pleaded, I was privately assured, that the Judge was not
+at all satisfyd with such a confession of hers, as to be sufficient ground
+for him to null the marriage, and so that design came to nothing."
+
+"Then I was advised to treat with her, and give her a present sum and a
+future maintenance, she giving me sufficient security never to trouble mee
+more; but her demands were so high, I could not consent to them."
+
+"After this she sent me a very submissive letter, by her own advocate. I
+was advised, both by several private friends, and some eminent divines, to
+take her home, and a day of treaty was appoynted for an accommodation."
+
+"In the interim, a certain gentleman came on purpose, to my house, to
+assure me that I was taking a snake into my bosome, forasmuch as she had
+for six months last past, to his certain knowledge, been kept by, and
+cohabited with Sir Gilb. Gerrard, as his wife, &c. Upon which making
+further enquiry, that gentleman furnishing me with some witnesses, and I
+having found out others, I am this term endeavoring to prove adultery
+against her, and so to obteyn a divorce, which is the present condition of
+your most humble and faithful servant,
+
+  SAMUEL MORLAND."
+
+It was fortunate, that Sir Samuel, whose _naļveté_ and rascality are most
+amusingly mingled, did not take the "_snake into his bosome_,"
+notwithstanding the advice of those "_eminent divines_," whose counsel is
+almost ever too celestial, for the practical occasions of the present
+world.
+
+The issue of Sir Samuel's fatal plunge into the abyss of matrimony, in
+pursuit of "£500 per annum in land and £4000 in ready money," and of all
+that befell the Lady Morland, until she lost her title, is recorded, in
+the third and last letter to Pepys, in vol. v., page 330.
+
+"19 July, 1688. Sir: I once more begg you to give yourself the trouble of
+acquainting His Majesty that upon Munday last, after many hott disputes
+between the Doctors of the Civil Law, the sentence of divorce was solemnly
+pronounced in open Court against that strumpet"--_Lady Morland_--"for
+living in adultery with Sir Gilbert Gerrard, for six months last past; so
+that now, unless shee appeal, for which the law allows her 15 days, I am
+freed from her for life, and all that I have to do, for the future, will
+bee to gett clear of her debts, which she has contracted from the day of
+marriage to the time of sentence, which is like to give me no small
+trouble, besides the charge, for severall months in the Chancery. And
+till I gett cleared of these debts, I shall bee little better than a
+prisoner in my own house. Sir, believing it my duty to give His Majesty
+this account of myselfe and of my proceedings, and having no other friend
+to do it for mee, I hope you will forgive the trouble thus given you, by,
+yours, &c.,
+
+  S. MORLAND."
+
+This must have interested His Majesty, very deeply. Poor James had then
+enough of care. If he had possessed the hands of Briareus, they would have
+been full already. In less than four months, after the date of this
+letter, William of Orange had landed at Torbay, Nov. 5, 1688, and the last
+days of the last of the Stuarts were at hand.
+
+If Miss Bungs were living, even that inexorable hater of all
+fortune-hunters would admit, that the punishment of Sir Samuel Morland was
+sufficient for his crimes. Few will pretend, that his sufferings were more
+than he deserved. A more exact retribution cannot well be imagined. It was
+his intention to apply "_£4000 ready money_," belonging to "_a very
+vertuous, pious, and sweet disposition'd lady_," to the payment of his
+pre-contracted debts. Instead of effecting this honorable purpose, he
+becomes the husband of a low-born strumpet, who is not worth a shilling,
+and for whose debts, contracted before, as well as after marriage, he is
+liable; for the law decrees, that a man takes his wife and her
+circumstances together.
+
+There are few individuals, of either sex, however constitutionally grave,
+who have not a little merriment to spare, for such happy contingencies as
+these. Retributive justice seldom descends, more gracefully, or more
+deservedly, or more to universal acceptance, upon the crafty heads of
+unprincipled projectors. For all, that may befall him, the fortune-hunter
+has little to expect, from male or female sympathy. The scolding
+tongue--those bewitching tresses, nocturnally deposited on the
+bedpost--those teeth of pearly brilliancy, which Keep or Tucker could so
+readily identify--the perpetual look of distrust--the espionage of
+jealousy--these and all other _tormina domestica_ are the allotments of
+the fortune-hunter, by immemorial prescription, and without the slightest
+sympathy, from man or woman.
+
+The case of Sir Samuel Morland is a valuable precedent, on account of his
+station in society, and the auto-biographical character of the narrative.
+But there are very few of us, who have not the record of some similar
+catastrophe, within the compass of our knowledge, though, probably, of a
+less aggravated type.
+
+There is a pleasant legend, in the humbler relations of life, to which I
+have listened, in earlier days, and which illustrates the principle,
+involved in these remarks. Molly Moodey was an excellent cook, in the
+family of an avaricious old widower, whose god was mammon, and who had
+been deterred, by the expensiveness of the proceeding, from taking a
+second goddess.
+
+The only sentiment, in any way resembling the tender passion, which had
+ever been awakened, in the bosom of Molly Moodey, was a passion for
+lotteries.
+
+She gave such of her waking hours, as were not devoted to roasting and
+boiling, to the calculation of chances, and her sleeping hours to the
+dreaming of dreams, about £20,000: and by certain combinations, she had
+come to the conclusion, that No. 26,666 was the fortunate number, in the
+great scheme, then presented to the public.
+
+Molly avowed her purpose, and demanded her wages, which, after severely
+berating her, for her folly, were handed over, and the identical ticket
+was bought. With the hope of being the first to inform her, after the
+drawing, that her ticket was a blank, her old master noted down the
+number, in his tablets.
+
+In about seven weeks after this occurrence, the old gentleman, while
+reading the newspaper, in one of the public offices, came upon the
+following notice--"HIGHEST PRIZE! £20,000. No. 26,666 the fortunate
+number, sold at our fortunate office, in one entire ticket, SKINNER,
+KETCHUM, & CLUTCH, and will be paid to the lucky proprietor, after the
+27th current."
+
+The old gentleman took out his tablets; compared the numbers; wiped his
+spectacles; collated the numbers again; resorted to the lottery office;
+and, upon inquiry there, became satisfied, that Molly Moodey had actually
+drawn £20,000.
+
+A new code of sensations came over the spirit of his dreams. He hastened
+home, oppressed by the heat and his emotions. He bade Molly lay aside her
+mop, and attend him in the parlor, as he had something of importance to
+communicate.--"Molly," said he, after closing the doors--"I find a partner
+absolutely necessary to my happiness. Let me be brief. I am not the man to
+make a fool of myself, by marrying a young flirt. I have known you, Molly,
+for many years. You have what I prize above all things in a wife, solid,
+substantial qualifications. Will you have me?"
+
+Taken thus by surprise, she gave a striking evidence of her
+self-possession, by requesting leave of absence, for a moment, to remove a
+kettle of fat, which she was trying out, lest it should boil over. She
+soon came back, and turned her eye--she had but one--with great respect,
+upon her old master--said something of the difference of their
+stations--and consented.
+
+The old gentleman's attachment for Molly appeared to be very
+extraordinary. Until the wedding-day, which was an unusually early one, he
+would not suffer her to be out of his sight. The day came--they were
+married. On their way from church--"Molly," said the bridegroom,
+"whereabouts is your ticket, with that fortunate number?"--"Oh," she
+replied, "when I came to think of it, I saw, that you were right. I
+thought, 'twas quite likely it would draw a blank. Crust, the baker,
+offered me what I gave for it, and a sheet of bunns, to boot, and I let
+him have it, three weeks ago."--"Good God," exclaimed the poor old
+gentleman--"£20,000 for a sheet of bunns!"
+
+The shock was too much for his reason; and, in less than six weeks, Molly
+was a widow. She attended him, with great fidelity, to the last moment;
+and his dying words were engraven upon her heart--"_Twenty thousand pounds
+for a sheet of bunns!_"
+
+How true to reality are the gay words of Tom Moore--
+
+  "In wedlock a species of lottery lies,
+  Where in blanks and in prizes we deal."
+
+
+
+
+No. CXVII.
+
+
+The Archbishop of Cambray, the amiable Fenelon, has remarked, that God
+shows us the high value he sets upon time, by giving us, in absolute
+possession, one instant only, leaving us, in utter uncertainty, if we
+shall ever have another. And yet, so little are we disturbed, by this
+truly momentous consideration, that, long before the breath is fairly out
+of the old year's body, we are found busily occupied, in gathering
+chaplets, for the brows of the new one.
+
+The early Christians were opposed to New Year's Gifts, as fixedly, as some
+of the latter Christians are opposed to the song and the dance. But I am
+inclined to believe the rising generation will take steps, very like their
+fathers--that light fantastic tongues and toes, will continue to wag, to
+all eternity--and that the unmusical and rheumatic will deplore over such
+heterodox and ungodly proceedings, till the world shall be no more.
+
+The New Year's gifts of the Romans were, originally, exceedingly simple.
+Sprigs of vervain, gathered in a wood, consecrated to Strenia, the goddess
+of Strength, somehow or other, came into favor, and were accounted of good
+omen. A custom arose of sending these sprigs about the neighborhood, as
+tokens of friendship, on New Year's day; and these trifling remembrancers
+obtained the name of _Strenę_. These sprigs of vervain, ere long, wore out
+their welcome; and were followed, in after years, by presents of dates,
+figs and honey. Clients thus complimented their patrons; and, before many
+anniversaries, the coin of Rome began to mingle with the donative,
+whatever it might be; and, very soon, the advantage of the receiver came
+less to be consulted, than the reputation of him, who gave.
+
+When I contemplate those ample storehouses of all, that is gorgeous and
+glittering--those receptacles of useless finery, which nobody actually
+wants--and, at the same time, reflect upon all that I know, and much that
+I conjecture, of the necessities and distresses of mankind, I am not
+certain, that it may not be wise to resume the earlier custom of the
+Romans, and embody, in certain cases, our annual tokens of friendship and
+good will, in such useful materials, as _figs, dates and honey_.
+
+Are there not individuals, who, upon the reception of some gaudy and
+expensive bagatelle, are ready to exclaim, with the cock in Ęsop--"_I had
+rather have one grain of dear, delicious, barley, than all the jewels
+under the sun!_"
+
+I am not so utopian, as to anticipate any immediate or very extensive
+reformation, in this practice, which, excellent as it is, when restrained
+within reasonable bounds, is, unquestionably, under certain circumstances,
+productive of evil. It is not to be expected, that expensive _bijoux_, for
+new year's gifts, will speedily give place to _sugar and molasses_. But
+there are cases, not a few, when, upon a new year's day, the wealthy
+giver, without paining the recipient, may convert the annual compliment,
+into something better than a worthless toy--a fantastical token of
+ostentatious remembrance.
+
+The Christian world has settled down, at last, upon the first of January,
+as New Year's day. It was not always thus; and, even now, no little
+difficulty occurs, in our attempts to refer historical events to
+particular years. We can do no better, perhaps, than to devote this number
+to a brief exposition of this difficulty.
+
+Every schoolboy knows, that Romulus divided the year into ten months. The
+first was March, and, from March to December, they have retained their
+original names, for some six and twenty centuries, excepting the fifth and
+sixth month, which, from _Quintilis_ and _Sextilis_, have been changed, in
+honor of _Julius_ and _Augustus_.
+
+Numa added two months, _Januarius_ and _Februarius_. Numa's year consisted
+therefore of twelve months, according to the moon's course. But Numa's
+lunar year did not agree with the course of the sun, and he therefore
+introduced, every other year, an _intercalary_ month, between the 23d and
+24th of February. The length of this month was decided by the priests, who
+lengthened or shortened the year, to suit their convenience. Cicero, in a
+letter to Atticus, x. 17, writes, in strong disfavor, of Numa's calendar.
+
+Julius Cęsar, with the aid of Sosigenes of Alexandria, adjusted this
+astronomical account. To bring matters into order, Suetonius, in his life
+of Julius Cęsar, 40, says, they were constrained to make one final year of
+fifteen months, to close the confusion.
+
+Hence arose the Julian or Solar year, the year of the Christian world. The
+"_alteration of the style_" is only an amendment of the Julian calendar,
+in one particular, by Pope Gregory, in 1582. In 325, A. D., the vernal
+equinox occurred March 21, and in 1582 it occurred March 10. He called the
+astronomers to council, and, by their advice, obliterated ten days from
+the current year, between October 4, and 15.
+
+These ten days make the difference, from 1582 to February 29, 1700. From
+March 1, 1700, to February 29, 1800, eleven days were required, and from
+March 1, 1800, to February 29, 1900, twelve days. In all Roman Catholic
+countries, this alteration of the style was instantly adopted; but not in
+Great Britain, till 1752. The Greeks and Russians have never adopted the
+Gregorian alteration of the style.
+
+The commencement of the year has been assigned to very different periods.
+In some of the Italian states, as recently as 1745, the year has been
+taken to commence, at the Annunciation, March 25. Writers of the sixth
+century have, occasionally, like the Romans, considered March 1 as New
+Year's day. Charles IX. by a special edict, in 1563, decreed, that the
+year should be considered to commence, on the first of January. In
+Germany, about the eleventh century, the year commenced at Christmas. Such
+was the practice, in modern Rome, and other Italian cities, as late as the
+fifteenth century.
+
+Gervais of Canterbury, who lived early in the thirteenth century, states,
+that all writers of his country considered Christmas the true beginning of
+the year. In Great Britain, from the twelfth century, till the alteration
+of the style in 1752, the Annunciation, or March 25, was commonly
+considered the first day of the year. After this, the year was taken to
+commence, on the first of January.
+
+The Chaldęan and Egyptian years commenced with the Autumnal equinox. The
+Japanese and the Chinese date their year from the new moon, nearest the
+Winter solstice.
+
+As Diemschid, king of Persia, entered Persepolis, the sun happened to be
+entering into Aries. In commemoration of this coincidence, he decreed,
+that the year should change front, and commence, forever more, in the
+Vernal, instead of the Autumnal equinox. The Swedish year, of old, began,
+most happily, at the Winter solstice, or at the time of the sun's
+reäppearance in the horizon, after the usual _quarantine_, or absence of
+forty days. The Turks and Arabs date the advent of their year, upon the
+sixteenth of July.
+
+In our own country, the year, in former times, commenced in March. In the
+Mass. Hist. Coll., vol. xvii. p. 136, may be found certain votes, passed
+in Boston, Nov. 30, 1635, among which is the following--"_that all such as
+have allotments for habitations allotted unto them, shall build thereon,
+before the first of the first month next, called March_." In Johnson's
+Wonder-working Providence, ch. 27, the writer says of the Boston pilgrims,
+in 1633: "Thus this poor people, having now tasted liberally of the
+salvation of the Lord, &c. &c., set apart the 16 day of October, which
+they call the _eighth Moneth_, not out of any pevish humor of singularity,
+as some are ready to censor them with, but of purpose to prevent the
+Heathenish and Popish observation of Dayes, Moneths, and Yeares, that they
+may be forgotten, among the people of the Lord." If October was their
+_eighth_ month, March was necessarily their _first_. Whatever the
+practice may have been, in this respect, it was by no means universal, in
+New England, during a considerable period, before the alteration of the
+style in 1752.
+
+A reference to the record will show, that, until 1752, the old style was
+adhered to, by the courts, in this country, and the 25th of March was
+considered to be New Year's day. But it was not so with the public
+journals. Thus the Boston News Letter, the Boston Gazette, the New England
+Courant and other journals, existing here, before the adoption of the new
+style, in Great Britain, in 1752, considered the year, as commencing on
+the first of January.
+
+Private individuals very frequently did the same thing. At this moment, a
+letter from Peter Faneuil is lying at my elbow, addressed to Messrs. Lane
+and Smethurst of London, bearing date January 1, 1739, at the close of
+which he wishes his correspondents _a happy new year_, showing, that the
+first of January, for ordinary purposes, and in common parlance, was
+accounted New Year's day.
+
+The little people, of both sexes, would, doubtless, have voted for the
+adoption of the old style and of the new; in other words, for having two
+new year's days, in every year. They would have been as much delighted
+with the conceit, as was Rousseau, with the pleasant fancy of St. Pierre,
+who wrote, from the Isle of France, to a friend in Paris, that he had
+enjoyed two summers in one year; the perusal of which letter induced
+Rousseau, to seek the acquaintance of the author of Paul and Virginia.
+
+
+
+
+No. CXVIII.
+
+
+Dion remarks, while speaking of Trajan--_he that lies in a golden urn,
+eminently above the earth, is not likely to rest in peace_. The same thing
+may be affirmed of him, who has raised himself, eminently above his peers,
+wherever he may lie. During the Roman Catholic rage for relics, the graves
+were ransacked, and numberless sinners, to supply the demand, were dug up
+for saints. Sooner or later, the finger of curiosity, under some plausible
+pretext, will lift the coffin lid; or the foot of political sacrilege will
+trample upon the ashes of him, whom a former generation had delighted to
+honor; or the motiveless spirit of mischief will violate the sanctity of
+the tomb.
+
+When Charles I. was buried, in the same vault with Henry VIII. and Anne
+Boleyn, a soldier, as Wood relates, in his Athenę Oxonienses, vol. iv. p.
+39, Lond. 1820, attempted to steal a royal bone, which was afterwards
+found upon his person, and, which he said, upon examination, he had
+designed, for a handle to his knife.
+
+John Milton died, according to the respective accounts of Mitford,
+Johnson, and Hayley, on the 8th--about the 10th--or on the 15th of
+November, 1674. He was buried, in the chancel of St. Giles, Cripplegate.
+In the London Monthly Magazine, for August, 1833, there appeared an
+extract from the diary of General Murray, giving a particular account of
+the desecration of Milton's remains. The account was given to General
+Murray, at a dinner party, Aug. 23, 1790, by Mr. Thornton, who received
+it, from an eye-witness of the transaction. The church of St. Giles
+requiring repairs, the occasion was thought a proper one, to place a
+monument, over the body of Milton. Messieurs Strong, Cole, and others, of
+that parish, sought for, and discovered, the leaden coffin, the outer
+coffin of wood having mouldered away. Having settled the question of
+identity, these persons replaced the coffin, and ordered the workmen to
+fill up the grave. The execution of this order was postponed, for several
+days. In the interim, some of the parish, whose names are given, by
+General Murray, having dined together, and become partially drunk,
+resolved to examine the body; and proceeded, with lights, to the church.
+With a mallet and chisel, they cut open the coffin, rolled back the lead,
+and gazed upon the bones of John Milton! General Murray's diary shall
+relate the residue of a proceeding, which might call the rouge to the
+cheeks of a Vandal:--
+
+"The hair was in an astonishingly perfect state; its color a light brown,
+its length six inches and a half, and, although somewhat clotted, it
+appeared, after having been well washed, as strong as the hair of a living
+being. Fountain said he was determined to have two of his teeth; but as
+they resisted the pressure of his fingers, he struck the jaw, with a
+paving stone, and several teeth then fell out. There were only five in the
+upper jaw, and these were taken by Fountain; the four, that were in the
+lower jaw, were seized upon, by Taylor, Hawkesworth, and the sexton's man.
+The hair, which had been carefully combed, and tied together, before the
+interment, was forcibly pulled off the skull, by Taylor and another; but
+Ellis, the player, who had now joined the party, told the former, that
+being a good hair-worker, if he would let him have it, he would pay a
+guinea-bowl of punch. Ellis, therefore, became possessed of all the hair:
+he likewise took a part of the shroud, and a bit of the skin of the skull:
+indeed, he was only prevented from carrying off the head, by the sextons,
+Hoppy and Grant, who said, that they intended to exhibit the remains,
+which was afterwards done, each person paying sixpence to view the body.
+These fellows, I am told, gained near one hundred pounds, by the
+exhibition. Laming put one of the leg-bones in his pocket."
+
+After reading this short, shameless record, one half inclines to
+cremation; even if, instead of being enshrined or inurned, our dust be
+given, in fee simple, to the winds. How forcibly the words of Sir Thomas
+ring in our ears--"_To be gnawed out of our graves, to have our skulls
+made drinking bowls, and our bones turned into pipes, to delight and sport
+our enemies, are tragical abominations, escaped in burning burials_." The
+account from General Murray's diary, and at greater length, may be found
+also, in the appendix to Mitford's life of Milton, in the octavo edition
+of his poetical works, Cambridge, Mass., 1839.
+
+Great indignation has lately been excited, in England, against a vampyre
+of a fellow, named Blore, who is said to have destroyed one half of
+Dryden's monument, and defaced Ben Jonson's, and Cowley's, in Westminster
+Abbey. Inquiring after motive, in such cases, is much like raking the
+ashes, after a conflagration, to find the originating spark. There is a
+motive, doubtless, in some by-corner of the brain; whether a man burns the
+temple, at Ephesus; or spears the elephant of Judas Maccabęus, with
+certain death to himself; or destroys the Barberrini vase. The motive was
+avowed, on the trial, in a similar case, by a young man, who, some years
+ago, shot a menagerie elephant, while passing through a village, in the
+State of Maine, to be a wish "_to see how a fellow would feel, who killed
+an elephant_."
+
+Dryden's, and Cowley's monuments are on the left of Ben Jonson's, and
+before you, as you approach the Poet's Corner. Dryden's monument is a
+lofty affair, with an arch and a bust, and is thus inscribed: "J. Dryden,
+born 1632, died May 1, 1700.--John Sheffield, Duke of Buckingham, erected
+this monument, 1720." It is not commonly known, that the original bust was
+changed, by the Duchess, for one of very superior workmanship, which, of
+course, is the one mutilated by Blore. The monument, erected by George,
+Duke of Buckingham, to Cowley, is a pedestal, bearing an urn, decorated
+with laurel, and with a pompous and unmeaning epitaph, in Latin
+hexameters. If Blore understood the language, perhaps he considered these
+words, upon the tablet, a challenge--
+
+      --------Quis temerarius ausit--
+  Sacrilega turbare manu venerabile bustum.
+
+The monument of Ben Jonson is an elegant tablet, with a festoon of masks,
+and the inscription--_Oh rare Ben Jonson!_ It stands before you, when
+Dryden's and Cowley's are upon your left, and is next to that of Samuel
+Butler. In the north aisle of the nave, there is a stone, about eighteen
+inches square, bearing the same inscription. In the "History of
+Westminster Abbey," 4to ed Lond. 1812, vol. ii. p. 95, note, it is stated,
+that "Dart says one Young, afterwards a Knight in the time of Charles II.,
+of Great Milton, in Oxfordshire, placed a stone over the grave of Ben
+Jonson, which cost eighteen pence, with the above inscription:" but it is
+not stated, that the stone, now there, is the same.
+
+Dr. Johnson, in his Life of Dryden, recites what he terms "_a wild story,
+relating to some vexatious events, that happened, at his funeral_."
+Dryden's widow, and his son, Charles, had accepted the offer of Lord
+Halifax, to pay the expenses of the funeral, and five hundred pounds, for
+a monument. The company came--the corpse was placed in a velvet
+hearse--eighteen coaches were in attendance, filled with mourners.--As
+they were about to move, the young Lord Jeffries, son of the Chancellor,
+with a band of rakes, coming by, and learning that the funeral was
+Dryden's, said the ornament of the nation should not so be buried, and
+proceeded, accompanied by his associates, in a body, to wait upon the
+widow, and beg her to permit him to bear the expense of the interment, and
+to pay one thousand pounds, for a monument, in the Abbey.
+
+The gentlemen in the coaches, being ignorant of the liberal offers of the
+Dean and Lord Halifax, readily descended from their carriages, and
+attended Lord Jeffries and his party to the bedside of the lady, who was
+sick, where he repeated his offers; and, upon her positive refusal, got
+upon his knees, as did the whole party; and he there swore that he would
+not rise, till his entreaty was granted. At length, affecting to
+understand some word of the lady's, as giving permission, he rushed out,
+followed by the rest, proclaiming her consent, and ordered the corpse to
+be left at Russell's, an undertaker's, in Cheapside, till he gave orders
+for its embalmment. During this proceeding, the Abbey having been lighted
+up, Lord Halifax and the Dean, who was also Bishop of Rochester, to use
+the tea-table phrase, waited and waited, and waited. The ground was
+opened, the choir attending, and an anthem set. When Mr. Dryden went, next
+day, to offer excuses, neither Lord Halifax, nor the Dean, would accept of
+any apology. After waiting three days for orders, the undertaker called on
+Lord Jeffries, who said he knew nothing about it, and that it was only a
+tipsy frolic, and that the undertaker might do what he pleased with the
+corpse. The undertaker threatened to set the corpse before the widow's
+door. She begged a day's respite. Mr. Charles Dryden wrote to Lord
+Jeffries, who replied, that he knew nothing about it. He then addressed
+the Dean and Lord Halifax, who refused to have anything to do with it. He
+then challenged Lord Jeffries, who refused to fight. He went himself, and
+was refused admittance. He then resolved to horsewhip his Lordship; upon
+notice of which design, the latter left town. In the midst of this misery,
+Dr. Garth sent for the body, to be brought to the college of physicians;
+proposed a subscription; and set a noble example. The body was finally
+buried, about three weeks after the decease, and Dr. Garth pronounced a
+fine Latin oration. At the close of the narrative, which, as repeated by
+Dr. Johnson, covers more than three octavo pages of Murphy's edition, the
+Doctor remarks, that he once intended to omit it entirely, and that he had
+met with no confirmation, but in a letter of Farquhar's.
+
+The tale is simply alluded to, by Gorton, and told, at some length, by
+Chalmers. Both, however, consider it a fabrication, by Mrs. Thomas, the
+authoress, whom Dryden styled _Corinna_, and whom Pope lampooned, in his
+comatose and vicious performance, the Dunciad, probably because she
+provoked his wrath, by publishing his letters to H. Cromwell.
+
+In the earlier editions of the Encyclopędia Britannica, the tale is told,
+as sober matter of fact: in the last, Napier's, of 1842, it is wholly
+omitted. Malone, in his Life of Dryden, page 347, ascribes the whole to
+Mrs. Thomas.
+
+Dryden died, in 1700. The first four volumes of Johnson's Lives of the
+Poets, containing Dryden's, went to the press in 1779. Considering the
+nature of this outrage; the eminence, not only of the dead, but of some of
+the living, whose names are involved; its alleged publicity; and its
+occurrence in the very city, where all the parties flourished; it is
+remarkable, that this "_wild story_," as Johnson fitly calls it, should
+have obtained any credit, and survived for nine-and-seventy years.
+
+
+
+
+No. CXIX.
+
+
+Deeply to be commiserated are all those, who have not read, from beginning
+to end, the writings of the immortal Oliver--a repast, _ab ovo usque ad
+mala_, to be swallowed, and inwardly digested, while our intellectual
+stomachs are young and vigorous, and to be regurgitated, and chewed over,
+a thousand times, when the almond tree begins to flourish, and even the
+grasshopper becomes a burden. Who does not remember his story of the
+Chinese matron--the widow with the great fan!
+
+The original of this pleasant tale is not generally known. The brief
+legend, related by Goldsmith, is an imperfect epitome of an interesting
+story, illustrating the power of magic, among the followers of Laou-keun,
+the founder of a religious sect, in China, resembling that of Epicurus.
+
+The original tale was translated from the Chinese, by Pčre Dentrecolles,
+who was at the head of the French missionaries, in China, and died at
+Pekin, in 1741. The following liberal version, from the French, which may,
+perhaps, be better called a paraphrase, will not fail, I think, to
+interest the reader.
+
+Wealth, and all the blessings it can procure, for man, are brief and
+visionary. Honors, glory, fame are gaudy clouds, that flit by, and are
+gone. The ties of blood are easily broken; affection is a dream. The most
+deadly hate may occupy the heart, which held the warmest love. A yoke is
+not worth wearing, though wrought of gold. Chains are burdensome, though
+adorned with jewels. Let us purge our minds; calm our passions; curb our
+wishes; and set not our hearts upon a vain world. Let our highest aim be
+liberty--pleasure.
+
+Chuang-tsze took unto himself a wife, whose youth and beauty seduced him
+from the busy world. He retired, among the delightful scenery of Soong,
+his native province, and gave himself up, entirely, to the delights of
+philosophy and love. A sovereign, who had become acquainted with the fame
+of Chuang-tsze, for superior wisdom, invited him to become his wuzzeer, or
+prime minister. Chuang-tsze declined, in the language of parable--"A
+heifer," said he, "pampered for the sacrifice, and decked with ornaments,
+marched triumphantly along, looking, as she passed, with mingled pride and
+contempt, upon some humble oxen, that were yoked to the plough. She
+proudly entered the temple--but when she beheld the knife, and
+comprehended that she was a victim, how gladly would she have exchanged
+conditions with the humblest of those, upon whom she had so lately looked
+down with pity and contempt."
+
+Chuang-tsze walked by the skirts of the mountain, absorbed in thought--he
+suddenly came among many tombs--the city of the dead. "Here then," he
+exclaimed, "all are upon a level--caste is unknown--the philosopher and
+the fool sleep, side by side. This is eternity! From the sepulchre there
+is no return!"
+
+He strolled among the tombs; and, erelong, perceived a grave, that had
+been recently made. The mound of moistened clay was not yet thoroughly
+dry. By the side of that grave sat a young woman, clad in the deepest
+mourning. With a white fan, of large proportions, she was engaged, in
+fanning the earth, which covered this newly made grave. Chuang-tsze was
+amazed; and, drawing near, respectfully inquired, who was the occupant of
+that grave, and why this mourning lady was so strangely employed. Tears
+dropped from her eyes, as she uttered a few inaudible words, without
+rising, or ceasing to fan the grave. The curiosity of Chuang-tsze was
+greatly excited--he ascribed her manner, not to fear, but to some inward
+sense of shame--and earnestly besought her to explain her motives, for an
+act, so perfectly novel and mysterious.
+
+After a little embarrassment, she replied, as follows: "Sir, you behold a
+lone woman--death has deprived me of my beloved husband--this grave
+contains his precious remains. Our love was very great for each other. In
+the hour of death, his agony, at the thought of parting from me, was
+immoderate. These were his dying words--'My beloved, should you ever think
+of a second marriage, it is my dying request, that you remain a widow, at
+least till my grave is thoroughly dry; then you have my permission to
+marry whomsoever you will.' And now, as the earth, which is quite damp
+still, will take a long time to dry, I thought I would fan it a little, to
+dissipate the moisture."
+
+Chuang-tsze made great efforts, to suppress a strong disposition to laugh
+outright, in the woman's face. "She is in a feverish haste," thought he.
+"What a hypocrite, to talk of their mutual affection! If such be love,
+what a time there would have been, had they hated each other."
+
+"Madam," said the philosopher, "you are desirous, that this grave should
+dry, as soon as possible; but, with your feeble strength, it will require
+a long time, to accomplish it; let me assist you." She expressed her deep
+sense of the obligation, and rising, with a profound courtesy, handed the
+philosopher a spare fan, which she had brought with her. Chuang-tsze, who
+possessed the power of magic, struck the ground with the fan repeatedly;
+and it soon became perfectly dry. The widow appeared greatly surprised,
+and delighted, and presented the philosopher with the fan, and a silver
+bodkin, which she drew from her tresses. He accepted the fan only; and the
+lady retired, highly gratified, with the speedy accomplishment of her
+object.
+
+Chuang-tsze remained, for a brief space, absorbed in thought; and, at
+length, returned slowly homeward, meditating, by the way, upon this
+extraordinary adventure. He sat down in his apartment, and, for some time,
+gazed, in silence, upon the fan. At length, he exclaimed--"Who, after
+having witnessed this occurrence, can hesitate to draw the inference, that
+marriage is one of the modes, by which the doctrine of the metempsychosis
+is carried out. People, who have hated each other heartily, in some prior
+condition of being, are made man and wife, for the purpose of mutual
+vexation--that is it, undoubtedly."
+
+The wife of the philosopher had approached him, unobserved; and, hearing
+his last words, and noticing the fan, which he was still earnestly gazing
+upon--"Pray, be so good, as to inform me," said she, "what is the meaning
+of all this; and where, I should like to know, did you obtain that fine
+fan, which appears to interest you so much?" Chuang-tsze, very faithfully,
+narrated to his wife the story of the young widow, and all the
+circumstances, which had taken place, at the tomb.
+
+As soon as the philosopher had finished the narrative, his wife, her
+countenance inflamed with the severest indignation, broke forth, with a
+torrent of contemptuous expressions, and unmeasured abuse, against the
+abominable, young widow. She considered her a scandal to her sex. "Aye,"
+she exclaimed, "this vile widow must be a perfect monster, devoid of every
+particle of feeling."
+
+"Alas," said the philosopher, "while the husband is in the flesh, there is
+no wife, that is not ready to flatter and caress him--but no sooner is the
+breath out of his body, than she seizes her fan, and forthwith proceeds to
+dry up his grave."
+
+This greatly excited the ire of his wife--"How dare you talk in this
+outrageous manner," said she, "of the whole sex? You confound the virtuous
+with such vile wretches, as this unprincipled widow, who deserves to be
+annihilated. Are you not ashamed of yourself, to talk in this cruel way? I
+should think you might be restrained, by the dread of future punishment."
+
+"Why give way," said Chuang-tsze, "to all this passionate outcry? Be
+candid--you are young, and extremely beautiful--should I die, this day--do
+you pretend, that, with your attractions, you would suffer much time to be
+lost, before you accepted the services of another husband?"
+
+"Good God," cried the lady, "how you talk! Who ever heard of a truly
+faithful wuzzeer, that, after the death of his master, served another
+prince? A widow _indeed_ never accepts a second partner. Did you ever know
+a case, in which such a wife as I have been--a woman of my qualities and
+station, after having lost her tenderly beloved, forsook his memory, and
+gave herself to the embraces of a second husband! Such an act, in my
+opinion, would be infamous. Should you be taken from me, today, be
+assured, that I should follow you, with my imperishable love, and die, at
+last, your disconsolate widow."
+
+"It is easy to promise, but not always so easy to perform," replied the
+philosopher. At this speech, the lady was exasperated--"I would have you
+to know," said she, "that women are to be found, without much inquiry,
+quite as noble-hearted and constant, as _you_ have ever been. What a
+pattern of constancy you have been! Dear me! Only think of it! When your
+first wife died, you soon repaired your loss: and, becoming weary of your
+second, you obtained a divorce from her, and then married me! What a
+constant creature you have been! No wonder you think so lightly of women!"
+Saying this, she snatched the fan out of her husband's hand, and tore it
+into innumerable pieces; by which act she appeared to have obtained very
+considerable relief; and, in a somewhat gentler tone, she told her
+husband, that he was in excellent health, and likely to live, for very
+many years; and that she could not, for the soul of her, see what could
+induce him to torment her to death, by talking in this manner.
+
+"Compose yourself, my dear," said Chuang-tsze, "I confess that your
+indignation delights me. I rejoice to see you exhibit so much feeling and
+fire, upon such a theme." The wife of the philosopher recovered her
+composure; and their conversation turned upon ordinary affairs.
+
+Before many days, Chuang-tsze became suddenly and severely attacked, by
+some unaccountable disease. The symptoms
+
+
+
+
+No. CXX.
+
+
+Let us continue the story of Chuang-tsze, the great master of magic.
+
+Before many days, as I have stated, Chuang-tsze became suddenly and
+severely attacked, by some unaccountable disease. The symptoms were full
+of evil. His devoted wife was ever near her sick husband, sobbing
+bitterly, and bathing him in tears. "It is but too plain," said the
+philosopher, "that I cannot survive--I am upon the bed of death--this very
+night, perhaps--at farthest, tomorrow--we shall part forever--what a pity,
+that you should have destroyed that fan--it would have answered so well,
+for the purpose of drying the earth upon my tomb!"
+
+"For heaven's sake," exclaimed the weeping wife, "do not, weak and feeble
+as you are, harrass yourself, with these horrible fancies. You do me great
+wrong. Our books I have carefully perused. I know my duties well. You have
+received my troth--it shall never be another's. Can you doubt my
+sincerity! Let me prove it, by dying first. I am ready." "Enough," said
+the philosopher--"I now die in peace--I am satisfied of your constancy.
+But the world is fading away--the cold hand of death is upon me." The head
+of Chuang-tsze fell back--the breath had stopped--the pulse had ceased to
+beat--he was already with the dead.
+
+If the piercing cries of a despairing, shrieking widow could have raised
+the dead, Chuang-tsze would have arisen, on the spot. She sprang upon the
+corpse, and held it long, in her fond embrace. She then arrayed her person
+in the deepest mourning, a robe of seamless white, and made the air
+resound with her cries of anguish and despair. She abjured food; abstained
+from slumber; and refused to be comforted.
+
+Chuang-tsze had the wide-spread fame of an eminent sage--crowds gathered
+to his obsequies. After their performance, and when the vast assemblage
+had all, well nigh, departed--a youth of comely face, and elegantly
+arrayed, was observed, lingering near the spot. He proclaimed himself to
+be of most honorable descent, and that he had, long before, declared to
+Chuang-tsze his design of becoming the pupil of that great philosopher.
+"For that end," said he, "and that alone, I have come to this place--and
+behold Chuang-tsze is no more. Great is my misfortune!"
+
+This splendid youth cast off his colored garments, and assumed the robes
+of lamentation--he bowed himself to the earth, before the coffin of the
+defunct--four times, he touched the ground with his forehead; and, with an
+utterance choked by sobs, he exclaimed--"Oh Chuang-tsze, learned and wise,
+your ill-fated disciple cannot receive wisdom and knowledge from your
+lips; but he will signify his reverence for your memory, by abiding here
+an hundred days, to mourn, for one he so truly revered." He then again
+bent his forehead, four times, to the earth, and moistened it with his
+tears.
+
+The youthful disciple, after a few days, desired permission to offer his
+condolence to the widow, which she, at first declined: but, upon his
+reference to the ancient rites, which allow a widow to receive the visits
+of her late husband's friends, and especially of his disciples, she
+finally consented. She moved with slow and solemn steps to the hall of
+reception, where the young gentleman acquitted himself, with infinite
+grace and propriety, and tendered the usual expressions of consolation.
+
+The elegant address and fine person of this young disciple were not lost
+upon the widow of Chuang-tsze. She was fascinated. A sentiment of
+tenderness began to rise in her bosom, whose presence she had scarcely the
+courage to recognize. She ventured, in a right melancholy way, to suggest
+a hope, that it was not his purpose immediately to leave the valley of
+Soong. "I have endured much in the loss of my great master," he replied.
+"Precious forever be his memory. It will be grateful to my heart to seek
+here a brief home, wherein I may pass those hundred days of mourning,
+which our rites prescribe, and then to take part in the obsequies, which
+will follow. I may also solace myself the while, by perusing the works of
+my great master, of whose living instructions I am so unhappily deprived."
+
+"We shall feel ourselves highly honored, by your presence, under our
+roof," replied the lady; "it seems to me entirely proper, that you should
+take up your abode here, rather than elsewhere." She immediately directed
+some refreshments to be brought, and caused the works of Chuang-tsze to be
+exhibited, on a large table, together with a copy of the learned
+Taou-te-King, which had been a present to her late husband, from Laou-keun
+himself.
+
+The coffin of Chuang-tsze was deposited, in a large hall; and, on one
+side, was a suite of apartments, opening into it, which was assigned to
+the visitor. This devoted widow came, very frequently, to weep over the
+remains of her honored husband; and failed not to say a civil word to the
+youth, who, notified of her presence, by her audible sobs, never omitted
+to come forth, and mingle his lamentations with hers. Mutual glances were
+exchanged, upon such occasions. In short, each, already, was effectually
+smitten with the other.
+
+One day, the pretty, little widow sent privately for the old domestic, who
+attended upon the young man, in the capacity of body servant, and
+inquired, all in a seemingly casual way, if his master was married. "Not
+yet"--he replied.--"He is very fastidious, I suppose"--said the lady, with
+an inquiring look.--"It is even so, madam," replied the servant--"my
+master is, indeed, not easily suited, in such a matter. His standard is
+very high. I have heard him say, that he should, probably, never be
+married, as he despaired of ever finding a female resembling yourself, in
+every particular."--"Did he say so?" exclaimed the widow, as the warm
+blood rushed into her cheeks.--"He certainly did," replied the other, "and
+much more, which I do not feel at liberty to repeat."--"Dear me," said the
+widow, "what a bewitching young man he is! go to him, and if he really
+loves me, as you say, tell him he may open the subject, without fear, for
+his passion is amply returned, by one, who is willing, if he so wishes, to
+become his wife."
+
+The young widow, from day to day, threw herself repeatedly, and as if by
+accident, into the old servant's way; and began, at last, to feel
+surprised, and somewhat nettled, that he brought her no message from his
+master. At length, she became exceedingly impatient, and asked him
+directly, if he had spoken to his master on the subject. "Yes, madam," the
+old man replied.--"And pray," asked the widow, eagerly, "what said
+he?"--"He said, madam, that such an union would place him upon the
+pinnacle of human happiness; but that there was one fatal
+objection."--"And do, for pity's sake, tell me," said she, hastily
+interrupting the old man, "what that objection can be."--"He said,"
+rejoined the old domestic, "that, being a disciple of your late husband,
+such a marriage, he feared, would be considered scandalous."--"But," said
+she, briskly, "there is just nothing in that. He was never a disciple of
+Chuang-tsze--he only proposed to become one, which is an entirely
+different thing. If any other frivolous objections arise, I beg you to
+remove them; and you may count upon being handsomely rewarded."
+
+Her anxiety caused her to become exceedingly restless. She made frequent
+visits to the hall, and, when she approached the coffin, her sobs became
+more audible than ever--but the young disciple came not forth, as usual.
+Upon one occasion, after dark, as she was standing near the coffin, she
+was startled, by an unusual noise. "Gracious Heaven!" she exclaimed, "can
+it be so! Is the old philosopher coming back to life!" The cold sweat came
+upon her lovely brow, as she started to procure a light. When she
+returned, the mystery was readily explained. In front of the coffin there
+was a table, designed as an altar, for the reception of such emblems and
+presents, as were placed there by visitors. The old servant, had become
+tipsy, and finding no more convenient place, in which to bestow himself,
+while waiting his master's bidding, he had thrown himself, at full length,
+upon this altar; and, in turning over, had occasioned the noise, which had
+so much alarmed the young widow. Under other circumstances, the act would
+have been accounted sacrilegious, and the fellow would have been subjected
+to the bastinado. But, as matters stood, the widow passed it by, and even
+suffered the sot to remain undisturbed.
+
+On the morning of the following day, the widow encountered the old
+domestic, who was passing her, with as much apparent indifference, as
+though she had never entrusted him, with any important commission.
+Surprised by his behavior, she called him to her private
+apartment--"Well," said she, "have you executed the business, which I gave
+you in charge?"--"Oh," said he, with an air of provoking indifference,
+"that is all over, I believe."--"How so," inquired the widow--"did you
+deliver my message correctly?"--"In your own words," he replied--"my
+master would make any sacrifice to make you his wife; and is entirely
+persuaded, by your arguments, to give up the objection he stated, in
+regard to his being the disciple of Chuang-tsze; but there are three other
+objections, which it will be impossible to overcome; and which his sense
+of delicacy forbids him to exhibit before you."--"Poh, poh," said the
+widow, "let me hear what they are, and we shall then see, whether they are
+insurmountable or not."--"Well, madam," said the old man, "since you
+command me, I will state them, as nearly as I can, in the words of my
+young master. The first of these three objections is this----"
+
+
+
+
+No. CXXI.
+
+
+We were about to exhibit those three objections of the young disciple, to
+his marriage, with the widow of Chuang-tsze, when we were summoned away,
+by professional duties. Let us proceed--"The first of my master's
+objections," said the old domestic, "is this--the coffin of Chuang-tsze is
+still in the hall of ceremony. A sight, so sad and solemnizing, is
+absolutely inconsistent with the nuptial celebration. The world would cry
+out upon such inconsistency. In the second place, the fame of your late
+husband was so great--his love for you so devoted--yours for him so ardent
+and sincere, and founded, so obviously, upon his learning and wisdom--that
+my master fears it will be impossible for him, to supply the place of so
+good, and so great, a man; and that you will, ere long, despise him, for
+his inferiority; and that your affections will be entirely and
+unchangeably fixed, on the memory of the great defunct. The third and
+last objection, named by my master, whose passion for you knows no
+bounds, is serious indeed. Though of lofty pedigree, he is very poor. He
+has neither money nor lands; and has not the means of purchasing those
+marriage gifts, which custom requires him to offer."
+
+"And are these the only objections?" said she. "There are no others," he
+replied; "if it were not for these insurmountable objections, the
+happiness of my master would be complete, and he would openly manifest
+that passion, by which he is now secretly consumed."
+
+"They are, by no means, insurmountable," said the young widow, with
+animation. "As for the coffin, what is it? A mere shell, containing the
+remains of poor Chuang-tsze. It is not absolutely necessary, that it
+should remain in the hall, during these one hundred days. At the farther
+end of my garden is an ancient smoke-house. It is quite dilapidated, and
+no longer in use. Some of my people shall carry the coffin thither,
+without farther delay. So you may inform your sweet, young master, that
+his first objection will be instantly removed. And why should he distress
+himself so needlessly, in regard to the second? Chuang-tsze certainly
+passed, with the world, for a great philosopher, and a wonderful man. The
+world sees from a distance. A sort of haze or mist impedes its vision.
+Minute particulars escape its observation. That, which is smooth and fair,
+seen from afar, may appear full of inequalities to one, who is near at
+hand. God forbid, that I should undervalue the dead; but it is well known,
+that Chuang-tsze repudiated his second wife, because she did not precisely
+suit his humor, and then married me. His great reputation induced a
+certain sovereign, to appoint him his chief minister. But the philosopher
+was not deficient in shrewdness--he knew his incapacity, and resolved to
+hide himself, in that solitude, where we have vegetated, so long."
+
+"About a month ago, he encountered a young widow, who, with a large fan,
+was endeavoring to dry up her husband's grave, because she could not marry
+again, under the condition her husband had imposed upon her, until this
+was done. Chuang-tsze, if you will believe it, made the acquaintance of
+this shameless woman; and actually assisted her, in drying up her
+husband's grave. She gave him a fan, as a keepsake; and he valued it
+highly. I got possession of it however, and tore it to tatters. You see
+how great my obligations are to this wonderful philosopher; and you may
+judge of the real affection, which I must feel, for the memory of such a
+man."
+
+"The last objection," continued the widow, "is easily disposed of. I will
+furnish your master with all the means he can desire. Chuang-tsze, to do
+the man justice, has left me the absolute mistress of an ample
+fortune--here, present these twenty taels to your master, from me, with
+such expressions of devotion, as may befit the lips of one, whose heart is
+all his own; and say to him, unless he himself is desirous of a longer
+delay, that, as the whole of life is not too long for love, I shall be
+happy, if he desires it, to become his bride, this very day."
+
+Thus far the course of true love, in despite of the proverb, certainly ran
+smooth.
+
+"Here," said the young disciple, upon sight of the twenty taels, as he
+turned them over, "is something substantial--run back immediately to the
+widow, and tell her my passion will endure the curb no longer. I am
+entirely at her disposal." The widow was quite beside herself, upon
+receiving these tidings; and, casting off her garments of heaviness, she
+began to embellish her fine person. The coffin of Chuang-tsze, by her
+directions, was immediately transferred to the old smoke-house.
+
+The hall was made ready, for the approaching nuptials. If murmurs
+occasionally arose, among the old, faithful domestics of Chuang-tsze, the
+widow's passion was more blind than moonless midnight, and deafer than the
+time-stricken adder. A gorgeous feast was made ready. The shades of
+evening drew on apace--the lanterns were lighted up, in all
+directions--the nuptial torch cast forth its bright beams from an elevated
+table.
+
+At the appointed signal, the bridegroom entered, most skilfully and
+splendidly arrayed,--so that his fine, manly figure was exhibited, to the
+greatest advantage. The young widow soon appeared, her countenance the
+very tabernacle of pleasure, and her bewitching form, adorned in the most
+costly silks, and splendid embroidery. They placed themselves, side by
+side, in front of the hymeneal taper, arrayed in pearls, and diamonds, and
+tissue of gold. Those salutations, which custom demands, having been duly
+performed, and the bride and bridegroom having wished each other eternal
+felicity, in that manner, which the marriage rites prescribe, the
+bridegroom holding the hand of the bride, they proceeded to the festal
+hall; and having drunk from the goblet of mutual fidelity, they took their
+places, at the banqueting board.
+
+The repast went joyously forward--the darkest cloud--how suddenly will it
+come over the smiling face of the bewitching moon! The festival had not
+yet passed, when the bridegroom fell to the floor, in horrible
+convulsions. With eyes turned upward, and mouth frightfully distorted, he
+became an object of horror. The bride, whose passion for the young
+disciple was ardent and sincere, screamed aloud. She threw herself, in all
+her bridal array, upon the floor, by his side; clasped him in her arms;
+covered him with kisses; and implored him, to say what she could do, to
+afford him relief. Miserable youth! He was unable to reply, and seemed
+about to expire.
+
+The old domestic rushed into the apartment, upon hearing the noise, and
+taking his master from the floor, proceeded to shake him with violence.
+"My God," cried the lady, "has this ever happened before?" "Yes, Madam,"
+he replied, "he has a return of it about once, in every year." "And, for
+Heaven's sake, tell me what remedies do you employ?" she eagerly inquired.
+"There is one sovereign remedy," the old man replied; "his physician
+considers it a specific." "And what is it? tell me, in the name of
+Confucius," she passionately exclaimed, for the convulsions were growing
+more violent. "Nothing will restore him, but the brains of a man, recently
+dead, taken in warm wine. His father, who was governor of a province, when
+his son was last attacked, in this way, caused a criminal to be executed,
+that his brains might be thus employed." "Good God!" exclaimed the
+agonizing bride, for the convulsions, after a short remission, were
+returning, with redoubled violence, and the bridegroom was foaming
+terribly, at the mouth. "Tell me instantly, will the brains of a man who
+died a natural death answer as well?" "Undoubtedly," the old servant
+replied. "Well then," said she, in a tone somewhat subdued--"there is
+Chuang-tsze in the smoke-house." "Ah, Madam," said the old domestic, "I am
+aware of it--it occurred to me--but I feared to suggest it." "And of what
+possible use," she exclaimed, "can the brains of old Chuang-tsze be to him
+now, I should like to know?"
+
+At this moment, the convulsions became absolutely terrific. "These
+returns," said the old man, "will become more and more violent, till they
+destroy my poor master. There is no time to be lost." The wretched bride
+rushed from the apartment, and, seizing a hatchet, which happened to be
+lying in the outer passage, she hastily made her way to the old
+smoke-house. Elevating the hatchet above her head, she struck a violent
+blow, on the lid of the coffin.
+
+If the whole force of the blow had descended upon a secret spring, the lid
+could not have risen more suddenly. It seemed like the power of magic. The
+bride turned her eyes upon the closed lids of the corpse--they gradually
+opened; and the balls were slowly turned, and steadily fixed, upon her. In
+an instant Chuang-tsze sat, bolt upright, in his coffin! She sent forth a
+shriek of terror--the hatchet fell from her paralyzed hand--the cold sweat
+of confusion gathered thickly upon her brow.
+
+"My beloved wife," said the philosopher, with perfect calmness, "be so
+obliging as to lend me your hand, that I may get out.--I have had a
+charming nap," continued he, as he took the lamp from her hand, and
+advanced towards the hall. She followed, trembling at every step, and
+dreading the meeting, between the old philosopher and the young disciple.
+
+Though the air of unwonted festivity, under the light of the waning
+tapers, still hung over the apartment, fortunately the youth and the old
+servant seemed to have departed. Upon this, her courage, in some measure,
+revived, and, turning a look of inexpressible tenderness upon
+Chuang-tsze--"Dearest husband," said she, "how I have cherished your
+memory! My day thoughts and dreams have been all of you. I have often
+heard, that the apparent dead were revived, especially if not confined
+within closed apartments. I therefore caused your precious coffin to be
+removed, where the cool, refreshing air could blow over it. How I have
+watched, and listened, for some evidence of returning life! And how my
+heart leaped into my mouth, when my vigilance was at last rewarded. I flew
+with a hatchet to open the coffin; and, when I saw your dear eyes turned
+upon me, I thought I should"--"I can never repay your devotion," said the
+philosopher, interrupting her, with an expression of ineffable tenderness,
+"but why are you thus gaily apparelled--why these robes--these jewels--my
+love?"
+
+"It seemed to me, my dear husband," she readily replied, "that some
+invisible power assured me of your return to life. How, thought I, can I
+meet my beloved Chuang-tsze, in the garments of heaviness? No; it will be
+like a return of our wedding day; and thus, you see, I have resumed my
+bridal array, and the jewels you gave me, during our honeymoon."--"Ah,"
+said the philosopher, "how considerate you are--you always had your
+thoughts about you." He then drew near the table. The wedding taper, which
+was then burning low in its socket, cast its equivocal rays upon the
+gorgeous bowls and dishes, which covered the festal board. Chuang-tsze
+surveyed them attentively, in silence; and, calling for warm wine,
+deliberately drained the goblet, while the lady stood near him, trembling
+with confusion and terror.
+
+At length, setting down the goblet, and pointing his finger--"Look behind
+you!" he exclaimed. She turned her head, and beheld the young disciple, in
+his wedding finery, with his attendant--a second glance, and they were
+gone. Such was the power of this mighty master of magic. The wife slunk to
+her apartment; and, resolving not to survive her shame and disappointment,
+unloosened her wedding girdle, and ascending to the garret, hung herself
+therewith, to one of the cross-beams, until she was dead. Tidings were
+soon brought to Chuang-tsze, who, deliberately feeling her pulse, and
+ascertaining that she was certainly dead, cut her down, and placed her
+precious remains, in the coffin, in the old smoke-house.
+
+He then proceeded to indulge his philosophical humor. He sat down, among
+the flickering lamps, at the solitary board, and struck up a dirge,
+accompanying his voice, by knocking with the chopsticks, and whatever else
+was convenient to his purpose, upon the porcelain bowls and dishes, which
+he finally broke into a thousand pieces, and setting fire to his mansion,
+he consumed it to ashes, together with the smoke-house, and all its
+valuable contents.
+
+He then, abandoning all thoughts of taking another wife, travelled into
+the recesses of Latinguin, in pursuit of his old master, Laoukeun, whom,
+at length, he discovered. There he acquired the reputation of a profound
+philosopher; and lay down, at last, in the peaceful grave, where wicked
+widows cease from troubling, and weary widowers are at rest.
+
+
+
+
+No. CXXII.
+
+
+A grasshopper was not the crest of Peter Faneuil's arms. I formerly
+supposed it was; for a gilded grasshopper, as half the world knows, is the
+vane upon the cupola of Faneuil Hall; and a gilded grasshopper, as many of
+us well remember, whirled about, of yore, upon the little spire, that rose
+above the summer-house, appurtenant to the mansion, where Peter Faneuil
+lived, and died. That house was built, and occupied, by his uncle, Andrew;
+and he had some seven acres, for his garden thereabouts. It was upon the
+westerly side of old _Treamount_ Street, and became the residence of the
+late William Phillips, whose political relations to the people of
+Massachusetts, as their Lieutenant Governor, could not preserve him from
+the sobriquet of _Billy_.
+
+I thought it not unlikely, that Peter's crest was a grasshopper, and that,
+on that account, he had become partial to this emblem. But I am duly
+certified, that it was not so. The selection of a grasshopper, for a vane,
+was made, in imitation of their example, who placed the very same thing,
+upon the pinnacle of the Royal Exchange, in London. The arms of the
+Faneuils I have seen, upon the silver castors, which once were Peter's
+own; and, upon his decease, became the property of his brother, Benjamin,
+from whom they descended to his only daughter, Mary Faneuil, who became,
+October 13, 1754, the wife of George Bethune, now deceased; and was the
+mother of George Bethune, Esquire, who will complete his eighty-second
+year, in April, 1851. From this gentleman, whose grand-uncle Peter Faneuil
+was, and from other descendants of old Benjamin Faneuil, of Rochelle, I
+have received some facts and documents--interesting to me--possibly to
+others.
+
+In conversation with an antiquarian friend, not long ago, we agreed, that
+very much less was generally known of Peter Faneuil, than of almost any
+other great, public benefactor. His name, nevertheless, is inseparably
+associated, with the cradle of American liberty. Drs. Eliot and Allen, in
+their Biographical Dictionaries, have passed him over, very slightingly,
+the former finishing up this noble-hearted Huguenot, with fifteen lines;
+and the latter, with eight; while not a few of their pages have been
+devoted, to the very dullest doctors of the drowsiest theology, and to--
+
+  "Names ignoble, born to be forgot."
+
+Mr. Farmer, in his Genealogical Register, does not seem to be aware, that
+the name of Faneuil existed, for he has not even found a niche for it
+there. His Register, I am aware, purports to be a register of the "_First
+Settlers_." But he has found room for the Baudouins (Bowdoins) and their
+descendants. They also were Huguenots; and came hither, with the Faneuils,
+after 1685. One of that family, as will be more fully shown, Claude
+Baudoin, presented Peter Faneuil in baptism. Yet, such was the public
+sense of Peter's favors, _when they were green_, that John Lovell--that
+same Master Lovell, who retired with the British army, in 1776--delivered,
+under an appointment of the town, an oration, to commemorate the virtues,
+and laud the munificence of Peter Faneuil. Such, in truth, was the very
+first occasion, upon which the citizens were summoned to listen to the
+voice of an orator, in Faneuil Hall; and then, in honor of him, who
+perfected the noble work, at his own proper cost, and whose death so
+speedily followed its completion--for a noble work assuredly it was,
+relatively to the times, in which it was wrought.
+
+The Faneuils were Huguenots. The original pronunciation of this patronymic
+must have been somewhat different from the present: there was an excusable
+_naļveté_, in the inquiry of a rural visitant of the city--if a well known
+mechanical establishment, with a tall, tubular chimney, were not _Funnel_
+Hall?
+
+After the revocation of the edict of Nantes, by Louis XIV., in 1685, the
+Faneuils, in common with many other Huguenots of France,--the Baudouins,
+the Bernons, the Sigourneys, the Boudinots, the Pringles, the Hugers, the
+Boutineaus, the Jays, the Laurenses, the Manigaults, the Marions, the
+Prioleaus, and many others, came to these North American shores--as our
+pilgrim fathers came--to worship God, in security, and according to their
+consciences. Many of these persecuted men conferred, upon their adopted
+home, those blessings, which the exercise of their talents, and the
+influence of their characters, and of the talents and characters of their
+descendants have confirmed to our common country, for many generations.
+
+They came, by instalments, and arrived at different points. Thirty
+families of these expatriated Protestants came hither, and settled upon a
+tract, eight miles square, in the "Nipmug country," where now stands the
+town of Oxford, in the County of Worcester. This settlement commenced, in
+Gov. Dudley's time, and under his particular auspices; but continued only
+till 1696, when it was broken up, by the inroads of the savages. In the
+overthrow of this settlement, rum was a material agent, and occasioned,
+though upon a very small scale, a second massacre of some of these
+Huguenots. There is a letter to Gov. Dudley, from M. Bondet, the Huguenot
+clergyman, dated July 6, 1691, complaining bitterly of the unrestricted
+sale, among the Indians, of this fatal fire water; and giving a graphic
+account of the uproar and outrage it produced.
+
+After the failure of this attempt, many of the scattered planters
+collected, in Boston. For several years, they gathered, for devotional
+purposes, in one of the larger school-houses. Jan. 4, 1704, they purchased
+a piece of land, in South School Street, of John Mears, a hatter, for
+"£110 current silver money of New England;" but, for several years, the
+selectmen, for some cause, unknown to us, refused their consent, that
+these worthy French Protestants should build their church thereon. About
+twelve years after the purchase of the land, the little church--the
+visible temple--went up. It was of brick, and very small. Monsieur Pierre
+Daillé was their first pastor, André Le Mercier the second; and, if there
+be any truth, in tradition, these Huguenot shepherds were pure and holy
+men. Daillé died testate, May 20, 1715. His will bears date May 15, of
+that year. He directs his body to be interred, at the discretion of his
+executor, James Bowdoin, "_with this restriction, that there be no wine at
+my funeral, and that none of my wife's relations have mourning cloaths_."
+He empowers his executor to give them gloves; and scarfs and gloves to all
+the ministers of Boston. To his wife, Martha, he gives £350, Province
+bills, and his negro man, Kuffy. His Latin and French books he gives to
+the French Church, as _the nucleus of a library_. £100 to be put at
+interest for the use of the minister. £10 to be improved by the elders,
+for the use of the church, and should a meeting-house be built, then in
+aid of that object. To John Rawlins the French schoolmaster, £5. He then
+makes his brother Paul, of Armsfort, in Holland, residuary legatee. His
+"_books and arms_" were appraised at £2. 10. The whole estate at £274. 10.
+sterling.
+
+Le Mercier dedicated his book, on Detraction, to his people. Therein he
+says, "You have not despised my youth, when I first came among you; you
+have since excused my infirmities; and, as I did the same, in respect to
+yours, it has pleased our Saviour, the head of his church, to favor us
+with an uninterrupted peace and union in our church, for the almost
+eighteen years that I have preached the word of salvation to you." His
+book was published in 1733. He therefore became their pastor between 1715,
+when Daillé died, and 1716. He died March 31, 1764, aged 71. He was
+therefore born in 1693, and ordained about the age of 22.
+
+Le Mercier's will is dated, at Dorchester, Nov. 7, 1761. A codicil was
+added, at Boston, Feb. 3, 1764. He left his estate to his four children,
+"_Andrew, Margaret, Jane, and my son Bartholomew, if living_." He enjoins
+upon his heirs the payment of Bartholomew's debt to Thomas Hancock, for
+which he had become responsible, and which he had partly paid. By his
+will, he appointed Jane and Margaret to execute his will. In the codicil,
+he refers to the disordered state of Margaret's mind, and appoints
+Zachariah Johonnot, in her stead, requesting him to be her guardian. The
+whole estate was appraised at £232. 18. 6. sterling.
+
+Years rolled on: juxtaposition and intermarriage were Americanising these
+Huguenots, from month to month; and, ere long, they felt, less and less,
+the necessity of any separate place of worship. On the 7th of May, 1748,
+"Stephen Boutineau, the only surviving elder," and others, among whom we
+recognize the Huguenot names of Johonnot, Packinett, Boudoin, and
+Sigourney, conveyed their church and land to Thomas Fillebrown, Thomas
+Handyside Peck, and others, trustees for the "new congregational church,
+whereof Mr. Andrew Croswell is pastor." After a while, this church became
+the property of the Roman Catholics; and mass was first celebrated there,
+Nov. 2, 1788. The Catholics, in 1803, having removed to Franklin Place,
+the old Huguenot church was taken down; and, upon the site of it, a temple
+was erected, by the Universalists; showing incontrovertibly, thank God,
+that the soil was most happily adapted to toleration.
+
+The reader fancies, perhaps, that I have forgotten Peter Faneuil. Not so:
+but I must linger a little longer with these Huguenots, who attempted a
+settlement in the Nipmug country. In the southwesterly part of Oxford,
+there rises a lofty hill, whose summit affords an extensive and delightful
+prospect. Beneath, at the distance of a mile, or more, lies the village
+of Oxford; and the scenery, beyond, is exceedingly picturesque. Upon this
+eminence, which now bears the name of Mayo's Hill, are the well-defined
+remains of an ancient fort. Its construction is perfectly regular. The
+bastions are clearly marked; and the old well, constructed within the
+barrier, still remains. As recently, as 1819, says the Rev. Dr. Holmes, in
+his able and interesting account of the Huguenots, "grapevines were
+growing luxuriantly, along the line of this fort; and these, together with
+currant bushes, roses, and other shrubbery, nearly formed a hedge around
+it. There were some remains of an apple orchard. The currant and asparagus
+were still growing there."
+
+Such were the vestiges of these thirty families, who, in 1696, fled from a
+foe, not more savage and relentless, though less enlightened, than the
+murderers of Coligny, in 1572.
+
+The Faneuils formed no part of these thirty families; but, not many years
+after the little Oxford colony was broken up, and the fugitive survivors
+had found their way to Boston, the Faneuils, one after another, seem to
+have been attracted hither, from those points of our country, where they
+first arrived, after the revocation of the edict of Nantes, in 1685, or
+from other, intermediate stations, to which they had removed.
+
+There are not elements enough, I fear, for a very interesting memoir of
+Peter Faneuil. The materials, even for a brief account, are marvellously
+few, and far between; and the very best result, to be anticipated, is a
+warp and woof of shreds and patches.
+
+But, if I am not much mistaken, I know more of Peter Faneuil, than Master
+Lovell ever wot of, though he delivered the funeral oration; and, albeit
+the sum total is very small, it seems but meet and right, that it should
+be given to the world. I think it would so be decided, by the citizens, if
+the vote were taken, this very day--in _Faneuil Hall_.
+
+Our _neighbors_, all over the United States have heard of _Faneuil Hall_;
+and, though, of late years, since we have had a race, or breed, of mayors,
+every one of whom has endeavored to be _worthier_ or more _conceding_ than
+his predecessor, Faneuil Hall has been converted into a sort of omnibus
+without wheels; yet the glory of its earlier, and of some, among its
+latter days, is made, thank God, of that unchangeable stuff, that will
+never shrink, and cannot fade.
+
+No man has ever heard of Faneuil Hall, who will not be pleased to hear
+somewhat of that noble-minded, whole-souled descendant of the primitive
+Huguenots--and such indeed he was--who came, as a stranger and sojourner
+here, and built that hall, at his own proper cost and charge, and gave
+it--the gift of a cheerful giver--to those, among whom he had come to
+dwell--and all this, in the midst of his days, in the very prime of his
+life, not waiting for the almond tree to flourish, and for desire to fail,
+and for the infirmities of age to admonish the rich man, that he must set
+his house in order, and could carry nothing with him, to those regions
+beyond.
+
+Faneuil Hall has been called the _Cradle of Liberty_, so long and so
+often, that it may seem to savor of political heresy, to quarrel with the
+name--but, for the soul of me, I cannot help it. If it be intended to say,
+that Faneuil Hall is the _birth place_ of Liberty, I am not aware of a
+single instance, on record, of a baby, _born in a cradle_. The proverbial
+use of the cradle has ever been to rock the baby to sleep; and Heaven
+knows our old fathers made no such use of Faneuil Hall, in their early
+management of the bantling; for it was an ever-wakeful child, from the
+very moment of its first, sharp, shrill, life cry.
+
+
+
+
+No. CXXIII.
+
+
+General Jackson has been reported--how justly I know not--upon some
+occasion, in a company of ladies, to have given a brief, but spirited,
+description of all his predecessors, in the Presidential chair, till he
+came down to the time of President Tyler, when, seizing his hat, he
+proceeded to bow himself out of the room. The ladies, however, insisted
+upon his completing the catalogue--_"Well, ladies," said he, "it is matter
+of history, and may therefore be spoken--President Tyler, ladies,
+was--pretty much nothing."_
+
+A very felicitous description; and not of very limited application to men
+and things. I cannot find a better, for Master John Lovell's funeral
+oration, upon Peter Faneuil. This affair, which Dr. Snow, in his history
+of Boston, calls "_a precious relic_," is certainly a wonderfully
+flatulent performance. A time-stained copy of the original edition of
+1743 lies under my eye. I hoped, not unreasonably, that it would be a lamp
+to my path, in searching after the historical assets of Peter Faneuil. But
+not one ray of light has it afforded me; and, with one or two exceptions,
+in relation to the _Hall_, and the general beneficence of its founder, it
+is, in no sense, more of a funeral oration, upon Peter Faneuil, than upon
+Peter Smink. In their vote of thanks to Master Lovell, passed on the day
+of its delivery, the committee speak of "_his oration_," very judiciously
+abstaining from all unwarrantable expletives. From this oration we can
+discover nothing of Faneuil's birth-place, nor parentage, nor when, nor
+whence, nor wherefore he came hither; nor of the day of his birth, nor of
+the day of his death, nor of the disease of which he died; nor of his
+habits of life, nor of the manner, in which he acquired his large estate;
+nor of his religious opinions, nor of his ancestors.
+
+We collect, however, from these meagre pages, that Mr. Faneuil meditated
+other benefactions to the town--that his death was sudden--that votes of
+thanks had been passed, for his donation of the Hall, "a few months
+before"--that the meeting, at which the oration was pronounced, March 14,
+1742, was the very first annual meeting, in Faneuil Hall--that Peter
+Faneuil was the owner of "a large and plentiful estate"--that "no man
+managed his affairs with greater prudence and industry"--that "he fed the
+hungry and clothed the naked; comforted the fatherless and the widows, in
+their affliction, and his bounty visited the prisoner."
+
+Master Lovell, not inelegantly, observes of Faneuil's intended
+benefactions, which were prevented by his death--"_His intended charities,
+though they are lost to us, will not be lost to him. Designs of goodness
+and mercy, prevented as these were, will meet with the reward of
+actions_." This passage appears to have found favor, in the eyes of the
+late Dr. Boyle, who has, accordingly, on page 21, of his memoir of the
+Boston Episcopal Charitable Society, when speaking of Faneuil, made a very
+free and familiar appropriation of it, with a slight verbal variation.
+
+Master Lovell's fervent aspirations, in regard to Faneuil Hall, one
+hundred and nine years ago, have not been fulfilled, to the letter. The
+gods have granted the orator's prayer--"_May Liberty always spread its
+joyful wings over this place_"--but not with Master Lovell's conditions
+annexed; for he adds--"_May_ LOYALTY _to a_ KING, _under whom we enjoy
+that Liberty, ever remain our character_."
+
+In this particular, Master Lovell was not to be indulged. Yet he steadily
+adhered to his tory principles; and, like many other conscientious and
+honorable men, whom it is much less the fashion to abuse, at present, than
+it was, of yore, adhered to his royal master; and relinquished his own
+sceptre, as monarch of the South Grammar School, with all the honors and
+emoluments thereof, choosing rather to suffer affliction, with his
+thwarted and mortified master, than to enjoy the pleasures of rebellion,
+for a season. He retired to Halifax, with the British army, in 1776, and
+died there, in 1778.
+
+Original copies of Master Lovell's oration are exceedingly rare; though
+the "_precious relic_" has been reprinted, by Dr. Snow, in his history of
+Boston. The title may be worth preserving--"A funeral oration, delivered
+at the opening of the annual meeting of the town, March 14th, 1742. In
+Faneuil Hall, in Boston. Occasioned by the death of the founder, Peter
+Faneuil Esq. By John Lovell, A. M., Master of the South Grammar School, in
+Boston. _Sui memores alios fecere merendo._ Boston, printed by Green,
+Bushell & Allen, for S. Kneeland & T. Green, in Queen Street, 1743."
+
+As an eminent historian conceived it to be a matter of indifference, at
+which end he commenced his history, I shall not adhere to any
+chronological arrangement, in the presentation of the few facts, which I
+have collected, relating to Peter Faneuil and his family. On the contrary,
+I shall begin at the latter end, and, first, endeavor to clear up a little
+confusion, that has arisen, as to the time of his death. Allen, in his
+Biog. Dic., says, that Peter Faneuil died, March 3, 1743. I am sorry to
+say, that, in several instances, President Allen's _dates_ resemble
+Jeremiah's _figs_, in the second basket; though, upon the present
+occasion, he is right, on a certain hypothesis. In a note to the "Memoir
+of the French Protestants," also, M. H. C. vol. xxii. p. 55, Peter Faneuil
+is said to have died, March 3, 1743. Pemberton, in his "Description of
+Boston," Ibid. v. 3, p. 253, by stating that the funeral oration was
+delivered, March 14, 1742, makes 1742 the year of Faneuil's death. The
+title page of the oration itself, quoted above, fixes the death, in 1742.
+Dr. Eliot, in his Biog. Dic., says 1742. The Probate records of Suffolk
+show administration granted, on Peter Faneuil's estate, March 18, 1742.
+His _obiit_, on a mourning ring, that I have seen, is 1742.
+
+Now, if all dealers in dates, of the olden time, would discriminate,
+between the old style and the new, we should be spared a vast deal of
+vexation; and the good people of Boston, notional as they proverbially
+are, would not appear, in their creditable zeal to do honor to a public
+benefactor, to have given him a funeral oration, a twelve month before he
+was dead. If the year be taken to begin, on the first of January, then Dr.
+Allen is right; and Peter Faneuil died March 3, 1743. But if it did not
+begin, till the twenty-fifth of March, and, legally, it certainly did not,
+before 1752, when the new style was adopted, in Great Britain, and the
+Provinces, then Eliot, and Pemberton, and the title page of the oration,
+and the records of the court, and the mourning ring are right, and Peter
+Faneuil died, in 1742.
+
+An illustration of this principle may be found, on the title page of the
+oration itself. It is stated to have been delivered, March 14, 1742, and
+printed in 1743. Having been delivered near the close of the year 1742, it
+was printed, doubtless, soon after March 25, which was New Year's day for
+1743.
+
+The public journals, nevertheless, seem to have adopted, and adhered to
+the idea, that January 1, was the first day of the historical year, long
+before the style was altered; and thus, in the Weekly News Letter,
+published in Boston, Faneuil is stated to have died, in 1743. This journal
+contains an obituary notice. A few imperfect numbers of this paper are all
+that remain, and its extreme rarity leads me to copy the obituary here:--
+
+"Thursday, March 10, 1743. On Thursday last, dyed at his seat in this
+Town, PETER FANEUIL, Esq., whose remains, we hear, are to be enterred this
+afternoon; a gentleman, possessed of a very ample fortune, and a most
+generous spirit, whose noble benefaction to this town, and constant
+employment of a great number of tradesmen, artificers and labourers, to
+whom he was a liberal paymaster; whose hospitality to all, and secret
+unbounded chirity to the poor--made his life a public blessing, and his
+death a general loss to, and universally regretted by, the inhabitants;
+who had been so sensible of their obligations to him, for the sumptuous
+edifice, which he raised at his private expence, for their Market house
+and Town Hall, that, at a general town meeting, as a testimony of their
+gratitude, they voted, that the place of their future consultations should
+be called by his name forever: in doing which they perpetuated their own
+honor as much as his memory; for, by this record posterity will know the
+most publick spirited man, in all regards, that ever yet appeared on the
+Northern continent of America, was a member of their community."
+
+In the Boston Evening Post of March 7, 1743, in a brief notice of Peter
+Faneuil's death, the disease of which he died is said to have been
+"_dropsey_."
+
+Now that we have established the period of Peter's death, it may be well,
+to establish the period of his birth; and this we can do, with certainty,
+even to an hour, from authentic documents. In addition to other means, for
+ascertaining dates, and various particulars, respecting Peter Faneuil, and
+the members of his family--through the kindness of the Genealogical
+Society, I have, before me, a folio volume of his commercial
+correspondence: mutilated, indeed it is, by some thoughtless hand, but
+furnishes some curious and interesting matter. Many of his letters are
+written in French; and those, which are in English, are well composed. I
+have found but a single instance, in which he writes our language, like a
+Frenchman. Upon that occasion, he was in a passion with a certain judge of
+the admiralty, complained of his ill usage, and charged him with
+"_capporice_."
+
+
+
+
+No. CXXIV.
+
+
+I am indebted to Mr. Charles Faneuil Jones, a grandson of Mary Ann Jones,
+Peter Faneuil's sister, for the use of some ancient papers, and family
+relics; and to George Bethune, Esquire, of Boston, the grandson of
+_Benjamin Faneuil_, Peter's brother, for the loan of a venerable
+document--time worn, torn, and sallow--the record of the birth of Peter
+Faneuil, and of his brothers and sisters. This document, from its manifest
+antiquity, the masculine character of the hand writing, and the constant
+use of the parental expressions--_notre fils_--_notre fille_--I, at first,
+supposed to be the original autograph of _Benjamin_, the father of Peter.
+This conjecture was, of course, demolished, by the last entry, on the
+record, which is of old _Benjamin's_ decease, but in the same peculiar
+hand.
+
+The document is in French; and, after a careful
+comparison--_literatim_--with the volume of Peter's commercial
+correspondence, now in my possession--I have very little doubt, that this
+record was copied, by Peter, from the paternal original, with the
+additional entry, by himself, of the date of his father's death. At the
+bottom, and beneath a line of separation, and by another hand, with a
+fresher ink, is the following entry--"_Le 6 D'Aout 1725, M. Gillam
+Phillips de Boston a epousee ma Fille Marie Faneuil agée de dix sept et
+quatre mois_." The 6th of August, 1725, Mr. Gillam Phillips, of Boston,
+married my daughter, Marie, aged seventeen and four months. The expression
+_ma file_, shows this entry to have been made by Peter's mother, then the
+widow of _Benjamin_, who appears, by this record, to have died, at New
+York, March 31, 1718-9, aged 50 years and 8 months.
+
+This unusual pręnomen, _Gillam_, I, at first, supposed to be a corruption
+of _Guillaume_. But there was a merchant, of that day, in Boston, bearing
+the name of _Gillam Phillips_. In the Registry of Deeds, for Suffolk, lib.
+43, fol. 13, there is recorded a deed, from "_Wentworth Paxton, and Faith,
+his wife, formerly Faith Gillam_," in which, reference is made to Faith's
+father, _Benjamin Gillam_. Mr. Gillam Phillips is thus named, in the will
+of his wife's uncle, Andrew Faneuil, to which I shall have occasion to
+refer. Jan 22, 1738, Peter, in a letter to Lane & Smethurst, of London,
+speaks of his brother-in-law, _Mr. Gillam Phillips_.
+
+This gentleman was the elder brother of _Mr. Henry Phillips_, who was
+indicted, for killing Mr. Benjamin Woodbridge, in a duel, fought with
+swords, and without seconds, on Boston Common, upon the evening of July 3,
+1728. This extremely interesting affair cannot be introduced, as an
+episode here, on account of the space it must necessarily occupy. The
+original documents, relating to this encounter, which terminated in the
+immediate death of Mr. Woodbridge, have fallen into my possession; and, as
+Peter Faneuil personally assisted, in the escape of the survivor, who
+found a city of refuge, in Rochelle, and a friend and protector, in
+Peter's uncle, _Jean Faneuil_; it seems, in some degree, related to the
+history of Peter and his kinsfolk. I may, possibly, refer to it hereafter.
+
+In 1685, the period of the revocation of the edict of Nantes, there were
+living, in or near Rochelle, in France, three brothers and two sisters of
+the Faneuil family. One of these, _Benjamin_, became the father of _our_
+Peter Faneuil--the others, his uncles and aunts, when the persecution
+commenced, so ably and touchingly described, by James Saurin, fled for
+safety to foreign lands. Andrew, the elder brother, escaped into Holland,
+and took up his abode in Amsterdam; where he married that preėminently
+beautiful lady, whose portrait is now in the possession of Col. Benjamin
+Hunt, whose mother was Jane Bethune, a daughter of Mary Faneuil, the neice
+of Peter.
+
+_Andrew Faneuil_, before many years, came to this country--precisely when,
+I cannot say. That he was here, as early as 1709, is evident, from the
+proposals of Oliver Noyes and others, to build a wharf from the bottom of
+King Street, to low-water mark, "of the width of King Street, between Mr.
+East Apthorp's and Mr. Andrew Faneuil's." These proposals are dated Feb.
+20, 1709, and are inserted in Dr. Snow's History of Boston, p. 209.
+
+In Holland, doubtless, Andrew acquired that passion, for flowers, which he
+gratified, in his seven-acre Eden, on the westerly side of Treamount
+Street, where he is said to have erected the first hothouse, that ever
+existed in New England. His warehouse, the same, by him devised, for the
+support of the minister of the French Church, was at the lower end of King
+Street, near Merchant's Row, from which Butler's Wharf then extended, as
+laid down, by John Bonner, in 1722. This warehouse, under the will of
+Andrew, reverted, to his heirs, upon the extinction of the French Church.
+It was then, just where we find it, in the New England Weekly Journal, of
+Jan. 13, 1729. "_Good New York Flower. To be sold, at Mr. Andrew Faneuil's
+Warehouse, at the lower end of King Street, at 35s per Hundred, as also
+good chocolate, just imported._" He was engaged in commerce; and, for
+those days of small things, acquired a large estate, which his forecast
+taught him to distribute, among the public funds of France, England, and
+Holland. His warehouse was purchased of one of his descendants, by the
+late John Parker.
+
+_Jean Faneuil_, another of Peter's uncles, held fast to the faith of his
+fathers; and lived, and died, a Roman Catholic. He died in Rochelle, of
+apoplexy, June 24, 1737, about four months after the decease of his
+brother Andrew, as appears by Peter's letter of Sept. 8, 1737.
+
+_Susannah Faneuil_ also continued, in the Roman Catholic faith, and
+remained in Rochelle; where she became the wife, and the widow, of Abraham
+de la Croix. She survived her brother Andrew, the date of whose decease is
+clearly shown to have been Feb. 13, 1737, by Peter's letter to S. & W.
+Baker, of London, giving them the inscription, "_for the handsomest
+mourning rings_."
+
+_Jane Faneuil_ was a Huguenot. She became the wife of Pierre Cossart, and
+took refuge, with her husband, in Ireland, where she died.
+
+_Benjamin Faneuil_, the father of _our_ Peter, was closely associated with
+that little band of Huguenots, who clustered about the town of
+Narragansett, otherwise called Kingstown, and the region round about, at
+the very close of the seventeenth century. In that village, in 1699, he
+married a French lady, whose name was Anne Bureau. The record, in Peter's
+transcript from his father's original, is now upon my table--"_Le 28 de
+Juillet 1699. Benjamin Faneuil et Anne Bureau ont eté marié a
+Narragansett, en nouvelle Angleterre, en la maison de Mons. Pierre Ayross,
+par Mons. Pierre Daillé ministre de L'Eglise francoise de Boston_." The
+28th of July, 1699, Benjamin Faneuil and Ann Bureau were married at
+Narragansett, in New England, at the house of Mr. Peter Ayross, by Mr.
+Peter Daillé, minister of the French Church in Boston. Three years before,
+in 1696, Sept. 4, the name of this Benjamin Faneuil will be found, M. H.
+C., xxii. 60, attached to a certificate, in favor of Gabriel Bernon,
+referring to the massacre of John Johnson and his three children, at New
+Oxford. Johnson had married the sister of old _André Sigournay_.
+
+This _Benjamin Faneuil_, the prępositus, or stirps, became the father of
+eleven children, by his wife, _Anne Bureau_, who were all born in New
+Rochelle, in the State of New York, and of whom _our_ Peter was the first
+born. Their names, in the order of birth, are these--_Peter_, _Benjamin_,
+_Francis_, _Anne_, _Anne_, _Marie_, _John_, _Anne_, _Susannah_, _Mary
+Anne_, and _Catherine_. The two first Annes, John, and Catherine, died in
+infancy.
+
+The birth of our Peter is thus chronicled, in the family record--"_Le 20
+de Juin, 1700, Estant Jeudy a 6 heures du soir est né nostre fils Pierre
+Faneuil, et a eté baptisé le 14 Juillet, par M. Peyret, ministre de
+l'Eglisse francoise de la Nouvelle York, presenté au Bāpteme par M. Claude
+Baudoin et par Sa Mere_." The 20th of June, 1700, being Thursday, at 6
+o'clock in the evening, was born our son, Peter Faneuil, and he was
+baptized the 14th of July, by Mr. Peyret, minister of the French Church,
+in New York; presented in baptism, by Mr. Claude Bowdoin and its mother.
+
+_Benjamin_, _our_ Peter's brother, was born Dec. 29, 1701. He was a
+merchant in Boston, about the time of his uncle Andrew's death, in 1737.
+Shortly after that event, he went to England, and France, and returned,
+about two years before the death of his brother Peter, in 1742-3, upon
+whose estate he administered. His nephew, Edward Jones, in a letter to his
+mother, June 23, 1783, informs her, that "_Uncle Faneuil seems to be
+growing very low; I think he will not continue long_." He was then in his
+eighty-second year. He died in October, 1785.
+
+After Peter's death, Benjamin resided in Brighton, then Cambridge, in the
+street, which now bears the family name, where he erected an expensive
+mansion, successively occupied, after his decease, by Messieurs Bethune,
+English, Parkman, and Bigelow. By his wife, Mary Cutler, he had three
+children, Benjamin, Mary, and Peter.
+
+_This_ Benjamin, nephew of _our_ Peter, is the "_Benjamin Faneuil,
+junior_," whose name appears, among the signers of the "_Loyall Address_"
+to Gov. Gage on his departure Oct. 6, 1775. He left Boston for Halifax,
+with the British army, in March, 1776. He is the person, referred to, by
+Ward, in his Memoirs of Curwen--"_the merchant of Boston, and with Joshua
+Winslow, consignee of one third of the East India Company's tea, destroyed
+in 1773, a refugee to Halifax, afterwards in England_." He married Jane,
+daughter of Addington Davenport, by his first wife, Jane, who was the
+daughter of Grove Hirst, and sister of the Lady Mary Pepperell; and, with
+his wife, lived many years, abroad, chiefly in Bristol, England, which
+became the favorite resort of many refugees, and where he died. I have, in
+my possession, several of his letters, written to his relatives, during
+his exile. These letters are spiritedly written; and, to the very last, in
+the most perfect assurance, that the colonies must submit.
+
+_Mary_, _our_ Peter's niece, became the wife of George Bethune, Oct. 13,
+1754, and died in 1797. A portrait, by Blackburn, of this beautiful woman,
+is in the possession of her son, George Bethune, Esquire, of Boston. After
+a very careful inspection of this portrait, not long ago, I went directly
+to the rooms of the Historical Society, to compare it with the portrait
+there of her uncle Peter, to which it seems to me to bear a strong family
+resemblance. This portrait of Peter was presented to the Society, by Miss
+Jones, the grand niece of _our_ Peter, now the wife of Dr. Cutter of
+Pepperell. It has been erroneously ascribed to Copley. If its manifest
+inferiority to the works of that eminent master were not sufficiently
+germaine to this question--Copley was born in 1738, and not quite five
+years old, when Peter Faneuil died.
+
+_Peter_, the youngest child of Benjamin, and, of course, the nephew of
+_our_ Faneuil Hall Peter, who may be otherwise distinguished, as Peter the
+Great--was baptized, in Trinity Church, in Boston, in 1738, and entered
+the Latin School, in 1746. He entered into trade--went to
+Montreal--failed--resorted to the West Indies--and, after his father's
+death, returned to Boston.
+
+
+
+
+No. CXXV.
+
+
+Let us conclude our post mortem examination of the brothers and sisters of
+Peter Faneuil.
+
+_Francis_, the third son of _Benjamin_, the old Rocheller, Peter's father,
+was born Aug. 21, 1703, of whom I know nothing, beyond the fact, that he
+was baptized, by M. Peyret, minister of the French church in New York, and
+presented "_par son grand pere, Francois Bureau, et Mad'selle Anne
+Delancey_."
+
+_Mary_, the eldest sister of _our_ Peter, that came to maturity, was born
+April 16, 1708, and is the _Marie_, to whom I have already referred, as
+having married Mr. Gillam Phillips, Aug. 6, 1725. Their abode, before the
+revolution, was in the mansion, more recently occupied by Abiel Smith, at
+the corner of State and Devonshire Streets; or, as they are called, on
+Bonner's plan of 1722, King Street and Pudding Lane. Her husband was a
+refugee. After his death, she resided in Cambridge, Mass., where she died,
+in April, 1778.
+
+_Anne_, the next, in order of time, was born Oct. 9, 1710, and married
+Addington Davenport. This fact is stated, by Peter, in a letter, of Sept.
+26, 1738. This is the same gentleman, undoubtedly, to whom the ancient
+record of King's Chapel refers: "_Oct. 11, 1733. Voted, that the brass
+stand for the hourglass be lent to the church at Scituate, as also three
+Diaper napkins, provided the Rev. Mr. Addington Davenport, their minister,
+gives his note to return the same_," &c. He was, afterwards, promoted, to
+be assistant minister of King's Chapel, in 1737, and Rector of Trinity
+Church, in 1740, and was, probably, the son of Addington Davenport, who
+was the Register of Deeds, for Suffolk, in 1706.
+
+_Susannah_, the third sister of _our_ Peter, in the order of birth, was
+born March 14, 1712, and became the wife of James Boutineau, the son of
+Stephen Boutineau, that "_only surviving elder_," who joined in the
+conveyance of the French Church, in 1748. James was a royalist; and,
+according to Ward's Curwen, died in exile. This marriage is also referred
+to, by Peter, in his letter of Sept. 26, 1738. Mr. James Boutineau was a
+lawyer, in Boston; and occupied the "_old Dorr house_," so called, in Milk
+Street.
+
+Mr. Sabine, in his "American Loyalists," says _his fate is unknown, but he
+was in England, in 1777_. An original letter from his widow, "_Susanna
+Boutineau_," now before me, is dated _Bristol, Eng., Feb. 20, 1784_, and
+refers to the recent decease of her husband there.
+
+_Mary Ann_ was the last of Peter's sisters, that survived her infancy. She
+was born April 6, 1715, and died October, 1790. She became the wife of
+John Jones, who died at Roxbury, in 1767, and whose son, Edward, died in
+Boston, in 1835, at the age of 83. _She_ was a refugee; and resided, for
+some time, in Windsor, Nova Scotia. She is omitted by Mr. Sabine, in his
+list of refugees; but named by Ward, page 444. A letter, from her son,
+Edward, dated at Boston, June 23, 1783, advises her, if desirous of
+returning, not to come directly to Boston, as the law was still in force;
+but first, to some other State, and thence to Boston.
+
+Such were Peter Faneuil's brothers and sisters; with whom, so far as I
+have been able to ascertain, from his correspondence, and from all other
+sources, he appears to have maintained an amiable and becoming relation,
+as the file leader of the flock--the elder brother of the house: and it
+speaks a folio volume, in favor of Benjamin's equanimity, that he
+continued to fraternize, as the correspondence abundantly proves, that he
+did, in the most cordial and affectionate manner, with his brother Peter,
+to whom uncle Andrew had, with the exception of a few legacies, willed the
+whole of his "_large and plentiful estate_," as Master Lovell calls
+it--while five vindictive shillings were all, that were found, after the
+death of this unforgiving, old gentleman, in the mouth of poor Benjamin's
+sack.
+
+Uncle Andrew's testamentary phraseology, though not so anathematical, as
+that of some other obstinate, old uncles, is sufficiently uncivil, and
+even bitter, in relation to his "loving sister, Susannah," and his nephew,
+Benjamin.
+
+But, of the will of Andrew Faneuil, and his motive--an exceedingly
+preposterous motive, to be sure, for cutting his adopted nephew off, with
+five shillings--in other words, of the cause, manner, and instrument,
+whereby Benjamin was put in the ablative, I shall treat, more fully,
+hereafter.
+
+There were collaterals of the Boston Faneuils, residing in St. Domingo, in
+1738. There was then, in that island, a Benjamin Faneuil, to whom Peter
+addressed a letter of mere friendship, in the French language, informing
+him, that Peter's brother Benjamin was then in Europe. It was probably a
+son of the St. Domingo Benjamin, the "_Monsieur Fanneuil_," of whom
+Washington writes to the President of Congress, Feb. 20, 1777, Sparks, iv.
+327, as having memorialized, for leave to raise and command troops. The
+application failed, principally, on the ground of his entire ignorance of
+the English language.
+
+We have seen, that Peter Faneuil died, at the early age of forty-two. His
+premature decease becomes the more remarkable, when contrasted with the
+longevity of all his brothers and sisters, who lived beyond the period of
+infancy. Marie attained the age of seventy--Susannah was living, in
+Bristol, at seventy-two--Mary Ann died at seventy-five--Benjamin died, in
+October, 1735, being two months less than eighty-four years old.
+
+This veteran had been a generous liver, all his days. He was not a man,
+whose devotion was abdominal--whose God was his belly. He was no
+anchorite, but an advocate for social worship--he was preėminently
+hospitable. For more than forty years, from the period, when Peter's death
+afforded him the means, his hospitality had been a proverb--a by-word--but
+never a reproach. There was a refinement about it--it was precisely such
+hospitality, as Apicius would have practised, had Apicius been a bishop.
+
+His appetite never forsook him. He died suddenly--ate a cheerful dinner,
+on the day of his death--and went not to his account, on an empty stomach.
+A post mortem examination, under the autopsy of that eminently shrewd, and
+most pleasant, gentleman, Dr. Marshall Spring of Watertown, exhibited the
+whole gastric apparatus, in admirable working order, for a much longer
+campaign. A nephritic malady occasioned his decease.
+
+The death of Benjamin Faneuil, _the elder_, in 1718, and the previous
+adoption of his son Benjamin, Peter's brother, by Andrew, the wealthy
+Boston uncle, naturally turned the thoughts of the family, in this
+direction. Their interest in Boston was necessarily increased, by the
+marriage of sister Marie with Mr. Gillam Phillips, and her consequent
+removal hither. The entry of the marriage--"_ma fille_"--on the family
+record, shows, that her mother was then living. The time of her death I
+have not ascertained, but suppose it to have occurred within a year or two
+after, for all the daughters were wending hither, and I find no mention of
+the mother. Peter was here, as early, as 1728, in which year, his name is
+associated, with the duel, in which Woodbridge was killed. Anne had
+married Mr. Davenport, and Susannah Mr. Boutineau, before uncle Andrew's
+death, in 1737. His will was dated, in 1734. From that document, it is
+evident, that Mary Ann was here then.
+
+The elder Benjamin having died, in 1718,--Andrew, his brother, in
+1737,--and Peter, in 1742-3, there were living Peter's brother and
+sisters, Benjamin, Anne, Susannah, Marie, and Marianne. They were living,
+during the revolution. So were their husbands, excepting Mr. Addington
+Davenport, who died Sept. 8, 1746. Their children also were living. The
+object of this particular statement is to invite the reader's attention to
+the extraordinary fact, that, while a religious persecution, in 1685,
+drove the Huguenot ancestors of these very individuals hither, for
+security--in 1776, a political persecution here drove many of their
+descendants into exile, and confiscated their estates.
+
+That very many of those refugees, during the phrensy of political
+excitement, were just as truly persecuted, for conscience' sake, as were
+the Huguenots, in 1685, is a simple truth, which the calm, impartial voice
+of an after-age has been willing to concede. Among those refugees, the
+Huguenot and the old Anglo-Saxon patronymics are blended together. The
+Boutineaus and the Bethunes, the Faneuils and the Johonnots are mingled
+with the Sewalls and the Hutchinsons, the Hollowells and the Paxtons.
+
+While perusing the letters of Samuel Curwen--and a most kind-hearted,
+conscientious, old gentleman was he--the veriest saint in crape cannot
+restrain a smile, as he contemplates the conflict, in Curwen's mind,
+between the loyal and the patriotic--_his most gracious majesty, and his
+poor bleeding country_! Mr. Curwen met frequently with Mr. Benjamin
+Faneuil, Peter's nephew, at Bristol. Thus, on page 240, of the Journal,
+under date, April 28, 1780--"_Afternoon and evening at Judge Sewall's;
+company, Mrs. Long, of Ireland, Mr. and Mrs. Faneuil, Mr. Oxnard, with
+young Inman and his wife, a son of Ralph's, in the military line, and Miss
+Inman_."
+
+The more intelligent of the refugees, who resorted to Bristol, hovered
+about the former Attorney General of Massachusetts, Jonathan Sewall, as
+their _Magnus Apollo_. Of all the New England tories he was the most
+illustrious. He was a man of eminent talents, and easy eloquence. His
+opinions were the opinions of the rest. As crowed the great tory cock, so
+crowed the bantams, the Faneuils, the Boutineaus, and the others, around
+the Attorney General's hospitable board, at Bristol. I mean not to
+intimate, that this worthy gentleman maintained, at this period, anything,
+beyond the most frugal hospitality. He and his associates were mainly
+dependent upon the British government, for their daily bread.
+
+One or two extracts from the letters of "_Benjamin Faneuil junior_,"
+Peter's nephew, while they establish this fact, may serve to exhibit the
+confidence, in the entire subjugation of the colonies,
+entertained--_cherished_, perhaps--by him and his companions.
+
+March 9, 1777, he writes to his aunt, Mary Ann Jones, at Halifax, thus--"I
+cannot say I am very sorry, for your disappointment, in missing your
+passage for England, for unless you could bring a barrel of guineas, you
+are much better anywhere than here." * * * * "As soon as the Christmas
+holidays were over, we presented a petition to the Lords of the Treasury,
+setting forth our suffering, and praying for a support, till the affairs
+in America are settled. This method was taken, by the council, and indeed
+by all the refugees. Within these few days, the Lords of the Treasury have
+agreed to allow, for the present, Chief Justice Oliver £400 a year, Lieut.
+Governor Oliver and Mr. Flucker £300. The council (Mr. Boutineau among
+the rest) £200, the refugees in general £100, some only £50. Our affair is
+not yet absolutely determined, on account of Lord North's sickness; but we
+are told we shall be tuckt in, between the council and the refugees, and
+be allowed £150 a year. This is a very poor affair, and we can by no means
+live upon it: but there are such a confounded parcel of us, to be provided
+for, that I am told no more will be allowed." * * * * "Should there be any
+opportunity of writing to Boston, I should take it kind, if cousin Betsey
+would write to my father and let him know what I now write, and give our
+loves to Mr. Bethune's family, and my aunt Phillips. I do not mention my
+poor mother, as, from the accounts I have received, I doubt, whether she
+be alive at this time." She died in October, 1777.
+
+"When we shall be able to return to Boston I cannot say; but hope and
+believe it will not exceed one year more; for, sooner or later, America
+will be conquered, and on that they may depend."
+
+May 14, 1777. He writes from London thus--"We were promised, three months
+ago, that some provision should be made for us; and, about ten days since,
+we were assured, at the Treasury, that, in a very few days, something
+should be done for us. As soon as there is, we propose to set out for
+Bristol, and fix ourselves there, or, at least, in that part of the
+country, till the American affairs are settled, which, from the last
+advice from New York, we flatter ourselves will not be longer than this
+year; though I am not without my doubts, at least as to the time: but
+submit they must, sooner or later. Mr. Boutineau and my aunt were very
+well, at their lodging, at Bristol, a few days ago. Mr. Robinson has
+bought himself a new post chaise, horses, &c., and sets out for Wales, in
+five or six days; where, I suppose, they will remain, till the American
+affairs are brought to a conclusion."
+
+This Mr. Robinson was James Boutineau's son-in-law, the officer of the
+customs, who inflicted that fatal blow, upon James Otis, which is said to
+have affected his brain, and compelled him to retire from public life. The
+issue of that affair is not generally known. Mr. Sabine, in his "American
+Loyalists," p. 169, says--"the jury assessed £2000 sterling, damages.
+Boutineau appeared, as attorney, for Robinson, and, in his name, signed a
+submission, asking the pardon of Otis, who, thereupon, executed a free
+release for the £2000." The same statement may be found in Allen, and
+elsewhere.
+
+Mr. Benjamin Faneuil, junior, continues thus--"Mrs. Faneuil received a
+letter, a few days since, from Mrs. Erving (at Bristol). She sends her the
+prices of provisions, which are much the same they were in Boston, before
+the troubles came on. * * * * Miss Peggy Hutchinson has been at death's
+door. * * * * All the rest of us Yankees are well, but growl at each other
+most confoundedly, for want of money." * * * * "We hope to see you in
+Boston, in the course of another year." * * * * "Mrs. Faneuil is sitting
+by me, trying to transmography an old gown. No money to buy new."
+
+
+
+
+No. CXXVI.
+
+
+To some persons it has appeared a mystery, how Peter Faneuil, having had
+but a short lease of life, some two and forty years, should have acquired
+the "_large and plentiful estate_," that Master Lovell speaks of, in his
+funeral oration. This mystery is readily explained. He had, for several
+years, before the death of his uncle, Andrew, been engaged in commerce. As
+Master Lovell justly observes--"No man managed his affairs with greater
+prudence and industry." His commercial correspondence proves that his
+relations were extensive and diversified, though it must be admitted, that
+_rum, fish, sugar and molasses_, are the chorus, or burden, of the song.
+It will also appear, that the _large and plentiful estate_, was, probably
+overrated.
+
+Though he had a high sense of commercial honor, no man had a sharper eye
+for the main chance, as it is called, by money getting men. Let me
+illustrate both these positions, by extracts--not from "_Peter's letters
+to his kinsfolks_," but from Peter's letters to his correspondents. He
+repeatedly scolds Signor Miguel Pacheco de Silva, and Monsieur Sigal,
+severely, for inattention to his drafts. To S. & W. Baker, of London, who,
+by reason of the informality of a power to transfer stock, were unsupplied
+with funds, to meet his drafts, yet paid them, for the honor of the
+drawer; he writes a letter of cordial thanks, Sept. 7, 1737, in which he
+says--"_I would not for £500 you had not accepted all those drafts; for,
+if you had not, it would have been a slur to my character, which I value
+more than all the money upon earth_."
+
+January 22, 1738, he requests Mr. Peter Baynton to advise him, on several
+points--"_also what good French brandy is worth, and if it be possible to
+cloak it so, as to ship it for rum_." On the 13th of March, in the same
+year, he writes Mr. Peter Baynton, that he has sent him four hogsheads of
+brandy, and adds--"_Pray be as cautious as possible, in taking them on
+shore, by reason the man has signed bills of lading, for four hogsheads
+rum, not knowing the contents, which it is not convenient he should_."
+
+What a goodly number will openly pronounce Peter a very bad fellow, who,
+if they have not done this identical thing, have done things, quite as
+exceptionable, or more so, and who are willing to--
+
+  "Compound for sins they are inclined to,
+  By damning those they have no mind to."
+
+Merchant princes, if I am rightly instructed, do not place the offence of
+cheating the Government, in the category of cardinal, or unpardonable,
+sins. And, notwithstanding all, that we so frequently hear, of commercial
+integrity, and the chivalry of trade; I rather doubt, upon the whole, if
+traffic is really the "_ne plus ultra strap_," upon which the very finest
+possible edge can be given to the moral sense. Exceptions there are, but
+they only establish, more fully, the general rule: and, in accordance with
+the spirit of the old, prudential legend, we are rather too much in the
+habit of postponing prayers, till we have sanded the sugar, and watered
+the molasses. I have long entertained the opinion, that a cheap _vade
+mecum_ edition of Dr. Chalmers' Commercial Discourses, for New Year's
+gifts, might be very beneficially distributed.
+
+Exceptions certainly there are. I have one, within my own memory. The
+collector of a Southern port--a Huguenot withal--of whom my personal
+recollections are exceedingly agreeable, and whose integrity was a
+proverb, was surprised one day, upon his return, at the dinner hour, by
+the display of a costly service of plate, which his lady had procured from
+London. A few inquiries developed the fact, that, by the agency of a
+gentleman, a friend of the family, it had been gotten over, with _his_
+baggage, duty free--in other words, _smuggled_. In an instant, the old
+gentleman ordered his wife's whole service of silver to the public stores;
+and seized it for the government. Such cases, I apprehend, are not of
+frequent occurrence.
+
+If Peter Faneuil made not broad his phylactery, he made broad that mantle
+of charity, which covereth a multitude of sins. If such had not been the
+fact, and notoriously so, Master Lovell would not have ventured to
+proclaim, in Faneuil Hall, one hundred and eight years ago, and before a
+scanty population, as cognizant, as the population of a village, of all
+the shortcomings of their neighbors that--
+
+"_Peter's acts of charity were so secret and unbounded, that none but they
+who were the objects of it could compute the sums, which he annually
+distributed_"--that "_his alms flowed, like a fruitful river_"--that "_he
+fed the hungry, clothed the naked, comforted the fatherless, and the
+widows in their affliction, and his bounty visited the prisoner. So that
+Almighty God, in giving riches to this man, seems to have scattered
+blessings all abroad among the people_"--that the building "_erected by
+him at an immense charge, for the convenience and ornament of the town, is
+incomparably the greatest benefaction ever yet known to our Western
+shoar_"--that this act of munificence, however great, "_is but the first
+fruits of his generosity, a pledge of what his heart, always devising
+liberal things, would have done for us, had his life been spared_." To all
+this good Master Lovell adds the assertion--"_I am well assured from
+those, who were acquainted with his purposes, that he had many more
+blessings in store for us, had Heaven prolonged his days_."
+
+These statements, publicly pronounced, one hundred and eight years ago,
+have never been gainsayed, nor even qualified. They must therefore be
+viewed, in the light of an ancient deposition, read before the grand
+inquest of the whole people, before whom Peter Faneuil was tried, shortly
+after his decease, according to the fashion of the Egyptians, while
+dealing with their departed kings.
+
+I, by no means, approve of Peter's conduct, in jostling the Government,
+out of the excise, on a few casks of brandy; but, in full view of all
+these public and private charities, there seems to be something about it,
+like the gallantry of Robin Hood, whose agrarian philosophy taught him to
+rob the rich, and feed the poor. And, when the trial comes on, in the
+Higher Court, about the duties upon these four hogsheads of brandy; and
+Peter Baynton is summoned to testify; and, upon his evidence, Peter
+Faneuil is convicted; most truly, do I believe, that some good natured
+angel, will slyly draw, over the record, a corner of that broad mantle of
+gold and tissue--that mantle of charity--whose warp and woof were formed
+of private alms and public benefactions, and which good Peter Faneuil
+spent so many of his hours, in weaving, in this lower world.
+
+If Peter Faneuil was otherwise an offender, I am sorry for it; having a
+passion for rarities, I should like to behold the _tabula immaculata_--the
+unsullied sheet of one human being! I am not aware of anything, in the
+life of Peter Faneuil, which that mantle will not abundantly cover.
+
+It may be otherwise. If the schoolmaster is not always abroad, the
+antiquarian is--the moral virtuoso--who delights, metaphorically speaking,
+to find spots on snow, and specks in amber. This species of antiquarian,
+male or female, may be found in every city and village. It is a curious
+creature, and, in the cabinet of a malicious memory, has stowed carefully
+away the weak points, and the peccadilloes of the living and the dead. In
+its contracted receptacle, there is no room for public or private
+charities, nor for merits of any kind: it is capable of holding nothing
+but delinquencies.
+
+Nothing is more refreshing to this species of antiquarian, than any fair
+pretence, for opening his cabinet, and showing his precious collection.
+Nollikens, among his _terra cottas_, was not more adroit, in fitting the
+heads and members of Priapi to the trunks of fauns and satyrs, than is the
+ingenious character, of whom I speak, in adapting the legendary gossip,
+which has been told, till it is stale, of one individual, to the person of
+another. Such personages are, characteristically, selfish and ungenerous.
+It would not be a very notable miracle, if some person, of this
+description, pained and offended, by the trying contrast, between the
+munificent and charitable career of Peter Faneuil, and the extremely dry
+and unprofitable character of his own existence, should ransack the
+charnel-house of his memory, for some offensive offset, against Master
+Lovell's laudation of Peter.
+
+For this I can truly vouch, excepting that affair of the brandy, the
+commercial correspondence of Peter Faneuil--and I have read the whole
+volume, that remains, French and English--is highly honorable to the head
+and the heart of the writer.
+
+The charity of Peter Faneuil was not that clap-trap munificence, examples
+of which are frequently heralded, among us, in demi-stipendiary
+journals--it did not so truly _spring_--it _oozed_ from Peter's warm
+heart, continually, and constitutionally. He required no impressive hints,
+to be charitable--he _felt_ for the poor and needy, habitually. His letter
+of Sept. 19, 1738, is before me, to one of his commercial correspondents,
+to whom he has just then made a shipment, Mons. Thomas Bayeaux--"Inclosed
+you have Madame Guinneau's account, by which you are indebted to that poor
+widow £16, which you will do well to pay her, it being for money she
+advanced, for the board of you and your family. One would have thought you
+should have paid that, before you left the country, and not to have served
+the poor widow as you did."
+
+However direct, and even severe, while addressing delinquents, his French
+politeness never forsakes him. Such letters always conclude--"_Sir, I
+salute you_," or "_I kiss your hand_."
+
+April 24, 1740, he writes thus to Peter Baynton--"This accompanies Capt.
+Burgess Hall, who carries with him to your parts two unfortunate Palatine
+women, that were some time ago shipwrecked, in their voyage from Europe to
+your place, who, being objects of charity, which the providence of God has
+thrown in our way, I take leave to recommend to you, as such, not doubting
+you will so far commisserate their condition, as to direct them the
+nearest way, to get among their friends, with such other relief as you may
+think necessary."
+
+Though Peter Faneuil had acquired property, before the death of his uncle
+Andrew; yet, as we shall presently see, by far the larger part of his
+"_large and plentiful estate_" came to him, by that uncle's will.
+
+
+
+
+No. CXXVII.
+
+
+Peter Faneuil was thirty and seven years old, when he began to reign--that
+is, when his uncle, Andrew, died, Feb. 13, 1737, according to Peter, in
+his letter to the Bakers, of London, or 1738, agreeably to the historical
+style, adopted by the public journals. In the News Letter of February "16,
+to 23," we have the following account of the funeral.--"Last Monday the
+Corpse of _Andrew Faneuil_ Esquire, whose death we mentioned in our last,
+was honorably interr'd here; above 1100 Persons, of all Ranks, besides the
+Mourners, following the Corpse, also a vast number of Spectators were
+gathered together on the Occasion, at which time the half-minute guns,
+from on board several vessels, were discharged. And 'tis suppos'd that as
+this Gentleman's Fortune was the greatest of any among us, so his funeral
+was as generous and expensive as any that has been known here."
+
+Peter was appointed executor sole of Andrew's will, and residuary legatee.
+He appears to have proceeded with great propriety. He immediately
+announced his uncle's death to foreign correspondents; and furnished
+those, who had been custodiers of his property, with duly authenticated
+copies of the will; and took prompt measures, for the procurement of "_the
+handsomest mourning rings_."
+
+John, Archbishop of Canterbury, as was usual then, sent his commission to
+Judge Willard, from the Prerogative Court, to swear Peter, to render a
+true inventory, &c.; and Peter responded to John, that, although he was
+not bound so to do, by the laws of the Province, yet, for his "_own
+satisfaction_," he should. Peter probably changed his mind, for no
+inventory of Andrew's estate appears, among the ancient records of the
+Probate Court, in Suffolk. It is not, therefore, possible, to estimate the
+value of that "_large and plentiful estate_," which came to Peter, from
+his uncle. That it was very considerable, for the times, there cannot be a
+doubt; but the times--one hundred and fourteen years ago--were the days of
+small things.
+
+It has been observed, by an eminent man, that prayer and almsgiving are
+the pathways to Paradise. Andrew Faneuil commences his will, with a
+supplication, for the _perfecting of his charities_--"_I commit my soul to
+God, the Father, Son, and Holy Ghost, humbly begging the pardon of my
+sins, the perfecting of my charities, and everlasting life above_." This
+will was made, Sept. 12, 1734, and witnessed, by John Read, William Price
+and Charles Morris; and a codicil was added, Jan. 23, 1737; and both were
+proved, Feb. 15, 1737, two days after the testator's death.
+
+Wills have ever been accounted an interesting department of _belles
+lettres_; and I shall therefore furnish the reader with an abstract of
+Uncle Andrew's.
+
+_First._ He gives his warehouse in Boston, in trust, to the minister of
+the French Church, in Boston, and his successors; two thirds of the income
+for the minister's support, and one third to the elders, to create a fund
+for repairing the warehouse; and after the creation of such fund, the
+whole income to the minister; and, should the French church cease to be,
+then said warehouse to revert to his heirs--"_excluding Benjamin Faneuil,
+of Boston, and the heirs of his body forever_."
+
+_Secondly._ To said French Church, three pieces of plate, of the value of
+£36 sterling, "_a flaggon for the communion table, a plate for the bread,
+and a bason to christen the children, with the coat of arms and name of
+the donor, engraven upon each of them_." On the 27th of February, fourteen
+days after his uncle's death, Peter sent a copy of the will to Claude
+Fonnereau, in France, requesting him to purchase the plate, and
+added--"_of the best fashion, and get engraved, agreeably to his orders,
+for which end you have his coat of arms in wax herewith, and if it should
+cost some small matter more, be pleased to charge the same_."
+
+_Thirdly._ £100, in Province Bills, to be paid to the elders, for the poor
+of the French Church.
+
+_Fourthly._ £50, in Province bills, and "_a suit of mourning throughout_,"
+to the French minister.
+
+_Fifthly._ £100, in Province bills, to the overseers, for the poor of
+Boston.
+
+_Sixthly._ To the Rev. Benjamin Colman, "_a suit of mourning throughout_."
+
+_Seventhly._ "To my loving brother, John Faneuil, of Rochelle, £100,
+sterling."
+
+_Eighthly._ "To my loving brother-in-law, Peter Cossart, of Cork, in
+Ireland, and his sister Susannah Cossart, of Amsterdam, £50 each to buy
+mourning."
+
+_Ninthly._ "To Benjamin Faneuil of Boston, son of my brother, Benjamin
+Faneuil, deceased, _five shillings and no more_."
+
+_Tenthly._ To his executor, in trust, 8000 ounces of silver, or pieces of
+eight, to purchase an estate of inheritance, at his discretion, within one
+year after the testator's death, for his loving niece, Mary, wife of
+Gillam Phillips, and the heirs of her body, remainder to her right heirs.
+Peter, in correspondence with S. & W. Baker, refers to this purchase, and
+directs them to sell stocks of his late uncles, to meet the drafts.
+
+_Eleventhly_. To her son, Andrew, 500 ounces of silver, or pieces of
+eight, to be put at interest, till majority--to his mother, in case of his
+death before--and, in case of _her_ death and _his_ before--to her other
+children.
+
+_Twelfthly, thirteenthly, and fourteenthly._ To his nieces, Anne,
+Susannah, and Marian, £2000 sterling, each; the two first to be paid six
+months, after his death, and the last, at majority, or marriage; four per
+cent. to be allowed her, per annum, ad interim, and she to be maintained
+by the executor, till she attained full age, or married. These legacies
+were paid from the funds of Uncle Andrew, in the hands of S. & W. Baker,
+of London.
+
+_Fifteenthly._ To his loving sister, Susannah F., widow of Abraham de la
+Croix, of Rochelle, £1000 sterling.
+
+_Sixteenthly._ To his servant maid, _Hendrine Boyltins_, who probably
+came, with the family, from Holland, "_a suit of mourning throughout_,"
+and 500 ounces of silver, in pieces of eight, or the value, in Province
+bills, at her election.
+
+_Seventeenthly._ To Henry Johnson, her son, who became the confidential
+clerk of Peter Faneuil, 150 ounces, in pieces of eight, to be paid, at
+majority.
+
+_Eighteenthly._ "I give, bequeath, and devise all the rest of my estate,
+both real and personal, whatsoever and wheresoever 'tis, in New England,
+Great Britain, France, Holland, or any other part of the world, to my
+loving nephew, PETER FANEUIL, eldest son of my late brother, Benjamin
+Faneuil, to hold to him and his heirs forever."
+
+He then appoints Peter, sole executor.
+
+The codicil revokes the legacy to his _loving_ sister, the widow Susannah
+de la Croix, of Rochelle--"my mind and my will is, that my said sister,
+Susannah F., shall not have the said thousand pounds, _nor any part of
+it_."
+
+The severity of these five last words--and the phrase, in relation to his
+nephew--"_excluding Benjamin Faneuil of Boston, and the heirs of his body
+forever_;" and those final words of the ninth clause, by which the
+testator cuts off poor Benjamin, with "_five shillings and no more_," are
+sufficiently piquant. Well may such an _avunculus Hector_ commence his
+last will, with a fervent supplication to "God, the Father, Son, and Holy
+Ghost," for _the perfecting of his charities_.
+
+How the widow, Susannah, came to lose her thousand pounds I do not know.
+Something, that she said or did, or did not say or do, was wafted, all the
+way over the water, from Rochelle, no doubt, and came to the old
+gentleman's irritable ears, and roused his ire.
+
+But I well comprehend the occasion, upon which he came to disinherit his
+nephew, Benjamin Faneuil. My female readers have already arrived at the
+conclusion, doubtless, that Benjamin so far forgot himself, and his duty
+to his opulent, old uncle, as to fall in love without asking his
+permission. Well: they are perfectly right--such was the fact. Benjamin
+fell in love. He was determined not to be found, like tinkling brass, even
+at the hazard of losing the good will, and the gold of his uncle
+Andrew--so he fell in love. And, if the girl of his heart resembled her
+daughter, _Mary Faneuil_, as she is represented by Blackburn, how the poor
+fellow could have helped it, God only knows.
+
+There is nothing, in all Amboyna, more spicy, than this little incident,
+in the history of the Faneuils; and, having spoilt it, perhaps, by this
+_avant courier_, I will now venture to tell the story; premising, that it
+was far better told, by the lady, who related it to me, and who is a
+lineal descendant of Benjamin, himself.
+
+To give proper effect to this little episode, I must take the reader to a
+pretty village, as it was just then beginning to be, one hundred and fifty
+years ago, on the banks of the Hudson, some twenty miles, only, from the
+city of New York. There, the persecuted Huguenots gathered together, and
+planted their new home, their _New Rochelle_. Almost immediately after his
+marriage with Anne Bureau, in 1699, at Narragansett, Benjamin Faneuil
+rejoined his Huguenot friends, and fellow-townsmen, in _New Rochelle_; and
+there his children were born. _New Rochelle_, as I have stated, was the
+birth-place of PETER FANEUIL.
+
+Andrew, having arrived in Boston from Holland, very soon after the
+beginning of the eighteenth century; having buried his wife; and being
+childless, selected Benjamin, the second son of his brother, Benjamin
+Faneuil, as an object of particular regard. The boy, was, accordingly,
+transferred from New Rochelle to Boston. He was educated, and brought up,
+under his patron's eye; and was considered, by the world, as the heir
+apparent of his opulent uncle. As he grew up, towards man's estate, it
+would have been an unheard of circumstance, if the dowagers of Shawmut,
+with their marriageable daughters, had not fixed their hopeful eyes, upon
+young Benjamin, if it were only for the sake of whatever might be found,
+sooner or later, in the mouth of his sack. It would have been a miracle,
+if their exhibitions of regard, for the young man, had not visibly
+increased; and their fears had not been frequently and feelingly
+expressed, lest that excellent, old gentleman, Andrew Faneuil Esquire, had
+taken cold.
+
+A patron is rather too prone to look upon a _protégé_, as a puppet. The
+idea, that Benjamin could be led astray, however tempting the provocation,
+to commit the crime of matrimony, however lawful and right, however
+accomplished, and virtuous, and lovely the object, without leave, first
+had and obtained, from him, at whose board he ate his daily bread, never
+occurred to Uncle Andrew, for an instant. He supposed, of course, that he
+had the key to Benjamin's soul. It never occurred to the old gentleman,
+whose courtship was carried on, in Holland, that falling in love was
+precisely as much of an accident, as falling into the fire, or into the
+water.
+
+Well: Benjamin was an intelligent young man; and he was admirably posted
+up, upon the subject of his uncle's opinions, and prejudices.
+Nevertheless, he fell in love, very emphatically; and with a girl, as
+pretty, doubtless, as she was poor. He knew, that his uncle would never
+consent to such a marriage. But he knew, that he had plighted his troth;
+and he clearly saw, since he must run the hazard of breaking _one_ heart,
+or _two_, that it would be rather more equitable to risk the old
+gentleman's, instead of the girl's and his own.
+
+Accordingly, Benjamin secretly took unto himself a lawful wife; and, for a
+while, though Benjamin was, doubtless, much the happier, Uncle Andrew was
+nothing the wiser. However strange it may appear, though there were no
+giants, there were mischievous women, in those days. One of this category,
+in an evil hour, like a toad, as she was, whispered the secret, into the
+ear of Uncle Andrew.
+
+The old Huguenot was not of the melting mood. The conduct of his nephew
+produced not grief, but anger. It reached no tender spot, in the recesses
+of his heart, but chafed the old man's pericardium, till it drew a blister
+there. He bottled up his wrath, and corked it well; that the offender
+might have the full benefit of the fermentation, when the old gentleman
+came to pour the contents of the vial, on the devoted head of his
+unsuspecting nephew.
+
+The following morning, they met, at the breakfast table. The meal passed,
+as usual. But with what feelings must that old man have contemplated the
+poor fellow, the boy of his adoption, whom he was about to prostrate, as
+he finished the last mouthful he was ever to partake at that board! The
+repast was finished.--A brief colloquy ensued--"_I hear you are
+married_"--"_Yes, uncle, I am_"--"_Then you will leave my house_." The
+young man instantly took his departure. They never met again, until years
+had passed away,--and then, in that place, where there is no work nor
+device. There they lie, in the Faneuil tomb, in the Granary Ground; the
+unforgiving uncle and the disinherited nephew, side by side. Benjamin
+Faneuil died, at his residence in Brighton, in October, 1785, and was
+buried, in the family vault.
+
+
+
+
+No. CXXVIII.
+
+
+Notwithstanding the "_large and plentiful estate_," which Peter Faneuil
+derived from his uncle's will, it is my opinion, that his munificence, his
+unbounded charities, his hospitalities, his social, genial temperament
+were such, that, had he lived a much longer life, he would have died a
+much poorer man. Almost immediately, upon the death of his uncle, it is
+manifest, from his letters, that certain magnificent fancies came over the
+spirit of his waking dreams. And it is equally certain, that,
+subsequently, he had occasional misgivings, as to the just relation
+between his means and his prospective arrangements, which, for the times,
+and upon our little peninsula, were sufficiently expanded.
+
+Feb. 27, 1737, fourteen days after his uncle's death, he announced that
+event to his commercial friends, Messrs. S. & W. Baker of London;
+prescribed the arrangement of funds, for the payment of legacies; and
+instructed them to honor his draft, in favor of James Pope & Company, of
+Madeira, in payment for five pipes of wine.
+
+Four days after, on the first of March, he writes Pope & Company
+thus--"Send me, by the very first opportunity, for this place, five pipes
+of your very best Madeira wine, of an amber color, of the same sort, which
+you sent to our good friend, De Lancey, of New York."
+
+He directs them to draw on the Bakers of London, and adds--"As this wine
+is for the use of my house, I hope you will be careful, that I have the
+best. I am not over fond of the strongest. I am to inform you, that my
+uncle, Mr. Andrew Faneuil, departed this life, the 13 current, and was
+interred the 20, for which God prepare all his friends. I shall expect to
+hear from you, by the first opportunity."
+
+Feb. 27, 1737, the same day, on which he writes the Bakers, he addresses
+Lane & Smethurst, of London, as follows--"Be so good as to send me a
+handsome chariot with two sets of harness, with the arms, as enclosed, on
+the same, in the handsomest manner, that you shall judge proper, but at
+the same time nothing gaudy: and send me also, well recommended, two sober
+men, the one, for a coachman the other a gardener; and agree with the
+same, to be paid either in London, quarterly, or here, allowing for the
+exchange of the money, which they shall choose. And, as most servants from
+Europe, when here, are too apt to be debauched with strong drink, rum,
+&c., being very plenty, I pray your particular care in this article."
+
+On the 6th of March, he writes Gulian Verplanck, of New York--"Send me the
+pipe of wine, having none good to drink." Again, March 20--"By the first
+good opportunity the best pipe of wine you can purchase." On the 25th of
+April, he acknowledges the receipt of the wine from Verplanck--"The wine I
+hope will prove good--comes in very good time, there being none good in
+town."
+
+On the 22d of May, he writes the Bakers, for a bountiful supply of glass
+and China, and for "enough of the best scarlet cloth to trim a cloak:"
+and, in September of that year, for silver spoons and "silver forks with
+three prongs, with my arms cut upon them: let them be made very neat and
+handsome." Shortly after, he writes for several pairs of silver
+candlesticks, "with my arms engraved thereon," and sends out a piece of
+wax candle, as a pattern of the size.
+
+On the 1st of January, 1738, he writes Lane & Smethurst, to send him a
+pair of spectacles, "for a person of 50 years, as also, for the use of my
+kitchen, the latest, best book of the several sorts of cookery, which pray
+let be of the largest character, for the benefit of the maid's reading."
+As Peter then was not quite thirty-eight years of age, the spectacles were
+probably for "the maid," to enable her to master "the _best book_ of the
+several sorts of cookery."
+
+Dec. 20, 1738, he writes for "four stone horses." On the 18th of September
+of that year, he writes Thomas Kilby--"Pray don't forget the larding pins,
+wine, and sweetmeats, which I have wrote you about before." He frequently
+writes to his friend Verplanck, for "Albany horses."
+
+In a brief sketch of Brighton, published in 1850, it is stated that
+Peter's "_large and heavy silver punch bowl_" is in the possession of
+George Bethune, Esquire, of this city. This is an error. Peter's punch
+bowl came into the possession of James Lovell, who married a
+grand-daughter of Benjamin Faneuil, a sister of Mr. Bethune; and it is now
+in the possession of Mr. Lovell's descendants.
+
+Oh, if that "_large and heavy silver punch bowl_" could speak out, in good
+French or English, what glorious tales it would tell of Peter, in all his
+glory, enjoying, as Master Lovell says, "_that divine satisfaction, which
+results from communicating happiness to others_"--around that preėminently
+hospitable board, where, in the language of the writer of the obituary, in
+the News Letter of March 10, 1743--
+
+  "Divites ac parvi gustārunt dulcia mensę."
+
+Peter's punch bowl was not at all like Oliver's "_broken teacups, wisely
+kept for show_." June 22, 1741, some twenty months before his death, he
+writes Lane & Smethurst, to send him "_six gross of the very best London
+King Henry's Cards, and six half chests of lemons, for my house winter
+supply_."
+
+Let not the reader surmise, for all this, that Peter had denied his Lord,
+or was exclusively absorbed in his care for creature comforts. March 5,
+1738, he writes the Bakers, to send him "four handsome, large, octavo,
+Common Prayer Books, of a good letter and well bound, with one of the
+same, in French, for my own use."
+
+March 13, 1738, he writes John Depuister, to send him "six of the largest
+bearskins, and two large, fine, well painted beaver coats, to use in a
+slay."
+
+It is, in no sense, discreditable to Peter Faneuil, that his
+correspondence shows him to have been exceedingly partial to sweetmeats
+and citron water. Nor does it lower him, in my humble esteem, that his
+letters clearly indicate his temperament to have been somewhat irritable
+and fiery. I have found such to be the case, almost ever, when generosity,
+frankheartedness, and a noble spirit are blended together, as closely as
+they were, in the character of Peter Faneuil. The converse of this
+position, to be sure, it is not easy to maintain.
+
+It is quite amusing, to contemplate, now and then, in men, whose brains
+are brim full of magnificent purposes, and whose habitual dealings are
+with tens and hundreds of thousands--a remarkable concentration of thought
+and care, upon some one insignificant item of property, which is in
+jeopardy of falling into naught. It is, doubtless, the spirit of the
+woman, who lighted her candle and swept the house, and called her
+neighbors together, to rejoice with her, over the recovery of that one
+piece of silver.
+
+A brief episode will exhibit this trait, in Peter's character, and show,
+at the same time, that his spirit was perfectly placable. Some time before
+his death, Uncle Andrew, being aware, that pulmonic affections were
+benefited, by the air of the tropics, consigned a broken-winded horse to
+Mr. Joseph Ward, of Barbadoes, for sale. No account having been rendered,
+the fate of the old horse appears to have become a subject of exciting
+interest, with the residuary legatee. Before he writes to Ward, he
+addresses three letters of inquiry, in other directions. He then opens
+upon Mr. Joseph Ward, Jan. 12, 1738. I give the entire letter, as
+illustrative of Peter's character--"I have been very much surprised, that,
+ever since the death of Captain Allen, you have not advised me of the sale
+of a horse, belonging to my deceased uncle, left in your hands by him,
+which I am informed you sold for a very good price, and I am now to
+request the favor you would send me the net proceeds, with a fair and just
+account for the same, in sweetmeats and citron water; your compliance with
+which will stop me from giving some of my friends the trouble of calling
+you to an account there. I shall be glad to know, if Captain Allen did not
+leave a silver watch and some fish, belonging to a servant of mine, with
+some person of your island, and with who. I expect your speedy answer."
+
+Mr. Ward appears to have responded, more calmly, than tropical gentlemen
+commonly do, when accosted in this piquant style. He sent his account, and
+Peter was manifestly mollified, by a box of sweetmeats. Mr. Ward,
+however, complained of Peter's want of grace. March 24, 1738, Peter wrote
+to Mr. Ward--"Yours of 7 February, with the account sales of a horse, left
+by Captain Allen, accompanying a box sweetmeats I received, in which I
+observe you refer to my former, which you are pleased to look upon as in
+too unhandsome a stile. I must own it was not in so soft terms, as I
+sometimes make use of; but, at that time, I really thought the state of
+the case required it, not having heard anything to be depended upon,
+concerning the horse in dispute, either if he was dead, sold, or run away;
+upon either of which, I presumed the common complaisance, if not honor,
+among merchants, might have entitled either my uncle, in his lifetime, or
+myself, after his decease, to some advice at least. I had indeed
+transiently heard here you had kept him, for your own use, but had
+undervalued him, which, in some measure prest my writing you on that head,
+&c. I thank you for your speedy answer, and am, with return of your own
+compliment, as much as you are mine," &c.
+
+March 6, 1737.--Peter informs M. Isaac Beauchamp, that, he, Peter, has
+been empowered, by his Excellency, M. Brouillan, Governor of Cape Breton,
+to call him to account and says--"I am now to let you know, that out of
+honor and of the regards I have ever had to that gentleman, I am obliged
+to see some honorable issue made to that affair, for which reason I shall
+be glad you will advise me, after what manner you propose to satisfye the
+gentleman or me, without forcing violente means." This affair was
+occasioned, by a dispute, about tobacco, and ended in smoke.
+
+One brief illustration more. April 6, 1738, he complains to Captain
+Greenou of certain ill usage and says--"You may see what handsome parcell
+of protested bills I must pay. If this be the honor of you Ragon men, God
+deliver me from them, for the future. I would not take their word for a
+groat &c. These pretended gentlemen think I will tamely sit down by their
+unhandsome usage, but they will find themselves very much mistaken," &c.
+
+Many years ago, while standing by the artist, as he was working up, from
+the old portrait, belonging to the Historical Society, the lineaments of
+Peter, as he is represented, in Faneuil Hall, we agreed, that his
+temperament must have been choleric. He had that conformation of body,
+which hints of apoplexy. John, his uncle, the Rocheller, died of that
+disease; and Peter, as Master Lovell inform us, died _suddenly_. He
+belonged not to any total abstinence society. And though there is no
+evidence, nor the slightest suspicion, that he fell below that standard of
+gentlemanly temperance, which was in vogue, among those, who were given to
+hospitality, in our peninsula, one hundred years ago--yet I have not any
+reasonable doubt, that Peter would have lived longer, had it been the
+pleasure of his uncle Andrew to have disinherited _him_, instead of _his
+brother Benjamin_.
+
+
+
+
+No. CXXIX.
+
+
+Peter Faneuil was an affectionate brother. I have it from the lips of
+Benjamin's lineal descendants, who have preserved the tradition, that,
+after he had sacrificed his hopes of the inheritance, not for a mess of
+pottage, but for a lovely wife; and Peter had been called from New
+Rochelle, to supply his place, as the heir apparent; uncle Andrew,
+probably, without exacting an absolute promise, enjoined it upon Peter, to
+abstain from assisting Benjamin; to which injunction Peter paid no
+practical regard whatever; but, like a Christian brother, remembered, that
+old Benjamin Faneuil and Anne Bureau had been the father and the mother of
+them both. The commercial correspondence shows, that Peter gave Benjamin
+his confidence and affection. The relation between them plainly
+demonstrates, that there was no deficiency of kind and generous offices.
+
+The ease and intimacy of their friendship will be perceived, by the
+following note, which I copy literally from the original, in my
+possession. There was a difference of eighteen months only, in their ages.
+In this note, which was written, after Benjamin's return from Europe,
+Peter addresses him, by a cant name. "Boston the 18 August, 1741. Dear
+Cockey: The Occasion of my not Sending my Chase for you was on Account of
+Mr. Shirley's receiving of his Majties Commission Last Thursday appointing
+him Govr of this Province wh. was read the Next day, upon which Occasion
+he ask't me to Loane of my Charrot wh. I granted him till Last Night, so
+that I presume will plede my xcuse. I now Send you up the Chase, to bring
+you home, and have deliver'd ye Coachman Some Boild Beef, a dozen of
+brown biskett 6 bottles of Madera and 2 of Frontinan with a dozen of
+Lemmons. Your relations and friends are all well, and desire their Love
+and service may be made acceptable to you. Pray my Compliments to the
+Gentn and Ladys with you--and give me Leave to assure you that I am, Dear
+Cockey, Your Affectionate Brother, Peter Faneuil."
+
+The superscription of this note is torn off, but to Benjamin alone can it
+apply. Mr. Jones was not married, till after Peter's death. His relation
+to Phillips was rather formal; and still more so with Boutineau; and he
+never would have thought of calling his brother Addington Davenport, the
+Rector of Trinity, his _dear cockey_. His letters also record the
+evidences of his kindness to his sisters, and his attention to their most
+trifling wishes. Nov. 24, 1736, he writes Lynch and Blake--"My youngest
+sister desires, that you wont forget to send her the Canary birds, which
+you promised her, when you was here." May 16, 1736, he writes Lane and
+Smethurst of London--"My sisters have received their things, in good order
+and to their liking, except the stockings: for the Hosier put up white
+worsted, instead of thread, although the patern was sent. I have sent them
+back to you to be changed, in the ship Union, John Homans, master. Be
+pleased to send them, by the first opportunity: viz, for Mrs. Anne
+Faneuil, 3 pairs thread hose, with worsted clogs, and a pair of
+Galoushoes. Mrs. Susannah Faneuil, 2 pairs thread ditto. Mrs. Mary Anne
+Faneuil, 4 pairs thread stockings, and 3 pairs clogs." It is of small
+moment, at this late day, whether these ladies wore thread or worsted
+stockings, one hundred and fourteen years ago; but this ancient example of
+brotherly regard may not be altogether lost, upon the race of brothers,
+that has sprung up, during the present century. It is remarkable, that
+Peter, though he applies the title, _Mrs._ to each of his sisters, gives
+them the maiden name. The two, first named, were then the wives of
+Addington Davenport and James Boutineau; the last, Mary Ann, afterwards
+the wife of John Jones, was then single.
+
+At that early day, the moral sense of the people of the North appears to
+have been thoroughly asleep, on the subject of slavery. The reverend
+clergy were no exception from the general rule. After the decease of
+Parson Moorhead, in 1774, a slave was sold, among his effects, "at his
+late residence, near _Liberty Tree_." Jonny Moorhead was a cotemporary of
+Peter Faneuil, having assumed the charge of the Presbyterian Church, as it
+then was, in 1730. The reader will not be startled, therefore, when he
+comes to be informed, as, in good time he will be, at how many pounds, old
+tenor, each of Peter Faneuil's five slaves were appraised, after his
+decease. Slavery was not uncommon then, in the Province of Massachusetts
+Bay. Douglass, in his Summary, vol. i. page 351, states, that in 1735,
+about seven years before Peter's death, the whole number of whites, of 16
+years and upwards, in the Province, was 35,427; and of negroes, 2600.
+
+Feb. 3, 1738. Peter Faneuil writes thus, to Peter Buckley--"Herewith you
+have invoice of six hogsheads fish and eight barrells of alewives,
+amounting to £75.9.2, which, when you arrive at Antigua, be pleased to
+sell, for my best advantage, and, with the nett produce of the same,
+purchase, for me, for the use of my house, as likely a strait negro lad as
+possibly you can, about the age of from 12 to 15 years; and, if to be
+done, one that has had the small-pox, who being for my own service, I must
+request the favor, you would let him be one of as tractable a disposition
+as you can find, which I leave to your prudent care and management,
+desiring, after you have purchased him, you would send him to me, by the
+first good opportunity, recommending him to a particular care, from the
+captain." I have no doubt, that Peter was a kind, considerate master; and,
+though I have an unconquerable aversion to being the slave of anybody, I
+had rather have been Peter's _born thrall_ than his _uncle Andrew_. What a
+glorious kitchen Peter's must have been!
+
+My female readers will scarcely find it in their eyelids to be weary, or
+in their hearts to blame me, for giving them one or two passages more,
+from Peter Faneuil's letters; when they are told, that those passages
+relate to a love affair, in which Peter, though not a principal, performed
+an important part.
+
+The Faneuils and the Jekylls were intimate--so much so, at least, as to
+bring the Jekylls within the circle of those, who, upon Uncle Andrew's
+death, were accounted the legitimate recipients of mourning rings. In a
+letter to Mr. Joseph Jekyll, of Jan. 22, 1738, Peter alludes to Miss
+Jekyll's extraordinary conduct; and, most happily and truthfully, remarks,
+that "_there is no accounting for the sex, in affairs of love_." On the
+same day, he writes Mr. Richard Blacket Jekyll--"Doubtless, you'll be
+surprised to find, that, by this opportunity, only your sister, Mrs.
+Hannah, of the family, who I hope will arrive safe to you, has the
+pleasure of seeing you, and her other brothers, in England. I am sorry
+Mrs. Mary does not consult her own interest, so much, as I could wish,
+whose conduct I should say nothing of, were it not out of regard to the
+family in general. It is now only one month past, since she suffered
+herself to be published to one Mr. Linnington, of St. Christophers,
+formerly known here, by the name of My Lord Linnington, or My Lord, whose
+character, if you remember the man, I need not trouble you with a
+description of it; but, if you do not, I can only say, that he is a
+worthless pretender to a great deal of money and wit, without, according
+to the best account I can learn, any of either: with whom she would,
+inevitably have been married, had not some other friends joined forces
+with me, and interposed."
+
+"Inclosed I send you my letter to her, on that head, and her answer, for
+your more private satisfaction. That affair being tolerably well over, and
+Captain Homan's state-room hired for the two young ladies, and their maid,
+I had supplied them, according to your desire, with what money they might
+have occasion for, to fit them out for the voyage, and paid the captain,
+for their laying in, and tomorrow being the appointed time to go aboard, I
+was, in the morning, advised Mrs. Mary had changed her mind, on account of
+some new proposals of matrimony, made her, by Col. Saltonstall of
+Haverhill, which sudden alteration I find to be, on examination, from a
+visit or two, within these two or three days last past, at farthest, but,
+however, concluded upon and determined, so that she does not come to you,"
+&c., &c.
+
+Peter proceeds to comment, with great discretion, upon the absence of any
+reasonable interval, for the heart of Miss Mary Jekyll to recover its due
+tone and tension, after its first expansion towards _My Lord Linnington_,
+and before the second spasm. But, truly, in the language of the anatomist,
+the heart is a "wonderful muscle."
+
+I had surmised a relation of consanguinity between Peter Faneuil and the
+late Peter Chardon Brooks, from the fact, that, on the 29th of March,
+1737, Peter Faneuil writes to the executors of Isaac Chardon, in South
+Carolina, whom he calls his cousin; and, in that letter, speaks of his
+cousin, _Peter Chardon_. But, from the best authority, I have learned,
+that the name of Peter Chardon was bestowed, by the Rev. Edward Brooks,
+formerly of North Yarmouth, and more recently of Medford, upon his son,
+_causa amicitię_; the Rev. Mr. Brooks and Peter Chardon, having been
+classmates, of the year 1757. It was, probably, the father of this Peter
+Chardon, whom Peter Faneuil calls his cousin, in 1737, and the same Peter
+Chardon, who is named, on the record, as one of the appraisers of Peter
+Faneuil's estate, in 1742-3. The name is rare; it occurs once only, on the
+Cambridge Catalogue; and, from its rarity, it may not be unreasonable, to
+look for the _stirps_, on the pages of Charlevoix, iii. 392, who speaks of
+_Peter Chardon_, the Jesuit, a missionary, among the Indians, bordering
+upon Lake Michigan, at the very close of the seventeenth century. _Our_
+Peter Chardon, the cousin of Faneuil, resided in Bowdoin Square, near the
+street, that bears his name.
+
+After the death of his uncle Andrew, Peter Faneuil, by the power of
+wealth, in addition to his other qualities, intelligence, industry, and
+courtesy, necessarily became an influential character; and the use, which
+he immediately began to make of his wealth, his public spirit, his private
+benevolence, all conspired to make him an object of very general interest.
+His hospitalities were unbounded. He associated himself with the Episcopal
+Church. He subscribed £2000 old tenor, £200 sterling for the rebuilding of
+King's Chapel, in 1740, and was chosen treasurer of the building fund. His
+death, in 1742-3, put a stop to the project. No money had ever been
+collected, for that object. In 1747, the project was revived. New
+subscriptions were solicited, and the old ones demanded, "_at the end of
+this year 1748_." Peter Faneuil died March 3, 1742-3, and had therefore
+been dead, between five and six years. "For the subscription of Peter
+Faneuil," says Mr. Greenwood, in his history of the Chapel, "they were
+unfortunately obliged to sue his brother, and executor, Benjamin Faneuil,
+from whom, after a disagreeable lawsuit, they at last recovered it." Mr.
+Greenwood erred, in the supposition, that Peter left a will. He died
+intestate, and administration was granted to Benjamin, March 18, 1742, old
+style. The estate, of course, had been settled, doubtless, some years
+before the demand on the administrator, "_at the end of 1748_." Having
+other heirs to consult, he very properly resisted this tardy and
+unexpected claim; and cast the responsibility upon the court.
+
+For several years, Peter Faneuil worshipped in Trinity Church, of which
+his brother-in-law, Addington Davenport, became rector, in 1740. Peter's
+pew, in Old Trinity, was No. 40. He was an active and liberal member of
+the Episcopal Charitable Society. "Mr. Faneuil," says the late Dr. Boyle,
+"was one of the earliest members of the society. He was a liberal
+subscriber to its funds, and acted, as a trustee of the institution."
+
+Peter Faneuil's heart was proverbially warm, and sensitive to the
+necessities and distresses of his _neighbor_; and he seems to have
+cherished the true scriptural construction of that _ubiquitary_ word. The
+accession of wealth, upon his uncle's death, hardened not his heart, but
+gave it a deeper, fuller, and stronger pulse, upon every call of charity.
+To him, as to other men, who admit their motives to be human, upon common
+occasions, the applause of the _wise_ and _good_ was exceedingly
+agreeable. Whatever the prominency of higher and holier considerations, he
+turned a willing and a grateful ear to the approbation of the judicious
+and upright. Not contented with the opportunities of doing good, on a
+small scale, which were, doubtless, frequently presented, before a man,
+whose wealth and warmheartedness were equally notorious; he coveted some
+fair occasion, for pouring forth of his abundance, in a more magnificent
+manner--pleased--naturally and justifiably pleased--with the thought, that
+his name and his memory would be associated with the deed, in after times.
+
+
+
+
+No. CXXX.
+
+
+One may, as successfully, search for that identical peck of pickled
+peppers, that Peter Piper picked, as for the original Hall, that Peter
+Faneuil built. Like Rachel's first born, _it is not_. After all the
+reparations, and changes, and hard hammerings she has undergone, we may as
+well search, within the walls of Old Ironsides, for those very ribs of
+live oak, which, some fifty years ago, were launched, in the body of the
+frigate Constitution.
+
+In the olden time, the market men, like the mourners, went "about the
+streets." The inhabitants were served, at their doors. As early as 1634,
+Gov. Winthrop, in his journal, speaks of a market, which was kept in
+Boston, "on Thursday, the fifth day of the week." This weekly market on
+the fifth day is mentioned, by Douglass, as of 1639, vol. i. p. 434. This,
+I think, refers only to a gathering of sellers and buyers, at one spot,
+and not to any "visible temple," for storage and shelter. Citizens
+differed, as to the best method of getting their _provant_; some preferred
+the old mode, as it was supposed to save time; others were in favor of
+having a common point, with a covered building. Parties were formed; the
+citizens waxed wroth; and quarrelled about their meat, like angry dogs.
+Those, who were in favor of market-houses, prevailed. Three were erected;
+one, at the Old North Square--one, where Faneuil Hall now stands--and one,
+near Liberty Tree. People were no longer supplied, at their houses.
+
+It seems very strange, that this sensible arrangement should have led to
+violent outrage. The malcontents assembled together, in the night,
+"disguised like clergymen"--the devil, sometimes assumes this
+exterior--and "totally demolished the centre market-house." This occurred,
+about the year 1736-7, or about the time of Andrew Faneuil's death. Such
+is the account of good old Thomas Pemberton. M. H. C. iii. 255.
+
+The popular sentiment prevented the reconstruction of the centre
+market-house, till, in 1740, July 14, a town meeting was held to consider
+a petition, for this object, from Thomas Palmer and 340 others. At this
+meeting, it was stated, that Peter Faneuil had offered, at his own cost,
+to build a market-house, on the town's land, in Dock Square, for the use
+of the town, if the citizens, would legally empower him so to do; place
+the same under proper regulations; and maintain it, for that use.
+
+An impression has, somewhat extensively, prevailed, that Mr. Faneuil's
+proposal was not courteously received, by his fellow-citizens, and that a
+majority of seven only were in favor of it.
+
+On the contrary, Mr. Faneuil's proposal was received, with the most ample
+demonstrations of grateful respect. There were two questions before the
+meeting--first: shall a vote of thanks be passed to Peter Faneuil, for his
+liberal offer? Secondly: shall we give up the itinerant system, and have a
+market-house, on _any_ conditions? Upon the first question, there was but
+_one_ mind--on the second, there were _two_. A vote of thanks to Mr.
+Faneuil was instantly passed, without a dissentient. But the second
+question was the vexed question, revived, and excited the passions of the
+people. Of 727 persons present, 367 only voted in favor of granting the
+petition of Palmer and others, giving a majority of seven only.
+
+Accordingly, the work was commenced; and it was completed, Sept. 10, 1742,
+"on which day," says Dr. Snow, "Mr. Samuel Ruggles, who was employed, in
+building the market house, waited on the selectmen, by order of P.
+Faneuil, Esq., and delivered them the key of said house."
+
+Peter was a magnificent fellow. An antiquarian friend, to whom the fancy
+has lineally descended, through a line of highly respectable, antiquarian
+ancestors, informs me, that his father handed down to him a tradition,
+which is certainly plausible. It runs thus: while the market-house was in
+progress--probably on paper--it was suggested to Peter, that, with very
+little additional expense, a splendid town hall might be constructed over
+it. Peter's heart was quite as _roomy_ as the market-house, and town hall
+together, and he cheerfully embraced the suggestion. The tradition goes a
+little farther--when the cost was summed up, Peter scolded--a little. Very
+likely. Mr. Peter Faneuil was not an exception, I presume, to the common
+rule.
+
+The keys, as I have stated, were presented to the town, Sept. 10, 1742,
+with all that courtesy, doubtless, for which he was remarkable. Peter's
+relatives and connections are somewhat numerous. The descendants of
+Benjamin his brother are scattered over the country. It will be equally
+grateful to them, and honorable to our forefathers, to exhibit a portion
+of the record.
+
+Sept. 13, 1742, at a meeting, in the new hall, a vote of thanks was moved,
+by the Hon. John Jeffries, uncle of the late Dr. John Jeffries. In this
+vote, it is stated, that, whereas Peter Faneuil has, "at a very great
+expense, erected a noble structure, far exceeding his first proposal,
+inasmuch, as it contains, not only a large and sufficient accommodation
+for a market place, but a spacious and most beautiful town hall over it,
+and several other convenient rooms, which may prove very beneficial to the
+town, for offices or otherwise. And the said building being now finished,
+he has delivered possession thereof to the selectmen for the use of the
+town; it is therefore voted, that the town do, with the utmost gratitude,
+receive and accept this most generous and noble benefaction, for the use
+and intentions it is designed for; and do appoint the Hon. Thomas Cushing
+Esquire, the moderator of this meeting, the Hon. Adam Winthrop, Edward
+Hutchinson, Ezekiel Lewis, and Samuel Waldo, Esquires, Thomas Hutchinson,
+Esq. the selectmen and representatives of the town of Boston, the Hon.
+Jacob Wendell, James Bowdoin, Esq., Andrew Oliver, Esq., Captain Nathaniel
+Cunningham, Peter Chardon, Esq., and Mr. Charles Apthorp, to wait upon
+Peter Faneuil, Esq., and in the name of the town, to render him their most
+hearty thanks, for so bountiful a gift, with their prayers, that this and
+other expressions of his bounty and charity may be abundantly recompensed
+with the divine blessing."
+
+In addition to this vote, the citizens passed another, that the hall
+should be called Faneuil Hall, forever; and that the portrait of Faneuil
+should be painted, at full length, and placed therein. On the 14th of
+March, 1744, a vote was passed "to purchase the Faneuil arms, carved and
+gilt, by Moses Deshon, to be fixed in the hall."
+
+Pemberton says--"Previous to the Revolution, the portraits of Mr. Faneuil,
+General Conway, and Colonel Barré were procured by the town, and hung up
+in the hall. It is supposed they were carried off by the British." The
+portrait of Faneuil at present, in the hall, was painted by Henry Sargent,
+from the portrait, presented to the Massachusetts Historical Society, by
+Miss Jones, a grandchild of Peter's sister, Mary Ann.
+
+The original building was but half the width of the present, and but two
+stories high. The hall could contain but 1000 persons. In the memorable
+fire of Tuesday, Jan. 13, 1761, Faneuil Hall was destroyed, and nothing
+left standing but the walls. On the 23d of the following March, the town
+voted to rebuild, and the State authorized a lottery, to meet the expense.
+There were several classes. A ticket, of the seventh class, lies before
+me, bearing date March, 1767, with the spacious autograph of John Hancock,
+at the bottom.
+
+The building retained its primitive proportions, till 1806, when, the
+occasions of the public requiring its enlargement, its width was
+increased, from 40 to 80 feet, and a third story added. A very simple rule
+may be furnished, for those, who would compare the size of the present
+building, with that of the genuine Peter Faneuil Hall. Take a northeast
+view of the Hall--there are seven windows before you, in each story--run a
+perpendicular line, from the ground, through the centre of the middle
+window to the top of the belt, at the bottom of the third story--carry a
+straight line from that point nearly to the top of the second window, on
+the right, in the third story. That point is the apex of the old pediment.
+From that point, draw the corresponding roof line down to the belt, at the
+corner; and you have a profile of the ancient structure; all which is well
+exhibited by Dr. Snow, on the plan, in his History of Boston.
+
+Small as the original structure may appear, when compared with the
+present, it was a magnificent donation, for the times. It may well be
+considered a munificent gift, from a single individual, in 1742, when we
+consider, that its repairs, in 1761, were accomplished, by the aid of the
+Commonwealth, and the creation of a lottery, which continued to curse the
+community, for several years.
+
+Peter Faneuil was then in all his glory. How readily, by the power of
+Imagination, I raise him from the dead, bolt upright; with his over portly
+form, and features full of _bon homie_; speaking volumes, about those five
+pipes of amber-colored Madeira, such as his friend Delancey had; and that
+best book of all sorts of cookery, of a large character, for the maid's
+reading! There he is, at the door of his English chariot, "handsome, but
+nothing gaudy," with his arms thereon, and his English coachman, and his
+English horses, and that "strait negro lad" perched behind. I see him now,
+helping in Miss Mary Anne, his youngest maiden sister; and, as he ascends
+the steps, wrapping his cloak around him, trimmed with that identical
+"_scarlet cloth of the very best quality_."
+
+The vanity of man's anticipations, the occasional suddenness of his
+summons away--seldom find a more graphic illustration, than in the case of
+this noble hearted, and most hospitable gentleman. When he received the
+grateful salutations of the magnates of the town, who came to thank him,
+for his munificence, what could have been so little in his thoughts, or in
+theirs, as the idea, that he was so soon to die!
+
+In about five years--five, short, luxurious years--after the death of
+Andrew Faneuil, Peter, his favorite nephew, was committed to the ground,
+March 10, 1742, old style. The event, from its suddenness, and from the
+amiable and benevolent character of the individual, produced a deep
+sensation, in the _village_, for Boston was nothing but a seashore village
+then. In 1728, some fourteen years before, we learn from Douglass, i. 531,
+that there were but 3000 rateable polls, on the peninsula. This event was
+unexpected, by the living, and had been equally unexpected, by the dead.
+Death came to Peter, like a thief in the stilly night. He had not looked
+for this unwelcome visitor. He had made no will. By this event, Benjamin
+came into possession; and old Andrew is supposed to have turned over,
+indignantly, in his coffin.
+
+
+
+
+No. CXXXI.
+
+
+To such of my readers, as the Lord has abundantly blessed, in their basket
+and their store, and who have loaned him very little, on his simple
+promise, to be repaid, in Paradise; and who are, peradventure, at this
+very moment, excogitating revengeful wills; the issue of uncle Andrew's
+vindictive, posthumous arrangements may prove a profitable lesson, for
+their learning. Verily, God's ways are not as our ways, nor God's will as
+Uncle Andrew's.
+
+It may be remembered, that, in the devise of his warehouse, in trust, for
+the benefit of the French Church, Andrew Faneuil provided, that, in the
+event of the extinction of that church, the estate should revert to his
+_right heirs--excluding Benjamin Faneuil, of Boston, and the heirs of his
+body forever_, whom he cuts off, as the popular phrase runs, with "_five
+shillings, and no more_." In passing along, it may not be amiss to notice
+this popular error. The law has, at no time, required the bequest of a
+farthing, to one, near of kin, whom the testator intends to cut off. It is
+enough, if it be manifest, that the testator has _not forgotten him_; and,
+to leave no possible doubt upon the subject, a churlish curmudgeon, as in
+the present case, will transmit, in this offensive manner, the record of
+his vindictiveness and folly, to future generations.
+
+When Andrew Faneuil makes Peter his residuary legatee, there is no
+provision, for the exclusion of Benjamin, in the event of Peter's death,
+without heirs of his body. Prepared, as this amiable, old gentleman was,
+to believe, in the possible extinction of the French Church, he seems to
+have looked upon Peter, an inveterate old bachelor, as immortal. Yet, in
+regard to Peter, the issue hung, by a single hair. There was no child,
+with the cup in his hand, to catch the ball, and prevent it from lapsing
+directly into Benjamin's sack, who, with his sisters, stood close at hand,
+the next of kin to Peter, and heirs at law.
+
+Well: as I have said, God's will was not as Uncle Andrew's. After a few
+flying years, during which Peter executed the intentions of the testator,
+with remarkable fidelity; and lived, as magnificently, as a nobleman, and
+as hospitably, as a bishop, and, as charitably, as an apostle--suddenly,
+the silver cord was loosed, and the golden bowl was broken, and Peter
+dropped into the grave. The title of Benjamin and his sisters to all
+Peter's estate, and to all Andrew's estate, that remained, as the heirs at
+law of Peter, passed into them, through the atmosphere, at once; and
+Andrew's will, by the act of God, was set aside, in the _upper_ Court.
+
+Administration was granted to Benjamin, March 18, 1742, O. S., who
+returned an inventory, April 21, 1744. The appraisers of the estate were
+William Price, Joseph Dowse, and Peter Chardon; and the sum total of their
+valuation was £44,451.15.7. This, certainly, will incline the reader to
+Master Lovell's idea, of "_a large and plentiful estate_," until I add
+those words of withering import--_Old Tenor_. Sterling decimates old tenor
+with a vengeance--_ten_ pounds, old tenor, were but _one_ pound, sterling.
+The valuation, therefore, amounted to about £4,445 sterling, or, in
+dollars, at five to the pound, to $22,225. It may seem rather surprising,
+that the balance, which fell to Peter, from his uncle, under the will, and
+his own accumulations, should amount to no more. But a few reflections may
+tend to moderate our surprise.
+
+The estate of his uncle had been seriously diminished, by the payment of
+legacies, £2,000 stg. to each of his three nieces, $30,000--more than
+$8,000 to his niece, Marie Phillips; and about $2,000, in smaller
+legacies, raising the amount of legacies to $40,000. He had also given his
+warehouse, in King Street, to the French Church. These legacies Peter had
+paid. He had also built and presented the Market-house and the Hall to the
+town. But there is another important consideration. Funds still remained,
+in other countries, part and parcel of Andrew's property. This is evident,
+from an original document before me, the marriage settlement of Peter's
+sister, Mary Anne with John Jones, bearing date March 15, 1742, the very
+month of Peter's death. This document recites, that one part of her
+estate, as one of the heirs of Peter Faneuil, "_is in Public Funds, such
+as the Bank of England_." As this does not figure in Benjamin's inventory
+here, it is impossible to say what was the amount of foreign funds, which
+Peter owned, at the time of his death. For some five years, while he had
+been living, in a style of unbounded hospitality, he had also enjoyed the
+luxury of doing good, and paid, most liberally, for that enjoyment. From
+his commercial correspondence, I infer, that his enterprise suffered no
+material abatement, after his uncle's decease.
+
+I cannot doubt, that his free expenditure of money, for his personal
+enjoyment, the gratification of his pride, and the pleasure of ministering
+to the wants of the poor and needy, had lessened, and was lessening, from
+month to month, the amount of his estate. There is yet another
+consideration, which belongs to this account, the great disparity, between
+the value of money, then, and at the present day.
+
+The items, or particular heads, of the inventory, are one hundred and
+fifty-eight; and cover near four folio pages of the record. Some of them
+may not be wholly uninteresting to the reader. The mansion-house, the
+same, as I have stated, in which Lieutenant Governor Billy Phillips lived
+and died, and Isaiah Doane before him, the extensive garden, outhouses and
+yard were appraised, one hundred and eight years ago, at £12,375, or
+£1,237 stg., about $6,185, at five dollars to the pound. Fourteen hundred
+ounces of plate, at £2,122 10. This plate was divided into five parts, for
+the brother, and four sisters of the deceased. A memorandum lies upon my
+table, labelled, in the original hand of Gillam Phillips--"An account of
+my proportion of plate, belonging to the estate of Peter Faneuil, Esq.,
+deceased." This document contains a list of "_Gillam Phillips' Lot_," and
+side by side--"_a coffee pot_--_a large, handsome chamber pot_." They made
+a free use of the precious metals, in those days.
+
+A parcel of jewels are appraised, at £1,490--1 white horse, £15--2 Albany
+horses, £100--2 English horses, £250--2 other English horses, £300--4 old
+and 4 new harnesses, £120--2 pairs runners, £15--1 four-wheel chaise,
+£150--1 two-wheel chaise, £50--a coach, £100--1 chariot, £400--5 negroes,
+£150--130--120--120--100. Then follows a variety of articles--fowling
+pieces--fishing tackle--silver-hilted sword--pistols--china, glass,
+hangings, carpets, and culinary articles, in profusion--lignum vitę coffee
+cups, lined with silver--silver snuff-boxes--gold sleeve-buttons and
+rings--195 dozen of wine--arrack--beer--Cheshire and Gloucester cheeses.
+Indeed, Peter's establishment appears to have been a variorum edition of
+all manner of elegancies, luxuries, and creature comforts. The inventory
+comprehends eight tenements, in Cornhill, and King Street; a number of
+vessels, and parts of vessels; and various other items of property.
+
+The remains of this noble-spirited descendant of the Huguenots of Rochelle
+were deposited, in the Faneuil tomb, in the westerly corner of the Granary
+Ground. This tomb is of dark freestone, with a freestone slab. Upon the
+easterly end of the tomb, there is a tablet of slate, upon which are
+sculptured, with manifest care and skill, the family arms; while, upon the
+freestone slab, are inscribed, at the top, M. M.--_memento mori_, of
+course,--and, at the bottom of the slab--a cruel apology for the old
+Huguenot patronymic--"PETER FUNEL. 1742," and nothing more.
+
+The explanation, which arises, in my mind, of this striking inconsistency,
+is this: I believe this tomb, whose aspect is simple, solid, and antique,
+to have been built by Andrew Faneuil, who was a wealthy merchant here as
+early as 1709: and I think it is quite certain, that the lady, whom he
+married, in Holland, and whose beauty is traditional, among her
+descendants, made the great exchange--beauty for ashes--in this very
+sepulchre. In this tomb, Andrew was buried, by Peter, Feb. 20, 1737, and
+Peter, by his brother, Benjamin, March 10, 1742, old style, and here
+Benjamin himself, was laid, after an interval of two-and-forty years,
+where there is neither work, nor device, nor will, nor codicil.
+
+The arms of Peter Faneuil--I have them before me, at this moment, on his
+massive, silver pepper-pot--he found a place for them, on many of his
+possessions, though I cannot say, if on all the articles which came into
+the possession of Gillam Phillips,--were a field argent--no chevron--a
+large heart, truly a suitable emblem, in the centre, gules--seven stars
+equidistant from each other, and from the margin of the escutcheon,
+extending from the sinister chief to the dexter base--in the sinister base
+a cross molin, within an annulet--no scroll--no supporters; crest, a
+martlet.
+
+The arms upon the tomb, though generally like these, and like the arms, on
+other articles, once Peter's, and still extant, differ in some important
+particulars; and seem to have been quartered with those of another family,
+as the arms of Andrew, being a collateral, might have been. A helmet,
+beneath the martlet, especially, is wholly different from Peter's crest.
+Such precisely are the arms, on the seal of wax, upon Andrew's will, in
+the Registry. Hence I infer, that Uncle Andrew built this ancient
+sepulchre. Arms, in days of old, and still, where a titled nobility
+exists, are deemed, for the popular eye, sufficient evidence of ownership,
+without a name. So thought Uncle Andrew; and he left the freestone tablet,
+without any inscription.
+
+Some five years after the testator's burial, the tomb was again opened, to
+let in the residuary legatee. Peter's was a grand funeral. The Evening
+Post, of March 3, 1742-3, foretold, that it would be such; but the papers,
+which, doubtless, gave an account of it, are lost--the files are
+imperfect, of all those primitive journals. At first, and for years, the
+resting place of Peter's remains was well enough known. But the rust of
+time began to gather upon men's memories. The Faneuil arms, ere long,
+became unintelligible, to such, as strolled among the tombs. That
+"_handsome chariot, but nothing gaudy_," with Peter's armorial bearings
+upon its panels, no longer rolled along Treamount, and Queen Streets, and
+Cornhill, and drew up, of a Sabbath morning, before Trinity Church, that
+brother Peter and the ladies might sit upon their cushions, in No. 40,
+while brother Addington Davenport gave them a sermon, upon the Apostolical
+succession. The good people had therefore forgotten all about the Faneuil
+arms; and, before a great many years had rolled away, the inquiry
+naturally arose, in popular phraseology--"_Whereabouts was it, that Peter
+Faneuil was buried?_"
+
+Some worthy old citizen--God bless him--who knew rather more of this
+matter than his neighbors, and was well aware, that the arms would be but
+a dead letter to posterity, resolved to serve the public, and remedy the
+defect. Up he goes into the Granary Ground, in the very spirit of Old
+Mortality, and, with all his orthography in his ear, inscribes P. FUNEL
+upon the tablet!
+
+
+
+
+No. CXXXII.
+
+
+"_But Simon's wife's mother lay sick of a fever._" Mark i. 30. From this
+text, a clergyman--_of the old school_--had preached just as many,
+consecutive sermons, as I have already published articles, concerning
+Peter Faneuil and his family. A day or two after the last discourse, the
+bell of the village church was tolled, for a funeral; and a long-suffering
+parishioner, being asked, whose funeral it was, replied, that he had no
+doubt it was Simon's wife's mother's; for she had been sick of a fever,
+for nine weeks, to his certain knowledge. Let the reader possess himself
+in patience--our dealings with the Faneuils cannot last forever.
+
+We have stated, that Peter's death was sudden, the very death, from which,
+as a churchman, he had prayed to be delivered. But let us not forget, that
+no death is sudden, in the sense of the good man's prayers, however
+instantaneously the golden bowl may be broken, to him, whose life has been
+well spent, and who is prepared to die.
+
+In this connection, two interesting questions arise--how Peter Faneuil
+came to be a churchman--and if his life was a well-spent life, affording
+him reasonable assurance of admission into Paradise.
+
+The old Huguenots styled themselves "THE REFORMERS," and embraced the
+doctrines of Calvin, in full. Oppression commonly teaches even intolerant
+men the value of toleration. Our Puritan fathers, it is true, who fled
+from Episcopal, as the Huguenots from Roman Catholic tyranny, profited
+very little, by the lesson they had learned; and turned upon the Catholics
+and Quakers, in the spirit of preposterous cruelty. The government of
+Massachusetts, according to Hazard, received a profitable lesson of
+moderation, from that of Rhode Island.
+
+The Huguenots soon began to abate somewhat of that exorbitant severity and
+punctiliousness, in their religion, which, in no slight degree, had
+brought upon them that persecution, which was gathering, and impending
+over them, in 1684, a twelvemonth before the revocation of the edict of
+Nantes; compelling many of them, thus early, to fly from their homes, into
+other lands. The teachings of James Saurin, the great Huguenot preacher of
+the refugees, at the Hague, in 1705, and in subsequent years, were of a
+milder type. He was "_a moderate Calvinist_." Such, also, were Daillé and
+Le Mercier, the ministers of the French Church, in Boston.
+
+Peter Faneuil, undoubtedly, worshipped in this church, during a certain
+period. We have seen the liberal arrangement of his uncle, in 1734, for
+the support of its minister, and the testator's provision for its poor.
+Even then, he evidently anticipated, that it might cease to be; and shaped
+his testamentary provisions accordingly. Natural causes were in operation;
+I have referred to them--intermarriage, with our English people--merging
+the language of the few, in that of the many--juxtaposition--all tending
+to diminish the necessity for maintaining a separate church.
+
+There was no dissolution of the society, at first, by any formal vote. The
+attendance became irregular and scanty--the members went elsewhere--Le
+Mercier, "a worthy character," says the Rev. Dr. Holmes, ceased to
+officiate, and the church broke up. For years, there were no services,
+within the little temple; and, in 1748, it was sold, as I have stated, to
+the members of another denomination.
+
+It became a question with these Huguenots, the Faneuils, the Boutineaus,
+the Johonnots, the Oliviers, the Sigourneys, and their associates, where
+they should worship God. In 1740-41, the preachers, in Boston, were
+Charles Chauncey, at the Old Brick--at the Old North, Increase Mather,
+supplying the place of his brother Samuel, who, though ordained, in 1732,
+preached but one winter, and parted--at the Old South, Joseph Sewall, and
+Thomas Prince--at the Baptist, in Back Street, Jeremy Condy--at King's
+Chapel, Stephen Roe--at Brattle Street, William Cooper--at the Quaker
+meeting-house, in Leverett's Lane, whoever was moved by the Spirit--at the
+New North, John Webb--at the New South, Samuel Checkley--at the New Brick,
+Ellis Gray--at Christ Church, Timothy Cutler--at Long Lane, Jonny
+Moorhead--at Hollis Street, Mather Byles--at Trinity, Addington
+Davenport--at Lynde Street, William Hooper.
+
+Several of the descendants of the Huguenots, not at all deterred, by the
+resemblance, whatever that might be, between the forms of Episcopalian
+worship, and those of their religious persecutors, the Roman Catholics,
+mingled with the Episcopalians. Thus they clung to the common element, the
+doctrine of the Trinity; and escaped, like Saurin, from the
+super-sulphuretted vapors of primitive Calvinism.
+
+It is not very surprising, that the Faneuils should have settled down,
+upon the new and fashionable temple--Trinity had been erected but a few
+years before; and the new rector was Peter's brother-in-law, Mr. Addington
+Davenport.
+
+Peter therefore became, _pro tanto_, an Episcopalian--a liberal subscriber
+to the Charitable, Episcopal fund, and to the fund for the rebuilding of
+King's Chapel; and identified himself with the Episcopal interest.
+
+The religious character of Peter Faneuil, and the present whereabouts of
+this public benefactor, will be determined, by different individuals,
+according to the respective indications of their spiritual thermometers.
+
+I have already ventured an opinion, that the mantle of charity, which
+covereth a multitude of sins, should be extended, for Peter's behoof, over
+that little affair with Peter Baynton, touching the duties, on those four
+hogsheads of brandy. But there is another matter, over which, I am aware,
+that some very worthy people will doubt, if the mantle of charity, can be
+stretched, without serious danger of lesion--I refer to the importation,
+about the same time with the prayer books, of that enormous quantity--six
+gross--of "the very best King Henry's cards." I have often marvelled, how
+the name of the Defender of the Faith ever came to be connected, with such
+pestilent things.
+
+I am well aware, how closely, in the opinions of some learned divines,
+cards are associated with the idea of eternal damnation. If it be so; and
+a single pack is enough to send the proprietor to the bottomless pit, it
+is truly grievous to reflect how much deeper Peter, our great public
+benefactor, has gone, with the oppressive weight of six gross of the very
+best, upon his soul. Now-a-days, there seem to be very few, the Romanists
+excepted, who believe in purgatory; and it is pretty generally agreed,
+that all, who attempt the bridge of _Al Sirat_, will surely arrive, either
+at Paradise, or Pandemonium.
+
+How delightful it would be, to have the opinion of good old André Le
+Mercier, in a case like this. Though Peter no longer waited upon Le
+Mercier's ministrations; but, for several years, before the dissolution of
+the French Church, had settled down, under brother Addington Davenport,
+first, as the assistant at King's Chapel, and, afterwards, as the Rector
+of Trinity; yet Le Mercier could not forget the nephew of his benefactor,
+Andrew Faneuil. He was, doubtless, at Peter's funeral, who died one and
+twenty years, before the holy man was summoned to his account, in 1764.
+Yes, he was there.
+
+I have heard of a man, who accounted, for the dryness of his eyes, when
+all around him wept, at a pathetic discourse, on the ground, that he
+belonged to another parish. I have known Christian ministers--_very_--not
+many, thank heaven--who were influenced, to such a degree, by that spirit,
+which may be supposed to govern the proprietors of opposition omnibuses,
+as to consider the chord of human sympathy cut, through and through, and
+forever, between themselves, and a parishioner, who, for any cause,
+elected to receive his spiritual treasures out of some other earthen
+vessel, albeit of the very same denomination of crockery ware.
+
+Poverty, and disease, and death, and misery, in every type, might stalk
+in, and upon, and over that homestead, and hearth, where these Christian
+ministers had been warmed, and refreshed, and fostered--but it was no
+longer a concern of theirs. No visit of condolence--no kind inquiry--not
+one, cheap word of consolation had they, for such, as had ceased to
+receive their ideas of damnation from them--enough--these individuals had
+sold their pews--"_crimen difficile expiandum_"--they belonged to another
+parish!
+
+André Le Mercier, was not a man of this description. He was not a holy
+huckster of spiritual things, having not one crumb of comfort, for any,
+but his regular customers. André was a man, whose neighbor's ubiquity was
+a proverb.
+
+But what he would say, about these six gross of King Henry's cards, I am
+by no means, certain. He was a man of a tolerant spirit; but on certain
+points, the most tolerant are, occasionally, found to be imbued, with
+unalterable prejudices. On page 85, of his Church History of Geneva, which
+I have read with pleasure, he quotes approvingly, the maxim of "a doctor
+of the church." "_In necessariis rebus sit unitas, in dubiis libertas, in
+omnibus charitas._" This breathes the spirit of toleration:--what are
+_dubia_, what _necessaria_ are not quite so readily settled, however.
+
+On page 100, I find a passage, not quite so favorable for Peter, in this
+matter of the six gross. Referring to Calvin's return to Geneva, in 1536,
+after his banishment, Le Mercier says--"And then _Balls and Dances_ and
+profane songs were forbidden, by the magistrates. And that form of
+Discipline remains entire, to the present Time, notwithstanding the
+repeated Attempts, that have been made by wicked People to overset it.
+King Henry's cards, I fear, even of the very best quality, would,
+undoubtedly, fall into this category, of things Calvinized on earth, in
+the opinion of André Le Mercier."
+
+The meaning of the words, "_profane songs_," may not be universally
+intelligible. It undoubtedly meant, as used by the Council, _all songs not
+sacred_. Calvin, undoubtedly, adopted the commendation of Scripture, to
+such, as were merry, to sing psalms. It appears, however, that certain
+persons entertained conservative notions, in those early days; even beyond
+the dictum of holy writ; for, on page 101, Le Mercier states, that
+Sebastian Castalio, a preacher, and professor, in the College of Geneva,
+"_condemned Solomon's Songs, as being profane and immodest_;" the very
+charge, as the reader is aware, which has been so often urged, against the
+songs of Tom Moore. Moore, at last, betook himself to sacred melodies.
+Solomon, had his life been spared, would, probably, have done the same
+thing, to the entire satisfaction of Sebastian Castalio.
+
+I see wisdom, and mercy, and truth, in a part of the maxim, quoted by
+André Le Mercier--_in dubiis libertas_. I have long suspected there were
+some angels in Heaven, who were damned by Calvin, on earth. I verily
+believe, that Peter Faneuil is in Paradise.
+
+
+
+
+No. CXXXIII.
+
+
+Some of my readers, I doubt not, have involuntarily clenched their fists,
+and set their teeth hard, while conning over the details of that merciless
+and bloody duel, so long, and so deliberately projected, and furiously
+fought, at last, near Bergen op Zoom, by the Lord Bruce, and Sir Edward
+Sackville, with rapiers, and in their shirts. Gentle reader, if you have
+never met with this morceau, literally dripping with blood, and are born
+with a relish for such rare provant--for I fear the appetite is
+congenital--you will find an ample account of the affair, in numbers 129
+and 133 of the Guardian.
+
+This wrathful fight is of an early date, having taken place, in 1613. Who
+could measure the popular excitement, if tomorrow's dawn should bring the
+tidings of a duel, fought the night before, on Boston Common, by two
+young gentlemen, with rapiers, not, perhaps, quite so brutal, in its
+minute details, but quite as deliberately planned, and quite as fatal, in
+its result! What then must have been the effect of such an announcement,
+on the morning of the fourth of July, 1728, one hundred and twenty-three
+years ago, when Boston was a seaport village, just six years, after the
+"_perlustration_" of Mr. Salter had rated the population, at 10,670 souls.
+
+It is matter of sober history, that such a duel was actually fought, then
+and there, on the evening of the third of July, 1728, near the
+powder-house, which is indicated, on Bonner's plan of 1722. This was a
+very different affair from the powder-house, erected at West Boston, in
+1774, with walls of seven feet in thickness.
+
+The parties, engaged, in this fatal affair were two young gentlemen, whose
+connections were highly respectable, whose lives had been amiable, whose
+characters were of good report, and whose friends were numerous and
+powerful. The names of Peter Faneuil and of his uncle, Jean Faneuil, of
+Rochelle, are associated with this transaction.
+
+The parties were very young; the survivor twenty-two, and the victim but
+little more. The survivor, Henry Phillips, was the brother of Gillam
+Phillips, who, the reader of the preceding articles will remember, married
+Marie, the sister of Peter Faneuil. Peter was then just twenty-eight; and,
+doubtless, if there were dandies in those days, one of the foremost, on
+the peninsula. The natural interest he felt, in the brother of his
+sister's husband, engaged his efforts, to spirit the wretched survivor
+away. He was consigned to the uncle of Peter, beyond the sea--to whom
+Marie, his niece, very probably, wrote a few lines, bespeaking kind
+offices, for the unfortunate brother of her husband. It is not impossible,
+that old André added a prudential word or two, by way of postscript,
+confirming brother Jean, as to the safety of the operation. Be this as it
+may, Henry Phillips escaped from his pursuers, who were speedily put upon
+the scent, by Governor Dummer. Henry Phillips arrived safely in Rochelle.
+What befel him, in the strange land, is not the least interesting portion
+of the narrative.
+
+Benjamin Woodbridge--such was the name of the individual, who was the
+victim, in this fatal encounter--was a young merchant, in partnership with
+Mr. Jonathan Sewall. Of his particular origin I am not entirely
+satisfied. The name, among us, is of the olden time. Benjamin Woodbridge
+was the very earliest alumnus of Harvard College: born in England in 1622,
+and graduated here in 1642.
+
+The originating cause of this duel, like that, which produced the terrible
+conflict, between the Lord Bruce and Sir Edward Sackville, is unknown.
+
+That the reader may walk along with me, confidingly, upon this occasion,
+it may be well to indicate the sources, from which I derive my knowledge
+of a transaction, so exciting at the time, so fatal in its results, and so
+almost universally unknown, to those, who daily pass over the very spot,
+on our Common, upon which these young gentlemen met, and where young
+Woodbridge fell.
+
+I have alluded to the subsequent relation of Peter Faneuil, and of his
+uncle, Jean, of Rochelle, to this affair. In my investigation into the
+history of Peter and his relatives, I have been aided by Mr. Charles
+Faneuil Jones, the grandson of Peter's sister, Mary Ann. Among the
+documents, loaned me, by that gentleman, are sundry papers, which belonged
+to Gillam Phillips, the brother of Henry, the survivor in the duel.
+
+Among these papers, are original documents, in Jean Faneuil's handwriting,
+relative to the fate of the miserable wanderer, after his arrival in
+Rochelle--accounts of disbursements--regularly authenticated copies of the
+testimony, relative to the duel, and to the finding of the dead body of
+Woodbridge, and to the coöperation of Peter Faneuil and others, in
+concealing the survivor, on board the Sheerness, British man of war, and
+of his indictment, the "_Billa Vera_," in August, 1728, by the grand jury
+of Suffolk, for murder. In addition to these documents, I have found a
+certified copy of a statement, highly favorable to the character of Henry
+Phillips, the survivor, and manifestly intended to have an influence upon
+the public mind. This statement is subscribed, by eighty-eight prominent
+citizens, several of them holding high official stations, and among the
+number, are four ministers of the Gospel, with the Rev. Timothy Cutler, of
+Christ Church, at their head. Appended is the certificate of Governor
+Burnett, who, in that very month, succeeded Governor Dummer, stating the
+official, professional and social position of the signers of this
+document, with which it was clearly intended to fortify an application to
+George II. for a pardon of the offender.
+
+The discovery of these papers, affording, as they do, some account of a
+transaction, so very remarkable, for the time and place of its occurrence,
+and of which I had never heard nor read before, excited my curiosity, and
+led me to search for additional information.
+
+If my reader is of the fancy, he will readily comprehend my chagrin, when,
+upon turning over the leaves of Green's "_Boston Weekly News Letter_"--the
+imperfect files--all that time has left us--preserved in the library of
+the Massachusetts Historical Society--the very paper, that next ensued,
+after July 3, 1728, the date of the duel, and which, doubtless, referred
+to an occurrence, so very extraordinary, was among the "_things lost upon
+earth_." I was not less unfortunate with the files of the old "Boston
+Gazette," of that early day. I then took up Kneeland's "New England Weekly
+Journal," but with very little confidence of success. The file, however,
+was there--No. 68--July 8, 1728, and my eyes soon fell, as the reader's
+fall at this moment, upon Governor Dummer's proclamation:--
+
+"Whereas a barbarous murder was last night committed, on the body of
+Benjamin Woodbridge, a young gentleman, resident in the town of Boston;
+and Henry Phillips, of said town, is suspected to be the author of said
+murder, and is now fled from justice; I have therefore thought proper to
+issue this proclamation, hereby commanding all justices, sheriffs,
+constables, and all other officers, within this Province, and requiring
+all others, in his Majesty's name, to use their utmost endeavors, that the
+said Henry Phillips may be apprehended and brought to justice; and all
+persons, whosoever, are commanded, at their utmost peril, not to harbor
+nor conceal him. The said Henry Phillips is a fair young man, about the
+age of twenty-two years, well set, and well dressed; and has a wound in
+one of his hands. Given at Boston, the 4th of July, 1728, in the second
+year of the reign of our Sovereign Lord and King, George II." This
+proclamation bears the signature of his Excellency, William Dummer.
+
+The editor of the journal, which contains the proclamation, expresses
+himself as follows--"On Thursday last, the 4th current, about 3 in the
+morning, after some hour's search, was found dead, near the Powder House,
+the body of Mr. Benjamin Woodbridge, a young gentleman, merchant of this
+place. He had a small stab, under the right arm; but what proved fatal to
+him was a thrust he received, under his right breast, which came out, at
+the small of his back. The fore-finger of his left hand was almost cut
+off, at the uppermost joint, supposed to be done, by grasping a naked
+sword. The coroner's inquest immediately set upon the body; and, after the
+best information and evidence they could obtain, upon their oaths say,
+that 'the said Benjamin Woodbridge was killed, with a sword, run through
+his body, by the hands of Henry Phillips, of Boston, merchant, on the
+Common, in said Boston, on the third of this instant, as appears to us, by
+sundry evidences.' The body was carried to the house of Mr. Jonathan
+Sewall, (his partner,) and, on Saturday last, was decently and handsomely
+interred, his funeral being attended, by the Commander-in-Chief, several
+of the Council, and most of the merchants and gentlemen of the town. There
+are many and various reports respecting this tragic scene, which makes us
+cautious of relating any of them. But the above, being plain matters of
+fact, we thought it not improper to give the public an account thereof.
+The unhappy gentleman, who is supposed to have committed the act, is not
+as yet found. This new and almost unknown case has put almost the whole
+town into great surprise."
+
+A sermon, upon this occasion, of uncommon length, was delivered July 18,
+1728, by the Rev. Dr. Joseph Sewall, of the Old South, at the Public
+Lecture, and published, with a preface, by the "_United Ministers_" of
+Boston. To give dignity to this discourse, it is adorned with a Latin
+prefix--"_Duellum est damnandum, tam in acceptante quam in provocante;
+quamvis major sit culpa provocantis_." This discourse is singularly barren
+of all allusion to the cause and circumstances of this event; and appears,
+like our almanacs, adapted to any meridian.
+
+At his Majesty's Court of Assize and General Gaol Delivery, on the second
+Tuesday of August, 1728, the grand jurors, under the Attorney General
+Hiller's instructions, found a "_Vera Billa_" against Henry Phillips, for
+the murder of Benjamin Woodbridge. Phillips was then far beyond the
+influence and effect of the _vera billa_--on the high sea--upon his voyage
+of expatriation. For some cause, which I am entirely unable to comprehend,
+and can barely conjecture, a sympathy existed, for this young man,
+extending far beyond the circle of his personal friends and relatives, and
+engaging, on his behalf, the disinterested efforts, not only of several
+persons in high official stations, but in holy orders, who cannot be
+supposed to have undervalued the crime, of which he was unquestionably
+guilty, before God and man. The reader, as we proceed, may possibly be
+more successful than I have been, in discovering the occasion of this
+extraordinary sympathy.
+
+
+
+
+No. CXXXIV.
+
+
+That strong sympathy, exhibited for Henry Phillips, by whose sword a
+fellow creature had so recently fallen, in a duel, must have sprung, if I
+am not greatly mistaken, from a knowledge of facts, connected with the
+origin of that duel, and of which the present generation is entirely
+ignorant.
+
+Truth lies not, more proverbially, at the bottom of a well, than, in a
+great majority of instances, a woman lurks at the bottom of a duel. If
+Phillips, unless sorely provoked, had been the challenger, I cannot think
+the gentlemen, who signed the certificate, in his behalf, would have
+spoken of him thus:--
+
+"These may certify to all whom it may concern, that we, the subscribers,
+well knew and esteemed Mr. Henry Phillips of Boston, in New England, to be
+a youth of a very affable, courteous, and peaceable behavior and
+disposition, and never heard he was addicted to quarrelling, he being
+soberly brought up, in the prosecution of his studies, and living chiefly
+an academical life; and verily believe him slow to anger, and with
+difficulty moved to resentment."
+
+Among the eighty-eight signers of this certificate, the names of Peter and
+Benjamin Faneuil, and of their uncle, Andrew, occur, almost as a matter of
+course. They were family connections. Who the others were, appears, by the
+Governor's certificate, under the seal of the Province:--
+
+"By his Excellency, William Burnet, &c. &c. These may certify whom it may
+concern, that John Wentworth Esquire is Lieut. Governor of the Province of
+New Hampshire; that William Tailor Esquire was formerly Lieut. Governor of
+the Province of the Massachusetts Bay, and is now a member of his
+Majesty's Council for said Province; that James Stevens is Surveyor
+General of the Customs, for the Northern district, in America; that Thomas
+Lechmere Esquire was late Surveyor General of the same; that John Jekyll
+Esquire is Collector of the Customs, for the port of Boston; that Thomas
+Steele is Justice of the Peace; that William Lambert Esquire is Controller
+of the Customs, at Boston; that J. Minzies Esquire was Judge of the Vice
+Admiralty; that Messieurs Timothy Cutler, Henry Harris, George Pigot, and
+Ebenezer Miller are ministers of the Gospel; and that the other
+subscribers to the certificate on the other side, are, some of them
+merchants and others gentlemen of the town of Boston." This certificate,
+bearing the signature of Gov. Burnet, is dated Oct. 21, 1728.
+
+Of the origin of this affair, I have discovered nothing. Immediately after
+its consummation, Phillips manifested deep distress, at the result. About
+midnight, of July 3, 1728, with the assistance of his brother, Gillam,
+Peter Faneuil, and several other persons, Henry Phillips was removed to a
+place of safety. He was first conducted, by Peter Faneuil, to the house of
+Col. Estis Hatch, and there concealed. His brother, Gillam, in the
+meanwhile, applied to Captain John Winslow, of "_the Pink, Molly_," for a
+boat, to carry Henry, on board the British man of war, then lying between
+the Castle and Spectacle Island. Gillam and the Captain repaired to
+Hatch's, and had an interview with Peter and Henry, in the yard. It was
+then concluded, that Henry should go to Gibbs' Wharf, probably as the most
+retired wharf, for embarkation. The reader, who loves to localize--this
+word will do--will find this little wharf, on Bonner's plan, of 1722, at
+the southeastern margin of Fort Hill, about half way between Whitehorn's
+Wharf and South Battery. It lay directly northeast, and not far distant
+from the lower end of Gibbs' Lane, now Belmont Street.
+
+Henry Phillips, with Peter Faneuil, accordingly proceeded, as quietly as
+possible, to Gibbs' Wharf. I see them now, stealing through Hatch's back
+gate, and looking stealthily behind them, as they take the darker side of
+Belcher's Lane. I trust there was no moon, that night. It was very foggy.
+The reader will soon be sure, that I am right, in that particular.
+
+Gillam and Captain Winslow had gone to the Long Wharf, where the Molly's
+boat lay; and, as the distance was very considerable to the man-of-war,
+they went first to the Pink, Molly--named, doubtless, for the Captain's
+lady. There they took on board, four of the Pink's crew.
+
+How heavily the moments passed that night! That "_fair young man_," as
+Governor Dummer calls him, in the _lettres de cachet_--too young, it may
+seem, at twenty-two, to commence a pilgrimage, like Cain's--how sublimated
+his misery must have been! What sacrifice would he not have made, to break
+the dead man's slumber! There he lay; as yet unfound, stark, and stiff,
+and with eyes unclosed--
+
+  "Cut off, ev'n in the blossoms of my sin,
+  Unhousel'd, unanointed, unanneal'd."
+
+Bootless sorrow! He had made his bloody bed--and therein must he lie
+o'nights, and in no other. There were no hops in that pillow, for his
+burning brain. The undying memory of a murdered victim--what an
+everlasting agrypnic it must be!
+
+Time, to this wretched boy, seemed very like eternity, that night--but the
+sound of the splashing oar was audible at last--the boat touched the
+wharf--for the last time he shook the hand of his friend, Peter Faneuil,
+and left the land of his birth, which he was destined never to revisit.
+
+The boat was turned from the shore, and the rowers gave way. But so
+intense was the fog, that night, that they got on shore, at Dorchester
+Neck; and, not until long after midnight, reached the Sheerness, man of
+war. They were received on board. Captain Conrad and Lieutenant Pritchard
+were very naturally disposed to sympathize with "_a fair young man_," in a
+predicament, like this--it was all in their line. Gillam, the elder
+brother, related the occurrence; and, before day, parted from Henry, whom
+he was destined to meet no more. Early, on the following morning, the
+events of the preceding night had been whispered, from man to man; for the
+pleasure of being among the earliest, to communicate the intelligence of a
+bloody murder, was precisely the same, in 1728, as it is, at the present
+day. Mrs. Winslow, the lady of the Captain of the Molly, had learned all
+the details, doubtless, before the morning watch. The surgeons, who
+dressed the wounds of Henry Phillips, for he also was wounded, felt
+themselves under no obligation to be silent. The sailors of the Molly, who
+had overheard the conversation of several of the party, were under no
+injunction of secrecy. Indeed, long before the dawn of the fourth of
+July--not then the glorious Fourth--the intelligence had spread, far and
+wide; and parties were scouring the Common, in quest of the murdered man.
+At an early hour, Governor Dummer's proclamation was in the hands of some
+trusty compositor, in the office of Samuel Kneeland, in Queen Street; and
+soon the handbills were upon all the town pumps, and chief corners,
+according to the usage of those days.
+
+There is a pleasure, somewhat difficult of analysis, undoubtedly, in
+gazing for hours upon the stuffed skin of a beast, that, when in the
+flesh, has devoured a respectable citizen. When good Mr. Bowen--not the
+professor--kept his museum in the mansion, occupied, before the
+Revolution, by the Rev. Dr. Caner, and upon whose site the Savings Bank,
+and Historical Society have their apartments, at present, nothing in all
+his collection--not even the Salem Beauty--nor Marat and Charlotte
+Cordé--interested me so much, as a broken sword, with a label annexed,
+certifying, that, during the horrors of St. Domingo, seven and twenty of
+the white inhabitants had fallen, beneath that sword, in the hands of a
+gigantic negro! How long, one of the fancy will linger--"_patiens pulveris
+atque solis_" for the luxury of looking upon nothing more picturesque than
+the iron bars of a murderer's cell!
+
+It had, most naturally, spread abroad, that young Philips was concealed,
+on board the man of war. Hundreds may be supposed to have gathered, in
+groups, straining their eyes, to get a glimpse of the Sheerness; and the
+officer, who, in obedience to the warrant, proceeded, on that foggy
+morning, to arrest the offender, found more difficulty, in discovering the
+man of war, than was encountered, on the preceding evening, by those, who
+had sought for the body of Woodbridge, upon the Common. At length, the fog
+fled before the sun--the vista was opened between the Castle and Spectacle
+Island--but the Sheerness was no longer there--literally, the places that
+had known her, knew her no more.
+
+Some of our worthy fathers, more curious than the rest, betook themselves,
+I dare say, to the cupola of the _old_ townhouse--how few of us are aware,
+that the present is the third, that has occupied that spot. There, with
+their glasses, they swept the eastern horizon, to find the truant
+ship--and enjoyed the same measure of satisfaction, that Mr. Irving
+represents the lodger to have enjoyed, who was so solicitous to get a
+glimpse of the "Stout Gentleman."
+
+Over the waters she went, heavily laden, with as much misery, as could be
+pent up, in the bosom of a single individual.
+
+He was stricken with that malady, which knows no remedy from man--a mind
+diseased. In one brief hour, he had disfranchised himself for ever, and
+become a miserable exile.
+
+Among the officers of the Sheerness, he must have been accounted a young
+lion. His _gallantry_, in the estimation of the gentlemen of the wardroom,
+must have furnished a ready passport to their hearts--_he had killed his
+man_!--with the _civilized_, not less than with the _savage_, this is the
+proudest mark of excellence! How little must he have relished the
+approbation of the thoughtless, for an act, which had made him the
+wretched young man, that he was! How paltry the compensation for the
+anguish he had inflicted upon others--the mourning relatives of him, whom
+he had, that night, destroyed--his own connections--_his mother_--he was
+too young, at twenty-two, to be insensible to the sufferings of that
+mother! God knows, she had not forgotten her poor, misguided boy; as we
+shall presently see she crossed the ocean, to hold the aching head, and
+bind up the broken heart of her expatriated son--and arrived, only in
+season, to weep upon his grave, while it was yet green.
+
+
+
+
+No. CXXXV.
+
+
+It is known, that _old_ Chief Justice Sewall, who died Jan. 1, 1730, kept
+a diary, which is in the possession of the Rev. Samuel Sewall, of
+Burlington, Mass., the son of the _late_ Chief Justice Sewall. As the
+death of the _old_ Chief Justice occurred, about eighteen months after the
+time, when the duel was fought, between Phillips and Woodbridge, it
+occurred to me, that some allusion to it, might be found, in the diary.
+
+The Rev. Samuel Sewall has, very kindly, informed me, that the diary of
+the Chief Justice does not refer to the duel; but that the event was
+noticed by him, in his interleaved almanac, and by the Rev. Joseph Sewall,
+who preached the occasional sermon, to which I have referred--in _his_
+diary: and the Rev. Mr. Sewall, of Burlington, has obligingly furnished me
+with such extracts, as seem to have a bearing on the subject, and with
+some suggestions, in relation to the parties.
+
+On the 4th of July, 1728, Judge Sewall, in his interleaved almanac,
+writes thus--"_Poor Mr. Benjam. Woodbridge is found dead in the Comon this
+morning, below the Powder-house, with a Sword-thrust through him, and his
+own Sword undrawn. Henry Phillips is suspected. The town is amazed!_" This
+wears the aspect of what is commonly called foul play; and the impression
+might exist, that Phillips had run his antagonist through, _before he had
+drawn his sword_.
+
+It is quite likely, that Judge Sewall himself had that impression, when he
+made his entry, on the fourth of July: the reader will observe, he does
+not say _sheathed_ but _undrawn_. If there existed no evidence to rebut
+this presumption, it would seem, not that there had been murder, in a
+duel, but a case of the _most atrocious_ murder; for nothing would be more
+unlikely to happen, than that a man, after having received his death
+wound, in this manner, should have sheathed his own sword. The wound was
+under the right pap; he was run through; the sword had come out, at the
+small of his back. How strongly, in this case, the presumptive evidence
+would bear against Phillips, not that he killed Woodbridge, for of this
+there is no doubt; but that he killed him, before he had drawn his own
+sword.
+
+When the reader shall have read the authenticated testimony, which now
+lies before me, he will see, not only that the swords of both were
+drawn--but that both were wounded--that, after Woodbridge was wounded, he
+either dropped his sword, or was disarmed--and, that, when he had become
+helpless, and had walked some little distance from the spot, Phillips
+picked up the sword of his antagonist, and returned it to the scabbard.
+The proof of this, by an eye-witness, is clear, direct, and conclusive.
+
+The next extract, in order of time, is from the diary of the Rev. Joseph
+Sewall, under date July, 1728--_"N. B. On ye 4th (wch was kept, as a Day
+of Prayr upon ye account of ye Drought) we were surpris'd wth ye sad
+Tidings yt Mr. Henry Phillips and Mr Woodbridge fought a duel in wch ye
+latter was slain. O Ld Preserve ye Tow. and Land from the guilt of
+Blood".----"In ye Eveng. I visited Mrs. Ph. O Ld Sanctify thine awful
+judgt to her. Give her Son a thorow Rcpentce."_
+
+These extracts are of interest, not simply because they are historical,
+but as illustrative of the times.
+
+"_1728, July 18. I preached ye Lecture from yese words, Ps. 119, 115,
+Depart from me ye evil Doers, &c. Endeavd to shew ye evill and danger of
+wicked Company.--Condemned Duelling as a bloody crime, &c. O Lord, Bless
+my poor labours._"
+
+"_1728-9, January 22. Mr. Thacher, Mr. Prince, and I met at Mrs.
+Phillips, and Pray'd for her son. I hope G. graciously assisted. Ld Pardon
+the hainous Sins of yt young man, convert and Heal his soul._"
+
+Writing to a London correspondent, June 2, 1729, Chief Justice Sewall
+says--"_Richard put the Letter on board Capt. Thomas Lithered, who saild
+this day; in who went Madam Hannah Phillips_." In his interleaved almanac
+is the following entry--"_1729, Sept. 27, Saturday Madam Phillips arrives;
+mane_." The explanation of these two last entries is at hand. Jean Faneuil
+of Rochelle had, doubtless, written, either to his brother André, in
+Boston, or to his nephew, by marriage, Gillam Phillips, giving an account
+of the wanderer, Gillam's brother. At length, the tidings came hither,
+that he was sick; and, probably, in May, 1729, intelligence arrived, that
+he was _dangerously ill_. The mother's heart was stirred within her. By
+the first vessel she embarked for London, on her way to Rochelle. The eyes
+of that unhappy young man were not destined to behold again the face of
+her, whose daylight he had turned into darkness, and whose heart he had
+broken.
+
+He died about the twentieth of May, 1729, as I infer from the documents
+before me. The first of these is the account, rendered by Jean Faneuil, to
+Gillam Phillips, in Jean's own hand--"_Deboursement fait par Jean faneuil
+pour feu Monsieur heny Phillipe de Boston_," &c. He charges in this
+account, for amount paid the physician, "_pendant sa maladie_." The
+doctor's bill is sent as a voucher, and is also before me. Dr. "_Girard De
+Villars, Aggregé au College Royal des Medicins de la Rochelle_"
+acknowledges to have received payment in full _pour l'honoraire des
+consultes de mes confreres et moy a Monsieur Henry Phillipe Anglois_, from
+the fourth of April, to the twentieth of May.
+
+The apothecary's bill of Monsieur Guinot, covering three folio pages, is
+an interesting document, for something of the nature of the malady may be
+inferred, from the _materia medica_ employed--_potion anodine_--_baume
+tranquille sant_--_cordial somnifere_. How effectually the visions, the
+graphic recollections of this miserable young man must have _murdered
+sleep_!
+
+The Rev. Mr. Sewall of Burlington suggests, that Mr. Benjamin Woodbridge,
+who fell in this duel, was, very probably, the grandson of the Rev. John
+Woodbridge of Andover, and he adds, that his partner, Jonathan Sewall, to
+whose house the body was conveyed, was a nephew of the _old_ Chief
+Justice, and, in 1717, was in business with an elder brother, Major Samuel
+Sewall, with whom he resided. In 1726, Major Sewall "lived in a house,
+once occupied by Madam Usher, near the Common;" whither the body of
+Woodbridge might have been conveyed, without much trouble.
+
+The General Court, which assembled, on the 28th of that month, in which
+this encounter took place, enacted a more stringent law, than had existed
+before, on the subject of duelling.
+
+I shall now present the testimony, as it lies before me, certified by
+Elisha Cook, J. P., before whom the examination was had, on the morning
+after the duel:--
+
+"Suffolk, ss. Memorandum. Boston, July 4, 1728. Messrs. Robert Handy,
+George Stewart and others being convented on examination, concerning the
+murther of Benja. Woodbridge last night, Mr. Handy examined saith--that
+sometime before night Mr. Benja. Woodbridge come to me at the White
+horse[3] and desired me to lett him (have) his own sword. I asked ye
+reason: he replied he had business called him into the Country. I was
+jealous he made an excuse. I urged him to tell me plainly what occasion he
+had for a sword, fearing it was to meet with Mr. Henry Phillips, who had
+lately fell out. He still persisted in his first story, upon which I gave
+him his sword and belt,[4] and then he left the Compy, Mr. Thomas Barton
+being in Company, I immediately followed, and went into the Common, found
+said Woodbridge walking the Common by the Powder house, his sword by his
+side. I saw no person save him. I againe urged the occasion of his being
+there. He denied informing. In some short time, I saw Mr. Henry Phillips
+walking towards us, with his Sword by his side and Cloke on. Before he
+came nere us I told them I feared there was a Quarrel and what would be
+the events. They both denied it.
+
+"Mr. Phillips replied again Mr. Woodbridge and he had some particular
+business that concerned them two onley and desired I would go about my
+business. I still persuaded them to let me know their design, and if any
+quarrel they would make it up. Mr. Phillips used me in such a manner with
+slites (slights) that I went of and left them by the powder house, this
+was about eight in the evening. I went up the Common. They walked down.
+After some short space I returned, being justly fearful of their designe,
+in order to prevent their fiteing with Swords. I mett with them about the
+Powder House. I first saw Mr. Woodbridge making up to me, holding his left
+hand below his right breast. I discovered blood upon his coat, asked the
+meaning of it. He told me Mr. Phillips had wounded him. Having no Sword I
+enquired where it was. He said Mr. Phillips had it. Mr. Phillips
+immediately came up, with Woodbridge's sword in his hand naked, his own by
+his side. I told them I was surprized they should quarrel to this degree.
+I told Mr. Phillips he had wounded Mr. Woodbridge. He replied yes so he
+had and Mr. Woodbridge had also wounded me, but in the fleshy part onley,
+shewing me his cut fingers. Mr. Phillips took Mr. Woodbridge's scabbard,
+sheathed the Sword, and either laid it down by him, or gave it to him.
+
+"Mr. Woodbridge beginning to faint satt down, and begged that surgeons
+might be sent for. I immediately went away, leaving these two together.
+Phillips presently followed, told me for God's sake to go back to
+Woodbridge, and take care of him, till he returned with a surgeon. I
+prayed him to hasten, but did not care to returne. Mr. Phillips went away
+as fast as he could and went down the lane by the Pound.[5] I returned to
+the White Horse. I found Mr. Barton and Geoe Reason together. I told Mr.
+Barton Phillips and Woodbridge having quarreled, Woodbridge was much
+wounded. I asked Barton to go and see how it was it with Woodbridge. We
+went a little way from the house, with a designe to go, but Barton,
+hearing Phillips was gone for a Chirurgeon, concluded Phillips would
+procure a Chirurgeon, and so declined going, and went to Mr. Blin's house
+where we ware invited to supper. I have not seen Mr. Hy Phillips or
+(heard) any from him, since I left him going for a Chirurgeon."
+
+Such is the testimony of Robert Handy; and the reader will agree with me,
+that, if he and Barton had been choked with their supper at Mr. Blin's, it
+would have been a "Providence." It would be difficult to find the record
+of more cruel neglect, towards a dying man. When urged to go back and
+sustain Woodbridge, till a surgeon could be procured, he "_did not care to
+returne_." And Barton preferred going to his supper. The principle, which
+governed these fellows, was a grossly selfish and cowardly fear of
+personal implication. Upon an occasion of minor importance, a similar
+principle actuated a couple of Yorkshire lads, who refused to assist, in
+righting the carriage of a member of parliament, which had been
+overturned, because their father had cautioned them never to meddle with
+state affairs.
+
+I shall present the remaining testimony, in the following number.
+
+
+
+
+No. CXXXVI.
+
+
+Let us proceed with the examination, before Justice Elisha Cook, on the
+fourth of July, 1728.
+
+"John Cutler, of Boston, Chirurgeon, examined upon oath, saith, that, last
+evening, about seven, Dr. George Pemberton came to me, at Mrs. Mears's,
+and informed, that an unhappy quarrel hapned betwene Mr. Henry Phillips
+and Benja. Woodbridge, and it was to be feared Mr. Woodbridge was
+desperately wounded. We went out. We soon mett Mr. Henry Phillips, who
+told us he feared he had killed Mr. Woodbridge, or mortally wounded him;
+that he left him at the bottom of the Common, and begged us to repaire
+there and see if any relief might be given him. Doct. Pemberton and I
+went, in compy with Mr. Henry Phillips, in search of said Woodbridge, but
+could not find him, nor make any discovery of the affair. Mr. Phillips
+left us. I bid him walk in Bromfield's lane. We went to Mr. Woodbridge's
+lodgings, and severall other houses, but heard nothing of him. Upon our
+return Mr. H. Phillips was at my house. I dresed his wound, which was
+across his belly and his fingers. Mr. Phillips shew a great concern and
+fear of having killed Mr. Woodbridge. I endeavored to appease him, and
+hope better things; but he said, could he think he was alive, he should
+think himself a happy man."
+
+"Doct. George Pemberton, sworn, saith that last evening about seven or
+eight o'clock Mr. Henry Phillips came to the Sun Tavern and informed me,
+first desiring me to go out wch I did and went to my house, where said
+Phillips shew me some wounds, and that he had wounded Mr. Benjamin
+Woodbridge, and feared they would prove mortal--begged of me to repair to
+the Comon. Accompanied with Dr. Cutler and said Phillips, in quest of said
+Woodbridge, we went to the Powder house, and searched the ground there,
+but could make no discovery. Mr. Phillips then left us, and walked towards
+Mr. Bromfield's lane. Dr. Cutler and I went to Mr. Woodbridge's lodging,
+and several other places, but could hear nothing of him. We returned and
+found Henry Phillips, at Dr. Cutler's, who was very greatly concerned;
+fearing he had killed Mr. Woodbridge. We dressed Mr. Phillips' wounds
+which were small."
+
+"Capt. John Winslow examined saith that last night being at Mr. Doring's
+house, Mr. Gillam Phillips, about eleven in the evening, came to me and
+told me he wanted my boat to carry off his brother Henry, who had wounded
+or killed a man. I went, by appointment, to Mr. Vardy's where I soon mett
+Gillam Phillips. I asked him where his brother was--who he had been
+fiteing with. He made answer I should see him presently. Went down to
+Colo. Estis Hatche's where Mr. Gillam Phillips was to meet me. I gott
+there first, knocked at Mr. Hatche's door. No answer. From Mr. Hatche's
+house Mr. Peter Faneuil and Henry Phillips came into Mr. Hatche's
+yard--Mr. Gillam Phillips immediately after with Mr. Adam Tuck. I heard no
+discourse about the man who was wounded. They concluded, and sent Mr.
+Henry Phillips to Gibb's wharf. Then Gillam Phillips with me to the long
+wharf. I took boat there, and went on board my ship, lying in the harbor.
+Mr. Phillips (Gillam) being in the bote, I took four of the Ship's crew,
+and rowed to Gibb's Wharf, where we mett with Mr. Henry Phillips, Peter
+Faneuil, and Adam Tuck. I came on shore. Henry Phillips and Tuck entred
+the boat. I understood by discourse with Gillam Phillips, they designed on
+board his Majestys Ship-Sheerness, Captain James Conrad Comdr. This was
+about twelve and one of the Clock."
+
+"Adam Tuck of Boston farier, examined upon oath saith, that, about eleven
+of the clock, last evening, being at Luke Vardy's I understood there had
+bin a quarril betwene Henry Phillips and Benja. Woodbridge, and that
+Phillips had killed or mortally wounded Woodbridge. Gillam Phillips Esq.
+being there, I walked with him towards Colo. Hatches, where we came up
+with Capt. Jno. Winslow, and Henry Phillips, and Peter Faneuil. We all
+went to Gibb's wharf, when we, that is Mr. Gillam and Henry Phillips, with
+the examinant went on board Capt. John Winslow's boat. We designed, as I
+understood, to go on board his Majesie's ship Sheerness, in order to leave
+Mr. Henry Phillips on board the man of War, who, as he told me, had, he
+feared, wounded a man, that evening on the Comon, near the water side. The
+person's name I understood was Woodbridge. Soon after our being on board
+Lt. Pritchard caried us into his apartment, where Gillam Phillips related
+to the Leut. the rancounter that hapned betwene his brother Henry and
+Benja. Woodbridge. I took the intent of their going on board the man of
+War was to conceale Mr. Henry Phillips. We stayed on board about an hour
+and a half. We left Mr. Henry Phillips on board the Man of War and came up
+to Boston."
+
+"John Underwood, at present residing in Boston, mariner, belonging to the
+Pink Molle, John Winslow Comdr. now lying in the harbour of Boston, being
+examined upon oath, concerning the death or murther of Mr. Benjamin
+Woodbridge, saith, that about twelve o'clock last night, his Captn John
+Winslow, with another person, unknown to him came on board. The Captn
+ordered the boat with four of our hands, I being one, to go to a Wharf at
+the South end of the Town, where we went, and there the Capt. went on
+Shore, and two other persons came into the Boat without the Captn. We put
+of and by the discourse we were designed to go on board the Man of Whar,
+but by reason of the fogg or thick weather we gott on shore at Dorchester
+neck, went up to a house and stayed there about an hour and half, then
+returned to our boat, took in the three persons affore-named, as I
+suppose, with our crew, and went on board the Man of War, now lying
+betwene the Castle & Specta Island. We all went on board with the men we
+took in at the Wharf, stayed there for the space of an hour, and then came
+up to Boston, leaving one of the three onley on board, and landed by
+Oliver's Dock."
+
+"Wm. Pavice of Boston, one of the Pink Molly's crew, examined upon oath,
+saith as above declared by John Underwood."
+
+"James Wood and John Brown, mariners, belonging to the Pink Molly, being
+examined upon oath, declare as above. John Brown cannot say, or knows not
+how many persons they took from the shore, at Gibb's wharf, but is
+positive but two returned to Boston. They both say they cant be sure
+whether the Capt. went in the boat from the ship to the shoar."
+
+"Mr. Peter Faneuil examined saith, that, last evening, about twelve, he
+was with Gillam Phillips, Henry Phillips and Adam Tuck at Gibb's wharf,
+and understood by Gillam Phillips, that his brother Henry had killed or
+mortally wounded Mr. Benja. Woodbridge this evening, that Henry Phillips
+went into Capt'n Winslow's boat, with his brother and Adam Tuck with the
+Boat's crew, where they went he knows not."
+
+Such was the evidence, presented before the examining justice, on the
+fourth of July, 1728, in relation to this painful, and extraordinary
+occurrence.
+
+I believe I have well nigh completed my operation, upon Peter Faneuil: but
+before I throw aside my professional apron, let me cast about, and see, if
+there are no small arteries which I have not taken up. I perceive there
+are.
+
+The late Rev. Dr. Gray, of Jamaica Plains, on page 8 of his half century
+sermon, published in 1842, has the following passage--"_The third or
+Jamaica Plain Parish, in Roxbury, had its origin in the piety of an
+amiable female. I refer to Mrs. Susanna, wife of Benjamin Pemberton. She
+was the daughter of Peter Faneuil, who, in 1740 erected and gave to the
+Town of Boston the far-famed Hall, which still bears his name; and who
+built also the dwelling house, now standing here, recently known, as late
+Dr. John Warren's Country seat._"
+
+Nothing could have been farther from the meaning of the amiable Mr. Gray,
+than a design to cast a reproach, upon the unimpeachable pedigree of this
+excellent lady. But Peter Faneuil was, unfortunately, never married. He
+was a bachelor; and is styled "_Bachelour_," in the commission, from John,
+Archbishop of Canterbury, to Judge Willard, to administer the oath to
+Benjamin Faneuil, as administrator, on Peter's estate. Peter's estate was
+divided, among his brother, Benjamin, and his four sisters, Anne
+Davenport, Susanna Boutineau, Mary Phillips, and Mary Ann Jones. This fact
+is established, by the original indenture of marriage settlement, now
+before me, between John Jones and Mary Ann Faneuil, dated the very month
+of Peter's decease. He had no daughter to inherit. Mrs. Susanna Pemberton
+had not a drop of the Faneuil blood, in her veins. Her nearest
+approximation consisted in the fact, that George Bethune, her own brother,
+married, as I have already stated, Mary Faneuil, Peter's niece, and the
+daughter of Benjamin. Benjamin occupied that cottage, before he removed to
+Brighton. He had also a town residence, in rear of the Old Brick
+Meeting-house, which stood where Joy's buildings now stand.
+
+Thomas Kilby was the commercial agent of Peter Faneuil, at Canso, Nova
+Scotia, in 1737, 8 and 9. He was a gentleman of education; graduated at
+Harvard, in 1723, and died in 1740, and according to Pemberton, published
+essays, in prose and verse. Not long ago, a gentleman inquired of me, if I
+had ever heard, that Peter Faneuil had a wooden leg; and related the
+following amusing story, which he received from his collateral ancestor,
+John Page, who graduated at Harvard, in 1765, and died in 1825, aged 81.
+
+Thomas Kilby was an unthrifty, and rather whimsical, gentleman. Being
+without property and employment, he retired, either into Maine, or Nova
+Scotia. There he made a will, for his amusement, having, in reality,
+nothing to bequeath. He left liberal sums to a number of religious,
+philanthropic, and literary institutions--his eyes, which were very good,
+to a blind relative--his body to a surgeon of his acquaintance, "excepting
+as hereinafter excepted"--his sins he bequeathed to a worthy clergyman, as
+he appeared not to have any--and the choice of his legs to Peter Faneuil.
+
+Upon inquiry of the oldest surviving relative of Peter, I found, that
+nothing was known of the wooden leg.
+
+A day or two after, a highly respectable and aged citizen, attracted by
+the articles, in the Transcript, informed me, that his father, born in
+1727, told him, that he had seen Peter Faneuil, in his garden, and that,
+on one foot, he wore a very high-heeled shoe. This, probably, gave
+occasion to the considerate bequest of Thomas Kilby.
+
+The will, as my informant states, upon the authority of Mr. John Page,
+coming to the knowledge of Peter, he was so much pleased with the humor of
+it, that, probably, having a knowledge of the _testator_ before, he sent
+for him, and made him his agent, at Canso.
+
+Peter was a kind-hearted man. The gentleman who gave me the fact,
+concerning the high-heeled shoe, informed me, upon his father's authority,
+that old Andrew Faneuil--the same, who, in his will, prays God, for "_the
+perfecting of his charities_"--put a poor, old, schoolmaster, named
+Walker, into jail, for debt. Imprisonment then, for debt, was a serious
+and lingering affair. Peter, in the flesh--not his angel--privately paid
+the poor man's debt, and set the prisoner free.
+
+
+
+
+No. CXXXVII.
+
+
+Those words of Horace were the words of soberness and truth--_Oh
+imitatores, vulgum pecus!_--I loathe imitators and imitations of all
+sorts. How cheap must that man feel, who awakens _hesterno vitio_, from
+yesterday's debauch, on _imitation_ gin or brandy! Let no reader of the
+Transcript suppose, that I am so far behind the times, as to question the
+respectability of being drunk, on the real, original Scheidam or Cogniac,
+whether at funerals, weddings, or ordinations. But I consider _imitation_
+gin or brandy, at a funeral, a point blank insult to the corpse.
+
+Everybody knows, that old oaks, old friendships, and old mocha must
+grow--they cannot be made. My horse is frightened, nearly out of his
+harness, almost every day of his life, by the hissing and jetting of the
+steam, and the clatter of the machinery, as I pass a manufactory, or
+grindery, of _imitation_ coffee. _Imitation_ coffee! What would my old
+friend, Melli Melli, the Tunisian ambassador, with whom--long, long ago--I
+have taken a cup of his own particular, once and again, at Chapotin's
+Hotel, in Summer Street, say to such a thing as this!
+
+This grindery is located, in an Irish neighborhood, and there used to be a
+great number of Irish children thereabouts. The number has greatly
+diminished of late. I know not why, but, as I passed, the other day, the
+story that Dickens tells of the poor sausage-maker, whose broken buttons,
+among the sausage meat, revealed his unlucky destiny, came forcibly to
+mind. By the smell, I presume, there is a roastery, connected with the
+establishment; and, now I think of it, the atmosphere, round about, is
+filled with the odor of roast pig--a little overdone.
+
+Good things, of all sorts, have stimulated the imitative powers of man,
+from the diamond to the nutmeg. Even death--and death is a good thing to
+him, whose armor of righteousness is on, _cap-a-pie_--death has been
+occasionally imitated; and really, now and then, the thing has been very
+cleverly done. I refer not to cases of catalepsy or trance, nor to cases
+of total suspension of sensibility and voluntary motion, for a time, under
+the agency of sulphuric ether, or chloroform.
+
+In 1843, at the request of her Majesty's principal Secretary of State, for
+the Home Department, Mr. Edwin Chadwick, Barrister at Law, made "_a report
+on the results of a special inquiry into the practice of interment in
+towns_." This report is very severe upon our fraternity; but, I must
+confess, it is a most able and interesting performance, and full of
+curious detail. The demands of the English undertaker, it appears, are so
+oppressive upon the poor, that burial societies have been formed, upon the
+mutual principle. It is asserted by Mr. Chadwick, that parents, under the
+gripings of poverty, have actually poisoned their children, to obtain the
+burial money. At the Chester assizes, several trials, for infanticide,
+have occurred, on these grounds. "_That child will not live, it is in the
+burial club_," is a cant and common phrase, among the Manchester paupers.
+
+Some very clever impositions, have been practised, to obtain the burial
+allowance. A man, living in Manchester, resolved to play corpse, for this
+laudable object. His wife was privy to the plot, of course,--and gave
+notice, in proper form, of her bereavement. The agent of the society made
+the customary domiciliary visit. There the body lay--stiff and stark--and
+a very straight and proper corpse it was--the jaw decently tied up. The
+visitor, well convinced, and quite touched by the widow's anguish, was
+turning on his heel to depart, when a slight motion of the dead man's
+eyelid arrested his attention: he began to smell--not of the body, like
+the bear in Ęsop--but a rat. Upon feeling the pulse, he begged the chief
+mourner to be comforted; there was strong ground for hope! More obstinate
+than Rachel, she not only would not be comforted, but abused the visitor,
+in good Gaelic, for questioning her veracity. Had she not laid out the
+daar man, her own daar Tooly Mashee, with her own hands! and didn't she
+know better than to be after laying him out, while the brith was in his
+daar buddy! and would she be guilty of so cruel a thing to her own good
+man! The doctor was called; and, after feeling the pulse, threw a bucket
+of water, in the face of the defunct, which resulted in immediate
+resurrection.
+
+The most extraordinary case of imitation death on record, and which, under
+the acknowledged rules of evidence, it is quite impossible to disbelieve,
+is that of the East India Fakeer, who was buried alive at Lahore, in 1837,
+and at the end of forty days, disinterred, and resuscitated. This tale is,
+_prima facie_, highly improbable: let us examine the evidence. It is
+introduced, in the last English edition of Sharon Turner's Sacred History
+of the World, vol. iii., in a note upon Letter 25. The witness is Sir
+Claude M. Wade, who, at the time of the Fakeer's burial, and disinterment,
+was political resident, at Loodianah, and principal agent of the English
+government, at the court of Runjeet Singh. The character of this witness
+is entirely above suspicion; and the reader will observe, in his
+testimony, anything but the marks and numbers of a credulous witness, or a
+dealer in the marvellous. Mr. Wade addressed a letter to the editor of
+Turner's History, from which the following extracts are made:--
+
+"I was present, at the court of Runjeet Singh, at Lahore, in 1837, when
+the Fakeer, mentioned by the Hon. Capt. Osborne, was buried alive, for six
+weeks; and, though I arrived, a few hours after his interment, I had the
+testimony of Runjeet Singh, himself, and others, the most credible
+witnesses of his court, to the truth of the Fakeer having been so buried
+before them; and from having been present myself, when he was disinterred,
+and restored to a state of perfect vitality, in a position so close to
+him, as to render any deception impossible, it is my firm belief that
+there was no collusion, in producing the extraordinary fact, that I have
+related."
+
+Mr. Wade proceeds to give an account of the disinterment. "On the approach
+of the appointed time, according to invitation, I accompanied Runjeet
+Singh to the spot, where the Fakeer had been buried. It was a square
+building, called, in the language of the country, _Barra Durree_, in the
+midst of one of the gardens, adjoining the palace at Lahore, with an open
+verandah all around, having an enclosed room in the centre. On arriving
+there, Runjeet Singh, who was attended on the occasion, by the whole of
+his court, dismounting from his elephant, asked me to join him, in
+examining the building, to satisfy himself that it was closed, as he had
+left it. We did so. There had been an open door, on each of the four sides
+of the room, three of which were perfectly closed with brick and mortar.
+The fourth had a strong door, also closed with mud, up to the padlock,
+which was sealed with the private seal of Runjeet Singh, in his own
+presence, when the Fakeer was interred. In fact, the exterior of the
+building presented no aperture whatever, by which air could be admitted,
+nor any communication held, by which food could possibly be conveyed to
+the Fakeer; and I may also add, that the walls, closing the doorways, bore
+no marks of having been recently disturbed or removed."
+
+"Runjeet Singh recognized the impression of the seal, as the one, which he
+had affixed: and, as he was as skeptical, as any European could be, of the
+successful result of such an enterprise, to guard, as far as possible,
+against any collusion, he had placed two companies, from his own personal
+escort, near the building, from which four sentries were furnished, and
+relieved, every two hours, night and day, to guard the building from
+intrusion. At the same time, he ordered one of the principal officers of
+his court to visit the place occasionally, and report the result of his
+inspection to him; while he himself, or his minister, kept the seal which
+closed the hole of the padlock, and the latter received the reports of the
+officers on guard, morning and evening."
+
+"After our examination, and we had seated ourselves in the verandah,
+opposite the door, some of Runjeet's people dug away the mud wall, and one
+of his officers broke the seal, and opened the padlock."
+
+"On the door being thrown open, nothing but a dark room was to be seen.
+Runjeet Singh and myself then entered it, in company with the servant of
+the Fakeer. A light was brought, and we descended about three feet below
+the floor of the room, into a sort of cell, in which a wooden box, about
+four feet long, by three broad, with a square sloping roof, containing the
+Fakeer, was placed upright, the door of which had also a padlock and seal,
+similar to that on the outside. On opening it, we saw"--
+
+But I am reminded, by observing the point I have reached, upon my sheet of
+paper, that it is time to pause. There are others, who have something to
+say to the public, of more importance, about rum, sugar and molasses,
+turtle soup and patent medicine, children, that are lost, and puppies,
+that are found.
+
+
+
+
+No. CXXXVIII.
+
+
+Sir Claude M. Wade, the reader may remember, was proceeding thus--"On
+opening it," (the box containing the Fakeer) "we saw a figure, enclosed in
+a bag of white linen, drawn together, and fastened by a string over the
+head; on the exposure of which a grand salute was fired, and the
+surrounding multitude came crowding to the door to see the spectacle.
+After they had gratified their curiosity, the Fakeer's servant, putting
+his arms into the box, took the figure of his master out; and, closing the
+door, placed it, with his back against the door, exactly as he had been
+squatted, like a Hindoo idol, in the box itself. Runjeet Singh and I then
+descended into the cell, which was so small, that we were only able to sit
+on the ground in front, and so close to the body, as to touch it with our
+hands and knees. The servant then began pouring warm water over the
+figure, but, as my object was to watch if any fraudulent practice could be
+detected, I proposed to Runjeet Singh, to tear open the bag, and have a
+perfect view of the body, before any means of resuscitation were
+attempted. I accordingly did so; and may here remark, that the bag, when
+first seen by us, looked mildewed, as if it had been buried for some time.
+The legs and arms of the body were shrivelled and stiff, the face full, as
+in life, and the head reclining on the shoulder, like that of a corpse."
+
+"I then called to the medical gentleman, who was attending me, to come
+down and inspect the body, which he did, but could discover no pulsation,
+in the heart, temples or the arms. There was however, a heat, about the
+region of the brain, which no other part of the body exhibited. The
+servant then commenced bathing him with hot water, and gradually relaxing
+his arms and legs from the rigid state, in which they were contracted;
+Runjeet Singh taking his right and left leg, to aid by friction in
+restoring them to their proper action, during which time the servant
+placed a hot wheaten cake, about an inch thick, on the top of the head--a
+process, which he twice or thrice repeated. He then took out of his
+nostrils and ears the wax and cotton plugs, with which they were stopped,
+and after great exertion, opened his mouth, by inserting the point of a
+knife between the teeth, and while holding his jaws open, with his left
+hand, drew the tongue forward, with the forefinger of the right, in the
+course of which the tongue flew back, several times, to its curved
+position upwards, that in which it had originally been placed, so as to
+close the gullet. He then rubbed his eyelids with ghee (clarified butter)
+for some time, till he succeeded in opening them, when the eye appeared
+quite motionless and glazed. After the cake had been applied for the third
+time, to the top of the head, the body was convulsively heaved, the
+nostrils became violently inflated, respiration ensued, and the limbs
+began to assume a natural fulness. The servant then put some ghee on his
+tongue, and made him swallow it. A few minutes afterwards, the eyeballs
+became slowly dilated, recovered their natural color, and the Fakeer,
+recognizing Runjeet Singh, sitting close by him, articulated, in a low
+sepulchral tone, scarcely audible--'_Do you believe me now?_'"
+
+"Runjeet Singh replied in the affirmative; and then began investing the
+Fakeer with a pearl necklace, a superb pair of gold bracelets, shawls, and
+pieces of silk and muslin, forming what is called a _khilet_, such as is
+usually conferred, by the princes of India, on persons of distinction.
+From the time of the box being opened to the recovery of the voice, not
+more than half an hour could have elapsed; and, in another half an hour,
+the Fakeer talked with himself and those about him freely, though feebly,
+like a sick person, and we then left him, convinced that there had been no
+fraud or collusion, in the exhibition, which we had witnessed."
+
+The Hon. Captain Osborne, who was attached to the mission of Sir William
+Macnaughten, in the following year, 1838, sought to persuade the Fakeer to
+repeat the experiment, and to suffer the keys of the vault to remain in
+Captain Osborne's custody. At this the Fakeer became alarmed, though he
+afterwards consented, and, at the request of Runjeet Singh, he came to
+Lahore for the purpose; but, as he expressed a strong apprehension, that
+Captain Osborne intended to destroy him, and as Sir William Macnaughten
+and his suite were about to depart, the matter was given up. This is
+related by Captain Osborne, in his "Court and Camp of Runjeet Singh."
+
+After avowing his entire belief in all the facts, set forth in the
+previous narrative, Sir Claude M. Wade remarks--"I took some pains to
+inquire into the mode, by which such a result was effected; and was
+informed, that it rested on a doctrine of the Hindoo physiologists, that
+heat constitutes the self existent principle of life; and, that, if the
+functions are so far destroyed, as to leave that one, in perfect purity,
+life could be sustained for considerable lengths of time, independently of
+air, food, or any other means of sustenance. To produce such a state, the
+patients are obliged to go through a severe preparation. How far such
+means are calculated to produce such effects physiologists will be better
+able to judge than I can pretend to do. I only state what I saw, and
+heard, and think."
+
+This narrative certainly belongs to the very first part of the very first
+book of very wonderful things. But this marvellous book is no longer a
+closed volume. Millions of ingenious fingers have, for fifty years, been
+busily employed, in breaking its mysterious seals, one after another.
+Demonstration has trampled upon doubt, and the world is rapidly coming to
+my shrewd old grandmother's conclusion, that nothing is so truly
+wonderful, as that we wonder at all. There is nothing more difficult, than
+to exonerate the mind from the weight of its present consciousness, and to
+wonder by rule. We readily lose the recollection of our doubt and
+derision, upon former occasions, when matters, apparently quite as absurd
+and impossible, are presented for contemplation, _de novo_.
+
+If putrefaction can be kept off, mere animal life, the vital principle,
+may be preserved, for a prodigious length of time, in the lower ranks of
+animal creation, while in a state of torpidity. Dr. Gillies relates, that
+he bottled up some _cerastes_, a species of small snakes, and kept them
+corked tight, with nothing in the bottle, but a little sand, for several
+years; and, when the bottle was uncorked, they came forth, revived by the
+air, and immediately acquired their original activity.
+
+More than fifty years ago, having read Dr. Franklin's account of the
+flies, which he discovered, drowned, in a bottle of old wine, and which he
+restored to life, by exposure to the sun's rays; I bottled up a dozen
+flies, in a small phial of Madeira--took them out, at the expiration of a
+month--and placed them under a glass tumbler, in a sunny window. Within
+half an hour, nine revived; got up; walked about, wiped their faces with
+their fore legs; trimmed their wings, with their hinder ones; and began to
+knock their heads, against the tumbler, to escape. After waiting a couple
+of hours, to give the remaining three a fair chance, but to no purpose,
+and expecting nothing from the humane society, for what I had already
+accomplished, I returned the nine to their wine bath, in the phial. After
+rather more than three months, I repeated the experiment of resuscitation.
+After several hours, two gave evidence of revival, got upon their legs,
+reeled against each other, and showed some symptoms of _mania a potu_. At
+length they were fairly on their trotters. I lifted the tumbler; they took
+the hint, and flew to the window glass. It was fly time. I watched one of
+those, who had profited by the revival--he got four or five flies about
+him, who really seemed to be listening to the account of his experience.
+
+"Ants, bees, and wasps," says Sharon Turner, in his Sacred History, vol.
+i. ch. 17, "especially the smallest of these, the ants, do things, and
+exercise sensibilities, and combine for purposes, and achieve ends, that
+bring them nearer to mankind, than any other class of animated nature."
+Aye, I know, myself, some of our fellow-citizens, who make quite a stir,
+in their little circles, petty politicians, who extort responses from
+great men, and show them, _in confidence_, to all they meet--overgrown
+boys, in bands and cassocks, who, for mere exercise, edit religious
+newspapers, and scribble _treason_, under the name of _ethics_--who, in
+respect to all the qualities, enumerated by Sharon Turner, are decidedly
+inferior to pismires.
+
+The hybernation of various animals furnishes analogous examples of the
+matter, under consideration. A suspension of faculties and functions, for
+a considerable time, followed by a periodical restoration of their use,
+forms a part of the natural history of certain animals.
+
+Those forty days--that wonderful quarantine of the Fakeer, in the tomb,
+and his subsequent restoration, are marvels. I have presented the facts,
+upon the evidence of Sir Claude M. Wade. Every reader will philosophize,
+upon this interesting matter, for himself. If such experiments can be
+made, for forty days, it is not easy to comprehend the necessity of such a
+limit. If trustees were appointed, and gave bonds to keep the tomb
+comfortable, and free from rats, and to knock up a corpse, at the time
+appointed, forty years, or an hundred, might answer quite as well. What
+visions are thus opened to the mind. An author might go to sleep, and wake
+up in the midst of posterity, and find himself an entire stranger. Weary
+partners might find a temporary respite, in the grave, and leave
+directions, to be called, in season to attend the funeral. The heir
+expectant of some tenacious ancestor might thus dispose of the drowsy and
+unprofitable interval. The gentleman of _petite fortune_ might suffer it
+to accumulate, in the hands of trustees, and wake up, after twenty or
+thirty years, a man of affluence. Instead of making up a party for the
+pyramids, half a dozen merry fellows might be buried together, with the
+pleasant prospect of rising again in 1949. No use whatever being made of
+the time thus relinquished, and the powers of life being husbanded in the
+interim, years would pass uncounted, of course; and he, who was buried, at
+twenty-one, would be just of age when he awoke. I should like, extremely,
+to have the opinion of the Fakeer, upon these interesting points.
+
+
+
+
+No. CXXXIX.
+
+  "And much more honest to be hir'd, and stand
+  With auctionary hammer in thy hand,
+  Provoking to give more, and knocking thrice,
+  For the old household stuff or picture's price."
+                                          DRYDEN.
+
+
+Old customs, dead and buried, long ago, do certainly come round again,
+like old comets; but, whether in their appointed seasons, or not, I cannot
+tell. Whether old usages, and old chairs, and old teapots revolve in their
+orbits, or not, I leave to the astronomers. It would be very pleasant to
+be able to calculate the return of hoops, cocked hats, and cork rumpers,
+buffets, pillions, links, pillories, and sedans.
+
+I noticed the following paragraph, in the Evening Transcript, not long
+ago, and it led me to turn over some heaps of old relics, in my
+possession--
+
+"A substitute for the everlasting 'going, going, gone,' was introduced at
+a recent auction in New York. The auctioneer held up a sand-glass, through
+which the sand occupied fourteen seconds in passing. If a person made a
+bid, the glass was held up in view of all, and if no person advanced on
+the bid before the sand passed through, the sale was made. This idea is a
+novel one, though we believe it has long been practised in Europe."
+
+It was formerly the custom in England, to sell goods, at auction, "by
+inch of candle." An inch of candle was lighted, and the company proceeded
+to bid, the last crier or bidder, before the candle went out, was declared
+the purchaser. Samuel Pepys, who was Secretary of the Admiralty, in the
+reigns of the two last Stuarts, repeatedly refers to the practice, in his
+Diary. Thus, in Braybrook's edition, of 1848, he says, vol. i. page 151,
+under date Nov. 6, 1660--"To our office, where we met all, for the sale of
+two ships, by an inch of candle, (the first time that I saw any of this
+kind,) where I observed how they do invite one another, and at last how
+they all do cry; and we have much to do to tell who did cry last."
+
+Again, Ibid., vol. ii. page 29, Sept. 3, 1662--"After dinner, we met and
+sold the Weymouth, Successe, and Fellowship hulkes, where pleasant to see
+how backward men are at first to bid; and yet, when the candle is going
+out, how they bawl, and dispute afterwards who bid the most first. And
+here I observed one man cunninger than the rest, that was sure to bid the
+last man, and carry it; and, inquiring the reason, he told me, that, just
+as the flame goes out, the smoke descends, which is a thing I never
+observed before, and, by that he do know the instant when to bid last."
+Again, Ibid., vol. iv. page 4, Ap. 3, 1667, he refers to certain prize
+goods, "bought lately at the candle."
+
+Haydn says this species of auction, by inch of candle is derived from a
+practice, in the Roman Catholic Church. Where there is an excommunication,
+by inch of candle, and the sinner is allowed to come to repentance, while
+yet the candle burns. The sinner is supposed, of course, to be
+_going--going--gone_--unless he avails of the opportunity to bid, as it
+were, for his salvation. This naturally reminds the reader of the
+spiritual distich--
+
+  "For while the lamp holds out to burn,
+  The vilest sinner may return."
+
+Where the bids are, from a maximum, downward, the term--_auction_--is
+still commonly, though improperly employed, and in the very teeth of all
+etymology. When I was a boy, the poor, in many of our country towns, were
+disposed of, in this manner. The question was, who would take Daddy
+Osgood, one of the town's poor, for the smallest weekly sum, to be paid by
+the town. The old man was started, at four shillings, and bid down to a
+minimum. There was yet a little work in his old bones; and I well remember
+one of these auctions, in 1798, in the town of Billerica, at which Dr.
+William Bowers bid off Daddy Osgood, for two and sixpence.
+
+The Dutch have a method of selling fresh fish, which is somewhat analogous
+to this, and very simple and ingenious. An account of it may be found, in
+Dodsley's Annual Register, for 1760, vol. iii. page 170. The salesman is
+called the Affslager. The fish are brought in, in the morning, and placed
+on the ground, near the fish stalls of the retailers. At ten, precisely,
+the Affslager rings his bell, which may be heard, for half a mile.
+Retailers, and individual consumers collect, and the Affslager--the
+auctioneer--puts up a lot, at a maximum price. No one offers a less sum,
+but the mynheers stand round, sucking at their pipes, and puffing away,
+and saying nothing. When the Affslager becomes satisfied, that nobody will
+buy the lot, at the price named, he gradually lowers it, until one of the
+mynheers takes his pipe from his mouth and cries "_mine!_" in High Dutch.
+He is, of course, the purchaser; and the Affslager proceeds to the sale of
+another lot.
+
+It will be seen, from one of the citations from Pepys, that some of _the
+auctions_ of his time were called _the candles_; precisely as the
+auctions, at Rome, were called _hastę_; a spear or _hasta_, instead of a
+flag, being the customary signal for the sale. The proper word, however,
+was _auctio_, and the auctioneer was called _auctor_. Notice of the sale
+was given, by the crier, _a pręcone prędicari_, Plaut. Men., v. 9, 94, or,
+by writing on tables. Such is the import of _tabulum proscripsit_, in
+Cicero's letter to his brother Quintus, ii. 6.
+
+In the year 1824, passing through the streets of Natchez, I saw a slave,
+walking along, and ringing a bell, as he went; the bell very much
+resembled our cowbells, in size and form. Upon a signal from a citizen,
+the slave stopped ringing, and walked over to him, and stood before him,
+till he had read the advertisement of a sale at auction, placarded on the
+breast of the slave, who then went forward, ringing his bell, as before.
+The Romans made their bids, by lifting the finger; and the auctioneer
+added as many _sesterces_, as he thought amounted to a reasonable bid.
+
+Cicero uses this expression in his fine oration against Verres, i
+54--_digitum tollit Junius patruus--Junius, his paternal uncle, raised his
+finger_, that is, he made a bid.
+
+The employment of a spear, as the signal of an auction sale, is supposed
+to have arisen from the fact, that the only articles, originally sold, in
+this manner, were the spoils of war. Subsequently, the spear--_hasta_--came
+to be universally used, to signify a _sale at auction_. The auction of
+Pompey's goods, by Cęsar, is repeatedly alluded to, by Cicero, with great
+severity, as the _hasta Cęsaris_. A passage may be found, in his treatise,
+_De Officiis_, ii. 8, and another, in his eighth Philippic, sec.
+3--"Invitus dico, sed dicendum est. Hasta Cęsaris, Patres Conscripti,
+multis improbis spem affert, et audaciam. Viderunt enim, ex mendicis fieri
+repente divites: itaque hastam semper videre cupiunt ii, qui nostris bonis
+imminent; quibus omnia pollicetur Antonius." I say it reluctantly, but it
+must be said--Cęsar's auction, Conscript Fathers, inflames the hopes and
+the insolence of many bad men. For they see how immediately, the merest
+beggars are converted into men of wealth. Therefore it is that those, who
+are hankering after our goods and chattels, and to whom Antony has
+promised all things, are ever longing to behold such another auction, as
+that.
+
+The auctioneer's bell, in use, at the Hague, in 1760, was introduced into
+Boston, seventy-seven years ago, by Mr. Bicker, whose auction-room was
+near the Market. Having given some offence to the public, he inserted the
+following notice, in the Boston Gazette and Country Journal, Monday, April
+18, 1774--"As the method, lately practised by the Subscriber, in having a
+Person at his Door, to invite Gentlemen and others to his public
+Sales--has given Dissatisfaction to some (Gentlemen Shopkeepers in
+particular) to avoid giving Offence for the future, he shall desist from
+that Practice, and pursue one (as follows) which he flatters himself
+cannot fail giving universal Satisfaction, as he sincerely wishes so to
+do. The Public are most earnestly requested to remember (_for their own
+advantage_) that, for the future, Notice will be given, by sounding a
+Bell, which he has purchased for that Purpose, which is erected over the
+Auction Room Door, near the Market, Boston, where constant Attendance is
+given both early and late, to receive the favors of all such who are
+pleased to confer on their _Much obliged, Most Obedient, and very humble
+Servant_, M. Bicker."
+
+Albeit there is no less bickering or dickering here now, than of yore, yet
+Bicker and his bell have gone, long ago, to the "receptacle of things lost
+upon earth." The very name is no more.
+
+Haydn says, the first auction in Britain was about 1700, by Elisha Yale,
+a Governor of Fort George, in the East Indies, of the goods he had brought
+home with him. That Mr. Haydn must be mistaken is manifest, from the
+citation from Pepys, who speaks of auctions, by inch of candle, as early
+as 1660; and not then as a novelty, but the first of the kind that he had
+witnessed.
+
+Fosbroke says, in his Antiquities, page 412--"In the middle age, the goods
+were cried and sold to the highest bidder, and the sound of a trumpet
+added with a very loud noise. The use of the spear was retained, the
+auctions being called _Subhastationes_; and the _Subhastator_, or
+auctioneer, was sworn to sell the goods faithfully. In Nares, we have,
+_sold at a pike or spear_, i. e. by public auction or outcry; and auctions
+called _port sales_, because originally, perhaps, sales made in ports--the
+crier stood under the spear, as in the Roman ęra, and was, in the
+thirteenth century, called _cursor_."
+
+Of late, _mock auctions_, as they are termed, have become a very serious
+evil, especially in the city of New York. In 1813 petitions, in regard to
+these public impositions, were sent to the Lords of the Treasury, from
+many of the principal cities of Great Britain. In 1818 a select committee
+reported, very fully, upon this subject, to the British Parliament. This
+committee, after long and critical investigation, reported, that great
+frauds were constantly committed on the public, by _mock_ or fraudulent
+_auctions_. The committee set forth several examples of this species of
+knavery. Goods are sold, as the furniture of gentlemen, going abroad. For
+this purpose, empty houses are hired for a few days, and filled with
+comparatively worthless furniture. Articles of the most inferior
+manufacture are made for the express purpose of being put into such sales,
+as the property of individuals of known character and respectability. To
+impose, more effectually, on the public, the names of the most respectable
+auctioneers have been used, with the variation of a letter. This bears
+some analogy to the legislative change of name, in this city, for the
+purpose of facilitating the sale of inferior pianos. Respectable
+auctioneers have been compelled, in self-defence, to appear at such mock
+auctions, and disclaim all connection therewith. Great masses of cutlery
+and plated ware of base manufacture, with London makers' names, and
+advertised, as made in London, are constantly sold, at these auctions;
+forcing the London makers to appear at the sales rooms, and expose the
+fraud.
+
+The committee say that no imposition is more common than the sale of
+ordinary wine, in bottles, as the _bonne bouche_ of some respectable
+Amphitryon deceased.
+
+They farther state, that daring men are known to combine, attend real
+sales, and by various means, drive respectable purchasers away, purchase
+at their own price, and afterwards privately sell, under a form of public
+sale, among themselves, at _Knock Out_ auctions, as they are called.
+
+The committee recommended an entire revision of the auction laws--an
+increase of the license--heavier penalties for violation--no sale, without
+previous exposure of the goods for twenty-four hours, or printed
+catalogue--name and address of the auctioneer to be published--severe
+penalty, for using a fictitious name, &c.
+
+The whole advertising system of mock auctions, like that, connected with
+the kindred impostures of quackery and patent medicines, furnishes a vast
+amount of curious and entertaining reading; and affords abundant scope,
+for the exercise of a vicious ingenuity. I have heard of a horse, that
+could not be compelled, by whip or spur, to cross a bridge, which lay in
+the way to his owner's country residence--the horse was advertised to be
+sold at auction for no fault but that his owner was _desirous of going out
+of the city_.
+
+
+
+
+No. CXL.
+
+
+Few things are more difficult, than shaving a cold corpse, and making,
+what the _artistes_ call _a good job of it_. I heard Robert New say so,
+forty years ago, who kept his shop, at the north--easterly corner of
+Scollay's buildings. He said the barber ought to be called, as soon, as
+the breath was out of the body, and a little before, if it was a clear
+case, and you wished the corpse "_to look wholesome_." I think he was
+right. Pope's Narcissa said--
+
+  "One need not sure be ugly, though one's dead."
+
+There is considerable mystery, in shaving a living corpse. I find it so;
+and yet I have always shaved myself; for I have never been able to
+overcome a strong, hereditary prejudice, against being taken by the nose.
+
+My razor is very capricious; so, I suppose, is everybody's razor. There is
+a deep and mystical philosophy, about the edge of a razor, which seems to
+have baffled the most scientific; and is next of kin to witchcraft. A
+tract, by Cotton Mather, upon this subject, would be invaluable. The
+scholar will smile, at any comparison, between Pliny the elder and Cotton
+Mather. So far, as respects the scope of knowledge, and power of
+intellect, and inexhaustible treasures, displayed in Pliny's thirty-seven
+books of Natural History, one might as well compare Hyperion to a mummy. I
+allude to nothing but the _Magnalia_ or _Improbabilia_; and, upon this
+point of comparison, Mather, witchcraft and all fairly fade out of sight,
+before the marvels and fantastical stories of Pliny. In lib. xxviii. 23,
+Pliny assigns a very strange cause, why _aciem in cultris tonsorum
+hebetescere_--why the edge of a barber's razor is sometimes blunted. The
+reader may look it up, if he will--it is better in a work, _sub sigillo
+latinitatis_, than in an English journal.
+
+I have often put my razor down, regretting, that my beard did not spread
+over a larger area; so keenly and agreeably has the instrument performed
+its work. It really seemed, that I might have shaved a sleeping mouse,
+without disturbing his repose. After twelve hours, that very razor,
+untouched the while, has come forth, no better than a pot-sherd. The very
+reverse of all this has also befallen me. I once heard Revaillon, our old
+French barber, say, that a razor could not be strapped with too light a
+hand; and the English proverb was always in his mouth--"a good lather is
+half the shave."
+
+Some persons suppose the razor to be an instrument, of comparatively
+modern invention, and barbers to have sprung up, at farthest, within the
+Christian era. It is written, in Isaiah vii. 20, "In the same day shall
+the Lord shave with a razor, that is hired," &c. Ezekiel began to
+prophecy, according to Calmet, 590 years before Christ: in the first verse
+of ch. v. he says--"take thee a sharp knife, take thee a barber's razor,
+and cause it to pass upon thy head and upon thy beard." To cause a razor
+_to pass upon the beard_ seems to mean something very different from
+_shaving_, in the common sense of that word. Doubtless, it does: the
+_culter_ or _novacula_, that is, _the razor_, of the ancients, was
+employed, for _shearing_ or _shortening_, as well as for _shaving_ the
+beard. Barbers were first known, among the Romans A. U. C. 454, i. e. 298
+years before Christ. Pliny says, vii. 59--Sequens gentium consensus in
+tonsoribus fuit, sed Romanis tardior. In Italiam ex Sicilia venere post
+Romam conditam anno quadringentessimo quinquagessimo quarto, adducente P.
+Ticinio Mena, ut auctor est Varro: antea intonsi fuere. Primus omnium radi
+quotidie instituit Africanus sequens: Divus Augustus cultris semper usus
+est. Then barbers came into use, among the nations, but more slowly among
+the Romans. In the year of the city 454, according to Varro, P. Ticinius
+Mena introduced barbers into Italy from Sicily: until that time, men wore
+their beards. The latter Africanus first set the example of being shaven
+daily. Augustus constantly used razors. The passage of Varro, referred to
+by Pliny, showing, that, before A. U. C. 454, men wore their beards,
+states the fact to be established, by the long beards, on all the old male
+statues. That _passing of the sharp knife or razor, upon the beard_,
+spoken of, by Ezekiel, I take to be the latter of the two modes, employed
+by the Romans--"vel strictim, hoc est, ad cutem usque; vel paulo longius a
+cute, interposito pectine"--either close to the skin, or with a comb
+interposed. That both modes were in use is clear from the lines of Plautus
+in his play of the Captives, Act ii. sc. 2, v. 16--
+
+  Nunc senex est in tonstrina; nunc jam cultros adtinet;
+  Sed utrum strictimne adtonsurum dicam esse, an per pectinem,
+  Nescio.
+
+Now the old man is in the barber's shop and under the razor; but whether
+to be close shaved, or clipped with the comb, I know not.
+
+Pliny, as we have seen, states, that the practice came from Sicily. There
+it had been long in use. There is a curious reference to the custom in
+Cicero's Tusculan Questions, v. 20. Speaking of the tyrant, Dionysius he
+says--Quin etiam ne tonsori collum committeret, tondere suas filias
+docuit. Ita sordido ancillarique artificio regię virgines, ut tonstriculę
+tondebant barbam et capillum patris. For, not liking to trust his throat
+to a barber, he taught his daughters to shave him, and thus these royal
+virgins, descending to this coarse, servile vocation, became little, she
+barbers, and clipped their father's beard and hair.
+
+There is a curious passage in Pliny which not only proves, that barbers'
+shops were common in his time, but shows the very ancient employment of
+cobweb, as a styptic. In lib. xxix. 36, he says--Fracto capiti aranei tela
+ex oleo et aceto imposita, non nisi vulnere sanato, abscedit. Hęc et
+vulneribus tonstrinarum sanguinem sistit. Spiders' web, with oil and
+vinegar, applied to a broken head, adheres, till the wound heals. This
+also stops the bleeding from cuts, in barbers' shops.
+
+Razors were sharpened, some two thousand years ago, very much as they are
+at present. Pliny devotes sec. 47, lib. xxxvi. to hones and whetstones,
+oil stones and water stones--quarta ratio--he says--est saliva hominis
+proficientium in torstrinarum officinis--the fourth kind is such as are
+used in the barbers' shops, and which the man softens with his saliva.
+
+Most common, proverbial sayings are, doubtless, of great antiquity.
+Chopping-blocks with a razor is a common illustration of the employment of
+a subtle ingenuity, upon coarse and uninteresting topics. Thus Goldsmith,
+in his Retaliation, says of Burke--
+
+  In short, 'twas his fate, unemploy'd, or in place, sir,
+  To eat mutton cold, and chop blocks with a razor.
+
+The latter illustration is as old as Livy--_novacula cotem discindere_.
+
+The Romans made a prodigious fuss, about their beards. The first crop,
+called _prima barba_, and sometimes _lanugo_, was, according to Petronius,
+consecrated to some god. Suetonius says, in his Life of Nero, 12--Gymnico
+quod in septis edebat, inter buthysię apparatum, barbam primam posuit,
+conditamque in auream pyxidem, et pretiosissimis margaritis adornatam,
+capitolio consecravit.--During the games, which he had given in the
+enclosures, and in the very midst of the splendor of the sacrifice, for
+the first time, he laid down his beard, and having placed it in a golden
+box, adorned with precious stones, he made a sacred deposit thereof, in
+the capitol.
+
+After the custom of shaving had been introduced, by Mena, A. U. C. 454, it
+went out, for a short time, in Rome, during the time of Adrian, who as
+Spartianus relates, in his Life of that Emperor, having some ugly
+excrescences on his chin, suffered his beard to grow to conceal them--of
+course the courtiers followed the example of the emperor--the people, that
+of the courtiers. The grave concealed those excrescences, more
+effectually, A. D. 139, and the _navacula_ again came into use, among the
+Romans: Marcus Antoninus, his successor, had no excrescences on his chin.
+
+The day, upon which a young Roman was said _ponere barbam_, that is, to
+shave for the first time, was accounted a holiday; and Juvenal says, iii.
+187, he received presents from his friends.
+
+Ovid, Trist. iv. 10, 67, dates his earliest literary exhibitions, before
+the people, by his first or second shave, or clip--
+
+  Carmina quum primum populo juvenilia legi,
+  Barba resecta mihi bisve semelve fuit.
+
+Which may be thus translated--
+
+  When first in public I began
+    To read my boyish rhymes,
+  I scarcely could be call'd a man,
+    And had not shav'd three times.
+
+Cęsar says of the Britons, B. G. V. 14--omni parte corporis rasa, pręter
+caput et labrum superius--they shave entirely, excepting the head and
+upper lip.
+
+Half-shaving was accounted, in the days of Samuel, I suppose, as reducing
+the party to a state of semi-_barbarism_: thus, in Samuel II. x.
+4--"Wherefore Hanan took David's servants, and shaved off the one half of
+their beards."
+
+To be denied the privilege of shaving was accounted dishonorable, among
+the Catti, a German nation, in the days of Tacitus; for he says, De
+Moribus Germanę, 31--Apud Cattos in consensum vertit, ut primum
+adoleverint, crinem barbamque submittere, nec, nisi hoste cęso--It was
+settled among the Catti, that no young man should cut his hair, or shave
+his beard, till he had killed his man.
+
+Seneca, Cons. Polyb. xxxvi. 5, blames Caius, for refusing to shave,
+because he had lost his sister--Idem ille Caius furiosa in constantia,
+modo barbam capillumque submittens--There is that Caius, clinging so
+absurdly to his sorrow, and suffering his hair and beard to grow on
+account of it.
+
+There is an admirable letter, from Seneca to Lucillus, Ep. 114, which
+shows, that the dandies, in old Rome, were much like our own. He is
+speaking of those--qui vellunt barbam, aut intervellunt; qui labra
+pressius tondent et abradunt, servata et submissa cętera parte--who pull
+out the beard, by the roots, or particular parts of it--who clip and shave
+the hair, either more closely, or leave it growing, on some parts of their
+lips.
+
+Juvenal, ii. 99, and Martial, vi. 64, 4, laugh at such, as use a mirror
+while shaving. Knives and razors of _brass_, are of great antiquity,
+according to the Archęological Ęliana, p. 39.--Fosbroke, p. 351, says,
+that razors are mentioned by Homer. But I am going to a funeral, this
+afternoon, as an amateur, and it is time for me to shave--not with a razor
+of brass, however--Pradier is too light for me--I use the Chinese.
+Hutchinson, i. 153, says, that Leverett was the first Governor of
+Massachusetts, who is painted without a beard, and that he laid it aside,
+in Cromwell's court.
+
+China is the paradise of barbers. There, according to Mr. Davis, they
+abound. No man shaves himself, the part, to be shorn, being out of his
+reach. There would be no difficulty in removing the scanty hair upon their
+chins; but the exact tonsure of the crown, without removing one hair from
+the Chinaman's long tail, that reaches to his heels, is a delicate affair.
+Their razors are very heavy, but superlatively keen.
+
+
+
+
+No. CXLI.
+
+
+Barbers were chiefly peripatetics, when I was a boy. They ran about town,
+and shaved at their customers' houses. There were fewer shops. This was
+the genteel mode in Rome. The wealthy had their domestic barbers, as the
+planters have now, among their slaves. I am really surprised, that we hear
+of so few throats cut at the South. Some evidence of this custom--not of
+cutting throats--may be found, in one of the neatest epitaphs, that ever
+was written; the subject of which, a very young and accomplished
+slave-barber, has already taken a nap of eighteen hundred years. I refer
+to Martial's _epitaphium_, on Pantagathus, a word, which, by the way,
+signifies one, who is good at everything, or, as we say--a man of all
+works. It is the fifty-second, of Book VI. Its title is _Epitaphium
+Pantagathi, Tonsoris_:
+
+  Hoc jacet in tumulo raptus puerilibus annis
+    Pantagathus, domini cura, dolorque sui,
+  Vix tangente vagos ferro resecare capillos
+    Doctus, et hirsutas excoluisse genas.
+  Sic, licet, ut debes, Tellus placata, levisque;
+    Artificis levior non potes esse manu.
+
+In attempting a version of this, I feel, as if I were about to disfigure a
+pretty spinster, with a mob-cap.
+
+  Here lies Pantagathus, the slave,
+    Petted he liv'd, and died lamented;
+  No youth, like him could clip and shave,
+    Since shears and razors were invented.
+
+  So light his touch, you could not feel
+    The razor, while your cheeks were smoothing;
+  And sat, unconscious of the steel,
+    The operation was so soothing.
+
+  Oh, mother Earth, appeas'd, since thou
+    Back to thy grasping arms hast won him,
+  Soft be thy hand, like his, and now
+    Lie thou, in mercy, lightly on him.
+
+Rochester was right; few things were ever benefited, by translation, but a
+bishop.
+
+The _Tonstrinę_, or barbers' shops, in Rome, were seldom visited by any,
+but the humbler classes. They were sometimes called the _Shades_. Horace,
+Ep. i. 7, 50, describes Philippus, an eminent lawyer, as struck with
+sudden envy, upon seeing Vulteius Mena, the beadle, sitting very much at
+ease, in one of these shades, after having been shaved, and leisurely
+cleaning his own nails, an office commonly performed by the barbers:--
+
+  Adrasum quendam vacua tonsoris in umbra,
+  Cultello proprios purgantem leniter ungues.
+
+There were she-barbers, in Rome, residing in the _Saburra_ and
+_Argiletum_, very much such localities, as "_the Hill_," formerly in
+Boston, or _Anthony Street_, in New York. Martial describes one of these
+_tonstrices_, ii. 17--
+
+  Tonstrix Saburrę fancibus sedet primis, etc.
+
+Some there were, of a better order. Plautus, Terence, and Theophrastus
+have many allusions to the barbers' shops. They have ever been the same
+"_otiosorum conciliabula_," that they were, when Terence wrote--resorts of
+the idle and garrulous. In old times--very--not now, of course--not now, a
+dressmaker, who was mistress of her business, knew that she was expected
+to turn out so much work, and so much _slander_. That day has fortunately
+gone by. But the "barber's tale" is the very thing that it was, in the
+days of Oliver Goldsmith, and it was then the very thing, that it was, as
+I verily believe, in the days of Ezekiel. There are many, who think, that
+a good story, not less than a good lather, is half the shave.
+
+It is quite _in rerum natura_, that much time should be consumed, in
+waiting, at the _tonstrinę_--the barbers' shops; and to make it pass
+agreeably, the craft have always been remarkable, for the employment of
+sundry appliances--amusing pictures around the walls--images and
+mechanical contrivances--the daily journals--poodles, monkeys, squirrels,
+canaries, and parrots. In the older countries, a barber's boy was greatly
+in request, who could play upon the _citterne_, or some other musical
+instrument.
+
+If there had not been a curious assemblage of _materiel_, in an old Roman
+_tonstrina_, it would not have been selected as an object for the pencil.
+That it was so selected, however, appears from a passage in Pliny, XXXV.
+37. He is writing of Pureicus--arte paucis postferendus: proposito, nescio
+an destruxerit se: quoniam humilia quidem sequutus, humilitatis tamen
+summam adeptus est gloriam. Tonstrinas, sutrinasque pinxit, et asellos, et
+obsonia, ac similia--He had few superiors in his art: I know not if the
+plan he adopted was fatal to his fame; for, though his subjects were
+humble, yet, in their representation, he attained the highest excellence.
+He painted barbers' and shoemakers' shops, asses, eatables, and the like.
+
+A rude sketch of Heemskerck's picture of a barber's shop lies now upon my
+table. Here is the poodle, with a cape and fool's cap, walking on his hind
+legs--the suspended bleeding basin, and other et cętera of the profession.
+
+Little is generally known, as to the origin and import of the barber's
+pole. At the beginning of the sixteenth century, surgery was in such low
+repute, that farriers, barbers, sow-spayers, and surgeons were much upon a
+level. The truth of this, in respect to surgeons and barbers, has been
+established by law: and, for about two hundred years, both in London and
+Paris, they were incorporated, as one company. I remember a case, reported
+by Espinasse--not having the book at hand, I cannot indicate the volume
+and page--which shows the judicial estimate of surgery then, compared with
+the practice of physic. A physician's fees, in England, were accounted
+_quiddam honorarium_, and not _matter of lucre_, and therefore could not
+be recovered, in an action at law. Upon an action brought for surgical
+services, the fees were recoverable, because surgeons, upon the testimony
+of Dr. Mead, were of a lower grade, having nothing to do with the
+pathology of diseases, and never prescribing; but simply performing
+certain mechanical acts; and being, like all other artificers and
+operatives, worthy of their hire.
+
+Nothing can more clearly exhibit the low state of this noble science, at
+the time, and the humble estimation of it, by the public. Chirurgery
+seemed destined to grovel, in etymological bondage, [Greek: cheir ergon],
+a mere _handicraft_. Barbers and surgeons were incorporated, as one
+company, in the fifteenth century, in the reign of Edward IV., and were
+called barber-surgeons. At the close of the sixteenth century, Ambrose
+Paré, the greatest surgeon of his time in France, did not reject the
+appellation of _barber-surgeon_. Henry VIII. dissolved this union, and
+gave a new charter in 1540, when it was enacted, that "_no person, using
+any shaving or barbery in London, shall occupy any surgery, letting of
+blood, or other matter, excepting only the drawing of teeth_." The
+_barber-surgeon_ was thus reduced to the _barber-dentist_, which seems not
+so agreeable to the practitioner, at present, as the loftier appellation
+of _surgeon-dentist_. Sterne was right: there is something in a name. The
+British surgeons obtained a new charter, in 1745, and another, in 1800,
+and various acts have been subsequently passed, on their behalf. July 17,
+1797, Lord Thurlow, in the House of Peers, opposed a new bill, which the
+surgeons desired to have passed. Thurlow was a man of morose temperament,
+and uncertain humor.
+
+He averred, that so much of the old law was in force, that, to use his own
+words, "the barbers and surgeons were each to use a pole, the barbers were
+to have theirs blue and white, striped, with no other appendage; but the
+surgeons', which was the same, in other respects, was likewise to have a
+gallipot and a red rag, to denote the particular nature of their
+vocation."
+
+Brand, in his Popular Antiquities, says, that the barber's pole, used in
+bleeding, is represented, in an illuminated missal, of the time of Edward
+I., Longshanks, whose reign began in 1272. Fosbroke, in his Encyc. of
+Antiquities, page 414, says--"A staff, bound by a riband, was held, by
+persons being bled, and the pole was intended to denote the practice of
+phlebotomy." According to Lord Thurlow's statement, in the House of Peers,
+the pole was required, by the statute, to be used, as a sign. The first
+statute, incorporating the barber-surgeons, was that of Edward IV., as I
+have stated. The missal of Edward I., referred to by Brand, shows, that
+the usage was older than the law, and, doubtless, that the popular emblem
+was adopted, in the statute, to which Lord Thurlow refers, as still in
+force, in 1797.
+
+In Brand's Newcastle, I find, that "it is ordered, Dec. 11, 1711, that
+periwig-making be considered part and branch of the Company of
+Barber-_Chirurgeons_."
+
+The history of the pole is this: A staff about three feet high, with a
+ball on the top, and inserted, at the bottom, in a small cross-piece, was
+very convenient for the person to hold, who extended his arm, as he sat
+down, to be bled; and a fillet, or tape, was equally convenient for the
+ligature. These things the barber-surgeons kept, in a corner of their
+shops; and, when not in use, the tape or fillet was wound or twirled round
+the staff. When the lawgivers called for a sign, no apter sign could be
+given unto them, than this identical staff and fillet; much larger of
+course, and to be seen of men much farther.
+
+
+
+
+No. CXLII.
+
+
+Ancient plays abound with allusions to the barber's _citterne_, or lute,
+upon which not only he himself, and his apprentices were accustomed to
+play, but all the loiterers in the _tonstrina_. Much of all this may be
+found, in the Glossary of Archdeacon Nares, under the article CITTERNE,
+and in Fosbroke's Antiquities.
+
+The commonness of its use gave rise to a proverb. In the Silent Woman, Act
+II., scene 2, Ben Jonson avails of it. Morose had married a woman,
+recommended by his barber, and whose fidelity he suspected, and the
+following passage occurs, between Morose and Truewit. Lond., 1816, iii.
+411.
+
+    _Morose._ That cursed barber!
+
+    _Truewit._ Yes, faith, a cursed wretch indeed, sir.
+
+    _Morose._ I have married his _cittern_, that's common to all men.
+
+Upon this passage is the following note--"It appears from innumerable
+passages, in our old writers, that barbers' shops were furnished with some
+musical instrument, commonly a cittern or guitar, for the amusement of
+such customers as chose to strum upon it, while waiting for their turn to
+be shaved, &c. It should be recollected, that the patience of customers,
+if the shop was at all popular, must, in those tedious days of love-locks,
+and beards of most fantastical cuts, have been frequently put to very
+severe trials. Some kind of amusement therefore was necessary, to beguile
+the time."
+
+In old times, in old England, barbers were in the habit of making a
+variety of noises, with their fingers and their shears, which noises were
+supposed to be agreeable to their customers. Fosbroke, p. 414, refers to
+Lily's old play of Mydas, iii. 2, as showing the existence of the custom,
+in his time. Lily was born about 1553. There were some, who preferred to
+be shaved and dressed quietly. Nares, in his Glossary, refers to Plutarch,
+De Garrulitate, for an anecdote of King Archelaus, who stipulated with his
+barber to shave him in silence. This barbers' trick was called the "_knack
+with the fingers_;" and was extremely disagreeable to Morose, in Ben
+Jonson's play, to which I have referred. Thus, in i. 2, Clerimont,
+speaking of the partiality of Morose for Cutbeard, the barber, says--"The
+fellow trims him silently, and has not the knack with his shears or his
+fingers: and that continence in a barber he thinks so eminent a virtue, as
+it has made him chief of his counsel."
+
+As barbers were brought first into Rome, from Sicily, so the best razors,
+according to Nares and Fosbroke, before the English began to excel in
+cutlery, were obtained in Palermo. Their form was unlike those now in use,
+and seems more perfectly to correspond with one of the Roman names,
+signifying a razor, i. e. _culter_. The blade, like that of a pruning
+knife, or sickle, curved slightly inward, the reverse of which is the
+modern form.
+
+Smith, in his Ancient Topography of London, says--"The flying barber is a
+character now no more to be seen in London, though he still remains in
+some of our country villages: he was provided with a napkin, soap, and
+pewter basin, the form of which may be seen, in many of the illustrative
+prints of Don Quixote. His chafer was a deep leaden vessel, something like
+a chocolate pot, with a large ring or handle, at the top; this pot held
+about a quart of water, boiling hot; and, thus equipped, he flew about to
+his customers."
+
+Old Randle Holme says, "_perawickes_" were very common in his time, about
+1668, though unused before "contrary to our forefathers, who wore their
+own hair." A barber, in Paris, to recommend his bag wigs, hung over his
+door the sign of Absalom. Hone, i. 1262, states that a periwig-maker, to
+recommend his wares, turned the reason into rhyme:
+
+  "Oh, Absalom, oh Absalom,
+    Oh Absalom, my son,
+  If thou hadst worn a periwig,
+    Thou hadst not been undone."
+
+Hutchinson, i. 152, says periwigs were an eyesore in New England, for
+thirty years after the Restoration of Charles II.
+
+Among the Romans, after Mena introduced the practice of shaving, those,
+who professed philosophy, still maintained their dignity, and their
+beards, as an _ecce signum_. Hence the expression of Horace, Sat. ii. 3,
+35, _sapientem pascere barbam_: and of Persius, iv. 1, when speaking of
+Socrates:
+
+    barbatum hęc crede magistrum
+  Dicere, sorbitio tollit quem dira cicutę.
+
+Of those, who wear beards, at the present day, it has been computed, that,
+for one philosopher, there are five hundred fools, at the very lowest
+estimate. Manage them as you will, they are troublesome appendages; of
+very questionable cleanliness; and mightily in the way of such, as are
+much addicted to gravy and spoon victual. Like the burden of our sins, the
+postprandial odor of them must be sometimes intolerable.
+
+What an infinite variety of colors we have now-a-days! Bottom, in
+Midsummer Night's Dream, i. 2, is in doubt, what beard he shall play
+Pyramus in, and, at last, he says--"I will discharge it in either your
+straw-colored beard, your orange tawny beard, your purple ingrain beard,
+or your French crown-colour beard, your perfect yellow." Now I can
+honestly aver, that every fifth dandy I meet, looks precisely like Bottom,
+performing Pyramus. Now and then, I meet a fine, full, black beard; but,
+even then, it seems to me, that the proud satisfaction the fortunate
+proprietor must feel, in going about town with it, must be, in some
+degree, counterbalanced, by the necessity of sleeping in it, during the
+summer solstice.
+
+The fancy colors, proposed by Bottom, refer to the dyes, in use, at the
+period, when Bottom flourished. Indeed, dyeing the beard is of the highest
+antiquity. I have no authority that Aaron dyed his. In 1653, John Bulwer
+published his "Anthropo-Metamorphosis," or Artificial Changeling, a very
+able and curious production. For the antiquity of the silly practice of
+dyeing the beard, he refers to Strabo. Old John Bulwer, ch. ix., comments,
+with just severity, upon the conduct of those ancient fools, who adopt the
+practice--"_In every haire of these old coxcombs, you shall meet with
+three divers and sundry colors; white at the roots, yellow in the middle,
+and black at the point, like unto one of your parrat's feathers_." What a
+graphic description of this nasty appendage! It has ever been to me a
+matter of infinite surprise, how any mortal can presume to say his
+prayers, with one of these pied abominations on his chin; giving the lie
+direct to the volume of inspiration, which avers that he cannot make one
+hair black nor white.
+
+Another mystery--how can any man's better half become reconciled to a
+husband, dyed thus, in the wool! The colors are not all fast colors, I
+believe; and are liable to be rubbed off, by attrition.
+
+Beards were cultivated, to such an excess, in Elizabeth's time, as to
+require and receive a check from the legislature. "The growth of beards,"
+says Nares, in his Glossary, "was regulated by statute, at Lincoln's Inn,
+in the time of Eliz.--Primo Eliz. it was ordered, that no fellow of that
+house should wear a beard above a fortnight's growth. Transgression was
+punished with fine, loss of commons, and finally expulsion. But fashion
+prevailed, and in November, the following year, all previous orders,
+touching beards, were repealed."
+
+It was formerly calculated, by Lord Stanhope, that the sum, expended upon
+snuff, and the value of the time, consumed in taking it, and the cost of
+snuff-boxes, handkerchiefs, &c., if duly invested, would pay off the
+national debt. I have a proposal to offer, and I offer it, timidly and
+respectfully, for the consideration of those amiable females, who go
+about, so incessantly, doing good. Perhaps I may not be able to awaken
+their interest, more effectually, than by suggesting the idea, that here
+is a very fair opportunity, for the formation of another female auxiliary
+society. I take it for granted, that there are some of these bearded
+gentlemen, from whom contributions in money, could not easily be obtained,
+for any benevolent object. There are some, whose whole estate, real,
+personal, and mixed, comprehends very little, beyond a costly malacca
+joint, a set of valuable shirtstuds, and a safety chain. Still if we
+cudgel the doctrine of political economy, we may get some small
+contributions, even from them.
+
+Cortez found, in the treasury of Montezuma, a multitude of little bags,
+which were, at last, discovered to be filled with dead lice. The Emperor,
+to keep the Mexican beggars out of mischief, had levied this species of
+tax. I am well aware, that the power of levying taxes is not vested in
+young ladies. They have certain, natural, inherent rights, however, and,
+among them, the right and the power of persuasion. Let them organize,
+throughout the Union, and establish committees of correspondence. Let them
+address a circular to every individual, who wears a beard; and, if their
+applications succeed, they will enjoy the luxury of supplying a
+comfortable hair mattrass, to every poor widow, and aged single woman in
+the United States.
+
+
+
+
+No. CXLIII.
+
+
+The barber's brush is a luxury of more modern times. Stubbe, in his
+"Anatomy of Abuses," says--"When they come to washing, oh, how gingerly
+they behave themselves therein. For then shall your mouths be bossed with
+the lather or some that rinseth of the balles, (for they have their sweete
+balles, wherewith all they use to washe) your eyes closed must be anointed
+therewith also. Then snap go the fingers, ful bravely, God wot. Thus, this
+tragedy ended; comes the warme clothes to wipe and dry him with all."
+Stubbe wrote, about 1550.
+
+Not very long ago, a writer in the Gentleman's Magazine, observed--"I am
+old enough to remember when the operation of shaving in this kingdom, was
+almost exclusively performed by the _barbers_: what I speak of is some
+threescore years ago, at which time gentlemen shavers were unknown.
+Expedition was then a prime quality in a barber, who smeared the lather
+over his customer's face with his hand; for the delicate refinement of the
+brush had not been introduced. The lathering of the beard being finished,
+the operator threw off the lather, adhering to his hand, by a peculiar
+jerk of his arm, which caused the joints of his fingers to crack, this
+being a more expeditious mode of clearing the hand, than using a towel for
+that purpose; and, the more audible the crack, the higher the shaver
+stood, in his own opinion, and in that of the fraternity. This I presume
+is the custom alluded to by Stubbe."
+
+The Romans, when bald, wore wigs. Some of the emperors wore miserable
+periwigs. Curly locks, however becoming in a male child, are somewhat
+ridiculous, trained with manifest care, and descending upon the shoulders
+of a full grown boy of forty. In addition to the pole, a peruke was
+frequently employed, as the barber's sign. There was the short bob, and
+the full bottom; the "hie perrawycke" and the scratch; the top piece, and
+the periwig with the pole lock; the curled wig with a dildo, and the
+travelling wig, with curled foretop and bobs; the campain wig, with a
+dildo on each side, and the toupet, a la mode.
+
+It may seem a paradox to some, that the most _barbarous_ nations should
+suffer the hair and beard to grow longest. The management of the hair has
+furnished an abundant subject matter for grave attention, in every age and
+nation. Cleansing, combing, crimping, and curling, clipping, and
+consecrating their locks gave ample occupation to the ladies and gentlemen
+of Greece and Rome. At the time of adolescence, and after shipwreck, the
+hair was cut off and sacrificed to the divinities. It was sometimes cut
+off, at funerals, and cast upon the pile. Curling irons were in use, at
+Rome. Girls wore the hair fastened upon the top of the head; matrons
+falling on the neck. Shaving the crown was a part of the punishment of
+conspirators and thieves. We know nothing, at present, in regard to the
+hair, which was unknown at Rome--our _frizzing_ was their _capillorum
+tortura_. They had an instrument, called _tressorium_, for plaiting the
+hair. In the time of Edward the Confessor, the hair was worn, universally,
+long, the laws of England not compelling all, but the nobility, as in
+France, to cut the hair short, in that age.
+
+The Romans are said, occasionally to have worn wigs of an enormous size,
+which gave occasion to the term, in Martial's epigram, _caput calceatum_.
+We have no exact record of the size of those Roman wigs--but I sincerely
+wish, that Augustus Cęsar or--
+
+  "Męcenas, whose high lineage springs,
+  From fair Etruria's ancient kings,"
+
+could have seen the Rev. Dr. Lathrop's! In Mr. Ward's journal of Samuel
+Curwen, that venerable and truly respectable, and amiable, old tory is
+represented, with precisely such a wig, but of much smaller diameter. Dr.
+John Lathrop died, Jan. 4, 1816, at the age of 75. He published a
+considerable number of sermons on various occasions, no one of which is
+remarkable for extraordinary talent, or learning. It was, by some
+intelligent persons, supposed, that the wig was a great help to him. In
+his latter days, he found himself unable, any longer, to bear up, under
+such a portentous superstructure, which really appeared to "_overhang_,"
+contrary to the statute, and he laid it aside. His influence certainly
+appeared to diminish, in some measure, probably, from the increasing
+infirmities of age; but, doubtless, in some degree, from the deposition of
+the wig. I honestly confess, that I never felt for Dr. Lathrop the same
+awful reverence, after he had laid aside this emblem of wisdom. A "wig
+full of learning" is an ancient saying, and Cowper makes use of it, in one
+of his lighter poems.
+
+I have always looked upon barbers, as an honorable race of men, quite as
+much so, as brokers; the barbers seldom fail to shave more gently, and
+commonly dismiss an old customer, without drawing blood, or taking off the
+skin. We owe them a debt of gratitude withal, on other scores. How very
+easily they might cut our throats!
+
+In this goodly city, at the present time, there are more than one hundred
+and ten gentlemen, who practice the art of barbery, beside their
+respective servants and apprentices. When I was a small boy--very--some
+sixty years ago, there were but twenty-nine, and many of them were most
+respectable and careful operators--an honor to their profession, and a
+blessing to the community.
+
+There was Charles Gavett, in Devonshire Street, the Pudding Lane of our
+ancestors. Gavett was a brisk, little fellow; his _tonstrina_ was small,
+and rather dark, but always full.
+
+In Brattle Square, just behind the church, John Green kept a shop, for
+several years. But John became unsteady, and cut General Winslow, and some
+other of his customers, and scalded several others, and lost his business.
+
+In Fish Street, which had then, but recently, ceased to be the court end
+of the town, there were several clever barbers--there was Thomas Grubb,
+and Zebulon Silvester, and James Adams, and Abraham Florence. I never
+heard a syllable against them, or their lather.
+
+At No. 33, Marlborough Street, William Whipple kept a first rate
+establishment, and had a high name, among the dandies, as an accomplished
+haircutter.
+
+Jonathan Edes kept a small shop, in Ann Street, and had a fair run of
+transient custom. He had always a keen edge and a delicate hand. He was
+greatly urged to take a larger establishment, in a more fashionable part
+of the town, near Cow Lane, but Mr. Edes was not ambitious, and turned a
+wiry edge to all such suggestions.
+
+William Mock kept a shop, in Newbury Street, an excellent shaver, but
+slow; his shop was not far from the White Horse. He was a peripatetic. I
+suspect, but am not certain, that he shaved Dr. Lemuel Hayward.
+
+At the corner of Essex Street, old Auchmuty's Lane, George Gideon kept a
+fine stand, clean towels, keen edge, and hot lather; but he had a rough,
+coarse hand. He had been one of the sons of liberty, and his shop being
+near the old site of Liberty tree, he was rather apt to take liberties
+with his customers' noses, especially the noses of the disaffected.
+
+There were two professed wig-makers, in Boston, at that time, who
+performed the ordinary functions of barbers beside, William Haslet, in
+Adams Street, and John Bosson, in Orange Street. Mr. Bosson was very
+famous, in his line, and in great request, among the ladies.
+
+In Marshall's Lane, Edward Hill was an admirable shaver; but, in the
+department of hair cutting, inferior to Anthony Howe, whose exceedingly
+neat and comfortable establishment was in South Latin School Street. An
+excellent hotel was then kept, by Joshua Bracket, at the sign of
+Cromwell's Head, on the very spot, where Palmer keeps his fruit shop, and
+the very next door below the residence of Dr. John Warren. Bracket
+patronized Howe's shop, and sent him many customers. Captain John Boyle,
+whose house and bookstore were at No. 18 Marlborough Street, patronized
+Anthony Howe.
+
+Samuel Jepson kept his _barbery_, as the shop was sometimes called, in
+Temple Street, between the two bakeries of William Breed and Matthew
+Bayley.
+
+James Tate was established in Purchase Street. He would have been a good
+barber, had he not been a poor poet. He was proud of his descent from
+Nahum Tate, the psalmodist, the copartner of Brady. Richard Fox kept also
+in Purchase Street, and had a large custom.
+
+A much frequented barber's shop was kept, by William Pierce, near the
+Boston Stone. Jonathan Farnham was an excellent barber, in Back Street. He
+unluckily had an ominous squint, which was inconvenient, as it impressed
+new comers, now and then, with a fear lest he might cut their throats.
+Joseph Alexander shaved in Orange Street, and Theodore Dehon, on the north
+side of the Old State House.
+
+Joseph Eckley was one of the best shavers and hair cutters in town, some
+sixty years ago. His shop was in Wing's Lane. Daniel Crosby, who was also
+a wig maker, in Newbury Street, was clerk of Trinity Church.
+
+Augustine Raillion, whose name was often written Revaillion kept his
+stand, at No. 48 Newbury Street. He was much given to dogs, ponies, and
+other divertisements.
+
+State Street was famous, for four accomplished barbers, sixty years
+ago--Stephen Francis, John Gould, John M. Lane, and Robert Smallpiece. The
+last was the father of Robert Smallpiece, who flourished here, some thirty
+years ago or more, and kept his shop, in Milk Street, opposite the Old
+South Church.
+
+It is well known, that the late Robert Treat Paine wrote an ode, upon the
+occasion of the Spanish successes, to which he gave the title of "_Spain,
+Commerce and Freedom, a National Ode_." It bore unquestionable marks of
+genius; but some of the ideas and much of the phraseology were altogether
+extravagant. It commenced finely--
+
+  "Sound the trumpet of fame! Strike that pęan again!
+  Religion a war against tyranny wages;
+  From her seat springs, in armor, regenerate Spain,
+  Like a giant, refresh'd by the slumber of ages.
+          From the place, where she lay,
+          She leaps in array,
+  Like Ajax, to die in the face of the day."
+
+The ode contained some strange expressions--"redintegrant war"--"though
+the dismemberd earth effervesce and regender," and so many more, that the
+ode, though evidently the work of a man of genius, was accounted
+bombastic. A wag of that day, published a parody, of which this Robert
+Smallpiece was the hero. It was called, if I mistake not--"Soap, Razors,
+and Hot Water, a Tonsorial Ode." The first stanza ran thus--
+
+  "Strap that razor so keen! Strap that razor again!
+  And Smallpiece will shave 'em, if he can come at 'em;
+  From his stool, clad in aprons, he springs up amain,
+  Like a barber, refresh'd by the smell of pomatum.
+          From the place, where he lay,
+          He leaps in array,
+  To lather and shave, in the face of the day.
+  He has sworn from pollution our faces to clean,
+  Our cheeks, necks, and upper lips, whiskers and chin."
+
+"Paullo majora canamus."
+
+
+
+
+No. CXLIV.
+
+
+In 1784, Mr. Thomas Percival, an eminent physician, of Manchester, in
+England, published a work, against duelling, and sent a copy to Dr.
+Franklin. Dr. Franklin replied to Mr. Percival, from Passy, July 17, 1784,
+and his reply contains the following observations--"Formerly, when duels
+were used to determine lawsuits, from an opinion, that Providence would in
+every instance, favor truth and right, with victory, they were excusable.
+At present, they decide nothing. A man says something, which another tells
+him is a lie. They fight; but whichever is killed, the point in dispute
+remains unsettled. To this purpose, they have a pleasant little story
+here. A gentleman, in a coffee-house, desired another to sit further from
+him. 'Why so?'--'Because, sir, you stink.'--'That is an affront, and you
+must fight me.'--'I will fight you, if you insist upon it; but I do not
+see how that will mend the matter. For if you kill me, I shall stink too;
+and, if I kill you, you will stink, if possible, worse than you do at
+present.'"
+
+This is certainly germain to the matter. So far from perceiving any moral
+courage, in those, who fight duels, nothing seems more apparent, than the
+triumph of one fear, over four other fears--the fear of shame, over the
+fear of bringing misery upon parents, wives and children--the fear of the
+law--the fear of God--and the fear of death. Many a man will _brave_
+death, who fears it.
+
+Death is the king of terrors, and all men stand in awe of him, saving the
+Christian, with his armor of righteousness about him, _cap-a-pie_; and
+even he, perhaps, is slightly pricked, by that fear, now and then, in
+articulo, between the joints of the harness. I must honestly confess, that
+I once knew a man, who had a terrible vixen of a wife, and, when about to
+die, he replied to his clergyman's inquiry, if he was not afraid to meet
+the king of terrors, that he was not, for he had lived with the queen, for
+thirty years.
+
+I do not suppose there is a more hypocritical fellow, upon earth, than a
+duellist. Mandeville, in his Fable of the Bees, in the second dialogue,
+part ii., puts these words into the mouth of Cleomenes, when speaking to
+Horatio, on the subject of his duel: "I saw you, that very morning, and
+you seemed to be sedate and void of passion: you could have no concern."
+Horatio replies--"It is silly to show any, at such times; but I know best
+what I felt; the struggle I had within was unspeakable: it is a terrible
+thing. I would then have given a considerable part of my estate, that the
+thing which forced me into it, had not happened; and yet, upon less
+provocation, I would act the same part again, tomorrow." Such is human
+nature, and many, who sit down quietly, to write in opposition to this
+silly, senseless, selfish practice, would be quite apt enough, upon the
+emergency, to throw aside the pacific steel, wherewith they indite, and
+take up the cruel rapier. When I was a young man, a Mr. Ogilvie gave
+lectures, in Boston, on various subjects. He was the son of Mr. Ogilvie,
+to whose praises of the prospects in Scotland, Dr. Johnson replied, by
+telling him, that "the noblest prospect, which a Scotchman ever sees, is
+the high road, that leads him to England."
+
+The son of this gentleman gave his lectures, in the old Exchange Coffee
+House, where I heard him, several times. Under the influence of opium,
+which he used very freely, he was, occasionally, quite eloquent. He
+lectured, one evening, with considerable power, against duelling. On his
+way to his lodgings, some person repeated to him, several piquant and
+cutting things, which a gentleman had said of his lecture. Ogilvie was
+exceedingly incensed, and swore he would call him out, the very next day.
+
+This law of honor is written nowhere, unless, in letters of blood, in the
+volume of pride, envy, hatred, malice, and all uncharitableness. "What,"
+says Cleomenes, in the work I have just now referred to--"What makes so
+just and prudent a man, that has the good of society so much at heart, act
+knowingly against the laws of his country?"--"The strict obedience," says
+Horatio, "he pays to the laws of honor, which are superior to all
+others."--"If men of honor," says Cleomenes, "would act consistently, they
+ought all to be Roman Catholics."--"Why so?"--"Because," he rejoins, "they
+prefer oral tradition, to all written laws; for nobody can tell, when, in
+what king's or emperor's reign, in what country, or by what authority,
+these laws of honor were first enacted: it is very strange they should be
+of such force."
+
+It is certainly very strange, that their authority should have been
+acknowledged, in some cases, not only by professing Christians, but even
+by the ministers of religion. Four individuals, of this holy calling,
+stand enrolled, as duellists, on the blood-guilty register of England. In
+1764, the Rev. Mr. Hill was killed in a duel, by Cornet Gardner. On the
+18th of June, 1782, the Rev. Mr. Allen killed Mr. Lloyd Dulany, in a duel.
+In August, 1827, Mr. Grady was wounded in a duel, by the Rev. Mr. Hodson.
+The Rev. Mr. Bate fought two duels--was subsequently made Baronet--fought
+a third duel, and was made Dean. If such atrocities were not preėminently
+horrible, how ridiculous they would be!
+
+It would not be agreeable to be placed in that category, in which a worthy
+bishop placed those, who, after Dr. Johnson's death, began to assail his
+reputation. "_The old lion is dead_," said the bishop, "_and now every ass
+will be kicking at his hide_." Better and safer, however, to be there,
+than to bide with those, who receive all the coarse, crude, mental
+eructations of this truly good and great man, for _dicta perennia_. A
+volume of outrageously false teachings might readily be selected, from the
+recorded outpourings of this great literary whale, whenever Boswell, by a
+little tickling, caused his Leviathan to spout. Too much tea, or none at
+all, too much dinner, or too little certainly affected his qualifications,
+as a great moral instructor; and, under the teazle of contradiction, the
+nap of his great spirit fairly stood on end; and, at such times, he sought
+victory too often, rather than the truth. It has always seemed to me, that
+dinner-table philosophy, especially _aprés_, is often of very questionable
+value.
+
+Dr. Johnson has frequently been quoted, on the subject of duelling. Some
+of his opinions were delivered, on this subject, suddenly, and seem
+entirely unworthy of his majestic powers. At a dinner party, at Gen.
+Oglethorpe's--I refer to Boswell's Johnson, in ten volumes, Lond. 1835,
+vol. iii. page 216--Boswell brought up the subject of duelling. Gen.
+Oglethorpe, _the host_, "fired at this, and said, with a lofty air,
+'undoubtedly a man has a right to defend his honor.'"
+
+Dr. Johnson, the _principal guest_, did the civil thing, and took the same
+side, and is reported, by Boswell, to have said substantially--"Sir, as
+men become in a high degree refined, various causes of offence arise;
+which are considered to be of such importance, that life must be staked to
+atone for them; though, in reality, they are not so. A body, that has
+received a very fine polish, may be easily hurt. Before men arrive at
+this artificial refinement, if one tells his neighbor he lies--his
+neighbor tells him he lies--if one gives his neighbor a blow, his neighbor
+gives him a blow: but, in a state of highly polished society, an affront
+is held to be a serious injury. It must therefore be resented, or rather a
+duel must be fought upon it; as men have agreed to banish, from society,
+one, who puts up with an affront, without fighting a duel. Now, sir, it is
+never unlawful to fight, in self-defence. He, then, who fights a duel,
+does not fight from passion against his antagonist, but out of
+self-defence, to avert the stigma of the world, and to prevent himself
+from being driven out of society. I could wish there was not that
+superfluity of refinement; but, while such notions prevail, no doubt a man
+may lawfully fight a duel." I must have another witness, besides Mr.
+Boswell, before I believe, that Dr. Johnson uttered these words. Dr.
+Johnson could never have maintained, that the _lawfulness_ of an act
+depended upon the existence of certain popular _notions_. Nor is it true,
+nor was it then true, that _men have agreed to banish, from society, one,
+who puts up with an affront, without fighting a duel_.
+
+Dr. Johnson seems to have made no distinction, between military men and
+the rest of the world. It is impossible to doubt, that the Doctor was
+graciously disposed to favor Gen. Oglethorpe's _notions_, and that he
+would have taken the opposite side, had he been the guest of the
+Archbishop of Canterbury. "_It is not unlawful to fight, in
+self-defence_:" the law, by punishing all killing, in a duel, as murder,
+in the very first degree, shows clearly enough, that duelling is never
+looked upon, as fighting, in self-defence. It is remarkable, that Mr.
+Boswell, himself a lawyer, should have thought this paragraph worthy of
+preservation.
+
+On page 268, of the same volume, Mr. Boswell has the following
+record--"April 19, 1773, he again defended duelling, and put his argument
+upon what I have ever thought the most solid basis; that, if public war be
+allowed to be consistent with morality, private war must be equally so."
+And this, in Mr. Boswell's opinion, was _the most solid basis_! It is
+difficult to perceive what is stubble, if this is not. Whither does this
+argument carry us all, but back to the state of nature--of uncovenanted
+man--of man, who has surrendered none of his natural rights, as a
+consideration for the blessings of government and law? A state of nature
+and a state of society are very different things. Who will doubt, that, if
+Dr. Johnson really uttered these things, he would have talked more warily,
+could he have imagined, that Bozzy would have transmitted them to distant
+ages?
+
+It is, nevertheless, perfectly clear, that Dr. Johnson, upon both these
+occasions, had talked, only for the pride and pleasure of talking; for Mr.
+Boswell records a very different opinion, vol. iv. page 249. Sept. 19,
+1773.--Dr. Johnson then had thoroughly digested General Oglethorpe's
+dinner; and Mr. Boswell's record runs thus--"_He fairly owned he could not
+explain the rationality of duelling_."
+
+Poor Mr. Boswell! It is not unreasonable, to suppose, that he had
+inculcated his notions, upon the subject of duelling, in his own family,
+and repeated, for the edification of his sons, the valuable sentiments of
+Dr. Johnson. Mr. Boswell died, May 19, 1795. Seven and twenty years after
+his death, his son, Sir Alexander Boswell, was killed, in a duel, at
+Auchterpool, by Mr. James Stuart, March 26, 1822. Upon the trial of
+Stuart, for murder, Mr. Jeffrey, who defended him, quoted the very
+passage, in which Dr. Johnson had justified, to the father, that fatal sin
+and folly, which had brought the son to an untimely grave!
+
+
+
+
+No. CXLV.
+
+
+Dr. Franklin, in his letter to Mr. Percival, referred to, in my last
+number, observes, that, "formerly, when duels were used, to determine
+lawsuits, from an opinion, that Providence would, in every instance, favor
+truth and right with victory, they were excusable." Dr. Johnson did not
+think this species of duel so absurd, as it is commonly supposed to be:
+"it was only allowed," said he, "when the question was in equilibrio, and
+they had a notion that Providence would interfere in favor of him, who was
+in the right." Bos., vol. iv. page 14. The lawfulness of a thing may
+excuse it: but there are some laws, so very absurd, that one stares at
+them, in the statute book, as he looks at flies in amber, and marvels
+"_how the devil they got there_." There was, I am gravely assured, in the
+city of New Orleans, not very long ago, a practitioner of the healing art,
+who was called _the Tetotum doctor_--he felt no pulse--he examined no
+tongue--he asked no questions for conscience' sake, nor for any other--his
+tetotum was marked with various letters, on its sides--he sat down, in
+front of the patient, and spun his tetotum--if B. came uppermost, he bled
+immediately--if P., he gave a purge--if E., an emetic--if C., a clyster,
+and so on. If there be less wisdom, in this new mode of practice, than in
+the old wager of Battel, I perceive it not.
+
+Both Drs. Franklin and Johnson refer to it, as an _ancient_ practice. It
+was supposed, doubtless, to have become obsolete, and a dead letter,
+extinguished by the mere progress of civilization. Much surprise,
+therefore, was excited, when, at a period, as late as 1818, an attempt was
+made to revive it, in the case of Ashford _vs._ Thornton, tried before the
+King's Bench, in April of that year. This was a case of appeal of murder,
+under the law of England. Thornton had violated, and murdered the sister
+of Ashford; and, as a last resort, claimed his right to _wager of battel_.
+The court, after full consideration, felt themselves obliged to admit the
+claim, under the unrepealed statute of 9, William II., passed A. D. 1096.
+Ashford, the appellant, and brother of the unfortunate victim, declined to
+accept the challenge, and the murderer was accordingly discharged. This
+occurred, in the 58th year of George III., and a statute was passed, in
+1819, putting an end to this terrible absurdity. Had the appellant, the
+brother, accepted this legalized challenge, what a barbarous exhibition
+would have been presented to the world, at this late day, through the
+inadvertence of Parliament, in omitting to repeal this preposterous law!
+
+In a former number, I quoted a sentiment, attributed, by Boswell, to Dr.
+Johnson, and which, I suppose, was no deliberate conviction of his, but
+uttered, in the course of his dinner-table talk, for the gratification of
+Gen. Oglethorpe, "_Men have agreed to banish from society, a man, who puts
+up with an affront without fighting a duel_." This is not asserted, as an
+independent averment, but assumed or taken for granted, as the basis of
+the argument, such as it was. Is this a fact? Cannot cases innumerable be
+stated, to prove, that it is not? The words, ascribed to Dr. Johnson, are
+not confined to any class or profession, but are of universal
+application. Have men agreed to banish from society every man, who refuses
+to fight a duel, when summoned to that refreshing amusement? Let us
+examine a few cases. General Jackson did not lose caste, because he
+omitted to challenge Randolph, for pulling his nose. Josiah Quincy was not
+banished from society, for refusing the challenge of a Southern Hotspur. I
+believe, that Judge Thacher, of Maine, would have been much less
+respected, had he gone out to be shot, when invited, than he ever has
+been, for the very sensible answer to his antagonist, that he would talk
+to Mrs. Thacher about it, and be guided by her opinion. Nobody ever
+supposed, that Judge Breckenridge suffered, in character or standing,
+because he told his challenger, that he _wouldn't come_; but, that he
+might sketch his, the Judge's, figure, on a board, and fire at that, till
+he was weary, at any distance he pleased; and if he hit it, upon a
+certificate of the fact, the Judge would agree to it.
+
+Had Hamilton refused the challenge of Burr, his _deliberate murderer_, his
+fame would have remained untarnished--his countrymen would never have
+forgotten the 14th of October, 1781--the charge of that advanced
+corps--the fall of Yorktown! On his death-bed, Hamilton expressed his
+abhorrence of the practice; and solemnly declared, should he survive,
+never to be engaged in another duel. "_Pendleton knows_," said he, in a
+dying hour, referring to Burr, and addressing Dr. Hossack, "_that I did
+not intend to fire at him_." How different from the blood-thirsty purposes
+of his assassin! In vol. x. of Jeremy Bentham's works, pages 432-3, the
+reader will find a letter from Dumont to Bentham, in which the Frenchman
+says, referring to a conversation with Burr, in 1808, four years after the
+duel--"_His duel with Hamilton was a savage affair_:" and Bentham
+adds--"_He gave me an account of his duel with Hamilton; he was sure of
+being able to kill him, so I thought it little better than murder_."
+
+In England, _politics_ seem to have given occasion to very many affairs of
+this nature--the duels of the Duke of Hamilton and Lord Mohun, in 1712,
+fatal to both--Mr. Martin and Mr. Wilkes, in 1763--the Lords Townshend and
+Bellamont, in 1773--C. J. Fox and Mr. Adam, in 1779--Capt. Fullerton and
+Lord Shelburne, in 1780--Lord Macartney and Major General Stuart, in
+1786--the Duke of York and Colonel Lenox, in 1789--Mr. Curran and Major
+Hobart, in 1790--Earl of Lonsdale and Capt. Cuthbert, in 1792--Lord
+Valentia and Mr. Gawler, in 1796--William Pitt and George Tierney, in
+1798--Sir Francis Burdett and Mr. Paull, in 1807--Lord Castlereagh and Mr.
+Canning, in 1809--Mr. O'Connell and Mr. D'Esterre, in 1815--Mr. Grattan
+and the Earl of Clare, in 1820--Sir A. Boswell and James Stuart, in
+1822--Mr. Long Wellesly and Mr. Crespigny, in 1828--the Duke of Wellington
+and the Earl of Winchelsea, in 1829--Lord Alvanley and Morgan O'Connell,
+in 1835--Sir Colquhon Grant and Lord Seymour, in 1835--Mr. Roebuck and Mr.
+Black, in 1835--Mr. Ruthven and Mr. Scott, in 1836--the Earl of Cardigan
+and Mr. Tuckett, in 1840.
+
+Sir J. Barrington says, that, during his grand climacteric, two hundred
+and twenty-seven duels were fought. In different ages and nations, various
+preventives have been employed. Killing in a duel, here and in England, is
+murder, in the surviving principal, and seconds. To add effect to the law,
+it was proclaimed, by 30, Charles II., 1679, to be _an unpardonable
+offence_.
+
+Disqualification from holding office, and dismissal from the army and navy
+have, at different times, been held up, in terrorem. In England, eighteen
+survivors have suffered the penalty, provided against duelling. Major
+Campbell was hung, in 1808, for having killed Capt. Boyd, in a duel.
+
+In 1813, Lieutenant Blundell was killed in a duel at Carisbroke Castle:
+the survivor and both seconds were tried, and convicted of murder; and,
+though subsequently pardoned, dismissed the service. "Duels," says Sir
+George Mackenzie, "are but illustrious murders." Mr. Addison recommends
+the pillory. The councils of Valentia and Trent excommunicated such
+combatants; but a man, who has made up his mind to fight a duel, cares
+little for the church.
+
+During the first eighteen years of the reign of Henry IV., four thousand
+persons were slain, in duels, in France. He published his famous edict of
+Blois, against duels, in 1602: and, in 1609, added, to the existing
+penalties, punishment by death, confiscations, fines, and imprisonment,
+respectively, for all, concerned in fighting or abetting, even as
+spectators, or as casual passers, who did not interpose. All this,
+however, was the work of Sully: for this consistent king, at this very
+time, gave Crequi leave to fight the Duke of Savoy, and even told him,
+that he would be his second, were he not a king.
+
+Duels were so frequent, in the reign of his successor, Louis XIII., that
+Lord Herbert, who was then ambassador, at the court of France, used to
+say, there was not a Frenchman, worth looking at, who had not killed his
+man. "_Who fought yesterday?_" was the mode of inquiring after the news of
+the morning. The most famous duellist of the age was Montmorenci, Count de
+Bouttville. He and the Marquis de Beuoron, setting their faces against all
+authority, and, persisting in this amusement, it was found necessary to
+take their stubborn heads off. They were tried, convicted, and beheaded. A
+check was, at length, put to these excesses, by Louis XIV. A particular
+account of all this will be found in Larrey, _Histoire de France, sons le
+Régne de Louis XIV._, tom. ii. p. 208. Matters, during the minority of
+Louis XIV., had come to a terrible pass. The Dukes de Beaufort and Nemours
+had fought a duel, with four seconds each, and converted it into a _Welch
+main_, as the cock-fighters term a _meleé_. They fought, five to five,
+with swords and pistols. Beaufort killed Nemours--the Marquis de Villars
+killed D'Henricourt, and D'Uzerches killed De Ris. In 1663, another affair
+took place, four to four. The king finally published his famous edict of
+1679. The marshals of France and the nobility entered into a solemn league
+and covenant, never to fight a duel, on any pretence whatever; and Louis
+le Grand adhered to his oath, and resolutely refused pardon to every
+offender. This greatly checked the evil, for a time.
+
+Kings will die, and their worthy purposes are not always inherited by
+their successors; soon after the death of the great monarch, the practice
+of duelling revived in France.
+
+The only radical and permanent preventive, of this equally barbarous, and
+foolish custom, lies, in the moral and religious education of the people.
+The infrequency of the practice, in New England, arises entirely from the
+fact, that the moral and religious training of the community has taught
+them to look upon a duellist, as an exceedingly unfashionable personage.
+
+New Englanders are a calculating race. They _calculate_, that it is
+infinitely better to mind their business, and die quietly in their beds,
+than to go out and be shot, by the very fellow, who has not the decency to
+say he is sorry, for treading on their toes, when he was drunk--and they
+are a fearful race, for they fear the reprehension of the wise and good,
+and the commands of God, more than they fear the decisions of a lawless
+tribunal, where fools sit in judgment, and whose absurd decrees are
+written on the sand.
+
+
+
+
+No. CXLVI.
+
+
+Some nine and thirty years ago, I was in the habit, occasionally, when I
+had no call, in my line, of strolling over to the Navy Yard, at
+Charlestown, and spending an evening, in the cabin of a long, dismantled,
+old hulk, that was lying there. Once in a while, we had a very pleasant
+dinner party, on board that old craft. That cabin was the head-quarters of
+my host. It was the cabin of that ill-fated frigate, the Chesapeake. My
+friend had been one of her deeply mortified officers, when she was
+surrendered, by James Barron, to the British frigate Leopard, without
+firing a gun, June 23, 1807.
+
+A sore subject this, for my brave, old friend. I well remember to have
+dined, in that cabin, one fourth of July, with some very pleasant
+associates--there were ten of us--we were very noisy then--all, but
+myself, are still enough now--they are all in their graves. I recollect,
+that, towards the close of the entertainment, some allusion to the old
+frigate, in which we were assembled, revived the recollection of the day,
+when those stars and stripes came down. We sat in silence, listening to
+the narrative of our host, whose feelings were feverishly and painfully
+excited--"It would have been a thousand times better," said he, "if the
+old hulk had gone to bottom and every man on board. The country might
+then, possibly, have been spared the war; for our honor would have been
+saved, and there would have been less to fight for. Unprepared as we were,
+for such an attack, at a time of profound peace, we ought to have gone
+down, like little Mudge, who, while his frigate was sinking, thanked God
+the Blanche was not destined to wear French colors!"
+
+When he paused, and, with the back of his hand, brushed away the tears
+from his eyes, we were all of his mind, and wished he had been in command,
+that day, instead of James Barron; for this old friend of mine was a very,
+very clever fellow--a warmer heart never beat in a braver bosom. There was
+one thing, however, that I could never break him of, and yet I had some
+little influence with him, in those days--I mean the _habit_ of fighting
+duels. He would not harm a fly, but he would shoot a man, in an honorable
+way, at the shortest notice, and the shortest distance. He fought a duel,
+on one occasion, when, being challenged, and having the choice of
+distance, he insisted on three paces, saying he was so near-sighted, he
+could not hit a barn door, at ten. He was apt to be, not affectedly, but
+naturally, jocular, on such occasions.
+
+Another old friend of mine, in by-gone days, the elder son of the late
+Governor Brooks, was second, in one of these duels, to the friend, of whom
+I am speaking. Major Brooks had, occasionally, indulged himself, in the
+publication of poetical effusions. When the parties and their seconds came
+upon the ground, he found, that he had brought no leather, to envelop the
+ball, as usual, in loading; and, drawing a newspaper from his pocket, tore
+off the corner, on which some verses were printed: at this moment, his
+principal drawing near, said, in an under tone, "_I hope that isn't one of
+your fugitive pieces, Alek_."
+
+Though our lines were, of late years, cast far apart, I always rejoiced in
+his good fortune. After having occupied a very elevated position, for some
+time, in the naval department, he fell--poor fellow--not in a duel--but in
+a moment, doubtless, of temporary, mental derangement, by his own hand.
+The news of my old friend's death reached me, just before dinner--I
+postponed it till the next day--went home--sat alone--and had that old
+dinner, in the cabin of the Chesapeake, warmed over, upon the coals of the
+imagination, and seated around me every guest, who was there that day,
+just as fresh, as if he had never been buried.
+
+James Barron was an unlucky dog, to say the least of it. Striking the
+stars and stripes, without firing a gun, was enough for one life. For this
+he was tried, found guilty, and suspended from duty, for five years, from
+Feb. 8, 1808, and deprived of his pay. He went abroad; and, during his
+absence, war was declared, which continued about two years, after the
+termination of his suspension. He returned, at last, and sought
+employment; Decatur officially opposed his claims; and thereupon he
+challenged, and killed Decatur, the pride of the American navy; and, after
+this, he received employment from the government. The services of James
+Barron are not likely to be undervalued. Decatur's offence consisted, in
+his declaration of opinion, that Barron did not return to the service of
+his country, as in duty bound. The duel took place March 22, 1820. After
+this, Barron demanded a Court of Inquiry, to settle this point. The Court
+consisted of Commodores Stewart and Morris and Captain Evans, and
+convened May 10, 1821, and the conclusion of the sentence is this--"It is
+therefore the opinion of the court, that his (Barron's) absence from the
+United States, without the permission of the government, was contrary to
+his duty, as an officer, in the navy of the United States."
+
+Here then was another silly and senseless duel. Mr. Allen, in his
+Biographical Dictionary remarks--"The correspondence issued in a challenge
+from Barron, though he considered duelling '_a barbarous practice, which
+ought to be exploded from civilized society_.' And the challenge was
+accepted by Decatur, though he '_had long since discovered, that fighting
+duels is not even an unerring criterion of personal courage_.'"
+
+They fired at the same instant; Barron fell immediately, wounded in the
+hip, where Decatur had mercifully declared his intention to wound him;
+Decatur stood erect, for a moment--put his hand to his right side--and
+fell, mortally wounded. He was raised, and supported, a few steps, and
+sunk down, exhausted, near Barron. Captain Mackenzie, in his Life of
+Decatur, page 322, gives his opinion, that this duel could have been
+gracefully prevented, on the ground; and such will be the judgment,
+doubtless, of posterity. Capt. Jesse D. Elliot was the second of
+Barron--Com. Bainbridge of Decatur. After they had taken their stands,
+Barron said to Decatur, that he hoped, "_on meeting, in another world,
+they would be better friends, than they had been in this_."
+
+To this Decatur replied, "_I have never been your enemy, sir_." "Why,"
+says Captain Mackenzie, "could not this aspiration for peace, between
+them, in the next world, on one part, and this comprehensive disclaimer of
+all enmity, on the other, have been seized by the friends, for the
+purposes of reconciliation?" A pertinent question truly--but of very ready
+solution. These seconds, like most others, acted, like military
+undertakers; their office consists, as they seem to suppose, in seeing the
+bodies duly cared for; and all consideration for the chief mourners, and
+such the very principals often are, is out of the question. With all his
+excellent qualities, Commodore Bainbridge, as every one, who knew him
+well, will readily admit, was not possessed of that happy mixture of
+qualities, to avail of this pacific _prestige_. It was an overture--such
+Barron afterwards avowed it to have been. On the 10th of October, 1818,
+Decatur had been the second of Com. Perry, in his duel with Captain Heath,
+which was terminated, after the first fire, by Decatur's declaration,
+that Com. Perry had avowed his purpose, not to fire at Capt Heath. Had
+Perry lived, and been at hand, it is highly probable, that Decatur would
+not have fallen, for Perry would, doubtless, have been his second, and
+readily availed of the expressions of the parties, on the ground.
+
+Had Charles Morris, whose gallantry and discretion have mingled into a
+proverb--had he been the second of his old commander, by whose side, he
+stood, on the Philadelphia's deck, in that night of peril, February, 1804,
+who can doubt, the pacific issue of this most miserable adventure!
+Seconds, too frequently, are themselves the instigators and supporters of
+these combats. True or false, the tale is a fair one, of two friends, who
+had disputed over their cups; and, by the exciting expressions of some
+common acquaintances, were urged into a duel. They met early the next
+morning--the influence of the liquor had departed--the seconds loaded the
+pistols, and placed their principals--but, before the word was given, one
+of them, rubbing his eyes, and looking about him, exclaims--"there is some
+mistake, there can be no enmity between us two, my old friend; these
+fellows, who have brought us here, upon this foolish errand, are our
+enemies, let us fire at them." The proposition was highly relished, by the
+other party, and the seconds took to their heels.
+
+Well: we left Decatur and Barron, lying side by side, and weltering in
+their blood. The strife was past, and they came to a sort of friendly
+understanding. Barron, supposing his wound to be fatal, said all things
+had been conducted honorably, and that he forgave Decatur, from the bottom
+of his heart. Mackenzie, in a note, on page 325, refers to a conversation
+between them, as they lay upon the ground, until the means of
+transportation arrived. He does not give the details, but says they would
+be "creditable to the parties, and soothing to the feelings of the
+humane." I understood, at the time, from a naval officer of high rank, and
+have heard it often, repeated, that Decatur said, "Barron, why didn't you
+come home and fight your country's battles?" that Barron replied, "I was
+too poor to pay my debts, and couldn't get away,"--and that Decatur
+rejoined, "If I had known that, we should not be lying here." Strip this
+matter of its honorable epidermis, and there is something quite ridiculous
+in the idea of doing such an unpleasant thing, and all for nothing!
+
+These changes, from hostility to amity, are often extremely sudden. I have
+read, that Rapin, the historian, when young, fought a duel, late in the
+evening, with small swords. His sword broke near the hilt--he did not
+perceive it, and continued to fence with the hilt alone. His antagonist
+paused and gave him notice; and, like the two girls, in the Antijacobin,
+they flew into each other's arms, and "swore perpetual amity."
+
+
+
+
+No. CXLVII.
+
+
+M. De Vassor wrote with a faulty pen, when he asserted, in his history,
+that the only good thing Louis XIV. did, in his long reign of fifty-six
+years, consisted in his vigorous attempts, to suppress the practice of
+duelling. Cardinal Richelieu admits, however, in his _Political
+Testament_, that his own previous efforts had been ineffectual, although
+he caused Messieurs de Chappelle and Bouteville to be executed, for the
+crime, in disregard of the earnest importunities of their numerous and
+powerful friends. No public man ever did more, for the suppression of the
+practice, than Lord Bacon, while he was attorney general. His celebrated
+charge, upon an information in the star chamber, against Priest & Wright,
+vol. iv. page 399, Lond. 1824, was ordered to be printed, by the Lords of
+Council; and was vastly learned and powerful, in its way. It is rather
+amusing, upon looking at the decree, which followed, dated Jan. 26, 2
+James I., to see how such matters were then managed; the information,
+against Priest, was, "_for writing and sending a letter of challenge
+together with a stick, which should be the length of the weapon_."
+
+Such measures are surely well enough, as far as they go; but can be of no
+lasting influence, unless certain processes are simultaneously carried on,
+to meliorate the moral tone, in society. Without the continual employment
+of moral and religious alteratives--laws, homilies, charges, decrees,
+ridicule, menances of disinherison here, and damnation hereafter will be
+of very little use. They are outward applications--temporary repellants,
+which serve no other purpose, than to drive back the distemper, for a
+brief space, but reach not the seat of the disorder. As was stated, in a
+former number, nothing will put an end to this practice, but
+indoctrination--the mild, antiphlogistic system of the Gospel. Wherever
+its gentle spirit prevails, combined with intellectual and moral culture,
+there will be no duels. Temperance forms, necessarily, an important part
+of that antiphlogistic system--for a careful examination will show, that,
+in a very great number of cases, duels have originated over the table--we
+import them, corked up in bottles, which turn out, now and then, to be
+vials of wrath.
+
+One of the most ferocious duels, upon record, is that, between Lord Bruce
+and Sir Edward Sackville, of which the survivor, Sir Edward, wrote an
+account from Louvain, Sept. 8, 1613. These fellows appear to have been
+royal tigers, untameable even by Herr Driesbach. This brutal and bloody
+fight took place, at Bergen op Zoom, near Antwerp. The _cause_ of this
+terrible duel has never been fully ascertained, but the _manner and
+instrument_, by which these blood-thirsty gentlemen were put in the
+ablative, are indicated in the letter--they fought with _rapiers and in
+their shirts_. I have neither room nor taste for the details: by the
+curious in such matters, some account may be gathered, in Collins's
+Peerage, which refers to the correspondence, preserved in manuscript, in
+Queen's College library, Oxford. These, with Sir Edward's letter, may be
+found in Wood's Athenę Oxonienses also, vol. iii. page 314, Lond. 1817.
+Wood says--"_he (Sackville) entered into a fatal quarrel, upon a subject
+very unwarrantable, with a young Scottish nobleman, the Lord Bruce_."
+Sackville was afterward Earl of Dorset. A more accessible authority, for
+the reader, probably, is the Guardian, vol. iii. No. 133, though the
+former is more full, and taken from the original manuscript, in the
+Ashmole Museum, with the ancient spelling.
+
+The duel, with swords, between the Lords Mohun and Hamilton, in Hyde Park,
+Nov. 15, 1712, was nearly as brutal. Both were killed. Richard Brinsley
+Sheridan's duel with Matthews--the second I mean, for they had two
+duels--was a very doglike thing indeed. They fought, first, with pistols,
+and, not killing each other, as speedily as they wished, resorted to their
+swords. They cut and pricked each other, at a terrible rate; and, losing
+all patience and temper, closed, rough and tumble, went heels over head,
+rolled, and puffed, and tussled, in the dust and dirt, till, at last, they
+were literally pulled apart, like two dogs, by their tails, and a part of
+Matthews' sword was found sticking in Sheridan's ear. Gentlemanly
+satisfaction this! It has sometimes occurred, that advantages, unduly
+taken, on the ground, such as firing out of order, for example, have
+converted the killing into murder, in the eyes even of the seconds, which
+it ever is, at all such meetings, in the eye of the law. Such was the case
+in the duels, between M'Keon and Reynolds, Jan. 31, 1788, and between
+Campbell and Boyd, June 23, 1808.
+
+Doubtless, there are men of wonderfully well balanced minds, who go about
+their business, with great apparent composure, after they have killed
+their antagonists in duels. Now and then, there is one, who takes things
+more gravely--_nervously_, perhaps. Poor fellow, he feels rather
+unpleasantly, when he chances to go by the husbandless mansion--or passes
+that woman, whom he has made a widow--or sees, hand in hand, those little
+children, in their sober garments, whom the accursed cunning of his red,
+right hand has rendered orphans! Such feeble spirits there are--the heart
+of a duellist should be made of sterner stuff.
+
+June 8, 1807, Mr. Colclough was killed in a duel, by Mr. Alcock, who
+immediately lost his reason, and was carried from the ground to the
+madhouse. Some years ago, I visited the Lunatic Hospital in Philadelphia;
+and there saw, among its inmates, a well known gentleman, who had killed
+_his friend_, in a duel. He had referred, while conversing, to his hair,
+which had grown very gray, since I last saw him. A bystander said, in a
+mild way--gray hairs are honorable--"_Aye_," he replied, "_honor made my
+hairs gray_."
+
+I know, very well, that the common, lawless duel is supposed, by many
+persons, to have sprung from the old _wager of battel_, defined, by Fleta,
+in his law Latin, _singularis pugnus inter duos ad probandum litem, et qui
+vicit probasse intelligitur_. The first time we hear of the _wager of
+Battel_, as a written judicial rule, is A. D. 501, in the reign of
+Gundibald, king of Burgundy; and it was in use, among the Germans, Danes,
+and Franks. The practice or usage was common, however, to all the Celtic
+nations. It came into England, with William the Conqueror. It happens,
+however, that men have ever been disposed to settle their disputes, by
+fighting about them, since the world began.
+
+If the classical reader will open his Velleius Paterculus, lib. ii., and
+read the first sentence of section 118, he will see, that, when Quintilius
+Varus endeavored to persuade the rude Germans, to adopt the laws and
+usages of Rome, in the adjustment of their disputes, between man and man,
+they laughed at his simplicity, and told him they had a summary mode of
+settling these matters, among themselves, by the arm of flesh. This
+occurred, shortly after the birth of Christ, or about 500 years _before_
+the time of Gundibald. Instead of attempting to trace the origin of modern
+duelling to the legalized _wager of battel_, we may as well look for its
+moving cause, in the heart of man.
+
+Duels are of very ancient origin. Abel was a noncombatant. Had it been
+otherwise, the affair, between him and Cain, would have been the first
+affair of honor; and his death would not have been _murder_, but _killing
+in a duel_! One thousand and fifty-eight years, according to the
+chronology of Calmet, before the birth of Christ, the very first duel was
+fought, near a place called _Shochoh_, which certainly sounds as roughly,
+on the ear, as _Hoboken_. There seems not to have been, upon that
+occasion, any of the ceremony, practised, now-a-days--there were no
+regular seconds--no surgeons--no marking off the ground--and each party
+had the right, to use whatever weapons he pleased.
+
+Two armies were drawn up, in the face of each other. A man, of unusually
+large proportions, stepped between them, and proposed an adjustment of
+their national differences, by single combat, and challenged any man of
+his opponents, to fight a duel with him. He was certainly a fine looking
+fellow, and armed to the teeth. He came, without any second or friend, to
+adjust the preliminaries; and no one was with him, but an armor bearer,
+who carried his shield. The audacity of this unexpected challenge, and the
+tremendous limbs of the challenger, for a time, produced a sort of panic,
+in the opposite army--no man seemed inclined to break a spear with the
+tall champion. At last, after he had strutted up and down, for some time,
+there came along a smart little fellow, a sort of cowboy or sheep-herd,
+who was sent to the army by his father, with some provisions, for his
+three brothers, who had enlisted, and a few fine cheeses, for the colonel
+of their regiment, the father thinking, very naturally, doubtless, that a
+present of this kind might pave the way for their promotion. The old
+gentleman's name was Jesse--an ancestor, doubtless, of John Heneage Jesse,
+whose memoirs of George Selwyn we have all read, with so much pleasure.
+The young fellow arrived with his cheeses, at the very time, when this
+huge braggart was going about, strutting and defying. Hearing, that the
+King had offered his daughter in marriage, with a handsome dowry, to any
+one, who would kill this great bugbear out of the way, this stripling
+offered to do it.
+
+When he was brought into the royal presence, the King, struck by his youth
+and slender figure, told him, without ceremony, that the proposition was
+perfect nonsense, and that he would certainly get his brains knocked out,
+by such a terrible fellow. But the young man seemed nothing daunted, and
+respectfully informed his majesty, that, upon one occasion, he had had an
+affair with a lion, and, upon another, with a bear, and that he had taken
+the lion by the beard, and slain him.
+
+The King finally consented, and proceeded to put armor on the boy, who
+told his majesty, that he was very much obliged to him, but had much
+rather go without it. The challenge was duly accepted. But, when they came
+together, on the ground, all the modern notions of etiquette appear to
+have been set entirely at defiance. Contrary to all the rules of
+propriety, the principals commenced an angry conversation. When the
+challenger first saw the little fellow, coming towards him, with a stick
+and a sling, he really supposed they were hoaxing him. He felt somewhat,
+perhaps, like Mr. Crofts, when he was challenged, in 1664, by Humphrey
+Judson, the dwarf; who, nevertheless, killed him, at the first fire.
+
+When the youngster marched up to him, the challenger was very indignant,
+and asked if he took him for a dog, that he came out to him, with a stick;
+and, in a very ungentlemanly way, hinted something about making mince meat
+of his little antagonist, for the crows. The little fellow was not to be
+outdone, in this preparatory skirmish of words; for he threatened to take
+off the giant's head in a jiffy, and told him the ravens should have an
+alderman's meal, upon his carcass.
+
+Such bandying of rough words is entirely out of order, on such occasions.
+At it they went; and, at the very first fire, down came the bully upon his
+face, struck, upon the frontal sinus, with a smooth stone from a sling.
+The youngster, I am sorry to say, contrary to all the rules of duelling,
+ran up to him, after he was down, and chopped off his head, with his own
+sword; for, as I have already stated, there were no seconds, and there was
+no surgeon at hand, to attend to the mutilated gentleman, after he was
+satisfied.
+
+The survivor, who seems to have been the founder of his own
+fortune--_novus homo_--became eminently distinguished for his fine
+poetical talents, and composed a volume of lyrics, which have passed
+through innumerable editions. The one hundred and forty-fourth of the
+series is supposed, by the critics, to have been commemorative of this
+very affair of honor--_Blessed be the Lord, my strength, who teacheth my
+hands to war, and my fingers to fight_.
+
+
+
+
+No. CXLVIII.
+
+
+The duel, between David and Goliath, bears a striking resemblance to that,
+between Titus Manlius and the Gaul, so finely described, by Livy, lib.
+vii. cap. 10. In both cases, the circumstances, at the commencement, were
+precisely alike. The armies of the Hernici and of the Romans were drawn
+up, on the opposite banks of the Anio--those of the Israelites and of the
+Philistines, on two mountains, on the opposite sides of the valley of
+Elah. "Tum eximia corporis magnitudine in vacuum pontem Gallus processit,
+et quantum maxima voce potuit, _quem nunc_ inquit _Roma virum fortissimum
+habet, procedat, agedum, ad pugnam, ut noster duorum eventus ostendat,
+utra gens bello sit melior_." Then, a Gaul of enormous size, came down
+upon the unoccupied bridge, and cried out, as loud as he could, let the
+bravest of the Romans come forth--let him come on--and let the issue of
+our single combat decide, which nation is superior in war.--And there went
+out a champion out of the camp of the Philistines, named Goliath of Gath,
+whose height was six cubits and a span. * * * * And he stood, and cried
+unto the armies of Israel, and said unto them, why are ye come out to set
+your battle in array? Am not I a Philistine, and ye servants of Saul?
+Choose you a man for you, and let him come down to me. If he be able to
+fight with me and to kill me, then will we be your servants; but if I
+prevail against him and kill him, then shall ye be our servants, and serve
+us.
+
+The next point, is the effect upon the two armies: "Diu inter primores
+juvenum Romanorum silentium fuit, quum et abnuere certamen vererentur, et
+pręcipuam sortem periculi petere nollent." There was a long silence, upon
+this, among the chiefs of the young Romans; for, while they were afraid to
+refuse the challenge, they were reluctant to encounter this peculiar kind
+of peril.--When Saul and all Israel heard those words of the Philistine,
+they were dismayed and greatly afraid.
+
+After Titus Manlius had accepted the challenge, he seems desirous of
+giving his commander a proof of his confidence in himself, and the
+reasons, or grounds, of that confidence: "Si tu permittis, volo ego illi
+belluę ostendere, quando adeo ferox pręsultat hostium signis, me ex ea
+familia ortum, quę Gallorum agmen ex rupe Tarpeia dejecit." If you will
+permit me, I will show this brute, after he has vaunted a little longer,
+in this braggart style, before the banners of the enemy, that I am sprung
+from the family, that hurled the whole host of Gauls from the Tarpeian
+rock.--And David said to Saul, let no man's heart fail because of him, thy
+servant will go and fight with this Philistine. * * * * Thy servant kept
+his father's sheep, and there came a lion and a bear, and took a lamb out
+of the flock. And I went out after him, and delivered it out of his mouth;
+and when he arose against me, I caught him, by his beard, and smote him
+and slew him. Thy servant slew both the lion and the bear, and this
+uncircumcised Philistine shall be as one of them.
+
+The difference in their port and appearance may also be considered.
+"Nequaquam visu ac specie ęstimantibus pares. Corpus alteri magnitudine
+eximium, versicolori veste, pictisque et auro cęlatis refulgens armis;
+media in altero militaris statura, modicaque in armis habilibus magis quam
+decoris species." In size and appearance, there was no resemblance. The
+frame of the Gaul was enormous. He wore a vest whose color was changeable,
+and his refulgent arms were highly ornamented and studded with gold. The
+Roman was of middle military stature, and his simple weapons were
+calculated for service and not for show. Of Goliath we read--He had a
+helmet of brass upon his head, and he was armed with a coat of mail. * * *
+And he had greaves of brass upon his legs, and a target of brass between
+his shoulders, and the staff of his spear was like a weaver's beam; and
+David took his staff in his hand, and chose him five smooth stones out of
+the brook, and put them in a shepherd's bag which he had, even in a scrip,
+and his sling was in his hand. The General's consent is given to Titus
+Manlius, in these words--"Perge et nomen Romanum invictum, juvantibus
+diis, pręsta." Go, and have a care, the gods assisting thee, that the
+Roman name remains unconquered. And Saul said unto David, Go, and the
+Lord be with thee. The Philistine and the Gaul were both speedily killed,
+and here the parallel ends; for David hewed off the Philistine's head. The
+Roman was more generous than the child of Israel--"Jacentis inde corpus,
+ab omni alia vexatione intactum, uno torque spoliavit; quem, respersum
+cruore, collo circumdedit suo." He despoiled the body of his fallen foe,
+in no otherwise insulted, of a chain, which, bloody, as it was, he placed
+around his own neck. I cannot turn from this gallant story, without
+remarking, that this Titus Manlius must have been a terrible wag: Livy
+says, that his young companions having prepared him for the duel--"armatum
+adornatumque adversus Gallum stolide lętum, et (quoniam id quoque memoria
+dignum antiquis visum est) linguam, etiam ab irrisu exscrentem,
+producunt"--they brought him forward, armed and prepared for his conflict
+with the Gaul, childishly delighted, and (since the ancients have thought
+it worth repeating) waggishly thrusting his tongue out of his mouth, in
+derision of his antagonist.
+
+Doubtless, the challenge of Charles V. by Francis I., in which affair,
+Charles, in the opinion of some folks, showed a little, if the cant phrase
+be allowable, of the white feather, gave an impetus to the practice of
+duelling. Doubtless, the _wager of battel_ supplied something of the form
+and ceremony, the use of seconds, and measuring the lists, the signal of
+onset, &c. of modern duels: but the principle was in the bosom of Adam,
+and the practice is of the highest antiquity.
+
+Woman, in some way or other, has been, very often, at the bottom of these
+duels. Helen, as the chief occasion of the Trojan war, was, of course, the
+cause of Hector's duel with Ajax, which duel, as the reader will see, by
+turning to his Iliad, lib. viii. v. 279, was stopped, by the police, at
+the very moment, when both gentlemen, having thrown their lances aside,
+were drawing their long knives. Lavinia set Turnus and Ęneas by the cars.
+Turnus challenged him twice. Upon the first occasion, Ęneas was unwell;
+but, upon the second, they had a meeting, and he killed his man. David
+would not have accepted Goliath's challenge, had not his heart been set
+upon Saul's daughter, _and the shekels_. I find nothing of this, in the
+commentators; but the reader may find it, in the Book of Nature, _passim_.
+For one so young, David practised, with all the wariness of an old
+bachelor. When he first arrived in camp, some one asked him, if he had
+seen Goliath, and added, _and it shall be that the man who killeth him
+the King will enrich him with great riches, and will give him his
+daughter_. David had no idea of going upon a fool's errand; and, to make
+matters sure, he turned to those about him, and inquired, clearly for
+confirmation, _what shall be done to the man that killeth this
+Philistine?_ And they repeated what he had heard before. David was a
+discreet youth, for one of his time, the titman, as he was, of Jesse's
+eight children--and, to avoid all chance of mistake, he walks off to
+another person, near at hand, and repeats his inquiry, and receives a
+similar answer. Sam. I. xvii. 30. A wide difference there is, between the
+motives of Titus Manlius, in accepting the challenge of the Gaul, and
+those of David, in accepting that of the Philistine--the love of country
+and of glory in the first--in the last, the desire of possessing Saul's
+daughter _and the shekels_.
+
+Duels have been occasioned, by other Helens than her of Troy. A pleasant
+tale is told, by Valvasor, in his work, _La Gloire de Duche de Carniole_,
+Liv. ii. p. 634--of Andrew Eberhard Rauber, a German Knight, and Lord of
+the fortress of Petronel. Maximilian II., Emperor of Germany, had a
+natural daughter, Helen Scharseginn, of exquisite beauty, who had a brace
+of gallant admirers, of whom Rauber was one--the other was a Spanish
+gentleman, of high rank. Both were at the court of Maximilian, and in such
+high favor, that the Emperor was extremely unwilling to disoblige either.
+Upon the lifting of a finger, these gallants were ready to fight a score
+of duels, for the lady's favor, in the most approved fashion of the day.
+To this the Emperor was decidedly opposed; and, had they resorted to such
+extremities, neither would have taken anything, by his motion. The Emperor
+secretly preferred the German alliance, but was unwilling to offend the
+Spaniard. He was young and of larger proportions, than his German rival;
+but Rauber's prodigious strength had become a proverb, through the land.
+He had the power of breaking horse-shoes with his thumbs and fingers; and,
+upon one occasion, at Gratz, in the presence of the Archduke Charles,
+according to Valvasor's account, he seized an insolent Jew, by his long
+beard, and actually pulled his jaw off. He was a terrible antagonist, of
+course.
+
+Maximilian, heartily wearied with their incessant strife and importunity,
+finally consented, that the question should be settled, by a duel, in
+presence of the whole court. The hour was appointed, and the parties duly
+notified. The terms of the conflict were to be announced, by the Emperor.
+The day arrived. The Lords and Ladies of the Court were assembled, to
+witness the combat; and the rivals presented themselves, with their
+weapons, prepared to struggle manfully, for life and love.
+
+The Emperor commanded the combatants to lay their rapiers aside, and each
+was presented with a large bag or sack; and they were told, that whichever
+should succeed, in putting the other into the sack, should be entitled to
+the hand of the fair Helen Scharseginn.
+
+Though, doubtless, greatly surprised, by this extraordinary announcement,
+there appeared to be no alternative, and at it they went. After a
+protracted struggle, amid shouts of laughter from the spectators, Rauber,
+Lord of the fortress of Petronel, obtained the victory, bagged his bird,
+and encased the haughty Spaniard in the sack, who, shortly after, departed
+from the court of Maximilian.
+
+Would to God, that all duels were as harmless, in their consequences. It
+is not precisely so. When the gentleman, that does the murder, and the two
+or more gentlemen, who aid and abet, have finished their handiwork, the
+end is not yet--mother, wife, sisters, brothers, children are involuntary
+parties--the iron, or the lead, which pierced that selfish heart, must
+enter their very souls.
+
+Where these encounters have proved fatal, the survivors, as I have stated,
+have, occasionally, gone mad. It is not very common, to be sure, for duels
+to produce such melancholy consequences, as those, which occurred, after
+that, between Cameron and McLean, in 1722. McLean was killed. Upon
+receiving the intelligence, his aged mother lost her reason, and closed
+her days in a mad-house. The lady, to whom he was betrothed, expired in
+convulsions, upon the third day, after the event--_n'importe!_
+
+
+
+
+No. CXLIX.
+
+
+It is quite unpleasant, after having diligently read a volume of memoirs,
+or voyages, or travels, and carefully transferred a goodly number of
+interesting items to one's common-place book--to discover, that the work,
+_ab ovo usque ad mala_, is an ingenious tissue of deliberate lies. It is
+no slight aggravation of this species of affliction, to reflect, that one
+has highly commended the work, to some of his acquaintances, who are no
+way remarkable, for their bowels of compassion, and whose intelligible
+smile he is certain to encounter, when they first meet again, after the
+_éclaircissement_.
+
+There is very little of the _hęc olim meminisse juvabit_, in store, for
+those, who have been thus misled. If there had been, absolutely, no
+foundation for the story, in the credulity of certain members of the Royal
+Society, Butler would not, probably, have produced his pleasant account of
+"_the elephant in the moon_." There were some very grave gentlemen, of
+lawful age, who were inclined to receive, for sober truth, that
+incomparable hoax, of which Sir John Herschell was represented, as the
+hero.
+
+Damberger's travels, in Africa, and his personal adventures there gave me
+great pleasure, when I was a boy; and I remember to have felt excessively
+indignant, when I discovered, that the work was written, in a garret, in
+the city of Amsterdam, by a fellow who had never quitted Europe.
+
+I never derived much pleasure or instruction, from Wraxall's memoirs of
+the Kings of France of the race of Valois, nor from his tour through the
+Southern Provinces, published in 1777. But his Historical memoirs of his
+own time, prepared, somewhat after the manner of De Thou, and Bishop
+Burnet, and extending from 1772 to 1784, I well remember to have read,
+with very considerable pleasure, in 1816; and was pained to find them cut
+up, however unmercifully, with so much irresistible justice, in the
+Edinburgh and Quarterly Reviews, and the British Critic. Mr. Wraxall made
+matters immeasurably worse, by his defence. There could be no adequate
+defence, for a man, who had asserted, that Lord Dorset told him an
+anecdote, touching an event, _which event did not happen, till Lord Dorset
+was dead_. A single instance of this kind, in a writer of common accuracy,
+might be carried, in charity, to the debit of chance, or forgetfulness;
+but the catalogue, presented by the reviewers, is truly overpowering. To
+close the account, Sir N. W. Wraxall was, in May, 1816, convicted of a
+libel, in these very memoirs, upon Count Woronzow, the Russian minister;
+and Mr. Wraxall was imprisoned in Newgate, for that offence.
+
+After this disqualification of my witness, I am, nevertheless, about to
+vouch in Mr. Wraxall, by reciting one of his stories, in illustration of a
+principle. I quote from memory--I have not the work--the reviewers
+prevented me from buying it. June 16, 1743, the battle of Dettingen was
+fought, and won, by George II. in person, and the Earl of Stair, against
+the Marechal de Noailles and the Duke de Grammont. Mr. Wraxall
+relates--_me memoria mea non fallente_--the following incident. After the
+battle, the Earl gave a dinner, at his quarters; and, among the guests,
+were several of the French prisoners of war. Of course, the Earl of Stair
+presided, at one end of the table--at the other sat a gentleman, of very
+common-place appearance, of small stature, thin and pale, evidently an
+invalid, and who, unless addressed, scarcely opened his lips, during the
+entertainment. This unobtrusive, and rather unprepossessing, young man was
+the Lord Mark Kerr, the nephew, and the aid-de-camp of the Earl. After the
+removal of the cloth, the gentlemen discussed the subject of the battle,
+and the manoeuvres, by which the victory had been achieved. A difference
+of opinion arose, between the Earl and one of the French Colonels, as to
+the time of a particular movement. The latter became highly excited, and
+very confident he was right. The Earl referred to Lord Mark Kerr, whose
+position, at the time of that movement, rendered his decision conclusive.
+Lord Mark politely assured the French Colonel, that he was mistaken; upon
+which the Frenchman instantly insulted him, without saying a word, but in
+that felicitous manner, which enables a Frenchman to convey an insult,
+even by his mode of taking snuff. Soon after, the party broke up, and the
+Earl of Stair was left alone. In about half an hour, Lord Mark Kerr
+returned, and found his uncle very much disturbed.
+
+"Nephew," said he, "you know my strong dislike of duelling. In our
+situation we are sometimes, perhaps, unable to avoid it. The French
+Colonel insulted you, at table; others noticed it, besides myself. I fear,
+my dear nephew, you will have to ask him to apologize."
+
+"I noticed it myself, my Lord," replied the Lord Mark; "you need have no
+trouble, on that account--we have already met--I ran him through the body;
+and they are now burying him, in the outer court."
+
+Duels are often produced, by a foolish, and fatal misestimate, which one
+man makes of another's temperament. The diminutive frame, the pale cheek,
+and small voice, modest carriage, youth, and inexperience, afford no
+certain indicia: _nimium ne crede colori_. Men of small stature, are
+sometimes the more _brusque_, and more on the _qui vive_, from this very
+circumstance.
+
+  Ingentes animos angusto in pectore volvunt.
+
+That a man will not fight, like a dragon, simply because he has neither
+the stature of Falstaff, nor the lungs of Bottom, is a well authenticated
+_non sequitur_.
+
+A well told, and well substantiated illustration of all this, may be
+found, in Mackenzie's Life of Decatur, page 55. I refer to the case of
+Joseph Bainbridge, who, in 1803, when a midshipman, and an inexperienced
+boy, was purposely and wantonly insulted, at Malta, by a professed
+duellist, the Secretary of Sir Alexander Ball, the Governor. No one can
+read Mackenzie's Narrative, without a conviction, that Bainbridge owed the
+preservation of his life, to the address of Decatur. They met--fired
+twice, at four paces; and, at the second fire, the English duellist fell,
+mortally wounded in the head: Bainbridge was untouched.
+
+When I was a school boy, more than fifty years ago, I remember to have
+read, in an English journal, whose name I have now forgotten, a story,
+which may have been a fiction; but which was very naturally told, and made
+a deep impression upon me then. I will endeavor to draw it forth from the
+locker of my memory; and engage, beforehand, to be very much indebted to
+any one, who will indicate its original source.
+
+Three young gentlemen, who had finished the most substantial part of their
+repast, were lingering over their fruit and wine, at an eating-house, in
+London; when a man, of middle age, and middle stature, entered the public
+room, where they were sitting; seated himself, at one end of a small,
+unoccupied table; and, calling the waiter, ordered a simple mutton chop,
+and a glass of ale. His appearance, at first view, was not likely to
+arrest the attention of any one. His hair was getting to be thin and gray;
+the expression of his countenance was sedate, with a slight touch,
+perhaps, of melancholy; and he wore a gray surtout, with a standing
+collar, which, manifestly, had seen service, if the wearer had not--just
+such a thing, as an officer would bestow upon his serving man. He might be
+taken for a country magistrate, or an attorney, of limited practice, or a
+schoolmaster.
+
+He continued to masticate his chop, and sip his ale, in silence, without
+lifting his eyes from the table, until a melon seed, sportively snapped,
+from between the thumb and finger of one of the gentlemen, at the opposite
+table, struck him upon the right ear. His eye was instantly upon the
+aggressor; and his ready intelligence gathered, from the illy suppressed
+merriment of the party, that this petty impertinence was intentional.
+
+The stranger stooped, and picked up the melon seed, and a scarcely
+perceptible smile passed over his features, as he carefully wrapped up the
+seed, in a piece of paper, and placed it in his pocket. This singular
+procedure, with their preconceived impressions of their customer, somewhat
+elevated, as they were, by the wine they had partaken, capsized their
+gravity entirely, and a burst of irresistible laughter proceeded from the
+group.
+
+Unmoved by this rudeness, the stranger continued to finish his frugal
+repast, in quiet, until another melon seed, from the same hand, struck
+him, upon the right elbow. This also, to the infinite amusement of the
+other party, he picked from the floor, and carefully deposited with the
+first.
+
+Amidst shouts of laughter, a third melon seed was, soon after, discharged,
+which hit him, upon the left breast. This also he, very deliberately took
+from the floor, and deposited with the other two.
+
+As he rose, and was engaged in paying for his repast, the gayety of these
+sporting gentlemen became slightly subdued. It was not easy to account for
+this. Lavater would not have been able to detect the slightest evidence of
+irritation or resentment, upon the features of the stranger. He seemed a
+little taller, to be sure, and the carriage of his head might have
+appeared to them rather more erect. He walked to the table, at which they
+were sitting, and with that air of dignified calmness, which is a thousand
+times more terrible than wrath, drew a card from his pocket, and presented
+it, with perfect civility, to the offender, who could do no less than
+offer his own, in return. While the stranger unclosed his surtout, to take
+the card from his pocket, they had a glance at the undress coat of a
+military man. The card disclosed his rank, and a brief inquiry at the bar
+was sufficient for the rest. He was a captain, whom ill health and long
+service had entitled to half pay. In earlier life he had been engaged in
+several affairs of honor, and, in the dialect of the fancy, was a dead
+shot.
+
+The next morning a note arrived at the aggressor's residence, containing a
+challenge, in form, and one only of the melon seeds. The truth then
+flashed before the challenged party--it was the challenger's intention to
+make three bites at this cherry, three separate affairs out of this
+unwarrantable frolic! The challenge was accepted, and the challenged
+party, in deference to the challenger's reputed skill with the pistol, had
+half decided upon the small sword; but his friends, who were on the alert,
+soon discovered, that the captain, who had risen by his merit, had, in the
+earlier days of his necessity, gained his bread, as an accomplished
+instructor, in the use of that very weapon. They met and fired,
+alternately, by lot; the young man had elected this mode, thinking he
+might win the first fire--he did--fired, and missed his opponent. The
+captain levelled his pistol and fired--the ball passed through the flap of
+the right ear, and grazed the bone; and, as the wounded man involuntarily
+put his hand to the place, he remembered that it was on the right ear of
+his antagonist, that the first melon seed had fallen. Here ended the first
+lesson. A month had passed. His friends cherished the hope, that he would
+hear nothing more from the captain, when another note--a challenge of
+course--and another of those accursed melon seeds arrived, with the
+captain's apology, on the score of ill-health, for not sending it before.
+
+Again they met--fired simultaneously, and the captain, who was unhurt,
+shattered the right elbow of his antagonist--the very point upon which he
+had been struck by the second melon seed: and here ended the second
+lesson. There was something awfully impressive, in the _modus operandi_,
+and exquisite skill of this antagonist. The third melon seed was still in
+his possession, and the aggressor had not forgotten, that it had struck
+the unoffending gentleman, upon the left breast! A month had
+past--another--and another, of terrible suspense; but nothing was heard
+from the captain. Intelligence had been received, that he was confined to
+his lodgings, by illness. At length, the gentleman who had been his
+second, in the former duels, once more presented himself, and tendered
+another note, which, as the recipient perceived, on taking it, contained
+the last of the melon seeds. The note was superscribed in the captain's
+well known hand, but it was the writing evidently of one, who wrote
+_deficiente manu_. There was an unusual solemnity also, in the manner of
+him, who delivered it. The seal was broken, and there was the melon seed,
+in a blank envelope--"And what, sir, am I to understand by this?"--"You
+will understand, sir, that my friend forgives you--he is dead."
+
+
+
+
+No. CL.
+
+
+A curious story of vicarious hanging is referred to, by several of the
+earlier historians, of New England. The readers of Hudibras will remember
+the following passage, Part ii. 407--
+
+  "Justice gives sentence, many times,
+  On one man for another's crimes.
+  Our brethren of New England use
+  Choice malefactors to excuse,
+  And hang the guiltless in their stead,
+  Of whom the churches have less need:
+  As lately 't happen'd:--in a town
+  There liv'd a cobbler, and but one,
+  That out of doctrine could cut use,
+  And mend men's lives, as well as shoes.
+  This precious brother having slain,
+  In times of peace, an Indian,
+  Not out of malice, but mere zeal,
+  Because he was an infidel;
+  The mighty Tottipottymoy
+  Sent to our ciders an envoy;
+  Complaining sorely of the breach
+  Of league, held forth by brother Patch,
+  Against the articles in force
+  Between both churches, his and ours,
+  For which he crav'd the saints to render
+  Into his hands, or hang th' offender:
+  But they, maturely having weigh'd
+  They had no more but him o' the trade,
+  A man that served them, in a double
+  Capacity, to teach and cobble,
+  Resolved to spare him; yet to do
+  The Indian Hoghan Moghan too
+  Impartial Justice, in his stead did
+  Hang an old weaver, that was bedrid."
+
+This is not altogether the sheer _poetica licentia_, that common readers
+may suppose it to be. Hubbard, Mass. Hist. Coll. xv. 77, gives the
+following version, after having spoken of the theft--"the company, as some
+report pretended, in way of satisfaction, to punish him, that did the
+theft, but in his stead, hanged a poor, decrepit, old man, that was
+unserviceable to the company, and burthensome to keep alive, which was
+the ground of the story, with which the merry gentleman, that wrote the
+poem, called Hudibras, did, in his poetical fancy, make so much sport. Yet
+the inhabitants of Plymouth tell the story much otherwise, as if the
+person hanged was really guilty of stealing, as may be were many of the
+rest, and if they were driven by necessity to content the Indians, at that
+time to do justice, there were some of Mr. Weston's company living, it is
+possible it might be executed not on him that most deserved, but on him
+that could be best spared, or was not likely to live long, if let alone."
+
+Morton published his English Canaan, in 1637, and relates the story Part
+iii. ch. iv. p. 108, but he states, that it was a proposal only, which was
+very well received, but being opposed by one person, "they hanged up the
+real offender."
+
+As the condemned draw nigh unto death--the scaffold--the gibbet--it would
+be natural to suppose, that every avenue to the heart would be effectually
+closed, against the entrance of all impressions, but those of terrible
+solemnity; yet no common truth is more clearly established, than that
+ill-timed levity, vanity, pride, and an almost inexplicable pleasure,
+arising from a consciousness of being the observed of all observers, have
+been exhibited, by men, on their way to the scaffold, and even with the
+halter about their necks.
+
+The story is well worn out, of the wretched man, who, observing the crowd
+eagerly rushing before him, on his way to the gallows, exclaimed,
+"gentlemen, why so fast--there can be no sport, till I come!"
+
+In Jesse's memoirs of George Selwyn, i. 345, it is stated, that John
+Wisket, who committed a most atrocious burglary, in 1763, the evidence of
+which was perfectly clear and conclusive, insisted upon wearing a large
+white cockade, on the scaffold, as a token of his innocence, and was swung
+off, bearing that significant appendage.
+
+In the same volume, page 117, it is said of the famous Lord Lovat, that,
+in Scotland, a story is current, that, when upon his way to the Tower,
+after his condemnation, an old woman thrust her head into the window of
+the coach, which conveyed him, and exclaimed--"_You old rascal, I begin to
+think you will be hung at last_." To which he instantly replied--"_You old
+b----h, I begin to think I shall_."
+
+In Walpole's letters to Mann, 163, a very interesting and curious account
+may be found, of the execution of the Lords Kilmarnock, and Balmarino.
+These Lords, with the Lord Cromartie, who was pardoned, were engaged, on
+the side of the Pretender, in the rebellion of 1745. "Just before they
+came out of the Tower, Lord Balmarino drank a bumper to King James's
+health. As the clock struck ten, they came forth, on foot, Lord Kilmarnock
+all in black, his hair unpowdered, in a bag, supported by Forster, the
+great Presbyterian, and by Mr. Home, a young clergyman, his friend. Lord
+Balmarino followed, alone, in a blue coat, turned up with red, _his
+rebellious regimentals_, a flannel waistcoat, and his shroud beneath, the
+hearses following. They were conducted to a house near the scaffold; the
+room forwards had benches for the spectators; in the second was Lord
+Kilmarnock; and in the third backwards Lord Balmarino--all three chambers
+hung with black. Here they parted! Balmarino embraced the other, and
+said--'My lord, I wish I could suffer for both.'"
+
+When Kilmarnock came to the scaffold, continues Walpole,--"He then took
+off his bag, coat, and waistcoat, with great composure, and, after some
+trouble, put on a napkin cap, and then several times tried the block, the
+executioner, who was in white, with a white apron, out of tenderness
+concealing the axe behind himself. At last the Earl knelt down, with a
+visible unwillingness to depart, and, after five minutes, dropped his
+handkerchief, the signal, and his head was cut off at once, only hanging
+by a bit of skin, and was received in a scarlet cloth, by four
+undertakers' men kneeling, who wrapped it up, and put it into the coffin
+with the body; orders having been given not to expose the heads, as used
+to be the custom. The scaffold was immediately new strewed with sawdust,
+the block new covered, the executioner new dressed, and a new axe brought.
+Then came old Balmarino, treading with the air of a general. As soon as he
+mounted the scaffold, he read the inscription on his coffin, as he did
+again afterwards: he then surveyed the spectators, who were in amazing
+numbers, even upon masts of ships in the river; and, pulling out his
+spectacles, read a treasonable speech, which he delivered to the sheriff,
+and said the young Pretender was so sweet a prince, that flesh and blood
+could not resist following him; and, lying down to try the block, he
+said--'if I had a thousand lives I would lay them all down here in the
+same cause.' He said, if he had not taken the sacrament the day before,
+he would have knocked down Williamson, the Lieutenant of the Tower, for
+his ill usage of him. He took the axe and felt of it, and asked the
+headsman how many blows he had given Lord Kilmarnock, and gave him two
+guineas. Then he went to the corner of the scaffold, and called very loud
+to the Warder, to give him his periwig, which he took off, and put on a
+night cap of Scotch plaid, and then pulled off his coat and waistcoat and
+lay down; but being told he was on the wrong side, vaulted round, and
+immediately gave the sign, by tossing up his arm, as if he were giving the
+signal for battle. He received three blows, but the first certainly took
+away sensation. As he was on his way to the place of execution, seeing
+every window open, and the roofs covered with spectators--'Look, look,' he
+cried, 'see how they are piled up like rotten oranges!'"
+
+Following the English custom, the clergymen of Boston were in the habit,
+formerly, of preaching to those, who were under sentence of death. I have
+before me, while I write, the following manuscript memoranda of Dr. Andrew
+Eliot--"1746, July 24. Thursday lecture preached by Dr. Sewall to three
+poor malefactors, who were executed P. M." "1747, Oct. 8. Went to
+Cambridge to attend Eliza Wakefield, this day executed. Mr. Grady began
+with prayer. Mr. Appleton preached and prayed." There is a printed sermon,
+preached by Dr. Andrew Eliot, on the Lords' day before the execution of
+Levi Ames, who was hung for burglary Oct. 21, 1773. Ames was present, and
+the sermon was preached, by his particular request. The desire of
+distinction dies hard, even in the hearts of malefactors.
+
+Dr. Andrew Eliot was a man of excellent sense, and disapproved of the
+practice, then in vogue, of lionizing burglars and murderers, of which,
+few, at the present day, I believe, have any just conception. For their
+edification I subjoin a portion of a manuscript note, in the hand writing
+of the late Dr. Ephraim Eliot, appended to the last page of the sermon,
+delivered by his father. "Levi Ames was a noted offender--though a young
+man, he had gone through all the routine of punishment; and there was now
+another indictment against him, where there was positive proof, in
+addition to his own confession. He was tried and condemned, for breaking
+into the house of Martin Bicker, in Dock Square. His condemnation excited
+extraordinary sympathy. _He was every Sabbath carried through the streets
+with chains about his ankles and handcuffed, in custody of the Sheriff's
+officers and constables, to some public meeting, attended by an
+innumerable company of boys, women and men._ Nothing was talked of but
+Levi Ames. The ministers were successively employed in delivering
+occasional discourses. Stillman improved the opportunity several times,
+and absolutely persuaded the fellow, that he was to step from the cart
+into Heaven."
+
+It is quite surprising, that our fathers should have suffered this
+interesting burglar--"_misguided_" of course--to be hung by the neck, till
+he was dead. When an individual, as sanguine, as Dr. Stillman appears to
+have been, in regard to Levi Ames, remarked of a notorious burglar, a few
+days after his execution, that he had certainly been _born again_, an
+incredulous bystander observed, that he was sorry to hear it, for some
+dwelling-house or store would surely be broken open before morning.
+
+
+
+
+No. CLI.
+
+
+We are sufficiently acquainted with the Catholic practice of roasting
+heretics--that of boiling thieves and other offenders is less generally
+known. _Caldariis decoquere_, to boil them in cauldrons, was a punishment,
+inflicted in the middle ages, on thieves, false coiners, and others. In
+1532, seventeen persons, in the family of the Bishop of Rochester, were
+poisoned by Rouse, a cook; the offence was, in consequence, made treason,
+by 23 Henry VIII., punishable, by boiling to death. Margaret Davie was
+boiled to death, for the like crime, in 1541. Quite a number of Roman
+ladies, in the year 331 B. C., formed a poisoning society, or club; and
+adopted this quiet mode of divorcing themselves from their husbands:
+seventy of the sisterhood were denounced, by a slave, to the consul,
+Fabius Maximus, who ordered them to be executed. None of these ladies were
+boiled.
+
+Boiling the dead has been very customary, after beheading or hanging, and
+drawing, and quartering, whenever the criminal was sentenced to be hung
+afterwards, in chains. Thus father Strype--"1554.--Sir Thomas Wyatt's
+fatal day was come, being the 11th of April, when, between nine and ten of
+the clock, aforenoon, on Tower Hill, he was beheaded; and, by eleven of
+the clock, he was quartered on the scaffold, and his bowels and members
+burnt beside the scaffold; and, a car and basket being at hand, the four
+quarters and the head were put into the basket, and conveyed to Newgate,
+to be parboiled." One more quotation from Strype--"1557.--May 28th, was
+Thomas Stafford beheaded on Tower Hill, by nine of the clock, Mr. Wode
+being his ghostly father; and, after, three more, viz., Stowel, Proctor,
+and Bradford were drawn from the Tower, through London, unto Tyburn, and
+there hanged and quartered: and, the morrow after, was Stafford quartered,
+and his quarters hanged on a car, and carried to Newgate to boil."
+
+How very ingenious we have been, since the days of Cain, in torturing one
+another! Boiling and roasting are not to be thought of. The Turkish
+bowstring will never be adopted here, nor the Chinese drop, nor their mode
+of capital punishment, in which the criminal, having been stripped naked,
+is so confined, that he can scarcely move a muscle, and, being smeared
+with honey, is exposed to myriads of insects, and thus left to perish.
+Crucifixion will never be popular in Massachusetts, though quite common
+among the Syrians, Egyptians, Persians, Africans, Greeks, Romans, and
+Jews. Starving to death, sawing in twain, and rending asunder, by strong
+horses, have all been tried, but are not much approved of, by the moderns.
+The rack may answer well enough, in Catholic countries, but, in this
+quarter, there is a strong prejudice against it. Exposure to wild beasts
+is objectionable, for two reasons; one of these reasons resembles the
+first of twenty-four, offered to the Queen of Hungary, for not ringing the
+bells upon her arrival,--there were no bells in the village--we have no
+wild beasts. The second reason is quite germain--man is savage enough,
+without any foreign assistance. Burying alive, though it has been
+employed, as a punishment, in other countries, is, literally, too much for
+flesh and blood; and, I am happy to say, there is not a sexton in this
+city, who would, knowingly, be a party to such a barbarous proceeding.
+
+Death has been produced, by preventing sleep, as a mode of punishment.
+Impaling, and flaying alive, tearing to pieces with red hot pincers,
+casting headlong from high rocks, eviscerating the bowels, firing the
+criminals from the mouths of canons, and pressing them slowly to death, by
+weights, gradually increased, upon the breast, the _peine forte et dure_,
+are very much out of fashion; though one and all have been frequently
+employed, in other times. There is a wheel of fashion, as well as a wheel
+of fortune, in the course of whose revolutions, some of these obsolete
+modes of capital punishment may come round again, like polygon porcelain,
+and antiquated chair-backs. Should our legislature think proper to revive
+the practice, in capital cases, of heading up the criminal in a barrel,
+filled with nails, driven inward, a sort of inverted _cheval de frize_,
+and rolling him down hill, I have often thought the more elevated corner
+of our Common would be an admirable spot for the commencement of the
+execution, were it not for interrupting the practice of coasting, during
+the winter; by which several innocent persons, in no way parties to the
+process, have been very nearly executed already.
+
+Shooting is apt to be performed, in a bungling manner. Hanging by the
+heels, till the criminal is dead, is very objectionable, and requires too
+much time. The mode adopted here and in England, and also in some other
+countries, of hanging by the neck, is, in no respect agreeable, even if
+the operator be a skilful man; and, if not, it is highly offensive. The
+rope is sometimes too long, and the victim touches the ground--it is too
+frail, and breaks, and the odious act must be performed again--or the
+noose is unskilfully adjusted, the neck is not broken, and the struggles
+are terrible.
+
+The sword, in a Turkish hand, performs the work well. It was used in
+France. Charles Henry Sanson, the hereditary executioner, on the third of
+March, 1792, presented a memorial to the Constituent Assembly, in which he
+objected to decollation, and stated that he had but two swords; that they
+became dull immediately; and were wholly insufficient, when there were
+many to be executed, at one time. Monsieur Sanson knew nothing then of
+that delightful instrument, which, not long afterward, became a mere
+plaything, in his hands.
+
+Stoning to death and flaying alive have been employed, occasionally, since
+the days of Stephen and Bartholomew. The axe, so much in vogue, formerly,
+in England, was a ruffianly instrument, often mangling the victim, in a
+horrible manner.
+
+After all, there is nothing like the guillotine; and, should it ever be
+thought expedient to erect one here, I should recommend, for a location,
+the knoll, near the fountain, on our Common, which would enable a very
+large concourse of men, women, and children, to witness the performances
+of both, at the same moment.
+
+The very best account of the guillotine, that I have ever met with, is
+contained in the London Quarterly Review, vol. lxxiii. page 235. It is
+commonly supposed, that this instrument was invented by Dr. Guillotin,
+whose name it bears. It has been frequently asserted, that Dr. Guillotin
+was one of the earliest, who fell victims to its terrible agency. It has
+been still more generally believed, that this awfully efficient machine
+was conceived in sin and begotten in iniquity, or in other words, that its
+original contrivers were moved, by the spirit of cruelty. All these
+conjectures are unfounded.
+
+The guillotine, before its employment, in France, was well known in
+England, under the name of the Halifax gibbet. A copy of a print, by John
+Doyle, bearing date 1650, and representing the instrument, may be found,
+in the work, to which I have, just now, referred. Pennant, in his Tour,
+vol. iii. page 365, affirms, that he saw one of the same kind, "in a room,
+under the Parliament house, at Edinburgh, where it was introduced by the
+Regent, Morton, who took a model of it, as he passed through Halifax, and,
+at length, suffered by it, himself."
+
+The writer in the London Quarterly, puts the question of invention at
+rest, by exhibiting, on page 258, a copy of an engraving, by Henry
+Aldgrave, bearing date 1553, representing the death of Titus Manlius,
+under the operation of "an instrument, identical with the guillotine."
+
+During the revolution, Dr. Guillotin was committed to prison, from which
+he was released, after a tedious confinement. He died in his bed, at
+Paris, an obscure and inoffensive, old man; deeply deploring, to the day
+of his decease, the association of his name, with this terrible
+instrument--an instrument, which he attempted to introduce, in good faith,
+and with a merciful design, but which had been employed by the devils
+incarnate of the revolution, for the purposes of reckless and
+indiscriminating carnage.
+
+Dr. Guillotin was a weak, consequential, well-meaning man, willing to
+mount any hobby, that would lift him from the ground. He is described, in
+the _Portraits des Personnes célebres_, 1796, as a simple busybody,
+meddling with everything, _ą tort et ą travers_, and being both
+mischievous and ridiculous.
+
+He had sundry benevolent visions, in regard to capital punishment, and the
+suppression, _by legal enactment_, of the _sentiment_ of prejudice,
+against the families of persons, executed for crime! Among the members of
+the faculty, in every large city, there are commonly two or three, at
+least, exhibiting striking points of resemblance to Dr. Guillotin. In
+urging the merits of this machine, upon merciful considerations, his
+integrity was unimpeachable. He considered hanging a barbarous and cruel
+punishment; and, by the zeal and simplicity of his arguments, produced,
+even upon so grave a topic, universal laughter, in the constituent
+assembly--having represented hanging, as a tedious and painful process, he
+exclaimed, "Now, with my machine, _Je vous sauter le tźte_, I strike off
+your head, in the twinkling of an eye, and you never feel it."
+
+
+
+
+No. CLII.
+
+
+The Sansons, hereditary executioners, in Paris, were gentlemen. In 1684,
+Carlier, executioner of Paris, was dismissed. His successor was Charles
+Sanson a lieutenant in the army, born in Abbeville, in Picardy, and a
+relative of Nicholas Sanson, the celebrated geographer. Charles Sanson
+married the daughter of the executioner of Normandy, and hence a long line
+of illustrious executioners. Charles died in 1695; and was succeeded by
+his son Charles.
+
+Charles Sanson, the second, was succeeded by his son, Charles John
+Baptiste, who died Aug. 4, 1778, when his son Charles Henry was appointed
+in his place; and, in 1795, retired on a pension. By his hand, with the
+assistance of two of his brothers, the King, Louis XVI. was guillotined.
+This Charles Henry had two sons. His eldest, the heir-apparent to the
+guillotine, was killed, by a fall from the scaffold, while holding forth
+the head of a man, executed for the forgery of assignats. Henry, the
+younger son of Charles Henry, therefore became his successor, at the time
+of his retirement, in 1795. To fill this office, he gave up his military
+rank, as captain of artillery. He died Aug. 18, 1840. He was an elector,
+and had a taste for music and literature. He was succeeded by his son,
+Henry Clement, Dec. 1, 1840. These particulars will be found on page 27 of
+_Recherches Historiques et Physiologiques, sur la Guillotine, &c._, par M.
+Louis du Bois. Paris, 1843. Monsieur du Bois informs us, that all these
+Sansons were very worthy men, and that the present official possesses a
+fine figure, features stamped with nobility, and an expression sweet and
+attractive. How very little all this quadrates with our popular
+impressions of the common hangman!
+
+The objection to the guillotine, which was called, for a time, _Louison_,
+after M. Louis, Secretary of the College of Surgeons, that it would make
+men familiar with the sight of blood, was urged by the Abbé Maury, and
+afterwards, by A. M. La Cheze. The Duke de Liancourt, inclined to _mercy_,
+that is, to the employment of the guillotine. He contended, that it was
+necessary to efface all recollections of hanging, which, he gravely
+remarked, had recently been so _irregularly applied_, referring to the
+summary process of lynching, as we term it--_ą la lanterne_.
+
+It is curious to note the doubt and apprehension, which existed, as to the
+result of the first experiment of decollation. March 3, 1792, the
+minister, Duport du Tertre, writes thus to the Legislative Assembly--"It
+appears, by the communications, made to me, by the executioners
+themselves, that, without some precautions, the act of decollation will be
+horrible to the spectators. It will either prove them to be monsters, if
+they are able to bear such a spectacle; or the executioner, himself,
+alarmed, will fall before the wrath of the people."
+
+The matter being referred to Louis, then Secretary of the Academy of
+Surgeons, he made his report, March 7, 1792. The new law required, that
+the criminal should be decapitated--_aura la tźte tranchée_; and that the
+punishment should be inflicted _without torture_. Louis shows how
+difficult the execution of such a law must be--"We should recollect," says
+he, "the occurrences at M. de Lally's execution. He was upon his knees,
+with his eyes covered--the executioner struck him, on the back of his
+neck--the blow was insufficient. He fell upon his face, and three or four
+cuts of the sabre severed the head. Such _hacherie_ excited a feeling of
+horror." To such a polite and gentle nation, this must have been highly
+offensive.
+
+April 25, 1798. Roederer, Procureur Genéral, wrote a letter to Lafayette,
+telling him, that a public trial of the new instrument would take place,
+that day, in the _Place de Grčve_, and would, doubtless, draw a great
+crowd, and begging him not to withdraw the gens d'armes, till the
+apparatus had been removed. In the Courrier Extraordinaire, of April 27,
+1792, is the following notice--"They made yesterday (meaning the 25th) the
+first trial of the _little Louison_, and cut off a head, one Pelletier. I
+never in my life could bear to see a man hanged; but I own I feel a
+greater aversion to this species of execution. The preparations make me
+shudder, and increase the moral suffering. The people seemed to wish, that
+M. Sanson had his old gallows."
+
+After the _Louison_, or guillotine, had been in operation rather more than
+a year, the following interesting letter was sent, by the Procureur
+Genéral, Roederer, to citizen Guideu. "13 May, 1793. I enclose, citizen,
+the copy of a letter from citizen Chaumette, solicitor to the commune of
+Paris, by which you will perceive, that complaints are made, that, after
+these public executions, the blood of the criminals remains in pools, upon
+the _Place de Grčve_, that dogs came to drink it, and that crowds of men
+feed their eyes with this spectacle, which naturally instigates their
+hearts to ferocity and blood. I request you therefore to take the earliest
+and most convenient opportunity, to remove from the eyes of men a sight so
+afflicting to humanity."
+
+Voltaire, who thought very gravely, before he delivered the sentiment to
+the world, has stated of his countrymen, that they were a mixture of the
+monkey and the tiger. Undoubtedly he knew. In the revolution of 1793, and
+in every other, that has occurred in France--those excepted which may have
+taken place, since the arrival of the last steamer--the tiger has had the
+upper hand. Prudhomme, the prince of pamphleteers, having published
+fifteen hundred, on political subjects, and author of the General History
+of the crimes, committed, during the revolution, writing of the execution
+of Louis XVI. remarks--"Some individuals steeped their handkerchiefs in
+his blood. A number of armed volunteers crowded also to dip in the blood
+of the despot their pikes, their bayonets, and their sabres. Several
+officers of the Marseillais battalion, and others, dipped the covers of
+letters in this impure blood, and carried them, on the points of their
+swords, at the head of their companies, exclaiming 'this is the blood of a
+tyrant.' One citizen got up to the guillotine itself, and plunging his
+whole arm into the blood of Capet, of which a great quantity remained; he
+took up handsful of the clotted gore, and sprinkled it over the crowd
+below, which pressed round the scaffold, each anxious to receive a drop on
+his forehead. 'Friends,' said this citizen in sprinkling them, 'we were
+threatened, that the blood of Louis should be on our heads, and so you see
+it is.'" Rev. de Paris, No. 185, p. 205.
+
+Upon the earnest request of the inhabitants of several streets, through
+which the gangs of criminals were carried, the guillotine was removed,
+June 8, 1794, from the _Place de la Revolution_ to the _Place St.
+Antoine_, in front of the ruins of the Bastile; where it remained five
+days only, during which time, it took off ninety-six heads. The proximity
+of this terrible revolutionary plaything annoyed the shopkeepers. The
+purchasers of finery were too forcibly reminded of the uncertainty of
+life, and the brief occasion they might have, for all such things,
+especially for neckerchiefs and collars. Once again then, the guillotine,
+after five days' labor, was removed; and took its station still farther
+off, at the _Barričre du Trōne_. There it stood, from June 9 till the
+overthrow of Robespierre, July 27, 1794: and, during those forty-nine
+days, twelve hundred and seventy heads dropped into its voracious basket.
+July 28, it was returned to the _Place de la Revolution_.
+
+Sanson, Charles Henry, the executioner of Louis XVI. had not a little
+_bonhomie_ in his composition--his infernal profession seems not to have
+completely ossified his heart. He reminds me, not a little, of Sir Thomas
+Erpingham, who, George Colman, the younger, says, carried on his wars, in
+France, in a benevolent spirit, and went about, I suppose, like dear, old
+General Taylor, in Mexico, "pitying and killing." On the day, when
+Robespierre fell, forty-nine victims were ascending the carts, to proceed
+to the guillotine, about three in the afternoon. Sanson, at the moment,
+met that incomparable bloodhound, the _Accusateur Public_, Fouquier de
+Tinville, going to dinner. Sanson suggested the propriety of delaying the
+execution, as a new order of things might cause the lives of the condemned
+to be spared. Fouquier briefly replied, "the law must take its course;"
+and went to dine--the forty-nine to die; and, shortly after, their fate
+was his.
+
+The guillotine, viewed as an instrument of justice, in cases of execution,
+for capital offences, is certainly a most merciful contrivance, liable,
+undoubtedly, during a period of intense excitement, to be converted into a
+terrible toy.
+
+During the reign of terror, matters of extreme insignificancy, brought
+men, women, and children to the guillotine. The record is, occasionally,
+awfully ridiculous. A few examples may suffice--Jean Julian, wagoner,
+sentenced to twelve years' imprisonment, took it into his head, on the
+way--_s'avisa_--to cry--_Vive le Roi_; executed September, 1792.--Jean
+Baptiste Henry sawed a tree of liberty; executed Sept. 6, 1793.--M.
+Baulny, ex-noble, assisted his son to emigrate; executed Jan. 31,
+1794.--La veuve Marbeuf _hoped_ the Austrians would come; executed Feb. 5,
+1794.--Francis Bertrand, publican, sold sour wine; executed May 15,
+1793.--Marie Angelique Plaisant, sempstress, exclaimed--"a fig for the
+nation;" executed July 19, 1794.
+
+
+
+
+No. CLIII.
+
+
+An interesting, physiological question arose, in 1796, whether death, by
+decollation, under the guillotine, were instantaneous or not. Men of
+science and talent, and among them Dr. Sue, and a number of German
+physicians, maintained, that, in the brain, after decapitation, there was
+a certain degree--_un reste_--of thought, and, in the nerves, a measure of
+sensibility. An opposite opinion seems to have prevailed. The controversy,
+which was extremely interesting, acquired additional interest and
+activity, from an incident, which occurred, on the scaffold, immediately
+after the execution of Marie Anne Charlotte de Corday d'Armont--commonly
+known, under the imperishable name of _Charlotte Corday_. A brute,
+Franēois Le Gros, one of the assistant executioners, held up the beautiful
+and bleeding head, and slapped the cheek with his hand. A blush was
+instantly visible to the spectators. In connection with the physiological
+question, to which I have referred, a careful inquiry was instituted, and
+it was proved, very satisfactorily, that the color--the blush--appeared on
+_both_ cheeks, after the blow was given. Dr. Sue's account of this matter
+runs thus--"The countenance of Charlotte Corday expressed the most
+unequivocal marks of indignation. Let us look back to the facts--the
+executioner held the head, suspended in one hand; the face was then pale,
+but had no sooner received the slap, which the sanguinary wretch
+inflicted, than both cheeks visibly reddened. Every spectator was struck,
+by the change of color, and with loud murmurs cried out for vengeance, on
+this cowardly and atrocious barbarity. It can not be said, that the
+redness was caused by the blow--for we all know, that no blows will recall
+anything like color to the cheeks of a corpse; besides this blow was
+given on one cheek, and the other equally reddened." _Sue; Opinion sur le
+supplice de la guillotine, p. 9._
+
+Sir Thomas Browne, in his Religio Medici, remarked, that he had never
+known a religion, in which there were impossibilities enough to give full
+exercise to an active faith. This remark greatly delighted Sir Kenelm
+Digby, who was an ultra Catholic. The faith of Browne, in regard to things
+spiritual, was not an overmatch for his credulity, in regard to things
+temporal, which is the more remarkable, as he gave so much time to his
+Pseudodoxia, or exposition of vulgar errors? He was a believer in the
+existence of invisible beings, holding rank between men and angels--in
+apparitions; and affirmed, _from his own knowledge_, the certainty of
+witchcraft. Hutchinson, in his essay on witchcraft, repeats the testimony
+of Dr. Browne, in the case of Amy Duny and Rose Cullender, who were tried,
+before Sir Matthew Hale, in 1664; and executed, at St. Edmunds Bury, as
+witches. Sir Thomas stated in court, "_that the fits were natural, but
+heightened, by the devil's coöperating with the malice of the witches, at
+whose instance he did the villanies_." He added that "a great discovery
+had lately been made, in Denmark, of witches, who used the very same way
+of afflicting persons, by conveying pins into them." Now it would be
+curious to know what Sir Thomas thought of the famous and apposite story
+of Sir Everard Digby, the father of Sir Kenelm, and if the faith of Sir
+Thomas were strong enough, to credit that extraordinary tale.
+
+Charlotte Corday was _beheaded_, and Sir Everard Digby was _hanged_. The
+difference must be borne in mind, while considering this interesting
+subject. Sir Everard, who was an amiable young man, was led astray, and
+executed Jan. 30, 1606, for the part he bore, in the gunpowder plot. Wood,
+in his "Athenę Oxonienses," vol. iii. p. 693, Lond. 1817, has the
+following passage--"Sir Everard Digby, father to Sir Kenelme, was a goodly
+gentleman, and the handsomest man of his time, but much pitied, for that
+it was his ill fate to suffer for the powder plot, in 1605, aged 24, at
+which time, when the executioner pluck'd out the heart, when the body was
+to be quartered, and, according to the manner, held it up, saying, _here
+is the heart of a traytor_, Sir Everard made answer, _thou liest_. This a
+most famous author mentions, but tells us not his name, in his _Historia
+Vitę et Mortis_." This most famous author is Lord Bacon--Hist. Vit. et
+Mort., vol. viii. p. 446, Lond. 1824. The passage is so curious, that I
+give it entire--"Anguillę, serpentes et insecta diu moventur singulis
+partibus, post concisionem. Etiam aves, capitibus avulsis, ad tempus
+subsultant: quin et corda animalium avulsa diu palpitant. Equidem
+meminimus ipsi vidisse hominis cor, qui evisceratus erat (supplicii genere
+apud nos versus proditores recepto) quod in ignem, de more, injectum,
+saltabat in altum, primo ad sesquipedem, et deinde gradatim ad minus;
+durante spatio (ut meminimus) septem aut octo minutarum. Etiam vetus et
+fide digna traditio est, de bove sub evisceratione mugiente. At magis
+certa de homine, qui co supplicii genere (quod diximus) evisceratus,
+postquam cor avulsum penitus esset, et in carnificis manu, tria aut
+quatuor verba precum auditus est proferre"--which may be Englished
+thus--Snakes, serpents, and insects move, a long time, after they have
+been cut into parts. Birds also hop about, for a time, after their heads
+have been wrung off. Even the hearts of animals, after they have been torn
+out, continue long to palpitate. Indeed, we ourselves remember to have
+seen the heart of a man, who had been drawn, or eviscerated, in that kind
+of punishment, which we employ against traitors, and which, when cast upon
+the fire, according to custom, leapt on high, at first, a foot and a half,
+and gradually less and less, during the space, if we justly remember, of
+seven or eight minutes. There is also an ancient tradition, well entitled
+to credit, of a cow, that bellowed, under the process of evisceration. And
+more certain is the story of the man, who was eviscerated, according to
+the mode of punishment we have referred to, who, when his heart was
+actually torn out, and in the hands of the executioner, was heard to utter
+three or four words of imprecation. Sir Everard was executed, as I have
+stated, in 1605. Lord Bacon was born Jan. 22, 1561, and died April 9,
+1626, twenty-one years only after Digby's execution, and at the age of 65.
+Lord Bacon was therefore 44 years old, when Digby's execution took place,
+which fact has some bearing upon the authenticity of this extraordinary
+story. Lord Bacon speaks confidently of the fact; and his suppression of
+the name was very natural, as the family of Sir Everard were then upon the
+stage.
+
+A writer in the London Quarterly Review remarks, in a note on page 274,
+vol. 73, comparing the case of Charlotte Corday with that of Sir Everard
+Digby--"This" (Sir Everard's) "was a case of _evisceration_, and not of
+_decapitation_, which makes the whole difference, as to the credibility of
+the story."
+
+Chalmers relates the anecdote, and refers to Wood's Athenę, and Lord
+Bacon's Historia Vitę et Mortis, but speaks of the tale, as "_a story,
+which will scarcely now obtain belief_." In the Harleian Miscellany, vol.
+iii. page 5, Lond. 1809, there is an account of the discovery of the
+gunpowder plot, imprinted at London, by Robert Barker, 1605. On page 47, a
+very brief cotemporaneous account is given of Digby's execution, in St.
+Paul's churchyard, which contains no allusion whatever to the
+circumstance, stated by Wood, and so very confidently, by Lord Bacon.
+
+I suppose few will really believe, that any man's conversational abilities
+can be worth much, after his head is off, or his heart is out. From the
+expression of the Quarterly reviewer, it may be inferred, that he did not
+consider the story of Sir Everard Digby utterly impossible and incredible.
+For my own part, I am very much inclined to hand over this extraordinary
+legend to Judęus Appella. Every man, who has not, by long experience, like
+George Selwyn, acquired great self-possession, while enjoying an
+execution, inclines to the marvellous. Sir Everard, before the work of
+evisceration began, it must be remembered, had been hanged, the usual
+length of time; and the words--"_thou liest_"--are stated to have been
+uttered, at the moment, when the heart, having been plucked out, was held
+up by the executioner. It is more easy of belief, that some guttural
+noise, like that, spasmodically uttered by certain birds, after their
+heads have been chopped off, may have sounded to the gaping bystanders,
+who looked and listened, _auribus arrectis_, not very unlike the words in
+question. The belief, that Digby spoke these words, seems to be analogous
+to the belief, that, in _hydrophobia_, the sufferers bark like dogs,
+simply because, oppressed with phlegm, and nearly strangled, their
+terrific efforts, to clear the breathing passages, are accompanied with a
+variety of unintelligible, and horrible sounds.
+
+There are some curious cases, on record, which may have something to do
+with our reasoning, upon this subject. A similar species of death,
+attended by spasms or convulsions, is said to have been produced, by the
+bite of other animals. Dr. Fothergill relates cases of death, from the
+bite of a cat. Thiermayer recites two cases, both terminating fatally,
+from the bite of a goose, and a hen. Le Cat, Receuil Periodique, ii. page
+90, presents a similar case, from the bite of a duck. But we are not
+informed, that, the patient, in either of these cases, during the spasms,
+mewed, quacked, cackled, or hissed; and yet there seems to be no rational
+apology for a patient's _barking_, simply because he has been bitten, by a
+cat, or a duck, a goose, or a hen.
+
+Spasmodic or convulsive motion, in a human body, which has been hung, or
+shot, or eviscerated, is a very different thing, from an intelligent
+exercise of the will, over the organs of speech, producing the utterance
+even of a word or syllable.
+
+In the cases of persons, who have been shot through the heart, violent
+spasmodic action is no unusual phenomenon. When I was a boy, the duel took
+place, between Rand and Millar, at Dorchester Point, then a locality as
+solitary, as Hoboken, or the Hebrides. The movements of the parties were
+observed, and their purposes readily surmised, by the officers, on Castle
+William; and a barge was immediately despatched, from the fort. Shots were
+exchanged, between the combatants, while the barge was passing over. Rand
+fell, wounded through the heart; and, after lying motionless, for a very
+brief space, was seen to leap into the air several feet, and fall again,
+upon the earth.
+
+
+
+
+No. CLIV.
+
+
+We are living and learning, forever. Life is a court of cassation, where
+truth sits, as chancellor, daily reversing the most incomparably beautiful
+decrees of theoretical philosophy.
+
+It is not unlikely, that a very interesting volume of 600 pages, folio,
+might be prepared, to be called the _Mistakes of Science_. The elephant in
+the moon, and the weighing of the fish have furnished amusement, in their
+day. Even in our own times, philosophers, of considerable note, have
+seriously _doubted_ the truth of that incomparable hoax, concerning Sir
+John Herschell's lunar discoveries.
+
+Savans were completely deceived, for a considerable period, by the
+electrical beatifications of Mr. Bose. One of the most amusing
+occurrences, upon record, on which occasion, the philosopher, unlike Mr.
+Bose, was a perfectly honest man, befell the famous mathematical
+instrument-maker, Mr. Troughton. He became fully possessed, by the idea,
+that certain persons, a select few, were capable of exerting a magnetic
+influence, over the needle, by advancing their faces towards it. So far
+from being common, this power was limited to a very small number. The
+statements of Mr. Troughton, and his well-established reputation, for
+integrity, caused the subject to be gravely discussed, by members of the
+Royal Society.
+
+Every individual of the very small number, who possessed this remarkable
+power--every _medium_--was carefully examined. Collusion seemed utterly
+impossible. A new theory appeared to be established. Amazement ran through
+the learned assembly. A careful inquiry was instituted, in relation to the
+manner of life of these _mediums_, from their youth upwards, their
+occupations, diet, &c., and some very learned papers would, erelong, have
+been read, before the Royal Society, if Mr. Troughton himself had not
+previously made a most fortunate discovery--he discovered, that he wore a
+wig, constructed with _steel_ springs--such, also, was the case with every
+other _medium_!
+
+The tendency to predicate certainty, of things, manifestly doubtful, is
+exceedingly common. I fell, recently, into the society of some very
+intelligent gentlemen, who were _certain_, that Sir John Franklin was
+lost, irrecoverably lost.
+
+There are some--perhaps their name is not Legion--whose faith is of
+superior dimensions to the mustard seed, and who believe, that Sir John
+Franklin is not destroyed; that he yet lives; and, that, sooner or later,
+he will come back to his friends and the world, with a world of wonders to
+relate, of all that he has seen and suffered. God, all merciful, grant it
+may be so. To all human observation, after a careful balancing of
+probabilities, there is certainly nothing particularly flattering in the
+prospect. Yet, on the other hand, absolute, unqualified despair is
+irrational, and unjustifiable.
+
+The present existence of Sir John Franklin is certainly _possible_. No
+one, I presume, will say it is _probable_. Some half a dozen good,
+substantial words are greatly needed, to mark shades between these two,
+and to designate what is more than _possible_, and less than _probable_.
+
+A careful consideration of the narrative of Sir John Ross, the narrative,
+I mean, of his second voyage, in quest of a northwest passage, and of his
+abode in the Arctic regions, and of the opinion, very generally
+entertained, for a great length of time, that he was lost, will strengthen
+the impression, that Sir John Franklin also may be yet alive, _somewhere_!
+Even then, a question may arise, in connection with the force of certain
+currents, referred to, by those, who have lately returned, from an
+unsuccessful search for Sir John Franklin, whether it may be possible to
+return, against those currents, with such means and appliances, as he
+possessed; and whether, even on this side the grave, there may not be a
+bourne, from which no presumptuous voyager ever shall return.
+
+The residence of Sir John Ross, in the Arctic regions, continued, through
+five consecutive years, 1829, '30, '31, '32, '33. To such, as imagine
+there is any effective summer, in those regions, and who have been
+accustomed to associate spring and summer, with flowers and fruits, it may
+not be amiss, by way of corrective, to administer a brief passage, from
+the journal of Sir John Ross, in August, 1832--"But to see, to have seen,
+ice and snow, to have felt snow and ice forever, and nothing forever but
+snow and ice, during all the months of a year; to have seen and felt but
+uninterrupted and unceasing ice and snow, during all the months of four
+years, this it is, that has made the sight of those most chilling and
+wearisome objects an evil, which is still one in recollection, as if the
+remembrance would never cease."
+
+At this period, August, 1832, very little hope was entertained, that Sir
+John Ross and his companions were living. Even a year before, they were
+generally supposed to be lost.
+
+The abandonment of their ship, which had been locked fast in the ice, for
+years, and their almost inconceivable toil, while crossing, with their
+boats, on sledges, to the confluence of Regent's Inlet, and Barrow's
+Strait, are fully presented in the narrative. Their hour of deliverance
+came at last, and the event cannot be better described, than in the words
+of Sir John Ross himself. As they were standing along the southern shore
+of Harrow's Strait, in their boats, on the 26th of August, a sail, to
+their inexpressible joy, hove in sight. After a period of great anxiety,
+lest she should not observe their signals of distress, their deep delight
+may be imagined, even by an unpractised landsman, when they first became
+assured, that they had attracted the notice of the crew, in one of the
+ship's boats. The reader will be better satisfied with an account from
+the lips of the [Greek: polytropos os malla polla], himself.
+
+"She was soon along side, when the mate in command addressed us, by
+presuming, that we had met with some misfortune and lost our ship. This
+being answered in the affirmative, I requested to know the name of his
+vessel, and expressed our wish to be taken on board. I was answered, that
+it was the 'Isabella, of Hull, once commanded by Captain Ross;' on which I
+stated, that I was the identical man in question, and my people the crew
+of the Victory. That the mate, who commanded this boat, was as much
+astonished, as he appeared to be, I do not doubt; while, with the usual
+blunderheadedness of men, on such occasions, he assured me, that I had
+been dead two years. I easily convinced him, however, that what ought to
+have been true, according to his estimate, was a somewhat premature
+conclusion; as the bear-like form of the whole set of us, might have shown
+him, had he taken time to consider, that we were certainly not whaling
+gentlemen, and that we carried tolerable evidence of our being 'true men
+and no imposters,' on our backs, and in our starved and unshaven
+countenances."
+
+However close the resemblance, between Sir John Ross and his comrades to
+_bears_, they soon become _lions_ on board the Isabella. Sir John
+continues thus--
+
+"A hearty congratulation followed, of course, in the true seaman style,
+and, after a few natural inquiries, he added, that the Isabella was
+commanded by Captain Humphreys; when he immediately went off in his boat
+to communicate his information on board; repeating, that we had long been
+given up as lost, not by them alone, but by all England."
+
+In this precedent, there is kindling stuff for hope, if not substantial
+fuel. After reading this account, the hearts of the strong-hearted cannot
+fail to be strengthened the more. A scientific and elaborate comparison of
+all the facts and circumstances, in the respective cases of Ross and
+Franklin, may lead to dissipate our hope. But hope is a vivacious
+principle, like the polypus, from the minutest particle remaining, growing
+up to be the integral thing, that it was. Science, philosophy, perched
+upon theoretical stilts, occasionally walk confidently into the mire. Sir
+John Franklin may yet be among the living, notwithstanding those negative
+demonstrations, in which many so very plausibly indulge themselves.
+
+Let us follow Sir John Ross and his companions on board the Isabella.--"As
+we approached slowly after him (the mate of the Isabella) he jumped up the
+side, and, in a minute, the rigging was manned; while we were saluted with
+three cheers, as we came within cable's length, and were not long in
+getting on board my old vessel, where we were all received, by Captain
+Humphreys, with a hearty seaman's welcome. Though we had not been
+supported by our names and characters, we should not the less have
+claimed, from charity, the attentions we received; for never was seen a
+more miserable looking set of wretches. If to be poor, wretchedly poor, as
+far as all our present property was concerned, were to have a claim on
+charity, none could well deserve it more; but, if to look so, be to
+frighten away the so called charitable, no beggar, that wanders in
+Ireland, could have outdone us, in exciting the repugnance of those, who
+know not what poverty can be. Unshaven, since I know not when, dirty,
+dressed in the rags of wild beasts, instead of the tatters of
+civilization, and starved to the very bones, our gaunt and grim looks,
+when contrasted with those of the well dressed and well fed men around us,
+made us all feel, I believe, for the first time, what we really were, as
+well as what we seemed to others."
+
+Very considerable training must, doubtless, be required, to reconcile a
+Mohawk Indian to a feather bed. A short passage from the Journal of Sir
+John Ross forcibly illustrates the truth, that we are the creatures of
+habit. "Long accustomed, however, to a cold bed, on the hard snow or the
+bare rock, few could sleep, amid the comforts of our new accommodations. I
+was myself compelled to leave the bed, which had been kindly assigned me,
+and take my abode in a chair for the night, nor did it fare much better
+with the rest. It was for time to reconcile us to this sudden and violent
+change, to break through what had become habit, and to inure us, once
+more, to the usages of our former days."
+
+
+
+
+No. CLV.
+
+
+Good, old Sir William Dugdale was certainly the prince of antiquaries. His
+labors and their products were greater, than could have been anticipated,
+even from his long and ever busy life. He was born, Sept. 12, 1605, and
+died, in his eighty-first year, while sitting quietly, in his antiquarian
+chair, Feb. 6, 1686.
+
+It seemed not to have occurred, so impressively, to other men, how very
+important was the diligent study of ancient wills, not only to the
+antiquarian, but to the historian, of any age or nation. Dugdale's
+annotations, upon the royal and noble wills of England, are eminently
+useful and curious. A collection of "royal wills" was published, by Mr.
+John Nicholls, the historian of Leicestershire, and the "Testamenta
+Vetusta," by Mr. Nicolas. These works are in very few hands, and some of
+them almost as rarely to be met with, as those of Du Cange, Charpentiere,
+Spelman, or Lacombe.
+
+There is no small amount of information and amusement, to be gathered from
+these ancient declarations of the purposes of men, contemplating death, at
+a distance, or about to die; though it cannot be denied, that the wills of
+our immediate ancestors, especially, if they have amassed great wealth,
+and, after a few unimportant legacies to others, have made us their
+residuary legatees, furnish a far more interesting species of reading, to
+the rising generation.
+
+There are worthy persons, who entertain a superstitious horror, upon the
+subject of making a will: they seem to have an actual fear, that the
+execution of a will is very much in the nature of a dying speech; that it
+is an expression of their willingness to go; and that the King of Terrors
+may possibly take them, at their word.
+
+There are others, who are so far from being oppressed, by any
+apprehension, of this nature, that one of their most common amusements
+consists in the making, and mending of their wills.
+
+"Who," says the compiler of the Testamenta Vetusta, "would have the
+hardihood to stain with those evil passions, which actuate mankind, in
+this world, that deed, which cannot take effect, until he is before the
+Supreme Judge, and consequently immediately responsible for his conduct?"
+To this grave inquiry I, unhesitatingly answer--_thousands_! The secret
+motives of men, upon such occasions, if fairly brought to light, would
+present a very curious record. That record would, by no means, sustain the
+sentiment, implied, in the preceding interrogatory. Malice and caprice,
+notoriously, have governed the testator's pen, upon numberless occasions.
+The old phrase--_cutting off with a shilling_--has been reduced to
+practice, in a multitude of instances, for considerations of mere hatred
+and revenge, or of pique and displeasure. The malevolent testator, who
+would be heartily ashamed, to avow what he had done, on this side the
+grave, is regardless of his reputation, on the other.
+
+Goldsmith places in the mouth of one of his characters, a declaration,
+that he was disinherited, for liking gravy. This, however it may have been
+intended as a pleasantry, by the author, is, by no means, beyond the
+region of probability. Considerations, equally absurd and frivolous, have,
+occasionally, operated upon the minds of passionate and capricious people,
+especially in the decline of life; and, though they are sensible of the
+Bible truth, that they can carry nothing with them, they may, yet a little
+while, enjoy the prospective disappointment of another.
+
+The Testamenta Vetusta contain abstracts of numerous wills of the English
+kings, and of the nobility, and gentry, for several centuries, from the
+time of Henry second, who began to reign, in 1154. The work, as I have
+stated, is rare; and I am mistaken, if the general reader, any more than
+he, who has an antiquarian diathesis, will complain of the exhumation I
+propose to make of some, among the "reliques of thae antient dayes."
+
+It is almost impossible, to glance over one of these venerable testaments
+of the old English nobility, without perceiving, that the testator's
+thoughts were pretty equally divided, between beds, masses, and wax
+tapers. Beds, with the gorgeous trappings, appurtenant thereto, form a
+common subject of bequest, and of entailment, as heir-looms.
+
+Edward, the Black Prince, son of Edward III., died June 8, 1376. In his
+will, dated the day before his death, he bequeaths "To our son Richard,[6]
+the bed, which the King our father gave us. To Sir Roger de Clarendon,[7]
+a silk bed. To Sir Robert de Walsham, our confessor, a large bed of red
+camora, with our arms embroidered at each corner; also embroidered with
+the arms of Hereford. To Monsr. Allayne Cheyne our bed of camora, powdered
+with blue eagles. And we bequeath all our goods and chattels, jewels, &c.,
+for the payment of our funeral and debts; after which we will, that our
+executors pay certain legacies to our poor servants. All annuities, which
+we have given to our Knights, Esquires, and other, our followers, we
+desire to be fully paid. And we charge our son Richard, on our blessing,
+that he fulfil our bequests to them. And we appoint our very dear and
+beloved brother of Spain, Duke of Lancaster,[8] &c., &c., executors," &c.
+
+Joan, Princess of Wales, was daughter of Edmund Plantagenet. From her
+extreme beauty, she was styled the "_Fair Maid of Kent_." I find the
+following record in regard to Joan--"She entered into a contract of
+marriage with Thomas Montacute, Earl of Salisbury; but Sir Thomas Holland,
+H. G., on a petition to Pope Clement VI. alleged a precontract, _consensus
+et concubitus_, but that, he being abroad, the Earl of Salisbury unjustly
+kept her from him; and his Holiness gave her to Sir Thomas."
+
+Joan seems to have been a wilful body, and the reader may like to know
+what sort of a will she made, four hundred and sixty-six years ago. She
+finally became the wife of Edward, the Black Prince, and, by him, the
+mother of Richard II. An abstract of her will runs thus--"In the year of
+our Lord, 1385, and of the reign of my dear son, Richard, King of England
+and France, the 9th at my castle of Walyngford, in the Diocese of
+Salisbury, the 7th of August, I, Joan, Princess of Wales, Duchess of
+Cornwall, Countess of Chester, and Lady Wake. My body to be buried, in my
+chapel, at Stanford, near the monument of our late lord and father, the
+Earl of Kent. To my dear son, the King, my new bed of red velvet,
+embroidered with ostrich feathers of silver, and heads of leopards of
+gold, with boughs and leaves issuing out of their mouths. To my dear son,
+Thomas, Earl of Kent, my bed of red camak, paied with red and rays of
+gold. To my dear son, John Holland, a bed of red camak."
+
+Katherine of Arragon wills, _inter alia_--"I supplicate, that my body be
+buried in a convent of Observant Friars. Item, that for my soul be said C.
+masses. Item, that some personage go to our Lady of Walsingham, in
+pilgrimage, and in going by the way, dole XX nobles. Item, I ordain that
+the collar of gold, that I brought out of Spain be to my daughter. * * *
+Item, if it may please the King, my good Lord, that the house ornaments of
+the church be made of my gowns, which he holdeth, for to serve the
+convent thereat I shall be buried. And the furs of the same I give for my
+daughter."
+
+William de Longspee, Earl of Salisbury, was a natural son of Henry II., by
+Fair Rosamond, daughter of Walter de Clifford, and distinguished himself
+in the Holy Land. He bequeaths to the Monastery of the Carthusians--"A cup
+of gold, set with emeralds and rubies; also a pix of gold with XLII. s.
+and two goblets of silver, one of which is gilt; likewise a chesible and
+cope of red silk; a tunicle and dalmatick of yellow cendal; an alba,
+amice, and stole; also a favon and towel, and all my reliques; likewise a
+thousand sheep, three hundred muttons, forty-eight oxen, and fifteen
+bulls."
+
+It was not unusual, in the thirteenth and fourteenth centuries, to
+dedicate children, at the hour of their baptism, to the _military_ service
+of _God_, in Palestine. An example of this may be found, in the will of
+William de Beauchamp, who was the father of the first Earl of Warwick, and
+died before 1269--"My body to be buried in the Church of Friars Minors at
+Worcester. I will, that a horse, completely harnessed with all military
+caparisons, precede my corpse: to a priest to sing mass daily, in my
+chapel without the city of Worcester, near unto that house of Friars,
+which I gave for the health of my soul, and for the soul of Isabel my
+wife, Isabel de Mortimer, and all the faithful deceased, all my rent of
+the fee of Richard Bruli, in Wiche and Winchester, with supply of what
+should be short, out of my own proper goods. * * * To William, my oldest
+son, the cup and horns of St. Hugh. * * * To Isabel, my wife, ten
+marks[9]: to the Church and nuns of Westwood one mark: to the Church and
+nuns without Worcester one mark: to every Anchorite in Worcester and the
+parts adjacent four shillings: to the Church of Salewarp, a house and
+garden, near the parsonage, to find a lamp to burn continually therein to
+the honor of God, the blessed Virgins St. Katherine, and St. Margaret."
+
+The will of his son, the Earl of Warwick, is full of the spirit of the
+age. He died in 1298--"My heart to be buried wheresoever the Countess, my
+dear consort, may, herself, resolve to be interred: to the place, where I
+may be buried two great horses, viz., those which shall carry my armor at
+my funeral, for the solemnizing of which, I bequeath two hundred pounds:
+to the maintenance of two soldiers in the Holy Land one hundred pounds:
+to Maud, my wife, all my silver vessels, with the cross, wherein is
+contained part of the wood of the very cross, on which our Saviour died. *
+* * To my said wife a cup, which the Bishop of Worcester gave me, and all
+my other cups, with my lesser sort of jewels and rings, to distribute for
+the health of my soul, where she may think best: to my two daughters, nuns
+at Shouldham, fifty marks."
+
+Elizabeth De Burgh, Lady of Clare, was the daughter of Gilbert de Clare,
+Earl of Gloucester, by Joan D'Acres, daughter of Edward I. She was thrice
+married. Her will is a curious affair, and bears date Sept. 25, 1355. She
+leaves legacies to her "servants" numbering, about one hundred and forty,
+and among whom are several knights and "peres."--"My body to be buried in
+the Sisters Minories, beyond Aldgate. I devise c. c. lb. of wax, to burn
+round my corpse. I will that my body be not buried for fifteen days after
+my decease. * * * For masses to be sung for the souls of Monsr. John de
+Bourg, Monsr. Theobaud de Verdon, and Monsr. Roger Dammory, my lords, my
+soul, and for the souls of all my good and loyal servants, who have died
+or may die in my service CXL., li.: To find five men for the Holy Land C.
+marks, to be spent, in the service of God and destruction of his enemies,
+if any general voyage be made within seven years after my decease: To my
+daughter Bardoff my bed of green velvet."
+
+Elizabeth, Countess of Northampton, wife of William de Bohnn, made her
+will, in 1356. To the Church of the Friars Preachers, in London, she
+bequeaths: "C. marks sterling, and also the cross, made of the very wood
+of our Saviour's cross which I was wont to carry about me, and wherein is
+contained one of the thorns of his crown; and I bequeath to the said
+Church two fair altar cloths of one suit, two of cloth of gold, one
+chalice, one missal, one graille,[10] and one silver bell; likewise
+thirty-one ells of linen cloth for making of albes, one pulpitory, one
+portfory,[11] and a holy water pot of silver." She also wills, that "one
+hundred and fifty marks be distributed to several other convents of Friars
+Preachers, in such manner as Friar David de Stirrington shall think best,
+for my soul's health: To the Grey Friars, in London five marks: To the
+Carmelites five marks: and to the Augustines five marks * * * to Elizabeth
+my daughter a bed of red worsted embroidered: To my sister, the Countess
+of Oxford a black horse and a nonche.[12]"
+
+Believers in the doctrine of transubstantation must extend their faith to
+the very cross; for, to comprehend all the wood, in possession of the
+faithful, it must have consisted of many cords of substantial timber.
+
+
+
+
+No. CLVI.
+
+
+The testamentary recognition of bastards, _eo nomine_, was very common, in
+the olden time. There were some, to whom funereal extravagance and pomp
+were offensive. Sir Ottro De Grandison says, in his will, dated Sept. 18,
+1358--"I entreat, that no armed horse or armed man be allowed to go before
+my body, on my burial day, nor that my body be covered with any cloth,
+painted, or gilt, or signed with my arms; but that it be only of white
+cloth, marked with a red cross; and I give for the charges thereof XX_l._
+and X. quarters of wheat: to a priest to celebrate divine service, in the
+church at Chellesfield for three years after my decease, XV_l._: to
+Thomas, my son, all my armor, four horses, twelve oxen, and two hundred
+ewe sheep. * * * * To my bastard son," &c.
+
+Henry, Duke of Lancaster, 1360, wills, "that our body be not buried for
+three weeks after the departure of our soul."
+
+Humphrey De Bohun, Earl of Hereford, 1361, bequeaths to his nephew
+Humphrey--"a nonche[13] of gold, surrounded with large pearls, with a ruby
+between four pearls, three diamonds, and a pair of gold paternosters of
+fifty pieces, with ornaments, together with a cross of gold, in which is a
+piece of the true cross of our Lord: to Elizabeth, our niece of
+Northampton, a bed with the arms of England. * * * * We will also that a
+chaplain of good condition be sent to Jerusalem, principally for my Lady
+my mother, my Lord my father, and for us; and that the chaplain be charged
+to say masses by the way, at all times that he can conveniently, for the
+souls."
+
+Agnes, Countess of Pembroke, daughter of Roger Mortimer, Earl of March,
+wills, in 1367, that her body be buried, "within two days after my death,
+without any other cost than a blue cloth and two tapers of ten pound
+weight."
+
+Robert, Earl of Suffolk, 1368--"I will, that five square tapers and four
+mortars,[14] besides torches, shall burn about my corpse, at my funeral:
+To William my oldest son my sword, which the King gave me, in name of the
+Earldom, also my bed with the eagle, and my summer vestment, powdered with
+leopards."
+
+Roger, Lord de Warre, personally took John, King of France, prisoner, at
+the battle of Poictiers, and obtained the crampet or chape of his sword,
+as a memorial of his chivalry. His will bears date 1368--"My body to be
+buried without pomp, and I will that, on my funeral day, twenty-four
+torches be placed about my corpse, and two tapers, one at my head and one
+at my feet, and also that my best horse shall be my principal, without any
+armour or man armed, according to the custom of mean people." He orders
+his estate to be divided into three parts--"one to be disposed of for the
+health of my soul."
+
+Joan, Lady Cobham, 1369--"I will that VII. thousand masses be said for my
+soul by the canons of Tunbrugge and Tanfugge and the four orders of Friars
+in London, viz. the Friars Preachers, Minors, Augustines, and Carmelites,
+who, for so doing shall have XXIX_l._ III_s._ IV_d._ Also I will that, on
+my funeral day, twelve poor persons, clothed in black gowns and hoods,
+shall carry twelve torches."
+
+Sir Walter Manney, 1371--"My body to be buried at God's pleasure * * * but
+without any great pomp * * * twenty masses to be said for my soul, and
+that every poor person coming to my funeral shall have a penny to pray for
+me, and for the remission of my sins. * * * To my two bastard daughters,
+nuns, viz., Mailosel and Malplesant, the one cc. franks, the other c.
+franks. * * * To Margaret Mareschall, my dear wife, my plate, which I
+bought of Robert Francis; also a girdle of gold, and a hook for a mantle,
+and likewise a garter of gold, with all my girdles and knives, and all my
+beds and clossers in my wardrobe, excepting my folding bed, paly of blue
+and red, which I bequeath to my daughter of Pembroke."
+
+Thomas, Earl of Oxford, 1371--"For my funeral expenses CXXXIII_l._ To Maud
+my wife all my reliques now in my own keeping, and a cross made of the
+very wood of Christ's cross. To Sir Alberic de Vere, my brother, a coat of
+mail, which Sir William de Wingfield gave me, also a new helmet and a
+pair of gauntlets."
+
+Anne, Lady Maltravers, 1374--"No cloth of gold to be put upon my corpse,
+nor any more than five tapers, each weighing five pounds, be put about
+it."
+
+Edward, Lord Despencer, 1375--"To the Abbot and Convent of Tewksbury one
+whole suit of my best vestments, also two gilt chalices, one gilt hanap,
+likewise a ewer, wherein to put the body of Christ, on Corpus Christi day,
+which was given to me by the King of France. To Elizabeth, my wife, my
+great bed of blue camaka with griffins; also another bed of camaka,
+striped with white and black, with all the furniture, thereto belonging."
+
+Mary, Countess of Pembroke, 1376--"To the Abbey of Westminster a cross
+with a foot of gold and emeralds, which Sir William de Valence, Kt.,
+brought from the Holy Land."
+
+Philipa, Countess of March, 1378--"To Edmond, my son, a bed, &c. Also a
+gold ring, with a piece of the true cross, with this writing, _In nomine
+Patris, et Filii, el Spiritus Sancti, Amen_. Which I charge him, on my
+blessing to keep."
+
+Sir John Northwood, Knight, 1378--"I will that two Pilgrims be sent to
+visit the shadow of St. Peter, Paul, and James, in Gallacia."
+
+Sir Roger Beauchamp, Kt., 1379--"My body to be buried in the church of the
+Friars Preachers, near to the grave, where Sybil, my wife resteth. And I
+desire, that, at my funeral, there be a _placebo_ and _dirige_ with note,
+and, on the morrow after, two masses, one of our Lady, and another of
+Requiem. And whereas I am bound to do a service on the Infidels, by devise
+of my grandsire, Sir Walter Beauchamp, to the expense of two hundred
+marks, I will, that Roger, son to Roger, my son, shall perform the same,
+when he comes of age. To my Chauntrey of Bletnesho one hundred pounds, for
+the maintenance of one priest, to sing there perpetually, for my soul, and
+also for the soul of Sybil, late my wife, and for all Christian souls."
+
+William, Lord Latimer, 1380--"I will that my house in the parish of St.
+Mary's be sold, to found prayers for King Edward's soul."
+
+Guichard, Earl of Huntington, 1380--"I will that my heart be taken out of
+my body and preserved with spices, and deposited in the said church of
+Engle. I will that the expenses of my funeral, if celebrated with pomp,
+be bestowed in masses for my soul."
+
+Edmond, Earl of March, was a man of great note. His will is dated May 1,
+1380--"To the Abbey of Wigmore a large cross of gold, set with stones with
+a relique of the cross of our Lord, a bone of St. Richard the Confessor,
+Bishop of Chicester, and a finger of St. Thomas de Cantelowe, Bishop of
+Hereford, and the reliques of St. Thomas, Bishop of Canterbury. To Roger,
+our son and heir, the cup of gold with a cover called _Benesonne_, and our
+sword, garnished with gold, which belonged to the good King Edward, with
+God's blessing and ours. * * * Also our large bed of black satin,
+embroidered with white lions and gold roses."
+
+William, Earl of Suffolk, 1381--"I will that, on the eve and day of my
+funeral, there shall be five square tapers of the height, which my nearest
+of kin shall think fit, and four morters; also forty-eight torches borne
+by forty-eight poor men, clothed in white. * * * I will that a picture of
+a horse and man, armed with my arms, be made in silver, and offered to the
+altar of our Lady of Walsingham; and another the like be made and offered
+at Bromeholme."
+
+One of the most interesting, among the olden wills, is that of John, Duke
+of Lancaster--the famous John of Gaunt. He died in February, 1399. His
+will bears date Feb. 3, 1397--"My body to be buried, in the Cathedral
+church of St. Paul of London, near the principal altar, beside my most
+dear wife, Blanch, who is there interred. If I die out of London, I desire
+that the night my body arrives there, it be carried direct to the Friars
+Carmelites, in Fleet Street, and the next day taken strait to St. Paul's,
+and that it be not buried for forty days, during which I charge my
+executors, that there be no cering or embalming my corpse. * * * I desire
+that chauntries and obits be founded for the souls of my late dear wives
+Blanch and Constance, whom God pardon; to the altar of St. Paul's my
+vestment of satin embroidered, which I bought of Courtnay, embroider of
+London. * * * To my most dear wife, Katherine, my two best nonches, which
+I have, excepting that, which I have allowed to my Lord and nephew, the
+King, and my large cup of gold, which the Earl of Wilts gave to the King,
+my Lord, upon my going into Guienne, together with all the buckles, rings,
+diamonds, rubies and other things, that will be found, in a little box of
+cypress wood, of which I carry the key myself, and all the robes, which I
+bought of my dear cousin, the Duchess of Norfolk;[15] also my large bed of
+black velvet, embroidered with a circle of fetter locks[16] and garters,
+all the beds, made for my body, called trussing beds, my best stay with a
+good ruby, my best collar, all which my said wife had before her marriage
+with me, also all the goods and jewels, which I have given her, since my
+marriage. To my Lord and nephew, the king,[17] the best nonche, which I
+have, on the day of my death, my best cup of gold, which my dear wife
+Katherine gave me, on New Year's day last, my gold salt-cellar with a
+garter, and the piece of arras, which the Duke of Burgoyne gave me, when I
+was in Calais." This is a mere extract. The will bequeaths numerous
+legacies of nonches, beds, and cups of gold; and abundantly provides for
+chauntries, masses, and obits.
+
+Eleanor, Duchess of Gloucester, 1399--"To the Abbess and Convent of the
+Sisters Minoresses, near London, without Aldgate, VI_l._ XIII_s._ IIII_d._
+and a tonel of good wine. * * * To my Lady and mother, the Countess of
+Hereford, a pair of paternosters of coral."
+
+Thomas Mussenden, 1402--"I will, that all my arms, swords, bastard,[18]
+and dagger be sold, and disposed of, for my soul."
+
+William Heron, Lord Say, 1404--"Whereas I have been a soldier, and taken
+wages from King Richard and the Realm, as well by land as by water, and
+peradventure received more than my desert, I will that my Executor pay six
+score marks to the most needful men, unto whom King Richard was debtor, in
+discharge of his soul."
+
+Sir Lewis Clifford, Kt.--"I, Lewis Clifford, false and traitor to my Lord
+God, and to all the blessed company of Heaven, and unworthy to be called a
+Christian man, make and ordaine my testament and my last will the 17th of
+September, 1404. At the beginning, I, most unworthy and God's traitor,
+recommend my wretched and sinful soul to the grace and to the mercy of the
+blissful Trinity, and my wretched carrion to be buried in the furthest
+corner of the churchyard, in which parish my wretched soul departeth from
+my body. And I pray and charge my executors, as they will answer before
+God, that on my stinking carrion be neither laid cloth of gold nor of
+silk, but a black cloth, and a taper at my head and another at my feet;
+no stone nor other thing, whereby any man may know where my stinking
+carrion lieth." In the original, this word is written _careyne_.
+
+The reader will be amused to know the cause of all this humility. Sir
+Lewis had joined the Lollards, who rejected the doctrines of the mass,
+penance for sins, extreme unction, &c.; but was brought back to the church
+of Rome; and thus records his penitence.
+
+
+
+
+No. CLVII.
+
+  "Tell thou the Earl his divination lies." SHAKSPEARE.
+
+
+An impertinent desire to pry into the future, by unnatural means--to
+penetrate the hidden purposes of God--is coeval with the earliest
+development of man's finite powers. It is Titanic insolence--and resembles
+the audacity of the giants, who piled Pelion upon Ossa, to be upon a level
+with the gods.
+
+Divination, however old it may be, seems not to wear out its welcome with
+a credulous world, nor to grow bald with time. It has been longer upon the
+earth, than from the time, when Joseph's silver cup, "whereby he
+divineth," was deposited, in Benjamin's sack, to the days of Moll Pitcher
+of Lynn, whose divining cup was of crockery ware.
+
+"_Mediums_" are mentioned in the Acts of the Apostles--"_And it came to
+pass, as we went to prayer, a certain damsel, possessed with a spirit of
+divination, met us, which brought her masters much gain, by soothsaying_."
+Paul cast out the evil spirit; an example worthy of consideration, by
+those, to whom the power is given, in the statute, to commit "_all
+persons, who use any juggling_," to the house of correction, unless their
+exhibitions are licensed, according to law.
+
+All manner of rogues and roguery has immemorially delighted in _aliases_.
+So has it been with that species of imposture, which assumes, that man's
+_finite_ powers are sufficient, for _infinite_ purposes. The black art,
+magic, fortune telling, sorcery, divination, soothsaying, augury, oracular
+responses, witchcraft, judicial astrology, palmistry, which is the same
+thing as chiromancy, or divination, by the lines of the hand or palm,
+horoscopy, which is a part of judicial astrology, haruspicy, or
+divination, from an inspection of entrails, aeromancy, the art of divining
+by the air, pyromancy, by flame or fire, hydromancy, by water, geomancy,
+by cracks or clefts in the earth, hepatoscopy, by the liver, stareomancy,
+by the elements, theomancy, by the spirit, demonomancy, by the revelation
+of genii or devils, idolomancy, by images, psychomancy, by the will or
+inward movement of the soul, antinopomancy, by the viscera of animals,
+theriomancy, by beasts, ornithomancy, by birds, icthyomancy, by fishes,
+botanomancy, by herbs, lithomancy, by stones, cleromancy, by lots,
+oneiromancy, by dreams, onomancy, by names, arithmancy, by numbers,
+logarithmancy, by logarithms, sternomancy, by the chest, gastromancy, by
+abdominal sounds, omphelomancy, by the signs of the navel, pedomancy, by
+the feet, onychomancy, by the nails, cephaleonomancy, by the marks of the
+head, tuphramancy, by ashes, capnomancy, by smoke, livanomancy, by the
+burning of frankincense, carromancy, by the burning of wax, lecanomancy,
+by basins of water, catoxtromancy, by mirrors, chartomancy, by certain
+writings on paper, machanomancy, by knives, chrystallomancy, by glasses,
+dactylomancy, by rings, coseinomancy, by seives, axinomancy, by saws,
+cattobomancy, by brazen chalices, roadomancy, by stars, spatalamancy, by
+bones and skins, sciomancy, by shadows, astragalomancy, by dice,
+oinomancy, by wine, sycomancy, by figs, typomancy, by the coagulation of
+cheese, alphitomancy, by flour or bran, crithomancy, by grain or corn,
+alectromancy, by cocks and hens, gyromancy, by rounds and circles,
+lampadomancy, by candles and lamps, nagomancy, or necromancy, by
+consulting, or divining with, by, or from the dead.
+
+The reader must bear in mind, that this list of absurdities is brief and
+imperfect. All these _mancies_, and many more may be found in Gaule's
+Mag-Astro-Mancer, page 165, and many of them are described in the Fabricii
+Bibliographia Antiquaria.
+
+These mischievous follies have prevailed, in a greater or less degree, in
+every age, and among every people. During the very days of auguries,
+nevertheless, individuals have appeared, whose rough, common sense tore
+itself forcibly away, from the prevailing delusions of the age. A pleasant
+tale is related, by Claude Millot, of an old Roman Admiral. He was in
+pursuit of the Carthagenian fleet; and, as he gained upon the enemy, and a
+battle seemed to be unavoidable, the haruspex, or priest, who, as usual,
+accompanied the expedition, with the birds of omen, and who had probably
+become alarmed, for his personal safety, came suddenly on deck,
+exclaiming, that the sacred pullets _would not eat_, and that, under such
+circumstances, it would be unsafe to engage. The old Roman tar ordered the
+sacred pullets, then in their cage, to be brought before him, and, kicking
+them overboard, exclaimed, "_let them drink then_."
+
+The etymology of the word necromancy, [Greek: nekros mantis], shows its
+direct application to the scandalous orgies, which are matters of weekly
+exhibition, in many of our villages and cities, under the name of
+_spiritual knockings_. Though Sir Thomas Browne could mark, learn, and
+inwardly digest a witch, a _necromancer_ was beyond his powers; and in
+Book I., Chap. X. of his Pseudodoxia, he speaks, with deep contempt, of
+such as "can believe in the real resurrection of Samuel, or that there is
+anything but delusion, in the practice of _necromancy_, and popular
+raising of ghosts."
+
+_Necromancers_ are those, who pretend to a power of communing with the
+dead, that is, conjuring up spirits, and of consulting them, in regard to
+the affairs of this or the other world. In the strictest sense, the Fishes
+and the Foxes and their numerous imitators are _necromancers_, of course.
+
+This impious and eminently pernicious practice has been condemned, in
+every age, and by every civilized nation. It was condemned, by the law of
+Moses--"There shall not be found among you any one, that maketh his son or
+his daughter to pass through the fire, or that useth divination, or an
+observer of times, or an enchanter, or a witch, or a charmer, or a
+consulter with familiar spirits, or a wizard or a necromancer. For all
+that do these things are an abomination unto the Lord." Deut. xviii. 10,
+11, 12.
+
+Conjurers may justly be accounted disturbers of the public peace; and such
+undoubtedly they are, most effectually, by unsettling the minds of
+credulous people, murdering sleep, and, occasionally, as in repeated
+instances, during the progress of the present delusion, by driving their
+infatuated victims to despair, insanity, and suicide. Severe laws have
+often been enacted, against these pestilent impostors. Conjuration was
+made felony by statute 1, James I., 1603. This was repealed by 9 Geo. II.,
+1763. This repeal was in keeping with the ascendancy of common sense,
+which decreed, that all conjuration was an absurdity: but, at the same
+time, all _pretensions_ to exercise this or any similar art was made
+punishable, as a misdemeanor. All laws, against witchcraft and sorcery,
+founded on the presumption of their possibility, are now justly accounted
+cruel and absurd. Laws, for the punishment of such, as disturb the public
+repose, by pretending to exercise these unnatural agencies, are no less
+judicious; though they have not always been effectual, against the
+prejudices of the people. The _Genethliaci_, who erected their horoscopes
+in Rome, for the purpose of foretelling future events, by judicial
+astrology, were expelled, by a formal decree of the senate; yet they long
+retained their hold, upon the affections of a credulous people.
+
+This species of divination, by the heavenly bodies, commenced with the
+Chaldeans, and, from them, passed to the Egyptians, Greeks, and Romans.
+Henault informs us, that it was much in vogue, in France, during the days
+of Catherine de Medicis. Roger Bacon was greatly devoted to the practice
+of Judicial Astrology. Cecil, Lord Burleigh, is known, gravely and
+elaborately to have calculated the nativity of Queen Elizabeth, who was
+feverishly addicted to magic. The judicial astrologers of the middle ages
+were a formidable body, and their conjuring cups and glasses were in high
+esteem. In Sweden, judicial astrology was in the greatest favor, with
+kings and commoners. A particular influence was ascribed to the conjuring
+cup of Erricus, king of Sweden. The Swedes firmly believed, that
+Herlicius, their famous astrologer, had truly predicted the death of the
+monarch, Gustavus Adolphus, in 1632, at the battle of Lutzengen, or
+Lippstadt.
+
+In the reigns of Henry III. and Henry IV. of France, this absurd delusion
+was in such repute, that judicial astrologers were consulted, upon the
+most trivial occasions; and their daily predictions were the theme of
+grave and constant conversation, with every class of society. It was no
+uncommon thing, even in England, for those, who were desirous of
+communicating with the dead, to make a previous arrangement with some
+favorite astrologer, and _bespeak a spirit_, as we bespeak a coach, for
+some particular hour.
+
+In the Autobiography of William Lilly, the famous astrologer, in the time
+of the Stuarts, a curious account is given of Alexander Hart, an
+astrologer, living in Houndsditch, about the year 1632. It seems, that
+Hart had entered into a contract with a countryman, who had paid him
+twenty or thirty pounds, to arrange a meeting between this countryman and
+a particular spirit, at an appointed time. But, either Hart's powers of
+raising the dead were unequal to the task, or the spirit had no
+inclination to keep up the countryman's acquaintance; certain it is, the
+spirit was unpunctual; and, the patience of the countryman becoming
+exhausted, he caused the astrologer to be indicted, for a cheat. He was
+convicted, and about to be set in the pillory, when John Taylor, the water
+poet, persuaded Chief Justice Richardson to bail him, and Hart was fairly
+spirited away. He then fled into Holland, where, a few years after, he
+gave up the spirit, in reality.
+
+Its unintelligible quality is the very essence of delusion. Nothing can be
+more unreasonable, therefore, than to mistake our inability to explain a
+mystery, for conclusive evidence of its reality and truth. That it is
+unintelligible or inexplicable surely affords less evidence of its
+reality, and truth, than is furnished of its falsehood, by its manifest
+inconsistency with all known natural laws. Bruce informs us, that the
+inhabitants of the western coasts of Africa pretend to hold a direct
+communication with the devil; and the evidence of the thing they assert is
+so very curious and imposing, that he and other travellers are entirely at
+fault, in their attempts to explain the mystery. Yet no one, for a moment,
+supposes, that Bruce had the slightest confidence in these absurdities.
+
+And yet, so great, so profound, was the belief of Friar Bacon, in this
+preposterous delusion, that, in his Opus Majus, page 65, he exclaims--"Oh,
+how happy had it been for the church of God, and how many mischiefs would
+it have prevented, if the aspects and qualities of the Heavenly bodies had
+been predicted, by learned men, and known to the princes and prelates of
+those times! There would not then have been so great a slaughter of
+Christians, nor would so many miserable souls have been sent to hell."
+
+This eminently learned man, Roger Bacon, refers, in this remarkable
+passage, to the various calamities, which existed, in England, Spain, and
+Italy, during the year 1264.
+
+The word, mathematician, seems to have been applied, in that age,
+exclusively to astrologers. Peter de Blois, one of the most learned
+writers of his time, who died A. D. 1200, says, in the folio edition of
+his works, by Gussanville, page 596--"Mathematicians are those, who, from
+the position of the stars, the aspect of the firmament, and the motion of
+the planets, discover things, that are to come."
+
+"These prognosticators," says Henry, in his History of Great Britain, vol.
+vi. page 109, "were so much admired and credited, that there was hardly a
+prince, or even an earl, or great baron, in Europe, who did not keep one
+or more of them, in his family, to cast the horoscopes of his children,
+discover the success of his designs, and the public events, that were to
+happen."
+
+
+
+
+No. CLVIII.
+
+
+There are sundry precepts, delivered by Heathen poets, some eighteen
+hundred years ago, which modern philosophy may not disregard with
+impunity. If it be true, and doubtless it is true, that a certain
+blindness to the future is given, in mercy, to man, how utterly unwise are
+all our efforts to rend the veil, and how preposterous withal!
+
+The wiser, even among those, who were not confirmed in the belief, that
+there was absolutely nothing, in the doctrines of auguries, and omens, and
+judicial astrology, have discountenanced all attempts to pry into the
+future, by a resort to such mystical agencies. The counsel of Horace to
+Leuconoe is fresh in the memory of every classical reader:--
+
+  "Tu ne quęsieris, scire nefas, quem mihi, quem tibi
+  Finem Dģ dederint, Leuconoė, neu Babylonios
+  Tentąris numeros. Ut melius, quidquid erit pati!
+  Seu plures hyemes, seu tribuit Jupiter ultimam,
+  Quę nunc oppositis debilitat pumicibus mare
+  Tyrrhenum"----
+
+The version of Francis, however imperfect, may not be unwelcome to the
+English reader:--
+
+  "Strive not, Leuconoe, to pry
+    Into the secret will of fate;
+  Nor impious magic vainly try
+    To know our live's uncertain date.
+
+  Whether th' indulgent Power divine
+    Hath many seasons yet in store,
+  Or this the latest winter thine,
+    Which breaks its waves against the shore."
+
+This passage from Horace is not required, to establish the fact, that
+magical arts were practised, among the Babylonians. A certain measure of
+superstition seems to belong to the nature of man; and to grow greater or
+less, in proportion to the exercise, or neglect, of his reasoning
+faculties. From this general rule history has furnished us with eminent
+exceptions. Cunning, and cupidity, and credulity are destined to be ever
+present: it is therefore to be expected, that, from age to age, the most
+egregious absurdities will pass, upon a portion of the community, for
+sober truths.
+
+The fact, that popular absurdities have won the patient, if not the
+respectful, consideration of certain distinguished individuals, who have
+spoken, and written, doubtingly, if not precisely, in their favor, goes
+but a very little way, in their behalf. There was a time, when all the
+world believed, that the sun revolved around the earth, and that the blood
+was a stagnant pool, in the human body. There are none, I presume, of all,
+who give their confidence to any marvel of modern times, who are more
+learned or more wise, than Sir Matthew Hale, or Sir Thomas Browne. Yet
+both these wise and learned men were firm believers, in witchcraft; and
+two miserable people, Cullender and Duny, were given over to be hung, by
+Sir Matthew, partly upon the testimony of Sir Thomas.
+
+Though nobody, whose sense is of the common kind, believes in witchcraft,
+at the present day, there was formerly no lack of believers, in any rank,
+or profession, in society. The matter was taken for a fixed and
+incontrovertible fact. The evidence was clear and conclusive, in the
+opinion of some, among the most eminent judges. If to doubt was not
+exactly to be damned, it often brought the audacious unbeliever, in danger
+of being hanged. Competent witnesses gravely swore, that pins and needles
+were run into their bodies, by persons, at the distance of a mile or more.
+For this offence, the witches were sentenced to be hanged; and, upon the
+gallows, confessed, with tears in their eyes, that they did really stick
+those identical pins, into the bodies of their accusers, being at the
+time, at the distance of a mile or more; and were swung off; having thus
+made their peace with God. Witnesses actually swore, that their houses
+were rocked, by old women, apparently too feeble to rock an infant's
+cradle, and that tables and chairs were turned topsy turvy; and the old
+ladies confessed, that they had actually rocked two-story houses and
+upset those tables, and seemed to be pleased with the distinction of being
+hanged, for the achievement.
+
+Whoever doubted these miracles was called upon to _explain_, or _believe_;
+and, if he could not indicate clearly the mode, in which this jugglery was
+effected, he was required to believe in a thing, which was manifestly not
+_in rerum natura_. In this dilemma, he might suggest an example of
+legerdemain, familiar to us all--a juggler puts an egg into an ordinary
+hat, and, apparently, in an instant, the egg is converted into a pancake.
+If the beholder cannot demonstrate how this is done, he, of course, must
+believe in the actual conversion, that is in transubstantiation. I have
+seen this little miracle performed, and confess I do not understand it;
+and yet I exceedingly doubt, if an egg can be so instantly converted into
+a pancake.
+
+The witch of Endor pretended to conjure up the dead. The effigy was
+supposed to be made manifest to the eye. Our modern witches and wizards
+conjure, up or down, whichever it may be, invisible spirits. These spirits
+have no power of audible speech; thus far, at least, they seem not to have
+recovered the use of their tongues. To be sure, spirit without matter
+cannot be supposed to emit sounds; but such is not the case here, for they
+convey their responses, audibly, by knockings. This is rather a circuitous
+mode of conveying intelligence, with their fingers and toes, which might
+be more easily conveyed by the voice.
+
+The difference, between our Blitzes and Samees, and the Fishes and the
+Foxes, consists in this--the former never, for a moment, pretend, that
+eggs are in reality pancakes, or that they actually perform the pretty
+miracles, which they seem to perform--the latter gravely contend, as it
+was contended, in the days of witchcraft, those days, that tried old
+women's souls, that their achievements are realities.
+
+So long as these matters are merely harmless, even though they consume
+much valuable time, that might be more worthily employed, and transfer the
+illy-spared coin of the credulous poor, from their own pockets, to the
+pockets of unprincipled jugglers and impostors, perhaps it may be well to
+suffer the evil to correct itself, and die even a lingering death. But,
+when it is manifestly spreading, broadcast, over the land, and even
+receiving a dash of something like grave importance from the pen,
+occasionally, of some professional gentleman, whose very doubt may dignify
+delusion; the matter seems really to demand some little consideration, at
+least: not that the doubts, even of a respectable physician, elaborately
+uttered, in a journal of fair repute, can do more to establish the power
+of mother Fish or mother Fox, to raise the dead, than was achieved, by the
+opinion of Lord Chief Justice Hale, in favor of witchcraft. That has
+fallen, as, in due time, this will fall, into merited contempt. But the
+expression of doubts, from a respectable quarter, upon an occasion like
+the present, tends, obviously, to strengthen those hands, which probably
+deserve to be paralyzed.
+
+So long, as a matter, like this, is confined to speculation, it may be
+suffered to flit by, like the folly of a day. But the pestilent thing, of
+which I am speaking, has, long ago, assumed an entirely different, and a
+severer, type. At this very time, individuals, who are strictly entitled
+to the name of vagabonds, male and female, are getting their bread, by
+cheating the curious and the credulous, in a great number of our towns and
+villages, by the performance of these frightful antics. This term is
+altogether too feeble, to express the meaning, which I would gladly fix,
+in the public mind. By these infernal agencies, children are imbued with a
+superstitious fear, which tends to enfeeble their intellects, and has a
+mischievous influence, upon life and conduct, to the end of their
+days--upon children of a larger growth, especially upon those of nervous
+temperament, and feeble health, the pernicious effect is incalculable. The
+fact is perfectly well known, and thoroughly established, that these
+diabolical orgies, and mystical teachings have not only inflicted the
+deepest misery on many minds, but have induced several infatuated persons,
+to commit self murder; and driven others to despair; deprived them of
+their reason; and caused them to be placed, in asylums for the insane.
+
+It is no longer therefore the part of wisdom to treat this evil, with
+sheer contempt. The conflagration has advanced too far, for us to hope it
+will go out, erelong, of its own accord. What is then the part of wisdom?
+
+There are individuals, whose opinions are certainly entitled to respect,
+and who conceive, that these mysteries deserve a full and formal
+examination, by a committee of wise and learned men, that the world may be
+guided by their decision. I am fearful, that such a course would result in
+nothing better than disappointment, if in nothing worse.
+
+These mysteries are Protean, in their character--
+
+  "Verum, ubi correptum manibus vinclisque tenebis,
+  Turn varię eludent species atque ora ferarum."
+
+If the members of the learned inquisition should furnish an explanation of
+one, or more, of these _mirabilia_, a new series of perplexing novelties
+would speedily arise, and demand their attention;--so that the _savans_
+would, necessarily, become a standing committee, on modern miracles. The
+incomparable Blitz, if the process were discovered, by which he appears,
+instantaneously, to convert an egg into a pancake, would challenge you to
+explain another, by which he rapidly deduces some thirty yards of ribbon
+from the nose of a bystander. And, if we cannot explain this mystery, he
+may as reasonably demand of us to believe it a reality, as goody Fox or
+goody Fish may require her _customers_--for raising the dead is a
+trade--to believe in her power, to conjure up spirits, because we may not
+be able to discover the process, by which the rappings are produced.
+
+But, even if an investigation were made, by the most competent
+physiologists, and the decree should go forth, _ex cathedra_; it would,
+probably, produce a very slight impression upon the whole community. That
+same self-conceit, which often fills an old woman to the brim, with the
+belief, that she is a more skilful leech, than Ęsculapius ever was, will
+continue to stand the credulous instead; and the rappings will go on, in
+spite of the decree of the _savans_; the spirits of the dead will continue
+to be raised, as they are, at present, at fifty cents apiece; men, women,
+and children will insist upon their inalienable right to believe, that
+eggs are pancakes, and that, in violation of all the established laws of
+nature, ghosts may be conjured up, at the shortest notice; and examples
+will continue to occur, of distressing nervous excitement, domestic
+misery, self-murder, and madness.
+
+The question recurs--what shall be done, for the correction of this
+increasing evil? Some suggestions have been made, sufficiently germain to
+several of the extraordinary pretensions of the present day. Thus, in
+respect to _clairvoyance_, a standing offer of several thousand francs has
+been made, by certain persons, in Paris, to any individual, who will prove
+his ability to see through a pine plank. In regard also to the assumption
+of knowledge, obtained, through a pretended communication with spirits, a
+purse of gold has been offered to any person, who, with the aid of all
+the spirits he can conjure up to his assistance, will truly declare the
+amount it contains, with a moderate forfeit, in case of failure.
+
+This whole matter of conjuration, and spiritual rapping has become an
+insufferable evil. It is a crying nuisance, and should be dealt with
+accordingly. It is, by no means, necessary, before we proceed to abate a
+nuisance, to inquire, in what manner it is produced. It is not possible to
+distinguish, between the _chevaliers d'industrie_, who swindle the
+credulous out of their money, by the exhibition of these highly pernicious
+orgies, from conjurors and jugglers. If this construction be correct, and
+I perceive nothing to the contrary, then these mischief-makers come within
+the fifth section of chapter 143 of the Revised Statutes of Massachusetts.
+Any police court or justice of the peace, has power to send to the house
+of correction, "_all persons who use any juggling_." It would be a public
+service to apply this wholesome law to goody Fox, or goody Fish, or any
+other goody, of either sex, holding these conjurations within our
+precinct. Upon a complaint, the question would necessarily arise if the
+offence charged were "_juggling_" or not; and the rule of evidence,
+_cuique in sua arte_, would bring out the opinions of men, learned in
+their profession. I am aware of no other mode, by which those persons are
+likely to be gratified, who believe these proceedings entitled to serious
+examination. Let us not drop this interesting subject here.
+
+
+
+
+No. CLIX.
+
+
+In the olden time, almanacs were exclusively the work of judicial
+astrologers. The calendar, in addition to the registration of remarkable
+events, and times, and tides, and predictions, in relation to the weather,
+presumed to foretell the affairs of mankind, and the prospective changes,
+in the condition of the world; not by any processes of reasoning, but by a
+careful contemplation of the heavenly bodies.
+
+On most occasions, these predictions were sufficiently vague, for the
+soothsayer's security; quite as much so, as our more modern
+foreshadowings, in relation to the weather, whose admonitions, to _expect
+a change_, _about these times_, are frequently extended from the beginning
+to the end of the calendar month. An example of this wariness appears, in
+a letter of John of Salisbury, written in 1170. "The astrologers," says
+he, "call this year the wonderful year, from the singular situation of the
+planets and constellations; and say, that, in the course of it, the
+councils of kings will be changed, wars will be frequent, and the world
+will be troubled with seditions; that learned men will be discouraged;
+but, towards the end of the year, they will be exalted."
+
+Emboldened, by the almost universal deference, paid to their predictions,
+the astrologers soon began to venture, on a measure of precision, which
+was somewhat hazardous.
+
+In the commencement of the year 1186, the most distinguished judicial
+astrologers, not only in England, but upon the continent, proclaimed, that
+there existed an unprecedented conjunction of the planets, in the sign
+Libra. Hence they predicted, that, on Tuesday, the sixteenth day of
+September, at three o'clock in the morning, a storm would arise, such as
+the world had never known before. They asserted, with an amazing
+confidence, that, not only individual structures would be destroyed, by
+this terrible storm, but that great cities would be swept away, before its
+fury. This tempest, according to their predictions, would be followed, by
+a far spreading pestilence, and by wars of unexampled severity. A
+particular account of these remarkable predictions may be found, on page
+356 of the annals of Roger de Hoveden.
+
+No more conclusive evidence is necessary of the implicit, and universal
+confidence, which then prevailed, in the teachings of judicial astrology,
+than the wide spread dismay and consternation, produced by these bold and
+positive predictions. It is not possible to calculate the sum of human
+misery, inflicted upon society, by the terrible anticipations of these
+coming events. As the fatal day drew near, extraordinary preparations were
+everywhere made, to secure property, from the devastating effects of the
+approaching tempest. Baldwin, Archbishop of Canterbury, commanded a solemn
+fast of three days' continuance, throughout his precinct. On the night of
+the fifteenth of September, very many persons sat up, in solemn
+expectation of the coming tempest.
+
+It has been cruelly observed of medical men, that, to some of their
+number, the death of a patient would, on the whole, be rather more
+agreeable, than that he should falsify their prediction, by the recovery
+of his health. How powerfully a sentiment, similar to this, must have
+exercised the spirits of these astrologers, as the appointed hour drew
+nigh! It came at last--bright and cloudless--followed by a day of unusual
+serenity. The season was one of extraordinary mildness; the harvest and
+vintage were abundant; and the general health of the people was a subject
+of universal observation. Old Gervase, of Tilbury, in his Chronicles,
+alluding to the Archbishop's fears and fastings, remarks, that there were
+no storms, during the whole year, other than such, as the Archbishop
+himself raised in the church, by his own absurdity and violence.
+
+The astrologers hung their heads, for very shame, and lost caste, for a
+time, with the people.
+
+Divination was, of old, emphatically, a royal folly; and kings have been
+its dupes and votaries, from the earliest ages of the world. The secret
+manner, in which Saul betook himself to the witch of Endor, arose, partly,
+from his knowledge, that such orgies were a violation of divine and human
+laws. The evils, resulting from such absurdities, had become so apparent,
+that Saul, himself, had already banished all the soothsayers and magicians
+from his kingdom. It is manifest, from the experience of Saul, that it is
+unwise to consult a witch, upon an empty stomach--"_Then Saul fell
+straightway all along on the earth, and was sore afraid, because of the
+words of Samuel: and there was no strength in him; for he had eaten no
+bread all the day, nor all the night_."
+
+Lucan, lib. vi. v. 570, et seq., represents young Pompey, just before the
+battle of Pharsalia, as paying a nocturnal visit, to a sorceress of
+Thessaly, of whom he inquires, in relation to the issue of the combat.
+With the ordinary preliminaries, charms, and incantations, the necromancer
+conjures up the ghost of a soldier, who had recently fallen in battle. At
+length, she pronounces a denunciation, between which and the prediction of
+the witch of Endor, delivered to Saul, the resemblance is certainly
+remarkable.
+
+The laws of France, in the time of Louis XIV., were extremely rigorous,
+against sorcery and divination, inflicting the severest penalties, upon
+all, who pretended to exercise their skill, in these worse than
+unprofitable mysteries. Nevertheless, an extraordinary story is related,
+in the autobiography of Madame Du Barri, as communicated to her, by Louis
+XV., of several visits stealthily paid, by Louis XIV., and Madame de
+Maintenon, to a celebrated judicial astrologer, in Paris. This narrative
+may be found recorded, at length, in the first volume of Madame Du Barri's
+Memoirs, commencing on page 286.
+
+The age of Louis XIV. was an age of superstition. An Italian priest, a
+secret professor of the art of necromancy, was induced, upon the King's
+promise of protection, against the parliament, in the event of a
+discovery, to satisfy the royal curiosity, and open the book of fate. At
+the hour appointed, being midnight, Madame de Maintenon and the _Duc de
+Noailles_ were conveyed to a house in Sevrčs, where they met the sorcerer,
+who had celebrated the mass alone, and consecrated several wafers. After
+performing a variety of ceremonies, he drew the horoscope of the King, and
+Madame de Maintenon. He promised the King, that he should succeed, in all
+his undertakings. He then gave his Majesty a parcel, wrapped in new
+parchment, and carefully sealed, saying to the King--"the day, in which
+you form the fatal resolution of acquainting yourself with the contents of
+this package, will be the last of your prosperity; but, if you desire to
+carry your good fortune to the highest pitch, be careful, upon every great
+festival, Easter, Whitsunday, the Assumption, and Christmas, to pierce
+this talisman with a pin; do this, and be happy."
+
+Certain events confirmed the sorcerer's predictions--others gave them the
+lie direct. The royal confidence was shaken.
+
+Upon one occasion, the Bishop of Meaux, the great Bossuet, chanced to be
+at the apartments of Madame de Maintenon; and the subject of magic and
+sorcery being introduced, the good Bishop expressed himself, with such
+abhorrence of the profanation, as effectually to stir up a sentiment of
+compunction, in the bosom of the King and Madame. At length, they
+disclosed the secret to their confessors, to whom the most effectual means
+of breaking the charm appeared to be, to break open the talismanic
+package; and this was accordingly imposed, as a penance, on the King.
+
+His sacred Majesty was thus painfully placed, _inter cornua_, or, as we
+trivially say, between hawk and buzzard--between the priest and the
+sorcerer. His good sense, if not his devotion, prevailed. The package was
+torn open, in the presence of Madame de Maintenon, and father la Chaise.
+It contained a consecrated wafer, pierced with as many holes, as there had
+been saints' days in the calendar, since it had been in the King's
+possession. That consternation fell upon the King, which becomes a good
+Catholic, when he believes, that he has committed sacrilege. He was long
+disordered, by the recollection, and all, that masses and starvation could
+avail, to purge the offence, was cheerfully submitted to, by the King.
+Louis XV. closes this farcical account, with a grave averment, that his
+ancestor, after this, lost as many male descendants, in the right line, as
+he had stuck pins, in the holy wafer. There may, possibly, be some little
+consolation, in the reflection, that, if the private history of Louis le
+Grand be entitled to any credit, like Charles the Second of England, he
+could well afford the sacrifice--of whom Butler pleasantly remarks--
+
+  "Go on, brave Charles, and if thy back,
+  As well as purse, but hold thee tack,
+  Most of thy realm, in time, the rather
+  Than call thee king, shall call thee father."
+
+The Millennarians of the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries--and these
+enthusiasts are, by no means, of modern origin--may be said to have
+hunted, in company with the judicial astrologers. Herlicius and the
+Millennarians solemnly predicted the destruction of the Turkish Empire, in
+1665, the one relying upon the aspect of the stars, and the other upon
+their fantastical interpretation of the Scriptures; and both, in all
+likelihood, chiefly, upon the good sword and stubborn will of the Emperor;
+who, to their infinite disappointment and mortification, finally made
+peace with the Ottomans. Yet David Herlicius was no impostor, or if so,
+there was no greater dupe to his astrological doctrines than himself. He
+was a learned, pious, and honest man.
+
+There is, probably, no more extensively popular error, than that a
+deceiver must possess, on all occasions, a greater measure of knowledge
+than the deceived. Herlicius was an eminent physician; and Bayle says of
+him, vol. vi. page 137--"One can hardly imagine why a man, who had so much
+business, in the practice of physic, and who never had any children,
+should fear to want bread in his old age, unless he drew horoscopes."
+
+This eminent man had doubtless some little misgivings, as to the
+infallibility of the art, after the failure of his prediction, in relation
+to the Ottomans. Bayle recites an extract of a letter, from Herlicius to a
+friend, in which the writer says: "Oh that fortune would look kindly upon
+me! that, without meddling with those astrological trifles, I might make
+provision for old age, which threatens me with blindness; and I would
+never draw any horoscope. In the mean time, when a great many persons
+inquire for, and desire to know more things, than are within the compass
+of our art, or more than it can explain, I choose rather to act with
+conscience, than to disgrace, and, as it were, to defile, our sacred
+Astrology, and to cast a blemish upon it. For our art abounds with a great
+number of Chaldean superstitions, which several of our countrymen are
+still obstinately fond of. A great many ask me what color of clothes and
+horses will be lucky for them? Sometimes I laugh heartily, at these and
+other such absurd questions, but I do also often abhor them. For I am
+enamored with the virgin state of our art, nor can I suffer that it should
+be so abominably defiled, as to give the enemies of astrology an
+opportunity to object to us those abuses, to the contempt of the art
+itself."
+
+At the period, when Herlicius unfortunately predicted the destruction of
+the Ottoman power, Judicial Astrology was in the highest favor in England.
+The date of the prediction, 1665, was the sixth year of Charles the
+Second. Whatever space remained, unoccupied by other follies, during the
+reign of the Stuarts, and even during the interregnum, was filled by the
+preposterous doctrines of Judicial Astrology. It is perfectly well
+established, that Charles the First, when meditating his escape from
+Carisbrook castle, in 1647, consulted the famous astrologer, Sir William
+Lilly.
+
+
+
+
+No. CLX.
+
+
+Isabel, Countess of Warwick, 1439--"My body is to be buried, in the Abbey
+of Tewksbury; and I desire, that my great Templys[19] with the Baleys[20]
+be sold to the utmost, and delivered to the monks of that house, so that
+they grutched not my burial there. Also I will that my statue be made, all
+naked, with my hair cast backwards, according to the design and model,
+which Thomas Porchalion[21] has, for that purpose, with Mary Magdalen
+laying her hand across, and St. John the Evangelist on the right side, and
+St. Anthony on the left." The singularity of this provision would lead one
+to believe that the testatrix made her will, under the influence of St.
+Anthony's fire.
+
+John, Lord Fanhope, 1443--"To John, my bastard son, now at Ampthill, ccc.
+marks; and, in case he should die, before he attain the age of twenty-one,
+I will that Thomas, my other bastard son, shall have the said ccc. marks."
+
+Henry Beaufort was the second son of John of Gaunt, Duke of Lancaster, by
+Katherine Swinford, a bastard born, but with his brothers and sister,
+legitimated by act of Parliament, 20 Rich. II., became Bishop of Lincoln
+1397--translated to Winchester, 1404, and made a Cardinal. He was
+remarkable, for his immense wealth, prudence, and frugality. He was four
+times Chancellor of England. He is reported to have clung to life with a
+remarkable tenacity. Rapin says, he died for grief, that wealth could not
+save him from death. The death bed of this Cardinal is admirably described
+by Shakspeare, in the second part of King Henry VI., Act III., Scene III.:
+
+  _K. Henry._  How fares my lord? Speak Beaufort to thy Sovereign.
+
+  _Cardinal._  If thou be'st Death, I'll give thee England's treasure,
+               Enough to purchase such another island,
+               So thou wilt let me live, and feel no pain.
+
+         *       *       *       *       *
+
+  _Warwick._   See how the pangs of death do make him grin.
+
+  _Salisbury._ Disturb him not, let him pass peaceably.
+
+  _K. Henry._  Peace to his soul, if God's good pleasure be!
+               Lord Cardinal, if think'st on Heaven's bliss,
+               Hold up thy hand, make signal of thy hope.
+               He dies, and makes no sign; Oh God forgive him!
+
+  _Warwick._   So bad a death argues a monstrous life.
+
+  _K. Henry._  Forbear to judge, for we are sinners all--
+               Close up his eyes, and draw the curtains close.
+
+The Cardinal's will, though without date, was made about 1443.--"I will
+that ten thousand masses be said for my soul, as soon as possible after
+my decease, three thousand of requiem, three thousand of _de rorate coeli
+desuper_, three thousand of the Holy Ghost, and one thousand of the
+Trinity. * * * * Item, I bequeath to my Lord, King Henry, a tablet with
+reliques, which is called the tablet of Bourbon, and a cup of gold with a
+ewer, which belonged to the illustrious prince, his father, and offered by
+him on Easter Eve, and out of which cup he usually drunk, and for the last
+time drank. * * * * Item, I bequeath to my Lord the King, my dish or plate
+of gold for spices, and my cup of gold, enamelled with images."
+
+In two codicils to this will, Cardinal Beaufort refers to certain crown
+jewels, and vessels of silver and gold, pledged to him by the King and
+Parliament, for certain sums lent. When the King went into France and
+Normandy, and upon other subsequent occasions, the Cardinal had loaned the
+King £22,306 18_s._ 8_d._ It appears in Rymer, vol. x. page 502, that the
+King redeemed the sword of Spain and sundry jewels, pledged to the
+Cardinal, for £493 6_s._ 8_d._
+
+John, Duke of Exeter, 1447--"I will that four honest and cunning priests
+be provided, to pray perpetually every year, for my soul." He then conveys
+certain manors to his son Henry, "provided always, that an annuity of
+XL_l._ be reserved for my two bastard sons, William and Thomas."
+
+William Burges, garter King of Arms, 1449, bequeaths to the church of St.
+George at Staunford--"to the seyd chirch for ther solempne feste dayes to
+stand upon the high awter 11 grete basque of silver, and 11 high
+candlesticks of sylver, 1 coupe of sylver, in the whych is one litel box
+of yvory, to put in the blessid sacrament." He also gives to said church
+"two greter candelstykkes, and for eiche of these candelstykkes to be
+ordayned a taper of waxe of 1 pound wight, and so served, to be lighted
+atte dyvyne servyce at pryncipal fest dayes, and al other solempne festes,
+as, at matyns, pryme, masse, and the yeven songs."
+
+John, Lord Scrope, 1451--"To the altar, in the chapel of St. Mary, at
+York, a jewel, with a bone of St. Margaret, and XL_s._ for ringing their
+bells, at my funeral."
+
+Ann, Duchess of Exeter, 1457--"I forbid my executors to make any great
+feast, or to have a solemn hearse, or any costly lights, or largess of
+liveries according to the glory or vain pomp of the world, at my funeral,
+but only to the worship of God, after the discretion of Mr. John
+Pynchebeke, Doctor of Divinity."
+
+Edmund Brudenell, 1457--"To Agmondesham Church; to the Provosts of the
+Church for the maintenance of the great light before the cross XX_s._ To
+the maintenance of the light before St. Katherine's Cross, III_s._ IV_d._"
+
+John Younge, 1458--"To the fabrick of the Church of Herne, viz., to make
+seats, called puyinge, X. marks."
+
+John Sprot, Clerk, 1461--"To each of my parishioners XL_d._"
+
+The passion for books, merely because of their antique rarity, and not for
+their intrinsic value, is not less dangerous, for the pursuer, than that,
+for collecting rare animals, and forming a private menagerie, at vast
+expense. Even the entomologist has been known to diminish the comforts of
+his family, by investing his ready money in rare and valuable bugs. It has
+been pleasantly said of him,
+
+  "He leaves his children, when he dies,
+  The richest cabinet of flies."
+
+There is no doubt, that, in those superstitious days, the traffic in
+relics must have been a source of very great profit to the priests; equal,
+at least, to the traffic in _ancient terra cottas_, in the days of
+Nollekens. The sleeves of those crafty friars could not have been large
+enough, to hold their laughter, at the expense of the faithful. The heir
+apparent, whose grief, for the death of his ancestor, was sufficiently
+subdued, by his refreshing anticipations of some thousands of marks in
+ready money, must have been somewhat startled, upon the reading of the
+will, to find himself residuary legatee, _for life_, of the testator's
+"reliques, remainder over to the Carthusian Friars!"
+
+Such, and similar, things were of actual occurrence. William Haute,
+Esquire, made his will, May 9, 1462, of course, in the reign of Edward the
+Fourth. This worthy gentleman ordains--"My body to be buried, in the
+Church of the Augustine Friars, before the image of St. Catherine, between
+my wives. * * * * I bequeath one piece of that stone, on which the
+Archangel Gabriel descended, when he saluted the Blessed Virgin Mary, to
+the image of the Blessed Virgin Mary of the Church of Bourne, the same to
+stand under the foot of the said image. I bequeath one piece of the bone
+of St. Bartholomew to the Church of Waltham. One piece of the hair cloth
+of St. Catherine, the Virgin, and a piece of the bone of St. Nicholas, to
+the Church of the Augustine Friars aforesaid. I bequeath all the remainder
+of my relicks to my son William, _for life_, with remainder to the
+Augustine Friars forever."
+
+Humphrey, Earl of Devon, 1463--"I will, that Mr. Nicholas Goss and Mr.
+Watts, Warden of the Grey Friars, at Exeter, shall, for the salvation of
+my soul, go to every Parish Church, in the Counties of Dorset, Somerset,
+Wilts, Devon, and Cornwall, and say a sermon, in every Church, town, or
+other; and as I cannot recompense such as I have offended, I desire them
+to forgive my poor soul, that it be not endangered."
+
+William, Earl of Pembroke, 1469--"In nomine Jesu, &c. And wyfe, that ye
+remember your promise to me, that ye take the ordre of widowhood, as ye
+may the better mayster your owne * * * * Wyfe pray for me, and take the
+said ordre, that ye promised me, as ye had, in my lyfe, my hert and love."
+This lady, who was the daughter of Sir Walter Devereux, observed her vow,
+and died the widow of the Earl; which is the more remarkable, as these
+injunctions have often produced an opposite effect, and abbreviated the
+term of continency.
+
+Sir Harry Stafford, Kt., 1471--"To my son-in-law, the Earl of Richmond, a
+trappur, four new horse harness of velvet; to my brother, John, Earl of
+Wiltshire, my bay courser; to Reynold Bray, my Receiver General, my
+grizzled horse."
+
+Cecilia Lady Kirriel, 1472--"In my pure widowhood, &c. To John Kirriel,
+bastard, &c."
+
+It is not unusual for the consciences of men, in a dying hour, to clutch,
+for security, at the veriest straws. It is instructive to consider the
+evidences, exhibited in these ancient testaments, of superfluous
+compunction. Sir Walter Moyle, Knt., 1479, directs his feoffees "to make
+an estate, in two acres of land, more or less, lying in the parish of
+Estwell, in a field called Calinglond, and deliver the same, in fee
+simple, to three or four honest men, to the use and behoof of the Church
+of Estwell aforesaid, in recompense of a certain annual rent of £2 of wax,
+by me wrested and detained from the said Church, against my conscience."
+
+It was not unusual, to appoint overseers, to have an eye upon executors; a
+provision, which may not be without its advantages, occasionally, even in
+these days of more perfect morality, and higher law. Sir Ralph Verney,
+Knt., 1478, appoints four executors, and "my trewe lover, John Browne,
+Alderman of London, to be one of the _overseers_ of this my present
+testament, and to have a remembrance upon my soul, one of my cups,
+covered with silver gilt."
+
+Monks and Friars were pleasant fellows in the olden time, and Nuns are not
+supposed to have been without their holy comforts. Landseer's fine picture
+of Bolton Abbey is a faithful illustration. The fat of the land, when
+offered to idols, has commonly been eaten up by deputy. However shadowy
+and attenuated the souls of their humble and confiding tributaries, the
+carcasses of abbots are commonly represented as superlatively fat and
+rubicund.
+
+Bequests and devises to Lights and Altars were very common. Eustace
+Greville, Esquire, 1479, bequeaths "to the Light of the Blessed Mary, in
+the said Church of Wolton, three pounds of wax in candles and two torches;
+to the Altar of the Blessed Mary in the said church, one bushel of wheat
+and as much of barley; and to the Lights of the Holy Cross there one
+bushel of barley and as much of beans; and the same to the Light of St.
+Katherine there."
+
+
+FINIS.
+
+
+
+
+DUST TO DUST.
+
+
+In utter disregard of all precedent, I have placed this dedication at the
+end of the volume, deeming it meet and right, that the corpse should go
+before.
+
+How very often the publication of a ponderous tome has been found to
+resemble the interment of a portly corpse! How truly, ere long, it may be
+equally affirmed, of both--the places, that knew them, shall know them no
+more!
+
+Męcenas was the friend and privy counsellor of Augustus Cęsar; and,
+accordingly, became, in some measure, the dispenser of executive
+patronage. The name of Męcenas has been employed, ever since, to signify a
+patron of letters and the arts. Dedications are said to have been coeval
+with the days of his power.
+
+In almost every case, a dedication is neither more nor less, than an
+application for convoy, from the literary mariner, who is scarcely willing
+to venture, with his fragile bark, "_in mare Creticum_" or _criticum_,
+unaided and alone. He solicits permission to dedicate his work to some
+distinguished individual--in other words, to place his influential name,
+upon the very front of the volume, as an amulet--a sort of passover--to
+keep evil spirits and critics, at a distance. If the permission be
+granted, of which the public is sure to be informed, the presumption, that
+the patron has read and approved the work, amounts to a sanction, of
+course, to the extent of his credit and authority. In some cases, however,
+I have reason to believe, that the only part of the work, which the patron
+ever reads, is the dedication itself. That most amiable and excellent man,
+and high-minded bibliopolist, the late Mr. JAMES BROWN, informed me, that
+an author once requested permission, to dedicate his work, to a certain
+professor, in the State of New York, tendering the manuscript, for his
+perusal; and that the professor declined reading the work, as superfluous;
+but readily accepted the dedication, observing, that he usually received
+five dollars, on such occasions.
+
+There was one, to whom it would afford me real pleasure to dedicate this
+volume, were he here, in the flesh; but he has gone to his account.
+GROSSMAN is numbered with the dead!
+
+READER--if you can lay your hand upon your heart, and honestly say, that
+you have read these pages, or any considerable portion of them, with
+pleasure--that they have afforded you instruction, or amusement--I
+dedicate this volume--with your permission, of course--most respectfully,
+to you; having conceived the most exalted opinion of your taste and
+judgment.
+
+  L. M. SARGENT,
+  ROCK HILL, DECEMBER, 1855.
+
+
+
+
+GENERAL INDEX.
+
+
+The figures refer to the numbers--not to the pages.
+
+  A.
+
+  ABNER, cautioned by his father, as to his behavior to aged people, 1.
+
+  ADAMS, John, anecdote of, 45:
+    --lines written under his name, in a lady's album, 46.
+
+  AIRS, national, authorship of, 106.
+
+  ALMSGIVING, 56.
+
+  AMBASSADORS, from U. S. A. to G. B. 73.
+
+  ANCESTRY, pride of, 97.
+
+  ANTIQUARIES, sometimes malicious, 126.
+
+  APOTHECARIES, in Boston--some notice of, 112.
+
+  ARISTOCRACY, of Boston--examples of, 90:
+    --among the dead, 1.
+
+  ARMS, reversed, at military funerals, of great antiquity, 30.
+
+  ARNOLD, Benedict, what made him a traitor, 87.
+
+  ARUNDINES CAMI, 92.
+
+  ASCLEPIADES, of Prusa, his medical practice, 114.
+
+  ASTROLOGERS, Judicial, formerly part of a nobleman's household, 157.
+    --False prediction of, in 1186. Ibid.
+    --Consulted by Louis XIV. and Madame de Maintenon, 159.
+
+  ASTROLOGY, Judicial, Q. Elizabeth addicted to.--Much practised, in the
+        middle ages, 157, 159.
+
+  AVARICE, 31.
+
+  AVERY, steals three negroes:--attempts to sell them:--their rescue, 47.
+
+  AYMAR, James, a famous impostor, 113.
+
+  AUCTIONS, various modes of:--by inch of candle:--by sand glass:--of fish
+        among the Dutch:--various modes of notifying, and bidding at, 139.
+
+  AUCTIONEER'S BELL, used at the Hague:--formerly in Boston, 139.
+
+
+  B.
+
+  BABYLONIANS, their mode of obtaining husbands, for homely women, 115.
+
+  BACHELORS punished by the Lacedemonians for their celibacy:--not trusted
+        with affairs of state at Athens, 115.
+
+  BARBERS, 140, 141, 142, 143:
+    --their antiquity, 140:
+    --formerly peripatetics, 141:
+    --their shops and poles, 141:
+    --female, 141:
+    --their citternes and "knack with the fingers," 142.
+
+  BAPTISM, vicarious, 109.
+
+  BATHS, ancient, 114.
+
+  BATTEL, wager of, 145.
+
+  BEARDS, habits of the ancients, respecting, 140:
+    --modern, 142:
+    --dyeing them an ancient practice, 142.
+
+  BELKNAP, Jeremy, Rev. 47:
+    --his desire for a sudden death, 75:
+    --regard for historical truth, 75:
+    --error, as to Gosnold, 75.
+
+  BELLS, and bell ringing:--weight of several:--a terror to "evill
+        spirytes," 37.
+
+  BENEVOLENCE, remarkable example of, 55.
+
+  BENTHAM, Jeremy, dissected by his own request, 8.
+
+  "BLEED AND PURGE all Kensington," 111.
+
+  BODIES, posthumous preservation of, 20.
+
+  BODKIN, the famous root and herb doctor, 109.
+
+  BOILING TO DEATH, a mode of punishment, 151.
+
+  BOODLE, William, his self-conceit, 49.
+
+  BOORN, Stephen and Jesse, remarkable case of erroneous conviction, on
+        circumstantial evidence, 79 to 85, both inclusive.
+
+  BORRI, Joseph Francis, a famous impostor, 113.
+
+  BRADFORD, Sheriff, anecdote of, 5.
+
+  BROCKLEBANK, Parson, anecdote of, 49.
+
+  BURIAL, joint stock companies, 58:
+    --their profits enormous, 58:
+    --of weapons, by the slaves, at Charleston, 34.
+
+  "BRING OUT YOUR DEAD," 27.
+
+  BUCHANAN, James, his errors, in relation to Major André, corrected, 19.
+
+  BURKE AND BISHOP, executed, for murder, with intent to sell the bodies,
+        7.
+
+  BURYING THE DEAD, manner of, commended, 21:
+    --in cities and under churches, objections to, 10, 11, 60, 61:
+    --manner of, and practices, connected therewith, in different ages and
+        nations, 2, 3, 4, 5, 8, 21, 30, 38, 96, 101:
+    --premature, 15, 91, 95:
+    --means for preventing, 91, 95.
+
+  BULL JOHN, and brother Jonathan, 104:
+    --John, the musician, author of "God save the King," 106.
+
+  BYLES, Mather, anecdotes of, 93, 94.
+
+
+  C.
+
+  CADES, sexton, how he lost his office, 44.
+
+  CALIFORNIA fever, 31.
+
+  CAMPBELL, hung for killing Boyd in a duel, 145.
+
+  CAMPBELL, Captain, steals an heiress, 115.
+
+  CANDLES, burnt in the day, at a church, in Nantucket, 24:
+    --of wax, at Popish funerals, in old times, 2.
+    --by inch of, ancient mode of selling at auction, 139.
+
+  CANER, Rev. Dr., some notice of, 78.
+
+  CAPITAL PUNISHMENT, 50, 51, 53, 54, 57, 89.
+
+  CAPITAL OFFENCES, in Massachusetts, in 1618, 62.
+
+  CARTER, sexton, insulted by a chirurgeon, 43.
+
+  CATACOMBS, 10:
+    --of Paris, 12, 13.
+
+  CATAFALQUE, its import, 103.
+
+  CHADWICK, Edwin, his report on interments, to the British Parliament, 58.
+
+  CHAPEL, King's, some account of, 78.
+
+  CHARLES I. funeral of, 39:
+    --his body discovered, in 1813, 40:
+    --V. legend of his mock funeral, denied, 99.
+
+  CHILDREN, female, destruction of, in China, and elsewhere, 29.
+
+  CHINESE, habits of the, 101.
+
+  CHUANG-TSZE, story of, 119, 120.
+
+  CLARENDON, in error, as to the burial place of King Charles I. 40.
+
+  CLARKE, Barnabas, anecdote of, 90.
+
+  CLARK, Alvan, his versatility of talent, 46.
+
+  CLAY, Henry, his frequent leavetakings, 99.
+
+  COBBETT, William, his letter to Lord Liverpool, on the American
+        triumphs, 104.
+
+  CONGRESS, American, Lord Chatham's opinion of, 104.
+
+  COURAGE, personal, externals no sure criterion of--two remarkable
+        examples, 149.
+
+  CONSCIENCE PARTIES, 29.
+
+  CORDAY, CHARLOTTE de, an interesting question, connected with her
+        decapitation, 153.
+
+  CREMATION, cost of--least expensive mode, excepting the urns, 74:
+    --of Henry Laurens, 95:
+    --of Cranmer, Latimer, and Ridley:--their diet in prison, 74.
+
+  CRIMINALS, how to dispose of, 89:
+    --bodies of, delivered for dissection, 7:
+    --number waiting to be hung, 51.
+
+  CROMWELL, Oliver, various estimates of his character:--views and handles
+    the dead body of Charles I.:--his funeral:--his body dug up, and hung,
+    at Tyburn, 39.
+
+  CRUCIFIXION, 151.
+
+
+  D.
+
+  DADDY OSGOOD, sold at auction, 139.
+
+  DANFORTH, Dr. Samuel, notice of, 111.
+
+  DEACONS, their dispute about a tomb, 11.
+
+  DEAD SEA, some account of, 35, 36.
+
+  DEATH, certain evidence of, 91:
+    --condition of the soul, after, 96:
+    --imitation of, 137:
+    --by shipwreck, 102.
+
+  DENTISTS, in Boston, some notice of, 112.
+
+  DESECRATION, of the dead, 14, 21, 23.
+
+  DICKSON, provost of Dundee, his epitaph, 9.
+
+  DIEDRICK VAN PRONK'S widow, anecdote of, 7.
+
+  DIGBY, Everard, account of his having spoken, after the removal of his
+        heart, 153.
+
+  DINAH FURBUSH, her corpse insulted, 77.
+
+  DIOGENES, anecdote of, 4.
+
+  DISTILLERS, in Boston, number of, 112.
+
+  DIVINATION, some account of, 157, 158.
+
+  DIVINING ROD, of James Aymar, 113.
+
+  "DON'T GO too near that hedge," 91.
+
+  DREAMS, of Martin Smith and King's Chapel, by the Old Sexton, 76, 77, 78.
+
+  DRUNKENNESS, at ordinations, 37.
+
+  DRYDEN, John, disturbance at his funeral, 118.
+
+  DUELS, between Benjamin Woodbridge and Henry Phillips, on Boston Common,
+        133 to 136, both inclusive:
+    --various, 144 to 149, both inclusive:
+    --punishment of, 145:
+    --number killed in, 145:
+    --Decatur and Barron, 146:
+    --Lord Bruce and Sir Edward Sackville, 147:
+    --Lords Mohun and Hamilton, 147:
+    --Sheridan and Matthews, 147:
+    --M'keon and Reynolds, 147:
+    --Campbell and Boyd, 147:
+    --Colclough and Alcock, 147:
+    --David and Goliath, 147:
+    --Titus Manlius and the Gaul, 148:
+    --Hector and Ajax, 148:
+    --Turnus and Ęneas, 148:
+    --Rauber and a Spanish gentleman, 148:
+    --Cameron, and McLean, 148:
+    --Lord Mark Kerr and a French Colonel, 149:
+    --Joseph Bainbridge and the Secretary of Sir Alexander Ball, 149:
+    --Rand and Millar, 153.
+
+  DUGDALE, Sir William, the antiquary, 155.
+
+  DYONISIUS, to save his throat, taught his daughters to shave, 140.
+
+
+  E.
+
+  EFFIGIES of the dead, made of cinnamon, and carried in the procession,
+        30.
+
+  EGYPTIANS, trials of their kings, after death, 5:
+    --every Egyptian a doctor, 107.
+
+  ELI, the sexton, his hallucinations, 55.
+
+  ELIOT, Rev. Andrew, gloves and rings, given him at funerals, and the
+        sale of, 28.
+
+  EMBALMING, process of, 4.
+
+  EMPIRICS, 109, 110, 111, 113, 114.
+
+  EPITAPHS, 5, 9.
+
+  ESTIMATE OF AMERICANS by the English people, in 1775 and 1812, 104.
+
+  EVIDENCE, circumstantial, remarkable examples of, 79 to 85, both
+        inclusive:
+    --Webster's case, 86.
+
+  EXECUTION, in Ballyconnel, 54.
+
+
+  F.
+
+  FAKEER, East India, account of his apparent death, and resurrection,
+        137, 138.
+
+  FAMINE, Keayne's granary in case of, 112.
+
+  FANEUIL HALL, origin of:--burnt:--rebuilt and enlarged, 130, 131.
+
+  FANEUIL PETER, and his relatives, some account of, 122 to 132, both
+        inclusive:
+    --aids Henry Phillips, to escape, after his fatal duel, with
+        Woodbridge, 134.
+
+  FOOD for ghosts, 25.
+
+  FORTUNE-HUNTERS, remarkable disappointment of one, 115, 116.
+
+  FRANKLIN, Benjamin, his account of the resurrection of flies, drowned in
+        wine, 138:
+    --his letter to Thomas Percival, on duelling, 144:
+      --Sir John, probably lost, 154.
+
+  FREEMAN, Dr., manner of his ordination, 78.
+
+  FRIENDSHIPS, rarely lifelong:--examples of, 59:
+    --Cicero's first law of, 59.
+
+  FRIZZELL'S BELL, 37.
+
+  FUNERALS, invitations to, 8:
+    --baked meats at:--games, and festivals at, 25.
+
+
+  G.
+
+  GIFTS, New Year's, 117.
+
+  GLOVES and rings, at funerals, 28.
+
+  GOSNOLD, Bartholomew, his abode, at Cuttyhunk, 75.
+
+  GOVERNOR of Mass., anecdote of a, 52.
+
+  GRANNY, anecdote of skinning, 58.
+
+  GROSSMAN threatened to be shot, 13.
+
+  GUILLOTIN, Dr. 151:
+    --the instrument that bears his name, 151, 152.
+
+
+  H.
+
+  HAIR, management of the, 143.
+
+  HALLEY, Thomas, great pomp, and much guzzling, at his funeral, 25.
+
+  HALIFAX GIBBET and the guillotine identical, 151.
+
+  HANDEL, rivalry, between him, and Senesino, and Buononeini, 105:
+    --Swift's epigram, on their squabbles, 105.
+
+  HANGING, sensations produced by, 95:
+    --vicarious, 150:
+    --persons differently moved, in prospect of, 150.
+
+  HANWAY, Sir Jonas, his account of the practice of giving vales, 28.
+
+  HAPPINESS, 48.
+
+  HASTĘ, why auctions were so called, at Rome, 139.
+
+  HAWES, Dr. William, his work on premature interment, 95.
+
+  HEIRESS, stealing an, made felony:--remarkable examples of, 115.
+
+  HENRY VIII. bone stolen from his corpse, 39:
+    --some account of his funeral, 103.
+
+  HERSE, ancient import of the word, 103.
+
+  HOOK, Theodore, anecdote of, 24.
+
+  "HOW could the poor Abbé sustain himself against you all four?" 113.
+
+  HOWLERS, at funerals, ancient and modern, 32, 38.
+
+  HUGUENOTS, in Boston:--their early settlement, in Oxford, Mass. 122:
+    --their church in Boston, 122, 123.
+
+
+  I.
+
+  IDLENESS, effects of, 22.
+
+  INFANTICIDE, 29.
+
+  INNHOLDERS, in Boston, number of, 112.
+
+  INTOLERANCE, in Massachusetts, 62.
+
+
+  J.
+
+  JAMES II., his gallantry, when Duke of York, in a sea-fight, 66.
+
+  JEWS usurious, 15,000 banished, 52.
+
+  JE vous sauter le tźte, 151.
+
+
+  L.
+
+  LACERATION, of the cheeks and hair, at funerals, in Greece, Rome, and
+        elsewhere, 30, 32, 38.
+
+  LARGESSES at funerals, 25.
+
+  LAURENS, Henry, his body burnt, after death, by his request, 95.
+
+  LAWYERS, in Boston, their number at different periods, 112.
+
+  LE MERCIER, André, minister of the Huguenots, in Boston, 132.
+
+  LEVI, M. de, his pride of ancestry, 97.
+
+  LIBERTY TREE, 41, 42.
+    Philip Billes devises his estate, on condition of being buried under
+        that tree, 42.
+
+  LICINIUS, P., games, &c., at his funeral, 25.
+
+  LILLY, Sir William, the astrologer, notice of, 157.
+
+  LIND, Jenny, some account of, 105.
+
+  LLOYD, Dr. James, his appearance, 111.
+
+  LOCALITIES, certain interesting, 7.
+
+  LONGEVITY, some examples of, 45.
+
+  LOT'S WIFE, pillar of salt, &c., 35, 36:
+    --seen by Irenęuis and others, after she was salted, 36.
+
+  LOUIS XVI., brutal behaviour of the French people, at his execution, 152.
+
+  LOVAT, Lord, his repartee, on his way to be hung, 150.
+
+  LUDII, HISTRIONES, SCURRĘ, 30.
+
+  LUXURY, ever injurious, and often fatal, to Republics, 87, 88.
+
+  LYMAN, Theodore, notice of him, and his public and private charities, 56.
+
+
+  M.
+
+  MARCUS FLAVIUS, anecdote of, 25.
+
+  MARRIAGES, taxed:--first celebration of, in churches:--forbidden during
+        Lent, 115.
+
+  MARINER bound for Africa, reaches Norway, 48.
+
+  MARSHALL, Tommy, anecdote of, 90.
+
+  MARTYRS, cremation of:--cost of burning Cranmer, Latimer, and Ridley, 24.
+
+  MASHEE, Tooley, plays corpse, 137.
+
+  MCPHEE, widow Nelly, anecdote of, 7.
+
+  MEDICINE, origin of the practice of, 107:
+    --practice of, among the Babylonians, Greeks, Egyptians, Israelites,
+        and Hindoos, 108.
+
+  MEDIUMS, some notice of, 157.
+
+  MEXICAN BEGGARS, how employed by Montezuma, 142.
+
+  MILTON, John, his marriages, 98:
+    --writes in favor of polygamy, 98:
+    --desecration of his remains, 118.
+
+  MINGLING the ashes of dear friends, in the same urn, practice of, 21.
+
+  MINISTERS of the Gospel, in Boston, in 1740, 132.
+
+  MIRTHFULNESS, its advantages, 92.
+
+  MONEY, George Herbert's address to, 31.
+
+  MONTGOMERY, Gen. Richard, his exhumation, and reinterment, 18.
+
+  MONUMENTS, Dryden's, Ben Jonson's, and Cowley's, mutilation of, 118.
+
+  MOONCURSERS, laws for their punishment:--anecdote of, 102.
+
+  MOORHEAD, Rev. John, some notice of, 99.
+
+  MOSES, an apothecary, 107.
+
+  MOURNERS, their peculiar consolations, 32:
+    --for the year 1848, 33.
+
+  MOURNING, time allowed for:--color of the vesture, in different
+        countries, 32.
+    Irish, consists in the number of coaches and the quantity of whiskey,
+        74.
+
+  MULE, a bad one, 30.
+
+
+  N.
+
+  NAPOLEON'S last words, 31.
+
+  NEW YEAR'S DAY, when, 117, 123.
+
+  NEW NORTH CHURCH, uproar there, 37.
+
+  NORTH CHURCH, peal of bells there, 37.
+
+  NUISANCE, affecting the air, not necessary to prove it noxious, 60.
+
+
+  O.
+
+  OBSEQUIES, provisions for, by persons, while living, 7.
+
+  OTIS, James, anecdote of, 90.
+
+
+  P.
+
+  PARKMAN, Dr. George, his murder:--his peculiarities, 72.
+
+  PENN, William, reply to Macaulay's abuse of:--memoir of, 62 to 71, both
+        inclusive:
+    --death bed of his son, 71.
+
+  PERCIVAL, Thomas, his work, on duelling, 144.
+
+  PERE LA CHAISE, 11.
+
+  PESTILENCE, numbers destroyed by, 27.
+
+  PHILADELPHIANS, saved from being Welchmen, 68.
+
+  PHYSICIANS, various schools of, named by Pliny, 110, 114:
+    --number of the old Boston doctors, and their residences, 112.
+
+  PIPERS, at funerals, 8.
+
+  PIRATES, hung on Boston Common, 50.
+
+  PITCAIRN, Major, the honor of killing him, claimed by many:--the
+        remains, under Westminster Abbey, said to have been erroneously
+        selected, from under the North Church, 17.
+
+  PLAGUE, some account of the, 27.
+
+  PLINY, in favor of herb doctoring, 114.
+
+  PLANTER, funeral of an old, in St. Croix, 30.
+
+  POLHAMUS, the good Samaritan, 83.
+
+  POMPADOUR, Madame de, her remains transferred to the Catacombs, 13.
+
+  PONTRACI, the prince of undertakers, 12.
+
+  PORTLAND VASE, history of the, 20.
+
+  PRIDE AND POVERTY, excess of, dangerous, 87.
+
+  PUNISHMENT, various kinds of, 151.
+
+  PUNSTERS habitual, nuisances, 94.
+
+  PWAN YAKOO, and other Chinese, their visit to Boston:--description of
+        her golden lilies, 102.
+
+
+  Q.
+
+  QUACKS of great use to sextons, 27.
+
+  QUAKERS, persecution of, in Massachusetts, 62, 63.
+
+
+  R.
+
+  RAND, Dr. Isaac, brief notice of, 111.
+
+  RAZORS, their antiquity:--mentioned by Homer, Samuel, Ezekiel:--how
+        sharpened:--of brass, 140:
+    --the best formerly from Palermo, 142.
+
+  RECHERCHES, Historiques et Physiologiques sur la Guilotine, 152.
+
+  RELICS, traffic and jugglery in, by the priests, 17.
+
+  REPUBLICS, extravagance fatal to, 87, 88.
+
+  REVENGE Church of Christ, 37.
+
+  REVIVAL, amusing example of, on the way to the grave, 91:
+    --of a child of Henry Laurens, which caused him to order his own
+        corpse to be burnt, 95.
+
+  ROCHEFOUCAULT, maxim erroneously ascribed to, 59.
+
+  ROMAN CATHOLICS, persecution of, in Massachusetts, 29.
+
+  ROSS, Sir John, his residence, in the Arctic regions:--discovery of him
+        and his company, 154.
+
+  ROTHSCHILD, Nathan Meyer, his funeral solemnities, 3.
+
+  RUM, mainspring of the slave trade in Massachusetts, 47.
+
+  RUSH, Dr. Benjamin, alluded to:--anecdote of, 111.
+
+
+  S.
+
+  "SACRED TO THE MEMORY"! 77.
+
+  SANTA CRUZ, gross extortion there, from surviving friends, 16.
+
+  SANSONS, the hereditary executioners of Paris, 151, 152.
+
+  SAYINGS, of eminent men, in articulo, or just before death, 100.
+
+  SCOTCH WEAVER'S VANITY, 39.
+
+  SELWYN, George, seldom absent from an execution, 50.
+
+  SENECA, quotation from, 48.
+
+  SEXTONS, their office, its origin, and duties, of old:--their extortion,
+        occasionally, in the hour of affliction, 16
+    --their business much benefited by steam, 2.
+
+  SCIENCE, some curious mistakes of, 154.
+
+  SHAYS, his insurrection, 29.
+
+  SHAVING, suggestions concerning, 140.
+
+  SHELLEY, the poet, cremation of, 20.
+
+  SHIPWRECKS, their number, 102.
+
+  SLAVERY, 34:
+    --in Boston, 43, 47:
+    --early attempts to abolish, in Massachusetts, 44:
+    --how and when abolished there, 47:
+    --Slave trade, in Boston, 47.
+
+  SLAVES, example of their ingenuity, 34.
+
+  SMITH, Martin, sexton of King's Chapel, his apparition to the sexton of
+        the old school, 76, 77, 78.
+
+  SOLDIERS, their sufferings, as statesmen, 100.
+
+  SONS OF LIBERTY, some account of the, 41.
+
+  SOUTHERN STATES, liberality to Boston, in 1774, 44.
+
+  SPARTANS, their mode of selecting wives, 115.
+
+  SPIDER and chambermaid, 29.
+
+  SPIRITUAL KNOCKINGS, sometimes resulting in madness, and self-murder,
+        157, 158:
+    --remedy for, 158.
+
+  STAMP ACT, resolutions in Faneuil Hall, 58.
+
+  STEAM, of great benefit to sextons, 27.
+
+  STERNHOLD AND HOPKINS, their version of the Psalms gave place to that of
+        Tate and Brady:--motive of Sternhold little suspected, 100.
+
+  STONECUTTER, anecdote of a, 6.
+
+  STYLE, old and new, some account of, 117.
+
+  SUCCESSION, Apostolic, 78.
+
+  SUMNER, Governor, funeral of, 39.
+
+  SUMPTUARY LAWS, some account of, 88.
+
+  SURGEONS, the earliest:--limited nature of their functions, 107:
+    --among the Israelites, 108.
+
+  SUTTEES, description of, 74.
+
+  SWANS, their musical power fabulous, 105.
+
+  SWEATING SICKNESS, some account of, 27.
+
+  SWEDENBORG, his notions of Heaven:--of the soul, 96.
+
+
+  T.
+
+  TALLOW CHANDLER, retired from business, anecdote of, 22.
+
+  TASMAN'S BOWL, used for conjuration, in Tongataboo, 38.
+
+  TEA, thrown overboard, 44.
+
+  TEARS, power of shedding at will, 32.
+
+  TEMPERANCE "has done for funerals," 2.
+
+  TETOTUM DOCTOR, 111.
+
+  THATCHER, Rev. Peter, installation of, 37.
+
+  THREE CHEERS for the elephant, 39.
+
+  TOMBS, reasons for preferring graves:--outrage upon five, in Salem,
+        Massachusetts, 13, 14.
+
+  "TOO HEARTILY of nutmegs," 103.
+
+  TORIES, their faith in the royal cause, 125.
+
+  TREASURES, buried with the dead, 21.
+
+  TURENNE, singular fate of his remains, 23.
+
+
+  U.
+
+  URNS, funeral, forms, and materials of, 20:
+    --occasionally large enough to contain the mingled ashes of whole
+        families, 21.
+
+  USURY, some remarks on, 48, 52.
+
+
+  V.
+
+  VALES, practice of giving, 27.
+
+  VANITY, illustration of, 49.
+
+  VIANDS, deposited near the dead, 25.
+
+  VISCERATION among the ancients, 25.
+
+  VOLTAIRE, his description of a Frenchman, 152.
+
+
+  W.
+
+  WADE, Sir Claude M. his account of the East India Fakeer, who was
+        restored, after a suspension of consciousness, for six weeks, 137,
+        138.
+
+  WAGER OF BATTEL, the law of England, so late, as 1819, 145.
+
+  WAKES, their origin:--some account of, 91.
+
+  WARREN, Gen. Joseph, manner of discovering his remains:--the bullet, by
+        which he was killed, in possession of the Montague family, 17.
+
+  WASHINGTON, George, illustration of the reverence for his memory, in New
+        England:--opinion of, by Lords Erskine and Brougham:--national
+        neglect of his monument:--sale of some of his effects, 26.
+
+  WATERHOUSE, Dr. Benjamin, anecdote of, 111.
+
+  "WEEL THEN sing as mony as there be," 99.
+
+  WEBSTER, Dr. John White, his trial for the murder of Dr. Parkman, 72:
+    --his case stated, at the close of, 89.
+
+  WEEVER'S funeral monuments, 24.
+
+  "WHAT that boy says is true," 113.
+
+  WIDOWS, Numa severe upon:--marrying within ten months accounted
+        infamous, 32:
+    --unjustly censured, 98:
+    --"with the great fan," 119.
+
+  WIGS, scratches, bobs, and full bottomed:--their antiquity, 142, 143:
+    --periwigs in N. England, 142:
+    --Roman, 143.
+
+  WILLS, ANCIENT, 155, 156, 160:
+    --superstitious dread of making, 155:
+    --Andrew Faneuil's, 127.
+
+  WITCHES, their right to travel through the air, decided by Lord
+        Mansfield, 29.
+
+  WOODBRIDGE, Benjamin, killed in a duel on Boston Common, 133 to 137:
+        both inclusive.
+
+  WRAXALL'S MEMOIRS, inaccurate, 149.
+
+
+  Z.
+
+  ZISCA, John, anecdote of, 7.
+
+
+
+
+INDEX TO PROPER NAMES.
+
+
+The figures refer to the pages--not to the numbers.
+
+  A.
+
+  Abbeville, 635.
+
+  Abbott, 112, 204.
+
+  Abel, 429.
+
+  Aberdeen, 364.
+
+  Abner, 9, 13, 108, 172, 173, 197, 289.
+
+  Absalom, 591.
+
+  Achilles, 12, 17, 67, 107.
+
+  Adam, 70, 429, 605.
+
+  Adams, 596.
+
+  Adams, John, 142, 156, 157, 160, 275, 276, 394.
+
+  Adams, John Q., 156, 394.
+
+  Adams, Samuel, 142.
+
+  Addison, 35, 38, 454, 606.
+
+  Admetus, 12.
+
+  Adrian, 584.
+
+  Ęneas, 382.
+
+  Ęsculapius, 433, 436, 445, 667.
+
+  Affslager, 587.
+
+  Africa, 33, 168, 435, 622, 662.
+
+  Africans, 632.
+
+  Africanus, 583.
+
+  Agamemnon, 17, 430.
+
+  Agathias, 16.
+
+  Agrigentum, 373.
+
+  Agmondesham, 676.
+
+  Agrippa, 261.
+
+  Agrippa, Cornelius, 445.
+
+  Ahaziah, 431.
+
+  Alaricus, 65.
+
+  Albany, 38, 415.
+
+  Alcock, 614.
+
+  Aldgate, 652.
+
+  Aldgrave, 634.
+
+  Aleet Mong, 398.
+
+  Alexander, 373.
+
+  Allen, 353, 495, 502, 503, 601, 610.
+
+  Allwick, 69.
+
+  Almotanah, 123.
+
+  Almshouse, 24.
+
+  Alvanley, 606.
+
+  America, 265, 416.
+
+  Ames, 91, 630, 631.
+
+  Ammianus, 64.
+
+  Amphytrion, 217, 581.
+
+  Amoon, 398.
+
+  Amory, 94.
+
+  Amsterdam, 456, 622.
+
+  Anderson, 309.
+
+  Andover, 561.
+
+  André, 57 to 62, passim.
+
+  Andrews, 24, 159.
+
+  Andros, 298.
+
+  Anecy, 56.
+
+  Angouleme, 124.
+
+  Anio, 617.
+
+  Annan, 286.
+
+  Anne Boleyn, 477.
+
+  Annelly, 423.
+
+  Anne of Cleves, 78, 81, 410.
+
+  Anne, Queen, 186, 248, 262, 365, 406.
+
+  Antijacobin, 612.
+
+  Antoninus, 67.
+
+  Antony, 579.
+
+  Antwerp, 618.
+
+  Appleton, 450, 506, 538, 630.
+
+  Apthorp, 297.
+
+  Arabian Nights, 269.
+
+  Arabs, 119, 123.
+
+  Aratus, 12.
+
+  Archelaus, 102, 591.
+
+  Archimimus, 98.
+
+  Arcueil, 39, 42.
+
+  Argiletum, 587.
+
+  Aristotle, 186, 217, 218.
+
+  Arkwright, 420.
+
+  Arnaud, 419.
+
+  Arnold, 62, 228, 338, 339, 340.
+
+  Arundel, 157.
+
+  Asa, 430, 434.
+
+  Aselepiades, 358, 373, 443, 460, 461.
+
+  Ashford, 604.
+
+  Ashmole Museum, 613.
+
+  Asiatic Researches, 435.
+
+  Athenę Oxonienses, 133, 135, 136, 232, 248, 250, 425, 640, 642.
+
+  Athens, 11, 88, 343, 373, 420, 442.
+
+  Atherton, 30, 167.
+
+  Atossa, 465.
+
+  Atticus, 51, 474.
+
+  Attleborough, 31.
+
+  Auchterpool, 603.
+
+  Augustines, 652, 654, 677.
+
+  Augustus, 99, 583.
+
+  Auld Reekie, 334.
+
+  Aulus Gellius, 218.
+
+  Austin, 449.
+
+  Austria, 321.
+
+  Austrians, 539.
+
+  Auxerre, 220.
+
+  Avery, 166, 167.
+
+  Aviola, 49, 373.
+
+  Avis, 92.
+
+  Aymar, 438, 454, 455.
+
+  Azotus, 33.
+
+
+  B.
+
+  Bacon, Roger, 360, 361, 362.
+
+  Bacon, Lord, 185, 188, 375, 376, 445, 641, 642.
+
+  Babylon, 406, 422, 432, 433.
+
+  Babylonians, 664.
+
+  Baię, 320.
+
+  Bahar Loth, 123.
+
+  Bailey, 246.
+
+  Bainbridge, 610, 624.
+
+  Balch, 269, 353.
+
+  Baldwin, 57, 181, 303, 311.
+
+  Ball, 624.
+
+  Ballyconnel, 194.
+
+  Ballymahon, 195.
+
+  Ballyshannon, 355.
+
+  Balmarino, 629.
+
+  Bancroft, 277.
+
+  Banians, 377.
+
+  Banks, 298, 424.
+
+  Barataria, 123, 265.
+
+  Barbaroux, 426.
+
+  Barbary, 88.
+
+  Barbut, 29.
+
+  Barcephas, 120.
+
+  Barclay, 252.
+
+  Barker, 642.
+
+  Barlow, 288, 361.
+
+  Barnes, 451.
+
+  Barnard, 24.
+
+  Barra Durree, 570.
+
+  Barré, 140, 145, 416.
+
+  Barrington, 606.
+
+  Barron, 608, 609.
+
+  Barrow, 398, 400, 402, 403.
+
+  Barrow's Strait, 645.
+
+  Barton, 561, 562, 563.
+
+  Bartholomew, 633.
+
+  Bartholomew's Eve, 93.
+
+  Bassorah, 88.
+
+  Bastile, 84.
+
+  Bate, 601.
+
+  Battenkill, 303.
+
+  Baulny, 639.
+
+  Baulston, 228.
+
+  Baxter, 252.
+
+  Bayard, 393.
+
+  Bayeaux, 519.
+
+  Bayle, 56, 358, 380, 388, 391, 455, 672, 673.
+
+  Bayley, 597.
+
+  Baynton, 516, 519.
+
+  Bay State, 163.
+
+  Beattie, 360.
+
+  Beauchamp, 529, 651, 655.
+
+  Beaufort, 607, 674, 675.
+
+  Beccaria, 207.
+
+  Beckford, 145.
+
+  Bedouin, 119.
+
+  Beecher, 372.
+
+  Belcher, 298.
+
+  Belfast, 389.
+
+  Belknap, 163 to 167, and 283 to 286, passim: 368.
+
+  Bellamont, 605.
+
+  Bellingham, 228, 229, 230.
+
+  Belochus, 465.
+
+  Belzoni, 33.
+
+  Bengal, 281.
+
+  Benin, 33.
+
+  Bennington, 415.
+
+  Bentham, 27, 52, 176, 605.
+
+  Benton, 159.
+
+  Bergen-op-Zoom, 549, 613.
+
+  Berlin, 89.
+
+  Bernon, 496, 508.
+
+  Berthier, 109.
+
+  Bertrand, 639.
+
+  Bethune, 495, 506, 508, 514, 567.
+
+  Beuoron, 607.
+
+  Bias, 217, 218.
+
+  Bichat, 357.
+
+  Bildad, 217.
+
+  Billes, 147.
+
+  Biographia Brittanica, 363.
+
+  Bishop, 27, 227.
+
+  Blackburn, 508, 523.
+
+  Black Prince, 649.
+
+  Blackstone, 301.
+
+  Blackwood's Mag., 243.
+
+  Blaisdell, 182, 183.
+
+  Blanche, 608.
+
+  Blin, 562.
+
+  Blitheman, 426.
+
+  Blitz, 665.
+
+  Blundell, 606.
+
+  Boccacio, 218, 422.
+
+  Bodkin, 189, 190, 192, 440, 441.
+
+  Bogle, 195.
+
+  Boies, 159.
+
+  Bolton Abbey, 678.
+
+  Bondet, 497.
+
+  Bonet, 49.
+
+  Bonner, 506, 550, 562.
+
+  Bonrepaux, 239, 240, 242.
+
+  Boodle, 171, 172, 173.
+
+  Boorn, 301 to 331, passim.
+
+  Borri, 456.
+
+  Borromeo, 220.
+
+  Bose, 643, 644.
+
+  Bosius, 437.
+
+  Bosphorus, 22.
+
+  Bosson, 597.
+
+  Bossuet, 671.
+
+  Boston, 66, 125, 151, 153, 165, 167, 179, 184, 191, 194, 210, 221, 223,
+        270, 351, 452, 497, 514, 536.
+
+  Boston Athen'm, 269, 324.
+
+  Boston Common, 549.
+
+  Boswell, 601, 602, 603, 606.
+
+  Bottom, 592, 624.
+
+  Boudinot, 496.
+
+  Bourbon, 393, 675.
+
+  Bourbon, Jeanne of, 74.
+
+  Bourdeaux, 210.
+
+  Boutineau, 496, 498, 510, 512, 514, 531, 566.
+
+  Bouttville, 607.
+
+  Bowdoin, 284, 496, 498, 508, 538.
+
+  Bowen, 557.
+
+  Bowers, 82.
+
+  Boyd, 606, 614.
+
+  Boyle, 243, 535, 597.
+
+  Brachmans, 377.
+
+  Brackett, 592.
+
+  Braddock, 394.
+
+  Bradford, 19, 301, 632.
+
+  Brady, 31, 55, 597.
+
+  Brague, 220.
+
+  Brand, 402, 589.
+
+  Brandreth, 86.
+
+  Brandywine, 415.
+
+  Branodunum, 65.
+
+  Bray, 81, 677.
+
+  Braybrooke, 577.
+
+  Breck, 270, 271.
+
+  Breckenridge, 605.
+
+  Breed, 597.
+
+  Briareus, 56, 91.
+
+  Briar's Creek, 415.
+
+  Briggs, 175.
+
+  Brighton, 508, 525, 527.
+
+  Bristol, 508.
+
+  British Critic, 622.
+
+  Britons, 585.
+
+  Brocklebank, 174.
+
+  Brockwell, 297.
+
+  Bromeholme, 656.
+
+  Bromfield, 269, 564.
+
+  Brooks, 352, 353, 553, 554, 609.
+
+  Brougham, 84, 347.
+
+  Brouillan, 529.
+
+  Brown, 580.
+
+  Browne, 42, 65, 67, 118, 122, 131, 180, 215, 227, 282, 419, 431, 478,
+        640, 660, 664, 677.
+
+  Bruce, 549, 551, 662.
+
+  Bruli, 651.
+
+  Buchanan, 58, 59, 61, 436.
+
+  Buckingham, 479.
+
+  Buckley, 532.
+
+  Buddikin, 108.
+
+  Buffon, 420.
+
+  Buissiere, 455.
+
+  Bulfinch, 450.
+
+  Bull, 414, 415, 426, 427.
+
+  Bullivant, 298.
+
+  Bulwer, 592.
+
+  Bungs, 463.
+
+  Bunker's Hill, 54, 55, 415.
+
+  Buononcini, 422.
+
+  Burdett, 606.
+
+  Bureau, 507, 530.
+
+  Burgoyne, 353, 617.
+
+  Burgundy, 614.
+
+  Burke, 27, 268, 613.
+
+  Burleigh, 76, 661.
+
+  Burnett, 33, 76, 233, 262, 551.
+
+  Burney, 427.
+
+  Burr, 332, 605.
+
+  Burritt, 177.
+
+  Burton, 26, 66.
+
+  Busching, 119.
+
+  Bute, 140, 146.
+
+  Butler, 56, 208, 361, 454, 622.
+
+  Byles, 143, also 363 to 372, passim: also 546.
+
+
+  C.
+
+  Cades, 152.
+
+  Cęsar, Augustus, 29, 36, 99, 595, 679.
+
+  Cęsar, Julius, 29, 474, 579, 585.
+
+  Cęsars, the twelve, 67.
+
+  Cęsar, the slave, 31.
+
+  Caffraria, 103.
+
+  Cain, 377, 429, 556, 615.
+
+  Cairo, 241.
+
+  Caius, 88, 585.
+
+  Calabria, 87.
+
+  Calais, 657.
+
+  Calhoun, 114.
+
+  Calcraft, 346.
+
+  California, 101.
+
+  Calinglond, 677.
+
+  Callender, 163.
+
+  Calmet, 119, 120, 187, 436, 582, 615.
+
+  Callowhill, 267.
+
+  Calvin, 548, 549.
+
+  Calypso, 420.
+
+  Cambridge, 630.
+
+  Camden, 145, 146, 383, 415.
+
+  Camerarius, 373.
+
+  Cameron, 621.
+
+  Camillus Papers, 277.
+
+  Campbell, 614.
+
+  Caner, 289 to 300, passim.
+
+  Canning, 606.
+
+  Canso, 567.
+
+  Canterbury, 520, 656, 669.
+
+  Cape Anne, 16.
+
+  Capet, 73, 81, 637.
+
+  Capulets, 351.
+
+  Cardigan, 606.
+
+  Caribs, 130.
+
+  Carisbroke Castle, 606, 673.
+
+  Carmelites, 652, 654.
+
+  Carne, 117, 119.
+
+  Carroll, 181.
+
+  Carter, 148.
+
+  Carthago, 152.
+
+  Carthusians, 651.
+
+  Cartwright, 240.
+
+  Cass, 85, 110.
+
+  Cassieres, 59.
+
+  Castalio, 549.
+
+  Castellan, 358.
+
+  Castelnau, 384.
+
+  Castlereagh, 606.
+
+  Catanea, 33.
+
+  Catholics, 535.
+
+  Catlin, 23.
+
+  Cato, 71, 431, 442, 443, 444.
+
+  Catti, 585.
+
+  Caulfield, 382.
+
+  Cavan, 193.
+
+  Cecil, 661.
+
+  Cecrops, 64.
+
+  Celsus, 429, 462.
+
+  Cemetery des Innocens, 39, 43, 65.
+
+  Cephrenes, 384.
+
+  Chace, 310 to 330, passim.
+
+  Chadsey, 80.
+
+  Chadwick, 212, 278, 320, 321, 322, 333, 569.
+
+  Chaise, Pčre la, 672.
+
+  Chaldeans, 661.
+
+  Chalmers, 49, 238, 248, 249, 268, 363, 427, 480, 516, 612.
+
+  Chamberlain, 77, 80.
+
+  Chamouni, 400.
+
+  Chantilly, 419, 420.
+
+  Chapel Yard, 225.
+
+  Chapotin, 568.
+
+  Chappelle, 612.
+
+  Chardon, 533, 534, 538, 541.
+
+  Charles, Archduke, 620.
+
+  Charles I., 133, 134, 135, 137, 138, 157, 177, 248, 436, 477, 673.
+
+  Charles II., 99, 136, 159, 170, 177, 248, 249, 259, 309, 426, 479, 592,
+        606, 672, 673.
+
+  Charles V., 25, 74, 390, 392, 619.
+
+  Charles IX., 475.
+
+  Charles XII., 217.
+
+  Charleston, 112, 405.
+
+  Charlestown, 608.
+
+  Charlemagne, 37, 73.
+
+  Charlotte, Queen, 145.
+
+  Charlton, 125.
+
+  Charon, 68.
+
+  Charpentiere, 648.
+
+  Chartreuse, 162.
+
+  Chateaubriand, 117, 118, 119, 122.
+
+  Chatham, 146, 417.
+
+  Chaumette, 637.
+
+  Chauncey, 148, 546.
+
+  Chazlett, 244.
+
+  Checkley, 546.
+
+  Cheever, 450.
+
+  Chelesfield, 653.
+
+  Chenoo, 129.
+
+  Cheops, 384.
+
+  Chesapeake, 608, 609.
+
+  Chester, 239, 240, 650.
+
+  Chesterfield, 108.
+
+  Chevy Chace, 425.
+
+  Cheverus, 210, 410.
+
+  Cheyne, 649.
+
+  Chicago, 357.
+
+  Chigwell, 248.
+
+  Childe, 426.
+
+  Chilperic, 66, 67.
+
+  China, 93, 94, 106, 397, 401, 481, 586.
+
+  Chinese, 67, 632.
+
+  Chiron, 429.
+
+  Chitty, 192.
+
+  Christ Church, 143.
+
+  Christian Observer, 281.
+
+  Christianstadt, 97.
+
+  Christina, 456.
+
+  Christmas, 124, 671.
+
+  Christopherson, 228.
+
+  Chronicles, 122, 430.
+
+  Chrysippus, 442, 443.
+
+  Chrysostom, 437.
+
+  Chuang-tsze, 482 to 494, passim.
+
+  Cicero, 51, 64, 79, 97, 176, 214, 217, 218, 279, 282, 377, 381, 419,
+        443, 578, 579, 583.
+
+  Cimon, 11.
+
+  Circe, 445.
+
+  Claflin, 124.
+
+  Clarendon, 135, 136, 137, 649.
+
+  Clarissa, 320.
+
+  Clare, 606, 652.
+
+  Clarke, 121, 122, 129, 132, 159, 378.
+
+  Clarkson, 237 to 269, pas.
+
+  Claudius, 67, 99.
+
+  Claudius Pulcher, 432.
+
+  Clemens Alexandrinus, 429.
+
+  Clement, 121, 650.
+
+  Cleomenes, 590, 600.
+
+  Clerimont, 591.
+
+  Clifford, 271, 651, 657.
+
+  Clinton, 60, 62.
+
+  Clytemnestra, 11.
+
+  Cobbett, 417, 447.
+
+  Cobham, 20, 654.
+
+  Coke, 181.
+
+  Colclough, 614.
+
+  Colebrooke, 22.
+
+  Colman, 214, 638.
+
+  Columbus, 362.
+
+  Colvin, 301 to 331, passim.
+
+  Commodus, 67.
+
+  Concord, 415.
+
+  Condé, 455.
+
+  Condy, 516.
+
+  Coneyball, 299.
+
+  Confucius, 383.
+
+  Congo, 129.
+
+  Conrad, 556, 564.
+
+  Constantinople, 22, 55, 87, 88.
+
+  Constantius, 55.
+
+  Conway, 145, 458, 538.
+
+  Cook, 129, 561.
+
+  Cooley, 316.
+
+  Coolidge, 180.
+
+  Cooper, 181, 546.
+
+  Copeland, 227.
+
+  Copley, 371, 508.
+
+  Corday, 639, 640, 641.
+
+  Cornish, 237, 332.
+
+  Cornwall, 650, 676.
+
+  "Corpse Hill," 92.
+
+  Corry, 232.
+
+  Cortez, 593.
+
+  Cossart, 507.
+
+  Cotton, 229, 230.
+
+  Courland, 227.
+
+  Courrier Extraordinaire, 639.
+
+  Courtnay, 656.
+
+  Coventry, 180.
+
+  Cow Lane, 596.
+
+  Cowley, 478.
+
+  Cowper, 222, 596.
+
+  Cox, 252.
+
+  Cranmer, 279.
+
+  Crawford, 436.
+
+  Creech, 244.
+
+  Crequi, 606.
+
+  Crespigney, 606.
+
+  Creusa, 382.
+
+  Crinas, 443.
+
+  Cripplegate, 477.
+
+  Crocker, 405.
+
+  Crockett, 209.
+
+  Croese, 239, 240, 242, 262.
+
+  Crofts, 616.
+
+  Cromartic, 629.
+
+  Cromwell, 134, 135, 170, 177.
+
+  Cromwell's Head, 597.
+
+  Crosby, 598.
+
+  Croyland Abbey, 124.
+
+  Cruikshanks, 401.
+
+  Cullender, 33, 664.
+
+  Cunningham, 538.
+
+  Curran, 605.
+
+  Curwen, 513, 595.
+
+  Cushing, 537.
+
+  Cutbeard, 591.
+
+  Cuthbert, 37, 606.
+
+  Cutler, 508, 546, 551, 553, 554, 563.
+
+  Cutter, 509.
+
+  Cyclops, 430.
+
+  Cyrus, 332.
+
+
+  D.
+
+  Daddy Osgood, 578.
+
+  Dagobert, 74.
+
+  Daillé, 497, 498, 507, 546.
+
+  Damberger, 622.
+
+  Dammory, 652.
+
+  Dana, 142, 190, 191, 276, 337.
+
+  Danes, 614.
+
+  Danforth, 448.
+
+  Darden, 184.
+
+  Davenport, 299, 509, 510, 512, 531, 535, 546, 547, 566.
+
+  David, 16, 221, 617, 618, 619, 620.
+
+  Davis, 397, 399, 400, 402, 586.
+
+  Dead Sea, 116, 118, 119, 121, 123.
+
+  D'Acres, 652.
+
+  D'Arblay, 105.
+
+  De Blois, 24, 662.
+
+  De Burgh, 652.
+
+  Decatur, 609, 610, 611, 624.
+
+  Dedication, 679.
+
+  Defoe, 87.
+
+  De Grandison, 653.
+
+  De Henricourt, 607.
+
+  Dehon, 597.
+
+  De Hoveden, 669.
+
+  De la Croix, 507.
+
+  Delancey, 509.
+
+  Delaware, 252.
+
+  Delia, 100.
+
+  Demades, 52.
+
+  Demarat, 58, 59.
+
+  De Medicis, 661.
+
+  Demetrius, 97.
+
+  Deming, 302, 312, 322.
+
+  Democritus, 360.
+
+  Demosthenes, 97.
+
+  Dentrecolles, 481.
+
+  Denmark, 52, 53, 88, 640.
+
+  De Pauw, 400, 402.
+
+  Deptford, 267.
+
+  De Ris, 607.
+
+  Desdemona, 82.
+
+  Deshon, 538.
+
+  Despencer, 655.
+
+  De Thou, 622.
+
+  Dettingen, 623.
+
+  De Uzerches, 607.
+
+  De Valence, 655.
+
+  De Vassor, 612.
+
+  De Verdon, 652.
+
+  Devergie, 357.
+
+  Devereux, 677.
+
+  Devon, 677.
+
+  De Warre, 654.
+
+  De Worde, 125.
+
+  Dexter, 25, 450.
+
+  Didian Law, 342.
+
+  Dido, 382.
+
+  Dickens, 568.
+
+  Dickson, 31.
+
+  Diemerbroeck, 49.
+
+  Diemschid, 475.
+
+  Digby, 640, 641, 642.
+
+  Diodorus, 18, 342.
+
+  Diogenes, 16, 17, 18, 217.
+
+  Diogenes Laertius, 373.
+
+  Dionysius, 12, 98, 583.
+
+  Dirk Hatteraick, 238.
+
+  Dodsley's Annual Register, 578.
+
+  Domitian, 67, 106, 120.
+
+  Don Quixote, 591.
+
+  Doolittle, 330.
+
+  Dorchester Neck, 575.
+
+  Dorchester Point, 643.
+
+  Doring, 564.
+
+  Dorsett, 66, 613, 622, 677.
+
+  Douglas, 425, 536.
+
+  Dover, 319.
+
+  Doyle, 634.
+
+  Dowse, 541.
+
+  Draco, 206, 207, 209, 226.
+
+  Draper, 91.
+
+  Drury, 361.
+
+  Druses, 400, 401.
+
+  Dryden, 478, 480, 481, 576.
+
+  Du Barri, 671.
+
+  Dublin, 89, 249.
+
+  Dubois, 635.
+
+  Ducange, 648.
+
+  Dudley, 181, 298, 497.
+
+  Duff, 129, 435.
+
+  Dugdale, 647, 648, 674.
+
+  Du Halde, 402.
+
+  Dulany, 601.
+
+  Dummer, 550, 551, 552, 556.
+
+  Dumont, 605.
+
+  Dundee, 31.
+
+  Dunciad, 480.
+
+  Dunmow, 124.
+
+  Duny, 331, 640, 664.
+
+  Duport, 636.
+
+  Durandus, 124.
+
+  Dutch, 578.
+
+  Dyer, 232.
+
+
+  E.
+
+  Earle, 94.
+
+  Easter Eve, 675.
+
+  Eastman, 182, 183.
+
+  Easton, 158.
+
+  Eatooa, 378.
+
+  Ecclesiastes, 111, 267.
+
+  Ecclesiasticus, 431.
+
+  Echeloot Indians, 378.
+
+  Eckley, 597.
+
+  Eden, 70.
+
+  Edes, 596.
+
+  Edessa, 57.
+
+  Edgeworth, 103.
+
+  Edinburgh, 89, 241.
+
+  Edinburgh Review, 178, 209, 346.
+
+  Edmund I., 124.
+
+  Edmund Plantagenet, 650.
+
+  Edom, 116.
+
+  Edward, I., 26, 187, 589, 652.
+
+  Edward III., 342, 406, 649.
+
+  Edward IV., 342, 589, 676.
+
+  Edward, the Confessor, 595.
+
+  Egypt, 33, 88, 106, 129, 400, 436.
+
+  Egyptians, 19, 102, 110, 111, 129, 131, 206, 377, 378, 400, 517, 632,
+        661.
+
+  Ekron, 431.
+
+  Elah, 617.
+
+  Eldon, 192, 193, 230.
+
+  El Dorado, 71, 103.
+
+  Eli, 197, 198.
+
+  Eliot, 91, 495, 502, 630.
+
+  Elliot, 610.
+
+  Eliphaz, 217.
+
+  Elizabeth, 103, 170, 407, 409, 593, 661.
+
+  Elizabeth Island, 285.
+
+  Embomma, 129, 130.
+
+  Empedocles, 373.
+
+  Encyclopędia Britannica, 268.
+
+  Endor, 363, 480, 665, 670, 678.
+
+  England, 188, 206, 210, 229, 253, 268, 346, 407, 409, 576, 588, 591,
+        595, 599, 600, 601, 604, 605, 606, 614, 632, 633, 634.
+
+  English Canaan, 628.
+
+  English Mark, 651.
+
+  Enoch, 57.
+
+  Epicurus, 481.
+
+  Erasistratus, 442, 443.
+
+  Erasmus, 152.
+
+  Erfurth, 125.
+
+  Erpingham, 638.
+
+  Erricus, 661.
+
+  Erskine, 84.
+
+  Erving, 515.
+
+  Estwell, 677.
+
+  Espinasse, 588.
+
+  Ethiopia, 106.
+
+  Europe, 106, 131, 576, 622, 663.
+
+  Eurypus, 443.
+
+  Eusebius, 465.
+
+  Eustis, 450.
+
+  Eutaw Springs, 415.
+
+  Evans, 610.
+
+  Eve, 429.
+
+  Evelyn, 134.
+
+  Everett, 55, 204, 277.
+
+  Ewins, 159.
+
+  Exeter, 20, 204, 211, 675, 677.
+
+  Ezekiel, 582, 583, 587.
+
+
+  F.
+
+  Fabius Maximus, 631.
+
+  Fabrieii Bibliographia Antiquaria, 659.
+
+  Fagan, 193.
+
+  Fairbanks, 190, 191, 337.
+
+  Fakeer, 570, 571, 573, 576.
+
+  Fales, 190, 337.
+
+  Falmouth, 243.
+
+  Falstaff, 624.
+
+  Faneuil, 476:--495 to 563, passim.
+
+  Faneuil Hall, 211, 199, 500, 501, 535.
+
+  Fanhope, 674.
+
+  Farmer, 496.
+
+  Farnham, 597.
+
+  Farnsworth, 314, 327, 328.
+
+  Farquhar, 480.
+
+  Farraday, 103.
+
+  Farrar, 159.
+
+  Farrago, 189, 347.
+
+  Fasti, 426.
+
+  Faulconbridge, 321.
+
+  Favor, 98.
+
+  Feild, 228.
+
+  Fenelon, 472.
+
+  Fenner, 228.
+
+  Ferrari, 27.
+
+  Fielding, 272.
+
+  Fillebrown, 493.
+
+  Fire Island, 406.
+
+  Fish, 665, 666, 667.
+
+  Flaccus, 106, 337.
+
+  Flanders, 88.
+
+  Florence, 125, 596.
+
+  Fleet, 147.
+
+  Fleet Prison, 268.
+
+  Fleet Street, 656.
+
+  Fleta, 614.
+
+  Flagg, 431.
+
+  Flaherty, 196.
+
+  Flechier, 215.
+
+  Flucker, 514.
+
+  Folsom, 189.
+
+  Fontenelle, 357.
+
+  Fonnereau, 521.
+
+  Foote, 367, 371.
+
+  Ford, 25, 268, 391.
+
+  Fordyce, 27.
+
+  Forresters, 286.
+
+  Forest Hills, 68, 225.
+
+  Forster, 629.
+
+  Fosbroke, 591.
+
+  Fothergill, 642.
+
+  Fox, 597, 665, 666, 667.
+
+  Foxcroft, 298.
+
+  France, 68, 88, 188, 426, 438, 595, 606, 607, 633, 634, 637, 638, 661,
+        670, 675.
+
+  Francis I., 73, 97, 619, 654.
+
+  Francis, 598, 663.
+
+  Frankfort, 15.
+
+  Franklin, 20, 142, 574, 599, 603, 604, 644, 645, 646.
+
+  Franks, 614.
+
+  Freand, 56.
+
+  Frederick I., 28.
+
+  Freedly, 181.
+
+  Freeman, 165.
+
+  French Church, 521.
+
+  Frescati, 64.
+
+  Frizzell, 126.
+
+  Frizzles, 189.
+
+  Fuller, 66, 265, 466.
+
+  Fullerton, 605.
+
+
+  G.
+
+  Gabriel, 57, 119.
+
+  Galen, 459.
+
+  Galilee, 57.
+
+  Gannett, 92, 286.
+
+  Gardner, 299, 601.
+
+  Garth, 480.
+
+  Gates, 77, 81.
+
+  Gath, 617.
+
+  Gato, 33.
+
+  Gaul, 617, 618, 619.
+
+  Gaule, 659.
+
+  Gauls, 618.
+
+  Gaunt, 237, 656, 674.
+
+  Gavett, 596.
+
+  Gawler, 606.
+
+  Gellia, 107.
+
+  Genesis, 122, 429.
+
+  Genethliaci, 661.
+
+  Genevieve, 73, 75.
+
+  Genoa, 89.
+
+  Gentleman's Magazine, 376, 594.
+
+  George I., 28, 248, 406.
+
+  George II., 406, 407, 551, 623, 660.
+
+  George III., 59, 90, 103, 144, 145, 147, 275, 604.
+
+  George IV., 207, 209.
+
+  Gerard, 469.
+
+  Germanicus, 29.
+
+  Germans, 614.
+
+  Germantown, 415.
+
+  Germany, 88, 426, 620.
+
+  Gervais, 475, 670.
+
+  Ghizeh, 33.
+
+  Gibraltar, 88.
+
+  Gideon, 597.
+
+  Gill, 61.
+
+  Gillies, 514.
+
+  Gilpin, 74.
+
+  Girondists, 68, 74.
+
+  Glossin, 388.
+
+  Gloucester, 349, 404, 652, 657.
+
+  Goethe, 287.
+
+  Golgotha, 35.
+
+  Goliath, 437, 617, 618, 619.
+
+  Gold, 227.
+
+  Goldsmith, 24, 123, 362, 481, 584, 587, 649.
+
+  Gomorrah, 117, 119, 221.
+
+  Good, 49.
+
+  Goode, 181, 184, 338.
+
+  Gooseberry, 70.
+
+  Gordon, 62, 147, 153, 416, 417.
+
+  Gore, 277.
+
+  Gorton, 480.
+
+  Gosnold, 283.
+
+  Goss, 677.
+
+  Gould, 598.
+
+  Gracchus, 431.
+
+  Grady, 601.
+
+  Grammont, 623.
+
+  Granger, 260.
+
+  Granary, 24, 46, 48, 148, 197, 428, 525, 543.
+
+  Grant, 401, 606.
+
+  Grattan, 606.
+
+  Gratz, 620.
+
+  Graunt, 103.
+
+  Gray, 161, 162, 269, 546, 556.
+
+  Great Britain, 186, 207, 277, 347, 416, 474, 580, 663.
+
+  Great Tom, 125.
+
+  Greece, 105, 128, 204, 355, 373, 430, 595.
+
+  Greeks, 68, 106, 131, 632, 661.
+
+  Green, 596.
+
+  Greene, 62, 159, 474.
+
+  Greenlanders, 35.
+
+  Greenleaf, 192, 329, 330.
+
+  Green Mount, 38.
+
+  Greenwood, 300, 451, 534.
+
+  Gregory, Pope, 474.
+
+  Grey, 347.
+
+  Grey Friars, 652.
+
+  Greville, 678.
+
+  Gridley, 142.
+
+  Griswold, 160, 360.
+
+  Grossman, 7, 8, 18, 24, 25, 44, 50, 115, 132, 288, 680.
+
+  Grotius, 437.
+
+  Grouchy, 132.
+
+  Grozier, 397.
+
+  Grubb, 596.
+
+  Guardian, 613.
+
+  Guerriere, 417.
+
+  Guiana, 130.
+
+  Guideu, 637.
+
+  Guienne, 656.
+
+  Guilford, 415.
+
+  Guillotin, 634, 635.
+
+  Guillotine, 634, 635, 638.
+
+  Guinneau, 519.
+
+  Gundebald, 614, 615.
+
+  Gussanville, 663.
+
+  Gustavus Adolphus, 661.
+
+
+  H.
+
+  Hades, 345.
+
+  Hague, 445.
+
+  Hakin, 400.
+
+  Hale, 62, 124, 177, 188, 189, 190, 209, 220, 301, 310, 315, 324, 331,
+        332, 334, 640, 664, 666.
+
+  Halford, 134, 135, 136, 139.
+
+  Halifax, 223, 479, 480, 634.
+
+  Hall, 130.
+
+  Hallam, 361.
+
+  Haller, 157.
+
+  Halley, 81.
+
+  Hamilton, 277, 298, 605, 613.
+
+  Hammond, 180.
+
+  Hancock, 142, 143, 166, 299, 417, 498, 589.
+
+  Handel, 297, 422, 427.
+
+  Handy, 561.
+
+  Hanan, 585.
+
+  Hannibal, 45.
+
+  Hanover Square, 140.
+
+  Hanway, 90.
+
+  Harleian Miscellany, 217, 445, 642.
+
+  Harper, 227.
+
+  Harris, 555.
+
+  Harrison, 265, 395, 396.
+
+  Hart, 661, 662.
+
+  Hartop, 158.
+
+  Harvey, 157, 436.
+
+  Haslett, 597.
+
+  Hatch, 555, 564, 565.
+
+  Haute, 676.
+
+  Hawes, 375.
+
+  Hawkins, 426.
+
+  Hawles, 332.
+
+  Hawtrey, 361.
+
+  Haydn, 346, 407, 577, 579, 580.
+
+  Hayes, 301.
+
+  Hayley, 477.
+
+  Haynes, 302, 307, 310, 316, 317, 321, 322.
+
+  Hayward, 450, 561, 597.
+
+  Hazael, 431.
+
+  Hazzard, 226, 545.
+
+  Heath, 172, 610, 611.
+
+  Heber, 360.
+
+  Hebrews, 33, 431.
+
+  Hebrides, 643.
+
+  Hector, 619.
+
+  Heemskerck, 588.
+
+  Helen, 619.
+
+  Henault, 661.
+
+  Henderson, 304.
+
+  Henry II., 649, 651.
+
+  Henry III., 187, 241, 661.
+
+  Henry IV., 73, 74, 342, 352, 409, 606, 661.
+
+  Henry VI., 349, 674.
+
+  Henry VII., 87, 88, 134, 185.
+
+  Henry VIII., 78, 133, 136, 138, 139, 170, 185, 188, 342, 346, 385, 409,
+        411, 413, 477, 589, 631.
+
+  Henry, 639, 663.
+
+  Hephestion, 373.
+
+  Herbert, 104, 133, 138, 607.
+
+  Hercules, 436.
+
+  Hereford, 649, 656, 657.
+
+  Herlicius, 661, 672, 673.
+
+  Hermes, 428.
+
+  Herne, 676.
+
+  Herod, 93.
+
+  Herodotus, 18, 21, 436.
+
+  Heron, 657.
+
+  Herophylus, 443, 459.
+
+  Herr Driesbach, 613.
+
+  Herschell, 622, 643.
+
+  Hertford, 133, 135.
+
+  Highgate, 37.
+
+  Hildanus, 49, 373.
+
+  Hill, 298, 307, 308, 310, 368, 369, 597.
+
+  Hiller, 553.
+
+  Hindoos, 22, 436.
+
+  Hindostan, 93, 100.
+
+  Hippocrates, 436, 442, 459.
+
+  Hirst, 508.
+
+  Hobart, 134, 605.
+
+  Hobkirk's Hill, 415.
+
+  Hoboken, 615, 643.
+
+  Hodgson, 361.
+
+  Hodson, 601.
+
+  Hog Alley, 562.
+
+  Hogarth, 271.
+
+  Holborn, 134.
+
+  Holbrook, 408.
+
+  Holden, 124, 227.
+
+  Holinshed, 87, 424.
+
+  Holland, 88, 506, 650, 662.
+
+  Holme, 591.
+
+  Holmes, 365, 499, 546.
+
+  Holy Land, 651, 652.
+
+  Homans, 450.
+
+  Homer, 15, 17, 143, 429, 430, 585, 586.
+
+  Hone, 591.
+
+  Hook, 76, 367.
+
+  Hooper, 309, 546.
+
+  Hopkins, 221, 422, 424.
+
+  Horace, 36, 51, 97, 168, 360, 367, 404, 568, 587, 592, 663, 664.
+
+  Horatio, 599, 600.
+
+  Horne, 178.
+
+  Horstius, 373.
+
+  Hossack, 605.
+
+  Hottentots, 34.
+
+  Hough, 245, 246.
+
+  Houndsditch, 661.
+
+  Howe, 55, 597.
+
+  Hubbard, 627.
+
+  Hudibras, 260, 454, 627, 628.
+
+  Huger, 496.
+
+  Huguenots, 496 to 500, passim: also, 506, 507, 523, 545, 546.
+
+  Hull, 66, 274, 646.
+
+  Hume, 186, 241.
+
+  Humphreys, 646, 647.
+
+  Hungary, 632.
+
+  Hungerford, 233.
+
+  Hunt, 506.
+
+  Huntington, 655.
+
+  Hutchinson, 226, 228, 229, 230, 515, 538, 586, 592, 640.
+
+  Hydriotaphia, 42, 65, 131, 281.
+
+  Hydrophobia, 193.
+
+  Hyperion, 582.
+
+
+  I.
+
+  Idumea, 116.
+
+  Inman, 513.
+
+  Innocent III., 466.
+
+  Ireland, 87, 93.
+
+  Irenęus, 171.
+
+  Ireton, 134.
+
+  Irish, 193.
+
+  Irving, 557.
+
+  Isabella, 646.
+
+  Israel, 431.
+
+  Israelites, 102.
+
+  Isis, 428.
+
+  Islip, 406.
+
+  Istampol, 186.
+
+
+  J.
+
+  Jabbok, 118.
+
+  Jackson, 55, 500, 605.
+
+  Jacobs, 312.
+
+  Jahn, 33, 432, 433, 434, 435.
+
+  Jamaica Pond, 69.
+
+  James I., 170, 612, 660.
+
+  James II., 232, 243, 248, 253, 259.
+
+  Jardin des Plantes, 75.
+
+  Jasper, 256.
+
+  Jay, 276.
+
+  Jefferson, 85, 163, 344, 392.
+
+  Jeffrey, 603.
+
+  Jeffreys, 235.
+
+  Jeffries, 450, 479, 480, 537.
+
+  Jekyll, 532, 555.
+
+  Jenkins, 157.
+
+  Jenks, 117, 118.
+
+  Jenyns, 42.
+
+  Jepson, 597.
+
+  Jeremiah, 105.
+
+  Jerusalem, 119.
+
+  Jesse, 615, 620, 628.
+
+  Jew, 620.
+
+  Jews, 106, 131, 170, 186, 188, 632.
+
+  Job, 217, 225, 430.
+
+  Jonathan, 116, 167, 414, 417.
+
+  Jones, 159, 181, 435, 510, 513, 531, 541, 551, 566.
+
+  Johnson Samuel, 31, 90, 107, 108, 183, 277, 409, 421, 477, 480, 481,
+        601, 602, 603, 604.
+
+  Johnson, 55, 305, 308, 475.
+
+  Johonnot, 493.
+
+  Jonny Armstrong, 425.
+
+  Jonson Ben, 59, 479, 591.
+
+  Jordan, 117, 118.
+
+  Joseph, 57, 429.
+
+  Josephus, 118, 120.
+
+  Josselyn, 283.
+
+  Judah, 116.
+
+  Judęus Apella, 642.
+
+  Judd, 77.
+
+  Judea, 105, 116, 128, 355.
+
+  Judicial Astrology, 661, 673.
+
+  Judson, 616.
+
+  Julia, 67.
+
+  Junius, 525, 578.
+
+  Juno, 421.
+
+  Juvenal, 79, 585.
+
+
+  K.
+
+  Kaimes, 367.
+
+  Kamschatka, 35.
+
+  Kast, 450.
+
+  Katherine of Arragon, 650.
+
+  Keatinge, 128.
+
+  Keayne, 454.
+
+  Keith, 239.
+
+  Kensall Green, 37.
+
+  Kent, 650.
+
+  Kerr, 623.
+
+  Kidd, 285.
+
+  Kidder, 86.
+
+  Kilby, 567.
+
+  Kilmarnock, 629, 630.
+
+  King, 276.
+
+  Kings, 431.
+
+  King's Chapel, 48, 55, 288, 297, 510, 534.
+
+  Kingsmill, 227.
+
+  Kingstreet, 509.
+
+  Kingstown, 507.
+
+  Kircherus, 434.
+
+  Kirchmaun, 106.
+
+  Kirriel, 677.
+
+  Kishon, 118.
+
+  Kitchen, 231, 232.
+
+  Kittal-al-Machaid, 401.
+
+  Knox, 369.
+
+  Koran, 21.
+
+
+  L.
+
+  Lacedemonians, 12, 13, 17.
+
+  La Cheze, 636.
+
+  Lacombe, 648.
+
+  Lafayette, 62, 84, 636.
+
+  Lahore, 570.
+
+  Lally, 636.
+
+  Lamartine, 68.
+
+  Lambert, 555.
+
+  Lamia, 49, 373.
+
+  Lancashire, 420.
+
+  Lancaster, 650.
+
+  Landgrave of Hesse, 387.
+
+  Landseer, 678.
+
+  Lane, 598.
+
+  Langdon, 92, 427.
+
+  Langstaff, 92.
+
+  Lansdowne, 365.
+
+  Laou-Keun, 481.
+
+  Larassy, 179.
+
+  Lares, 64.
+
+  Larkin, 101
+
+  Larrey, 607.
+
+  Larvę, 64.
+
+  Lathrop, 595.
+
+  Latimer, 75, 279, 655.
+
+  Laurel Hill, 38.
+
+  Laurens, 374, 496.
+
+  Lavater, 625.
+
+  Lavinia, 619.
+
+  Lazarus, 56.
+
+  Leadenhall Market, 213, 220.
+
+  Le Cat, 643.
+
+  Lechemere, 554.
+
+  Lectouse, 37.
+
+  Ledea, 228.
+
+  Lee, 126, 276.
+
+  L'Etombe, 166.
+
+  Le Gros, 639.
+
+  Leibnitz, 438.
+
+  Leicestershire, 68, 648.
+
+  Le Mercier, 497, 498, 546, 547, 548, 549.
+
+  Lemures, 64.
+
+  Lenoie, 40.
+
+  Lenox, 605.
+
+  Leopard, 608.
+
+  Lepidus, 52.
+
+  Leuconoe, 663.
+
+  Levi, 382.
+
+  Leviticus, 230.
+
+  Lewis, 378.
+
+  Lewyn, 81.
+
+  Lexington, 415.
+
+  Liancourt, 636.
+
+  Libo, 99.
+
+  Licinius, 80.
+
+  Lilly, 591, 661, 673.
+
+  Lincoln, 94, 312, 674.
+
+  Lincoln's Inn, 593.
+
+  Lind, 420.
+
+  Lindsey, 133, 135.
+
+  Linnęus, 399.
+
+  Linnington, 533.
+
+  Lippstadt, 661.
+
+  Lithered, 560.
+
+  Little Belt, 417.
+
+  Liverpool, 417.
+
+  Livingston, 276.
+
+  Livy, 52, 80, 617, 619.
+
+  Lizard, 407.
+
+  Lloyd, 35, 265, 367, 448, 449.
+
+  Lloyd's Lists, 404.
+
+  Locke, 266.
+
+  Locrian Law, 342.
+
+  Loe, 248, 249.
+
+  Lollards, 658.
+
+  Lombards, 186.
+
+  London, 37, 56, 67, 76, 87, 88, 89, 94, 118, 211, 213, 220, 237, 346,
+        421, 588, 589, 591, 624, 632, 652, 676.
+
+  London Quarterly Review, 212, 356, 357, 391, 622, 634, 641.
+
+  London Times, 358.
+
+  Long, 513.
+
+  Long Branch, 320.
+
+  Long Island, 62.
+
+  Longshanks, 187, 583.
+
+  Longspee, 651.
+
+  Lot's Wife, 116, 119, 120, 121, 122.
+
+  Loudon, 213, 214.
+
+  Louis, 636.
+
+  Louis XI., 74.
+
+  Louis XII., 73.
+
+  Louis XIII., 74, 352, 607.
+
+  Louis XIV., 38, 74, 75, 351, 607, 612, 670, 671.
+
+  Louis XV., 671, 672.
+
+  Louis XVI., 635, 637, 638.
+
+  Louison, 636, 637.
+
+  Lovat, 628.
+
+  Lovell, 159:--496 to 530, passim.
+
+  Lowell, 83.
+
+  Lucan, 670.
+
+  Lucilius, 106, 107, 168, 377, 443.
+
+  Ludlow, 226.
+
+  Lum Akum, 398.
+
+  Luther, 388.
+
+  Lutton, 123, 132.
+
+  Lutzengen, 661.
+
+  Lycurgus, 17.
+
+  Lyman, 202, 203.
+
+  Lynn, 658.
+
+  Lyon, 324.
+
+  Lyons, 438.
+
+
+  M.
+
+  Mabillon, 124.
+
+  Macabe, 195.
+
+  McAndrew, 181.
+
+  Macartney, 402, 605.
+
+  Macaulay, 231 to 269, passim:--also 361.
+
+  McDonough, 418.
+
+  McGammon, 196.
+
+  McGill, 332.
+
+  Machaon, 430.
+
+  Machiavelli, 95, 115, 220, 234.
+
+  Machyl, 82.
+
+  McKeon, 614.
+
+  Mackenzie, 606, 610, 611, 624.
+
+  Mackintosh, 207, 316.
+
+  McLean, 621.
+
+  McNamara, 197.
+
+  McNaughten, 573.
+
+  Machpelah, 299.
+
+  Męcenas, 36, 679.
+
+  Mag-Astro-Mancer, 659.
+
+  Magdalen College, 243, 244, 246.
+
+  Magdalene, 56.
+
+  Magee, 195.
+
+  Magnalia, 582.
+
+  Mahomet, 171.
+
+  Mahoney, 195.
+
+  Maillard, 73.
+
+  Mailosel, 654.
+
+  Maintenon, 671, 672.
+
+  Majoribanks, 401.
+
+  Mahnsbury, 87.
+
+  Malone, 481.
+
+  Malplesant, 654.
+
+  Malta, 33, 624.
+
+  Maltravers, 655.
+
+  Mammon, 170.
+
+  Mamre, 299.
+
+  Manchester, 303 to 325, passim.
+
+  Mandans, 23, 51.
+
+  Mandeville, 118, 344, 345, 599.
+
+  Manlius, 617, 618, 619, 634.
+
+  Manes, 64.
+
+  Manigault, 496.
+
+  Mann, 382, 629.
+
+  Mannering, 360.
+
+  Manney, 654.
+
+  Mansfield, 95, 115, 220, 234.
+
+  Mantua, 422.
+
+  Marat, 217.
+
+  Marbeuf, 639.
+
+  Marc Antony, 387.
+
+  Marcellinus, 64.
+
+  March, 653, 655, 666.
+
+  Marco Polo, 400.
+
+  Marcus Antoninus, 584.
+
+  Mareschall, 654.
+
+  Maret, 37.
+
+  Mariner, 129.
+
+  Marion, 496.
+
+  Mariti, 88.
+
+  Marius, 63.
+
+  Marseillais, 426, 637.
+
+  Marseilles, 88.
+
+  Marshall, 55, 83, 355.
+
+  Martel, 73.
+
+  Martial, 107, 419, 586, 587, 595.
+
+  Martin, 189.
+
+  Martinico, 166.
+
+  Martinique, 29.
+
+  Mary, Bloody, 75, 82, 93, 405.
+
+  Maryland, 153, 154.
+
+  Mashee, 596.
+
+  Mason, 101, 102.
+
+  Massachusetts, 84, 94, 114, 155, 156, 164, 165, 166, 176, 187, 231, 276,
+        632.
+
+  Mather, 94, 280, 327, 364, 367, 546, 582, 668.
+
+  Matthews, 180, 367, 613.
+
+  Matooara, 378.
+
+  Maury, 636.
+
+  Maverick, 163.
+
+  Maximilian II., 620, 621.
+
+  Maynard, 81.
+
+  Mazarin, 135.
+
+  Mazzei, 163.
+
+  Mead, 588.
+
+  Mears, 497, 563.
+
+  Meaux, 671.
+
+  Mediterranean, 118.
+
+  Megret, 217.
+
+  Melancthon, 388.
+
+  Melli Melli, 568.
+
+  Mena, 130, 583, 587, 592.
+
+  Menalcas, 90.
+
+  Menander, 217.
+
+  Menu, 130.
+
+  Merrick, 221.
+
+  Merrill, 313 to 325, passim.
+
+  Mewins, 464.
+
+  Mexico, 101, 638.
+
+  Michaelis, 119.
+
+  Midsummer Night's Dream, 592.
+
+  Milan, 220, 456.
+
+  Mildmay, 133.
+
+  Miletum, 342.
+
+  Milford Haven, 88.
+
+  Millar, 643.
+
+  Millenarians, 672.
+
+  Millengen, 36, 49.
+
+  Millens, 92.
+
+  Miller, 555.
+
+  Millot, 659.
+
+  Mills, 435.
+
+  Miltiades, 11.
+
+  Milton, 159, 386, 387, 477.
+
+  Minzies, 555.
+
+  Minoresses, 657.
+
+  Minors, 654.
+
+  Minshull, 386.
+
+  Mirepoix, 382.
+
+  Mirfield, 380.
+
+  Misson, 56.
+
+  Missouri, 23.
+
+  Mitford, 477.
+
+  Moab, 116.
+
+  Mock, 597.
+
+  Mohawk Indian, 647.
+
+  Mohun, 605, 613.
+
+  Momus, 368.
+
+  Monmouth, 235.
+
+  Montacute, 650.
+
+  Montaigne, 27, 104, 343, 443.
+
+  Montague, 55.
+
+  Montefiore, 15.
+
+  Monte Notte, 381.
+
+  Montesquieu, 342.
+
+  Montezuma, 63, 593.
+
+  Montmorenci, 607.
+
+  Moody, 30, 189, 471.
+
+  Moore, 472.
+
+  Moorhead, 150, 286, 389, 531, 532, 546.
+
+  Moors, 138.
+
+  Moravians, 379.
+
+  More, 359, 361.
+
+  Morin, 419, 420.
+
+  Morland, 466 to 470, passim.
+
+  Morose, 591.
+
+  Morris, 420, 609, 611.
+
+  Mortimer, 651, 653.
+
+  Morton, 628, 634.
+
+  Moses, 429, 660.
+
+  Mount Auburn, 38, 46, 68, 225.
+
+  Mounts Bay, 407.
+
+  Mount Hope, 33.
+
+  Moyle, 677.
+
+  Mudge, 608.
+
+  Mullowny, 194.
+
+  Mun Chung, 398.
+
+  Murphy, 101, 102, 107, 193.
+
+  Murray, 477.
+
+  Murullus, 106.
+
+  Muses, 421.
+
+  Muskerry, 243.
+
+  Mussenden, 657.
+
+  Mydas, 591.
+
+  Mysore, 436.
+
+  Mytelene, 12.
+
+
+  N.
+
+  Naaman, 431.
+
+  Nain, 320.
+
+  Nantasket, 408.
+
+  Nantes, 37.
+
+  Nantucket, 77.
+
+  Naples, 33, 88.
+
+  Napoleon, 105, 381, 393.
+
+  Narcissa, 22.
+
+  Nares, 580, 591, 593.
+
+  Narragansett Bay, 283, 284.
+
+  Naseby, 134, 386.
+
+  Natchez, 587.
+
+  Nau, 122.
+
+  Negoose, 189, 190, 191, 347.
+
+  Nemours, 607.
+
+  New, 581.
+
+  Newcastle, 90.
+
+  New England, 177, 221, 283, 408, 476, 607, 627.
+
+  Newgate, 179, 183, 259, 622, 632.
+
+  New London, 363.
+
+  New North Church, 125, 126.
+
+  New Orleans, 604.
+
+  New Rochelle, 523, 530.
+
+  Newton, 66.
+
+  New York, 576.
+
+  New York Evening Post, 330, 331.
+
+  New Zealand, 23, 94.
+
+  Nicholls, 193, 422, 648.
+
+  Nicolas, 648.
+
+  Ninkempaup, 456.
+
+  Niobe, 121.
+
+  Nipmug, 496.
+
+  Noah, 176.
+
+  Noailles, 623, 671.
+
+  Noble, 262.
+
+  Noddle's Island, 163.
+
+  Nollekens, 676.
+
+  Norfolk, 677.
+
+  Norman, 453.
+
+  Normandy, 635, 675.
+
+  Norris, 232.
+
+  North American Review, 330.
+
+  Norway, 88, 168.
+
+  Norwich, 346.
+
+  Notre Dame, 124.
+
+  Nova Scotia, 568.
+
+  Noyes, 506.
+
+  Numa, 69, 105, 106.
+
+  Numbers, 122.
+
+  Nunhead, 37.
+
+
+  O.
+
+  Oak Hall, 133.
+
+  O'Brien, 355.
+
+  O'Connell, 606.
+
+  Odyssey, 11.
+
+  Ogilvie, 606.
+
+  Oglethorpe, 601, 603, 604.
+
+  Ogygia, 420.
+
+  Olam Fodla, 93.
+
+  Old Brick, 123, 132, 128, 567.
+
+  Oldmixon, 268.
+
+  Oliver, 140, 141, 142, 513, 538.
+
+  Omnibus, 191, 347.
+
+  Oporto, 55.
+
+  Orde, 188.
+
+  Orfila, 219.
+
+  Origen, 436.
+
+  Orinoco, 130.
+
+  Orleans, 135.
+
+  Orrery, 250.
+
+  Osborne, 573.
+
+  Osiris, 428.
+
+  O'Shane, 194.
+
+  Ossa, 658.
+
+  Ossoli, 406.
+
+  Otis, Harrison Gray, 159.
+
+  Otis, James, 211, 354.
+
+  Ottomans, 672, 673.
+
+  Outhier, 51.
+
+  Ovid, 64, 98, 105, 106, 223, 248, 392, 413, 558.
+
+  Oxford, 87, 125, 244, 245, 248, 249, 360, 497, 498, 499, 653, 654.
+
+  Oxnard, 513.
+
+
+  P.
+
+  Packinett, 498.
+
+  Page, 566.
+
+  Paine, 598.
+
+  Palestine, 34, 121, 204, 651.
+
+  Palermo, 591.
+
+  Palinurus, 168.
+
+  Pallas, 99.
+
+  Palmer, 536, 537, 597.
+
+  Pantagathus, 586.
+
+  Parant Duchatelet, 219.
+
+  Paré, 589.
+
+  Pareicus, 588.
+
+  Parian Marbles, 382.
+
+  Paris, 37, 39, 73, 89, 249, 438, 634, 635, 637, 667, 671.
+
+  Parker, 246, 506.
+
+  Parkman, 270 to 273, passim:--also 278, 335, 336.
+
+  Parr, 157.
+
+  Parsees, 130.
+
+  Parsons, 276, 451.
+
+  Passy, 599.
+
+  Patchogue, 406.
+
+  Patroclus, 15, 67, 107.
+
+  Pauketpeeker, 457.
+
+  Paulding, 62.
+
+  Paul, 658.
+
+  Paull, 606.
+
+  Pausanias, 421.
+
+  Pavice, 565.
+
+  Paxton, 513.
+
+  Paybody, 175.
+
+  Peake, 192.
+
+  Pearson, 175, 189.
+
+  Peck, 498.
+
+  Pecker, 449.
+
+  Peel, 207, 346.
+
+  Pekin, 481.
+
+  Pelion, 658.
+
+  Pelletier, 637.
+
+  Pemberton, 536, 563, 566.
+
+  Pembroke, 653, 654, 655, 677.
+
+  Penn, 231 to 269 passim:--also 339.
+
+  Pennant, 634.
+
+  Pennsylvania, 94.
+
+  Pendleton, 605.
+
+  Pepin, 73.
+
+  Pepperell, 508.
+
+  Pepusch, 427.
+
+  Pepys, 466, 468, 577.
+
+  Percival, 599, 603.
+
+  Percy, 425.
+
+  Perry, 418, 610, 611.
+
+  Persepolis, 475.
+
+  Persia, 475.
+
+  Persians, 632.
+
+  Persius, 592.
+
+  Peters, 450.
+
+  Petre, 281.
+
+  Petronel, 620, 621.
+
+  Pew, 49.
+
+  Peyret, 508.
+
+  Pharamond, 72.
+
+  Pharsalia, 670.
+
+  Phelps, 227.
+
+  Philadelphia, 36, 38, 268, 339, 614.
+
+  Philip Augustus, 39.
+
+  Philip the Bold, 73.
+
+  Philippus, 588.
+
+  Phillips, 408, 421, 495, 505, 531, 541, 542:--also 550 to 566
+        passim:--also 568.
+
+  Philistines, 617, 618, 619.
+
+  Philomela, 42.
+
+  Picardy, 635.
+
+  Pickering, 165, 221, 439.
+
+  Pickett, 189.
+
+  Pickworth, 283.
+
+  Pierce, 597.
+
+  Pierre de Nemours, 39.
+
+  Pierson, 226.
+
+  Pigot, 555.
+
+  Pinchbeke, 675.
+
+  Pinckney, 277.
+
+  Pindar, 96.
+
+  Pineau, 49.
+
+  Pinohe, 81.
+
+  Pitcairn, 54, 223.
+
+  Pitcher, 363, 658.
+
+  Pitt, 145, 146, 606.
+
+  Pittacus, 12.
+
+  Place de Grčve, 73, 636, 637.
+
+  Place de la Revolution, 638.
+
+  Place St. Antoine, 638.
+
+  Plaine de Mont Louis, 40.
+
+  Plaisant, 639.
+
+  Plaistowe, 230.
+
+  Plato, 20, 49, 373, 377, 429.
+
+  Plautus, 577, 587.
+
+  Pleydell, 360.
+
+  Plimouth, 283, 628.
+
+  Pliny, 79, 99, 117, 121, 419, 430, 442, 443, 450, 459, 461, 462, 582,
+        583, 588.
+
+  Plutarch, 105, 106, 217, 400, 591.
+
+  Pococke, 111, 118.
+
+  Podalirius, 430.
+
+  Poeon, 430.
+
+  Poictiers, 654.
+
+  Poictou, 358.
+
+  Polack, 23.
+
+  Pole, 75.
+
+  Polhamus, 319, 320, 323.
+
+  Pollard, 29.
+
+  Pompadour, 41, 43.
+
+  Pompey, 443, 444, 670.
+
+  Ponthia, 373.
+
+  Pontraēi, 39, 40, 54, 89.
+
+  Popayan, 130.
+
+  Pope, 111, 334, 364, 453, 480.
+
+  Popple, 263.
+
+  Porchalion, 674.
+
+  Portland, 64, 65.
+
+  Port Mahon, 42.
+
+  Potter, 12.
+
+  Powell, 386.
+
+  Pratt, 314, 327.
+
+  Pretender, 629.
+
+  Prevot, 49.
+
+  Priam, 322.
+
+  Price, 520, 541.
+
+  Priest, 612.
+
+  Primrose, 111.
+
+  Prince of Orange, 233.
+
+  Pringle, 496.
+
+  Prioleau, 496.
+
+  Prior, 54, 233.
+
+  Pritchard, 550.
+
+  Proctor, 632.
+
+  Prudhomme, 637.
+
+  Psamatticus, 33.
+
+  Pseudodoxia, 431, 660.
+
+  Puddifant, 131, 133.
+
+  Pudding Lane, 596.
+
+  Purchase Street, 597.
+
+  Puzzlepot, 189.
+
+  Pwan Yekoo, 398.
+
+  Pyramus, 592.
+
+  Pythagoras, 377.
+
+
+  Q.
+
+  Quakers, 445.
+
+  Quincy, 43, 156, 404, 416, 605.
+
+  Quintilius Varus, 614.
+
+  Quintus, 578.
+
+
+  R.
+
+  Rachel, 569.
+
+  Radziville, 121.
+
+  Rand, 449, 643.
+
+  Randall, 228.
+
+  Randolph, 85, 605.
+
+  Ranelagh, 266.
+
+  Rapin, 87, 185, 186, 241, 349, 612, 674.
+
+  Rauber, 620, 621.
+
+  Ravaillac, 73.
+
+  Ravenscroft, 298.
+
+  Raymond, 309, 315, 326, 327.
+
+  Read, 520.
+
+  Reason, 562.
+
+  Receuil Periodique, 643.
+
+  Reese, 357.
+
+  Regent's Inlet, 645.
+
+  Religio Medici, 640.
+
+  Remus, 64.
+
+  Reuben, 116.
+
+  Revallion, 532.
+
+  Richard II., 649, 650, 657.
+
+  Richardson, 662.
+
+  Richelieu, 612.
+
+  Richmond, 133, 135, 677.
+
+  Ridley, 279, 571.
+
+  Riley, 181.
+
+  Rivet, 20.
+
+  Robertson, 241, 299, 391, 392, 393.
+
+  Robespierre, 638.
+
+  Robinson, 232, 260, 261, 514.
+
+  Robin Hood, 517.
+
+  Rochelle, 495, 506, 507, 551.
+
+  Rochester, 216, 266, 424, 480, 587, 631.
+
+  Rochefoucault, 217, 218, 338.
+
+  Rockingham, 145.
+
+  Rockport, 16.
+
+  Roebuck, 606.
+
+  Roederer, 636, 637.
+
+  Rogers, 279, 417.
+
+  Rogerson, 450.
+
+  Roma, 617.
+
+  Roman, 618, 619.
+
+  Romans, 68, 106, 131, 475, 592, 594, 595, 617, 632, 661.
+
+  Roman Catholics, 600.
+
+  Rome, 87, 89, 263, 343, 442, 460, 475, 614, 658, 661.
+
+  Romilly, 207, 346.
+
+  Romulus, 105, 474, 591, 595.
+
+  Rosamond, 651.
+
+  Roscius, 215.
+
+  Rose Cullender, 640.
+
+  Rose in Bloom, 405.
+
+  Ross, 641, 645, 646, 647.
+
+  Rothschild, 15, 54.
+
+  Rous, 227.
+
+  Rouse, 631.
+
+  Rousseau, 476.
+
+  Rowlett, 82.
+
+  Roxbury, 220, 221, 227, 566.
+
+  Royal Society, 622, 644.
+
+  Rue d'Enfer, 39, 42.
+
+  Rufus, 320.
+
+  Runjeet Singh, 570, 571, 572, 573.
+
+  Russell, 29.
+
+  Rush, 447.
+
+  Rushworth, 424.
+
+  Russia, 276.
+
+  Russians, 129, 474.
+
+  Ruthven, 606.
+
+  Rutland Herald, 318, 331.
+
+  Rymer's Foedera, 349, 675.
+
+
+  S.
+
+  St. Andrew, 55.
+
+  St. Anne, 56.
+
+  St. Augustine, 51.
+
+  St. Clara, 52.
+
+  St. Christophers, 533.
+
+  St. Croix, 11, 52, 98, 422.
+
+  St. Denis, 73, 75.
+
+  St. Edmunds Bury, 640.
+
+  St. James, 424.
+
+  St. Katherine, 651.
+
+  St. Luke, 55.
+
+  St. Margaret, 651, 675.
+
+  St. Martins, 124.
+
+  St. Mary, 655, 675.
+
+  St. Matthew, 217.
+
+  St. Michael, 57, 124.
+
+  St. Omers, 263, 426.
+
+  St. Paul, 437.
+
+  St. Paul's, 225, 642, 656.
+
+  St. Peter, 56.
+
+  St. Pierre, 476.
+
+  St. Richard, 656.
+
+  St. Saba, 122.
+
+  St. Saturnin, 37.
+
+  St. Thomas, 56, 321, 656.
+
+  Sabine, 510.
+
+  Saburra, 587.
+
+  Sackville, 145, 549, 551, 613.
+
+  Salem, 54.
+
+  Salewarp, 651.
+
+  Salisbury, 307, 650, 651, 669, 674.
+
+  Sallust, 381.
+
+  Salmon, 87.
+
+  Salter, 550.
+
+  Saltonstall, 533.
+
+  Samee, 665.
+
+  Samson, 437.
+
+  Samuel, 111, 363, 434, 585, 620, 660, 670.
+
+  Samuels, 15.
+
+  Sancho Panza, 192, 265.
+
+  Sanderson, 131.
+
+  Sanson, 633, 635, 636, 637, 638.
+
+  Sardinia, 88.
+
+  Sargent, 180, 538.
+
+  Sarsaparilla, 133.
+
+  Sarum, 363.
+
+  Saul, 16, 67, 434, 617, 618, 670.
+
+  Saulien, 37.
+
+  Saunders, 176.
+
+  Sauvages, 101.
+
+  Savage, 55.
+
+  Savoy, 606.
+
+  Scaliger, 437.
+
+  Scharsegin, 620, 621.
+
+  Schmidt, 381.
+
+  Schridieder, 356.
+
+  Scipio Africanus, 22, 216.
+
+  Scott, 49, 227, 269, 360, 375, 376, 422, 426, 606.
+
+  Scrope, 675.
+
+  Scutari, 22.
+
+  Segor, 117.
+
+  Seignelay, 239.
+
+  Seltridge, 449.
+
+  Selkirk, 171.
+
+  Selwyn, 179, 237, 615, 628, 642.
+
+  Seneca, 106, 107, 168, 169, 377, 443, 585.
+
+  Senisino, 421.
+
+  Serampore, 281.
+
+  Sergius Orator, 461.
+
+  Servius, 97, 279.
+
+  Sevrčs, 671.
+
+  Sewall, 142, 165, 513, 546, 553, 558, 561, 630.
+
+  Seymour, 133, 136, 608.
+
+  Shades, 587.
+
+  Shakspeare, 83, 409, 419, 658.
+
+  Shandois, 77, 82.
+
+  Sharp, 93.
+
+  Shattuck, 222, 439, 440.
+
+  Shaw, 112, 221, 459.
+
+  Shays, 94.
+
+  Shea, 54.
+
+  Sheerness, 558, 564.
+
+  Shelburne, 605.
+
+  Shelden, 261.
+
+  Sheldon, 314, 327.
+
+  Shelson, 299.
+
+  Sheridan, 613.
+
+  Shirley, 291, 297, 530.
+
+  Shochoh, 615.
+
+  Shouldham, 652.
+
+  Shrewsbury, 320.
+
+  Shute, 298.
+
+  Shylock, 171.
+
+  Siberia, 35.
+
+  Sicily, 33, 591.
+
+  Sicilies, the Two, 89.
+
+  Siddim, 117.
+
+  Sidney, 425.
+
+  Sigal, 515.
+
+  Sigourney, 496, 498.
+
+  Simmons, 130.
+
+  Skinner, 309, 331.
+
+  Smallpiece, 598.
+
+  Smith, Sidney, 367.
+
+  Smith, 24, 27, 71, 152, 164, 227, 289, 509, 591.
+
+  Smink, 101.
+
+  Smollett, 241, 243.
+
+  Snow, 537.
+
+  Socrates, 592.
+
+  Sodom, 117, 119, 120, 123, 215, 221.
+
+  Sodoma, 122.
+
+  Solomon, 192.
+
+  Solon, 209.
+
+  Somersett, 677.
+
+  Somnium Scipionis, 373.
+
+  Soo Chune, 398.
+
+  Soong, 482.
+
+  Sophia Charlotte, 28.
+
+  Sorbiere, 437, 457.
+
+  Sosigenes, 474.
+
+  Southampton, 135.
+
+  Southwick, 227.
+
+  Spain, 650, 662, 675.
+
+  Spaniards, 130.
+
+  Sparks, 62, 561.
+
+  Speed, 76, 424, 677.
+
+  Spelman, 648.
+
+  Spitalfields, 67, 256.
+
+  Spooner, 450.
+
+  Spring, 512.
+
+  Springett, 252.
+
+  Sprott, 676.
+
+  Stafford, 632.
+
+  Stair, 623.
+
+  Stanford, 650.
+
+  Stanhope, 593.
+
+  Starkie, 192.
+
+  Staunford, 675.
+
+  Steele, 555.
+
+  Stephanus, 105.
+
+  Stephens, 117, 118, 121, 122, 123.
+
+  Sterne, 37.
+
+  Sternhold, 231, 424, 425.
+
+  Steuben, 62.
+
+  Stevens, 554.
+
+  Stevenson, 232.
+
+  Stewart, 609.
+
+  Stillman, 631.
+
+  Stirling Castle, 95.
+
+  Stirrington, 652.
+
+  Stockholm, 52.
+
+  Stone Chapel, 296.
+
+  Story, 268.
+
+  Stow, 20, 67, 346, 349, 424.
+
+  Stowell, 632.
+
+  Strabo, 592.
+
+  Streatfield, 105.
+
+  Strype, 77, 81, 82, 88, 139, 279, 280, 281, 409, 410, 424, 631, 632.
+
+  Stuart, 603, 605, 606.
+
+  Stuarts, 661.
+
+  Stubbe, 594.
+
+  Sue, 639, 640.
+
+  Suetonius, 29, 67, 79, 98, 99, 107, 462.
+
+  Suffolk, 654.
+
+  Sully, 352, 606.
+
+  Sulmo, 390.
+
+  Sumner, 19, 132.
+
+  Sunderland, 89, 233.
+
+  Surinam, 351.
+
+  Sweden, 661.
+
+  Swedenborg, 378, 379.
+
+  Swedes, 661.
+
+  Swift, 32, 193, 367, 422.
+
+  Swingford, 674.
+
+  Switzerland, 394.
+
+  Sykes, 244.
+
+  Sylla, 63, 97.
+
+  Sylvester, 596.
+
+  Syracuse, 33.
+
+  Syrens, 421.
+
+  Syria, 34, 88.
+
+  Syrians, 632.
+
+
+  T.
+
+  Tacitus, 29, 99, 107.
+
+  Taheite, 378, 380.
+
+  Tailor, 554.
+
+  Tappan, 58, 60.
+
+  Tarpeian Rock, 618.
+
+  Tasman, 129.
+
+  Tate, 31, 596.
+
+  Taylor, 84, 110, 157, 215, 394, 395, 396, 397, 638, 662.
+
+  Taunton, 235.
+
+  Tees, 379.
+
+  Templeman, 451.
+
+  Terence, 587.
+
+  Tertullian, 122.
+
+  Testamenta Vetusta, 648, 649.
+
+  Tewksbury, 655, 673.
+
+  Thacher, 31, 58, 61, 126, 127, 568, 605.
+
+  Thebes, 16, 32.
+
+  Theodolphus, 37.
+
+  Theodosius, 36.
+
+  Theophrastus, 587.
+
+  Thessalus, 443.
+
+  Thessaly, 670.
+
+  Thevet, 118.
+
+  Thiermeyer, 642.
+
+  Thomas, 346, 480.
+
+  Thomas of Canterbury, 281.
+
+  Thompson, 86.
+
+  Thornton, 477, 604.
+
+  Thurlow, 589.
+
+  Tiberius, 98.
+
+  Tibullus, 100, 160.
+
+  Tierney, 606.
+
+  Tilbury, 670.
+
+  Tillotson, 178, 238, 240, 262, 266.
+
+  Timoleon, 12.
+
+  Tinville, 638.
+
+  Tonga Islands, 129.
+
+  Tongataboo, 129.
+
+  Tonstrina, 588.
+
+  Tortugas, 407.
+
+  Touchet, 380.
+
+  Tournay, 67.
+
+  Tower Hill, 631, 632.
+
+  Townshend, 145.
+
+  Trajan, 476.
+
+  Trenchard, 265.
+
+  Trent, 606.
+
+  Tresham, 77.
+
+  Treviso, 381.
+
+  Troughton, 644.
+
+  Troutbeck, 297.
+
+  Troy, 322, 430.
+
+  Trunnion, 221.
+
+  Truro, 406.
+
+  Tanfugge, 654.
+
+  Tubero, 373.
+
+  Tuck, 564, 566.
+
+  Tuckett, 606.
+
+  Tuckey, 129, 130.
+
+  Tudor, 76.
+
+  Tunbrugge, 654.
+
+  Turkey, 106.
+
+  Turkish Empire, 672.
+
+  Turks, 123.
+
+  Turenne, 73, 75.
+
+  Turner, 155, 157, 231, 570, 575.
+
+  Twiss, 230.
+
+  Tyburn, 340, 632.
+
+  Tyler, 500.
+
+
+  U.
+
+  Ucalegon, 143.
+
+  Ula-Deguisi, 123.
+
+  Ulysses, 106, 109, 420.
+
+  United States, 347, 407, 434, 610.
+
+  Usher, 561.
+
+  Uxbridge, 16.
+
+
+  V.
+
+  Val de Grace, 68.
+
+  Valentia, 606.
+
+  Valerius Maximus, 374.
+
+  Vallemont, 455.
+
+  Valois, 622.
+
+  Valvasor, 620.
+
+  Van Buren, 85, 95, 96.
+
+  Van Butchell, 445, 447.
+
+  Vandyke, 137.
+
+  Van Gelder, 59.
+
+  Van Pronk, 25.
+
+  Vans, 184.
+
+  Van Wart, 63.
+
+  Varden, 401.
+
+  Vardy, 564.
+
+  Varro, 583.
+
+  Vassal, 296.
+
+  Vaughan, 361.
+
+  Velleius Paterculus, 614.
+
+  Vere, 654.
+
+  Verney, 677.
+
+  Vermont, 114.
+
+  Veronica, 57.
+
+  Verulam, 258.
+
+  Vespasian, 29, 67, 98.
+
+  Vesuvius, 121.
+
+  Vexius Valens, 443.
+
+  Victoria, 208.
+
+  Victory, 646.
+
+  Vieq d'Azyr, 37.
+
+  Vienna, 433.
+
+  Villars, 607.
+
+  Vincent, 256, 257, 258.
+
+  Virgil, 76, 79, 97, 99, 419, 422.
+
+  Virginia, 153, 154.
+
+  Volney, 117, 119, 121.
+
+  Voltaire, 217, 637.
+
+
+  W.
+
+  Wade, 570, 572, 573, 575.
+
+  Wakefield, 359, 466.
+
+  Waldo, 90, 302.
+
+  Walpole, 382, 431, 629, 674.
+
+  Waltham, 676.
+
+  Walsingham, 65, 83, 84, 650, 656.
+
+  Ward, 281, 282, 528, 529, 595.
+
+  Ward's Curwen, 510.
+
+  Warre, 235, 236.
+
+  Warren, 55, 66, 222, 446, 450, 597.
+
+  Warwick, 651.
+
+  Washington, 62, 277, 394, 511.
+
+  Waterhouse, 448.
+
+  Waterloo, 132.
+
+  Watts, 366, 677.
+
+  Webb, 91, 126, 546.
+
+  Webster, 159, 160, 271, 280, 335, 336, 337.
+
+  Wedgewood, 64.
+
+  Weever, 76, 124.
+
+  Wellesley, 606.
+
+  Wellington, 606.
+
+  Wells, 273.
+
+  Welsh, 450.
+
+  Wendell, 538.
+
+  Wentworth, 554.
+
+  Westminster, 37, 134.
+
+  Westminster Abbey, 34, 78, 136, 290, 478.
+
+  Weston, 628.
+
+  Westwood, 651.
+
+  Wharton, 227.
+
+  Whelpley, 322.
+
+  Whipple, 450, 596.
+
+  Whiston, 120.
+
+  White, 82.
+
+  Whitehall, 134.
+
+  Whitehead, 256, 257, 258.
+
+  Whitehurst, 158.
+
+  White Plains, 351, 415.
+
+  Wiche, 651.
+
+  Wigmore, 656.
+
+  Wilkes, 145, 605.
+
+  Willard, 520, 566.
+
+  William the Conqueror, 614.
+
+  William and Mary, 248.
+
+  William III., 232, 233, 248, 253.
+
+  William IV., 37, 207, 208.
+
+  Williams, 27, 29, 63, 164, 204.
+
+  Williamson, 630.
+
+  Willis, 88, 181.
+
+  Wilts, 656.
+
+  Wiltshire, 677.
+
+  Winchelsea, 606.
+
+  Winchester, 220, 400, 651.
+
+  Windsor, 133, 135, 136.
+
+  Winkle, 281.
+
+  Winslow, 555, 564, 565, 595.
+
+  Winterbottom, 435.
+
+  Winthrop, 535, 538.
+
+  Wisigoths, 407.
+
+  Wisket, 628.
+
+  Wode, 632.
+
+  Wolton, 678.
+
+  Wood, 133, 181, 232, 248, 249, 424, 425, 426, 613, 642.
+
+  Woodbridge, 550 to 564, passim.
+
+  Woodcock, 386.
+
+  Woods, 127.
+
+  Worcester, 124, 651, 652.
+
+  Woronzow, 622.
+
+  Wraxall, 622, 623.
+
+  Wyatt, 631.
+
+
+  Y.
+
+  Yale, 580.
+
+  York, 675.
+
+  York, Duke of, 252, 256.
+
+  Yorktown, 415.
+
+  Younge, 676.
+
+
+  Z.
+
+  Zaire, 129.
+
+  Zeleucus, 342.
+
+  Zeno, 49.
+
+  Zeres, 56.
+
+  Zimmerman, 347.
+
+  Zion, 423.
+
+  Zisca, 26.
+
+  Zoar, 121.
+
+  Zophar, 217.
+
+
+
+
+FOOTNOTES:
+
+[1] Hist, of Charles V., vol. v. page 139, Oxford ed. 1825.
+
+[2] Lond. Quart. Rev., vol. lxxvi. page 161.
+
+[3] Nearly opposite the residence of Dr. Lemuel Hayward, deceased, where
+Hayward Place now is.
+
+[4] Woodbridge, I suppose, belonged to some military company, whose arms
+and accoutrements were probably kept at the White Horse tavern, under the
+charge of Robert Handy.
+
+[5] _Hog Alley._ See Bonner's plan, of 1722.
+
+[6] Afterwards Richard II.
+
+[7] His natural son.
+
+[8] John of Gaunt.
+
+[9] An English mark was two-thirds of a pound sterling, or 13s. 4d.
+
+[10] A church book.
+
+[11] Breviary.
+
+[12] A button of gold.
+
+[13] A button.
+
+[14] Round funeral tapers.
+
+[15] Margaret Plantagenet, grand-daughter of King Edward I.
+
+[16] The badge of the house of Lancaster.
+
+[17] Richard II.
+
+[18] A culverin.
+
+[19] Dugdale says these were jewels, hanging over the forehead, on
+bodkins, thrust through the hair.
+
+[20] Pale or peach-colored rubies.
+
+[21] This effigy is referred to by Walpole, in his Anecdotes of Painting,
+vol. i. p. 37.
+
+
+
+
+Transcriber's Notes:
+
+Passages in italics are indicated by _italics_.
+
+The original text includes Greek characters. For this text version these
+letters have been replaced with transliterations.
+
+No. CXIX. ends with the phrase "The symptoms" as is printed in the
+original text.
+
+
+
+
+
+
+End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of Dealings With The Dead, by 
+A Sexton of the Old School
+
+*** END OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK DEALINGS WITH THE DEAD ***
+
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+<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml">
+  <head>
+    <meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html;charset=iso-8859-1" />
+    <title>
+      Dealings with the Dead, by A Sexton of the Old School&mdash;A Project Gutenberg eBook
+    </title>
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+    p {margin-top: .75em; text-align: justify; margin-bottom: .75em;}
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+    body {margin-left: 12%; margin-right: 12%;}
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+    .pagenum {position: absolute; left: 92%; font-size: smaller; text-align: right; font-style: normal;}
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+<pre>
+
+Project Gutenberg's Dealings With The Dead, by A Sexton of the Old School
+
+This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with
+almost no restrictions whatsoever.  You may copy it, give it away or
+re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included
+with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org/license
+
+
+Title: Dealings With The Dead
+       Volume II
+
+Author: A Sexton of the Old School
+
+Release Date: May 12, 2012 [EBook #39675]
+
+Language: English
+
+Character set encoding: ISO-8859-1
+
+*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK DEALINGS WITH THE DEAD ***
+
+
+
+
+Produced by Delphine Lettau, Meredith Bach and the Online
+Distributed Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net (This
+file was produced from images generously made available
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+</pre>
+
+
+
+<div class="figcenter"><img src="images/cover.jpg" alt="" /></div>
+
+<p>&nbsp;</p><p>&nbsp;</p><p>&nbsp;</p>
+<div class="figcenter"><img src="images/dealings.jpg" alt="Dealings with the Dead." /></div>
+
+
+<p>&nbsp;</p><p>&nbsp;</p><p>&nbsp;</p>
+<p class="center"><span class="huge">DEALINGS</span></p>
+<p class="center">WITH</p>
+<p class="center"><span class="giant">THE DEAD.</span></p>
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+<p class="center"><small>BY</small><br />
+<span class="large">A SEXTON OF THE OLD SCHOOL.</span></p>
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+<p class="center">VOLUME II.</p>
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+<p class="center">BOSTON:<br />
+PUBLISHED BY DUTTON AND WENTWORTH,<br />
+<span class="smcap">33 and 35 Congress Street:</span><br />
+<span class="smcaplc">AND</span><br />
+TICKNOR AND FIELDS,<br />
+<span class="smcap">Corner of Washington and School Streets</span>.<br />
+MDCCCLVI.</p>
+
+
+<p>&nbsp;</p><p>&nbsp;</p>
+<p class="center">Entered according to Act of Congress, in the year 1855, by<br />
+<span class="smcaplc">DUTTON AND WENTWORTH</span>,<br />
+in the Clerk&#8217;s Office of the District Court of the District of Massachusetts.</p>
+
+
+<p>&nbsp;</p><p>&nbsp;</p>
+<hr style="width: 50%;" />
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_351" id="Page_351">[Pg 351]</a></span></p>
+<p class="title">Dealings with the Dead.</p>
+<p class="center">BY A SEXTON OF THE OLD SCHOOL.</p>
+
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+<h2><a name="No_XC" id="No_XC"></a>No. XC.</h2>
+
+
+<p>My earliest recollections of some, among the dead and buried aristocracy
+of Boston, find a ready embodiment, in cocked hats of enormous
+proportions, queues reaching to their middles, cloaks of scarlet
+broadcloth, lined with silk, and faced with velvet, and just so short, as
+to exhibit the swell of the leg, silk stockings, and breeches, highly
+polished shoes, and large, square, silver buckles, embroidered vests, with
+deep lappet pockets, similar to those, which were worn, in the age of
+<i>Louis Quatorze</i>, shirts ruffled, at the bosoms and sleeves, doeskin or
+beaver gloves, and glossy, black, Surinam walking canes, six feet in
+length, and commonly carried by the middle.</p>
+
+<p>Of the last of the Capulets we know nearly all, that it is desirable to
+know. Of the last of the cocked hats we are not so clearly certified.</p>
+
+<p>The dimensions of the military cocked hat were terrible; and, like those
+enormous, bear skin caps, which are in use, at present, eminently
+calculated to put the enemy to flight. I have seen one of those enormous
+cocked hats, which had long been preserved, as a memorial of the wearer&#8217;s
+gallantry. In one corner, and near the extremity, was a round hole, said
+to have been made by a musket ball, at the battle of White Plains, Nov.
+30, 1776. As I contemplated this relic, it was impossible to avoid<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_352" id="Page_352">[Pg 352]</a></span> the
+comforting reflection, that the head of the gallant proprietor was at a
+very safe distance from the bullet.</p>
+
+<p>After the assassination of Henry IV., and greatly to the amusement of the
+gay and giddy courtiers of his successor, Louis XIII.&mdash;old Sully
+obstinately adhered to the costume of the former reign. Colonel Barnabas
+Clarke was very much of Sully&#8217;s way of thinking. &#8220;And who,&#8221; asks the
+reader, &#8220;was Colonel Barnabas Clarke?&#8221; He was a pensioner of the United
+States, and died a poor, though highly respected old man, in the town of
+Randolph, and Commonwealth of Massachusetts. For several years, he
+commanded the third Regiment of the first Brigade, and first Division of
+infantry; and he wore the largest cocked hat and the longest queue in the
+known world. He was a broad-shouldered, strong-hearted Revolutioner. Let
+me take the reader aside, for a brief space; and recite to him a pleasant
+anecdote of old Colonel Barnabas Clarke, which occurred, under my own
+observation, when John Brooks&mdash;whose patent of military nobilty bears date
+at Saratoga, but who was one of nature&#8217;s noblemen from his cradle&mdash;was
+governor of Massachusetts.</p>
+
+<p>There was a militia muster of the Norfolk troops, and they were reviewed
+by Governor Brooks. They were drawn up in line. The Governor, bare headed,
+with his suite, had moved slowly down, in front of the array, each
+regiment, as he passed, paying the customary salute.</p>
+
+<p>The petty <i>chapeau militaire</i> had then become almost universal, and, with,
+or without, its feather and gold edgings, was all over the field. Splendid
+epaulettes and eaglets glittered, on the shoulders of such, as were
+entitled to wear them. Prancing horses were caracoling and curvetting, in
+gaudy trappings. In the midst of this showy array, in front of his
+regiment, bolt upright, upon the back of his tall, chestnut horse, that,
+upon the strength of an extra allowance of oats, pawed the ground, and
+seemed to forget, that he was in the plough, the day before, sat an old
+man, of rugged features, and large proportions. Upon his head was that
+enormous cocked hat, of other days&mdash;upon his shoulders, scarcely
+distinguishable, was a small pair of tarnished epaulettes&mdash;the gray hairs
+at the extremity of his prodigious queue lay upon the crupper of his
+saddle&mdash;his ancient boots shaped to the leg, his long shanked spurs, his
+straight silver-hilted sword, and lion-headed pistols were of 1776. Such
+was the outer man of old Colonel Barnabas Clarke.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_353" id="Page_353">[Pg 353]</a></span>As the Governor advanced, upon the line of the third Regiment of the first
+Brigade, the fifes of that regiment commenced their shrill whistle, and
+the drums began to roll; and, at the appropriate moment, the veteran
+saluted his excellency, in that rather angular style, which was common, in
+the days of our military fathers.</p>
+
+<p>At that moment, Governor Brooks checked his horse, and, replacing his hat
+upon his head, dismounted, and walked towards the Colonel, who,
+comprehending the intention, returned his sword to its scabbard, and came
+to the ground, with the alertness of a much younger man. They met midway,
+between the line and the reviewing cortege&mdash;in an instant, each grasped
+the other&#8217;s hand, with the ardor of men, who are mutually endeared, by the
+recollection of partnership, in days of danger and daring&mdash;they had been
+fellow lodgers, within the intrenchments of Burgoyne, on the memorable
+night of October 7, 1777. After a few words of mutual respect and
+affection, they parted&mdash;the review went forward&mdash;the fifers and drummers
+outdid themselves&mdash;the beholders sent forth an irrepressible shout&mdash;and
+when old Colonel Barnabas got up once again, upon his chestnut horse, I
+thought he looked considerably more like old Frederick, hat, queue, and
+all, than he did, before he got down. He looked as proud as Tamerlane,
+after he had caged the Sultan, Bajazet&mdash;yet I saw him dash a tear from his
+eye, with the sleeve of his coat&mdash;I found one in my own. How frail we
+are!&mdash;there is one there now!</p>
+
+<p>While contemplating the remarkable resurrection that has occurred, within
+a few years, of old chairs and tables, porcelain and candlesticks, I
+confidently look forward to the resurrection of cocked hats. They were
+really very becoming. I speak not of those vasty beavers, manufactured, of
+yore, by that most accomplished, gentlemanly, and facetious of all
+hatters, Mr. Nathaniel Balch, No. 72 old Cornhill; but such as he made,
+for his excellent friend, and boon companion, Jeremiah Allen, Esquire,
+high Sheriff of Suffolk. When trimmed with gold lace, and adorned with the
+official cockade, it was a very becoming affair.</p>
+
+<p>No man carried the fashion, as I have described it, in the commencement of
+this article, to a greater extent, than Mr. Thomas Marshall, more commonly
+known as <i>Tommy Marshall</i>. He was a tailor, and his shop and house were in
+State Street,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_354" id="Page_354">[Pg 354]</a></span> near the present site of the Boston Bank. In London, his
+leisurely gait, finished toilette, admirable personal equipments, and
+exceedingly composed and courtly carriage and deportment would have passed
+him off, for a gentleman, living at his ease, or for one of the nobility.
+Mr. Marshall was remarkable, for the exquisite polish, and classical cut
+of his cocked hat. He was much on &#8217;change, in those primitive days, and
+highly respected, for his true sense of honor. Though the most
+accomplished tailor of his day, no one ever suspected him of cabbage.</p>
+
+<p>When I began the present article, it was my design to have written upon a
+very different subject&mdash;but since all my cogitations have been &#8220;<i>knocked
+into a cocked hat</i>,&#8221; I may as well close this article, with a short
+anecdote of Tommy Marshall.</p>
+
+<p>There was a period&mdash;there often is, in similar cases&mdash;during which it was
+doubtful, if the celebrated James Otis was a sane or an insane man. During
+that period, he was engaged for the plaintiff, in a cause, in which Mr.
+Marshall was a witness, for the defendant. After a tedious cross
+examination, Mr. Otis perceived the impossibility of perplexing the
+witness, or driving him into any discrepancy; and, in a moment of despair,
+his mind, probably, not being perfectly balanced, he lifted his finger,
+and shaking it, knowingly, at the witness, exclaimed&mdash;&#8220;<i>Ah, Tommy
+Marshall, Tommy Marshall, I know you!</i>&#8221; &#8220;<i>And what do you know of me,
+sir?</i>&#8221; cried the witness, doubling his fist in the very face of Mr. Otis,
+and stamping on the floor&mdash;&#8220;<i>I know you&#8217;re a tailor, Tommy!</i>&#8221;</p>
+
+
+
+<p>&nbsp;</p><p>&nbsp;</p>
+<hr style="width: 50%;" />
+<h2><a name="No_XCI" id="No_XCI"></a>No. XCI.</h2>
+
+
+<p>Wake&mdash;Vigil&mdash;W&aelig;can&mdash;import one and the same thing. So we are informed, by
+that learned antiquary, John Whitaker, in his History of Manchester,
+published in 1771. Originally, this was a festival, kept by watching,
+through the night, preceding the day, on which a church was dedicated. We
+are told, by Shakspeare&mdash;</p>
+
+<p class="poem">He that outlives this day, and sees old age,<br />
+Will yearly, on the <i>vigil</i>, feast his neighbors,<br />
+And say <i>tomorrow</i> is Saint Crispian.</p>
+
+<p>These vigils, like the <i>agap&aelig;</i>, or love-feasts, fell, erelong, into<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_355" id="Page_355">[Pg 355]</a></span>
+disrepute, and furnished occasion, for disgraceful revelry and riot.</p>
+
+<p>The Irish <i>Wake</i>, as it is popularly called, however it may have sprung
+from the same original stock, is, at present, a very different affair.
+Howling, at a wake, is akin to the ululation of the mourning women of
+Greece, Rome, and Judea, to which I have alluded, in a former number. The
+object of the Irish <i>Wake</i> is to rouse the spirit, which, otherwise, it is
+apprehended, might remain inactive, unwilling, or unable, to quit its
+mortal frame&mdash;to <i>wake</i> the soul, not precisely, &#8220;by tender strokes of
+art,&#8221; but by long-continued, nocturnal wailings and howlings. In practice,
+it has ever been accounted extremely difficult, to get the Irish soul
+fairly off, either upward or downward, without an abundance of
+intoxicating liquor.</p>
+
+<p>The philosophy of this is too high for me&mdash;I cannot attain unto it. I know
+not, whether the soul goes off, in a fit of disgust, at the senseless and
+insufferable uproar, or is fairly frightened out of its tabernacle. This I
+know, that boon companions, and plenty of liquor are the very last means I
+should think of employing, to induce a true-born Irishman, to give up the
+ghost. I have read with pleasure, in the Pilot, a Roman Catholic paper of
+this city, an editorial discommendation of this preposterous custom.</p>
+
+<p>However these barbarous proceedings may serve to outrage the dignity, and
+even the decency, of death, they have not always been absolutely useless.
+If the ravings, and rantings, the drunkenness, and the bloody brawls, that
+have sometimes occurred, during the celebration of an <i>Irish wake</i>, have
+proved unavailing, in raising the dead, or in exciting the lethargic
+soul&mdash;they have, certainly, sometimes sufficed, to restore consciousness
+to the cataleptic, who were supposed to be dead, and about to be committed
+to the grave.</p>
+
+<p>In April, 1804, Barney O&#8217;Brien, to all appearance, died suddenly, in the
+town of Ballyshannon. He had been a terrible bruiser, and so much of a
+profligate, that it was thought all the priests, in the county of Donegal,
+would have as much as they could do, of a long summer&#8217;s day, to confess
+him. It was concluded, on all hands, that more than ordinary efforts would
+be required, for the <i>waking</i> of Barney O&#8217;Brien&#8217;s soul. A great crowd was
+accordingly gathered to the shanty of death. The mountain dew was
+supplied, without stint. The howling was<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_356" id="Page_356">[Pg 356]</a></span> terrific. Confusion began. The
+altercation of tongues was speedily followed, by the collision of fists,
+and the cracking of shelalahs. The yet uncovered coffin was overturned.
+The shock, in an instant, terminated the trance. Barney O&#8217;Brien stood
+erect, before the terrified and flying group, six feet and four inches in
+his winding sheet, screaming, at the very top of his lungs, as he
+rose&mdash;&#8220;<i>For the love o&#8217; the blissed Jasus, jist a dhrap o&#8217; the crathur,
+and a shelalah!</i>&#8221;</p>
+
+<p>In a former number, I have alluded to the subject of premature interment.
+A writer, in the London Quarterly, vol. lxiii. p. 458, observes, that
+&#8220;there exists, among the poor of the metropolitan districts, an inordinate
+dread of premature burial.&#8221; After referring to a contrivance, in the
+receiving houses of Frankfort and Munich,&mdash;a ring, attached to the finger
+of the corpse, and connected with a lightly hung bell, in the watcher&#8217;s
+room&mdash;he significantly asks&mdash;&#8220;<i>Has the corpse bell at Frankfort and Munich
+ever yet been rung?</i>&#8221;&mdash;For my own part, I have no correspondence with the
+sextons there, and cannot tell. It may possibly have been rung, while the
+watcher slept! After admitting the possibility of premature burial, this
+writer says, he should be content with Shakspeare&#8217;s test&mdash;&#8220;<i>This feather
+stirs; she lives</i>.&#8221; This may be a very good affirmative test. But, as a
+negative test, it would be good for little&mdash;<i>this feather stirs not; she
+is dead</i>. In cases of catalepsy, it often happens, that a feather will not
+stir; and even the more trustworthy test&mdash;the mirror&mdash;will furnish no
+evidence of life.</p>
+
+<p>To doubt the fact of premature interment is quite as absurd, as to credit
+all the tales, in this connection, fabricated by French and German
+wonder-mongers. During the existence of that terrible epidemic, which has
+so recently passed away, the necessity, real or imagined, of removing the
+corpses, as speedily as possible, has, very probably, occasioned some
+instances of premature interment.</p>
+
+<p>On the 28th of June, 1849, a Mr. Schridieder was supposed to be dead of
+cholera, at St. Louis, and was carried to the grave; where a noise in the
+coffin was heard, and, upon opening it, he was found to be alive.</p>
+
+<p>In the month of July, 1849, a Chicago paper contained the following
+statement:&mdash;</p>
+
+<p>&#8220;We know a gentleman now residing in this city, who was attacked by the
+cholera, in 1832, and after a short time, was<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_357" id="Page_357">[Pg 357]</a></span> supposed to have died. He
+was in the collapsed state, gave not the least sign of life, and when a
+glass was held over his mouth, there was no evidence that he still
+breathed. But, after his coffin was obtained, he revived, and is now
+living in Chicago, one of our most estimable citizens.&#8221;</p>
+
+<p>&#8220;Another case, of a like character, occurred near this city, yesterday. A
+man who was in the collapsed state, and to all appearances dead, became
+reanimated after his coffin was procured. He revived slightly&mdash;again
+apparently died&mdash;again revived slightly&mdash;and finally died and was buried.&#8221;</p>
+
+<p>I find the following, in the Boston Atlas of August 23, 1849:&mdash;</p>
+
+<p>&#8220;A painful occurrence has come to light in Baltimore, which creates
+intense excitement. The remains of the venerable D. Evans Reese, who died
+suddenly on Friday evening, were conveyed to the Light Street
+burying-ground, and while they were placed in the vault, the hand of a
+human being was discovered protruding from one of the coffins deposited
+there. On a closer examination, those present were startled to find the
+hand was firmly clenched, the coffin burst open, and the body turned
+entirely over, leaving not a doubt that the unfortunate being had been
+buried alive. The corpse was that of a very respectable man, who died,
+apparently, very suddenly, and whose body was placed in the vault on
+Friday last.&#8221;</p>
+
+<p>The <i>Recherches Medico-legales sur l&#8217;incertitude des risques de la mort,
+les dangers d&eacute;s inhumations pr&eacute;cipite&eacute;s, les moyens de constater les d&eacute;c&egrave;s
+et de rappeler &aacute; la vie ceux qui sont en etat de mort apparente</i>, by I. de
+Fontenelle, is a very curious production. In a review of this work, and of
+the <i>Recherches Physiologiques, sur la vie et la mort</i>, by Bichat, in the
+London Quarterly, vol. lxxxv. page 369, the writer remarks&mdash;&#8220;<i>A gas is
+developed in the decaying body, which mimics, by its mechanical force,
+many of the movements of life. So powerful is this gas, in corpses, which
+have laid long in the water, that M. Devergie, the physician at the
+Morgue, at Paris, says that, unless secured to the table, they are often
+heaved up and thrown to the ground.</i>&#8221;</p>
+
+<p>Upon this theory, the writer proposes, to account for those posthumous
+changes of position, which are known, sometimes to have taken place. It
+may serve to explain some of these occurrences. But the formation of this
+gas, in a greater or less degree, must be universal, while a change in the
+position is comparatively rare. The curiosity of friends often leads to an
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_358" id="Page_358">[Pg 358]</a></span>inspection of the dead, in every stage of decomposition. However valuable
+the theory, in the writer&#8217;s estimation, the generation of the most
+powerful gas would scarcely be able to throw the body entirely out of the
+coffin, with its arms outstretched towards the portal of the tomb; of
+which, and of similar changes, there exist well authenticated records.</p>
+
+<p>It is quite probable, that the <i>Irish wake</i> may have originated, in this
+very dread of premature interment, strangely blended with certain
+spiritual fancies, respecting the soul&#8217;s reluctance to quit its tenement
+of clay.</p>
+
+<p>After relating the remarkable story of Asclepiades of Prusa in Bithynia,
+who restored to life an individual, then on his way to the funeral
+pile&mdash;Bayle, vol. ii. p. 379, Lond. 1735, relates the following
+interesting tale. A peasant of Poictou was married to a woman, who, after
+a long fit of sickness, fell into a profound lethargy, which so closely
+resembled death, that the poor people gathered round, and laid out the
+peasant&#8217;s helpmate, for burial. The peasant assumed a becoming expression
+of sorrow, which utterly belied that exceeding great joy, that is natural
+to every man, when he becomes perfectly assured, that the tongue of a
+scolding wife is hushed forever.</p>
+
+<p>The people of that neighborhood were very poor; and, either from economy
+or taste, coffins were not used among them. The corpses were borne to the
+grave, simply enveloped in their shrouds, as we are told, by Castellan, is
+the custom, among the Turks. Those who bore the body, moved,
+inadvertently, rather too near a hedge, at the roadside, and, a sharp
+thorn pricking the leg of the corpse, the trance was broken&mdash;the supposed
+defunct sprang up on end&mdash;and began to scold, as vigorously as ever.</p>
+
+<p>The disappointed peasant had fourteen years more of it. At the expiration
+of that term, the good woman pined away, and appeared to die, once more.
+She was again borne toward the grave. When the bearers drew near to the
+spot, where the remarkable revival had occurred, upon a former occasion,
+the widower became very much excited; and, at length, unable to restrain
+his emotions, audibly exclaimed&mdash;&#8220;<i>don&#8217;t go too near that hedge!</i>&#8221;</p>
+
+<p>In a number of the London Times, for 1821, there is an account of the
+directions, given by an old Irish expert in such matters, who was about to
+die, respecting his own <i>wake</i>&mdash;&#8220;Recollect<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_359" id="Page_359">[Pg 359]</a></span> to put three candles at the
+head of the bed, after ye lay me out, two at the foot, and one at each
+side. Mind now and put a plate with the salt on it, just atop of my
+breast. And d&#8217;ye hear&mdash;have plinty o&#8217; tobacky and pipes enough; and
+remimber to have the punch strong. And&mdash;blundenoons, what the devil&#8217;s the
+use o&#8217; pratin t&#8217;ye&mdash;sure it&#8217;s mysilf knows ye&#8217;ll be after botching it, as
+I&#8217;ll not be there mysel.&#8221;</p>
+
+
+
+<p>&nbsp;</p><p>&nbsp;</p>
+<hr style="width: 50%;" />
+<h2><a name="No_XCII" id="No_XCII"></a>No. XCII.</h2>
+
+
+<p>That man must be an incorrigible <i>fool</i>, who does not, occasionally, like
+the Vicar of Wakefield, find himself growing weary of being always <i>wise</i>.
+In this sense, there are few men of sixty winters, who have not been
+guilty of being over-wise&mdash;of assuming, at some period of their lives, the
+port and majesty of the bird of Minerva&mdash;of exercising that talent, for
+silence and solemnity, ascribed by the French nobleman, as More relates,
+in his travels, to the English nation. A man, thus protected&mdash;dipped, as
+it were, in the waters of Lethe, <i>usque ad calcem</i>&mdash;is truly a pleasant
+fellow. There is no such thing as getting hold of him&mdash;there he is,
+conservative as a tortoise, <i>unguibus retractis</i>. He seems to think the
+exchange of intellectual commodities, entirely out of the question; he
+will have none of your folly, and he holds up his own superlative wisdom,
+as a cow, of consummate resolution, holds up her milk. If society were
+thus composed, what a concert of voices there would be, in unison with
+Job&#8217;s&mdash;<i>we would not live alway</i>. Life would be no other, than a long
+funeral procession&mdash;the dead burying the dead. I am decidedly in favor of
+a cheerful philosophy. Jeremy Taylor says, that, &#8220;<i>the slightest going off
+from a man&#8217;s natural temper is a species of drunkenness</i>.&#8221; There are some
+men, certainly, who seem to think, that total abstinence, from every
+species of merriment, is a wholesome preparative, for a residence in
+Paradise. The Preacher saith of laughter, <i>it is mad, and of mirth, what
+doeth it?</i> But in the very next chapter, he declares, <i>there is a time to
+dance and a time to sing</i>. We are told in the book of Proverbs, that <i>a
+merry heart doeth good, like a medicine</i>.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_360" id="Page_360">[Pg 360]</a></span>There has probably seldom been a wiser man than Democritus of Abdera, who
+was called the laughing philosopher; and of whom Seneca says, in his work
+De Ira, ii. c. 10, <i>Democritum aiunt nunquam sine risu in publico fuisse;
+adeo nihil illi videbatur serium eorum, qu&aelig; serio gerebantur</i>: Democritus
+never appeared in public, without laughter in his countenance; so that
+nothing seemed to affect him seriously, however much so it might affect
+the rest of mankind.&mdash;The Abderites, with some exceptions, thought him
+mad; or, in Beattie&#8217;s words, when describing his minstrel boy&mdash;</p>
+
+<p class="poem">&#8220;Some deem&#8217;d him wondrous wise, and some believ&#8217;d him mad.&#8221;</p>
+
+<p>These Abderites, who were, notoriously, the most stupid of the Thracians,
+looked upon Democritus precisely as the miserable monks, about Oxford,
+looked upon Roger Bacon, in the thirteenth century&mdash;they believed him a
+magician, or a madman.</p>
+
+<p>To laugh and grow fat is a proverb. Whether Democritus grew fat or not, I
+am unable to say; but he died at a great age, having passed one hundred
+years; and he died cheerfully, as he had lived temperately. Lucretius says
+of him, lib. iii. v. 1052&mdash;</p>
+
+<p class="poem">&#8220;<i>Sponte sua letho caput obvius obtulit ipse</i>.&#8221;</p>
+
+<p>The tendency of his philosophy was to ensure longevity. The grand aim and
+end of it all were comprehended, in one word, &#949;&#965;&#966;&#965;&#956;&#953;&#945;, or the
+enjoyment of a tranquil state of mind.</p>
+
+<p>There is much good-natured wisdom, in the command, and in the axiom of
+Horace&mdash;</p>
+
+<p class="poem">&#8220;<i>Misce stultitiam consiliis brevem<br />
+Dulce est desipere in loco</i>&#8221;&mdash;</p>
+
+<p>which means, if an off-hand version will suffice&mdash;</p>
+
+<p class="poem">Mix with your cares a little folly,<br />
+&#8217;Tis pleasant sometimes to be jolly.</p>
+
+<p>One of the most acceptable images, presented by Sir Walter Scott, is that
+of Counsellor Pleydell, perched upon the table, playing at high jinks, who
+compliments Colonel Mannering, by continuing the frolic, and telling him,
+that, if a fool had entered, instead of a man of sense, he should have
+come down immediately.</p>
+
+<p>My New England readers would be very much surprised, if they had any
+personal knowledge of the late excellent and venerable Bishop Griswold, to
+be told, that, among his works, there<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_361" id="Page_361">[Pg 361]</a></span> was an edition of Mother Goose&#8217;s
+Melodies, with <i>prolegomina, not&aelig;, et vari&aelig; lectiones</i>; well&mdash;there is no
+such thing there. But every one knows, that the comic romance of
+Bluebeard, as it is performed on the stage, was written by Bishop Heber,
+and is published in his works. Every one knows that Hannah More wrote
+tolerable plays, and was prevented, by nothing but her sex, from being a
+bishop. Every one knows that bishops and archbishops have done very funny
+things&mdash;<i>in loco</i>. And every one knows, that all this is quite as
+respectable, as being very reverently dull, and wearing the phylactery for
+life&mdash;<i>stand off, for I am stupider than thou</i>.</p>
+
+<p>I have now before me a small octavo volume&mdash;a very <i>bijou</i> of a book, with
+the following title&mdash;<i>Arundines Cami, sive Musarum Cantabrigiensium Lusus
+Canori</i>, and bearing, for its motto&mdash;<i>Equitare in arundine longa</i>. This
+book is printed at Cambridge, England; and I have never seen a more
+beautiful specimen of typography. The work is edited by Henry Drury, Vicar
+of Wilton: and it contains a collection of Greek and Latin versions; by
+Mr. Drury himself, and by several good, holy, and learned men&mdash;Butler,
+late Bishop of Litchfield&mdash;Richard Porson&mdash;Hodgson, S. J. B. of Eton
+College&mdash;Vaughan, Principal of Harrow&mdash;Macaulay&mdash;Hallam&mdash;Law&mdash;and many
+others.</p>
+
+<p>The third edition of this delightful book was published in 1846. And now
+the reader would know something of the originals, which these grave and
+learned men have thought it worthy of their talents and time, to turn into
+Greek and Latin. I scarcely know where to select a specimen, among
+articles, every one of which is prepared, with such exquisite taste, and
+such perfect knowledge of the capabilities of the language employed. Among
+the readers of the Transcript, I happen to know some fair scholars, who
+would relish a Greek epigram, on any subject, as highly, as others enjoy a
+pointed paragraph in English, on the subject of rum and molasses. Here is
+a Greek version of the ditty&mdash;&#8220;What care I how black I be,&#8221; by Mr.
+Hawtrey, Principal of Eton, which I would transcribe, were it not that a
+Greek word, now and then, presented in the common type, suggests to me,
+that you may not have a Greek font. It may be found by those, who are of
+the fancy, on page 49 of the work.</p>
+
+<p>Here is a version by Mr. Hodgson&mdash;how the shrill, thready voice of my dear
+old nurse rings in my ears, while reading the original! God reward her
+kind, untiring spirit&mdash;she has gone<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_362" id="Page_362">[Pg 362]</a></span> where little Pickles cease from
+troubling, and where weary nurses are at rest:&mdash;</p>
+
+<p class="poem"><span style="margin-left: 2em;">Pat a cake, pat a cake, baker&#8217;s man,</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">So I do, master, as fast as I can.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">Pat it, and prick it, and mark it with C,</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">Then it will answer for Charley and me.</span><br />
+<br />
+Tunde mihi dulcem pistor, mihi tunde farinam.<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">Tunditur, O rapida tunditur illa manu.</span><br />
+Punge decenter acu, tituloque inscribe magistri;<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">Sic mihi, Carolulo, sic erit esca meo.</span></p>
+
+<p>The contributions of Mr. H. Drury, the editor, are inferior to none&mdash;</p>
+
+<p class="poem">There was an old man in Tobago,<br />
+Who liv&#8217;d on rice gruel and sago;<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Till, much to his bliss,</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">His physician said this:</span><br />
+&#8216;To a leg, sir, of mutton you may go.&#8217;<br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">Senex &aelig;ger in Tarento</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">De oryxa et pulmento</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">Vili vixerat invento;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 3em;">Donec medicus</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">Seni inquit valde l&aelig;to,</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">&#8216;Senex &aelig;ger, o gaudeto,</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">Crus ovinum, jam non veto</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 3em;">Tibi benedicus.&#8217;</span></p>
+
+<p>Decidedly the most felicitous, though by no means the most elaborate in
+the volume, is the following, which is also by the editor, Mr. Drury&mdash;</p>
+
+<p class="poem">Hey diddle diddle! The cat and the fiddle!<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">The cow jumped over the moon;</span><br />
+The little dog laughed to see such sport;<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">And the dish ran away with the spoon.</span><br />
+<br />
+Hei didulum&mdash;atque iterum didulum! Felisque fidesque!<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Vacca super lun&aelig; cornua prosiluit.</span><br />
+Nescio qua catulus risit dulcedine ludi;<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Abstulit et turpi lanx cochleare fuga.</span></p>
+
+<p>A Latin version of Goldsmith&#8217;s mad dog, by H. J. Hodgson, is very clever,
+and there are some on solemn subjects, and of a higher order.</p>
+
+<p>How sturdily these little ditties, the works of authors dead, buried, and
+unknown, have breasted the current of time! I had rather be the author of
+<i>Hush-a-bye baby, upon the tree top</i>, than of Joel Barlow&#8217;s Vision of
+Columbus&mdash;for, though I have always perceived the propriety of putting
+babies to sleep, at proper times,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_363" id="Page_363">[Pg 363]</a></span> I have never entirely appreciated the
+wisdom of doing the very same thing to adults, at all hours of the day.</p>
+
+<p>What powerful resurrectionists these nursery melodies are! Moll Pitcher of
+Endor had not a greater power over the dry bones of Samuel, than has the
+ring of some one of these little chimes, to bring before us, with all the
+freshness of years ago, that good old soul, who sat with her knitting
+beside us, and rocked our cradle, and watched our progress from petticoats
+to breeches; and gave notice of the first tooth; and the earliest words;
+and faithfully reported, from day to day, all our marvellous achievements,
+to one, who, had she been a queen, would have given us her sceptre for a
+hoop stick.</p>
+
+
+
+<p>&nbsp;</p><p>&nbsp;</p>
+<hr style="width: 50%;" />
+<h2><a name="No_XCIII" id="No_XCIII"></a>No. XCIII.</h2>
+
+
+<p>Byles is a patronymic of extraordinary rarity. It will be sought for,
+without success, in the voluminous record of Alexander Chalmers. It is not
+in the Biographia Britannica; though, even there, we may, occasionally,
+discover names, which, according to Cowper, were not born for
+immortality&mdash;</p>
+
+<p class="poem">&#8220;<i>Oh fond attempt to give a deathless lot<br />
+To names ignoble, born to be forgot!</i>&#8221;</p>
+
+<p>Even in that conservative record of choice spirits, the Boston Directory
+for 1849, this patronymic is nowhere to be found.</p>
+
+<p>Henry Byles came from Sarum in England; and settled at Salisbury in this
+Commonwealth, as early as 1640. I am not aware, that any individual,
+particularly eminent, and bearing this uncommon name, has ever existed
+among us, excepting that eccentric clergyman, who, within the bounds of
+our little peninsula, at least, is still occasionally mentioned, as &#8220;<i>the
+celebrated Mather Byles</i>.&#8221; I am aware, that he had a son, who bore the
+father&#8217;s pr&aelig;nomen, and graduated at Harvard, in 1751; became a doctor of
+divinity, in 1770; was a minister, in New London, and dismissed from his
+charge, in 1769; officiated, as an Episcopal clergyman, in Boston, for
+several years; went to St. Johns, N. B., at the time of the revolution;
+officiated there; and died, March 12, 1814.</p>
+
+<p>But my dealings, this evening, are with &#8220;<i>the celebrated Mather<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_364" id="Page_364">[Pg 364]</a></span> Byles</i>,&#8221;
+who was born of worthy parents, in the town of Boston, March 26, 1706. His
+father was an Englishman. Through the maternal line, he had John Cotton
+and Richard Mather, for his ancestors. He graduated, at Harvard, in 1725;
+was settled at the Hollis Street Church, Dec. 20, 1733; created D. D. at
+Aberdeen, in 1765; was, on account of his toryism, separated from his
+people, in 1776; and died of paralysis, July 5, 1788, at the age of 82. He
+was twice married; a niece of Governor Belcher was his first, and the
+daughter of Lieut. Governor Tailer, his second wife.</p>
+
+<p>I should be faithless, indeed, were I to go forward, without one passing
+word, for precious memory, in regard to those two perennial damsels, the
+daughters of Dr. Byles. How many visitations, at that ancient manse in
+Nassau Street! To how many of the sex&mdash;young&mdash;aye, and of no particular
+age&mdash;it has occurred, at the nick of time, when there was nothing under
+Heaven else to be done, to exclaim&mdash;&#8220;What an excellent occasion, for a
+visit to Katy and Polly!&#8221; And the visit was paid; and the descendants of
+&#8220;<i>the celebrated Mather Byles</i>&#8221; were so glad to see the visitors&mdash;and it
+was so long since their last visit&mdash;and it must not be so long again&mdash;and
+then the old stories, over and over, for the thousandth time&mdash;and the
+concerted merriment of these amiable visitors, as if the tales were quite
+as new, as the year itself, upon the first January morn&mdash;and the filial
+delights, that beamed upon the features of these vestals, at the effect,
+produced, by the recitation of stories, which really seemed to be made of
+that very <i>everlasting</i> of which the breeches of our ancestors were
+made&mdash;and then the exhibition of those relics, and <i>heir looms</i>, or what
+remained of them, after some thirty years&#8217; presentation to all comers,
+which, in one way and another, were associated with the memory of &#8220;<i>the
+celebrated Mather Byles</i>,&#8221;&mdash;and then the oh don&#8217;t gos&mdash;and oh fly not
+yets&mdash;and when will you come agains!</p>
+
+<p>The question naturally arises, and, rather distrustingly, demands an
+answer&mdash;what was &#8220;<i>the celebrated Mather Byles</i>&#8221;&mdash;celebrated for? In the
+first place, he was <i>Sanct&aelig; Theologi&aelig; Doctor</i>. But his degree was from
+Aberdeen; and the Scotch colleges, at that period, were not particularly
+coy. With a cousin at court, and a little gold in hand, it was somewhat
+less difficult, for a clergyman, without very great learning, or talent,
+to obtain a doctorate, at Aberdeen, in 1765, than for a<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_365" id="Page_365">[Pg 365]</a></span> camel, of unusual
+proportions, to go through the eye of a very small needle. Even in our
+cis-atlantic colleges, these bestowments do not always serve to mark
+degrees of merit, with infallible accuracy&mdash;for God&#8217;s sun does not more
+certainly shine, upon the just and upon the unjust, than doctorates have,
+in some cases, fallen upon wise men, and upon fools. That, which, charily
+and conservatively bestowed, may well be accounted an honor, necessarily
+loses its value, by diffusion and prostitution. Not many years ago, the
+worthy president of one of our colleges, being asked, how it happened,
+that a doctorate of divinity had been given to a certain person of
+ordinary talents, and very little learning; replied, with infinite
+<i>naivet&eacute;</i>&mdash;&#8220;<i>Why &mdash;&mdash; had it; and &mdash;&mdash; had it; and &mdash;&mdash; had it; and we
+didn&#8217;t like to hurt his feelings</i>.&#8221;</p>
+
+<p>Let us not consider the claims of Mather Byles as definitely settled, by
+the faculty at Aberdeen.&mdash;He corresponded with Pope, and with Lansdowne,
+and with Watts. The works of the latter were sent to him, by the author,
+from time to time; and, among the treasures, highly prized by the family,
+was a presentation copy, in quarto, from Pope, of his translation of the
+Odyssey. This correspondence, however, so far as I was ever able to gather
+information from the daughters, many years ago, did not amount to much;
+the letters were very few, and very far between; on the one side
+complimentary, and bearing congratulations upon the occasion of some
+recent literary success; and, on the other, fraught with grateful
+civility; and accompanied, as is often the case, with copies of some of
+the author&#8217;s productions.</p>
+
+<p>Let me here present a somewhat disconnected anecdote: At the sale of the
+library of Dr. Byles, a large folio Bible, in French, was purchased, by a
+private individual. This Bible had been presented to the French Protestant
+Church, in Boston, by Queen Anne; and, at the time, when it came to the
+hands of Dr. Byles, was the last relic of that church, whose visible
+temple had been erected in School Street, about 1716. Whoever desires to
+know more of these French Protestants, may turn to the &#8220;Memoir,&#8221; by Dr.
+Holmes, or to vol. xxii. p. 62, of the Massachusetts Historical
+Collections.</p>
+
+<p>Dr. Byles wrote, in prose and verse, and quite <i>respectably</i> in both.
+There is not more of the spirit of poetry, however, in his metrical
+compositions, than in his performances in prose. His versification was
+easy, and the style of his prose works was <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_366" id="Page_366">[Pg 366]</a></span>unaffected; his sentences were
+usually short, and never rendered unintelligible, by the multiplication of
+adjuncts, or by any affectation of sententious brevity. Yet nothing, that
+I have ever met with, from the pen of Dr. Byles, is particularly
+remarkable for its elegance; and it is in vain to look, among such of his
+writings, as have been preserved, for the evidences of extraordinary
+powers of thought. Some dozen of his published sermons are still extant.
+We have also several of his essays, in the New England Weekly Journal; a
+poem on the death of George I., and the accession of George II., in 1727;
+a sort of monodial address to Governor Belcher, on the death of his lady;
+a poem called the Conflagration; and a volume of metrical matters,
+published in 1744.</p>
+
+<p>If his celebrity had depended upon these and other literary labors, he
+would scarcely have won the appellation of &#8220;<i>the celebrated Mather
+Byles</i>.&#8221;</p>
+
+<p>The <i>correspondent</i> of Byles, Isaac Watts, never imagined, that the time
+would arrive, when his own voluminous lyrics and his address to &#8220;<i>Great
+Gouge</i>,&#8221; would be classed, in the <i>Materia Poetica</i>, as soporifics, and
+scarcely find one, so poor, as to do them reverence; while millions of
+lisping tongues still continued to repeat, from age to age, till the
+English language should be forgotten,</p>
+
+<p class="poem">&#8220;Let dogs delight<br />
+To bark and bite,<br />
+For God hath made them so;<br />
+Let bears and lions<br />
+Growl and fight,<br />
+For &#8217;tis their nature to.&#8221;</p>
+
+<p>Dr. Byles himself could not have imagined, while putting the finishing
+hand to &#8220;<i>The Conflagration</i>,&#8221; that, if he had embarked his hopes of
+reaching posterity, in that heavy bottom, they must surely have foundered,
+in the gulf of oblivion&mdash;and that, after all, he would be wafted down the
+stream of time, to distant ages, astride, as it were, upon a feather&mdash;and
+that what he could never have accomplished, by his grave discourses, and
+elaborate, poetical labors, would be so certainly and signally achieved,
+by the never-to-be-forgotten quips, and cranks, and bon mots, and puns,
+and funny sayings, and comical doings of the reverend pastor of the Hollis
+Street Church.</p>
+
+<p>The reader must not do so great injustice to Dr. Byles, as to suppose,
+that he mingled together <i>sacra profanis</i>, or was in the<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_367" id="Page_367">[Pg 367]</a></span> habit of
+exhibiting, in the pulpit, that frolicsome vein, which was, in him, as
+congenital, as is the tendency, in a fish, to swim in water.</p>
+
+<p>The sentiment of Horace applies not here&mdash;</p>
+
+<p class="poem">&mdash;&mdash;&mdash;&mdash;&mdash;&mdash;ridentem dicere verum<br />
+Quid vetat?</p>
+
+<p>The serious writings of Dr. Byles are singularly free from everything,
+suggestive of frivolous association. In his pulpit, there was none of it;
+not a jot; while, out of it, unless on solemn occasions, there was very
+little else. I have heard from those, who knew him well, that he ransacked
+the whole vocabulary, in search of the materials for punning. Yet of his
+attempts, in this species of humor, few examples are remembered. The
+specimens of the wit and humor of this eccentric divine, which have been
+preserved, are often of a different character; and not a few of them of
+that description, which are called practical jokes. Some of these
+pleasantries were exceedingly clever, and others supremely ridiculous. It
+is now more than half a century, since I listened to the first, amusing
+anecdote of Mather Byles. Many have reached me since&mdash;some of them quite
+as clever, as any we have ever had&mdash;I will not say from Foote, or Hook, or
+Matthews; for such unclerical comparisons would be particularly
+odious&mdash;but quite as clever as anything from Jonathan Swift, or Sydney
+Smith. Suppose I convert my next number into a penny box, for the
+collection and safe keeping of these petty records&mdash;I know they are below
+the dignity of history&mdash;so is a very large proportion of all the thoughts,
+words, and actions of Kings and Emperors&mdash;I&#8217;ll think of it.</p>
+
+
+
+<p>&nbsp;</p><p>&nbsp;</p>
+<hr style="width: 50%;" />
+<h2><a name="No_XCIV" id="No_XCIV"></a>No. XCIV.</h2>
+
+
+<p>There were political sympathies, during the American Revolution, between
+that eminent physician and excellent man, Dr. James Lloyd, and Mather
+Byles; yet, some forty-three years ago, I heard Dr. Lloyd remark, that, in
+company, the Reverend Mather Byles was a most troublesome puppy; and that
+there was no peace for his punning. Dr. Lloyd was, doubtless, of opinion,
+with Lord Kaimes, who remarked, in relation to this inveterate habit, that
+few might object to a little salt upon their<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_368" id="Page_368">[Pg 368]</a></span> plates, but the man must
+have an extraordinary appetite, who could make a meal of it.</p>
+
+<p>The daily employment of our mental powers, for the discovery of words,
+which agree in sound, but differ in sense, is a species of intellectual
+huckstering, well enough adapted to the capacities of those, who are unfit
+for business, on a larger scale. If this occupation could be made <i>to
+pay</i>, many an oysterman would be found, forsaking his calling, and
+successfully competing with those, who will not suffer ten words to be
+uttered, in their company, without converting five of them, at least, to
+this preposterous purpose.</p>
+
+<p>No conversation can be so grave, or so solemn, as to secure it from the
+rude and impertinent interruption of some one of these pleasant fellows;
+who seem to employ their little gift upon the community, as a species of
+laughing gas. A little of this may be well enough; but, like musk, in the
+gross, it is absolutely suffocating.</p>
+
+<p>The first story, that I ever heard, of Mather Byles, was related, at my
+father&#8217;s table, by the Rev. Dr. Belknap, in 1797, the year before he died.
+It was upon a Saturday; and Dr. John Clarke and some other gentlemen,
+among whom I well remember Major General Lincoln, ate their salt fish
+there, that day. I was a boy; and I remember their mirth, when, after Dr.
+Belknap had told the story, I said to our minister, Dr. Clarke, near whom
+I was eating my apple, that I wished he was half as funny a minister, as
+Dr. Byles.</p>
+
+<p>Upon a Fast day, Dr. Byles had negotiated an exchange, with a country
+clergyman. Upon the appointed morning, each of them&mdash;for vehicles were not
+common then&mdash;proceeded, on horseback, to his respective place of
+appointment. Dr. Byles no sooner observed his brother clergyman
+approaching, at a distance, than he applied the whip; put his horse into a
+gallop; and, with his canonicals flying all abroad, passed his friend, at
+full run. &#8220;<i>What is the matter?</i>&#8221; he exclaimed, raising his hand in
+astonishment&mdash;&#8220;<i>Why so fast, brother Byles?</i>&#8221;&mdash;to which the Dr., without
+slackening his speed, replied, over his shoulder&mdash;&#8220;<i>It is Fast day!</i>&#8221;</p>
+
+<p>This is, unquestionably, very funny&mdash;but it is surely undesirable, for a
+consecrated servant of the Lord, thus lavishly to sacrifice, upon the
+altars of Momus.</p>
+
+<p>The distillery of Thomas Hill was at the corner of Essex and<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_369" id="Page_369">[Pg 369]</a></span> South
+Streets, not far from Dr. Belknap&#8217;s residence in Lincoln Street. Dr. Byles
+called on Mr. Hill, and inquired&mdash;&#8220;Do you still?&#8221;&mdash;&#8220;That is my business,&#8221;
+Mr. Hill replied.&mdash;&#8220;Then,&#8221; said Dr. Byles&mdash;&#8220;will you go with me, and still
+my wife?&#8221;</p>
+
+<p>As he was once occupied, in nailing some list upon his doors, to exclude
+the cold, a parishioner said to him&mdash;&#8220;the wind bloweth wheresoever it
+listeth, Dr. Byles.&#8221;&mdash;&#8220;Yes sir,&#8221; replied the Dr. &#8220;and man listeth,
+wheresoever the wind bloweth.&#8221;</p>
+
+<p>He was intimate with General Knox, who was a bookseller, before the war.
+When the American troops took possession of the town, after the
+evacuation, Knox, who had become quite corpulent, marched in, at the head
+of his artillery. As he passed on, Byles, who thought himself privileged,
+on old scores, exclaimed, loud enough to be heard&mdash;&#8220;<i>I never saw an ox
+fatter in my life</i>.&#8221; But Knox was not in the vein. He felt offended by
+this freedom, especially from Byles, who was then well known to be a tory;
+and replied, in uncourtly terms, that he was a &#8220;&mdash;&mdash; fool.&#8221;</p>
+
+<p>In May, 1777, Dr. Byles was arrested, as a tory, and subsequently tried,
+convicted, and sentenced to confinement, on board a guard ship, and to be
+sent to England with his family, in forty days. This sentence was changed,
+by the board of war, to confinement in his own house. A guard was placed
+over him. After a time, the sentinel was removed&mdash;afterwards replaced&mdash;and
+again removed&mdash;when the Dr. exclaimed, that <i>he had been
+guarded&mdash;regarded&mdash;and disregarded</i>. He called his sentry his
+<i>observ-a-tory</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Perceiving, one morning, that the sentinel, a simple fellow, was absent,
+and seeing Dr. Byles himself, pacing before his own door, with a musket on
+his shoulder, the neighbors stepped over, to inquire the cause&mdash;&#8220;<i>You
+see</i>,&#8221; said the Dr., &#8220;<i>I begged the sentinel to let me go for some milk
+for my family, but he would not suffer me to stir. I reasoned the matter
+with him; and he has gone, himself, to get it for me, on condition that I
+keep guard in his absence.</i>&#8221;</p>
+
+<p>When he was very poor, and had no money to waste on follies, he caused the
+little room, in which he read and wrote, to be painted brown, that he
+might say to every visitor&mdash;&#8220;<i>You see I am in a brown study</i>.&#8221;</p>
+
+<p>His family, having gone to rest, were roused one night, by the reiterated
+cry of <i>thieves!&mdash;thieves!</i> in the doctor&#8217;s loudest<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_370" id="Page_370">[Pg 370]</a></span> voice&mdash;the wife and
+daughters sprang instantly from their beds, and rushed into the
+room&mdash;there sat the Dr. alone, in his study chair&mdash;&#8220;<i>Where, father?</i>&#8221;
+cried the astonished family&mdash;&#8220;<i>there!</i>&#8221; he exclaimed, pointing to the
+candles.</p>
+
+<p>One bitter December night, he called his daughters from their bed, simply
+to inquire if they lay warm.</p>
+
+<p>He had a small collection of curiosities. Some visitors called, one
+morning; and Mrs. Byles, unwilling to be found at her ironing board, and
+desiring to hide herself, as she would not be so caught, by these ladies,
+for the world, the doctor put her in a closet, and buttoned her in. After
+a few remarks, the ladies expressed a wish to see the Dr&#8217;s curiosities,
+which he proceeded to exhibit; and, after entertaining them very
+agreeably, for several hours, he told them he had kept the greatest
+curiosity to the last; and, proceeding to the closet, unbuttoned the door,
+and exhibited Mrs. Byles.</p>
+
+<p>He had complained, long, often, and fruitlessly, to the selectmen, of a
+quagmire, in front of his dwelling. One morning, two of the fathers of the
+town, after a violent rain, passing with their chaise, became stuck in
+this bog. As they were striving to extricate themselves, and pulling to
+the right and to the left, the doctor came forth, and bowing, with great
+politeness, exclaimed&mdash;&#8220;<i>I am delighted, gentlemen, to see you stirring in
+this matter, at last</i>.&#8221;</p>
+
+<p>A candidate for fame proposed to fly, from the North Church steeple, and
+had already mounted, and was clapping his wings, to the great delight of
+the mob. Dr. Byles, mingling with the crowd, inquired what was the object
+of the gathering&mdash;&#8220;<i>We have come, sir</i>,&#8221; said some one, &#8220;<i>to see a man
+fly</i>.&#8221;&mdash;&#8220;<i>Poh, poh</i>,&#8221; replied the doctor, &#8220;<i>I have seen a horse-fly</i>.&#8221;</p>
+
+<p>A gentleman sent Dr. Byles a barrel of very fine oysters. Meeting the
+gentleman&#8217;s wife, an hour or two after, in the street, the doctor assumed
+an air of great severity, and told her, that he had, that morning, been
+treated, by her husband, in a most <i>Billingsgate</i> manner, and then
+abruptly left her. The lady, who was of a nervous temperament, went home
+in tears, and was quite miserable, till her husband returned, at noon, and
+explained the occurrence; but was so much offended with the doctor&#8217;s
+folly, that he cut his acquaintance.</p>
+
+<p>A poor fellow, in agony with the toothache, meeting the doctor, asked him
+where he should go, to have it drawn. The doctor<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_371" id="Page_371">[Pg 371]</a></span> gave him a direction to
+a particular street and number. The man went, as directed; and, when the
+occupant came to the door, told him that Dr. Byles had sent him there, to
+have his tooth drawn. &#8220;<i>This is a poor joke, for Dr. Byles</i>,&#8221; said the
+gentleman; &#8220;<i>I am not a dentist, but a portrait painter&mdash;it will give you
+little comfort, my friend, to have me draw your tooth</i>.&#8221; Dr. Byles had
+sent the poor fellow to Copley.</p>
+
+<p>Upon the 19th of May, 1780, the memorable dark day, a lady wrote to the
+doctor as follows&mdash;&#8220;<i>Dear doctor, how do you account for this darkness?</i>&#8221;
+and received his immediate reply&mdash;&#8220;<i>Dear Madam, I am as much in the dark,
+as you are</i>.&#8221; This, for sententious brevity, has never been surpassed,
+unless by the correspondence, between the comedian, Sam Foote, and his
+mother&mdash;&#8220;<i>Dear Sam, I&#8217;m in jail</i>&#8221;&mdash;&#8220;<i>Dear Mother, So am I.</i>&#8221;</p>
+
+<p>He had, at one time, a remarkably stupid, and literal, Irish girl, as a
+domestic. With a look and voice of terror, he said to her, in haste&mdash;&#8220;<i>Go
+and say to your mistress, Dr. Byles has put an end to himself</i>.&#8221; The girl
+flew up stairs, and, with a face of horror, exclaimed, at the top of her
+lungs&mdash;&#8220;<i>Dr. Byles has put an end to himself!</i>&#8221; The astonished wife and
+daughters rushed into the parlor&mdash;and there was the doctor, calmly walking
+about, with a part of a cow&#8217;s tail, that he had picked up, in the street,
+tied to his coat, or cassock, behind.</p>
+
+<p>From the time of the stamp act, in 1765, to the period of the revolution,
+the cry had been repeated, in every form of phraseology, that our
+<i>grievances</i> should be <i>redressed</i>. One fine morning, when the multitude
+had gathered on the Common, to see a regiment of red coats, paraded there,
+who had recently arrived&mdash;&#8220;<i>Well</i>,&#8221; said the doctor, gazing at the
+spectacle, &#8220;<i>I think we can no longer complain</i>, that our <i>grievances</i> are
+not <i>red dressed</i>.&#8221; &#8220;<i>True,</i>&#8221; said one of the laughers, who were standing
+near, &#8220;<i>but you have two ds, Dr. Byles</i>.&#8221; &#8220;<i>To be sure, sir, I have</i>,&#8221; the
+doctor instantly replied, &#8220;I had them from <i>Aberdeen</i>, in 1765.&#8221;</p>
+
+<p>These pleasantries will, probably, survive &#8220;<span class="smcap">The Conflagration</span>.&#8221; Had not
+this eccentric man possessed some very excellent and amiable qualities, he
+could not have maintained his clerical relation to the Hollis-Street
+Church and Society, for three and forty years, from 1733 to 1776; and have
+separated from them, at last, for political considerations alone.</p>
+
+<p>Had his talents and his influence been greater than they were, the
+peculiarities, to which I have alluded, would have been a<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_372" id="Page_372">[Pg 372]</a></span> theme, for
+deeper deprecation. The eccentricities of eminent men are mischievous, in
+the ratio of their eminence; for thousands, who cannot rival their
+excellencies, are often the successful imitators of their peculiarities
+and follies.</p>
+
+<p>I never sympathized with that worthy, old lady, who became satisfied, that
+Dr. Beecher was a terrible hypocrite, and without a spark of vital
+religion, because she saw him, from her window, on the Lord&#8217;s day, in his
+back yard, gymnasticising, on a pole, in the intermission season; and
+thereby invigorating his powers, for the due performance of the evening
+services. Yet, as character is power, and as the children of this
+generation have a devilish pleasure in detecting inconsistencies, between
+the practice and the profession of the children of light&mdash;it is ever to be
+deplored, that clergymen should hazard one iota of their clerical
+respectability, for the love of fun; and it speaks marvels, for the moral
+and religious worth of Mather Byles, and for the forbearance,
+intelligence, and discrimination of his parishioners, that, for
+three-and-forty years, he maintained his ministerial position, in their
+midst, cutting such wild, unpriestly capers, and giving utterance to such
+amusing fooleries, from morning to night.</p>
+
+
+
+<p>&nbsp;</p><p>&nbsp;</p>
+<hr style="width: 50%;" />
+<h2><a name="No_XCV" id="No_XCV"></a>No. XCV.</h2>
+
+
+<p>I have already referred to the subject of being buried alive. There is
+something very terrible in the idea; and I am compelled, by some recent
+information, to believe, that occurrences of this distressing nature are
+more common, than I have hitherto supposed them to be.</p>
+
+<p>Not long ago, I fell into the society of a veteran, maiden lady, who, in
+the course of her evening revelations of the gossip she had gathered in
+the morning, informed the company, that an entire family, consisting of a
+husband, wife, and seven children, were buried alive.</p>
+
+<p>You have heard, or read, I doubt not, of that eminent French surgeon, who,
+while standing by the bedside of his dying friend and patron, utterly
+forgot all his professional cares and duties, in his exceeding great joy,
+at beholding, for the first time in his<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_373" id="Page_373">[Pg 373]</a></span> life, the genuine Sardonic grin,
+exhibited upon the distorted features of his dying benefactor. For a
+moment, my sincere sorrow, for the terrible fate of this interesting
+family, was utterly forgotten, in the delight I experienced, at the
+prospect of receiving such an interesting item, for my dealings with the
+dead.</p>
+
+<p>My tablets were out, in an instant&mdash;and, drawing my chair near that of
+this communicative lady, I requested a relation of all the particulars. My
+astonishment was very much increased, when she asserted, that they had
+actually buried themselves&mdash;and my utter disappointment&mdash;as an artist&mdash;can
+scarcely be conceived, when she added, that the whole family had gone to
+reside permanently in the country, giving up plays, concerts, balls,
+soirees and operas.</p>
+
+<p>Putting up my tablets, with a feeling of displeasure, illy concealed, I
+ventured to suggest, that opportunities, for intellectual improvement,
+were not wanting in the country; and that, perhaps, this worthy family
+preferred the enjoyment of rural quiet, to the miscellaneous cries of
+fire&mdash;oysters&mdash;and murder. She replied, that she had rather be murdered
+outright, than live in the country&mdash;listen to the frogs, from morning to
+night&mdash;and watch the progress of cucumbers and squashes.</p>
+
+<p>Seriously, this matter of being buried alive, is very unpleasant. The
+dead, the half-dead, and the dying, were brutally neglected, in the
+earlier days of Greece. Diogenes Laertius, lib. 8, <i>de vita et moribus
+philosophorum</i>, relates, that Empedocles, having restored Ponthia, a woman
+of Agrigentum, to life, who was on the point of being buried, laws began
+to be enacted, for the protection of the apparent dead. At Athens, no one
+could be buried, before the third day; and, commonly, throughout all
+Greece, burial and cremation were deferred, till the sixth or seventh day.
+Alexander kept Hephestion&#8217;s body, till the tenth day. I have referred, in
+a former number, to the remarkable cases of Aviola and the Pr&aelig;tor Lamia,
+who revived, after being placed on the funeral pile. Another Pr&aelig;tor,
+Tubero, was saved, at the moment, when the torch was about to be applied.
+I have also alluded to the act of Asclepiades, who, in disregard of the
+ridicule of the bystanders, stopped a funeral procession, and reanimated
+the body, about to be burnt.</p>
+
+<p>A perusal of the <i>Somnium Scipionis</i>, and of the accounts of Hildanus,
+Camerarius, and Horstius&mdash;of Plato, in his Republic&mdash;and<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_374" id="Page_374">[Pg 374]</a></span> of Valerius
+Maximus, will satisfy the reader, that premature burials were, by no
+means, uncommon, of old.</p>
+
+<p>The idea of reviving in one&#8217;s coffin&mdash;one of Fisk and Raymond&#8217;s &#8220;<i>Patent
+Metallic Burial Cases, Air-Tight and Indestructible</i>&#8221;&mdash;is really awful!
+How truly, upon such an awakening as this, the wretch must wish he had
+been born a savage&mdash;a Mandan of the upper Missouri&mdash;neither to be burnt
+nor buried&mdash;but placed upon a mat, supported by poles&mdash;aloof from the
+accursed wolves and undertakers&mdash;with a reasonable supply of pemmican and
+corncake, and a calabash of water, by his side!</p>
+
+<p>The dread of such an occurrence has induced some very sensible people, to
+prefer cremation to earth and tomb burial. Of this we have a remarkable
+example, in our own country. An infant daughter of Henry Laurens, the
+first President of Congress, had, to all appearance, died of the small
+pox. She was, accordingly, laid out, and prepared for the grave. A window,
+which, during her illness, had been kept carefully closed, having been
+opened after the body was shrouded, and a stream of air blowing freshly
+into the apartment, the child revived, and the robes of death were
+joyfully exchanged, for her ordinary garments. This event naturally
+produced a strong impression, upon the father&#8217;s mind. By his will, Mr.
+Laurens enjoined it upon his children, as a solemn duty, that his body
+should be burnt; and this injunction was duly fulfilled.</p>
+
+<p>In former numbers, I have referred the reader to various authorities, upon
+this interesting subject. I will offer a brief quotation from a sensible
+writer&mdash;&#8220;According to the present usage, as soon as the semblance of death
+appears, the chamber is deserted, by friends, relatives, and physicians,
+and the apparently dead, though frequently living, body is committed to
+the management of an ignorant or unfeeling nurse, whose care extends no
+further than laying the limbs straight, and securing her accustomed
+perquisites. The bed clothes are immediately removed, and the body is
+exposed to the air. This, <i>when cold</i>, must extinguish any spark of life,
+that may remain, and which, by a different treatment, might have been
+kindled into a flame; or it may only continue to repress it, and the
+unhappy person revive amidst the horrors of the tomb.&#8221;&mdash;&#8220;Coldness,
+heaviness of the body, a leaden, livid color, with a yellowness in the
+visage,&#8221; says the same author, &#8220;are all very uncertain signs.&#8221; Mr.
+Zimmerman observed them all, upon the body of a criminal, who<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_375" id="Page_375">[Pg 375]</a></span> fainted,
+through the dread of the punishment he had merited. He was shaken, dragged
+about, and turned, in the same manner dead bodies are, without the least
+sign of resistance: and yet, at the end of twenty-four hours, he was
+recalled to life, by means of volatile alkali.</p>
+
+<p>In 1777, Dr. William Hawes, the founder of the Humane Society in London,
+published an address, on premature interment. This is a curious and
+valuable performance. I cannot here withhold the statement, that this
+excellent man, before the formation of the Humane Society, for several
+years, offered rewards, and paid them from his own purse, for the rescue
+of persons from drowning, between Westminster and London bridge. Dr. Hawes
+remarks, that the appearance of death has often been mistaken for the
+reality, in apoplectic, and fainting fits, and those, arising from any
+violent agitation of the mind, and from the free use of opium and
+spirituous liquors. Children, he observes, have often been restored, who
+have apparently died in convulsions. In case of fevers, in weak habits, or
+when the cure has been chiefly attempted, by means of depletion, the
+patient often sinks into a state, resembling death; and the friends, in
+the opinion of Dr. Hawes, have been fatally deceived. In small pox, he
+remarks, when the pustules sink, and death apparently ensues, means of
+restoration should by no means be neglected.</p>
+
+<p>In Lord Bacon&#8217;s <i>Historia Vit&aelig; et Mortis</i>, a passage occurs,
+commencing&mdash;&#8220;Complura fuerunt exempla hominum, tanquam mortuorum, aut
+expositorum e lecto, aut delatorum ad funus, quinetiam nonnullorum in
+terra conditorum, qui nihilominus revixerunt,&#8221; etc. But the passage is
+rather long, and in a dead language; and my professional experience has
+admonished me to be economical of space, and to occupy, for every dead
+subject, long or short, as little room, as possible. I therefore give an
+English version, of whose sufficiency the reader may judge, by glancing at
+the original, vol. viii. p. 447, Lond. 1824.&mdash;There were many examples,
+says Lord Bacon, of men, supposed to be dead, taken from their beds as
+corpses, or borne to their graves, some of them actually buried, who,
+nevertheless, revived. This fact, in regard to such as were buried, has
+been proved, upon re-opening their graves; by the bruises and wounds upon
+their heads; and by the manifest evidences of tossing about, and
+struggling in their coffins. John Scott, a man of genius, and a scholar,
+furnishes a very recent and remarkable example; who,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_376" id="Page_376">[Pg 376]</a></span> shortly after his
+burial, was disinterred, and found, in that condition, by his servant, who
+was absent at the time of Mr. Scott&#8217;s interment, and well acquainted, it
+seems, with those symptoms of catalepsy, to which he was liable.</p>
+
+<p>A like event happened, in my time, to a play-actor, buried at Cambridge. I
+remember the account, given me by a clever fellow, who being full of
+frolic, and desirous of knowing what were the feelings of persons, who
+were hanging, suspended himself to a beam, and let himself drop, thinking
+that he could lay hold on the beam, when he chose. This, however, he was
+unable to do; but, luckily, he was relieved by a companion. Upon being
+interrogated, he replied, that he had not been sensible of any pain&mdash;that,
+at first, a sort of fire and flashing came about his eyes&mdash;then extreme
+darkness and shadows&mdash;and, lastly, a sort of pale blue color, like that of
+the ocean. I have heard a physician, now living, say, that, by frictions
+and the warm bath, he had brought a man to life, who had hanged himself,
+and remained suspended, for half an hour. The same physician used to say,
+that he believed any one might be recovered, who had been suspended no
+longer, unless his neck was broken. Such is a version of Lord Bacon&#8217;s
+statement.</p>
+
+<p>In the Gentleman&#8217;s Magazine, for 1834, page 475, the following account is
+given of the feelings, during the process of hanging, by one, who was
+restored&mdash;&#8220;The preparations were dreadful, beyond all expression. On being
+dropped, he found himself midst fields and rivers of blood, which
+gradually acquired a greenish tinge; and imagined, if he could reach a
+certain spot in the same, he should be easy. He struggled forcibly to
+attain this, and felt no more.&#8221;</p>
+
+
+
+<p>&nbsp;</p><p>&nbsp;</p>
+<hr style="width: 50%;" />
+<h2><a name="No_XCVI" id="No_XCVI"></a>No. XCVI.</h2>
+
+
+<p>It were greatly to be desired, that every driver of brute animals, Guinea
+negroes, and hard bargains, since he will not be a Christian, should be a
+Pythagorean. The doctrine of the metempsychosis would, doubtless, instil a
+salutary terror into his mind; and soften the harshness of his character,
+by creating a dread of being, himself, spavined and wind-galled, through
+all<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_377" id="Page_377">[Pg 377]</a></span> eternity; or destined to suffer from the lash, which he has
+mercilessly laid upon the slave; or condemned to endure that hard measure,
+which he has meted, in this world, to the miserable debtor.</p>
+
+<p>This opinion, which Pythagoras is said to have borrowed from the
+Egyptians, or, as some assert, from the Brachmans, makes the chief basis
+of religion, among the Banians and others, in India and China, at the
+present day; and is the cause of their great aversion to take the life of
+brute animals, and even insects. The accidental destruction of any living
+thing produces, with them, a feeling of sorrow, similar to that,
+experienced, as Mr. Catlin says, by an Indian, who unfortunately shot his
+<i>totem</i>, which, in that case, chanced to be a bear; that is, an animal of
+a certain race, one of which his guardian angel was supposed to inhabit.</p>
+
+<p>Vague and fantastical, as have been the notions of a future state, in
+different nations, the idea of a condition of being, after death, has been
+very universal. Such was the conclusion from the reasonings of Plato. Such
+were the results &#8220;qu&aelig; Socrates supremo vit&aelig; die de immortalitate animorum
+disseruisset.&#8221; Such was the faith of Cicero&mdash;&#8220;Sic mihi persuasi, sic
+sentio, quum tanta celeritas animorum sit, tanta memoria pr&aelig;teritorum,
+futurorumque prudentia, tot artes, tant&aelig; scienti&aelig;, tot inventa, non posse
+eam naturam, qu&aelig; res eas contineat, esse mortalem.&#8221; De Senec. 21.</p>
+
+<p>Seneca was born a year before the Christian era. There is a remarkable
+passage, in his sixty-third letter, addressed to Lucilius. He is striving
+to comfort Lucilius, who had lost his friend Flaccus&mdash;&#8220;Cogitemus ergo
+Lucili carissime, cito nos eo perventuros quo illum pervenisse m&oelig;remus.
+Et fortasse (si modo sapientium vera fama est, recipitque nos locus
+aliquis) quem putamus perisse, pr&aelig;missus est:&#8221;&mdash;Let us consider, my dear
+Lucilius, how soon we, ourselves, shall go whither he has gone, whose fate
+we deplore. And possibly (if the report of certain wise men be true, and
+there is indeed a place to receive us hereafter) he whom we consider as
+gone from us <i>forever</i>, has only gone <i>before</i>. Here is, indeed, a shadowy
+conception of a future state. The heathen and the Christian, the savage
+and the sage concur, in the feeling, or the faith, or the philosophy,
+whichever it may be, that, though flesh and blood, bone and muscle shall
+perish, the spirit shall not. An impression, like this, swells into
+conviction,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_378" id="Page_378">[Pg 378]</a></span> from the very contemplation of its own instinctive and
+pervasive character.</p>
+
+<p>The Egyptians believed, in the abiding presence of the spirit with the
+body, so long as the latter could be preserved; and therefore bestowed
+great pains, in its preservation. In the travels of Lewis and Clarke, the
+Echeloot Indians are reported to pay great regard to their dead; and
+Captain Clarke was of the opinion, that they were believers in a future
+state. They have common cemeteries; the bodies, carefully wrapped in
+skins, are laid on mats, in vaults made of pine or cedar, eight feet
+square; the sides are covered with strange figures, cut and painted, and
+images are attached. On tall poles, surmounting these structures, are
+suspended brass kettles, old frying-pans, shells, skins, baskets, pieces
+of cloth, and hair. Sometimes the body is laid in one canoe, and covered
+with another. It is not easy to conjecture what occasion these poor
+Echeloots supposed spirits could have, for frying-pans and brass kettles.</p>
+
+<p>The faith of the inhabitants of Taheite is very peculiar. They believe,
+that the soul passes through no other purgatory, than the stomach of the
+<i>Eatooa</i> bird. They say of the dead, that they are <i>harra po</i>, gone to the
+night; and they believe, that the soul is instantly swallowed, by the
+<i>Eatooa</i> bird, and is purified by the process of deglutition; then it
+revives; becomes a superior being; never more to be liable to suffering.
+This soul is now raised to the rank of the <i>Eatooa</i>, and may, itself,
+swallow souls, whenever an opportunity occurs; which, having passed
+through this gastric purgation, may, in their turn, do the very same
+thing. Vancouver was present, at the obsequies of the chief, <i>Matooara</i>.
+The priest gave a funeral sermon&mdash;&#8220;<i>The trees yet live</i>,&#8221; said he, &#8220;<i>the
+plants flourish, yet Matooara dies!</i>&#8221; It was a kind of expostulation with
+<i>Eatooa</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Baron Swedenborg&#8217;s notions of the soul&#8217;s condition, after death, are very
+original, and rather oriental. He believed, &#8220;that man eats, and drinks,
+and even enjoys conjugal delight, as in this world; that the resemblance
+between the two worlds is so great, that, in the spiritual world, there
+are cities with palaces and houses, and also writings and books,
+employments and merchandizes; that there are gold and silver, and precious
+stones there. There is, in the spiritual world, all and every thing that
+there is in the natural world; but that in Heaven, such things are in an
+infinitely more perfect state.&#8221; Trade, in Heaven, is conducted,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_379" id="Page_379">[Pg 379]</a></span>
+doubtless, on those lofty principles, inculcated, by the late Dr.
+Chalmers, in his commercial discourses; counterfeiters and bank robbers,
+marriage squabbles and curtain lectures are unknown; and no angel lendeth
+upon usury. In this arrangement, there is a remarkable oversight; for, as
+death is dispensed with, our vocation is no better, than Othello&#8217;s. The
+superior advantages of the Baron&#8217;s Heaven scarcely offer a fair
+compensation, for the suffering and inconvenience of removing, from our
+present tabernacles; and, for one, I should decidedly prefer to remain
+where I am, especially now that we have gotten the Cochituate water.</p>
+
+<p>Such being the fashion of Swedenborg&#8217;s Heaven, it would be quite
+interesting, were he now among us, in the flesh, to have, under his own
+hand, a rough sketch of his Hell. As the former is a state, somewhat
+better, the latter must be a state somewhat worse, than our present
+condition. It would not be very difficult to give some little idea of
+Swedenborg&#8217;s Orcus, or place of punishment. We should have an eternal
+subtreasury, of course, with a tariff, more onerous, if possible, than
+that of 1846: the infernal banks would not discount, and money, on prime
+paper, would be three per cent. a month. Slavery would cover the earth;
+and the South would rage against the North and its interference, like the
+maniac, against his best friend, who strives to prevent him, from cutting
+his own throat, with his own razor.</p>
+
+<p>Among the fancies, which have prevailed, in relation to the soul and its
+habits, none, perhaps, have been more remarkable, than the belief, in an
+actual <i>exodus</i>, or going forth, of the soul from the body, during life,
+on excursions of business or pleasure. This may be placed in the category
+of sick men&#8217;s dreams; and probably is nothing else than that mighty
+conjuration of the mind, especially the mind of an invalid; of whose power
+no man had greater experience than Emanuel Swedenborg. The inhabitants of
+some of the Polynesian islands believe, that the spirits of their
+ancestors become divinities, or <i>Tees</i>. They believe the soul walks
+abroad, in dreams, under the charge of its <i>Tee</i>, or tutelary angel.</p>
+
+<p>Mydo, a boy, was brought from Taheite, by an English whaler, and died,
+kindly cared for, by the Moravians. One morning, he spoke to these
+friends, as follows:&mdash;&#8220;You told me my soul could not die, and I have been
+thinking about it. Last night my body lay on that bed, but I knew nothing
+of it, for my<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_380" id="Page_380">[Pg 380]</a></span> soul was very far off. My soul was in Taheite. I am sure I
+saw my mother and my friends, and I saw the trees and dwellings, as I left
+them. I spoke to the people, and they spoke to me; and yet my body was
+lying still in this room, all the while. In the morning, I was come again
+into my body, and was at Mirfield, and Taheite was a great many miles off.
+Now I understand what you say about my body being put into the earth, and
+my soul being somewhere else; and I wish to know where it will be, when it
+can no more return to my body.&#8221; Such were the humble conceptions of the
+dying Taheitean boy&mdash;let the reader decide for himself what more there may
+be, under the grandiloquence of Addison&mdash;</p>
+
+<p class="poem">&mdash;&mdash;&mdash;&mdash;Plato, thou reasonest well.<br />
+Else whence this pleasing hope, this fond desire,<br />
+This longing after immortality?<br />
+Or whence this secret dread and inward horror<br />
+Of falling into naught? Why shrinks the soul<br />
+Back on herself, and startles at destruction!<br />
+&#8217;Tis the divinity, that stirs within us;<br />
+&#8217;Tis Heaven itself, that points out an hereafter,<br />
+And intimates eternity to man.</p>
+
+
+
+<p>&nbsp;</p><p>&nbsp;</p>
+<hr style="width: 50%;" />
+<h2><a name="No_XCVII" id="No_XCVII"></a>No. XCVII.</h2>
+
+
+<p>The ashes of the dead are ransacked, not only for hidden treasure, and for
+interesting relics, but there is a figurative species of raking and
+scratching, among them, in quest of one&#8217;s ancestors. This is, too
+frequently, a periculous experiment; for the searcher sometimes finds his
+progress&mdash;the pleasure of his employment, at least&mdash;rudely interrupted, by
+an offensive stump, which proves to be the relic of the whipping-post, or
+the gallows.</p>
+
+<p>Neither the party himself, nor the world, trouble their heads, about a
+man&#8217;s ancestors, until he has distinguished himself, in some degree, or
+fancies that he has; for, while he is nobody, they are clearly nobody&#8217;s
+ancestors. In Note A, upon the article <i>Touchet</i>, vol. ix., fol. ed.,
+Lond., 1739, Bayle remarks&mdash;&#8220;It is very common to fall into two extremes,
+with regard to those, whom Providence raises greatly above their former
+condition: some, by fabulous genealogies, procure them ancestors of the<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_381" id="Page_381">[Pg 381]</a></span>
+first quality; others reduce them to a rank, much below the true one.&#8221;
+This remark was amply illustrated, in the case of Napoleon Bonaparte:
+while some there were, who thought they could make out a clear descent
+from the prince of darkness, others were ready to accommodate him with the
+most illustrious ancestry. The Emperor of Austria had a fancy, for tracing
+Napoleon&#8217;s descent, from one of the petty sovereigns of Treviso; and a
+genealogist made a merit of proving him to be a descendant, from an
+ancient line of Gothic princes; to all this Napoleon sensibly replied,
+that he dated his patent of nobility, from the battle of Monte Notte.
+Cicero was of the same way of thinking, and prided himself, on being
+<i>novus homo</i>. Among the <i>fragmenta</i>, ascribed to him, there is a
+declamation against Sallust, published by Lemaire, in his edition of the
+Classics, though he believes it not to be Cicero&#8217;s; in which, sec. ii.,
+are these words&mdash;<i>Ego meis majoribus virtute mea pr&aelig;luxi; ut, si prius
+noti non fuerint, a me accipiant initium memori&aelig; su&aelig;</i>&mdash;<i>By my virtue, I
+have shown forth before my ancestors; so, that if they were unknown
+before, they will receive the commencement of their notoriety from me</i>. &#8220;I
+am no herald,&#8221; said Sydney, &#8220;to inquire of men&#8217;s pedigrees: it sufficeth
+for me if I know their virtues.&#8221;</p>
+
+<p>This setting up for ancestors, among those, who, from the very nature of
+our institutions, are, and ever must be, a middling interest people, is as
+harmless, as it is sometimes ridiculous, and no more need be said of its
+inoffensiveness.</p>
+
+<p>From the very nature of the case, there can be no lack of ancestors. The
+simplest arithmetic will show, that the humblest citizen has more than
+<i>one million of grand parents</i>, within the twentieth degree; and it is
+calculated, in works on consanguinity, that, within the fifteenth degree,
+every man has nearly <i>two hundred and seventy millions of kindred</i>. There
+is no lack, therefore, of the raw material, for this light work; unless,
+in a case, like that of the little vagrant, who replied to the
+magistrate&#8217;s inquiry, as to his parents, that he never had any, but <i>was
+washed ashore</i>. The process is very simple. Take the name of Smith, for
+example: set down all of that name, who have graduated at the English,
+American, and German colleges, for Schmidt is the same thing&mdash;then enrol
+all of that name, upon the habitable earth, who have, in any way,
+distinguished themselves; carefully avoiding the records of criminal<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_382" id="Page_382">[Pg 382]</a></span>
+courts, and such publications as Caulfield&#8217;s Memoirs, the State Trials,
+and the Newgate Calendar. Such may be called the genealogy of the Smiths;
+and every man of that name, while contemplating the list of worthies, will
+find himself declaring a dividend, <i>per capita</i>, of all that was good, and
+great, and honorable, in the collection; and he will arise, from the
+perusal, a more complacent, if not a better man.</p>
+
+<p>This species of literature is certainly coming into vogue. I have lately
+seen, in this city, a large duodecimo volume, recently printed, in which
+the genealogy of a worthy family, among us, is traced, through Oliver
+Cromwell, to &AElig;neas, not &AElig;neas Silvius, who flourished in the early part of
+the fifteenth century, and became Pope Pius II., but to &AElig;neas, the King of
+the Latins. This royal descent is not through the second marriage with
+Lavinia; nor through the accidental relation, between &AElig;neas and Dido&mdash;</p>
+
+<p class="poem">Speluncam Dido dux et Trojanus eandem<br />
+Deveniunt&mdash;&mdash;&mdash;&mdash;&mdash;;</p>
+
+<p>but through the first marriage with the unfortunate Creusa, who was burnt
+to death, in the great Troy fire, which took place, according to the
+Parian Marbles, on the 23d of the month, Thargelion, i. e., 11th of June,
+1184 years before Christ. Ascanius was certainly therefore the ancestor of
+this worthy family, the son of &AElig;neas and Creusa; and the grandson of
+Anchises and Venus. Such a pedigree may satisfy a Welchman.</p>
+
+<p>I am forcibly reminded, by all this, of a very pleasant story, recounted
+by Horace Walpole, in a letter to Horace Mann: I refer to Letter CCV. in
+Lord Dover&#8217;s edition. In 1749, when Mirepoix was ambassador in England,
+there was a Monsieur de Levi, in his suite. This man was proud of his
+Jewish name, and really appeared to set no bounds to his genealogical
+<i>gout</i>. They considered the Virgin Mary a cousin of their house, and had a
+painting, in which she is represented, as saying to Monsieur Levi&#8217;s
+ancestor, who takes off his hat in her presence&mdash;&#8220;<i>Couvrez vous, mon
+cousin</i>:&#8221; to which he replies&mdash;&#8220;<i>Non pas, ma tr&egrave;s sainte cousine, je scai
+trop bien le respect que je vous dois</i>.&#8221; The editor, Lord Dover, says, in
+a note, that there is said to have been another ridiculous picture, in
+that family, in which Noah is represented, going into the ark, carrying a<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_383" id="Page_383">[Pg 383]</a></span>
+small trunk under his arm, on which is written&mdash;&#8220;<i>Papiers de la maison de
+Levis</i>.&#8221;</p>
+
+<p>Very few persons are calculated for the task of tracing genealogies;
+patience and discrimination should be united with a certain slowness of
+belief, and wariness of imposition. Two of a feather do not more readily
+consociate, than two of a name, and of the genealogical fancy, contrive to
+strike up a relationship. There are also greater obstacles in the way,
+than a want of the requisite talents, temper, and
+attainments:&mdash;&#8220;Alterations of sirnames,&#8221; says Camden, &#8220;which, in former
+ages, have been very common, have so obscured the truth of our pedigrees,
+that it will be no little labor to deduce many of them.&#8221; For myself, a
+plain, old-fashioned sexton, as I am, I am much better satisfied, with the
+simple and intelligible assurance of my Bible, that I am a child of Adam,
+than I could possibly be, with any genealogical proofs, that Anchises and
+Venus were my ancestors. However, there is no such thing as accounting for
+taste; and it is not unpleasant, I admit, to those of us, who still
+cherish some of our early, classical attachments, to know, that the blood
+of that ancient family is still preserved among us.</p>
+
+<p>No man is more inclined than I am, to perpetuate a sentiment of profound
+respect for the memory of worthy ancestors. Let us extract, from the
+contemplation of their virtues, a profitable stimulus, to prevent us from
+being weary in well-doing. By the laws of Confucius, a part of the duty,
+which children owed to their parents, consisted in worshipping them, when
+dead. I am inclined to believe, that this filial worship or reverence may
+be well bestowed, in the ascending line, on all, who have deserved it, and
+who are, <i>bona fide</i>, our grandfathers and grandmothers. It seems to me
+quite proper and convenient, to have a well-authenticated catalogue or
+list of one&#8217;s ancestors, as far back as possible; but let us exercise a
+sound discretion in this matter; and not run into absurdity. I am ready
+and willing to obey the laws of Confucius, as implicitly, as though I were
+a Chinaman, and reverence my ancestors; but I must, first, be well
+satisfied, as to their identity. I will never consent, because some
+professional genealogist has worked himself into a particular belief, to
+worship the man in the moon, for my great Proavus, nor Dido for my great,
+great grandmother.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_384" id="Page_384">[Pg 384]</a></span>Domestic arboriculture is certainly getting into fashion, and a family
+tree is becoming quite essential to the self-complacency, at least, of
+many well-regulated families. The roots are found to push freely, in the
+superficial soil of family pride. Generally, these trees, to render them
+sightly, require to be pruned with a free hand; and the proprietor, when
+the crooked branches are skilfully removed, and all the small and
+imperfect fruit put entirely out of sight, may behold it, with heartfelt
+pleasure, and rejoice in the happy consciousness, that he is a <span class="smcap">Smink</span>. If,
+however, these family matters, instead of being preserved, for private
+amusement, are to be multiplied, by the press, there will, indeed, in the
+words of the wise man, be no end of making books.</p>
+
+<p>Ancestors are relics, and nothing else. Whenever the demand for ancestors
+becomes brisk, and genealogy becomes a <i>profession</i>&mdash;it becomes a <i>craft</i>.
+Laboureur, the historian, in his <i>Additions de Castelnau</i>, tom. ii. p.
+559, affords a specimen of genealogical trust-worthiness. &#8220;In 1560,
+Renatus of Sanzay built, with John le Feron, king at arms of France, a
+genealogy of the house of Sanzay, made up of near fifty descents, most of
+them enumerated, year by year; with the names, sirnames, and coats of arms
+of the women; whilst all those names, families, and arms were mere
+phantoms; brother Stephen of Lusignan, out of this mighty tub, as from a
+public fountain, let flow the nobility and blood of Lusignan to all
+persons, who desired any of it.&#8221;&mdash;Again, on page 320, Laboureur
+says&mdash;&#8220;They admitted, as true, all that was vented by certain false
+antiquaries and downright enthusiasts, such as John le Maire de Belges,
+Forcatel, a civilian, Stephen of Lusignan, and John le Feron, whom I will
+charge with nothing but credulity.&#8221; This, doubtless, is the stumbling
+block of most men, who engage in this semi-mythical employment.</p>
+
+<p>Nothing is more easy, than to mistake one dead person, for another, when
+corruption has done its work, upon the form and features. There is
+something bituminous in time. What masculine mistakes are committed by
+experts! Those relics, which have been the object of hereditary
+veneration, for thirty centuries, as the virgin daughter of some great
+high priest in the days of Cheops and Cephrenes, may, by the assistance of
+the savans, with the aid of magnifiers of extraordinary power, be
+demonstrated to be the blackened carcass of Hum-Bug-Phi, the<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_385" id="Page_385">[Pg 385]</a></span> son of
+Hassan, the camel-driver; who kept a little khane or caravansera near
+Joseph&#8217;s granaries, in old Al Karirah, on the eastern banks of the Nile,
+famous&mdash;very&mdash;for the quality of its leeks and onions, three thousand
+years ago.</p>
+
+
+
+<p>&nbsp;</p><p>&nbsp;</p>
+<hr style="width: 50%;" />
+<h2><a name="No_XCVIII" id="No_XCVIII"></a>No. XCVIII.</h2>
+
+
+<p>Thank Heaven, I am not a young widow, for two plain reasons; I do not wish
+to be young again&mdash;and I would not be a widow, if I could help it. A young
+widow, widder, or widdy, as the word is variously spelt, has been a
+byword, of odd import, ever since the days, when Sara, the daughter of
+Raguel, exclaimed, in the fifteenth verse of the third chapter of the book
+of Tobit&mdash;&#8220;<i>My seven husbands are already dead, and why should I live?</i>&#8221;
+All this tilting against the widows, with goose quills for spears, arises
+from the fact, that these weapons of war are mainly in the hands of one
+sex. Men are the scribblers&mdash;the lions are the painters. Nothing, in the
+chapters of political economy, is more remarkable, than the fact, that,
+since all creation was divided into parishes, there has never been a
+parish, in which there was not a Mr. Tompkins, who was the very thing for
+the widow Button. But the cutting out and fitting of these matters
+commonly belongs to that amiable sisterhood, who are ever happy, without
+orders, to make up, at short notice.</p>
+
+<p>The result of my limited reading and observation has satisfied me
+entirely, that there is, and ever has been, a very great majority of bad
+husbands, over the bad wives, and of bewizzarded widowers, over the widows
+bewitched. When a poor, lone, young widow, for no reason under Heaven, but
+the desire to prove her respect, as Dr. Johnson says, for the state of
+matrimony, takes the initiative, every unmarried female, over thirty,
+longs to cut her ears off.</p>
+
+<p>If there be sin or silliness, in the repetition of the matrimonial
+relation, or in strong indications of uneasiness, in the state of single
+blessedness, man is the offender in chief.</p>
+
+<p><i>Quadrigamus</i>, signifying a man who had been four times married, was a
+word, applicable of old. Henry VIII. had six wives, in succession. Let us
+summon a witness, from among the dead.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_386" id="Page_386">[Pg 386]</a></span> Let us inquire, where is there a
+widow, maid, or wife, who would not be deemed a candidate for the old
+summary punishment of Skymmington, should she behave herself, as boldly,
+and outrageously, as John Milton behaved?</p>
+
+<p>Milton, though he did not commence his matrimonial experiments, until he
+was thirty-five, married, in succession, Mary Powell, in 1643&mdash;Catherine
+Woodcock, in 1653&mdash;and Elizabeth Minshull, in 1662. Mary Powell, who was
+the daughter of a Cavalier, and accustomed to the gaiety of her father&#8217;s
+house, soon became weary of her solitary condition, with John Milton, who
+was, constitutionally, of a choleric and lordly temper. Contrasted with
+the loneliness, and slender appliances of her new home, the residence of
+her father, at Forest Hill, appeared to her, like paradise lost. So she
+went home, at the end of a month, ostensibly upon a visit; and, probably,
+gave no very flattering account of the honeymoon. Just about that period,
+the King&#8217;s forces had thrashed Fairfax, in the North, and taught Waller
+the true difference, between prose and poetry, in the West; and &#8220;the
+Powells,&#8221; says Dr. Symmons, &#8220;began to repent of their Republican
+connection.&#8221; Milton wrote to his wife to return. She neither came, nor
+responded. He next sent a messenger, who was treated with contempt.
+Thereupon Milton immediately proceeded to pay his suit to a very beautiful
+and accomplished young lady, the daughter of a Dr. Davis; and Dr. Symmons
+is evidently of opinion, that the lady and her family had no objections to
+the proceeding, which is fully exhibited, in Milton&#8217;s Prose Works, vol.
+vii. p. 205, Lond., 1806.</p>
+
+<p>Talk not of widows after this. Finding, even in those days of disorder,
+that no divorce, <i>a vinculo</i>, could be obtained, under existing laws, he
+wrote his celebrated works&mdash;The Doctrine and Discipline of Divorce, and
+the Judgment of Martin Bucer, concerning Divorce. In these works he sets
+forth his particular grievance, which the reader may easily comprehend,
+from one or two brief quotations&mdash;he speaks of a &#8220;<i>mute and spiritless
+mate</i>&#8221; and of &#8220;<i>himself bound to an image of earth and phlegm</i>.&#8221;</p>
+
+<p>After the fight of Naseby, the Powells appear to have thought better of
+it; and Madame Milton returned, made the amende, and was restored in full.
+What sort of composition Milton made with Miss Davis nobody has ever
+disclosed. Certain it is, that compasionate damsel and the works upon
+divorce were all<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_387" id="Page_387">[Pg 387]</a></span> laid upon the same shelf. We are apt to find something
+of value, in a thing we have discarded, when we perceive, that it is
+capable of giving high satisfaction to another. This consideration may
+have influenced Mrs. Milton; and, very possibly, the desire of returning
+to the residence of Milton may have been secondary to that of jilting Miss
+Davis, which she was certainly entitled to do. I knew an old gentleman,
+who was always so much affected, in this manner, by the sight of his
+cast-off clothing, upon the persons of his servants, that nothing would
+content him, short of reclaimer.</p>
+
+<p>Milton was ever Milton still&mdash;<i>nihil tetigit quod non ornavit</i>. Take a
+brief extract or two from his work on divorce:&mdash;&#8220;What therefore God hath
+joined let no man put asunder. But here the Christian prudence lies, to
+consider what God hath joined. Shall we say that God hath joined error,
+fraud, unfitness, wrath, contention, perpetual loneliness, perpetual
+discord? Whatever lust, or wine, or witchery, threat or enticement,
+avarice or ambition hath joined together, faithful or unfaithful,
+Christian with anti-Christian, hate with hate, or hate with love&mdash;shall we
+say this is God&#8217;s joining?&#8221;&mdash;&#8220;But unfitness and contrariety frustrate and
+nullify forever, unless it be a rare chance, all the good and peace of
+wedded conversation; and leave nothing between them enjoyable, but a prone
+and savage necessity, not worth the name of marriage, unaccompanied with
+love.&#8221; Every word of all this was written with an eye to the object of his
+unlawful passion: but the legislature very justly considered the greatest
+good of the greatest possible number; and would not turn aside, to pass a
+bill, for the special relief of John Milton and Miss Davis.</p>
+
+<p>Selden, in his <i>Uxor Hebraica</i>, has proved, that polygamy existed, not
+only among the Hebrews, but among all nations, and in all ages. Mark
+Anthony is mentioned, as the first, among the Romans, who took the liberty
+of having two wives. What a gathering there would have been, in the Forum,
+if the news had been spread, that Mrs. Mark Anthony had taken the liberty
+of having two husbands! Every body knows, that widows are occasionally
+burnt, in Hindostan, on the funeral pile with their husbands. Whoever
+heard of a widower being burnt or even scorched, on a similar occasion?</p>
+
+<p>The Landgrave of Hesse, the most warlike of the Protestant leaders, caused
+a representation to be made to the theologians, that<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_388" id="Page_388">[Pg 388]</a></span> he must have two
+wives, and that he would not be denied. A most rampant and outrageous
+protocol was prepared, and handed to Bucerus, for the ministers at
+Wittemberg. The substance of this was equally discreditable to the
+Landgrave, and insulting to Luther and the holy fathers. The Landgrave was
+no gentleman, for he told the theologians, that his lady got drunk, and
+was personally disagreeable to him. He calls God to witness, that, if they
+do not sanction his polygamy, he will do just what he likes, and the sin
+will be upon their heads. He particularly wishes information, on one
+point&mdash;why he is not as good as Abraham, Jacob, David, Lamech, and
+Solomon; and why he has not as good a right to have a spare wife or two,
+as they had. He asks for two only.</p>
+
+<p>Luther was deeply troubled, and perplexed. The Reformation professed to
+bring back the world to the Scriptures, in which polygamy was expressly
+recognized. The Reformers held marriage to be <i>res politica</i>, and
+therefore subject to the law of the State. The matter became worse by
+delay. The Landgrave was filled with fury, and the theologians with fear.
+At last, poor Luther and the rest signed a paper, concluding with these
+memorable words&mdash;&#8220;If however your highness is utterly determined upon
+marrying a second wife, we are of opinion, that it ought to be done
+secretly. Signed and sealed at Wittemberg, after the feast of St.
+Nicholas, in the year 1539. Martin Luther, Philip Melancthon, Martin
+Bucer, Antony Corvin, Adam John Lening, Justin Wintfert, Dyonisius
+Melanther.&#8221;</p>
+
+<p>The detail of all this may be found, in Hazlitt&#8217;s translation of
+Michelet&#8217;s Life of Luther, page 251, Lond. 1846. Bayle, article Luther,
+observes, that the theologians would have promptly refused to sanction
+such a thing, had the request come from any private gentleman&mdash;or, permit
+me to add, if it had come from the lady of the Landgrave, for a brace of
+husbands.</p>
+
+<p>It is my opinion, that great injustice is done to widows. The opinion of
+St. Jerome, who never was a widow, and knew nothing about it, that they
+should never marry again, is perfectly absurd; for there are some men,
+whose constitutional timidity would close the matrimonial highway forever,
+were it not for that peculiar species of encouragement, which none but
+widows can ever administer. For my own part, I would have a widow speak
+out, and spare not; for I am very fearful, that the opposite course is
+productive of great moral mischief, and tends<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_389" id="Page_389">[Pg 389]</a></span> to perpetuate a system of
+terrible hypocrisy. But let a sound discretion be exercised. I disapprove
+altogether of conditional engagements, made <i>durante vita mariti</i>.</p>
+
+
+
+<p>&nbsp;</p><p>&nbsp;</p>
+<hr style="width: 50%;" />
+<h2><a name="No_XCIX" id="No_XCIX"></a>No. XCIX.</h2>
+
+
+<p>Jonny Moorhead was a man of a kind heart and a pleasant fancy. He came
+hither from Belfast, in 1727. He became pastor of the Presbyterian Church
+in Long Lane, in 1730.&mdash;<i>Tempora mutantur</i>&mdash;Long Lane, and Jonny Moorhead,
+and the little, old, visible temple, and Presbyterianism itself, are like
+Rachel&#8217;s first born&mdash;they are not. But in 1744, the good people built a
+new church, for Jonny Moorhead; in due time, Long Lane became Federal
+Street; and, Jonny&#8217;s church bore the bell, which had rung so many peals,
+and the gilded tell-tale, which, for so many years, had done obeisance to
+all the winds of Heaven, upon the <i>old</i> Brattle Street Church. These, upon
+the demolition of that church, in 1774, were the gift of John Hancock.
+Jonny Moorhead had little comfort from that bell, for he died December 3,
+1774, and could he have lived to see that Presbyterian weathercock go
+round, in after-times, it would have broken the tough, old strings of
+Jonny Moorhead&#8217;s Irish heart.</p>
+
+<p>About one hundred years ago, Jonny Moorhead, upon a drowsy summer
+afternoon, gave out the one hundred and eighty-seventh psalm&mdash;the chief
+minstrel, with infinite embarrassment, suggested, that there were not so
+many in the <i>Book</i>&mdash;and tradition tells us, that Jonny replied&mdash;&#8220;<i>Weel,
+then, sing as mony as there be</i>.&#8221;</p>
+
+<p>My recollection of this anecdote of Jonny Moorhead will be painfully
+revived, when I send forth the one hundredth number of these dealings with
+the dead. They have been prepared like patch-work, from such fragments, as
+my common-place book supplied, and at such broken hours of more than
+ordinary loneliness, as might otherwise have been snoozed, unconsciously
+away. I had cast all that I had written into a particular drawer; and
+great was my surprise, to find, that the hundredth was the last, and that,
+with that number, I shall have sung&mdash;&#8220;<i>as mony as there be</i>.&#8221;</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_390" id="Page_390">[Pg 390]</a></span>One hundred&mdash;thought I&mdash;is an even number&mdash;few individuals care to survive
+one hundred. When these dealings with the dead had reached the number of
+four-score, I had serious misgivings, that their <i>strength</i>, to my weary
+reader, might prove nothing better than <i>labor and sorrow</i>;
+notwithstanding the occasional tokens of approbation, from some
+exceedingly old-fashioned people, who were altogether behind the times.</p>
+
+<p>Having attained this <i>point d&#8217;appui</i>, which appears well enough adapted
+for the long home of an old sexton, it occurred to me, that I could not
+possibly do a better thing, for myself, or a more acceptable thing for the
+public, than to gather up my tools, as snugly as possible, and quietly
+give up the ghost. But giving up the ghost, even in the sacristan sense of
+that awful phrase, is not particularly agreeable, after all. If I look
+upon each one of these hundred dealings, as a sepulchre of my own
+digging&mdash;I cannot deny, that the employment of my spade has been a
+particular solace to me. But there are other solaces&mdash;I know it&mdash;there are
+an hundred according to the exiled bard of Sulmo&mdash;</p>
+
+<p class="poem"><span style="margin-left: 4em;">&#8220;&mdash;&mdash;centum solatia cur&aelig;</span><br />
+Et rus, et comites, et via longa dabunt.&#8221;</p>
+
+<p>Other suggestions readily occur, and are as readily, discarded. Parents,
+occasionally, experiment upon the sensibility of their children, by fondly
+discoursing of the uncertainty of human existence, and mingling deep drawn
+sighs, with shadowy allusions to wills and codicils.</p>
+
+<p>For three-and-thirty years, our veteran, maiden aunt, Jemima Wycherly, at
+the close of her annual visit, which seldom fell short of six weeks, in
+its duration, though it seemed much longer, took each of us by the hand,
+and, with many tears, commended us fervently to the protecting arm of an
+overruling Providence, and bade us an eternal farewell!</p>
+
+<p>I have always contemplated the conduct of Charles V. in relation to the
+rehearsal of his funeral obsequies, as a piece of imperial foolery. &#8220;He
+ordered his tomb to be erected, in the chapel of the monastery. His
+domestics marched thither in funeral procession, with black tapers in
+their hands. He himself followed, in his shroud. He was laid in his
+coffin, with much solemnity. The service for the dead was chanted; and
+Charles joined in the prayers, which were offered for the rest of his
+soul, mingling his tears with those, which his attendants shed,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_391" id="Page_391">[Pg 391]</a></span> as if
+they had been celebrating a real funeral. The ceremony closed, with
+sprinkling holy water on the coffin, in the usual form, and, all the
+assistants retiring, the doors of the chapel were shut. Then Charles rose
+out of the coffin, and withdrew to his apartment.&#8221; Such is the statement
+of Dr. Robertson.<a name='fna_1' id='fna_1' href='#f_1'><small>[1]</small></a></p>
+
+<p>Notwithstanding this high authority, it is comforting, even at this late
+day, to believe, that a story, so discreditable to the memory of Charles,
+is without any substantial foundation. It has ever appeared remarkable,
+that Bayle should not have alluded to this curious anecdote. After
+bestowing the highest praise, on Richard Ford&#8217;s Hand Book, for Travellers
+in Spain, the London Quarterly Review<a name='fna_2' id='fna_2' href='#f_2'><small>[2]</small></a> furnishes an extract from the
+work, in which, after giving a minute and interesting account of the
+convent of St. Yuste, the final retreat of Charles V., Mr. Ford
+says&mdash;&#8220;<i>the story of his having had the funeral service said over himself,
+while alive, is untrue; no record, or tradition of the kind existed among
+the monks</i>.&#8221;</p>
+
+<p>There is something, in these drafts upon <i>posterity</i>, to be accepted and
+paid, by the <i>present generation</i>, for the honor of the drawer, resembling
+the conduct of a man, who encroaches on his principal, or who anticipates
+his revenues.</p>
+
+<p>There is, undoubtedly, a species of luxury in leave-taking. We have
+delighted, to contemplate the edifying history of that gray-headed old
+rat, who, weary of the world, and determined to spend the remnant of his
+days, in pious meditation, took a final and affectionate leave of all his
+relatives and friends, and retired to a quiet hole&mdash;<i>in the recesses of a
+Cheshire cheese</i>.</p>
+
+<p>However gratified we may be, to witness the second, or third coming of an
+able, ardent, and ambitious politician, it is not in the gravest nature to
+restrain a smile, while we contrast that vehemence, which no time can
+temper&mdash;that <i>vis vivida vit&aelig;</i>&mdash;ready for all things, in the forum or the
+field&mdash;that unquenchable fire, brightly burning, beneath the frost of more
+than seventy winters&mdash;with those sad infirmities of ace&mdash;those silver
+hairs&mdash;that one foot in the grave&mdash;the necessity of turning from all
+sublunary things, and making way for Heaven, under the pale rays of life&#8217;s
+parting sun&mdash;those senatorial adieus&mdash;and long, last farewells&mdash;those
+solemn prayers and fervent hopes for the <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_392" id="Page_392">[Pg 392]</a></span>happiness of his associates,
+whom he should meet no more, on this side of the eternal world&mdash;those
+<i>esto perpetuas</i> for his country! How touching these things would be, but
+for their frequency! What more natural, or more excusable, having enjoyed
+the luxury of leave-taking, than a desire&mdash;after a reasonable interval&mdash;to
+repeat the process, which afforded so much pleasure, and inflicted so
+little pain!</p>
+
+<p>As to my own comparatively humble relation to the public&mdash;<i>parvis
+componere magna</i>&mdash;I am of opinion, that I should gain nothing, by
+affecting to retire, or by pretending to be dead. As to the former, it may
+be as truly averred of sextons, as it was, by Mr. Jefferson, of
+office-holders&mdash;&#8220;<i>few die and none resign</i>;&#8221; and, in respect to the
+latter, I not only despise the idea of such an imposition upon the public,
+but have some little fear, that the affectation might be too suddenly
+followed, by the reality, as Dr. Robertson, rightly or wrongly, affirms it
+to have been, in the case of Charles the Fifth.</p>
+
+<p>I am now fairly committed, for the first number, at least, of another
+hundred, but for nothing more. I pretend not to look deeper into futurity,
+than six feet, which is the depth of a well-made grave. When I shall have
+completed the second hundred, and commenced upon a third, I shall be well
+nigh ready to exclaim, in the words of Ovid&mdash;</p>
+
+<p class="poem"><span style="margin-left: 14em;">&#8220;Vixi</span><br />
+Annos bis centum: nunc tertia vivitur &aelig;tas.&#8221;</p>
+
+<p>A relation of liberty and equality is decidedly the best, for my reader
+and for me&mdash;I am not constrained to write, nor he to read&mdash;if he cannot
+lie cozily, in a grave of my digging&mdash;I do not propose to detain him
+there&mdash;to bury him alive. Dealing with the dead has not hardened my heart.
+I am a sexton of very considerable sensibility; and have, occasionally,
+mingled my tears with the earth, as I shovelled it in.</p>
+
+<p>In less figurative phrase, it is my desire to write, for my amusement,
+till one of us, the reader or myself, gives in, or gives out, and cries
+<i>enough</i>. I have a perfect respect for the old proverb, <i>de gustibus</i>, and
+by no means anticipate the pleasure of pleasing every body&mdash;</p>
+
+<p class="poem">Men&#8217; moveat cimex Pantilius? aut cruciet, quod<br />
+Vellicet absentem Demetrius? aut quod ineptus<br />
+Fannius Hermogenis l&aelig;dat conviva Tigelli?</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_393" id="Page_393">[Pg 393]</a></span>There are some readers, for example, who seem to look upon a classical
+quotation, as a personal affront. I conceive this objection to be scarcely
+equitable, from those, whose hybrid English, it is quite as hard to bear.</p>
+
+<p>There are mortals&mdash;offenders in some sort&mdash;whom it is difficult to please,
+like the culprit who cried <i>higher</i> and <i>lower</i>, under the lash, till the
+Irish drummer&#8217;s patience was perfectly exhausted, and he exclaimed&mdash;&#8220;<i>By
+Jasus, there&#8217;s no plasing ye, strike where I will</i>.&#8221;</p>
+
+
+
+<p>&nbsp;</p><p>&nbsp;</p>
+<hr style="width: 50%;" />
+<h2><a name="No_C" id="No_C"></a>No. C.</h2>
+
+
+<p>The sayings of eminent men, in a dying hour, are eminently worthy of being
+gathered together&mdash;they are often illustrative of the characters of the
+dead, and impressive upon the hearts of the living. Not a few of these
+parting words are scattered, over the breadth and length of history, and
+might form a volume&mdash;a <i>Vade Mecum</i>, for the patriot and the Christian&mdash;a
+casket of imperishable jewels.</p>
+
+<p>As an example of those sayings, to which I refer, nothing can be more
+apposite, than that of the Chevalier Bayard, while dying upon the field of
+battle. &#8220;He received a wound,&#8221; says Robertson, &#8220;which he immediately
+perceived to be mortal, and being unable any longer to continue on
+horseback, he ordered one of his attendants to place him under a tree,
+with his face toward the enemy; then fixing his eyes on the guard of his
+sword, which he held up, instead of a cross, he addressed his prayers to
+God; and, in this posture, which became his character, both as a soldier
+and as a Christian, he calmly awaited the approach of death.&#8221; Bourbon, who
+led the foremost of the enemy&#8217;s troops, found him in this situation, and
+expressed regret and pity, at the sight. &#8220;<i>Pity not me</i>,&#8221; cried the
+high-spirited chevalier, &#8220;<i>I die, as a man of honor ought, in the
+discharge of my duty; they indeed are objects of pity, who fight against
+their king, their country, and their oath</i>.&#8221;</p>
+
+<p>How significant of the life of that great military phlebotomist, who, from
+the overthrow of the council of five hundred, in 1799, to his own in 1815,
+delighted in blood, and in war, were those wild, wandering words of the
+dying Napoleon&mdash;<i>tete d&#8217;armee!</i></p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_394" id="Page_394">[Pg 394]</a></span>We have the last words of consciousness, that were uttered, by the younger
+Adams, when stricken by the hand of death in the capitol&mdash;<i>the last of
+earth!</i> We have also those of his venerable father, who expired, on the
+anniversary of that day, which he had so essentially contributed to render
+glorious, so long as the annals of our country shall continue to be
+preserved. On the morning of that day, the dying patriot, at the age of
+ninety-one, was awakened, by the customary pealing of bells, and the roar
+of artillery. Upon being asked, if he recognized the day, he replied&mdash;&#8220;<i>it
+is the glorious Fourth&mdash;God bless the day&mdash;God bless you all</i>.&#8221;</p>
+
+<p>On the ninth day of July, 1850, another patriot died, at his post, and in
+the service of his country, whose parting words will long remain, engraven
+at full length, upon the broad area of the whole American heart,&mdash;<span class="smcap">I am
+prepared&mdash;I have endeavored to do my duty!</span> Here, in this comprehensive
+declaration of General Taylor, are embodied all, and more than all,
+contained in the long cherished words of the departing patriot&mdash;<span class="smcap">Esto
+perpetua!</span></p>
+
+<p class="poem">&#8220;And you brave Cobham, to the latest breath,<br />
+Shall feel your ruling passion, strong in death:<br />
+Such in those moments, as in all the past;<br />
+&#8216;O save my country, Heaven!&#8217; shall be your last.&#8221;</p>
+
+<p>The ninth day of July is, with the Swiss, the day of their National
+Independence. On that memorable day, in 1836, they fought, and won the
+great battle of Sempach, against Leopold, Duke of Austria, which victory
+established the liberties of Switzerland.</p>
+
+<p>Upon the anniversary of that very day, just ninety-five years ago,
+Washington was signally preserved, from the sweeping and indiscriminate
+carnage of Indian warfare, for those high destinies, which he fulfilled so
+gloriously. The ninth day of July, 1755, was the day of General Braddock&#8217;s
+defeat&mdash;the battle, as it is sometimes called, of Fort du Quesne.
+Hereafter, it will be noted, as a day of gloom, in our national calendar.
+A great&mdash;good man has fallen&mdash;in a trying hour&mdash;in the very midst of his
+labors&mdash;a wiser, a worthier could not have fallen, at a moment of deeper
+need. From sea to sea&mdash;from the mountain tops to the valleys below&mdash;from
+the city and from the wilderness&mdash;from the rich man&#8217;s castle, and from the
+hunter&#8217;s cabin&mdash;from the silver-haired and from the light-hearted, what an
+acclaim&mdash;what a<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_395" id="Page_395">[Pg 395]</a></span> response, as the voice of one man&mdash;has already answered
+to that dying declaration&mdash;<span class="smcap">I am prepared</span>&mdash;<span class="smcap">I have endeavored to do my duty!</span>
+As an entire people, we know it&mdash;we feel it&mdash;and may God, in his infinite
+wisdom and goodness, enable us to profit, by a dispensation, so awfully
+solemn, and so terribly severe.</p>
+
+<p>The spirit of this great, good man is now by the side of that sainted
+shade, which once animated the form of the immortal Washington. They are
+looking down upon the destinies of their country. Who is so dull of
+hearing, as not to catch the context of those dying words? <i>I am
+prepared</i>&mdash;<i>I have endeavored to do my duty</i>&mdash;<span class="smcap">and may my death cement that
+Union, which I so cheerfully devoted my life to preserve</span>!</p>
+
+<p>It is finished. The career of this good man has closed forever.
+Ingratitude and calumny to him are nothing now. After days and nights of
+restless agitation, he has obtained one long, last night of sweet repose,
+reserved for those, who die <i>prepared, and who have endeavored to do
+their duty</i>. He has gone where the wicked cease from troubling, and where
+the weary are at rest. No summons to attend the agitating councils of the
+Cabinet shall disturb his profound repose&mdash;no sarcastic commentaries upon
+his honest policy, from the over-heated leaders of the Senate or the
+House, shall give him additional pain. Party malignity can no longer reach
+that ear. Even the hoary-headed, political Zoilus of the age can scarcely
+find a motive, base enough, among the recesses of an envenomed heart, for
+posthumous abuse. In view of this solemnizing event, the raving
+abolitionist and the Utopian non-resistant may be expected to hold their
+incomparably senseless tongues, at least till these obsequies be past.</p>
+
+<p>If I do not greatly mistake, the death of General Harrison and the death
+of General Taylor, so very soon after entering upon the performance of
+their presidential duties, will not fail to present before the whole
+American people, for their learning, a first and a second lesson, so
+perfectly legible, that he, who runs, may read.</p>
+
+<p>It perfectly comports with a respect, sincere and profound, for the
+memories of these excellent men, solemnly to inquire, if, upon certain
+well known and universally acknowledged principles, it would not be as
+wise, and even more wise, to select a statesman, whose conduct in the
+cabinet had made him <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_396" id="Page_396">[Pg 396]</a></span>pre&euml;minently popular, and to place him, with a
+sword, in his unpractised hand, at the head of the armies of the
+Republic&mdash;than to place, in the Presidential chair, a great soldier,
+universally and deservedly popular, for his success in war&mdash;however strong
+his common sense&mdash;however inflexible his integrity&mdash;however pure and
+devoted his patriotism&mdash;unless he also possesses that skill, and knowledge
+of affairs, which never came to man, by intuition; and which cannot be
+acquired, but by the laborious training and experience of years? This is a
+solemn question, for the people; and it may well be put, irrespectively of
+the public weal, and with a reference, directly, to the happiness, and
+even to the continued existence, of those, who may be so unfortunate as to
+become the objects of the popular favor. Is there any doubt, that all the
+battles, in which General Taylor has ever been engaged, have occasioned
+less wear and tear of body and mind, than have been produced, by the
+numberless trials and anxieties of the Presidential relation? It is a
+popular saying, and, perhaps, not altogether unworthy of general
+acceptation, that both General Harrison and General Taylor were <i>killed,
+not by kindness, but by care</i>.</p>
+
+<p>It may readily be supposed, that a gallant soldier would rather encounter
+the brunt of a battle, than such torrents of filth, as have been poured,
+professionally, upon the chief magistrate of the nation, from week to
+week, by the great scavenger, and his auxiliaries, at Washington. All this
+would have been borne, with comparative indifference, by a practised
+statesman, whose training had been among the contests of the forum, and
+whose moral cutis had been thickened, by time and exposure.</p>
+
+<p>To appear, and to be, all that a chief magistrate ought to appear, and to
+be, in the centre of his cabinet, what a mass of information, on a great
+variety of subjects&mdash;what tact, amid the details of the cabinet&mdash;must be
+required, which very few gentlemen, who have devoted themselves to the
+military profession, can be supposed to possess! If knowledge is power,
+ignorance is weakness; and the consciousness of that weakness produces a
+condition of suffering and anxiety. Instead of coming to the great work of
+government, with the necessary stock of knowledge, training, and
+experience&mdash;how incompetent is he, who comes to that work, like an actor,
+who is learning his part, during the progress of the play.</p>
+
+<p>The crude, iron ore is quite as well adapted to the purposes<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_397" id="Page_397">[Pg 397]</a></span> of the
+smith, or the cutler, without any subjection to the preparatory processes
+of metallurgy, as talent and virtue, however consummate, without
+preparatory training, and appropriate study, for the great and complicated
+work of government.</p>
+
+<p>Too much confidence is apt to be reposed, upon the idea, that the
+President will be sustained, by his cabinet; and that any deficiencies, in
+him, will be compensated, by their wisdom and experience. The President is
+an important, component part of the acting government. He is not, like the
+august Personage, at the head of the government of England, who can do no
+wrong; and whose chief employment is the breeding of royal babies, and the
+occasional reading of a little speech. He can do a great deal of wrong,
+and must do a great deal of work; and, when he differs from his cabinet,
+the more need he feels of practical and applicable wisdom and knowledge;
+and, the more upright and conscientious he is, the more miserable he
+becomes, under an oppressive sense of his incapacity.</p>
+
+<p>General Taylor will long be remembered, by the people of the United
+States, with profound and affectionate respect. His amiable and excellent
+qualities are embalmed in their hearts. He fought the battles of his
+country, with consummate skill and bravery. He led their armies, in many
+battles&mdash;and never, but to victory!</p>
+
+<p>A grateful people, in the fulness of their hearts, and amid the blindness
+of popular enthusiasm, and with the purest purposes, and with sentiments
+of patriotic devotion, rewarded their gallant soldier, by placing upon his
+brows, <span class="smcaplc">A GILDED CROWN OF THORNS</span>!</p>
+
+
+
+<p>&nbsp;</p><p>&nbsp;</p>
+<hr style="width: 50%;" />
+<h2><a name="No_CI" id="No_CI"></a>No. CI.</h2>
+
+
+<p>The form of a Chinese tomb, says Mr. Davis, in his &#8220;Description of the
+Empire of China,&#8221; whether large or small, is exactly that of the Greek
+<i>omega</i> &#937;. Their mourning color is white. Their cemeteries are
+upon the hills. No interments are permitted in cities. No corpse is
+suffered to be carried, through any walled town, which may lie in its way
+to the place of interment.</p>
+
+<p>The tombs of the rich, says M. Grosier, are shaped like a<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_398" id="Page_398">[Pg 398]</a></span> <i>horse shoe</i>,
+which, when well made, might pass for a very respectable &#937;.
+Almost immediately after death, says the latter writer, the corpse is
+arrayed in its best attire. A son will sell himself, as a slave, to
+purchase a coffin, for his father. The coffin, upon which no cost is
+spared, remains, frequently, for years, the most showy article of the
+expectant&#8217;s furniture. The body lies in state, and is visited by all
+comers, for seven days. The hall of ceremony is hung with white,
+interspersed with black or violet colored silk. Flowers, perfumes, and wax
+lights abound. Those, who enter, salute the dead, as if he were alive, and
+knock their heads, three times, upon the ground. Upon this, the sons of
+the defunct creep forth, on their hands and knees, from behind a curtain,
+and, having returned the salutation, retire in the same manner.</p>
+
+<p>A Chinese hearse is a very elegant affair; it is covered with a
+dome-shaped canopy of violet-colored silk, with tufts of white, neatly
+embroidered, and surmounted with net work. In this the coffin reposes; and
+the whole is borne, by sixty-four men.</p>
+
+<p>Mourning continues for three years, during which the aggrieved abstain
+from flesh, wine, and all ordinary amusements.</p>
+
+<p>As we have had recently, among us, some half a dozen visitors, male and
+female, from the Celestial Empire, I am strongly tempted to turn from the
+dead, to the living.</p>
+
+<p>I have repeatedly attended the morning levees of Miss <span class="smcap">Pwan Yekoo</span>, who was
+exhibited with her serving-maid, <span class="smcap">Lum Akum</span>, Mr. <span class="smcap">Soo Chune</span>, the musical
+professor, his son and daughter, <span class="smcap">Mun Chung</span> and <span class="smcap">Amoon</span>, and Mr. <span class="smcap">Aleet Mong</span>,
+the interpreter. This was certainly a very interesting group; such as
+never before has been presented in this city, and will not be again, I
+presume, for many years.</p>
+
+<p>Miss Yekoo is said to be seventeen, which appears to be her age. With the
+costume of the Chinese, which, in our eyes, is superlatively graceless, we
+have become sufficiently familiar, by the exhibition of the living males
+and the stuffed females, in our Chinese Museums. Of their music, we had an
+interesting specimen, a few years since. Being fortunately deaf, I can say
+nothing of the performances of Miss <i>Yekoo</i> and Professor <i>Chune</i>. Their
+features and complexions are Chinese, of course, and cannot be better
+described than in the words of Sir John Barrow, as applicable to the race:
+&#8220;The narrow, elongated, half-closed eye; the linear and highly-arched
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_399" id="Page_399">[Pg 399]</a></span>eyebrow; the broad root of the nose; the projection of the upper jaw a
+little beyond the lower; the thin, straggling beard, and the body
+generally free from hair; a high, conical head, and triangular face: and
+these are the peculiar characteristics which obtained for them, in the
+<i>Systema Natur&aelig;</i> of Linn&aelig;us, a place among the varieties of the species,
+distinguished by the name of <i>homines monstrosi</i>.&#8221;</p>
+
+<p>Apart from these and other considerations, it was well for all, who had it
+in their power, to avail themselves of an opportunity, which is not likely
+to be presented again, for years, and examine, with their own eyes, those
+&#8220;<i>golden lilies</i>,&#8221; for the production of which this little Chinese
+spinster, Miss <i>Pwan Yeekoo</i> has been severely tortured, from her cradle.
+She is neither very large, nor very small, for a girl of seventeen, and
+her feet are precisely <i>two inches and a half</i> in length. A small female
+foot, as it came from the hand of the great Creator, has ever been
+accounted a great beauty, since Eve was born. But, to the eyes of all
+beholders, on this side of the Yellow Sea, no more disgusting objects were
+ever presented, than the horribly contracted and crippled deformities,
+upon the ends of Miss Yekoo&#8217;s little trotters.</p>
+
+<p>The bare feet are not exhibited; but a model of the foot, two inches and a
+half in length, on which is a shoe, which is taken off, by the exhibitor,
+and put upon the real foot of Miss Yekoo, over a shoe, already there. This
+model is affirmed to be exact. As it is presented in front, the great toe
+nail alone is visible, forming a central apex, for the foot. On being
+turned up, the four smaller toes are seen, closely compacted, and inverted
+upon the sole. It is not possible to walk, with the weight of the body
+upon the inverted toes, without pain. Miss Yekoo, like all other Chinese
+girls, with these crippled feet, walks, with manifest uneasiness and
+awkwardness, upon her heels. The <i>os calcis</i> receives the whole weight of
+the body.</p>
+
+<p>To sustain the statement, that Miss Yekoo is a &#8220;<i>Chinese lady</i>,&#8221; it is
+said, that these crippled feet are signs of aristocracy. Not infallible, I
+conceive:&mdash;not more so, than crippled ribs, occasioned by tight lacing,
+which may originate in the upper circles, but find hosts of imitators,
+among the lower orders. &#8220;We may add,&#8221; says Mr. Davis, writing of this
+practice, &#8220;that this odious custom extends lower down, in the scale of
+society, than might have been expected, from its disabling<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_400" id="Page_400">[Pg 400]</a></span> effect, upon
+those, who have to labor for their subsistence. If the custom were first
+imposed, by the tyranny of the men, the women are fully revenged, in the
+diminution of their charms and domestic usefulness.&#8221;</p>
+
+<p>Mr. Davis evidently supposes, that the custom had its rise in jealousy,
+and a desire to prevent the ambulatory sex, from gadding about. Various
+causes have been assigned, for this disgusting practice. Sir John Barrow,
+after expressing his surprise, at the silence of Marco Polo, on the
+subject of crippled feet, which were, doubtless, common in his time,
+observes&mdash;&#8220;Of the origin of this unnatural custom, the Chinese relate
+twenty different accounts, all absurd. Europeans suppose it to have
+originated in the jealousy of the men, determined, says M. de Pauw, to
+keep them &#8216;<i>si etroit qu&#8217;on ne peut comparer l&#8217;exactitude avec laquelle on
+les gouverne</i>.&#8217;&#8221;</p>
+
+<p>A <i>practice</i>, which, at its very birth, and during its infancy, required
+the assignment of some plausible reason, for its existence and
+support&mdash;when it grows up to be a <i>custom</i>, lives on and thrives,
+irrespectively of its origin, and, frequently, in spite of its absurdity.
+The blackened teeth of the Japanese&mdash;the goitres of the Swiss, in the
+valley of Chamouni&mdash;the flattened heads of certain Indian races&mdash;the
+crippled feet of the Chinese are illustrations of this truth, in the
+admiration which they still continue to receive. &#8220;Whatever,&#8221; says Sir John
+Barrow, &#8220;may have been the cause, the continuance may more easily be
+explained: as long as the men will marry none but such as have crippled
+feet, crippled feet must forever remain in fashion among Chinese ladies.&#8221;</p>
+
+<p>M. De Pauw, in his Philosophical Dissertations, alludes to this practice,
+in connection with that, formerly employed by the Egyptians, and which he
+calls&mdash;&#8220;<i>the method of confining the women anciently, in Egypt, by
+depriving them, in some measure, of the use of their feet</i>.&#8221;</p>
+
+<p>Plutarch, in his <i>Precepta Connub</i>, says, that shoes were entirely
+forbidden to women, by the Egyptians. &#8220;Afterwards,&#8221; says De Pauw, &#8220;they
+imagined it to be inconsistent with decency, that they should appear in
+public, with the feet naked, and, of course, they remained at home.&#8221;</p>
+
+<p>The Kalif, Hakin, who founded the religion of the Druses, re-enacted this
+law. De Pauw remarks, that the assertion of Plutarch might seem doubtful,
+if a decree, prohibiting the manufacture<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_401" id="Page_401">[Pg 401]</a></span> of shoes for women, under the
+pain of death, were not found, as it is, in the <i>Kitab-al-Machaid</i>, or
+bible of the Druses.</p>
+
+<p>Upon my first visit to Pwan Yekoo and her <i>suite</i>, in connection with
+other visitors, I was not admitted for nearly two hours, after the
+appointed time. Ample sleeping arrangements had not been made, for these
+Celestials; and, for one night, at least, they had been packed, like a
+crate of China ware, in a closet, or small apartment, contiguous to the
+hall of exhibition. Yekoo was indignant, and refused to show her &#8220;golden
+lilies.&#8221; By dint of long importunity, she appeared, but in no gentle
+humor. Indeed, when Yekoo came forth, followed by Lum Akum, I was
+reminded, at a glance, of Cruikshank&#8217;s illustration of Mrs. Varden,
+followed by Meigs, with the Protestant manual. They soon recovered their
+better nature; and some little attention, paid by the visitors, to the
+Celestial pappooses, put them into tolerably good humor.</p>
+
+<p>At the close of the exhibition, we were invited near the platform. It
+would be superfluous to describe the Chinese costume, so commonly
+presented, in various works. I was especially attracted by the hair of
+Yekoo, and Lum Akum, who passes for her waiting woman. I examined it with
+my glasses. It was jet black, coarse, abundant, and besmeared with a
+stiffening paste or gluten, which mightily resembled grease. Upon the top
+of the head a slender, round stick, about the size of a crow&#8217;s quill, is
+attached, projecting <i>aft</i>, in marine parlance, several inches, like a
+small ring tail boom. The design of this is to support the hair, which is
+thrown over it, and hangs, or is plastered, down with the shining paste,
+assuming the appearance, seen <i>a tergo</i>, of a rudder.</p>
+
+<p>The Chinese, in relation to the rest of mankind, are, certainly, a
+contrarious people. In 1833, Mr. Charles Majoribanks addressed a letter to
+the Right Hon. Charles Grant, in which he says:</p>
+
+<p>&#8220;China may, in many respects, be said to stand alone, among the nations;
+not only differing, but, in many instances, diametrically opposed, in the
+nature of its laws, customs, and institutions. A Chinese, when he goes
+into mourning, puts on white; the left hand they consider the place of
+honor; they think it an act of unbecoming familiarity to uncover the head;
+their mariner&#8217;s compass, they assert, points to the South; the stomach
+they <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_402" id="Page_402">[Pg 402]</a></span>declare to be the seat of the understanding; and the chief God of
+their idolatry is the Devil.&#8221;</p>
+
+<p>Suicide is no crime, with the Chinese. To receive a present, with one
+hand, is deemed an act of rudeness. They never say of the departed, that
+he is <i>dead</i>, but that he has <i>gone to his ancestors</i>. Among the good
+traits of the Chinese are to be numbered filial respect, and general
+sobriety. In one particular, their legislation may be considered superior
+to our own&mdash;among the grounds of divorce, says Mr. Davis, they include
+&#8220;<i>excessive talkativeness</i>.&#8221;</p>
+
+<p>I have been reared, in the faith, that the Chinese are not only a
+<i>peculiar</i>, but an exceedingly <i>nasty</i> generation. According to Barrow,
+and to Du Halde, in his <i>Hist. G&eacute;n. de la Chine</i>, they are so liable to a
+species of leprosy, that, for the purpose of arresting its progress, it is
+numbered among the causes of divorce. The itch and other cutaneous
+diseases are extremely common. &#8220;They seem,&#8221; says De Pauw, &#8220;to have neither
+horror nor repugnance for any kind of food; they eat rats, bats, owls,
+storks, badgers, dogs,&#8221; &amp;c. Brand, in his <i>Reise nach China</i>,
+observes&mdash;&#8220;Dogs are chiefly employed, as food, by the Chinese, during the
+great heat in summer, because they fancy their flesh to have a cooling
+quality.&#8221;</p>
+
+<p>Barrow was private secretary to the Earl of Macartnay, and, in 1804,
+published his travels in China, a work of great merit, and which has been
+highly lauded, for its candor and fidelity. In proof of my remark, I offer
+the following quotation, from that work, on pages 76 and 77. After
+alluding to the custom of crippling the feet, Mr. Barrow proceeds&mdash;&#8220;The
+interior wrappers of the ladies&#8217; feet are said to be seldom changed,
+remaining sometimes, until they can no longer hold together; a custom that
+conveys no very favorable idea of Chinese cleanliness. This indeed forms
+no part of their character; on the contrary, they are what Swift would
+call a <i>frowzy</i> people. The comfort of clean linen, or frequent change of
+under-garments, is equally unknown to the sovereign and the peasant. A
+sort of thin coarse silk supplies the place of cotton or linen next the
+skin, among the upper ranks; but the common people wear a coarse kind of
+open cotton cloth. These vestments are more rarely removed for the purpose
+of washing, than for that of being replaced with new ones; and the
+consequence of such neglect is, as might naturally be supposed, an
+abundant increase of those vermin, to<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_403" id="Page_403">[Pg 403]</a></span> whose growth filthiness is found to
+be most favorable. The highest officers of state made no hesitation of
+calling their attendants, in public, to seek in their necks, for those
+troublesome animals, which, when caught, they very composedly put between
+their teeth. They carry no pocket handkerchief, but generally blow their
+noses into small square pieces of paper, which some of their attendants
+have ready prepared for the purpose. Many are not so cleanly, but spit
+about the rooms, or against the walls, like the French, and they wipe
+their dirty hands, in the sleeves of their gowns. They sleep at night in
+the same clothes they wear by day. Their bodies are as seldom washed, as
+their articles of dress. They never make use of the bath, warm or cold.
+Notwithstanding the vast number of rivers and canals, with which every
+part of the country is intersected, I do not remember to have seen a
+single group of boys bathing. The men, in the hottest day of summer, make
+use of warm water, for washing the hands and face. They are unacquainted
+with the use of soap.&#8221;</p>
+
+<p>I do not disbelieve, that we, occasionally, meet men, who are very dirty,
+and remarkably orthodox, and, now and then, a well-washed and well-dressed
+villain&mdash;but sin and filth are too frequently found to form the very bond
+of iniquity. &#8220;Great crimes,&#8221; says Sir John Barrow, &#8220;are not common, but
+little vices pervade all ranks of society. A Chinese is cold, cunning, and
+distrustful; always ready to take advantage of those he has to deal with;
+extremely covetous and deceitful; quarrelsome, vindictive, but timid and
+dastardly. A Chinese in office is a strange compound of insolence and
+meanness. All ranks and conditions have a total disregard for truth. From
+the Emperor downwards, the most palpable falsehoods are proclaimed, with
+unblushing effrontery, to answer a political, an interested, or
+exculpatory purpose.&#8221;</p>
+
+<p>I beg leave respectfully to suggest to Miss Yekoo, to pay a little more
+attention to her teeth, and somewhat improve her personal appearance. The
+collections, upon their upper portions, are, by no means, necessary to
+prove her Tartar origin.</p>
+
+
+
+<p>&nbsp;</p><p>&nbsp;</p>
+<hr style="width: 50%;" />
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_404" id="Page_404">[Pg 404]</a></span></p>
+<h2><a name="No_CII" id="No_CII"></a>No. CII.</h2>
+
+
+<p>Death is rarely more unwelcome to any, than to those, who reasonably
+suppose the perils of the deep to be fairly passed, and who are permitted,
+after a long sojourn in other lands, to look once again upon their own&mdash;so
+near withal, that their eyes are gladdened, by the recognition of familiar
+landmarks; and who, in the silent chancel of their miscalculating hearts,
+thank God, that they are <i>at home at last</i>&mdash;and yet, in the very midst of
+life and joy, they are in death!</p>
+
+<p>There has ever seemed to me to be something exceedingly impressive, in the
+death of that eminent patriot, Josiah Quincy. He died when the bark, which
+bore him homeward was in sight of land&mdash;the headlands of Gloucester, April
+26, 1775&mdash;</p>
+
+<p class="poem">&mdash;&mdash;Dulces moriens reminiscitur Argos.</p>
+
+<p>Few men, of our own country, have accomplished more, or acquired a more
+honorable celebrity, at the early age of thirty-one.</p>
+
+<p>His was a death in the common course of nature. I more especially allude,
+at this moment, to death as it occurs, from shipwreck, on one&#8217;s own
+shores, when the voyage is apparently at an end, and the voyagers are
+anticipating an almost immediate reunion with their friends.</p>
+
+<p>The frequency of these occurrences revives, at the present moment, the
+sentiment of Horace, delivered some eighteen centuries ago&mdash;</p>
+
+<p class="poem">Illi robur et &aelig;s triplex<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Circa pectus erat, qui fragilem truci</span><br />
+Commisit pelago ratem<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Primus.&mdash;&mdash;&mdash;&mdash;&mdash;&mdash;</span></p>
+
+<p>We are oblivious of perils past. The tax on commerce, levied by the
+whirlwind, and by recklessness, and ignorance, far exceeds the common
+calculation of those, who know little, experimentally, of the perils of
+the deep; and who go not down upon the sea in ships. Precisely fifty years
+ago, it was estimated, at Lloyd&#8217;s, that one ship per diem, three hundred
+and sixty-five ships, annually, were lost, in the open sea, and on lee
+shores. And, in Lloyd&#8217;s Lists, for 1830, it was stated, that six hundred
+and seventy-seven British vessels were lost, during that year.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_405" id="Page_405">[Pg 405]</a></span>Whether or not it be attributable to that natural eagerness, which
+increases, as the object of our heart&#8217;s desire draws near, and is apt to
+abate somewhat of our ordinary vigilance&mdash;certain it is, that calamities
+of this nature are of no unfrequent occurrence, near the termination of a
+voyage, and when we have almost arrived at the haven, where we would be.</p>
+
+<p>About ten years ago, while enjoying the hospitality of some Southern
+friends, I became acquainted with a lady, the varying expression of whose
+features arrested my attention, and excited my surprise. Whenever her
+countenance was lighted up, by a smile, it was for an instant only; and an
+expression of solemnity, and even of sadness, immediately succeeded; as
+the darkness of an autumnal sky follows the feeble flashes of electric
+light.</p>
+
+<p>I sought an explanation of this peculiarity, from an old friend, who knew
+this lady well, Mr. Doddridge Crocker, formerly a merchant of this city,
+and then a resident of Charleston.</p>
+
+<p>He informed me, that, many years before, he had been a passenger, in
+company with this lady and her father, together with other citizens of
+Charleston, for New York, on board the Rose in Bloom. They had a
+prosperous voyage, until they came in sight of the Highlands. The
+passengers proceeded to make their toilets; and arrangements were in
+progress, for going speedily on shore. The ship was under a press of
+canvas, with a strong breeze. The wind shifted its direction suddenly, and
+soon became a gale. The Rose in Bloom was capsized, and lost. The lady,
+said Mr. Crocker, to whom you refer, and her father, amid the terrible
+confusion, which ensued, clung to some floating article, whose buoyancy,
+it soon became apparent, was not sufficient to support them both. The
+filial and paternal contest may be easily conceived, each entreating the
+other, to retain the only means of preservation. At length, the father
+abandoned his hold, and struck out for a floating spar, at some little
+distance. His struggles were ineffectual&mdash;he sunk, before his daughter&#8217;s
+eyes! We were, ere long, rescued from our imminent peril. The impression,
+left upon her mind, was left there forever.</p>
+
+<p>The reader may possibly surmise, that my leading remarks have a particular
+reference to the recent shipwreck of the Elizabeth, upon the coast of New
+York. This catastrophe, which is imputed to ignorance and miscalculation,
+involves the loss of an<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_406" id="Page_406">[Pg 406]</a></span> interesting and intelligent young gentleman, Mr.
+Horace Sumner, of this city, and of the Marquis and Marchioness Ossoli,
+and their child. One of these sufferers I have known, in earlier days.
+Under the quiet, unpresuming roof of her worthy father, Mr. Timothy
+Fuller, I have met his daughter Margaret. Few then would have anticipated
+her melancholy fate, and fewer still, that she would become an Italian
+marchioness!</p>
+
+<p>Let me devote the remaining space, in the present article, to those
+unmitigated wretches, with hearts of flint, who rioted and revelled, amid
+the sufferings of their fellow-beings. An opportunity will now be
+afforded, to stamp this hellish practice, with all the force of the law,
+and whatever there may be of indignant severity, in public sentiment.</p>
+
+<p>Luring vessels on shore, by arranging false lights, and robbing wrecks are
+crimes of great antiquity. But I had no suspicion, that even the latter
+practice was carried on, so systematically, and so boldly, as it appears
+to have been, at the present day, in the State of New York. The names of
+the places, where these atrocities were committed, Fire Island, Patchogue,
+Islip, Babylon have something of a Cornish sound, undoubtedly.</p>
+
+<p>Of old, in all the northern regions of Europe, and especially, along the
+coasts of the Baltic Sea, a wreck was deemed &#8220;<i>a Providence</i>;&#8221; and laws
+were in force, authorizing the inhabitants to fall on, and plunder at
+discretion, or, in the language, then employed&mdash;&#8220;<i>in naufragorum miseria
+et calamitate, tanquam vultures, ad pr&aelig;dam currere</i>.&#8221; Of the earlier
+periods of our own history, tales have been told, which, though almost
+beyond belief, would not have been related, if they had not been
+somewhere, upon the outskirts or frontiers of probability. Thus
+many&mdash;many&mdash;very many years ago, tradition intimates, that a worthy
+clergyman of Truro was interrupted, in the middle of his discourse, by one
+of his deacons, who caused the whole congregation to rise <i>en masse</i>, by
+seizing his hat and crying aloud&mdash;&#8220;<i>a wreck!</i>&#8221; whereupon the good man is
+reported, while putting up his notes, and opening the pulpit door, to have
+exclaimed&mdash;&#8220;<i>Stay&mdash;stay, my Christian friends, let us all have a fair
+start</i>.&#8221;</p>
+
+<p>More than five hundred years ago, in the 13th of Edward III., laws were
+passed, in England, for the punishment of such offenders. These laws were
+amended and confirmed, in the 12th of Anne, and 4th of George I., 26th of
+George II., and 8th of<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_407" id="Page_407">[Pg 407]</a></span> Elizabeth. By the statute of 26 George II., ch.
+19, plundering a vessel, in distress, or wrecked, and putting out false
+lights, to deceive, were made capital felonies. By the civil law, stealing
+even a plank from a vessel, in distress, or wrecked, made the offender
+liable, for the entire ship and cargo. The early Neapolitan constitutions
+and the laws of the Wisigoths inflicted the severest punishment, not only
+upon such as plundered a wreck, but upon all, who were convicted of
+neglecting to aid a vessel in distress, when in their power to render
+comfort and assistance.</p>
+
+<p>By the laws of the United States&mdash;I refer to the act of March 3,
+1825&mdash;persons who plunder vessels in distress; and all, who obstruct the
+escape of the sufferers; the exhibitors of false lights and extinguishers
+of true ones, with intent to produce shipwreck, are punishable, by fine,
+not exceeding five thousand dollars, and imprisonment and hard labor, not
+exceeding ten years. The extreme mildness of this law has always struck me
+with amazement; for, among the offenders, described in the statute, are
+those, &#8220;<i>who shall wilfully obstruct the escape of any person, endeavoring
+to save his or her life</i>,&#8221; &amp;c.</p>
+
+<p>Since men went down upon the sea in ships, there has rarely occurred, in
+our own country, a case of deeper atrocity, than the present; and, it is
+to be hoped, that the tribunals of New York will exhibit a forcible
+example of mercy to the whole community, by a prompt and condign
+punishment of these heartless wretches.</p>
+
+<p>The fiendish spirit, which, of old, animated the Buccaneers of the
+Tortugas, will probably never entirely die out from the heart of man, till
+the period of millennial purgation. It is impossible to conceive of
+anything, in a population of hy&aelig;nas, more selfish, cold, and cruel, than
+the conduct of that abandoned class, of whose existence we have abundant
+evidence; to whom no music is so sweet, as that of the midnight hurricane;
+and who have, immemorially, obtained the appellation of <i>moon-cursers</i>,
+because they delight in that darkness, which is suited to their infernal
+profession.</p>
+
+<p>The laws of England have been unable to accomplish the extinction of these
+miscreants. The Cornish coast, exposed, as it is, to marine disaster, has
+ever been famous, for this species of crime and cruelty. It is chiefly
+confined to a few parishes, on the craggy shore, between Mount&#8217;s Bay and
+the Lizard. &#8220;When a wreck takes place,&#8221; says Mr. Haydn, page 559,
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_408" id="Page_408">[Pg 408]</a></span>following the words of Phillips, &#8220;thousands assemble with hatchets, axes,
+crowbars, &amp;c., and many women and children fight, by habit, for the
+plunder, utterly regardless of the sufferers.&#8221;</p>
+
+<p>For the honor of human nature I trust, that many, very many years have
+gone by, since any such atrocities were practised, upon the sea-coast of
+New England. The late Dr. Holbrook, of Milton, related an incident, which
+occurred, during the last war with Great Britain, extending not beyond
+mere pilfering; and which, in the case of one individual, at least, had
+rather an amusing termination.</p>
+
+<p>A vessel was wrecked, on Nantasket beach; and, her cargo was broken up,
+and scattered along the shore. On the following day, Dr. Holbrook was
+hastily summoned, to visit a patient, who was thought to be dying. He was
+thoroughly exhausted, and had vomited, through the whole day, a substance,
+in no degree offensive, but, on the contrary, exceedingly aromatic and
+agreeable. Nevertheless, he was sinking from exhaustion. Dr. Holbrook
+could not prevail upon the patient to admit, that he had partaken of any
+other, than his customary diet. His wife stated, that he had been absent
+the preceding night, and had not told her, in what manner he had been
+engaged.</p>
+
+<p>At last, the doctor gravely informed him, that it was folly to practise
+such deception; that, unless a physician knew the nature of the poison, he
+could not easily prescribe an antidote; and, that, if he persisted in his
+folly, death might be the consequence.</p>
+
+<p>At this, the fellow, who, with others, had been pilfering from the wreck,
+became thoroughly frightened; and, with an expression of great terror,
+confessed, that he feared he had <i>eaten rather too heartily of nutmegs</i>.</p>
+
+
+
+<p>&nbsp;</p><p>&nbsp;</p>
+<hr style="width: 50%;" />
+<h2><a name="No_CIII" id="No_CIII"></a>No. CIII.</h2>
+
+
+<p>In the Transcript of August 14, I notice an editorial criticism, upon the
+recent employment of the word <i>catafalque</i>. In primitive strictness, I
+believe that criticism to be perfectly correct; and that, in its original
+signification, <i>catafalque</i> cannot be understood to mean a <i>funeral car</i>.</p>
+
+<p>In the <i>grand Dictionaire</i>, by Fleming &amp; Tibbins, <i>catafalque</i><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_409" id="Page_409">[Pg 409]</a></span> is thus
+defined&mdash;&#8220;<i>decoration funebre qu&#8217;on eleve au milieu d&#8217;une &eacute;glise pour y
+placer le cercueil ou le representation d&#8217;un mort a qui l&#8217;on veut rendre
+les plus grands honneurs</i>.&#8221;</p>
+
+<p>Herse is defined, by the same lexicographers, &#8220;<i>un cercueil, une biere,
+voiture pour porter un mort au tombeau, un char funebre, corbillard,
+pierre tumulaire provisoire</i>.&#8221;</p>
+
+<p>Thus, while <i>catafalque</i> seems to signify an ornamental structure, erected
+in the middle of a church, to support the coffin or the effigy of the
+dead, whom it is intended to honor&mdash;<i>herse</i>, at the present day, is
+understood to mean a coffin, a bier, a carriage to bear the dead to the
+tomb, a funeral car, a van, a temporary mausoleum or gravestone.</p>
+
+<p><i>Herse</i>, whose etymology, according to Johnson, is unknown, imported,
+three hundred years ago, a temporary structure, in honor of the dead; such
+also is the meaning of the word <i>catafalque</i>; of this, there cannot be the
+slightest doubt. In this sense, herse was employed by Shakspeare, in his
+Henry IV.:</p>
+
+<p class="poem"><span style="margin-left: 9em;">&#8220;To add to your laments</span><br />
+Wherewith you now bedew King Henry&#8217;s herse,&#8221; &amp;c.</p>
+
+<p>Johnson furnishes two definitions of the word, herse&mdash;1. A carriage, in
+which the dead are conveyed to the grave. 2. A temporary monument, set
+over a grave. It is quite certain, however, that the <i>herse</i>, whether
+justly styled <i>a monument</i>, or not, was <i>not</i> usually &#8220;<i>set over the
+grave</i>,&#8221; but more frequently, like the <i>catafalque</i>, agreeably to the
+definition given above&mdash;<i>au milieu d&#8217;une eglise</i>.</p>
+
+<p>No writer, probably, refers to the <i>herse</i>, so frequently, as old John
+Strype, in his Memorials; and, in no instance, I believe, in the sense of
+a <i>car</i> or <i>vehicle</i>, or as a structure, &#8220;<i>set over the grave</i>.&#8221;</p>
+
+<p>Strype&#8217;s Memorials are the records of a Roman Catholic age, or of a
+period, during which, the usages of the Romish Church, in England, had not
+entirely worn out their welcome with the people&mdash;the reigns of Henry
+VIII., Edward VI., Bloody Mary, and Elizabeth. For, even during the reigns
+of Edward VI., and of Elizabeth, not a few of those pompous practices,
+which grew up, in the times of their respective predecessors, still clung
+upon the imaginations of the populace, and were reluctantly surrendered.</p>
+
+<p>The church is the theatre of the Romish ecclesiastic. The service is an
+attractive spectacle. If the world were struck<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_410" id="Page_410">[Pg 410]</a></span> blind, who does not
+perceive, that the principal supports of Romanism would be instantly taken
+away! It has been the practice of all churches, that deal somewhat
+extensively, in forms and ceremonies, to demand of their members, with a
+greater or less degree of peremptoriness, that certain acts shall be
+publicly performed&mdash;<i>au milieu d&#8217;une eglise</i>. Thus the ceremony of
+marriage&mdash;the baptism of infants&mdash;the churching of women&mdash;and the burial
+of the dead furnish occasion, for throwing open the temple, and exhibiting
+its showy furniture to the multitude; and of verifying a pleasing saying
+of the late eminent, and excellent Archbishop of Bordeaux, while Bishop of
+Boston&mdash;&#8220;<i>If we cannot catch them, in one way, we catch them in another</i>.&#8221;</p>
+
+<p>Nothing has ever been a more prolific source of capital to the Romish
+church, in former ages, than funereal parade, <i>au milieu d&#8217;une eglise</i>.
+Strype, with very few exceptions, speaks of the <i>herse</i> as a &#8220;<i>herse of
+wax</i>.&#8221; To this I have alluded in an earlier number. It may require a brief
+explanation here. Wax candles, of divers colors and forms, were attached
+to the <i>herse</i>, and the wax chandler of those days was in great request,
+and often rose to wealth and distinction.</p>
+
+<p>The reader will readily perceive, that the <i>herse</i>, of those early times,
+was identical with the <i>catafalque</i>, if he will give his attention to the
+following statements&mdash;&#8220;1554, on the 5th of October were the obsequies of
+the said Duke of Norfolk celebrated at St. Mary Overy&#8217;s: an herse being
+made with timber, and hanged with black, with his arms, and four goodly
+candlesticks gilded, and as many great tapers standing about it, all the
+choir hung in black,&#8221; &amp;c. Mem. vol. iii., part 1, ch. 25. Here is no
+<i>car</i>, but a temporary structure, <i>au milieu d&#8217;une eglise</i>&mdash;not &#8220;<i>set over
+the grave</i>&#8221;&mdash;<i>the choir hung in black, &amp;.</i></p>
+
+<p>To show how Strype distinguished between the <i>herse</i> and a <i>car</i> for
+conveyance, the reader may turn to the Memorials, vol. iii., part 1, page
+471, where, after describing the ceremonies, in the church, at the funeral
+of the Bishop of Winchester, Strype adds&mdash;&#8220;at the gate, the corpse was put
+into a <i>wagon</i> with four horses, all covered with black,&#8221; &amp;c. This is our
+modern <i>herse</i>, but was not so called by Strype.</p>
+
+<p>&#8220;1557.&mdash;On the 5th of May was the Lady Chamberlin buried, with a fair
+hearse of wax.&#8221; The following is sufficiently explicit&mdash;&#8220;1557, the same
+day (July 29) began the hearse, at<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_411" id="Page_411">[Pg 411]</a></span> Westminster, for the Lady Anne of
+Cleves, consisting of carpenters&#8217; work of seven principals; being as
+goodly a hearse, as had been seen.&#8221; Vol iii. p. 11.</p>
+
+<p>&#8220;1557.&mdash;On the 3d of August, the body of the Lady Anne of Cleves was
+brought from Chelsy, where her house was, unto Westminster, to be buried;
+with all the children of Westminster, and many priests and clerks.&#8221; Father
+Strype did not probably intend to say they were all to be buried together.</p>
+
+<p>&#8220;Then the gray Amis of Paul&#8217;s, and three crosses, and the monks of
+Westminster, and my Lord Bishop of London, and Lord Abbot of Westminster,
+rode together next the monks. Then the two secretaries, Sir Edmund Peckham
+and Sir Robert Freston, cofferer to the Queen of England, my Lord Admiral
+and Mr. Darcy, of Essex, and many knights and gentlemen. And before her
+corpse, her servants, her banner of arms. Then her gentlemen and her head
+officers; and then her chariot, with eight banners of arms, consisting of
+divers arms, and four banners of images of white taffeta, wrought with
+gold, and her arms. And so they passed by St. James&#8217;s, and thence to
+Charing Cross, with an hundred torches burning, her servants bearing them.
+And the twelve beadmen of Westminster had new black gowns, bearing twelve
+torches burning. There were four white branches with arms; then ladies and
+gentlewomen, all in black with their horses; eight heralds of arms, in
+black, with their horses, &amp;c., &amp;c. At the church door all did alight; and
+there the Lord Bishop of London and the Lord Abbot, in their copes, did
+receive the good lady, censing her. Men bore her under a canopy of black
+velvet, with four black staves <i>and so brought her into the hearse</i>, and
+there tarried dirge, remaining there all night, with lights burning.&#8221;
+Ibid. &#8220;On the 22d was the hearse of the Lady Anne of Cleves, lately set up
+in Westminster Abbey, taken down, which the monks, by night, had spoiled
+of all the velvet cloth, arms, banners, pensils, majesty, and valance and
+all,&mdash;the which was never seen afore so done.&#8221; Ibid. page 15.</p>
+
+<p>Hence it is manifest, that the <i>herse</i>, in the time of Strype, was
+identical with the <i>catafalque</i> of the present day. Nevertheless, <i>herse</i>
+and <i>catafalque</i> are as clearly not convertible terms, since the latter
+word can never be correctly applied to a funeral car.</p>
+
+<p>Two and twenty pages of original record are devoted, by Strype, to an
+account of the &#8220;ceremonies and funeral solemnities, paid to the corpse of
+King Henry VIII.&#8221; These pages are<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_412" id="Page_412">[Pg 412]</a></span> extremely interesting, and full of
+curious detail. They also furnish additional evidence, that <i>the herse</i>
+was then understood to mean all, that is now meant by <i>the catafalque</i>.
+The works of Strype are not in the hands of very many; and the reader will
+not be displeased to know, in what manner they dealt with the dead body of
+an English King, some three hundred years ago. A few extracts are all,
+that my limits will allow:&mdash;</p>
+
+<p>&#8220;After the corps was cold, and seen by the Lords of the Privy Council and
+others of the nobility of the realm, as appertained, commandment was given
+to the apothecaries, chirurgeons, wax-chandlers, and others, to do their
+duties in spurging, cleansing, bowelling, cering, embalming, furnishing,
+and dressing with spices the said corpse; and also for wrapping the same
+in cerecloth of many folds over the fine cloth of rains and velvet, surely
+bound and trammel&#8217;d with cords of silk: which was done and executed of
+them accordingly, as to the dignity of such a mighty prince it
+appertaineth; and a writing in great and small letters annexed against the
+breast, containing his name and style, the day and year of his death, in
+like manner. And after this don, then was the plumber and carpenter
+appointed to case him in lead, and to chest him. Which being don, the said
+chest was covered about with blew velvet, and a cross set upon the same.&#8221;</p>
+
+<p>&#8220;And the corps being thus ordained, the entrails and bowels were honorably
+buried in the chappel,&#8221; &amp;c. Mem., vol. 2, p. 289.</p>
+
+<p>&#8220;Then was the corps in the chest had into the midds of the privy chamber,
+and set upon tressels, with a rich pall of cloth of gold, and a cross
+thereon, with all manner of lights thereto requisite.&#8221; Ibid.</p>
+
+<p>&#8220;In the said chappel was ordained a goodly, formal herse, with four-score
+square tapers; every light containing two foot in length, poising in the
+whole eighteen hundred weight of wax, garnished about with pensils and
+escutcheons, banners and bannerols of descents. And, at the four corners,
+four banners of saints, beaten in fine gold upon damask, with a majesty
+thereover,&#8221; &amp;c., &amp;c. Ibid. 290.</p>
+
+<p>&#8220;The second day of the month of February, being Wednesday and Candlemas
+day, betwixt eight and nine of the clock at night, the herse being
+lighted, and all other things appointed and prepared, the said most royal
+corps was reverendly taken and removed from the chambers, &amp;c., and so
+brought to the chappel,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_413" id="Page_413">[Pg 413]</a></span> &amp;c., and there it was honorably set and placed
+within the said herse under a pall of rich cloth of tissue, garnished with
+escutheons, and a rich cloth of gold, set with precious stones.&#8221; Ibid.
+292.</p>
+
+<p>&#8220;And the herse, standing in the midst of said choir, was of a wonderful
+state and proportion; that is to say formed in the compass of eight panes
+and thirteen principals, double storied, of thirty-five foot high,
+curiously wrot, painted and gilded, having in it a wonderful sort of
+lights, amounting, in price, of wax, to the sum of four thousand pound
+
+weight, and garnished underneath with a rich majesty, and a doome double
+vallanced: on the which, on either side, was written the King&#8217;s word, in
+beaten gold, upon silk, and his arms of descents. And the whole herse was
+richly fringed with double fringes of black silk and gold on either side,
+both within and without very gorgeous and valiant to behold.&#8221; Ibid. 295.</p>
+
+<p>It does not appear, that, in those days any <i>single</i> English word was
+employed, to express the <i>vehicle</i>, which we call a <i>hearse</i>, at the
+present day, unless the word <i>bier</i> may suffice: and this, like the Roman
+<i>feretrum</i>, which I take to be much like our common graveyard article with
+legs, will scarcely answer the description of a four-wheeled car. I infer,
+that the <i>feretrum</i> was a thing, which might be taken up, and set down,
+from the word <i>posito</i> in Ovid&#8217;s Fasti, iv., 851&mdash;</p>
+
+<p class="poem">Osculaque applicuit posito suprema feretro.</p>
+
+<p>The <i>feretrum</i> and the <i>capulus</i>, among the Romans, were designed mainly,
+for the poor. Citizens of any note were borne, as was our own practice,
+not very many years ago, on the shoulders of their friends.</p>
+
+<p>The <i>funeral car</i> of Henry VIII. was a noble affair:&mdash;</p>
+
+<p>&#8220;There was ordained for the corps a sumptuous and valuable chariot of four
+wheels, very long and large, with four pillars, overlaid with cloth of
+gold at the four corners, bearing a pillow of rich cloth of gold and
+tissue, fringed with a goodly deep fringe of blew silk and gold; and
+underneath that, turned towards the chariot, was a marvellous excellent
+cloth of majesty, having in it a doom artificially wrought, in fine gold
+upon oyl: and at the nether part of the said Chariot was hanged with blew
+velvet down to the ground, between the wheels, and at other parts of<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_414" id="Page_414">[Pg 414]</a></span> the
+chariot, enclosed in like manner with blew velvet.&#8221; Ibid. 295.</p>
+
+<p>&#8220;The next day early, the 14 February, the chariot was brought to the court
+hall door; and the corps with great reverence brought from the <i>herse</i> to
+the same, by mitred prelats and others, temporal lords.&#8221; Ibid. 598.</p>
+
+<p>Then, over the area of thirteen remaining pages, the record contains the
+minute particulars of the monarch&#8217;s obsequies, which, though full of
+interest, are no farther to our present purpose.</p>
+
+
+
+<p>&nbsp;</p><p>&nbsp;</p>
+<hr style="width: 50%;" />
+<h2><a name="No_CIV" id="No_CIV"></a>No. CIV.</h2>
+
+
+<p>Bull&mdash;I speak not of Ole, but of John&mdash;Bull, when the teazle of opposition
+has elevated the nap of his temper, is a pestilent fellow: whatever the
+amount&mdash;and there is enough&mdash;of the milk of human kindness within him,
+there is, then, but one way, known among men, of getting it out, and that
+is, by giving Bull a bloody nose; whereupon he comes to his senses
+directly, and to a just appreciation of himself and his neighbors. True
+indeed it is, Bull is remarkably oblivious; and it sometimes becomes
+necessary to give him another, which is invariably followed, by the same
+happy result.</p>
+
+<p><i>Qui h&aelig;ret in cortice</i> will never come at the milk of a cocoa nut. It is
+necessary to strip off its rough coat, and punch sundry holes in its
+<i>wooden walls</i>, and give it a regular cracking. It is precisely so with
+Bull. When the fit is upon him, Bull is terrible. He is the very Bull of
+Crete&mdash;the Bull of Claudian, in his rape of Proserpine&mdash;</p>
+
+<p class="poem">Dict&aelig;us quatiens mugitibus urbes<br />
+Taurus&mdash;&mdash;&mdash;&mdash;&mdash;&mdash;&mdash;&mdash;&mdash;<br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Bull is a prodigious fellow;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Nations tremble at his bellow.</span></p>
+
+<p>There seems to have existed a strange, political hallucination, in regard
+to Bull and Jonathan. We are clearly, all of us, of one and the same
+family&mdash;a Bull-begotten people; and have a great deal of pleasure, in
+believing, that old madam Bull was the mother of us all. A goodly number
+of highly respectable Bulls came over the water, of old, and were well
+contented with<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_415" id="Page_415">[Pg 415]</a></span> the green pastures of the New World. They differed, upon
+some points, from the Bulls they had left behind. They did not believe,
+that there was a power or right, to bellow louder than the rest, vested in
+any particular Bull, which power came down from Bull to Bull, in unbroken
+succession, from the Bull of Bashan. Such a belief, in their opinion,
+would have been a terrible Bull. Well; all at once, the trans-atlantic
+Bulls began to call the cis-atlantic Bulls&mdash;<i>Jonathans</i>. A very good name
+it was&mdash;a great deal better than <i>Bulls</i>. There could be no objection to
+the name, in the abstract.</p>
+
+<p>But, unfortunately, it was bestowed, as a diminutive, and in derision; and
+the old Bulls, ere long, began to beat their flanks with their tails, and
+paw up the earth, and look unutterable things, about Jonathan&#8217;s cowardice;
+and they came over the water in droves, and began to roar awfully; and
+tore up the earth, under our very noses: and, after doing all, in our
+power to spare the world the miserable spectacle of a conflict, among
+Bulls, that were brothers, of the whole blood, we went to work, <i>ex
+necessitate</i>, with hoofs and horns; and tossed up such a terrible dust, at
+Lexington, and Concord, and Bunker&#8217;s Hill, and Long Island, and White
+Plains, and upon the Lakes, and at Sheensborough, and Albany, and
+Brandywine, and Saratoga, and Bennington, and Germantown, and Rhode
+Island, and Briar&#8217;s Creek, and Camden, and Broad River, and Guilford, and
+Hobkirk&#8217;s Hill, and the Eutaw Springs, and York Town, and at fifty places
+beside, that the old Bulls were perfectly astonished; and so very severely
+gored withal, that their roaring sunk, at last, into something like
+Snug&#8217;s, when he became fearful of frightening the ladies. The old
+Bulls&mdash;those that survived&mdash;went <i>back again</i>, like Sawney, out of the
+peach orchard; and the mammoth Bull, in London, publicly acknowledged,
+that we were as independent a set of Bulls, as ever he saw, or heard of.</p>
+
+<p>No man, in his senses, marvels, that a contemptuous, and supercilious
+sentiment, towards us, in our days of small things, should have been
+indulged, by the vulgar and unphilosophical, among the English people. It
+is matter for surprise, nevertheless, that so much ignorance of the
+American character should have existed, in the higher ranks of British
+society&mdash;such disparaging estimates of men and <i>materiel</i>, on this side
+the water&mdash;such mistaken conceptions&mdash;such a general belief of almost
+universal pusillanimity, among men, who were not a whit the less<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_416" id="Page_416">[Pg 416]</a></span>
+Englishmen, than their revilers; as though there were something,
+particularly enervating, in breathing the bracing air of America, and
+listening to the thorough bass of the wild waters, breaking on our
+original walls of granite; and in struggling, with our horny hands, along
+the precipices, for bread&mdash;such an awful miscalculation of probabilities,
+as resulted at last, in the loss to King George of thirteen inestimable
+jewels, of the fairest water.</p>
+
+<p>The impressions, entertained of the Americans, by the English people, or a
+great majority of them, about that period, were truly amusing. It is
+scarcely worth while to comment on the abuse of us, by the early
+reviewers, and the taunting inquiry, long&mdash;long ago, what American had
+ever produced an epic?&mdash;Unluckily, Joel did, at last.&mdash;This question, thus
+early and impudently propounded, was quite as sensible, as it might be, to
+ask men, who, by dint of industry and thrift, are just getting plain
+shirts to their backs&mdash;who among them ever had lace ruffles? We have
+improved since that time; and <i>halmost hevery man in the ole population
+can hutter imself hin werry decent Henglish</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Josiah Quincy, <i>then</i> junior, father of the late President of Harvard
+University, has noted some curious facts, in his journal, as reported by
+Gordon, i. 438. In a conversation between him and Col. Barr&eacute;, who, though
+he opposed the Stamp Act, in 1765, supported the Boston Port Bill, in
+1774. Col. Barr&eacute; said to Mr. Quincy&mdash;&#8220;About fourteen or fifteen years ago,
+I was through a considerable part of your country; for, in the expedition
+against Canada, my business caused me to pass by land, through
+Pennsylvania, New Jersey, New York, and Albany; and, when I returned again
+to this country, I was often speaking of America, and could not help
+speaking well of its climate, soil, and inhabitants; for you must know,
+sir, America was always a favorite with me. But, will you believe it, sir,
+yet I assure you it is true, more than two thirds of this island, at this
+time, thought the Americans were all negroes.&#8221; Mr. Quincy replied that he
+did not in the least doubt it, for, if he was to judge by the late acts of
+Parliament, he should suppose, that a great majority of the people of
+Great Britain still thought so, for he found that their representatives
+still treated them as such.</p>
+
+<p>The ministry had decided, that &#8220;<i>the punishment of a few of<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_417" id="Page_417">[Pg 417]</a></span> the worst
+sort of traitors, such as Hancock and his crew, might be sufficient to
+teach the rest their duty, in future</i>.&#8221;&mdash;&#8220;Some men of rank in the army,&#8221;
+says Gordon, i. 457, &#8220;treated all idea of resistance, by the Americans,
+with the utmost contempt. They are neither soldiers, nor ever can be made
+so, being naturally of a pusillanimous disposition, and utterly incapable
+of any sort of order or discipline; and by their laziness, uncleanliness,
+and radical defect of constitution, they are disabled from going through
+the service of a campaign. Many ludicrous stories, to that purport, were
+told, greatly to the entertainment of the house.&#8221;</p>
+
+<p>Jonathan turned out, at the end of the Bull baiting, to have been neither
+a fool nor a coward: and the American Congress received a memorable
+compliment from Lord Chatham&mdash;&#8220;<i>For genuine sagacity, for singular
+moderation, for manly spirit, for sublime sentiments, and simplicity of
+language, for everything respectable and honorable, the Congress of
+Philadelphia shines unrivalled</i>.&#8221;</p>
+
+<p>In the war of 1812, Bull was the very identical Bull, that he had been
+before: Frenchmen were frogs; Yankees were cowards&mdash;there was nobody that
+could fight, on the land or the sea, but Bull.</p>
+
+<p>&#8220;It has always,&#8221; says that wittiest, and, I fear, wickedest of wags,
+William Cobbett, while addressing Lord Liverpool, &#8220;been the misfortune of
+England, that her rulers and her people have spoken and have thought
+contemptuously of the Americans. Was there a man in the country, who did
+not despise the American navy? Was there a public writer beside myself,
+who did not doom that navy to destruction in a month? Did not all parties
+exceedingly relish the description given, in a very august assembly, of
+&#8216;<i>half a dozen of fir frigates, with bits of striped bunting tied to their
+mast heads</i>&#8217;! Did not the Guerriere sail up and down the American coast,
+with her name, written on her flag, challenging those fir frigates? Did
+not the whole nation, with one voice exclaim at the affair of the <i>Little
+Belt</i>&mdash;&#8216;Only let Rogers come <i>within reach</i> of one of our <i>frigates</i>!&#8217; If
+such was the opinion of the whole nation, with what justice is the Board
+of Admiralty blamed, for not sending out the means of combatting this
+extraordinary sort of foe? and for issuing a privilege to our frigates to
+run away from one of those <i>fir things with a bit of striped bunting at<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_418" id="Page_418">[Pg 418]</a></span>
+its mast head</i>? The result of the former war, while it enlightened nobody,
+added to the vindictiveness of hundreds of thousands; so that we have
+entered into this war with all our old stock of contempt, and a vastly
+increased stock of rancor. To think that the American republic is to be a
+great power is unsupportable. Of the effect of this contempt I know
+nobody, who has so much reason to repent, as the officers of his Majesty&#8217;s
+navy. If they had triumphed, it would only have been over half a dozen
+<i>fir things, with bits of bunting at their mast heads</i>. They were sure to
+gain no reputation in the contest; and, if they failed, what was their
+lot? The worst of it is, they themselves did, in some measure, contribute
+to their own ill fate: for, of all men living, none spoke of poor Jonathan
+with so much contempt. There are some people, who are for taking the
+American commodores at their word, and ascribing their victories to the
+immediate intervention of Providence. Both Perry and McDonough begin their
+despatches by saying&mdash;&#8220;<i>Almighty God has given us a victory</i>.&#8221;</p>
+
+<p>This is keen political satire; and it is well, that it should come to
+neighbor Bull&#8217;s ears, from the mouth of an Englishman. It is more
+gracefully administered thus. That it was entirely deserved, no one will
+doubt, who has any recollection of Bull&#8217;s unmeasured and unmitigated
+impudence, during the war of 1812, in its earlier stages. May God of his
+infinite mercy grant, that Peace Societies may have these matters,
+hereafter, very much their own way; though I have a little misgiving, I
+confess, as to the expediency of any sudden, or very general conversion of
+swords into ploughshares, or spears into pruning hooks.</p>
+
+
+
+<p>&nbsp;</p><p>&nbsp;</p>
+<hr style="width: 50%;" />
+<h2><a name="No_CV" id="No_CV"></a>No. CV.</h2>
+
+
+<p><i>Modus in rebus</i>&mdash;an admirable proverb, upon all common occasions&mdash;is
+inapplicable, of course, to musical matters. No doubt of it. The luxury of
+sweet sounds cannot be too dearly bought; and, for its procurement,
+mankind may go stark mad, without any diminution of their respectability.</p>
+
+<p>Such I infer to be the popular philosophy of today&mdash;<i>while it is called
+today</i>. The moderns have been greatly perplexed, by<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_419" id="Page_419">[Pg 419]</a></span> the legends, which
+have come down to us, respecting the melody of swans. The <i>carmina
+cycnorum</i> of Ovid, and the <i>Cantantes sublime ferent ad sidera cycni</i>, of
+Virgil, are perfectly incomprehensible by us. Cicero also, in his Tusculan
+Questions, i. 74, says, they die, <i>cum cantu et voluptate</i>. Martial, xiii.
+77, asserts the matter, very positively&mdash;</p>
+
+<p class="poem"><i>Dulcia defecta modulatur carmina lingua<br />
+Cantator cycnus funeris ipse sui.</i></p>
+
+<p>I no more believe in the power of a living or a dying swan to make melody
+of any kind, than I believe in the antiquated hum-bug of immediate
+emancipation. Pliny had no confidence in the story, and expresses himself
+to that effect, x. 23, <i>Olorum morte narratur flebilis cantus (falso, ut
+arbitror) aliquot experimentis</i>.</p>
+
+<p>No mortal has done more than Shakspeare, among the moderns, to perpetuate
+this pleasant fancy&mdash;no bard, when weary of Pegasus, and preferring a
+drive to a ride, has harnessed his cygnets more frequently&mdash;or compelled
+them to sing more sweetly, in a dying hour. A single example may suffice.
+When prince Henry is told, that his father, King John, sang, during his
+dying frenzy, he says&mdash;</p>
+
+<p class="poem">&#8220;Tis strange, that death should sing&mdash;<br />
+I am the cygnet to this pale faint swan,<br />
+Who chants a doleful hymn to his own death:<br />
+And, from the organ pipe of frailty, sings<br />
+His soul and body to their lasting rest.&#8221;</p>
+
+<p>One brief example more&mdash;Emilia, after the murder of her mistress&mdash;</p>
+
+<p class="poem">&#8220;Hark! canst thou hear me? I will play the swan;<br />
+And die in music.&#8221;</p>
+
+<p>In all this there lurks not one particle of sober prose&mdash;one syllable of
+truth. The most learned refutation of it may be found, in the Pseudodoxia
+of Sir Thomas Browne, ii. 517, Lond. 1835.</p>
+
+<p>In the &#8220;<i>Memoires de l&#8217;Acad&eacute;mie des Inscriptions</i>,&#8221; M. Morin discusses the
+question very agreeably, why swans, that sang so delightfully, of old,
+sing so miserably, at the present day. Tame swans, he observes, are mutes:
+but the wild swan exerts its vocal powers, after a fashion of its own. He
+introduces the observations of the Abb&eacute; Arnaud, upon the performances of a
+couple of wild swans, which had located, upon the lagoons of Chantilly.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_420" id="Page_420">[Pg 420]</a></span>
+&#8220;One can hardly say,&#8221; says the Abb&eacute;, &#8220;that the swans of Chantilly
+sing&mdash;they cry; but their cries are truly and constantly modulated. Their
+voice is not sweet; on the contrary, it is shrill, piercing, and rather
+disagreeable; I could compare it to nothing better than the sound of a
+clarionet, winded by a person unacquainted with the instrument.&#8221; Nothing
+surely savors less of melody than this. So thought Buffon&mdash;&#8220;<i>Des sons
+bruyans de clarion, mais dont les tons aigus et peu diversifi&eacute;s sont
+n&eacute;anmoins tres&mdash;&eacute;loign&eacute;s de la tendre m&eacute;lodie et de la vari&eacute;t&eacute; douce et
+brilliante du ramage de nos oiseaux chanteurs</i>.&#8221; Nat. Hist. des Oisaux,
+ix. 25.</p>
+
+<p>In his exposition of this error, imposed upon mankind, by the poets,
+Buffon expresses himself with singular beauty, in the concluding
+paragraph&mdash;&#8220;Nulle fiction en Histoire Naturelle, nulle fable chez les
+Anciens n&#8217;a ete plus c&eacute;l&eacute;br&eacute;e, plus r&eacute;p&eacute;t&eacute;e, plus accr&eacute;ditee; elle s&#8217;&eacute;toit
+empar&eacute;e de l&#8217;imagination vive et sensible des Grecs; po&euml;tes, orateurs,
+philosophes m&eacute;me l&#8217;ont adopt&eacute;e, comme une verit&eacute; trop agreable pour
+vouloir en douter. Il faut bien leur pardonner leurs fables; elles &eacute;toient
+aimables et touchantes; elles valoient bien de tristes, d&#8217;arides verit&eacute;s
+c&#8217;etoient de doux embl&eacute;mes pour les ames sensibles. Les cygnes, sans
+doute, ne chantent point leur mort; mais toujours, en parlant du dernier
+essor et de derniers &eacute;lans d&#8217;un beau g&eacute;nie pret &aacute; s&#8217;&eacute;teindre, on
+rappellera avec sentiment cette expression touchante&mdash;<i>c&#8217;est le chant du
+cygne!</i>&#8221; Ibid. 28.</p>
+
+<p>It is not surprising, that these celebrated naturalists, Buffon and Morin,
+who discourse, so eloquently, of Grecian and Roman swans, should say
+nothing of Swedish nightingales, for, between their time and the present,
+numerous additions have been made to the catalogue of songsters.</p>
+
+<p>The very thing, which the barber, Arkwright did, for all the spinning
+Jennies, in Lancashire, some seventy years ago, has been done by Jenny
+Lind, for all the singing Jennies upon earth, beside herself&mdash;they are
+cast into the shade.</p>
+
+<p>She came here with an irresistible prestige. A singing woman has been a
+proverb, since the world began; and, of course, long before Ulysses
+dropped in, upon the island of Ogygia, and listened to Calypso; or fell
+into serious difficulty, among the Sirens. A singing woman, a Siren, has
+been frequently accounted, and with great propriety, a singing bird of
+evil omen. How grateful then must it be, to know, that, while lending
+their ears and their<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_421" id="Page_421">[Pg 421]</a></span> eyes to this incomparable songstress, our wives, our
+daughters, and our sisters have before them a pure, and virtuous, and
+gentle, and generous creature, as free, as poor, human nature can well be
+free, from life&#8217;s alloy, and very much as she was, when created&mdash;<i>a little
+lower than the angels</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Among other mythological matters, Pausanias relates, that the three
+Sirens, instigated by Juno, challenged the Muses to a trial of skill in
+singing. They were beaten, of course, for the Muses, being nine in number,
+there were three upon one. The victors, as the story goes, proceeded very
+deliberately, to pluck the golden feathers, from the wings of the
+vanquished, and converted them into crowns, for their own brows.</p>
+
+<p>Now, it cannot be denied, that Jenny has vanquished us all, and made the
+golden feathers fly abundantly. But this is not Jenny&#8217;s fault; for,
+whatever the wisdom or the folly, the affair was our own entirely. If, for
+the sake of distinction, any one has seen fit to pluck every golden
+feather from his back, and appear, like the featherless biped of Diogenes,
+and give the golden feathers to Jenny, to make her a crown; we have
+substantial facts, upon which to predict, that Jenny will make a better
+use of those golden feathers, than to fool them away, for a song. If Jenny
+plucks golden feathers, from the backs of the rich, she finds bare spots
+enough, for a large part of them all, upon the backs of the poor: and, as
+for the crown, for Jenny&#8217;s brows, if she goes onward, as she has begun,
+investing her treasure <i>in Heaven</i>, and selecting the Lord for her
+paymaster, <i>there</i> will be her coronation; and her crown a crown of Glory.
+And, when she comes to lie down and die, let the two last lines of
+Johnson&#8217;s imperishable epitaph, on Philips, be inscribed upon her tomb&mdash;</p>
+
+<p class="poem">&#8220;Rest undisturb&#8217;d, beneath this marble shrine,<br />
+Till angels wake thee, with a note like thine.&#8221;</p>
+
+<p>Orpheus was changed into a swan; Philomela into a nightingale; and Jenny,
+in due time, will be changed into an angel. Indeed, it is the opinion of
+some competent judges, that the metamorphosis has already commenced.</p>
+
+<p>Music is such a delightful, soothing thing, that one grieves, to think its
+professors and amateurs are frequently so excessively irritable.</p>
+
+<p>The disputes, between Handel and Senesino, and their respective partisans,
+disturbed all London, and finally broke up the<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_422" id="Page_422">[Pg 422]</a></span> Academy of Music, after it
+had been established, for nine years. The quarrels of Handel and
+Buononcini are said to have occasioned duels, among the amateurs; and the
+nation was filled, by these musical geniuses, with discord and uproar.
+Good humor was, in some degree, restored, by the following epigram, so
+often ascribed to Swift, the two last lines of which, however, are alone
+to be found in the editions of his works, by Nicholls, and Scott:</p>
+
+<p class="poem">&#8220;Some say, that signor Buononcini,<br />
+Compar&#8217;d with Handel, is a ninny;<br />
+Others aver to him, that Handel<br />
+Does not deserve to hold a candle;<br />
+Strange, all this difference should be,<br />
+&#8217;Twixt tweedle dum and tweedle dee.&#8221;</p>
+
+<p>This epigram cannot be attributed to that contempt for music, which is
+sometimes occasioned, by a constitutional inability to appreciate its
+effect, upon the great mass of mankind. It undoubtedly sprang from a
+desire to put an end, by the power of ridicule, to these unmusical
+disturbances of the public peace.</p>
+
+<p>Swift&#8217;s musical pun, upon the accidental destruction of a fine Cremona
+fiddle, which was thrown down by a lady&#8217;s mantua, has always been highly
+and deservedly commended; and recently, upon the very best authority,
+pronounced the finest specimen extant of this species of wit&mdash;&#8220;Perhaps,&#8221;
+says Sir Walter Scott, in his life of Swift, speaking of his puns, i. 467,
+&#8220;the application of the line of Virgil to the lady, who threw down with
+her mantua a Cremona fiddle, is the best ever made&mdash;</p>
+
+<p class="poem">&#8220;Mantua v&aelig; miser&aelig; nimium vicina Cremon&aelig;!&#8221;</p>
+
+<p>In every nation, and in every age, the power of music has been
+acknowledged by mankind. Now and then, the negative idiosyncracies of
+certain persons place this particular department of pleasure, beyond the
+sphere of their comprehension, as effectually as utter blindness denies
+the power of enjoying the finest specimens of the painter&#8217;s art.
+Occasionally, some pious divine, absolutely drunk with over-potent
+draughts of orthodoxy, like the friar, before Boccaccio, shakes his holy
+finger at this wicked world, and warns them to beware of the singing
+woman!</p>
+
+<p>The vocal power of music is ascribed to the angels in Heaven; and my own
+personal knowledge has assured me, that it affords a melancholy solace, to
+the slave in bonds.</p>
+
+<p>I passed the winter of 1840-41 with an invalid daughter, in the island of
+St. Croix. With a party of some six or eight, we<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_423" id="Page_423">[Pg 423]</a></span> devoted one delightful,
+moonlight evening, to a ride, on horseback, among the sugar-loaf summits
+of that beautiful speck amid the main. We were ascending the hills, in the
+neighborhood of the Annelly plantation&mdash;the moon was at full, that night;
+and the Caribbean Sea, far and wide, shone like a boundless prairie of
+burnished silver. As we were slowly winding our way, to the summit, one of
+our party called the attention of the rest to the sounds of music, coming
+from the slave cabins, at a distance. As we advanced, slowly and silently,
+towards the spot, the male and female voices were readily distinguished.</p>
+
+<p>We drew near, unperceived, and, checking our horses, listened, for several
+minutes, to the wild, simple notes of these children of bondage. &#8220;There is
+melody in this&#8221;&mdash;said one of our party aloud, and all was hushed, in an
+instant. We rode down to the cabins, and begged them to continue their
+song&mdash;but our solicitations were in vain&mdash;even the offer of sundry five
+stiver pieces, which operate, like a charm, upon many occasions, with the
+<i>uncles</i> and the <i>aunties</i>, was ineffectual then. &#8220;<i>No massa&mdash;b&#8217;lieve no
+sing any more</i>&#8221;&mdash;were the only replies, and we went upon our way.</p>
+
+<p>As we descended the Annelly hills, on the opposite side, after leaving the
+negroes and their cabins, at some distance, we halted and listened&mdash;they
+had recommenced&mdash;the same wild music was floating upon the breeze.</p>
+
+<p>As we rode slowly along, my daughter asked me, if I could account for
+their reluctance to comply with our request. I told her, I could not.
+&#8220;Perhaps,&#8221; said she, &#8220;they have a reason, somewhat like the reason of
+those, who sat down, by the waters of Babylon, and wept, and who could not
+sing one of the songs of Zion, in a strange land.&#8221;</p>
+
+<p>It might have been thus. &#8220;<i>They that carried us away captive, required of
+us a song! They, that wasted us, required of us mirth!</i>&#8221;</p>
+
+
+
+<p>&nbsp;</p><p>&nbsp;</p>
+<hr style="width: 50%;" />
+<h2><a name="No_CVI" id="No_CVI"></a>No. CVI.</h2>
+
+
+<p>While pursuing his free inquiry into the origin of evil, I doubt, if Soame
+Jenyns had as much pleasure, as Sir Joseph<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_424" id="Page_424">[Pg 424]</a></span> Banks enjoyed, in his famous
+investigation, if fleas were the prototypes of lobsters.</p>
+
+<p>These inquiries are immeasurably pleasant. When a boy, I well remember my
+cogitations, what became of the old moons; and how joyously I accepted the
+solution of my nurse, who had quite a turn for judicial astrology, that
+they were unquestionably cut up, for stars.</p>
+
+<p>It is truly delightful to look into these occult matters&mdash;<i>rerum
+cognoscere causas</i>. There are subjects of deep interest, which lie
+somewhat nearer the surface of the earth&mdash;the origin of certain usages and
+undertakings, and the authorship of certain long-lived works, which appear
+to be made of a species of literary everlasting, but whose original
+proprietors have never been discovered. I have great respect, for those
+antiquarians, whose researches have unlocked so many of these long hidden
+mysteries; and, however bare-headed I may be, when the venerated names of
+Speed, or Strype, or Stow, or Rushworth, or Wood, or Holinshed occurs to
+my memory, I have an involuntary tendency to take off my hat.</p>
+
+<p>It was, doubtless, in allusion to their grotesque and uncouth
+versification, that the Earl of Rochester prepared his well-known
+epigram&mdash;</p>
+
+<p class="poem">&#8220;Sternhold and Hopkins had great qualms,<br />
+When they translated David&#8217;s Psalms.&#8221;</p>
+
+<p>This version, which held its ground, for a century and a half, and, as
+Chalmers says, slowly gave place to the translation, by Tate and Brady,
+had an origin, of which, I presume, few individuals are apprized.</p>
+
+<p>Thomas Sternhold lived to translate fifty-one only of the Psalms; and the
+first edition was published in 1549, with this title&mdash;&#8220;<i>All such Psalms of
+David as Thomas Sterneholde, late groome of the king&#8217;s majestye&#8217;s robes
+did in his lyfetime drawe into Englyshe metre</i>.&#8221;</p>
+
+<p>About this period, the larger cities of the kingdom had become inundated
+with obscene and blasphemous songs, to such a degree, that some powerful
+expedient seemed to be required, for the removal of this insufferable
+grievance. Accordingly, the felicitous idea occurred to Mr. Thomas
+Sternhold, of substituting the Psalms of David, as versified by himself,
+for the bacchanalian songs, then in use, throughout the realm. He
+anticipated a practical illustration of the command of St. James&mdash;&#8220;<i>Is any
+merry let him sing Psalms</i>.&#8221;</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_425" id="Page_425">[Pg 425]</a></span>Ostensibly prepared for the use of the churches, the moving consideration,
+for this version, with Mr. Sternhold, was such as I have shown it to be.
+The motive is plainly stated, in the title-page&mdash;&#8220;<i>Set forth and allowed
+to be sung in churches of the people together, before and after evening
+prayer, as also before and after sermon; and moreover, in private houses,
+for their godly solace and comfort, laying apart all ungodly songs and
+ballads, which tend only to the nourishment of vice and the corrupting of
+youth</i>.&#8221;</p>
+
+<p>Wood, in his Athen&aelig; Oxonienses, i. 183, Lond: 1813, says of
+Sternhold&mdash;&#8220;Being a most zealous reformer and a very strict liver, he
+became so scandalized, at the amorous and obscene songs used in the court,
+that he, forsooth turned into English metre fifty-one of David&#8217;s Psalms,
+and caused musical notes to be set to them, thinking thereby, that the
+courtiers would sing them, instead of their sonnets, but did not, only
+some few excepted.&#8221;</p>
+
+<p>How cheerfully would I go, undieted, for a long summer&#8217;s day, to know who
+was the author of &#8220;Jonny Armstrong&#8217;s Last Good Night;&#8221; and for a much
+longer term, to ascertain the writer of Chevy Chase, of which Ben Jonson
+used to say, he had rather have been the author of it, than of all his
+works. The words of Sir Philip Sidney, in his Discourse on Poetry, are
+quoted, by Addison, in No. 70 of the Spectator&mdash;&#8220;<i>I never heard the old
+song of Percy and Douglas, that I found not my heart more moved than with
+a trumpet</i>.&#8221; The ballad of Chevy Chase was founded upon the battle of
+Otterburn, which was fought in 1388, and of which a brief account will be
+found in the fourteenth chapter of Sir Walter&#8217;s first series of the
+Grandfathers Tales.</p>
+
+<p>The author of those songs for children, which have been lisped, by the
+tongues of millions, shall never be forgotten, while dogs delight to bark
+and bite&mdash;but who was the author of Hush-a-bye baby&mdash;Now we go up, up,
+up&mdash;Cock Robin&mdash;or Dickory Dock, no human tongue can tell!</p>
+
+<p>Poor Andr&eacute;, we know, was the author of the Cow Chace; but the composer of
+our national air is utterly unknown. Who would not give more of the
+<i>siller</i>, to know to whose immortal mind we are indebted for Yankee
+Doodle, than to ascertain the authorship of the Letters of Junius?</p>
+
+<p>Both France and England have been more fortunate, in <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_426" id="Page_426">[Pg 426]</a></span>respect to the
+origin and authorship of their most popular, national songs. Speaking of
+Barbaroux and the Marseillois, Sir Walter Scott, in his Life of Napoleon,
+observes&mdash;&#8220;Besides the advantage of this enthusiastic leader, the
+Marseillois marched to the air of the finest hymn, to which Liberty or the
+Revolution had yet given birth.&#8221;</p>
+
+<p>I am aware that something like doubt or obscurity hangs over the reputed
+authorship of the Hymn of the Marseillais. But in respect to the national
+air of Great Britain&mdash;<i>God save the King</i>&mdash;the authorship appears to be
+more satisfactorily, if not perfectly, indicated.</p>
+
+<p>It is certainly worthy of note, that this celebrated air, in which <i>John
+Bull</i> has taken so much delight, ever since it came into existence, is by
+some persons supposed to have been the production of <span class="smcap">John Bull</span> himself, a
+celebrated composer of his day. An engraving of him may be found, in the
+History of Music, by Hawkins. There is an original painting of him, by J.
+W. Childe, in the Music School, at Oxford, which was engraved by Illman,
+with the words below&mdash;&#8220;John Bull, Mus. Doct. Cantab. Instaur. Oxon.
+MDXCII.&#8221; A portrait of Dr. Bull will also be found, in Richard Clarke&#8217;s
+<i>Account of the National Anthem, God save the King</i>, 8vo. Lond. 1822.</p>
+
+<p>The account of Bull, by Wood, in his Fasti, i. 235, Lond. 1815, is
+somewhat amusing&mdash;&#8220;1586, July 9.&mdash;John Bull, who had practised the fac. of
+music for 14 years, was then admitted batch, of music. This person, who
+had a most prodigious hand on the organ, and was famous, throughout the
+religious world, for his church music, had been trained up under an
+excellent master, named Blitheman, organist of Qu. Elizabeth&#8217;s chappel,
+who died much lamented, in 1591. This Blitheman perceiving that he had a
+natural geny to the faculty, spared neither time nor labor to advance it
+to the utmost. So that in short time, he being more than master of it,
+which he showed by his most admirable compositions, played and sung in
+many churches beyond the seas, as well as at home, he took occasion to go
+incognito, into France and Germany. At length, hearing of a famous
+musician, belonging to a certain cathedral, (at St. Omers, as I have
+heard,) he applied himself, as a novice, to learn something of his
+faculty, and to see and admire his works. This musician, after some
+discourse had passed between them, conducted Bull to a vestry, or music
+school, joyning to the<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_427" id="Page_427">[Pg 427]</a></span> cathedral, and shew&#8217;d him a lesson, or song of
+forty parts, and then made a vaunting challenge to any person in the world
+to add one more part to them, supposing it to be so compleat and full,
+that it was impossible for any mortal man to correct or add to it. Bull
+thereupon desiring the use of ink and rul&#8217;d paper (such as we call musical
+paper) prayed the musician to lock him up in the said school for 2 or 3
+hours; which being done, not without great disdain by the musician, Bull,
+in that time or less, added forty more parts to the said lesson or song.
+The musician thereupon being called in, he viewed it, try&#8217;d it and retry&#8217;d
+it. At length he burst out into great ecstacy, and swore by the great God,
+that he that added those 40 parts must either be the Devil or Dr. Bull,
+&amp;c. Whereupon Bull making himself known, the musician fell down and adored
+him.&#8221;</p>
+
+<p>Of music it may be said, as of most other matters&mdash;<i>the fashion of these
+things passeth away</i>. So great was the fame of Bull in his day, and such
+tempting offers of preferment were made him, by the Emperor, and by the
+Kings of France and Spain, that Queen Elizabeth commanded him home. It is
+stated, in the Biographical History of England, ii. 167, that the famous
+Dr. Pepusch preferred some of the lessons in Bull&#8217;s Partheni&aelig;, to the
+productions of most of the composers of that time. Yet Dr. Burney says of
+these lessons&mdash;&#8220;<i>They may be heard, by a lover of music, with as little
+emotion as the clapper of a sawmill, or the rumbling of a post-chaise</i>.&#8221;</p>
+
+<p>Musicians are a sensitive and jealous generation. &#8220;Handel,&#8221; says Chalmers,
+&#8220;despised the pedantry of Pepusch; and Pepusch, in return, refused to
+join, in the general chorus of Handel&#8217;s praise.&#8221;</p>
+
+<p>Handel, when a stripling at Hamburgh, laid claim to the first harpsichord,
+against a master, greatly his superior, in point of years, and the matter,
+upon trial, was decided in Handel&#8217;s favor, which so incensed the other,
+that he drew, and made a thrust, at his young rival, whose life, according
+to Dr. Burney&#8217;s version, was saved, by a fortunate contact, between the
+point of the rapier and a metal button.</p>
+
+<p>The principles, which govern, in all mutual admiration societies, are
+deeply laid in the nature of man. If Handel had borne the pedantry of Dr.
+Pepusch, with forbearance, or common civility, the Doctor would have,
+doubtless, afforded Handel the advantage of his highest commendation.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_428" id="Page_428">[Pg 428]</a></span>The managers of musical matters act wisely, in tendering, to every
+conductor of a public journal, the</p>
+
+<p class="poem">Melle soporatam et medicatis frugibus offam&mdash;</p>
+
+<p>But I fear they are not always as cautious and discriminating, as the
+occasion appears to demand. How very different would have been the fate of
+the poor strolling player, whom Goldsmith so pleasantly describes, had he
+taken a little more pains&mdash;only a little&mdash;to propitiate &#8220;<i>the lady, who
+had been nine months in London</i>!&#8221;</p>
+
+<p>The managers, upon such occasions, should never omit the most careful
+espionage, into the musical pretensions of every member of the press&mdash;I
+speak of their pretensions, and not of their actual knowledge&mdash;that, in
+the present connection, is of little importance: and, when they discover
+one of this powerful brotherhood, who, in musical matters, would be
+thought to know more than his neighbors, however mistaken he may be&mdash;let
+them pay him particular attention&mdash;let them procure him an excellent
+seat&mdash;once&mdash;twice perhaps&mdash;express a hope, that he is well
+accommodated&mdash;and occasionally, during the performance, be sure to catch
+his eye, as if with a &#8220;fearful longing after immortality,&#8221; such as
+tomorrow&#8217;s leader may possibly confer on the candidate for fame. How often
+the omission to observe these simple rules has been followed, by faint
+praise, and invidious discriminations!</p>
+
+
+
+<p>&nbsp;</p><p>&nbsp;</p>
+<hr style="width: 50%;" />
+<h2><a name="No_CVII" id="No_CVII"></a>No. CVII.</h2>
+
+
+<p>My great grandmother used to say, that she never desired to be told, that
+anything was broken, in her household; for, though she had been a
+housekeeper, for fifty years, nothing was ever broken, in her family, that
+had not been cracked before. I have the very same feeling in regard to the
+majority of all inventions and discoveries; for some ingenious fellow
+invariably presents himself, who, as it turns out, had verified the
+suggestion already.</p>
+
+<p>I never found my mind in a very feverish condition, while pursuing the
+inquiry, whether the art of medicine was first invented, by Hermes, Isis,
+or Osiris; nor while examining the arguments,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_429" id="Page_429">[Pg 429]</a></span> ingenious though they are,
+of Clemens Alexandrinus, to prove, that Moses was a very respectable
+apothecary.</p>
+
+<p>I have ever supposed, that Necessity, the mother of invention, was the
+inventress of the blessed art; and that the origin was somewhat on this
+wise:&mdash;before the transgression, all went on well&mdash;there were neither
+aches nor ails&mdash;the apple certainly disagreed with Adam&mdash;he sought relief,
+by hunting for an antidote; and finding great comfort, in chewing such
+carminative herbs, as catmint and pennyroyal, he prescribed them to the
+sharer of his joys and sorrows. It is quite likely, that, with no family,
+and a great deal of time upon her hands, while walking in her garden, as
+poppies were not forbidden, Eve, to satisfy her curiosity, might have
+sucked their narcotic juice; and thus acquired a knowledge of opiates, so
+useful, ever since the fall.</p>
+
+<p>Physicking was, at first, a very general affair. Whether benevolence, or
+the desire of a little reputation lies at the bottom, there has ever
+existed, among mankind, a pungent, irresistible desire to physick one
+
+another. It is to be regretted, that Iren&aelig;us, who was just the man for it,
+had not given a few years of his life to ascertain, if Eve, during the
+parturition of Cain, or Abel, received any alleviation, from slippery elm.
+Plato, Theoctet. p. 149, says, the midwives of Athens did great, good
+service, on these occasions, with certain drugs and charms.</p>
+
+<p>In the beginning, so little was to be known, upon this subject, it is not
+wonderful, that almost every man should have known that little. Thus,
+according to Homer, Od. iv., 320, every Egyptian was a doctor:&mdash;</p>
+
+<p class="poem">&#8220;From P&aelig;on sprung, their patron god imparts<br />
+To all the Pharian race his healing arts.&#8221;</p>
+
+<p>Herodotus, who was born, about 484, B. C., in Book II. of his history,
+sec. 84, speaks distinctly of the fact, that the Egyptian <i>doctors</i> were
+not physicians, in the general sense, but confined their practice,
+respectively, to particular diseases. The passage may be thus
+translated&mdash;<i>Now, in truth, the art of medicine with them was so
+distributed, that their physicians managed particular disorders, and not
+diseases generally; thus, though all were referred to the physicians, some
+were doctors for the eyes, some for the head, some for the teeth, some for
+the belly, and some for the occult diseases</i>.</p>
+
+<p>The first mention of physicians, in Holy Writ, is in Genesis, 50, 2&mdash;&#8220;<i>And
+Joseph commanded his servants, the physicians,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_430" id="Page_430">[Pg 430]</a></span> to embalm his father: and
+the physicians embalmed Israel</i>.&#8221; <i>Physicians</i>, to this extent, were
+mechanical operators; and the celebrated physicians of Greece, Chiron,
+Machaon, Podalirius, P&oelig;on, and even &AElig;sculapius, were <i>surgeons</i>. Their
+art, as Pliny says, did not go beyond curing a green wound. The cure of
+internal, or complicated, disorders was beyond their province. Celsus
+says, that Podalirius and Machaon, the physicians, who went with
+Agamemnon, to the wars of Troy, were never employed, to cure the plague,
+or internal maladies, nor anything but external injuries.</p>
+
+<p>No physician was required to manage external applications, in certain
+cases of common occurrence. In Kings II. xx. 7, Hezekiah appears to have
+thought himself extremely sick; when Isaiah applied a poultice of figs to
+his boil, and he soon was upon his legs again. This seems to have been
+accounted a remarkable cure, in those days, for Isaiah thought it worth
+repeating, xxxviii. 21. Job does not appear to have resorted to fig
+poultices, nor to any remedies, whatever: and, while Hezekiah behaved like
+a great baby, and wept bitterly, Job toughed it out, like a man; and,
+instead of mourning and murmuring, under the torment, not of one, but of
+countless boils, he poured forth torrents of incomparable eloquence, all
+the while, on various topics.</p>
+
+<p>Job&#8217;s affliction, being viewed in the light of a direct judgment, it was
+deemed quite outrageous, by many, to stave off the wrath of Heaven, by
+interposing fig poultices, or remedies of any kind. Thus it appears, that
+Asa suffered severely with the gout; and there is a sharp fling against
+him, Chron. II. xvi. 12, on account of his want of faith&mdash;&#8220;<i>Yet in his
+disease he sought not to the Lord, but to the physicians</i>.&#8221;</p>
+
+<p>This seems to be in accordance, with the opinion of those modern Fathers,
+who consider the use of ether or chloroform, in obstetric cases, a point
+blank insult to the majesty of Heaven, because of the primeval fiat&mdash;<i>in
+sorrow shalt thou bring forth children</i>.</p>
+
+<p>The race of Cyclops entertained a similar sentiment of submission, in
+sickness, according to Homer, Od. IX. 485. When <i>Oudeis</i> (<i>Anglice Noman</i>)
+which always seemed to me an undignified pun, for an Epic, had put out the
+eye of Polyphemus, his roaring collected the neighboring giants. They
+inquired, outside the portal, what was the matter; and he replied, that
+<i>Oudeis</i>&mdash;<i>Noman</i>&mdash;was killing him; upon which they reply&mdash;</p>
+
+<p class="poem"><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_431" id="Page_431">[Pg 431]</a></span>
+&#8220;If <i>Noman</i> hurts thee, but the power divine<br />
+Inflict disease, it fits thee to resign.<br />
+To Jove or to thy father Neptune pray,<br />
+The Cyclops cried, and instant strode away.&#8221;</p>
+
+<p>The theory was, that God worked upon mortals, by the agency of a great
+number and variety of evil spirits, or devils; and that the employment of
+remedial means was therefore neither more nor less, than withstanding the
+Almighty. Hence arose the custom, being supposed less offensive, in the
+sight of Heaven, of resorting to charms and incantations; and of employing
+diviners and magicians; and, as old Sir Robert Walpole is reported to have
+said, that every man has his price; so it was supposed to be the case,
+with those devils, who were engaged, in the system of tormenting mankind.
+Instead therefore of turning directly to the Lord, the sufferers were much
+in the habit of making their propitiatory suit, directly, to some false
+god, or influential demon. Of this we have an example, in Kings II. i. 2,
+et seq. Ahaziah, King of Israel, went up into his garret, probably, in the
+dark, and fell through the scuttle. He was severely bruised, and sent a
+messenger, post haste, to Ekron, to consult the false god, Baalzebub.
+Elisha, who, though a prophet, had no reputation, as a physician, was
+consulted by Hazael and by Naaman, about their distempers.</p>
+
+<p>Enchantments, talismans, music, phylacteries were in use, among the
+Hebrews, and formed no small part of their <i>materia medica</i>. Charms were
+used, as preventives against the bites of serpents. &#8220;Who,&#8221; says
+Ecclesiasticus xii. 13, &#8220;<i>will pity a charmer, that is bitten with a
+serpent</i>?&#8221; This seems not to have availed, against the deaf adder,
+&#8220;which,&#8221; Psalm lviii. 5, &#8220;<i>will not hearken to the voice of charmers,
+charming never so wisely</i>.&#8221; And Jeremiah, viii. 17, declares, that the
+Lord will send cockatrices and serpents, that will not be charmed, upon
+any terms whatever.</p>
+
+<p>Some verses are preserved, by Cato, De Re Rustica, art. 160, which were
+used, in reducing a dislocated member. Dr. Johnson has informed us, though
+without naming his authority, that <span class="smcaplc">ABRACADABRA</span> was a superstitious charm,
+against agues.</p>
+
+<p>It is quite amusing, while reading Sir Thomas Browne&#8217;s remarks on
+quackery, in his Pseudodoxia, ch. xi. to see how readily he admits satanic
+agency, himself. Take the following passage&mdash;&#8220;When Gracchus was slain, the
+same day the chickens<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_432" id="Page_432">[Pg 432]</a></span> refused to come out of the coop; and Claudius
+Pulcher underwent the like success, when he commanded the tripudiary
+augurations; they died, not because the pullets would not feed, but
+because the devil foresaw their death, and contrived that abstinence in
+them.&#8221;</p>
+
+<p>Sir Thomas was a wise and safe counsellor, in all cases, in which there
+was no chance for the devil to operate; but whenever there was a loop
+hole, according to the belief in those days, for diabolical influence to
+creep through, no man was more inclined to give the devil his due, than
+Sir Thomas.</p>
+
+<p>In this chapter, designed to be purely philosophical, he says of
+satan&mdash;&#8220;He deludeth us also by philters, ligatures, charms, ungrounded
+amulets, characters, and many superstitious ways, in the cure of common
+diseases, seconding herein the expectation of men with events of his own
+contriving, which, while some, unwilling to fall directly upon magic,
+impute unto the power of imagination, or the efficacy of hidden causes, he
+obtains a bloody advantage.&#8221; This description of the devil and of his
+man&oelig;uvres so precisely fits the empiric, and all his proceedings, that
+I should suspect Sir Thomas of the unusual sin of perpetrating a
+pleasantry; and, under the devil&#8217;s <i>effigies</i>, presenting the image of a
+charlatan; were it not, for the knowledge we have of this great and good
+man&#8217;s credulity, and his firm belief in satanic realities; and, that, in
+part upon his own testimony, two miserable women were condemned and
+executed, for witchcraft.</p>
+
+
+
+<p>&nbsp;</p><p>&nbsp;</p>
+<hr style="width: 50%;" />
+<h2><a name="No_CVIII" id="No_CVIII"></a>No. CVIII.</h2>
+
+
+<p>John Jahn says, in his Biblical Arch&aelig;ology, Upham&#8217;s translation, page 105,
+that, in Babylon, when first attacked with disease, the patients were
+placed in the streets, for the purpose of ascertaining, from casual
+passengers, what practices or medicines <i>they</i> had found useful, in
+similar cases. Imagine a poor fellow, suddenly attacked with a windy
+colic, and deposited for this purpose, in State Street, in the very place,
+formerly occupied, by the razor-strop man, or the magnolia merchant! If it
+be true&mdash;I very much doubt it&mdash;that, in a multitude of counsellors,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_433" id="Page_433">[Pg 433]</a></span> there
+is safety, this must be an excellent arrangement for the patient.</p>
+
+<p>I have often thought, that benevolence was getting to be an epidemic;
+particularly when I have noticed the attentions of one or two hundred
+charitably disposed persons, gathered about a conservative horse, that
+would not budge an inch. They have not the slightest interest in the
+horse, nor in the driver&mdash;it&#8217;s nothing under heaven, but pure brotherly
+love. The driver is distracted, by the advice of some twenty persons,
+pointing with sticks and umbrellas, in every direction, and all
+vociferating together. In the meanwhile, three or four volunteers are
+belaboring the shins of the refractory beast, while as many are rapping
+his nose with their sticks. Four stout fellows, at least, are trying to
+shove the buggy forward, and as many exerting their energies, to shove the
+horse backward. Half a dozen sailors, attracted by the noise, tumble up to
+the rescue; three seize the horse&#8217;s head, and pull <i>a starboard</i>, and
+three take him, by the tail, and pull <i>to larboard</i>, and all yell
+together, to the driver, to put his helm hard down. At last, urged, by
+rage, terror, and despair, the poor brute shakes off his persecutors, with
+a rear, and a plunge, and a leap, and dashes through the bow window of a
+confectioner&#8217;s shop, or of some dealer in naked women, done in Parian.</p>
+
+<p>I am very sorry we have been delayed, by this accident. Let us proceed.
+Never has there been known, among men, a more universal diffusion of such
+a little modicum of knowledge. The knowledge of the materia medica and of
+pathology, what there was of it, seems to have been held, by the
+Babylonians, as tenants in common, and upon the Agrarian principle&mdash;every
+man and woman had an equal share of it. Such, according to John Jahn,
+Professor of Orientals in Vienna, was the state of therapeutics, in
+Babylon.</p>
+
+<p>The Egyptians carried their sick into the temples of Serapis&mdash;the Greeks
+to those of &AElig;sculapius. Written receipts were preserved there, for the
+cure of different diseases. Professor Jahn certainly seems disposed to
+make the most of the knowledge of physic and surgery, among the
+Israelites. He says they had &#8220;<i>some acquaintance with chirurgical
+operations</i>.&#8221; In support of this opinion, he refers to the rite of
+circumcision, and to&mdash;nothing else. He also says, that it is evident
+&#8220;<i>physicians<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_434" id="Page_434">[Pg 434]</a></span> sometimes undertook to exercise their skill, in removing
+diseases of an internal nature</i>.&#8221;</p>
+
+<p>If the reader is good at conundrums, will he be so obliging as to <i>guess</i>,
+upon what evidence the worthy professor grounds this assertion? I perceive
+he gives it up&mdash;Well&mdash;on Samuel I. xvi. 16. And what sayeth Samuel?&mdash;&#8220;And
+Saul&#8217;s servants said unto him, behold now an evil spirit from God
+troubleth thee. Let our Lord now command thy servants, which are before
+thee, to seek out a man, who is a cunning player on a harp: and it shall
+come to pass, when the evil spirit from God is upon thee, that he shall
+play with his hand, and thou shalt be well.&#8221; This, reduced into plain
+language, is simply this&mdash;Saul&#8217;s servants took the liberty of telling his
+majesty, that the devil was in him, and he had better have a little music.
+Accordingly, David was called in&mdash;<i>as a physician</i>, according to Jahn&mdash;and
+drove the devil out of Saul, by playing on his Jews&#8217;-harp. Jahn also
+informs us, and the Bible did before, that the art of healing was
+committed to the priests, who were specially bound, by law, &#8220;<i>to take
+cognizance of leprosies</i>.&#8221; There were, as he admits, other <i>physicians</i>,
+probably of little note. <i>The priests</i> were the regular, legalized
+faculty. On this ground, we can explain the severe reproach, cast upon
+Asa, who, when he had the gout, &#8220;<i>sought not the Lord but to the
+physician</i>:&#8221; that is, he did not seek the Lord, in prayer, through the
+intermediation of the regular faculty, the priests.</p>
+
+<p>There are ecclesiastics among us, who consider, that the Levitical law is
+obligatory upon the priesthood, throughout the United States of America,
+at the present day; and who believe it to be <i>their</i> bounden duty, to take
+cognizance of leprosies, and all other disorders; and to physick the
+bodies, not less than the souls, of their respective parishioners. To this
+I sturdily object&mdash;not at all, from any doubt of their ability, to
+practise the profession, as skilfully, as did the son of Jesse, and to
+drive out devils with a Jews&#8217;-harp; and to cure all manner of diseases, in
+the same manner, in which the learned Kircherus avers, according to Sir
+Thomas Browne, vol. ii. page 536, Lond. 1835, the bite of the tarantula is
+cured, by songs and tunes; and to soothe boils as big as King Hezekiah&#8217;s,
+with fig poultices, according to Scripture; for I have the greatest
+reverence for that intuition, whereby such men are spared those <i>studia
+annorum</i>, so necessary for the acquirement of any <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_435" id="Page_435">[Pg 435]</a></span>tolerable knowledge of
+the art of medicine, by all, who are not in holy orders. My objection is
+of quite another kind&mdash;I object to the union of the cure of souls and the
+cure of bodies, in the same person; as I object to the union of Church and
+State, and to the union of the power of the purse and the power of the
+sword. It is true, withal, that when a sufferer is killed, by ministerial
+physic, which never can happen, of course, but for the patient&#8217;s want of
+faith, nobody dreams of such an irreverent proceeding, as pursuing the
+officious priest, for <i>mala praxis</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Priests and witches, jugglers, and old women have been the earliest
+practitioners of medicine, in every age, and every nation: and the
+principal, preventive, and remedial medicines, in all the primitive,
+unwritten pharmacop&aelig;ias, have been consecrated herbs and roots, charms and
+incantations, amulets and prayers, and the free use of the Jews&#8217;-harp. The
+reader has heard the statement of Professor Jahn. In 1803, Dr.
+Winterbottom, physician to the colony of Sierra Leone, published, in
+London, a very interesting account of the state of medicine, in that
+colony. He says, that the practice of physic, in Africa, is entirely in
+the hands of old women. These practitioners, like the servants of Saul,
+believe, that almost all diseases are caused by evil spirits; in other
+words, that their patients are bedevilled: and they rely, mainly, on
+charms and incantations. Dr. W. states, that the natives get terribly
+drunk, at funerals&mdash;funerals produce drunkenness&mdash;drunkenness produces
+fevers&mdash;fevers produce death&mdash;and death produces funerals. All this is
+imputed to witchcraft, acting in a circle.</p>
+
+<p>In the account of the Voyage of the Ship Duff to Tongataboo, in 1796, the
+missionaries give a similar statement of the popular notion, as to the
+origin of diseases&mdash;the devil is at the bottom of them all; and exorcism
+the only remedy.</p>
+
+<p>In Mill&#8217;s British India, vol. ii. p. 185, Lond. 1826, the reader may find
+a statement of the paltry amount of knowledge, on the subject, not only of
+medicine, but of surgery, among the Hindoos: &#8220;Even medicine and surgery,
+to the cultivation of which so obvious and powerful an interest invites,
+had scarcely attracted the rude understanding of the Hindus.&#8221;</p>
+
+<p>Sir William Jones, in the Asiatic Researches, vol. i. p. 354, says, &#8220;there
+is no evidence, that, in any language of Asia, there exists one original
+treatise on medicine, considered as a <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_436" id="Page_436">[Pg 436]</a></span>science.&#8221; Crawford, in his
+Sketches, and he has an exalted opinion of the Hindoos, states, that
+surgery is unknown among them; and, that, in cases of wounds from the
+sabre or musket, they do no more than wash the wound; bind it up with
+fresh leaves, and keep the patient on rice gruel. Buchanan, in his
+journey, through Mysore, vol. i. p. 336, informs us, that medicine was in
+the hands of ignorant and impudent charlatans. Origen, who was born, about
+185 A. D., states that the Egyptians believed thirty-six devils divided
+the human body, among them; and that diseases were cured, by supplication
+and sacrifice, to the particular devil, within whose precinct the malady
+lay. This is a convenient kind of practice. May it not have some relation
+to the fact, referred to by Herodotus, in his History, book ii. sec. 84,
+that the doctors, in Egypt, were not practitioners, in a general sense,
+but for one part of the body only. Possibly, though I affirm nothing of
+the sort, Origen may have written <i>devils</i> for <i>doctors</i>, by mistake: for
+the doctors, in those days, were, manifestly, very little better.</p>
+
+<p>If it be true&mdash;<i>et quis negat?</i>&mdash;that Hippocrates was the father of
+physic&mdash;the child was neither born nor begotten, before its father, of
+course, and Hippocrates was born, about 400 B. C., which, according to
+Calmet, was about 600 years after David practised upon Saul, with his
+Jews&#8217;-harp. His genealogy was quite respectable. He descended from
+&AElig;sculapius, through a long line of doctors; and, by the mother&#8217;s side, he
+was the eighteenth from Hercules, who was, of course, the great
+grandfather of physic, at eighteen removes; and who, it will be
+remembered, was an eminent practitioner, and doctored the Hydra. Divesting
+the subject of all, that is magical and fantastical, Hippocrates thought
+and taught such rational things, as no physician had thought and taught
+before. It appears amazing to us, the uninitiated, that the healing art
+should have been successfully practised at all, from the beginning of the
+world, till 1628, in utter ignorance of the circulation of the blood; yet
+it was in that year the discovery was made, when Dr. William Harvey
+dedicated to Charles I. and published his <i>Exercitatio anatomica de motu
+cordis et sanguinis</i>.</p>
+
+
+
+<p>&nbsp;</p><p>&nbsp;</p>
+<hr style="width: 50%;" />
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_437" id="Page_437">[Pg 437]</a></span></p>
+<h2><a name="No_CIX" id="No_CIX"></a>No. CIX.</h2>
+
+
+<p>Quackery may be found, in every vocation, from the humblest, to the
+holiest.</p>
+
+<p><i>If the dead rise not at all</i>, says St. Paul, <i>what shall they do, who are
+baptized for the dead</i>! Nine different opinions are set forth, by Bosius,
+in regard to the true meaning of this passage. Scaliger and Grotius, who
+were men of common sense, conclude, that St. Paul referred to a practice,
+existing at the time; and St. Chrysostom tells a frolicsome story of this
+vicarious baptism; that a living sponsor was concealed under the bed of
+the defunct, and answered all the questions, put by the sagacious priest,
+to the corpse, about to be baptized.</p>
+
+<p>The dead have been, occasionally, through inadvertence, summoned to give
+evidence, in courts of justice. But, fortunately for quacks, in every
+department, dead men are mute upon the stand.</p>
+
+<p>Saul, if we may believe the singing women, who came out to meet him, after
+the fall of Goliath, hath slain his thousands; and, could dead men
+testify, it would, doubtless, appear, that quacks have slain their tens of
+thousands. When we consider the overbearing influence of that ignorant,
+impudent, and plausible jabber, which the quack has always at command, it
+must be admitted, that these, his fatal victories, are achieved, with the
+very same weapon, employed by Samson, in his destruction of the
+Philistines.</p>
+
+<p>There is nothing marvellous, in the existence of quackery, if we recognize
+the maxim of M. Sorbiere, in his <i>Relation d&#8217;une Voiage en Angleterre</i>, p.
+155, <i>homo est animal credulum et mendax</i>&mdash;man is a credulous and lying
+animal. David said, that all men were liars; but, as this is found in one
+of his lyrics, and he admits, that he uttered it in haste, it may be
+fairly carried to the account of <i>poetica licentia</i>. With no more,
+however, than a moderate allowance, for man&#8217;s notorious diathesis towards
+lying, for pleasure or profit, it is truly wonderful, that credulity
+should preserve its relative level, as it does, and ever has done, since
+the world began. Many, who will not go an inch with the Almighty, without
+a sign, will deliver their noses, for safe keeping, into the hands of a
+charlatan, and be led by him, blindfold, to the charnel-house. Take away
+credulity, and the world<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_438" id="Page_438">[Pg 438]</a></span> would speedily prove an exhausted receiver, for
+all manner of quackery.</p>
+
+<p>At the close of the seventeenth century, there was a famous impostor in
+France, whom the royal family, on account of his marvellous powers,
+invited to Paris. His name was James Aymar. I shall speak of him more
+fully hereafter; and refer to him, at present, in connection with a remark
+of Leibnitz. Aymar&#8217;s imposture had no relation to the healing art, but the
+remark of Leibnitz is not, on that account, the less applicable. That
+great man wrote a letter, in 1694, which may be found in the Journal of
+Tenzelius, in which he refers to Aymar&#8217;s fraud, and to his subsequent
+confession, before the Prince of Cond&egrave;. Aymar said, according to Leibnitz,
+that he was led on, <i>non tam propria audacia, quam aliena credulitate
+hominum, falli volentium, et velut obtrudentium sibi</i>&mdash;not so much by his
+own audacity, as by the credulity of others, who were not only willing to
+be cheated, but actually thrust themselves upon him. All Paris was
+occupied, in attempting to explain the mystery of Aymar&#8217;s performances,
+with his wonderful wand: and Leibnitz says&mdash;</p>
+
+<p><i>Nuper scripsi Parisios, utilius et examine dignius, mihi videri problema
+morale vel logicum, quomodo tot viri insignes Lugduni in fraudem ducti
+fuerint, quam illud pseudo-physicum, quomodo virga coryllacea tot miracula
+operetur</i>&mdash;I wrote lately to the Parisians, that a solution of the moral
+or logical problem, how it happened, that so many distinguished persons,
+in Lyons, came to be taken in, seemed to me of much greater utility, and
+far more worthy of investigation, than how this fellow performed miracles,
+with his hazel wand.</p>
+
+<p>It is worth noting, perhaps, that Leibnitz himself, according to the
+statement of the Abb&eacute; Conti, in the <i>Gazzette Litteraire</i>, for 1765, fell
+a victim to a quack medicine, given him by a Jesuit, for the gout.</p>
+
+<p>Ignorance is the hotbed of credulity. This axiom is not the less
+respectable, because the greatest philosophers, occasionally, place
+confidence in the veriest fools, and do their bidding. Wise and learned
+men, beyond the pale of their professional pursuits, or peculiar studies,
+are, very frequently, the simplest of simple folk&mdash;<i>non omnia possumus
+omnes</i>. Ignorance must be very common; for a vast majority of the human
+race have not proceeded so far, in the great volume of wisdom and
+knowledge, as that profitable but humiliating chapter, whose perusal is
+likely to<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_439" id="Page_439">[Pg 439]</a></span> stimulate their energies, by convincing them, that they are of
+yesterday and know nothing. Credulity must therefore be very common.</p>
+
+<p>Credulity has very little scope, for its fantastical operations among the
+exact sciences. Who does not foresee the fate of a geometrical quack, who
+should maintain, that the square of the hypothenuse, in a right-angled
+triangle, is either greater or less than the sum of the squares of the
+sides; or of the quack arithmetician, who would persuade our housewives,
+that of two and two pounds of Muscovado sugar, he had actually discovered
+the art of making five?</p>
+
+<p>The healing art&mdash;the science of medicine, cannot be placed, in the exact
+category.</p>
+
+<p>It is a popular saying, that <i>there is a glorious uncertainty in the law</i>.
+This opinion has been ably considered, by that most amiable and learned
+man, the late John Pickering, in his lecture, on the alleged uncertainty
+of the law&mdash;before the Society for the Diffusion of Useful Knowledge, in
+1834. The credulity of the client, to which Mr. Pickering does not refer,
+must, in some cases, be of extraordinary strength and quality. After
+presenting a case to his counsel, as favorably to himself as he can, and
+carefully suppressing much, that is material and adverse, he fondly
+believes, that his advocate will be able to mesmerise the court and jury,
+and procure a verdict, in opposition to the facts, apparent at the trial.
+He is disappointed of course; and then he complains of the uncertainty of
+the law, instead of the uncertainty of the facts.</p>
+
+<p>In a dissertation, before the Medical Society, in June, 1828, Dr. George
+Cheyne Shattuck, after setting forth a melancholy catalogue of the
+troubles and perplexities of the medical profession, concludes by saying,
+that &#8220;all these trials, to which the physician is subjected, do not equal
+that, which proceeds from the <i>uncertainty</i> of the healing art.&#8221; When we
+contrast this candid avowal, from an accomplished and experienced
+physician, with the splendid promises, and infallible assurances of
+empirics&mdash;with their balms of Gilead, panaceas, and elixirs of everlasting
+life&mdash;we cannot marvel, that the larger part of all the invalids, in this
+uncertain and credulous world, fly from those conservative professors, who
+promise nothing, to such as will assure them of a perfect relief, from
+their maladies, no matter how<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_440" id="Page_440">[Pg 440]</a></span> complicated, or chronic, they may be&mdash;with
+four words of inspiriting import&mdash;<span class="smcaplc">NO CURE NO PAY</span>.</p>
+
+<p>I am no physician; my opinion therefore is not presented <i>ex cathedra</i>:
+but the averment of Dr. Shattuck is, I presume, to be viewed in no other
+light, than as the opinion of an honorable man, who would rather claim too
+little, than too much, for his own profession: who would rather perform
+more, than he has promised, than promise more, than he can perform. If the
+regularly bred and educated physician complains of uncertainty, none but a
+madman would seek for its opposite, in the palace, or the kennel, of a
+quack; for the charlatan may occasionally be found in either.</p>
+
+<p>The first thing to be done, I suppose, by the regular doctor, is to
+ascertain what the disease is. This, I believe, is the very last thing,
+thought of by the charlatan. He is spared the labor of all pathological
+inquiry, for all his medicines are, fortunately, panaceas. Thus, he
+administers a medicine, for the gout; the patient does not happen to have
+the gout, but the gravel; it is the same thing; for the physic, like our
+almanacs, was calculated, for different meridians.</p>
+
+<p>These gentlemen sometimes limit their practice to particular diseases,
+cancers, fistulas, fevers, &amp;c. A memorial was presented, some few years
+since, to the legislature of Alabama, for the establishment of a medical
+college, to be devoted, exclusively, to vegetable practice. A shrewd, old
+member of the assembly rose, and spoke, much after this fashion&mdash;I shall
+support this measure, Mr. Speaker, on one condition, that a neighbor of
+mine shall be appointed president of this college. It is proper,
+therefore, that you should know how far he is qualified. He was a
+travelling merchant; dealt chiefly in apple-trade and other notions, and
+failed. He had once taken an old book, on fevers, in exchange for
+essences. This he got by heart. Fevers are common with us. He was a man of
+some tact; and, a week after he failed, he put up his sign, &#8220;<span class="smcap">Bela Bodkin,
+Fever Doctor</span>&mdash;<span class="smcap">Roots and Herbs</span>&mdash;F. R. S.&mdash;L. L. D.&mdash;M. D. No charge to the
+poor or the reverend clergy.&#8221;&mdash;When asked, what he meant by adding those
+capital letters to his name, he said the alphabet was common property;
+that F. R. S. stood for Feverfew, Ragwort, and Slippery Elm&mdash;L. L. D. for
+Liverwort, Lichens, and Dill&mdash;and M. D. for Milk Diet.</p>
+
+<p>The thing took&mdash;his garret was crowded, from morning till<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_441" id="Page_441">[Pg 441]</a></span> night, and the
+regular doctor was driven out of that town. Those, who got well,
+proclaimed Dr. Bodkin&#8217;s praises&mdash;those, who died, were a very silent
+majority. Everybody declared, of the dead, &#8217;twas a pity they had applied
+too late. Bodkin was once called to a farmer&#8217;s wife. He entered the house,
+with his book under his arm, saying <span class="smcap">Fever!</span> with a loud voice, as he
+crossed the threshhold. This evidence of his skill was astonishing.
+Without more than a glance at the patient, he asked the farmer, if he had
+a sorrel sheep; and, being told, that he had never heard of such a thing,
+he inquired, if he had a sorrel horse. The farmer replied, that he had,
+and a very valuable one. Dr. Bodkin assured him the horse must be killed
+immediately, and a broth made of the <i>in&#8217;ards</i> for the sick wife. The
+farmer hesitated; the wife groaned; the doctor opened the book, and showed
+his authority&mdash;there it was&mdash;readable enough&mdash;&#8220;<i>sheep sorrel, horse
+sorrel, good in fevers</i>.&#8221; The farmer smiled&mdash;the doctor departed in anger,
+saying, as he went, &#8220;you may decide which you will sacrifice, your wife or
+your nag.&#8221; The woman died, and, shortly after, the horse. The neighbors
+considered the farmer a hard-hearted man&mdash;the wife a victim to the
+husband&#8217;s selfishness&mdash;the sudden death of the horse a particular
+providence&mdash;and Dr. Bodkin the most skilful of physicians.</p>
+
+
+
+<p>&nbsp;</p><p>&nbsp;</p>
+<hr style="width: 50%;" />
+<h2><a name="No_CX" id="No_CX"></a>No. CX.</h2>
+
+
+<p>No class of men, not even the professors of the wrangling art, are, and
+ever have been, more universally used and abused, than the members of the
+medical profession. It has always appeared to me, that this abuse has been
+occasioned, in some degree, by the pompous air and Papal pretensions of
+certain members of the faculty; for the irritation of disappointment is,
+in the ratio of encouragement and hope; and the tongue of experience can
+have little to say of the infallibility of the medical art. The candid
+admission of its uncertainty, by Dr. Shattuck, in his dissertation, to
+which I have referred, is the true mode of erecting a barrier, between
+honorable and intelligent practitioners, and charlatans.</p>
+
+<p>The opinion of Cato and of Pliny, in regard to the art is, of<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_442" id="Page_442">[Pg 442]</a></span> course, to
+be construed, with an allowance, for its humble condition, in their day.
+With the exception of the superstitious, and even magical, employment of
+roots and herbs, it consisted, essentially, in externals. There was
+nothing like a systematic nosology. The &#7984;&#945;&#964;&#961;&#959;&#953; of Athens, and the
+<i>medici</i> of Rome were <i>vulnerarii</i>, or surgeons. Cato, who died at the age
+of 85, U. C. 605, is reported, by Pliny, lib. xxix. cap. 7, to have said
+of the doctors, in a letter to his son Marcus&mdash;<i>Jurarunt inter se,
+barbaros, necare omnes, medicina</i>. They have sworn among themselves,
+barbarians as they are, to kill us all with their physic. In cap. 5 of the
+same book, he thus expresses his opinion&mdash;<i>mutatur ars quotidie, toties
+interpolis, et ingeniorum Greci&aelig; flatu impellimur: palamque est, ut
+quisque inter istos loquendo polleat, imperatorem illico vit&aelig; nostr&aelig;
+necisque fieri: ceu vero non millia gentium sine medicis degant</i>. The art
+is varying, from day to day: as often as a change takes place, we are
+driven along, by some new wind of doctrine from Greece. When it becomes
+manifest, that one of these doctors gains the ascendency, by his
+harangues, he becomes, upon the spot, the arbiter of our life and death;
+as though there were not thousands of the nations, who got along without
+doctors. In the same passage he says, the art was not practised, among the
+Romans, until the sixth hundredth year, from the building of the city.</p>
+
+<p>The healing art seems to have been carried on, in those days, with fire
+and sword, that is, with the knife and the cautery. In cap. 6, of the same
+book, Pliny tells us, that, U. C. 535, <i>Romam
+venisse&mdash;vulnerarium&mdash;mireque gratum adventum ejus initio: mox a s&aelig;vitia
+secandi urendique transisse nomen in carnificem, et in t&aelig;dium
+artem</i>&mdash;there came to Rome a surgeon, who was, at first, cordially
+received, but, shortly, on account of his cuttings and burnings, they
+called him a butcher, and his art a nuisance.</p>
+
+<p>A professional wrestler, who was unsuccessful, in his profession, met
+Diogenes, the cynic, as we are told, by Diog. Laertius, in Vita, lib. vi.
+p. 60, and told him, that he had given up wrestling, and taken to
+physic&mdash;&#8220;<i>Well done</i>,&#8221; said the philosopher, &#8220;<i>now thou wilt be able to
+throw those, who have thrown thee</i>.&#8221;</p>
+
+<p>The revolutions, which took place, in the practice of the healing art,
+previously to the period, when Pliny composed his Natural History, are
+certainly remarkable. Chrysippus, as far as he was able, overthrew the
+system of Hippocrates; Erasistratus<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_443" id="Page_443">[Pg 443]</a></span> overthrew the system of Chrysippus;
+the Empirics, or experimentalists, overthrew, to the best of their
+ability, the system of Erasistratus; Herophilus did the very same thing,
+for the Empirics; Asclepiades turned the tables, upon Herophilus; Vexius
+Valens next came into vogue, as the leader of a sect; then Thessalus, in
+Nero&#8217;s age, opposed all previous systems; the system of Thessalus was
+overthrown by Crinas of Marseilles; and so on, to the end of the
+chapter&mdash;which chapter, by the way, somewhat resembles the first chapter
+of Matthew, substituting the word <i>overthrew</i> for the word <i>begat</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Water doctors certainly existed, in those ancient days. After Crinas, says
+Pliny, cap. 5, of the same book, there came along one&mdash;<i>damnatis non solum
+prioribus medicis, verum, et balineis; frigidaque etiam hibernis algoribus
+lavari persuasit. Mergit &aelig;gros in lacus. Videbamus senes consulares usque
+in ostentationem rigentes. Qua de re exstat etiam Ann&aelig;i Senec&aelig; stipulatio.
+Nec dubium est omnes istos famam novitate aliqua aucupantes anima statim
+nostra negotiari.</i> Condemning not only all former physicians, but the
+baths, then in use, he persuaded his patients to use cold water, during
+the rigors of winter. He plunged sick folks in ponds. We have seen certain
+aged, consular gentlemen, freezing themselves, from sheer ostentation. We
+have the personal statement of Ann&aelig;us Seneca, in proof of this practice.
+Nor can it be doubted, that those quacks, greedily seeking fame, by the
+production of some novelty, would readily bargain away any man&#8217;s life, for
+lucre. The statement of Seneca, to which Pliny refers, may be found in
+Seneca&#8217;s letters, 53, and 83, both to Lucilius; in which he tells his
+friend, that, according to his old usage, he bathed in the Eurypus, upon
+the Kalends of January.</p>
+
+<p>It would be easy to fill a volume, with the railings of such peevish
+philosophers, as Michael De Montaigne, against all sorts of physic and
+physicians. We are very apt to treat doctors and deities, in the same
+way&mdash;to scoff at them, in health, and fly to them, in sickness.</p>
+
+<p>That was a pertinent question of Cicero&#8217;s, lib. i. de Divinatione, 14. <i>An
+Medicina, ars non putanda est, quam tamen multa fallunt? * * * num
+imperatorum scientia nihil est, quia summus imperator nuper fugit, amisso
+exercitu? Aut num propterea nulla est reipublic&aelig; gerend&aelig; ratio atque,
+prudentia, quia multa Cn. Pompeium, qu&aelig;dam Catonem, nonnulla etiam te
+ipsum fe<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_444" id="Page_444">[Pg 444]</a></span> fellerunt?</i> As to medicine shall it be accounted not an art,
+because of the great uncertainty therein? What, then, is there no such
+thing as military skill, because a great commander lately fled, and lost
+his army? Can there be no such thing as a wise and prudent government,
+because Pompey has been often mistaken, even Cato sometimes, and yourself,
+now and then?</p>
+
+<p>If much more than all, that has been proclaimed, were true, in regard to
+the uncertainty of the healing art, still the practice of seeking some
+kind of counsel and assistance, whenever a screw gets loose, in our
+tabernacle of the flesh, is not likely to go out of fashion. What shall we
+do? Follow the tetotum doctor, and swallow a purge, if P. come uppermost?
+This is good evidence of our faith, in the doctrine of uncertainty. Or
+shall we go for the doctor, who works the cheapest? There is no reason,
+why we should not cheapen our physic, if we cheapen our salvation; for
+pack horses of all sorts, lay and clerical, are accounted the better
+workers, when they are rather low in flesh. Or shall we follow the example
+of the mutual admiration society, and get up a mutual physicking
+association? Most men are pathologists, by intuition. I have been
+perfectly astonished to find how many persons, especially females and root
+doctors, know just what ails their neighbors, upon the very first hint of
+their being out of order, without even seeing them.</p>
+
+<p>It is a curious fact, that, while men of honor, thoroughly educated, and
+who have devoted their whole lives, to the study and practice of the
+healing art, candidly admit its uncertainty, the ignorant and unprincipled
+of the earth alone, who have impudently resorted to the vocation,
+suddenly, and as an antidote to absolute starvation, boast of their
+infallibility, and deal in nothing, but panaceas. The fools, in this
+pleasant world, are such a respectable and wealthy minority, that the
+charlatan will not cease from among us, until the last of mortals shall
+have put on immortality: and then, like the fellow, who entered Charon&#8217;s
+boat, with his commodities, he will try to smuggle some of his patent
+medicines, or <i>leetil doshes</i>, into the other world.</p>
+
+<p>A curious illustration of the popular notion, that no man is guilty of any
+presumptuous sin, merely because, after lying down, at night, a notorious
+<i>pedler</i> or <i>tinker</i>, he rises, in the morning, a <i>physician</i>, may be
+found, in the fact, that a watchmaker, who would laugh at a tailor, should
+he offer to repair a<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_445" id="Page_445">[Pg 445]</a></span> timekeeper, will readily confide in him, as a
+physician, for himself, his wife, or his child.</p>
+
+<p>The most delicate female will sometimes submit her person, to the rubbings
+and manipulations of a blacksmith, in preference to following the
+prescriptions of a regular physician. A respectable citizen, with a pimple
+on the end of his nose, resembling, upon the testimony of a dozen old
+ladies, in the neighborhood, the identical cancer, of which every one of
+them was cured, by the famous Indian doctress, in Puzzlepot Alley, will,
+now and then, give his confidence to a lying, ignorant, half-drunken
+squaw, rather than to the most experienced member of the medical
+profession.</p>
+
+<p>Suffer me to close this imperfect sketch, with the words of Lord Bacon,
+vol. i. page 120, Lond. 1824. &#8220;We see the weakness and credulity of men is
+such, as they will often prefer a mountebank or witch, before a learned
+physician. And therefore the poets were clear-sighted, in discerning this
+extreme folly, when they made &AElig;sculapius and Circe brother and sister.
+For, in all times, in the opinion of the multitude, witches, and old
+women, and impostors have had a competition with physicians. And what
+followeth? Even this, that physicians say, to themselves, as Solomon
+expresseth it, upon a higher occasion, <i>If it befall to me, as befalleth
+to the fools, why should I labor to be more wise?</i>&#8221;</p>
+
+
+
+<p>&nbsp;</p><p>&nbsp;</p>
+<hr style="width: 50%;" />
+<h2><a name="No_CXI" id="No_CXI"></a>No. CXI.</h2>
+
+
+<p>Van Butchell, the fistula-doctor, in London, some forty years ago, had a
+white horse, and he painted the animal, with many colored spots. He also
+wore an enormous beard. These tricks were useful, in attracting notice. In
+the Harleian Miscellany, vol. viii. page 135, Lond. 1810, there is a
+clever article on quackery, published in 1678, from which I will extract a
+passage or two, for the benefit of the fraternity: &#8220;Any sexton will
+furnish you with a skull, in hope of your custom; over which hang up the
+skeleton of a monkey, to proclaim your skill in anatomy. Let your table be
+never without some old musty Greek or Arabic author, and the fourth book
+of Cornelius<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_446" id="Page_446">[Pg 446]</a></span> Agrippa&#8217;s Occult Philosophy, wide open, with half a dozen
+gilt shillings, as so many guineas, received, that morning for fees. Fail
+not to oblige neighboring ale-houses to recommend you to inquirers; and
+hold correspondence with all the nurses and midwives near you, to applaud
+your skill at gossippings. The admiring patient shall cry you up for a
+scholar, provided always your nonsense be fluent, and mixed with a
+disparagement of the college, graduated doctors, and book-learned
+physicians. Pretend to the cure of all diseases, especially those, that
+are incurable.&#8221;</p>
+
+<p>There are gentlemen of the medical and surgical professions, whose high
+reputation, for science and skill, is perfectly established, and who have
+humanely associated their honorable names with certain benevolent
+societies. Such is the fact, in regard to Dr. John Collins Warren, who, by
+his adoption of the broad ground of total abstinence from all intoxicating
+liquors, as a beverage, by men in health, and by his consistent practice
+and example, has become entitled to the grateful respect of every
+well-wisher of the temperance cause. To the best of my ability, I have
+long endeavored to do, for the sextons, the very thing, which that
+distinguished man would accomplish for the doctors, and other classes.
+Never did mortal more certainly oppose his own interest, than a physician,
+or a sexton, who advocates the temperance reform.</p>
+
+<p>There are, however, personages, in the medical profession, regulars, as
+well as volunteers, who cling to certain societies, with the paralyzing
+grasp of death&mdash;holding on to their very skirts, as boys cling behind our
+vehicles, <i>to get a cast</i>. The patronage and advocacy of some of these
+individuals are absolutely fatal. It may be surely affirmed of more than
+one of their number, <i>nihil tetigit quod non damnavit</i>.</p>
+
+<p>I have long been satisfied, that, without a great increase of societies,
+it will be utterly impossible to satisfy the innumerable aspirants, for
+the offices of President, Vice President, &amp;c., in our ambitious community.
+A sagacious, medical friend of mine, whose whole heart is devoted to the
+public service, and I am sorry to say it, to the injury of his wife and
+children, has handed me a list of several societies, for the want of
+which, he assures me, the citizens of Boston are actually suffering, at
+the present moment. For myself, I cannot pretend to judge of such
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_447" id="Page_447">[Pg 447]</a></span>matters. A publication of the list may interest the benevolent, and,
+possibly, promote the cause of humanity. I give it entire:&mdash;</p>
+
+<p>A society, for soothing the feelings and relieving the apprehensions of
+criminals, especially midnight assassins.</p>
+
+<p>A mutual relief society, in case of flatulent colic.</p>
+
+<p>A society, for the diffusion of buttermilk, with funds to enable the
+visiting committee to place a full jug, in the hands of every man, woman
+and child, in the United States, upon the first Monday of every month.</p>
+
+<p>A friendly cockroach-trap society.</p>
+
+<p>A society, composed exclusively of medical men, without practice, for the
+destruction of sowbugs and pismires, throughout the Commonwealth.</p>
+
+<p>A society, for the promotion of domestic happiness, with power to send for
+persons and papers.</p>
+
+<p>A society, for elevating the standard of education, by introducing
+trigonometry into infant schools.</p>
+
+<p>An association, for the gratuitous administration, to the poorer classes,
+by steam power, of anodyne clysters.</p>
+
+<p>Let us return to the faculty. I am in favor of some peculiarity, in the
+dress and equipage of medical men. With the exception of certain stated
+hours, they cannot be found at home; and the case may be one of emergency.
+Van Butchell&#8217;s spotted horse was readily distinguished, from Charing Cross
+to Temple Bar. This was very convenient for those, who were in quest of
+that remarkable leech. A small mast, abaft the vehicle, whether sulky,
+buggy, chariot, or phaeton, bearing the owner&#8217;s private signal, would
+afford great public accommodation. There is nothing more nautical in such
+an arrangement, than in the use of the <i>killeck</i>, or small anchor, which
+many of the faculty regularly cast, when they are about to board a
+patient, and as regularly weigh, when they are about to take a new
+departure.</p>
+
+<p>The bright yellow chariot of Dr. Benjamin Rush was universally known in
+Philadelphia, and its environs; and his peculiar features are not likely
+to escape from the memory of any man, who ever beheld them. These striking
+points were seized, by that arch villain, Cobbett, when he published his
+pictured libel, representing that eminent physician, looking out of his
+chariot window, with a label, proceeding from his mouth&mdash;<i>Bleed and purge
+all Kensington!</i> Upon Cobbett&#8217;s trial for this libel, Dr. Rush swore,
+that, by making him ridiculous, it had seriously affected his practice.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_448" id="Page_448">[Pg 448]</a></span>Dr. James Lloyd was easily discovered, by his large bay horse&mdash;take him
+for all in all&mdash;the finest harness gelding of his day, in Boston. With the
+eyes of a Swedenborgian, I see the good, old doctor now; and I hear the
+tramp of those highly polished, white topped boots; and I almost feel the
+lash of his horsewhip, around my boyish legs, rather too harshly
+administered, for mild practice however&mdash;but he was an able physician, and
+a gentleman&mdash;<i>factus ad unguem</i>. His remarkable courtliness of manner,
+arose, doubtless, in some degree, from his relation to the nobility.
+During the siege, General Howe and Lord Percy were his intimate friends;
+the latter was his tenant in 1775, occupying the Vassal estate, for which
+Dr. Lloyd was the agent, and which afterwards became the residence of the
+late Gardner Greene.</p>
+
+<p>Dr. Danforth, who resided, in 1789, near the residence of Dr. Lloyd, on
+Pemberton&#8217;s Hill, nearly opposite Concert Hall, and, subsequently, in
+Green Street, might be recognized, by the broad top of his chaise, and the
+unvarying moderation of the pace, at which he drove. He was tall and thin.
+His features were perfectly Brunonian. There seemed to be nothing
+antiphlogistic about him. When pleased, he was very gentlemanly, in his
+manner and carriage. He ever placed himself, with remarkable exactitude,
+in the very centre of his vehicle, bolt upright; and, with his stern
+expression, wrinkled features, remarkably aquiline nose, prominent chin,
+and broad-brimmed hat, appeared, even some fifty years ago, like a remnant
+of a by-gone age. He had been a royalist. His manners were occasionally
+rough and overbearing.</p>
+
+<p>I remember to have told my mother, when a boy, that I should not like to
+take Dr. Danforth&#8217;s physic. The character of his practice is, doubtless,
+well remembered, by those, who have taken his <i>divers</i>, as they were
+called, and lived to tell of it. The late Dr. Benjamin Waterhouse being
+interrogated, by some aged spinsters, as to the difference, between the
+practice of Dr. Danforth and his opponents, replied, that there were two
+ways of putting a disordered clock in tolerable condition&mdash;the first, by
+taking it apart, cleaning its various members of their dust and dirt,
+applying a little oil to the pivots, and attaching no other than its
+former weight; &#8220;and then,&#8221; said he, &#8220;it will go very well, for a
+considerable time; and this we call the anti-Brunonian system.&#8221;</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_449" id="Page_449">[Pg 449]</a></span>The second method he described, as follows: &#8220;You are to take no pains
+about examining the parts; let the dust and dirt remain, by all means;
+apply no oil to the pivots; but hitch on three or four times the original
+weight, and you will be able to drag it along, after a fashion; and this
+is the Brunonian system.&#8221; In this, the reader will recognize one of the
+pleasantries of Dr. Waterhouse, rather than an impartial illustration.</p>
+
+<p>Dr. Isaac Rand, the son of Dr. Isaac Rand, of Charlestown, lived, in 1789,
+some sixty years ago, in Middle Street, just below Cross: in after years,
+he resided, till his death, in 1822, in Atkinson Street. He was a pupil of
+Dr. Lloyd. His liberalities to the poor became a proverb. The chaise, in
+which he practised, in his latter days, was a notable object. The width of
+it, though not equal to that of Solomon&#8217;s temple, was several cubits. It
+became the property of the late Sheriff Badlam, who filled it to
+admiration. The mantle of Elijah was not a closer fit, upon the shoulders
+of Elisha.</p>
+
+<p>Dr. Rand was an able physician, and a truly good man. He made rather a
+more liberal use of the learned terms of his profession, than was the
+practice of other physicians. With him, this arose from habit, and a
+desire to speak with accuracy, and not from affectation. Charles Austin
+was shot dead, in State Street, by Thomas O. Selfridge, August 4, 1806, in
+self-defence. Dr. Rand was a witness, at the trial; and his long and
+learned, professional terms, so completely confounded the stenographers,
+that they were obliged to beat the <i>chamade</i>, and humbly beg for plainer
+English.</p>
+
+<p>I have more to say of these interesting matters, but am too near the
+boundary wall of my paper, to enter upon their consideration, at present.</p>
+
+
+
+<p>&nbsp;</p><p>&nbsp;</p>
+<hr style="width: 50%;" />
+<h2><a name="No_CXII" id="No_CXII"></a>No. CXII.</h2>
+
+
+<p>In my last number, I referred to three eminent physicians, of the olden
+time, Drs. Lloyd, Danforth, and Rand. Some sixty years ago, there were
+three and twenty physicians, in this city, exclusive of quacks. The
+residences of the three I have already stated. Dr. James Pecker resided,
+at the corner of<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_450" id="Page_450">[Pg 450]</a></span> Hanover and Friend Street&mdash;Thomas Bulfinch, in Bowdoin
+Square&mdash;Charles Jarvis, in Common Street&mdash;Lemuel Hayward, opposite the
+sign of the White Horse, in Newbury Street&mdash;Thomas Kast, in Fish Street,
+near the North Square&mdash;David Townsend, in Southack&#8217;s Court&mdash;John Warren,
+next door to Cromwell&#8217;s Head, in South Latin School Street, then kept by
+Joshua Brackett&mdash;Thomas Welsh, in Sudbury Street, near Concert
+Hall&mdash;William Eustis, in Sudbury Street, near the Mill Pond&mdash;John Homans,
+No. 6 Marlborough Street&mdash;John Sprague, in Federal Street&mdash;Nathaniel W.
+Appleton, in South Latin School Street, near the Stone Chapel&mdash;Joseph
+Whipple, in Orange Street&mdash;Aaron Dexter, in Milk Street, opposite the
+lower end of the rope walks, that were burnt, in the great fire, July 30,
+1794&mdash;Abijah Cheever, in Hanover Street&mdash;William Spooner, in Cambridge
+Street&mdash;John Fleet, in Milk Street&mdash;Amos Winship, in Hanover
+Street&mdash;Robert Rogerson, in Ship Street&mdash;Alexander A. Peters, in
+Marlborough Street&mdash;John Jeffries, who, in 1776, went to Halifax, with the
+British garrison, did not return and resume practice in Boston, till 1790.</p>
+
+<p>Ten years after, in 1799, the number had increased to twenty-nine, of whom
+nineteen were of the old guard of 1789.</p>
+
+<p>In 1816, the number had risen to forty-three, of whom eight only were of
+1789. In 1830, the number was seventy-five, two only surviving of
+1789&mdash;Drs. William Spooner and Thomas Welsh.</p>
+
+<p>In 1840, we had, in Boston, one hundred and twenty-two physicians,
+surgeons, and dentists, and a population of 93,383. There are now, in this
+physicky metropolis, according to the Directory, for 1848-9, physicians,
+of all sorts, not including those for the soul, but doctors, surgeons,
+dentists, regulars and quacks, of all colors and both sexes, 362. <span class="smcap">Three
+hundred and sixty-two</span>: an increase of two hundred and forty, in eight
+years. This is certainly encouraging. If 122 doctors are quite as many, as
+93,383 Athenians ought to bear, 362 require about 280,000 patients, and
+such should be our population. Let us arrange this formidable host. At the
+very <i>tete d&#8217;armee</i>, marching left in front, we have seven <i>Female
+Physicians</i>, preceded by an <i>Indian doctress</i>&mdash;next in order, come the
+surgeon <i>Dentists</i>, seventy in number&mdash;then the main body, to whom the
+publisher of the Directory courteously and indiscriminately applies the
+title of <i>Physicians</i>, two hundred and fifty-seven, rank<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_451" id="Page_451">[Pg 451]</a></span> and file;&mdash;seven
+and twenty <i>Botanic Doctors</i> bring up the rear! How appropriate, in the
+hand of the very last of this enormous <i>cortege</i>, would be a banner,
+inscribed with those well known words&mdash;<span class="smcap">God save the Commonwealth of
+Massachusetts!</span></p>
+
+<p>I shall devote this paper to comparative statistics. In 1789, with
+twenty-three physicians in Boston, four less, than the present number of
+<i>botanic doctors</i> alone, and three hundred and thirty-nine less, than the
+present number of regulars and pretenders, there were nine only of <i>our</i>
+profession, regularly enrolled, as F. U., funeral undertakers, and placed
+upon a footing with the Roman <i>designatores</i>, or <i>domini funerum</i>. There
+were several others, who bore to our profession the same relation, which
+bachelors of medicine bear to theirs, and who were entitled to subscribe
+themselves D. G., diggers of graves. Yet in 1840, the year, which I take,
+as a <i>point d&#8217;appui</i> for my calculations, there were only twenty, enrolled
+as F. U., with 362 medical operatives, busily at work, day and night, upon
+the insides and outsides of our fellow-citizens! Here is matter for
+marvel! How was it done? Did the dead bury the dead? I presume the
+solution lies, in the fact, that there existed an unrecorded number of
+those, who were D. G. only.</p>
+
+<p>There were few dentists, <i>eo nomine</i>, some sixty years ago. Our ancestors
+appear to have gotten along pretty comfortably, in spite of their teeth.
+Many of those, who practised the &#8220;<i>dental art</i>,&#8221; had so little employment,
+that it became convenient to unite their dental practice, with some other
+occupation. Thus John Templeman, was a <i>broker and dentist</i>, at the
+northeast corner of the Old State House. Whitlock was, doubtless,
+frequently called out, from a rehearsal, at the play house, to pull a
+refractory grinder. Isaac Greenwood advertises, in the Columbian Sentinel
+of June 1, 1785, not only his desire to wait upon all, who may require his
+services, at their houses, in the dental line; but a variety of umbrellas,
+canes, silk caps for bathing, dice, chess men, and cane for hoops and
+bonnets, by the dozen, or single stick. In the Boston Mercury of Jan. 6,
+1797, W. P. Greenwood combines, with his dental profession, the sale of
+piano-fortes and guitars. In 1799, the registered dentists were three
+only, Messrs. Isaac and Wm. P. Greenwood, and Josiah Flagg. In 1816, there
+were three only, Wm. P. Greenwood, Thomas Parsons, and Thomas Barnes.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_452" id="Page_452">[Pg 452]</a></span>It would appear somewhat extravagant, perhaps, to state, that, including
+doctors of all sorts, there is a fraction more than two doctors to every
+one merchant, <i>eo nomine</i>, excluding commission merchants, of course, in
+the city of Boston. Such, nevertheless, appears to be the fact, unless Mr.
+Adams has made some important error, which I do not suspect, in his
+valuable Directory, for 1848-9.</p>
+
+<p>It will not be utterly worthless, to contemplate the quartermaster&#8217;s
+department of this portentous army; and compare it with the corresponding
+establishment of other times. In 1789, there were fifteen druggists and
+apothecaries, in the town of Boston. Examples were exceedingly rare, in
+those days, of wholesale establishments, exclusively dealing in drugs and
+medicines. At present, we have, in this city, eighty-nine apothecaries,
+doing business, in as many different places&mdash;drugs and medicines are also
+sold, at wholesale, in forty-four establishments&mdash;there are fourteen
+special depots, for the sale of patent medicines, Gordak&#8217;s drugs, Indian
+purgatives, Holman&#8217;s restorative, Brandreth&#8217;s pills, Sherry wine bitters,
+and pectoral balsam, Graefenberg&#8217;s medicines, and many other kinds of
+nastiness&mdash;eighteen dealers exclusively in botanic medicines&mdash;ninety-seven
+nurses&mdash;twenty-eight undertakers&mdash;and eight warehouses for the sale of
+coffins!</p>
+
+<p>It is amusing, if nothing worse, to compare the relative increase, in the
+number of persons, who are, in various ways, employed about the sick, the
+dying, and the dead, in killing, or curing, or comforting, or burying,
+with the increase in some other crafts and callings. In 1789, there were
+thirty-one bakers, in Boston: there are now fifty-seven. The number has
+not doubled in sixty years. The number of doctors then, as I have stated,
+was twenty-three: now, charlatans included, it falls short, only six, of
+sixteen times that number.</p>
+
+<p>There were then sixty-seven tailors&#8217; shops; there are now one hundred and
+forty-eight such establishments. There were then thirty-six barbers,
+hair-dressers, and wig-makers: there are now ninety-one. There were then
+one hundred and five cabinet-makers and carpenters: there are now three
+hundred and fifty. This ratio of comparison will, by no means, hold, in
+some other callings. There were then nine auctioneers: there are now
+fifty-two. There were then seven brokers, of all sorts: there are now two
+hundred and ten. The source from<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_453" id="Page_453">[Pg 453]</a></span> which I draw my information, is the
+Directory of 1789, &#8220;printed and sold by John Norman, at Oliver&#8217;s Dock,&#8221;
+and of which the writer speaks, in his preface, as &#8220;<i>this first attempt</i>.&#8221;
+For want of sufficient designation, it is impossible, in this primitive
+work, to pick out the members of the legal profession. Compared with the
+present fraternity, whose name is legion, they were very few. There are
+more than three hundred and fifty practitioners of the law, in this city.
+In this, as in the medical profession, there are, and ever will be, <i>ex
+necessitate rei</i>, infernal scoundrels, and highly intelligent and
+honorable men&mdash;blind guides and safe counsellors. Not very long ago, a day
+of purification was appointed&mdash;some plan seemed to be excogitating, for
+the ventilation of the brotherhood. For once, they were gathered together,
+brothers, looking upon the features of brothers, and knowing them not.
+This was an occasion of mutual interest, and the arena was common
+
+ground&mdash;they came, some of them, doubtless, from strange quarters, lofty
+attics and lowly places&mdash;</p>
+
+<p class="poem">&#8220;From all their dens the one-eyed race repair,<br />
+From rifted rocks, and mountains high in air.&#8221;</p>
+
+<p>When doctors, lawyers, and brokers are greatly upon the increase, it is
+very clear, that we are getting into the way of submitting our bodies and
+estates, to be frequently, and extensively, tinkered.</p>
+
+<p>I cannot doubt, that in 1789, there were quacks, about town, who could not
+contrive to get their names inserted, in the same page, with the regular
+physicians. I cannot believe, however, that they bore any proportion to
+the unprincipled and ignorant impostors, at the present time. In the
+&#8220;Massachusetts Centinel,&#8221; of Sept. 21, 1785, is the following
+advertisement&mdash;&#8220;<i>John Pope, who, for eighteen years past, has been noted
+for curing Cancers, schrophulous Tumours, fetid and phagedenic Ulcers,
+&amp;c., has removed into a house, the north corner of Orange and Hollis
+Street, South End, Boston, where he proposes to open a school, for
+Reading, Writing, Arithmetick, &amp;c.</i>&#8221;</p>
+
+<p>In 1789 there were twenty-two distillers of rum in Boston: there are nine
+only, named in the Directory of 1848-9. The increase of doctors and all
+the appliances of sickness and death have not probably arisen from the
+falling off, among distillers. In 1789, there were about twenty
+innholders: there are<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_454" id="Page_454">[Pg 454]</a></span> now eighty-eight public houses, hotels, or
+taverns&mdash;ninety-two restaurants&mdash;thirty-five confectionery
+establishments&mdash;thirty-nine stores, under the caption of &#8220;liquors and
+wines&#8221;&mdash;sixty-nine places, for the sale of oysters, which are not always
+the <i>spiritless</i> things they appear to be&mdash;one hundred and forty-three
+wholesale dealers, in West India goods and groceries&mdash;three hundred and
+seventy-three retailers of such articles: I speak not of those, who fall
+below the dignity of history; whose operations are entirely subterraneous;
+and whose entire stock in trade might be carried, in a wheelbarrow. We
+have also one hundred and fifty-two provision dealers. We live well in
+this city. It would be very pleasant, to walk over it, with old Captain
+Keayne, who died here, March 23, 1656, and who left a sum of money to the
+town, to erect a granary or storehouse, for the poor, in case of famine!</p>
+
+
+
+<p>&nbsp;</p><p>&nbsp;</p>
+<hr style="width: 50%;" />
+<h2><a name="No_CXIII" id="No_CXIII"></a>No. CXIII.</h2>
+
+
+<p>The Quack is commonly accounted a spurious leech&mdash;a false
+doctor&mdash;clinging, like a vicious barnacle, to the very bottom of the
+medical profession. But impostors exist, in every craft, calling, and
+profession, under the names of quacks, empirics, charmers, magicians,
+professors, sciolists, plagiaries, enchanters, charlatans, pretenders,
+judicial astrologers, quacksalvers, muffs, mountebanks, medicasters,
+barrators, cheats, puffs, champertors, cuckoos, diviners, jugglers, and
+verifiers of suggestions.</p>
+
+<p>Butler, in his Hudibras, says, of medical quacks, they</p>
+
+<p class="poem">Seek out for plants, with signatures,<br />
+To quack of universal cures.</p>
+
+<p>In the Spectator, Addison has this observation&mdash;&#8220;At the first appearance,
+that a French quack made in Paris, a boy walked before him, publishing,
+with a shrill voice, &#8216;<i>my father cures all sorts of distempers</i>;&#8217; to which
+the doctor added, in a grave manner, &#8216;<i>what the boy says is true</i>.&#8217;&#8221;</p>
+
+<p>The imposture of James Aymar, to which I have alluded, was of a different
+kind. Aymar was an ignorant peasant of Dauphin&eacute;. He finally confessed
+himself to be an impostor, before<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_455" id="Page_455">[Pg 455]</a></span> the Prince of Cond&egrave;; and the whole
+affair is narrated, by the apothecary of the prince, in a <i>Lettre &agrave; M.
+L&#8217;Abb&eacute;, D. L., sur les veritables effets de la baguette de Jaques Aymar
+par P. Buissiere; chez Louis Lucas, &agrave; Paris, 1694</i>.</p>
+
+<p>The power of this fellow&#8217;s wand was not limited, to the discovery of
+hidden treasures, or springs of water; nor were his only dupes the lowly
+and the ignorant. As I have said, he was detected, and made a full
+confession, before the Prince of Cond&egrave;. The magistrates published an
+official account of the imposture; yet such is the energy of the credulous
+principle, that M. Vallemont, a man of note, published a treatise &#8220;<i>on the
+occult philosophy of the divining wand</i>;&#8221; in which he tries to show, that
+Aymar, notwithstanding his mistakes, before the Prince, was really
+possessed of all the wonderful power he claimed, of divining with his
+wand. The measure of this popular credulity will be better understood,
+after perusing the following translation of an extract from the <i>Mercure
+Historique</i>, for April, 1697, page 440.&mdash;&#8220;The Prior of the Carthusians
+passed through Villeneuve with Aymar, to discover, by the aid of his wand,
+some landmarks, that were lost. Just before, a foundling had been left on
+the steps of the monastery. Aymar was employed, by the Superior, to find
+out the father. Followed by a great crowd, and guided by the indications
+of his wand, he went to the village of Comaret, in the County of
+Venaissin, and thence to a cottage, where he affirmed the child was born.&#8221;</p>
+
+<p>Bayle says, on the authority of another letter from M. Buissiere, in
+1698, that Aymar&#8217;s apparent simplicity, and rustic dialect, and the rapid
+motion of his wand went far, to complete the delusion. He was also
+exceedingly devout, and never absent from mass, or confession. While he
+was at Paris, and before his exposure, the Pythoness, herself, would not
+have been more frequently, and zealously consulted, than was this crafty
+and ignorant boor, by the Parisians. Fees showered in from all quarters;
+and he was summoned, in all directions, to detect thieves; recover lost
+property; settle the question of genuine identity, among the relics of
+<i>prima facie</i> saints, in different churches; and, in truth, no limit was
+set, by his innumerable dupes, to the power of his miraculous wand. &#8220;I
+myself,&#8221; says M. Buissiere, &#8220;saw a simple, young fellow, a silk weaver,
+who was engaged to a girl, give Aymar a couple of crowns, to know if she
+were a virgin.&#8221;</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_456" id="Page_456">[Pg 456]</a></span>Joseph Francis Borri flourished, about the middle of the seventeenth
+century, and a most complicated scoundrel he was&mdash;heresiarch, traitor,
+alchymist, and empiric. He had spiritual revelations, of course. He was an
+intelligent and audacious liar, and converts came in apace. At his
+suggestion, his followers took upon themselves an oath of poverty, and
+placed all they possessed in the hands of Borri, who told them he would
+take care it should never again interfere with their devotions, but would
+be spent in prayers and masses, for their ulcerated souls. The bloodhounds
+of the Inquisition were soon upon his track, at the moment he was about to
+raise the standard of insurrection in Milan.</p>
+
+<p>He fled to Amsterdam&mdash;made capital of his persecution by the Inquisition;
+and won the reputation of a great chemist, and wonderful physician. He
+then went to Hamburg, and persuaded Queen Christina, to advance him a
+large sum of money, to be reimbursed, from the avails of the philosopher&#8217;s
+stone, which Borri was to discover. This trick was clearly worth
+repeating. So thought Borri; and he tried it, with still better success,
+on his Majesty of Denmark. Still the stone remained undiscovered; and the
+thought occurred to Signor Borri, that it might not be amiss, to look for
+it, in Turkey. He accordingly removed; but was arrested at Vienna, by the
+Pope&#8217;s agents; and consigned to the prisons of the Inquisition, for life.
+His fame, however, had become so omnipotent, that, upon the earnest
+application of the Duke d&#8217;Etr&eacute;e, he was let loose, to prescribe for that
+nobleman, whom the regular physicians had given over. The Duke got well,
+and the world gave Borri the credit of the cure. When a poor suffering
+mortal is given over, in other words, <i>let alone</i>, by half a dozen
+doctors&mdash;I am speaking now of the regulars, not less than of the
+volunteers&mdash;he, occasionally, gets well.</p>
+
+<p>A wit replied to a French physician, who was marvelling how a certain Abb&eacute;
+came to die, since he himself and three other physicians were unremitting,
+in their attentions&mdash;&#8220;<i>My dear doctor, how could the poor abb&eacute; sustain
+himself, against you all four?</i>&#8221; The doctors do much as they did of old.
+Pliny, lib. xxix. 5, says, of consultations&mdash;&#8220;<i>Hinc ill&aelig; circa &aelig;gros
+miser&aelig; sententiarum concertationes, nullo idem censente ne videatur
+accessio alterius. Hinc illa infelicis monumenti inscriptio</i>, <span class="smcaplc">TURBA SE
+MEDICORUM PERIISSE</span>.&#8221; Hence those contemptible consultations,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_457" id="Page_457">[Pg 457]</a></span> round the
+beds of the sick&mdash;no one assenting to the opinion of another, lest he
+should be deemed his subaltern. Hence the monumental inscription, over the
+poor fellow, who was destroyed in this way&mdash;<span class="smcaplc">KILLED BY A MOB OF DOCTORS!</span></p>
+
+<p>Who has not seen a fire rekindle, <i>sua sponte</i>, after the officious
+bellows have, apparently, extinguished the last spark? So, now and then,
+the vital spark, stimulated by the <i>vis medicatrix natur&aelig;</i> will rekindle
+into life and action, after having been well nigh smothered, by all sorts
+of complicated efforts to restore it.</p>
+
+<p>This is the <i>punctum instans</i>, the very nick of time, for the charlatan:
+in he comes, looking insufferably wise, and brim full of sympathetic
+indignation. All has been done wrong, of course. While he affects to be
+doing everything, he does exactly nothing&mdash;stirs up an invisible,
+impalpable, infinitessimal, incomprehensible particle, in a little water,
+which the patient can neither see, feel, taste, nor smell. Down it goes.
+The patient&#8217;s faith, as to the size of it, rather resembles a cocoanut
+than a grain of mustard seed. His confidence in the <i>new</i> doctor is as
+gigantic, and as blind, as Polyphemus, after he had been <i>gouged</i>, by him
+of Ithaca. He plants his galvanic grasp, upon the wrist of the little
+doctor, much in the manner of a drowning man, clutching at a full grown
+straw. He is absolutely better already. The wife and the little ones look
+upon the mountebank, as their preserver from widowhood and orphanage.
+&#8220;<i>Dere ish noting</i>,&#8221; he says, &#8220;<i>like de leetil doshes</i>;&#8221; and he takes his
+leave, regretting, as he closes the door, that his sleeve is not large
+enough, to hold the sum total of his laughter. Yet some of these quacks
+become <i>honest men</i>; and, however surprised at the result, they are
+finally unable, to resist the force of the popular outcry, in their own
+favor. They almost forget their days of duplicity, and small things&mdash;they
+arrive, somehow or other, at the conclusion, that, however unexpectedly,
+they are great men, and their wild tactics a system. They use longer
+words, move into larger houses, and talk of first principles: and all the
+practice of a neighborhood finally falls into the hands of Dr. Ninkempaup
+or Dr. Pauketpeeker.</p>
+
+<p>Francis Joseph Borri died, in prison, in 1695. Sorbiere in his <i>Voiage en
+Angleterre</i>, page 158, describes him thus&mdash;&#8220;He is a cunning blade; a
+lusty, dark-complexioned, good-looking fellow, well dressed, and lives at
+considerable expense, though not<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_458" id="Page_458">[Pg 458]</a></span> at such a rate, as some suppose; for
+eight or ten thousand livres will go a great way at Amsterdam. But a
+house, worth 15,000 crowns, in a fine location, five or six footmen, a
+French suit of clothes, a treat or two to the ladies, the occasional
+refusal of fees, five or six rix dollars distributed, at the proper time
+and place among the poor, a spice of insolence in discourse, and sundry
+other artifices have made some credulous persons say, that he gave away
+handfulls of diamonds, that he had discovered the philosophers stone, and
+the universal medicine.&#8221; When he was in Amsterdam, he appeared in a
+splendid equipage, was accosted, by the title of &#8220;<i>your excellence</i>,&#8221; and
+they talked of marrying him to one of the greatest fortunes.</p>
+
+<p>I have no taste for unsocial pleasures. Will the reader go with me to
+Franklin Place&mdash;let us take our station near No. 2, and turn our eyes to
+the opposite side&mdash;let us put back the hand of the world&#8217;s timekeeper,
+some thirty years. A showy chariot, very peculiar, very yellow, and
+abundantly supplied with glass, with two tall bay horses, gaudily
+harnessed, is driven to the door of the mansion, by a coachman, in livery;
+and there it stands; till, after the expiration of an hour, perhaps, the
+house door is flung open, and there appears, upon the steps, a tall, dark
+visaged, portly personage, in black, who, looking slowly up and down the
+avenue, proceeds, with great deliberation, to draw on his yellow, buckskin
+gloves. Rings glitter upon his fingers; seals, keys, and safety chain,
+upon his person. His beaver, of an unusual form, is exquisitely glossy,
+surpassed, by nothing but the polish of his tall suwarrows, surmounted
+with black, silk tassels.</p>
+
+<p>He descends to the vehicle&mdash;the door is opened, with a bow of profound
+reverence, which is scarcely acknowledged, and in he gets, the very fac
+simile of a Spanish grandee. The chariot moves off, so very slowly, that
+we can easily follow it, on foot&mdash;on it goes, up Franklin, and down
+Washington, up Court, into Tremont, down School, into Washington, along
+Washington, up Winter, and through Park to Beacon Street, where it halts,
+before the mansion of some respectable citizen. The occupant alights, and,
+leaving his chariot there, proceeds, through obscure and winding ways, to
+visit his patients, on foot, in the purlieus of <i>La Montagne</i>.</p>
+
+<p>This was no other than the celebrated patentee of the famous bug liquid;
+who was forever putting the community on its guard, by admonishing the
+pill-taking public, that they <i>could not be too particular</i>, for <i>none
+were genuine, unless signed W. T. Conway</i>.</p>
+
+
+
+<p>&nbsp;</p><p>&nbsp;</p>
+<hr style="width: 50%;" />
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_459" id="Page_459">[Pg 459]</a></span></p>
+<h2><a name="No_CXIV" id="No_CXIV"></a>No. CXIV.</h2>
+
+
+<p>Charity began at home&mdash;I speak of Charity Shaw, the famous root and herb
+doctress, who was a great blessing to all undertakers, in this city, for
+many years&mdash;her practice was, at first, purely domestic&mdash;she began at
+home, in her own household; and, had she ended there, it had fared better,
+doubtless, with many, who have received the final attentions of our craft.
+The mischief of quackery is negative, as well as positive. Charity could
+not be fairly classed with those reckless empirics, who, rather than lose
+the sale of a nostrum, will send you directly to the devil, for a dollar:
+Charity was kind, though she vaunted herself a little in the newspapers.
+She was, now and then, rather severely handled, but she bore all things,
+and endured all things, and hoped all things; for, to do her justice, she
+was desirous, that her patients should recover: and, if she believed not
+all things, her patients did; and therein consisted the negative
+mischief&mdash;in that stupid credulity, which led them to follow this poor,
+ignorant, old woman, and thus prevented them, from applying for relief,
+where, if anywhere, in this uncertain world, it may be found&mdash;at the
+fountains of knowledge and experience. In Charity&#8217;s day, there were
+several root and herb practitioners; but the greatest of these was
+Charity.</p>
+
+<p>Herb doctors have, for some two thousand years, attempted to turn back the
+tables, upon the faculty&mdash;they are a species of <i>garde mobile</i>, who have
+an old grudge against the <i>corps regulier</i>: for they have not forgotten,
+that, some two thousand years ago, herb doctors had all things pretty much
+in their own way. Two entire books, the twenty-sixth and twenty-seventh of
+Pliny&#8217;s Natural History, are devoted to a consideration of the medicinal
+properties of herbs&mdash;the twentieth treats of the medicinal properties of
+vegetables&mdash;the twenty-third and twenty-fourth of the medicinal properties
+of roots and barks. Thus, we see, of what importance these simples were
+accounted, in the healing art, in that early age. Herbs, barks, and roots
+were, and, for ages, had been, the principal <i>materia medica</i>, and were
+employed, by the different sects&mdash;by the Rationalists, of whom Pliny, lib.
+xxvi. cap. 6, considers Herophilus the head, though this honor is
+ascribed, by Galen, to Hippocrates&mdash;the Empirics, or experimentalists&mdash;and
+the Methodics, who avoided all actions, for <i>mala<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_460" id="Page_460">[Pg 460]</a></span> praxis</i>, by adhering to
+the rules. Pliny manifestly inclined to herb doctoring. In the chapter,
+just now referred to, after alluding to the <i>verba, garrulitatemque</i> of
+certain lecturers, he intimates, that they and their pupils had an easy
+time of it&mdash;<i>sedere namque his in scholis auditioni operatos gratius erat,
+quam ire in solitudines, et qu&oelig;rere herbas alias aliis diebus
+anni</i>&mdash;for it was pleasanter to sit, listening in the lecture-rooms, than
+to run about in the fields and woods, culling certain simples, on certain
+days in the year.</p>
+
+<p>Herb doctors were destined to be overthrown; and the account, given by
+Pliny, in chapters 7, 8 and 9, book xxvi. of the sudden and complete
+revolution, in the practice of the healing art, is curious and
+interesting.</p>
+
+<p>Asclepiades, of Prusa, in Bythinia, came to Rome, in the time of Pompey
+the Great, about one hundred years before Christ, to teach rhetoric; and,
+like an impudent hussy, who came to this city, as a cook, from Vermont,
+some years ago, and, not succeeding, in that capacity, but hearing, that
+wet nurses obtained high wages here, prepared herself, for that lucrative
+occupation&mdash;so Asclepiades, not succeeding, as a rhetorician, prepared
+himself for a doctor. He was ignorant of the whole matter; but a man of
+genius; and, as he knew nothing of root and herb practice, he determined
+to cut up the whole system root and branch, and substitute one of his
+own&mdash;<i>torrenti ac meditata quotidie oratione blandiens omnia abdicavit:
+totamque medicinam ad causam revocando, conjectur&aelig; fecit</i>. By the power of
+his forcible and preconcerted orations, pronounced from day to day, in a
+smooth and persuasive manner, he overthrew the whole; and, bringing back
+the science of medicine to cause and effect, he constructed a system of
+inference or conjecture. Pliny is not disposed to be altogether pleased
+with Asclepiades, though he recounts his merits fairly. He says of
+him&mdash;<i>Id solum possumus indignari, unum hominem, e levissima gente, sine
+ullis opibus orsum, vectigalis sua causa, repente leges salutis humano
+genere dedisse, quas tamen postea abrogavere multi</i>&mdash;at least, we may feel
+rather indignant, that one, born among a people, remarkable for their
+levity, born also in poverty, toiling for his daily support, should thus
+suddenly lay down, for the human race, the laws of health, which,
+nevertheless, many rejected afterwards.</p>
+
+<p>Now it seems to me, that Asclepiades was a very clever fellow; and I
+think, upon Pliny&#8217;s own showing, there was more reason, for indignation,
+against a people, who had so long tolerated<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_461" id="Page_461">[Pg 461]</a></span> the marvellous absurdities of
+the herb system, such as it then was, than against a man, who had the good
+sense to perceive, and the courage and perseverance to explode, them. What
+there was in the poverty of Asclepiades, or in the character of his
+countrymen, to rouse Pliny&#8217;s indignation, I cannot conceive. Pliny says,
+lib. xxvi. cap. 9, after naming several things, which promoted this great
+change, in the practice of Physic&mdash;<i>Super omnia adjuvere eum magic&aelig;
+vanitates, in tantum erect&aelig;, ut abrogare herbis fidem cunctis possent</i>. He
+was especially assisted in his efforts, by the excesses, to which the
+magical absurdities had been carried, in respect to herbs, so that they
+alone were enough to destroy all confidence, in such things.</p>
+
+<p>Pliny proceeds to narrate some of these magical absurdities&mdash;the plant
+&AElig;thiops, thrown into lakes and rivers, would dry them up&mdash;the touch of it
+would open everything, that was shut. The Ach&aelig;menis, cast among the enemy,
+would cause immediate flight. The Latace would ensure plenty. Josephus
+also, De Bell, Ind. lib. vii. cap. 25&mdash;speaks of an excellent root for
+driving out devils.</p>
+
+<p>Pliny says, Asclepiades laid down five important
+particulars&mdash;<i>abstinentiam cibi</i>, <i>alias vini</i>, <i>fricationem corporis</i>,
+<i>ambulationem</i>, <i>gestationes</i>&mdash;abstinence from meat, and, at other times,
+from wine, friction of the body, walking, and various kinds of gestation,
+on horseback, and otherwise. There were some things, in the old practice,
+<i>nimis anxia et rudia</i>, too troublesome and coarse, whose rejection
+favored the new doctor greatly, <i>obruendi agros veste sudoresque omni modo
+ciendi; nunc corpora ad ignes torrendi</i>, etc.&mdash;smothering the sick in
+blankets, and exciting perspiration, by all possible means&mdash;roasting them
+before fires, &amp;c. Like every other ingenious physician, he had something
+pleasant, of his own contriving, to propose&mdash;<i>tum primum pensili
+balinearum usu ad infinitum blandientem</i>&mdash;then first came up the
+employment of hanging baths, to the infinite delight of the public. These
+hanging baths, which Pliny says, lib. ix. 79, were really the invention of
+Sergius Orata, were rather supported than suspended&mdash;fires were kindled
+below&mdash;there were different <i>ahena</i>, or caldrons, the <i>caldarium</i>, and
+<i>frigidarium</i>. The <i>corrivatio</i> was simply the running together of the
+cold and hot water. Annexed was the <i>laconicum</i>, or sweating room. The
+curious reader may compare the Roman baths with those at Constantinople,
+described by Miss Pardoe.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_462" id="Page_462">[Pg 462]</a></span><i>Alia quoque blandimenta</i>, says Pliny, <i>excogitabat, jam suspendendo
+lectulos, quorum jactatu aut morbos extenuaret, aut somnos alliceret</i>. He
+excogitated other delights, such as suspended beds, whose motion soothed
+the patient, or put him to sleep. The principle here seems pretty
+universal, lying at the bottom of all those simple contrivances,
+rocking-chairs, cribs, and cradles, swings, hammocks, &amp;c. This is truly
+Indian practice&mdash;</p>
+
+<p class="poem">Rock-a-bye baby upon the tree top,<br />
+And, when the wind blows, the cradle will rock.</p>
+
+<p><i>Pr&aelig;terea in quibusdam morbis medendi cruciatus detraxit, ut in anginis
+quas curabant in fauces organo demisso. Damnavit merito et vomitiones,
+tunc supra modum frequentes.</i> He also greatly diminished the severity of
+former practice, in certain diseases, in quinsies for example, which they
+used to cure, with an instrument, introduced into the fauces. He very
+properly condemned those vomitings, then frequent, beyond all account.
+This refers to the Roman usage, which is almost incomprehensible by us.
+Celsus, De Med. lib. i. 3, refers to it, as the practice <i>eorum, qui
+quotidie ejiciendo, vorandi facultatem moliuntur</i>&mdash;of those, who, by
+vomiting daily, acquired the faculty of gormandizing. Suetonius says of
+the imperial brute, Vitellius, sec. xiii. that he regularly dined, at
+three places daily, <i>facile omnibus sufficiens, vomitandi
+consuetudine</i>&mdash;easily enabled to do so, by his custom of vomiting.</p>
+
+<p>Pliny&#8217;s reflection, upon the success of the new doctor, is very
+natural&mdash;<i>qu&aelig; quum unusquisque semetipsum sibi pr&aelig;stare posse
+intelligeret, faventibus cunctis, ut essent vera qu&aelig; facillima erant,
+universum prope humanum genus circumegit in se, non alio modo quam si
+c&oelig;lo emissus advenisset</i>. When every one saw, that he could apply the
+rules for himself, all agreeing that things, which were so very simple,
+must certainly be true, he gathered all mankind around him, precisely as
+though he had been one, sent from Heaven.</p>
+
+<p>In the following passage, Pliny employs the word, <i>artificium</i>, in an
+oblique sense. <i>Trahebat pr&aelig;terea mentes artifcio mirabili, vinum
+promittendo &aelig;gris.</i> He attracted men&#8217;s minds, by the remarkable <i>artifice</i>
+of allowing wine to the sick.</p>
+
+<p>During the temperance movement, some eminent physicians have asserted,
+that wine was unnecessary, in every case&mdash;others have extended their
+practice, and increased their popularity, by<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_463" id="Page_463">[Pg 463]</a></span> making their patients as
+comfortable, as possible&mdash;<i>while they continued in the flesh</i>. A German,
+who had been very intemperate, joined a total abstinence society, by the
+advice of a temperance physician. In a little time the <i>tormina</i> of his
+stomach became unbearable. Instead of calling his temperance physician,
+who would, probably, have eased the irritation, with a little wormwood, or
+opium, he sent for the popular doctor, who told him, at once, that he
+wanted brandy&mdash;&#8220;How much may I take?&#8221; inquired the German. &#8220;An ounce,
+during the forenoon;&#8221; replied the doctor. After he had gone, the German
+said to his son, &#8220;Harman, go, get de measure pook, and zee how mooch be
+won ounz.&#8221; The boy brought the book, and read aloud, eight drachms make
+one ounce&mdash;the patient sprang half out of bed; and, rubbing his hands,
+exclaimed&mdash;&#8220;dat ish de toctor vor me; I never took more nor voor trams in
+a morning, in all my porn days&mdash;dat ish de trouble&mdash;I zee it now.&#8221;</p>
+
+
+
+<p>&nbsp;</p><p>&nbsp;</p>
+<hr style="width: 50%;" />
+<h2><a name="No_CXV" id="No_CXV"></a>No. CXV.</h2>
+
+
+<p>Miss Bungs is dead. It is well to state this fact, lest I should be
+suspected of some covert allusion to the living. She firmly believed in
+the XXXIX. articles, and in a fortieth&mdash;namely&mdash;that man is a
+fortune-hunter, from his cradle. She often declared, that, sooner than wed
+a fortune-hunter, she would die a cruel death&mdash;she would die a maid&mdash;she
+did so, in the full possession of her senses, to the last.</p>
+
+<p>Her entire estate, consisting of sundry shares, in fancy stocks, two
+parrots, a monkey, a silver snuff-box, and her paraphernalia, she directed
+to be sold; and the avails employed, for the promotion of celibacy, among
+the heathen.</p>
+
+<p>Yet it was the opinion of those, who knew her intimately, that Miss Bungs
+was, at heart, sufficiently disposed to enter into the holy state of
+matrimony, could she have found one pure, disinterested spirit; but,
+unfortunately, she was fully persuaded, that every man, who smiled upon
+her, and inquired after her health, was &#8220;<i>after her money</i>.&#8221; Miss Bungs
+was not unwilling to encourage the impression, that she was an object of
+particular regard, in certain quarters; and, if a gentleman picked up her<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_464" id="Page_464">[Pg 464]</a></span>
+glove, or escorted her across a gutter, she was in the habit of
+instituting particular inquiries, among her acquaintances&mdash;in strict
+confidence of course&mdash;in regard to his moral character&mdash;ejaculating with a
+sigh, that men were so mercenary now-a-days, it was difficult to know who
+could be trusted.</p>
+
+<p>Now, this was very wrong, in Miss Bungs. By the English law, if a man or a
+woman pretends, falsely, that he or she is married to any person, that
+person may libel, in the spiritual court, and obtain an injunction of
+silence; and this offence, in the language of the law, is called
+<i>jactitation of marriage</i>. I can see no reason why an injunction in cases
+of <i>jactitation of courtship</i>, should not be allowed; for serious evils
+may frequently arise, from such unauthorized pretences.</p>
+
+<p>After grave reflection, I am of opinion, that Miss Bungs carried her
+opposition to fortune-hunters, beyond the bounds of reason. Let us define
+our terms. The party, who marries, only for money, intending, from the
+very commencement, to make use of it, for the selfish gratification of
+vain, or vicious, propensities&mdash;is a fortune-hunter of the very worst
+kind. But let us not forget, as we go along, that this field is occupied
+by huntresses, as well as by hunters; and that, upon such voyages of
+discovery, the cap may be set, as effectually, as the compass.</p>
+
+<p>There is another class, with whom the degree of personal attachment, which
+really exists, is too feeble, to resist the combined influence of
+selfishness and pride. Such also, I suppose, may be placed in the category
+of fortune-hunters. We find an illustration of this, in the case of Mr.
+Mewins. After a liberal arrangement had been made, for the young lady, by
+her father; Mr. Mewins, having taken a particular fancy to a little, brown
+mare, demanded, that it should be thrown into the bargain; and, upon a
+positive refusal, the match was broken off. After a couple of years, the
+parties accidentally met, at a country ball&mdash;Mr. Mewins was quite willing
+to renew the engagement&mdash;the lady appeared not to have the slightest
+recollection of him. &#8220;Surely you have not forgotten me,&#8221; said he&mdash;&#8220;What
+name, sir?&#8221; she inquired&mdash;&#8220;Mewins,&#8221; he replied; &#8220;I had the honor of paying
+my addresses to you, about two years ago.&#8221;&mdash;&#8220;I remember a person of that
+name,&#8221; she rejoined, &#8220;who paid his addresses to my father&#8217;s brown mare.&#8221;</p>
+
+<p>In matrimony, wealth is, of course, a very comforting accessory. It
+renders an agreeable partner still more so&mdash;and it often<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_465" id="Page_465">[Pg 465]</a></span> goes, not a
+little way, to balance an unequal bargain. Time and talent may as wisely
+be wasted, in pursuit of the philosopher&#8217;s stone, as of an unmixed good or
+evil, on this side the grave. Temper may be mistaken, or it may change;
+beauty may fade; but &pound;60,000, well managed, will enable the <i>happy man or
+woman</i>, to bear up, with tolerable complacency, under the severest trials
+of domestic life. What a blessed thing it is, to fall back upon, when one
+is compelled to mourn, over the infirmities of the living, or the absence,
+of the dead! What a solace!</p>
+
+<p>It was therefore wrong, in Miss Bungs, to designate, as fortune-hunters,
+those, of either sex, who have come to the rational conclusion, that money
+is essential to the happiness of married life. No man or woman of common
+sense, who is poor, will, now-a-days, commit the indiscretion of <i>falling
+in love</i>, unless with some person of ample possessions.</p>
+
+<p>What, then, is to become of the penniless, and the unpretty! We must adopt
+the custom of the ancient Babylonians, introduced about 1433 B. C., by
+Atossa, the daughter of Belochus. At a certain season of the year, the
+most lovely damsels were assembled, and put up, singly, at auction, to be
+purchased, by the <i>highest</i> bidder. The wealthy swains of Babylon poured
+forth their wealth, like water; and rivals settled the question, not by
+the length of their rapiers, but of their purses. The money, thus
+obtained, became the dowry of those, whose personal attractions were not
+likely to obtain them husbands. They also were put up, and sold to the
+<i>lowest</i> bidder, as the poor were formerly disposed of, in our villages.
+Every unattractive maiden, young, old, and of no particular age, was put
+up, at a <i>maximum</i>, and bestowed on him, who would take her, with the
+smallest amount of dowry. It is quite possible, that certain lots may have
+been withdrawn.</p>
+
+<p>I rather prefer this practice to that of the Spartans, which prevailed,
+about 884 B. C. At an appointed time, the marriageable damsels were
+collected, in a hall, perfectly dark; and the young men were sent into the
+apartment; walking, evidently, neither by faith nor by sight, but,
+literally, feeling their way, and thus selected their helpmates. This is
+in perfect keeping with the principle, that love is blind.</p>
+
+<p>The ancient Greeks lived, and multiplied, without marriage. Eusebius, in
+the preface to his Chronicon, states, that marriage<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_466" id="Page_466">[Pg 466]</a></span> ceremonies were first
+introduced among them, by Cecrops, about 1554 B. C. The Athenians provided
+by law, that no unmarried man should be entrusted with public affairs, and
+the Lacedemomans passed severe laws against those, who unreasonably
+deferred their marriage. It is not easy to reconcile the general policy of
+promoting marriages, with the statute, 8 William III., 1695, by which they
+were taxed; as they were again, in 1784.</p>
+
+<p>The earliest celebration of marriages, in churches, was ordained by Pope
+Innocent III., A. D. 1199. Marriages were forbidden in Lent, A. D. 364,
+conforming, perhaps, to the rule of abstinence from flesh.</p>
+
+<p>Fortune-hunting has not always been unaccompanied with violence. Stealing
+an heiress was made felony, by 3 Henry VII. 1487, and benefit of clergy
+denied, in such cases, by 39 Eliz. 1596. In the first year of George IV.
+1820, this offence was made punishable by transportation. In the reign of
+William III., Captain Campbell forcibly married Miss Wharton, an heiress.
+The marriage was annulled, by act of Parliament, and Sir John Johnston was
+hanged, for abetting. In 1827, two brothers and a sister, Edward, William,
+and Frances Wakefield, were tried and convicted, for the felonious
+abduction of Miss Turner, an heiress, whose marriage with Edward Wakefield
+was annulled, by act of Parliament.</p>
+
+<p>No species of fortune-hunter appears so entirely contemptible, as the
+wretch, who marries for money, intending to employ it, not for the joint
+comfort of the parties, but for the payment of his own arrearages; and who
+resorts to the expedient of marriage, not to obtain a wife, but to avoid a
+jail. And the exultation is pretty universal, when such a vagabond falls,
+himself, into the snare, which he had so deliberately prepared, for
+another.</p>
+
+<p>In the fifth volume of the Diary of Samuel Pepys, pages 323, 329 and 330,
+Lord Braybrooke has recorded three letters to Pepys, from an extraordinary
+scoundrel of this description. The first letter from this man, Sir Samuel
+Morland, who seems to have had some employment in the navy, bears date
+&#8220;Saturday, 19 February, 1686-7.&#8221; After communicating certain information,
+respecting naval affairs, he proceeds, as follows:&mdash;</p>
+
+<p>&#8220;I would have wayted on you with this account myself, but I presume you
+have, ere this time, heard what an unfortunate and<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_467" id="Page_467">[Pg 467]</a></span> fatall accident has
+lately befallen me, of which I shall give you an abreviat.&#8221;</p>
+
+<p>&#8220;About three weeks or a month since, being in very great perplexities, and
+almost distracted for want of moneys, my private creditors tormenting me
+from morning to night, and some of them threatening me with a prison, and
+having no positive answer from his Majesty, about the &pound;1300 which the late
+Lord Treasurer cutt off from my pension so severely, which left a debt
+upon me, which I was utterly unable to pay, there came a certain person to
+me, whom I had relieved in a starving condition, and for whom I had done a
+thousand kindnesses; who pretended, in gratitude to help me to a wife, who
+was a very vertuous, pious, and sweet disposition&#8217;d lady, and an heiress,
+who had &pound;500 per ann. in land and inheritance, and &pound;4000 in ready money,
+with the interest since nine years, besides a mortgage upon &pound;300 per ann.
+more, with plate, jewels, &amp;c. The devil himself could not contrive more
+probable circumstances than were layd before me; and when I had often a
+mind to enquire into the truth, I had no power, believing for certain
+reasons, that there were certain charms or witchcraft used upon me; and,
+withall, believing it utterly impossible that a person so obliged should
+ever be guilty of so black a deed as to betray me in so barbarous a
+manner. Besides that, I really believ&#8217;d it a blessing from Heaven for my
+charity to that person: and I was, about a fortnight since, led as a fool
+to the stocks, and married a coachman&#8217;s daughter not worth a shilling, and
+one who, about nine months since, was brought to bed of a bastard; and
+thus I am both absolutely ruined, in my fortune and reputation, and must
+become a derision to all the world.&#8221;</p>
+
+<p>&#8220;My case is at present in the Spiritual Court, and I presume, that one
+word from his Majesty to his Proctor, and Advocate, and Judge, would
+procure me speedy justice; if either our old acquaintance or Christian
+pity move you, I beg you to put in a kind word for me, and to deliver the
+enclosed into the King&#8217;s own hands, with all convenient speed; for a
+criminal bound and going to execution is not in greater agonies than has
+been my poor, active soul since this befell me: and I earnestly beg you to
+leave in three lines for me with your porter, what answer the King gives
+you, and my man shall call for it. A flood of tears blind my eyes, and I
+can write no more, but that I am your most humble and poor distressed
+servant,</p>
+
+<p><span style="margin-left: 4em;"><span class="smcap">S. Morland</span>.&#8221;</span></p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_468" id="Page_468">[Pg 468]</a></span>All that befell Sir Samuel and <i>Lady</i> Morland, after his application to
+Pepys and the King, will be found fully set forth, by this prince of
+fortune-hunters, in the two remaining letters to which I have referred,
+and which I purpose to lay before the reader in the ensuing number.</p>
+
+
+
+<p>&nbsp;</p><p>&nbsp;</p>
+<hr style="width: 50%;" />
+<h2><a name="No_CXVI" id="No_CXVI"></a>No. CXVI.</h2>
+
+
+<p>The reader will remember, that we left Sir Samuel Morland, in deep
+distress, his eyes, to use his own words, in the letter to Pepys, <i>blinded
+by a flood of tears</i>. Of all fortune-hunters he was the most unfortunate,
+who have recorded, with their own hands, the history of their own most
+wretched adventures. Instead of marrying a &#8220;<i>vertuous, pious, and sweet
+disposition&#8217;d lady, with &pound;500 per ann. in land, and &pound;4000 in ready money,
+with plate, jewels, &amp;c.</i>,&#8221; he found himself in silken bonds, with a
+coachman&#8217;s daughter, &#8220;not worth a shilling,&#8221; who, nine months before, had
+been introduced to a new code of sensations, by giving birth to a child,
+whose father was of that problematical species, which the law terms
+<i>putative</i>.</p>
+
+<p>I have promised to lay before the reader two additional letters, from Sir
+Samuel Morland, to Pepys, on the subject of his difficulties with Lady
+Morland. Here they are: the first will be found, in Pepys&#8217; Diary, vol. v.
+page 329.</p>
+
+<p>&#8220;17 May, 1688. Sir: Being of late unable to go abroad, by reason of my
+lame hip&#8221;&mdash;no wonder he was hipped&mdash;&#8220;which gives me great pain, besides
+that it would not be safe for me, at present, because of that
+strumpet&#8217;s&#8221;&mdash;<i>Lady Morland&#8217;s</i>&mdash;&#8220;debts, I take the boldness to entreat you,
+that, according to your wonted favors, of the same kind, you will be
+pleased, at the next opportunity, to give the King this following
+account.&#8221;</p>
+
+<p>&#8220;A little before Christmas last, being informed, that she was willing, for
+a sum of money, to confess in open court a precontract with Mr. Cheek, and
+being at the same time assured, both by hir and my own lawyers, that such
+a confession would be sufficient for a sentence of nullity, I did deposit
+the money, and accordingly a day of tryall was appoynted; but after the
+cause had been pleaded, I was privately assured, that the Judge<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_469" id="Page_469">[Pg 469]</a></span> was not
+at all satisfyd with such a confession of hers, as to be sufficient ground
+for him to null the marriage, and so that design came to nothing.&#8221;</p>
+
+<p>&#8220;Then I was advised to treat with her, and give her a present sum and a
+future maintenance, she giving me sufficient security never to trouble mee
+more; but her demands were so high, I could not consent to them.&#8221;</p>
+
+<p>&#8220;After this she sent me a very submissive letter, by her own advocate. I
+was advised, both by several private friends, and some eminent divines, to
+take her home, and a day of treaty was appoynted for an accommodation.&#8221;</p>
+
+<p>&#8220;In the interim, a certain gentleman came on purpose, to my house, to
+assure me that I was taking a snake into my bosome, forasmuch as she had
+for six months last past, to his certain knowledge, been kept by, and
+cohabited with Sir Gilb. Gerrard, as his wife, &amp;c. Upon which making
+further enquiry, that gentleman furnishing me with some witnesses, and I
+having found out others, I am this term endeavoring to prove adultery
+against her, and so to obteyn a divorce, which is the present condition of
+your most humble and faithful servant,</p>
+
+<p><span style="margin-left: 4em;"><span class="smcap">Samuel Morland</span>.&#8221;</span></p>
+
+<p>It was fortunate, that Sir Samuel, whose <i>na&iuml;vet&eacute;</i> and rascality are most
+amusingly mingled, did not take the &#8220;<i>snake into his bosome</i>,&#8221;
+notwithstanding the advice of those &#8220;<i>eminent divines</i>,&#8221; whose counsel is
+almost ever too celestial, for the practical occasions of the present
+world.</p>
+
+<p>The issue of Sir Samuel&#8217;s fatal plunge into the abyss of matrimony, in
+pursuit of &#8220;&pound;500 per annum in land and &pound;4000 in ready money,&#8221; and of all
+that befell the Lady Morland, until she lost her title, is recorded, in
+the third and last letter to Pepys, in vol. v., page 330.</p>
+
+<p>&#8220;19 July, 1688. Sir: I once more begg you to give yourself the trouble of
+acquainting His Majesty that upon Munday last, after many hott disputes
+between the Doctors of the Civil Law, the sentence of divorce was solemnly
+pronounced in open Court against that strumpet&#8221;&mdash;<i>Lady Morland</i>&mdash;&#8220;for
+living in adultery with Sir Gilbert Gerrard, for six months last past; so
+that now, unless shee appeal, for which the law allows her 15 days, I am
+freed from her for life, and all that I have to do, for the future, will
+bee to gett clear of her debts, which she has contracted from the day of
+marriage to the time of sentence, which is like to give me no small
+trouble, besides the charge, for <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_470" id="Page_470">[Pg 470]</a></span>severall months in the Chancery. And
+till I gett cleared of these debts, I shall bee little better than a
+prisoner in my own house. Sir, believing it my duty to give His Majesty
+this account of myselfe and of my proceedings, and having no other friend
+to do it for mee, I hope you will forgive the trouble thus given you, by,
+yours, &amp;c.,</p>
+
+<p><span style="margin-left: 4em;"><span class="smcap">S. Morland</span>.&#8221;</span></p>
+
+<p>This must have interested His Majesty, very deeply. Poor James had then
+enough of care. If he had possessed the hands of Briareus, they would have
+been full already. In less than four months, after the date of this
+letter, William of Orange had landed at Torbay, Nov. 5, 1688, and the last
+days of the last of the Stuarts were at hand.</p>
+
+<p>If Miss Bungs were living, even that inexorable hater of all
+fortune-hunters would admit, that the punishment of Sir Samuel Morland was
+sufficient for his crimes. Few will pretend, that his sufferings were more
+than he deserved. A more exact retribution cannot well be imagined. It was
+his intention to apply &#8220;<i>&pound;4000 ready money</i>,&#8221; belonging to &#8220;<i>a very
+vertuous, pious, and sweet disposition&#8217;d lady</i>,&#8221; to the payment of his
+pre-contracted debts. Instead of effecting this honorable purpose, he
+becomes the husband of a low-born strumpet, who is not worth a shilling,
+and for whose debts, contracted before, as well as after marriage, he is
+liable; for the law decrees, that a man takes his wife and her
+circumstances together.</p>
+
+<p>There are few individuals, of either sex, however constitutionally grave,
+who have not a little merriment to spare, for such happy contingencies as
+these. Retributive justice seldom descends, more gracefully, or more
+deservedly, or more to universal acceptance, upon the crafty heads of
+unprincipled projectors. For all, that may befall him, the fortune-hunter
+has little to expect, from male or female sympathy. The scolding
+tongue&mdash;those bewitching tresses, nocturnally deposited on the
+bedpost&mdash;those teeth of pearly brilliancy, which Keep or Tucker could so
+readily identify&mdash;the perpetual look of distrust&mdash;the espionage of
+jealousy&mdash;these and all other <i>tormina domestica</i> are the allotments of
+the fortune-hunter, by immemorial prescription, and without the slightest
+sympathy, from man or woman.</p>
+
+<p>The case of Sir Samuel Morland is a valuable precedent, on account of his
+station in society, and the auto-biographical character of the narrative.
+But there are very few of us, who have not the record of some similar
+catastrophe, within the<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_471" id="Page_471">[Pg 471]</a></span> compass of our knowledge, though, probably, of a
+less aggravated type.</p>
+
+<p>There is a pleasant legend, in the humbler relations of life, to which I
+have listened, in earlier days, and which illustrates the principle,
+involved in these remarks. Molly Moodey was an excellent cook, in the
+family of an avaricious old widower, whose god was mammon, and who had
+been deterred, by the expensiveness of the proceeding, from taking a
+second goddess.</p>
+
+<p>The only sentiment, in any way resembling the tender passion, which had
+ever been awakened, in the bosom of Molly Moodey, was a passion for
+lotteries.</p>
+
+<p>She gave such of her waking hours, as were not devoted to roasting and
+boiling, to the calculation of chances, and her sleeping hours to the
+dreaming of dreams, about &pound;20,000: and by certain combinations, she had
+come to the conclusion, that No. 26,666 was the fortunate number, in the
+great scheme, then presented to the public.</p>
+
+<p>Molly avowed her purpose, and demanded her wages, which, after severely
+berating her, for her folly, were handed over, and the identical ticket
+was bought. With the hope of being the first to inform her, after the
+drawing, that her ticket was a blank, her old master noted down the
+number, in his tablets.</p>
+
+<p>In about seven weeks after this occurrence, the old gentleman, while
+reading the newspaper, in one of the public offices, came upon the
+following notice&mdash;&#8220;<span class="smcap">Highest prize!</span> &pound;20,000. No. 26,666 the fortunate
+number, sold at our fortunate office, in one entire ticket, <span class="smcap">Skinner,
+Ketchum, &amp; Clutch</span>, and will be paid to the lucky proprietor, after the
+27th current.&#8221;</p>
+
+<p>The old gentleman took out his tablets; compared the numbers; wiped his
+spectacles; collated the numbers again; resorted to the lottery office;
+and, upon inquiry there, became satisfied, that Molly Moodey had actually
+drawn &pound;20,000.</p>
+
+<p>A new code of sensations came over the spirit of his dreams. He hastened
+home, oppressed by the heat and his emotions. He bade Molly lay aside her
+mop, and attend him in the parlor, as he had something of importance to
+communicate.&mdash;&#8220;Molly,&#8221; said he, after closing the doors&mdash;&#8220;I find a partner
+absolutely necessary to my happiness. Let me be brief. I am not the man to
+make a fool of myself, by marrying a young flirt. I have known you, Molly,
+for many years. You have what I prize above all things in a wife, solid,
+substantial qualifications. Will you have me?&#8221;</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_472" id="Page_472">[Pg 472]</a></span>Taken thus by surprise, she gave a striking evidence of her
+self-possession, by requesting leave of absence, for a moment, to remove a
+kettle of fat, which she was trying out, lest it should boil over. She
+soon came back, and turned her eye&mdash;she had but one&mdash;with great respect,
+upon her old master&mdash;said something of the difference of their
+stations&mdash;and consented.</p>
+
+<p>The old gentleman&#8217;s attachment for Molly appeared to be very
+extraordinary. Until the wedding-day, which was an unusually early one, he
+would not suffer her to be out of his sight. The day came&mdash;they were
+married. On their way from church&mdash;&#8220;Molly,&#8221; said the bridegroom,
+&#8220;whereabouts is your ticket, with that fortunate number?&#8221;&mdash;&#8220;Oh,&#8221; she
+replied, &#8220;when I came to think of it, I saw, that you were right. I
+thought, &#8217;twas quite likely it would draw a blank. Crust, the baker,
+offered me what I gave for it, and a sheet of bunns, to boot, and I let
+him have it, three weeks ago.&#8221;&mdash;&#8220;Good God,&#8221; exclaimed the poor old
+gentleman&mdash;&#8220;&pound;20,000 for a sheet of bunns!&#8221;</p>
+
+<p>The shock was too much for his reason; and, in less than six weeks, Molly
+was a widow. She attended him, with great fidelity, to the last moment;
+and his dying words were engraven upon her heart&mdash;&#8220;<i>Twenty thousand pounds
+for a sheet of bunns!</i>&#8221;</p>
+
+<p>How true to reality are the gay words of Tom Moore&mdash;</p>
+
+<p class="poem">&#8220;In wedlock a species of lottery lies,<br />
+Where in blanks and in prizes we deal.&#8221;</p>
+
+
+
+<p>&nbsp;</p><p>&nbsp;</p>
+<hr style="width: 50%;" />
+<h2><a name="No_CXVII" id="No_CXVII"></a>No. CXVII.</h2>
+
+
+<p>The Archbishop of Cambray, the amiable Fenelon, has remarked, that God
+shows us the high value he sets upon time, by giving us, in absolute
+possession, one instant only, leaving us, in utter uncertainty, if we
+shall ever have another. And yet, so little are we disturbed, by this
+truly momentous consideration, that, long before the breath is fairly out
+of the old year&#8217;s body, we are found busily occupied, in gathering
+chaplets, for the brows of the new one.</p>
+
+<p>The early Christians were opposed to New Year&#8217;s Gifts, as fixedly, as some
+of the latter Christians are opposed to the song<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_473" id="Page_473">[Pg 473]</a></span> and the dance. But I am
+inclined to believe the rising generation will take steps, very like their
+fathers&mdash;that light fantastic tongues and toes, will continue to wag, to
+all eternity&mdash;and that the unmusical and rheumatic will deplore over such
+heterodox and ungodly proceedings, till the world shall be no more.</p>
+
+<p>The New Year&#8217;s gifts of the Romans were, originally, exceedingly simple.
+Sprigs of vervain, gathered in a wood, consecrated to Strenia, the goddess
+of Strength, somehow or other, came into favor, and were accounted of good
+omen. A custom arose of sending these sprigs about the neighborhood, as
+tokens of friendship, on New Year&#8217;s day; and these trifling remembrancers
+obtained the name of <i>Stren&aelig;</i>. These sprigs of vervain, ere long, wore out
+their welcome; and were followed, in after years, by presents of dates,
+figs and honey. Clients thus complimented their patrons; and, before many
+anniversaries, the coin of Rome began to mingle with the donative,
+whatever it might be; and, very soon, the advantage of the receiver came
+less to be consulted, than the reputation of him, who gave.</p>
+
+<p>When I contemplate those ample storehouses of all, that is gorgeous and
+glittering&mdash;those receptacles of useless finery, which nobody actually
+wants&mdash;and, at the same time, reflect upon all that I know, and much that
+I conjecture, of the necessities and distresses of mankind, I am not
+certain, that it may not be wise to resume the earlier custom of the
+Romans, and embody, in certain cases, our annual tokens of friendship and
+good will, in such useful materials, as <i>figs, dates and honey</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Are there not individuals, who, upon the reception of some gaudy and
+expensive bagatelle, are ready to exclaim, with the cock in &AElig;sop&mdash;&#8220;<i>I had
+rather have one grain of dear, delicious, barley, than all the jewels
+under the sun!</i>&#8221;</p>
+
+<p>I am not so utopian, as to anticipate any immediate or very extensive
+reformation, in this practice, which, excellent as it is, when restrained
+within reasonable bounds, is, unquestionably, under certain circumstances,
+productive of evil. It is not to be expected, that expensive <i>bijoux</i>, for
+new year&#8217;s gifts, will speedily give place to <i>sugar and molasses</i>. But
+there are cases, not a few, when, upon a new year&#8217;s day, the wealthy
+giver, without paining the recipient, may convert the annual compliment,
+into something better than a worthless toy&mdash;a fantastical token of
+ostentatious remembrance.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_474" id="Page_474">[Pg 474]</a></span>The Christian world has settled down, at last, upon the first of January,
+as New Year&#8217;s day. It was not always thus; and, even now, no little
+difficulty occurs, in our attempts to refer historical events to
+particular years. We can do no better, perhaps, than to devote this number
+to a brief exposition of this difficulty.</p>
+
+<p>Every schoolboy knows, that Romulus divided the year into ten months. The
+first was March, and, from March to December, they have retained their
+original names, for some six and twenty centuries, excepting the fifth and
+sixth month, which, from <i>Quintilis</i> and <i>Sextilis</i>, have been changed, in
+honor of <i>Julius</i> and <i>Augustus</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Numa added two months, <i>Januarius</i> and <i>Februarius</i>. Numa&#8217;s year consisted
+therefore of twelve months, according to the moon&#8217;s course. But Numa&#8217;s
+lunar year did not agree with the course of the sun, and he therefore
+introduced, every other year, an <i>intercalary</i> month, between the 23d and
+24th of February. The length of this month was decided by the priests, who
+lengthened or shortened the year, to suit their convenience. Cicero, in a
+letter to Atticus, x. 17, writes, in strong disfavor, of Numa&#8217;s calendar.</p>
+
+<p>Julius C&aelig;sar, with the aid of Sosigenes of Alexandria, adjusted this
+astronomical account. To bring matters into order, Suetonius, in his life
+of Julius C&aelig;sar, 40, says, they were constrained to make one final year of
+fifteen months, to close the confusion.</p>
+
+<p>Hence arose the Julian or Solar year, the year of the Christian world. The
+&#8220;<i>alteration of the style</i>&#8221; is only an amendment of the Julian calendar,
+in one particular, by Pope Gregory, in 1582. In 325, A. D., the vernal
+equinox occurred March 21, and in 1582 it occurred March 10. He called the
+astronomers to council, and, by their advice, obliterated ten days from
+the current year, between October 4, and 15.</p>
+
+<p>These ten days make the difference, from 1582 to February 29, 1700. From
+March 1, 1700, to February 29, 1800, eleven days were required, and from
+March 1, 1800, to February 29, 1900, twelve days. In all Roman Catholic
+countries, this alteration of the style was instantly adopted; but not in
+Great Britain, till 1752. The Greeks and Russians have never adopted the
+Gregorian alteration of the style.</p>
+
+<p>The commencement of the year has been assigned to very different periods.
+In some of the Italian states, as recently as 1745, the year has been
+taken to commence, at the Annunciation,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_475" id="Page_475">[Pg 475]</a></span> March 25. Writers of the sixth
+century have, occasionally, like the Romans, considered March 1 as New
+Year&#8217;s day. Charles IX. by a special edict, in 1563, decreed, that the
+year should be considered to commence, on the first of January. In
+Germany, about the eleventh century, the year commenced at Christmas. Such
+was the practice, in modern Rome, and other Italian cities, as late as the
+fifteenth century.</p>
+
+<p>Gervais of Canterbury, who lived early in the thirteenth century, states,
+that all writers of his country considered Christmas the true beginning of
+the year. In Great Britain, from the twelfth century, till the alteration
+of the style in 1752, the Annunciation, or March 25, was commonly
+considered the first day of the year. After this, the year was taken to
+commence, on the first of January.</p>
+
+<p>The Chald&aelig;an and Egyptian years commenced with the Autumnal equinox. The
+Japanese and the Chinese date their year from the new moon, nearest the
+Winter solstice.</p>
+
+<p>As Diemschid, king of Persia, entered Persepolis, the sun happened to be
+entering into Aries. In commemoration of this coincidence, he decreed,
+that the year should change front, and commence, forever more, in the
+Vernal, instead of the Autumnal equinox. The Swedish year, of old, began,
+most happily, at the Winter solstice, or at the time of the sun&#8217;s
+re&auml;ppearance in the horizon, after the usual <i>quarantine</i>, or absence of
+forty days. The Turks and Arabs date the advent of their year, upon the
+sixteenth of July.</p>
+
+<p>In our own country, the year, in former times, commenced in March. In the
+Mass. Hist. Coll., vol. xvii. p. 136, may be found certain votes, passed
+in Boston, Nov. 30, 1635, among which is the following&mdash;&#8220;<i>that all such as
+have allotments for habitations allotted unto them, shall build thereon,
+before the first of the first month next, called March</i>.&#8221; In Johnson&#8217;s
+Wonder-working Providence, ch. 27, the writer says of the Boston pilgrims,
+in 1633: &#8220;Thus this poor people, having now tasted liberally of the
+salvation of the Lord, &amp;c. &amp;c., set apart the 16 day of October, which
+they call the <i>eighth Moneth</i>, not out of any pevish humor of singularity,
+as some are ready to censor them with, but of purpose to prevent the
+Heathenish and Popish observation of Dayes, Moneths, and Yeares, that they
+may be forgotten, among the people of the Lord.&#8221; If October was their
+<i>eighth</i> month, March was necessarily their <i>first</i>. Whatever the
+practice<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_476" id="Page_476">[Pg 476]</a></span> may have been, in this respect, it was by no means universal, in
+New England, during a considerable period, before the alteration of the
+style in 1752.</p>
+
+<p>A reference to the record will show, that, until 1752, the old style was
+adhered to, by the courts, in this country, and the 25th of March was
+considered to be New Year&#8217;s day. But it was not so with the public
+journals. Thus the Boston News Letter, the Boston Gazette, the New England
+Courant and other journals, existing here, before the adoption of the new
+style, in Great Britain, in 1752, considered the year, as commencing on
+the first of January.</p>
+
+<p>Private individuals very frequently did the same thing. At this moment, a
+letter from Peter Faneuil is lying at my elbow, addressed to Messrs. Lane
+and Smethurst of London, bearing date January 1, 1739, at the close of
+which he wishes his correspondents <i>a happy new year</i>, showing, that the
+first of January, for ordinary purposes, and in common parlance, was
+accounted New Year&#8217;s day.</p>
+
+<p>The little people, of both sexes, would, doubtless, have voted for the
+adoption of the old style and of the new; in other words, for having two
+new year&#8217;s days, in every year. They would have been as much delighted
+with the conceit, as was Rousseau, with the pleasant fancy of St. Pierre,
+who wrote, from the Isle of France, to a friend in Paris, that he had
+enjoyed two summers in one year; the perusal of which letter induced
+Rousseau, to seek the acquaintance of the author of Paul and Virginia.</p>
+
+
+
+<p>&nbsp;</p><p>&nbsp;</p>
+<hr style="width: 50%;" />
+<h2><a name="No_CXVIII" id="No_CXVIII"></a>No. CXVIII.</h2>
+
+
+<p>Dion remarks, while speaking of Trajan&mdash;<i>he that lies in a golden urn,
+eminently above the earth, is not likely to rest in peace</i>. The same thing
+may be affirmed of him, who has raised himself, eminently above his peers,
+wherever he may lie. During the Roman Catholic rage for relics, the graves
+were ransacked, and numberless sinners, to supply the demand, were dug up
+for saints. Sooner or later, the finger of curiosity, under some plausible
+pretext, will lift the coffin lid; or the foot of political sacrilege will
+trample upon the ashes of him, whom a former<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_477" id="Page_477">[Pg 477]</a></span> generation had delighted to
+honor; or the motiveless spirit of mischief will violate the sanctity of
+the tomb.</p>
+
+<p>When Charles I. was buried, in the same vault with Henry VIII. and Anne
+Boleyn, a soldier, as Wood relates, in his Athen&aelig; Oxonienses, vol. iv. p.
+39, Lond. 1820, attempted to steal a royal bone, which was afterwards
+found upon his person, and, which he said, upon examination, he had
+designed, for a handle to his knife.</p>
+
+<p>John Milton died, according to the respective accounts of Mitford,
+Johnson, and Hayley, on the 8th&mdash;about the 10th&mdash;or on the 15th of
+November, 1674. He was buried, in the chancel of St. Giles, Cripplegate.
+In the London Monthly Magazine, for August, 1833, there appeared an
+extract from the diary of General Murray, giving a particular account of
+the desecration of Milton&#8217;s remains. The account was given to General
+Murray, at a dinner party, Aug. 23, 1790, by Mr. Thornton, who received
+it, from an eye-witness of the transaction. The church of St. Giles
+requiring repairs, the occasion was thought a proper one, to place a
+monument, over the body of Milton. Messieurs Strong, Cole, and others, of
+that parish, sought for, and discovered, the leaden coffin, the outer
+coffin of wood having mouldered away. Having settled the question of
+identity, these persons replaced the coffin, and ordered the workmen to
+fill up the grave. The execution of this order was postponed, for several
+days. In the interim, some of the parish, whose names are given, by
+General Murray, having dined together, and become partially drunk,
+resolved to examine the body; and proceeded, with lights, to the church.
+With a mallet and chisel, they cut open the coffin, rolled back the lead,
+and gazed upon the bones of John Milton! General Murray&#8217;s diary shall
+relate the residue of a proceeding, which might call the rouge to the
+cheeks of a Vandal:&mdash;</p>
+
+<p>&#8220;The hair was in an astonishingly perfect state; its color a light brown,
+its length six inches and a half, and, although somewhat clotted, it
+appeared, after having been well washed, as strong as the hair of a living
+being. Fountain said he was determined to have two of his teeth; but as
+they resisted the pressure of his fingers, he struck the jaw, with a
+paving stone, and several teeth then fell out. There were only five in the
+upper jaw, and these were taken by Fountain; the four, that were in the
+lower jaw, were seized upon, by Taylor, Hawkesworth, and the sexton&#8217;s man.
+The hair, which had been carefully combed,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_478" id="Page_478">[Pg 478]</a></span> and tied together, before the
+interment, was forcibly pulled off the skull, by Taylor and another; but
+Ellis, the player, who had now joined the party, told the former, that
+being a good hair-worker, if he would let him have it, he would pay a
+guinea-bowl of punch. Ellis, therefore, became possessed of all the hair:
+he likewise took a part of the shroud, and a bit of the skin of the skull:
+indeed, he was only prevented from carrying off the head, by the sextons,
+Hoppy and Grant, who said, that they intended to exhibit the remains,
+which was afterwards done, each person paying sixpence to view the body.
+These fellows, I am told, gained near one hundred pounds, by the
+exhibition. Laming put one of the leg-bones in his pocket.&#8221;</p>
+
+<p>After reading this short, shameless record, one half inclines to
+cremation; even if, instead of being enshrined or inurned, our dust be
+given, in fee simple, to the winds. How forcibly the words of Sir Thomas
+ring in our ears&mdash;&#8220;<i>To be gnawed out of our graves, to have our skulls
+made drinking bowls, and our bones turned into pipes, to delight and sport
+our enemies, are tragical abominations, escaped in burning burials</i>.&#8221; The
+account from General Murray&#8217;s diary, and at greater length, may be found
+also, in the appendix to Mitford&#8217;s life of Milton, in the octavo edition
+of his poetical works, Cambridge, Mass., 1839.</p>
+
+<p>Great indignation has lately been excited, in England, against a vampyre
+of a fellow, named Blore, who is said to have destroyed one half of
+Dryden&#8217;s monument, and defaced Ben Jonson&#8217;s, and Cowley&#8217;s, in Westminster
+Abbey. Inquiring after motive, in such cases, is much like raking the
+ashes, after a conflagration, to find the originating spark. There is a
+motive, doubtless, in some by-corner of the brain; whether a man burns the
+temple, at Ephesus; or spears the elephant of Judas Maccab&aelig;us, with
+certain death to himself; or destroys the Barberrini vase. The motive was
+avowed, on the trial, in a similar case, by a young man, who, some years
+ago, shot a menagerie elephant, while passing through a village, in the
+State of Maine, to be a wish &#8220;<i>to see how a fellow would feel, who killed
+an elephant</i>.&#8221;</p>
+
+<p>Dryden&#8217;s, and Cowley&#8217;s monuments are on the left of Ben Jonson&#8217;s, and
+before you, as you approach the Poet&#8217;s Corner. Dryden&#8217;s monument is a
+lofty affair, with an arch and a bust, and is thus inscribed: &#8220;J. Dryden,
+born 1632, died May 1,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_479" id="Page_479">[Pg 479]</a></span> 1700.&mdash;John Sheffield, Duke of Buckingham, erected
+this monument, 1720.&#8221; It is not commonly known, that the original bust was
+changed, by the Duchess, for one of very superior workmanship, which, of
+course, is the one mutilated by Blore. The monument, erected by George,
+Duke of Buckingham, to Cowley, is a pedestal, bearing an urn, decorated
+with laurel, and with a pompous and unmeaning epitaph, in Latin
+hexameters. If Blore understood the language, perhaps he considered these
+words, upon the tablet, a challenge&mdash;</p>
+
+<p class="poem"><span style="margin-left: 2em;">&mdash;&mdash;&mdash;&mdash;Quis temerarius ausit&mdash;</span><br />
+Sacrilega turbare manu venerabile bustum.</p>
+
+<p>The monument of Ben Jonson is an elegant tablet, with a festoon of masks,
+and the inscription&mdash;<i>Oh rare Ben Jonson!</i> It stands before you, when
+Dryden&#8217;s and Cowley&#8217;s are upon your left, and is next to that of Samuel
+Butler. In the north aisle of the nave, there is a stone, about eighteen
+inches square, bearing the same inscription. In the &#8220;History of
+Westminster Abbey,&#8221; 4to ed Lond. 1812, vol. ii. p. 95, note, it is stated,
+that &#8220;Dart says one Young, afterwards a Knight in the time of Charles II.,
+of Great Milton, in Oxfordshire, placed a stone over the grave of Ben
+Jonson, which cost eighteen pence, with the above inscription:&#8221; but it is
+not stated, that the stone, now there, is the same.</p>
+
+<p>Dr. Johnson, in his Life of Dryden, recites what he terms &#8220;<i>a wild story,
+relating to some vexatious events, that happened, at his funeral</i>.&#8221;
+Dryden&#8217;s widow, and his son, Charles, had accepted the offer of Lord
+Halifax, to pay the expenses of the funeral, and five hundred pounds, for
+a monument. The company came&mdash;the corpse was placed in a velvet
+hearse&mdash;eighteen coaches were in attendance, filled with mourners.&mdash;As
+they were about to move, the young Lord Jeffries, son of the Chancellor,
+with a band of rakes, coming by, and learning that the funeral was
+Dryden&#8217;s, said the ornament of the nation should not so be buried, and
+proceeded, accompanied by his associates, in a body, to wait upon the
+widow, and beg her to permit him to bear the expense of the interment, and
+to pay one thousand pounds, for a monument, in the Abbey.</p>
+
+<p>The gentlemen in the coaches, being ignorant of the liberal offers of the
+Dean and Lord Halifax, readily descended from their carriages, and
+attended Lord Jeffries and his party to the<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_480" id="Page_480">[Pg 480]</a></span> bedside of the lady, who was
+sick, where he repeated his offers; and, upon her positive refusal, got
+upon his knees, as did the whole party; and he there swore that he would
+not rise, till his entreaty was granted. At length, affecting to
+understand some word of the lady&#8217;s, as giving permission, he rushed out,
+followed by the rest, proclaiming her consent, and ordered the corpse to
+be left at Russell&#8217;s, an undertaker&#8217;s, in Cheapside, till he gave orders
+for its embalmment. During this proceeding, the Abbey having been lighted
+up, Lord Halifax and the Dean, who was also Bishop of Rochester, to use
+the tea-table phrase, waited and waited, and waited. The ground was
+opened, the choir attending, and an anthem set. When Mr. Dryden went, next
+day, to offer excuses, neither Lord Halifax, nor the Dean, would accept of
+any apology. After waiting three days for orders, the undertaker called on
+Lord Jeffries, who said he knew nothing about it, and that it was only a
+tipsy frolic, and that the undertaker might do what he pleased with the
+corpse. The undertaker threatened to set the corpse before the widow&#8217;s
+door. She begged a day&#8217;s respite. Mr. Charles Dryden wrote to Lord
+Jeffries, who replied, that he knew nothing about it. He then addressed
+the Dean and Lord Halifax, who refused to have anything to do with it. He
+then challenged Lord Jeffries, who refused to fight. He went himself, and
+was refused admittance. He then resolved to horsewhip his Lordship; upon
+notice of which design, the latter left town. In the midst of this misery,
+Dr. Garth sent for the body, to be brought to the college of physicians;
+proposed a subscription; and set a noble example. The body was finally
+buried, about three weeks after the decease, and Dr. Garth pronounced a
+fine Latin oration. At the close of the narrative, which, as repeated by
+Dr. Johnson, covers more than three octavo pages of Murphy&#8217;s edition, the
+Doctor remarks, that he once intended to omit it entirely, and that he had
+met with no confirmation, but in a letter of Farquhar&#8217;s.</p>
+
+<p>The tale is simply alluded to, by Gorton, and told, at some length, by
+Chalmers. Both, however, consider it a fabrication, by Mrs. Thomas, the
+authoress, whom Dryden styled <i>Corinna</i>, and whom Pope lampooned, in his
+comatose and vicious performance, the Dunciad, probably because she
+provoked his wrath, by publishing his letters to H. Cromwell.</p>
+
+<p>In the earlier editions of the Encyclop&aelig;dia Britannica, the tale is told,
+as sober matter of fact: in the last, Napier&#8217;s, of<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_481" id="Page_481">[Pg 481]</a></span> 1842, it is wholly
+omitted. Malone, in his Life of Dryden, page 347, ascribes the whole to
+Mrs. Thomas.</p>
+
+<p>Dryden died, in 1700. The first four volumes of Johnson&#8217;s Lives of the
+Poets, containing Dryden&#8217;s, went to the press in 1779. Considering the
+nature of this outrage; the eminence, not only of the dead, but of some of
+the living, whose names are involved; its alleged publicity; and its
+occurrence in the very city, where all the parties flourished; it is
+remarkable, that this &#8220;<i>wild story</i>,&#8221; as Johnson fitly calls it, should
+have obtained any credit, and survived for nine-and-seventy years.</p>
+
+
+
+<p>&nbsp;</p><p>&nbsp;</p>
+<hr style="width: 50%;" />
+<h2><a name="No_CXIX" id="No_CXIX"></a>No. CXIX.</h2>
+
+
+<p>Deeply to be commiserated are all those, who have not read, from beginning
+to end, the writings of the immortal Oliver&mdash;a repast, <i>ab ovo usque ad
+mala</i>, to be swallowed, and inwardly digested, while our intellectual
+stomachs are young and vigorous, and to be regurgitated, and chewed over,
+a thousand times, when the almond tree begins to flourish, and even the
+grasshopper becomes a burden. Who does not remember his story of the
+Chinese matron&mdash;the widow with the great fan!</p>
+
+<p>The original of this pleasant tale is not generally known. The brief
+legend, related by Goldsmith, is an imperfect epitome of an interesting
+story, illustrating the power of magic, among the followers of Laou-keun,
+the founder of a religious sect, in China, resembling that of Epicurus.</p>
+
+<p>The original tale was translated from the Chinese, by P&egrave;re Dentrecolles,
+who was at the head of the French missionaries, in China, and died at
+Pekin, in 1741. The following liberal version, from the French, which may,
+perhaps, be better called a paraphrase, will not fail, I think, to
+interest the reader.</p>
+
+<p>Wealth, and all the blessings it can procure, for man, are brief and
+visionary. Honors, glory, fame are gaudy clouds, that flit by, and are
+gone. The ties of blood are easily broken; affection is a dream. The most
+deadly hate may occupy the heart, which held the warmest love. A yoke is
+not worth wearing, though wrought of gold. Chains are burdensome, though
+adorned with jewels. Let us purge our minds; calm our <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_482" id="Page_482">[Pg 482]</a></span>passions; curb our
+wishes; and set not our hearts upon a vain world. Let our highest aim be
+liberty&mdash;pleasure.</p>
+
+<p>Chuang-tsze took unto himself a wife, whose youth and beauty seduced him
+from the busy world. He retired, among the delightful scenery of Soong,
+his native province, and gave himself up, entirely, to the delights of
+philosophy and love. A sovereign, who had become acquainted with the fame
+of Chuang-tsze, for superior wisdom, invited him to become his wuzzeer, or
+prime minister. Chuang-tsze declined, in the language of parable&mdash;&#8220;A
+heifer,&#8221; said he, &#8220;pampered for the sacrifice, and decked with ornaments,
+marched triumphantly along, looking, as she passed, with mingled pride and
+contempt, upon some humble oxen, that were yoked to the plough. She
+proudly entered the temple&mdash;but when she beheld the knife, and
+comprehended that she was a victim, how gladly would she have exchanged
+conditions with the humblest of those, upon whom she had so lately looked
+down with pity and contempt.&#8221;</p>
+
+<p>Chuang-tsze walked by the skirts of the mountain, absorbed in thought&mdash;he
+suddenly came among many tombs&mdash;the city of the dead. &#8220;Here then,&#8221; he
+exclaimed, &#8220;all are upon a level&mdash;caste is unknown&mdash;the philosopher and
+the fool sleep, side by side. This is eternity! From the sepulchre there
+is no return!&#8221;</p>
+
+<p>He strolled among the tombs; and, erelong, perceived a grave, that had
+been recently made. The mound of moistened clay was not yet thoroughly
+dry. By the side of that grave sat a young woman, clad in the deepest
+mourning. With a white fan, of large proportions, she was engaged, in
+fanning the earth, which covered this newly made grave. Chuang-tsze was
+amazed; and, drawing near, respectfully inquired, who was the occupant of
+that grave, and why this mourning lady was so strangely employed. Tears
+dropped from her eyes, as she uttered a few inaudible words, without
+rising, or ceasing to fan the grave. The curiosity of Chuang-tsze was
+greatly excited&mdash;he ascribed her manner, not to fear, but to some inward
+sense of shame&mdash;and earnestly besought her to explain her motives, for an
+act, so perfectly novel and mysterious.</p>
+
+<p>After a little embarrassment, she replied, as follows: &#8220;Sir, you behold a
+lone woman&mdash;death has deprived me of my beloved husband&mdash;this grave
+contains his precious remains. Our love was very great for each other. In
+the hour of death, his<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_483" id="Page_483">[Pg 483]</a></span> agony, at the thought of parting from me, was
+immoderate. These were his dying words&mdash;&#8216;My beloved, should you ever think
+of a second marriage, it is my dying request, that you remain a widow, at
+least till my grave is thoroughly dry; then you have my permission to
+marry whomsoever you will.&#8217; And now, as the earth, which is quite damp
+still, will take a long time to dry, I thought I would fan it a little, to
+dissipate the moisture.&#8221;</p>
+
+<p>Chuang-tsze made great efforts, to suppress a strong disposition to laugh
+outright, in the woman&#8217;s face. &#8220;She is in a feverish haste,&#8221; thought he.
+&#8220;What a hypocrite, to talk of their mutual affection! If such be love,
+what a time there would have been, had they hated each other.&#8221;</p>
+
+<p>&#8220;Madam,&#8221; said the philosopher, &#8220;you are desirous, that this grave should
+dry, as soon as possible; but, with your feeble strength, it will require
+a long time, to accomplish it; let me assist you.&#8221; She expressed her deep
+sense of the obligation, and rising, with a profound courtesy, handed the
+philosopher a spare fan, which she had brought with her. Chuang-tsze, who
+possessed the power of magic, struck the ground with the fan repeatedly;
+and it soon became perfectly dry. The widow appeared greatly surprised,
+and delighted, and presented the philosopher with the fan, and a silver
+bodkin, which she drew from her tresses. He accepted the fan only; and the
+lady retired, highly gratified, with the speedy accomplishment of her
+object.</p>
+
+<p>Chuang-tsze remained, for a brief space, absorbed in thought; and, at
+length, returned slowly homeward, meditating, by the way, upon this
+extraordinary adventure. He sat down in his apartment, and, for some time,
+gazed, in silence, upon the fan. At length, he exclaimed&mdash;&#8220;Who, after
+having witnessed this occurrence, can hesitate to draw the inference, that
+marriage is one of the modes, by which the doctrine of the metempsychosis
+is carried out. People, who have hated each other heartily, in some prior
+condition of being, are made man and wife, for the purpose of mutual
+vexation&mdash;that is it, undoubtedly.&#8221;</p>
+
+<p>The wife of the philosopher had approached him, unobserved; and, hearing
+his last words, and noticing the fan, which he was still earnestly gazing
+upon&mdash;&#8220;Pray, be so good, as to inform me,&#8221; said she, &#8220;what is the meaning
+of all this; and where, I should like to know, did you obtain that fine
+fan, which appears to interest you so much?&#8221; Chuang-tsze, very faithfully,
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_484" id="Page_484">[Pg 484]</a></span>narrated to his wife the story of the young widow, and all the
+circumstances, which had taken place, at the tomb.</p>
+
+<p>As soon as the philosopher had finished the narrative, his wife, her
+countenance inflamed with the severest indignation, broke forth, with a
+torrent of contemptuous expressions, and unmeasured abuse, against the
+abominable, young widow. She considered her a scandal to her sex. &#8220;Aye,&#8221;
+she exclaimed, &#8220;this vile widow must be a perfect monster, devoid of every
+particle of feeling.&#8221;</p>
+
+<p>&#8220;Alas,&#8221; said the philosopher, &#8220;while the husband is in the flesh, there is
+no wife, that is not ready to flatter and caress him&mdash;but no sooner is the
+breath out of his body, than she seizes her fan, and forthwith proceeds to
+dry up his grave.&#8221;</p>
+
+<p>This greatly excited the ire of his wife&mdash;&#8220;How dare you talk in this
+outrageous manner,&#8221; said she, &#8220;of the whole sex? You confound the virtuous
+with such vile wretches, as this unprincipled widow, who deserves to be
+annihilated. Are you not ashamed of yourself, to talk in this cruel way? I
+should think you might be restrained, by the dread of future punishment.&#8221;</p>
+
+<p>&#8220;Why give way,&#8221; said Chuang-tsze, &#8220;to all this passionate outcry? Be
+candid&mdash;you are young, and extremely beautiful&mdash;should I die, this day&mdash;do
+you pretend, that, with your attractions, you would suffer much time to be
+lost, before you accepted the services of another husband?&#8221;</p>
+
+<p>&#8220;Good God,&#8221; cried the lady, &#8220;how you talk! Who ever heard of a truly
+faithful wuzzeer, that, after the death of his master, served another
+prince? A widow <i>indeed</i> never accepts a second partner. Did you ever know
+a case, in which such a wife as I have been&mdash;a woman of my qualities and
+station, after having lost her tenderly beloved, forsook his memory, and
+gave herself to the embraces of a second husband! Such an act, in my
+opinion, would be infamous. Should you be taken from me, today, be
+assured, that I should follow you, with my imperishable love, and die, at
+last, your disconsolate widow.&#8221;</p>
+
+<p>&#8220;It is easy to promise, but not always so easy to perform,&#8221; replied the
+philosopher. At this speech, the lady was exasperated&mdash;&#8220;I would have you
+to know,&#8221; said she, &#8220;that women are to be found, without much inquiry,
+quite as noble-hearted and constant, as <i>you</i> have ever been. What a
+pattern of constancy you have been! Dear me! Only think of it! When your
+first wife died, you soon repaired your loss: and, becoming<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_485" id="Page_485">[Pg 485]</a></span> weary of your
+second, you obtained a divorce from her, and then married me! What a
+constant creature you have been! No wonder you think so lightly of women!&#8221;
+Saying this, she snatched the fan out of her husband&#8217;s hand, and tore it
+into innumerable pieces; by which act she appeared to have obtained very
+considerable relief; and, in a somewhat gentler tone, she told her
+husband, that he was in excellent health, and likely to live, for very
+many years; and that she could not, for the soul of her, see what could
+induce him to torment her to death, by talking in this manner.</p>
+
+<p>&#8220;Compose yourself, my dear,&#8221; said Chuang-tsze, &#8220;I confess that your
+indignation delights me. I rejoice to see you exhibit so much feeling and
+fire, upon such a theme.&#8221; The wife of the philosopher recovered her
+composure; and their conversation turned upon ordinary affairs.</p>
+
+<p>Before many days, Chuang-tsze became suddenly and severely attacked, by
+some unaccountable disease. The symptoms</p>
+
+
+
+<p>&nbsp;</p><p>&nbsp;</p>
+<hr style="width: 50%;" />
+<h2><a name="No_CXX" id="No_CXX"></a>No. CXX.</h2>
+
+
+<p>Let us continue the story of Chuang-tsze, the great master of magic.</p>
+
+<p>Before many days, as I have stated, Chuang-tsze became suddenly and
+severely attacked, by some unaccountable disease. The symptoms were full
+of evil. His devoted wife was ever near her sick husband, sobbing
+bitterly, and bathing him in tears. &#8220;It is but too plain,&#8221; said the
+philosopher, &#8220;that I cannot survive&mdash;I am upon the bed of death&mdash;this very
+night, perhaps&mdash;at farthest, tomorrow&mdash;we shall part forever&mdash;what a pity,
+that you should have destroyed that fan&mdash;it would have answered so well,
+for the purpose of drying the earth upon my tomb!&#8221;</p>
+
+<p>&#8220;For heaven&#8217;s sake,&#8221; exclaimed the weeping wife, &#8220;do not, weak and feeble
+as you are, harrass yourself, with these horrible fancies. You do me great
+wrong. Our books I have carefully perused. I know my duties well. You have
+received my troth&mdash;it shall never be another&#8217;s. Can you doubt my
+sincerity! Let me prove it, by dying first. I am ready.&#8221; &#8220;Enough,&#8221; said
+the philosopher&mdash;&#8220;I now die in peace&mdash;I am satisfied of<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_486" id="Page_486">[Pg 486]</a></span> your constancy.
+But the world is fading away&mdash;the cold hand of death is upon me.&#8221; The head
+of Chuang-tsze fell back&mdash;the breath had stopped&mdash;the pulse had ceased to
+beat&mdash;he was already with the dead.</p>
+
+<p>If the piercing cries of a despairing, shrieking widow could have raised
+the dead, Chuang-tsze would have arisen, on the spot. She sprang upon the
+corpse, and held it long, in her fond embrace. She then arrayed her person
+in the deepest mourning, a robe of seamless white, and made the air
+resound with her cries of anguish and despair. She abjured food; abstained
+from slumber; and refused to be comforted.</p>
+
+<p>Chuang-tsze had the wide-spread fame of an eminent sage&mdash;crowds gathered
+to his obsequies. After their performance, and when the vast assemblage
+had all, well nigh, departed&mdash;a youth of comely face, and elegantly
+arrayed, was observed, lingering near the spot. He proclaimed himself to
+be of most honorable descent, and that he had, long before, declared to
+Chuang-tsze his design of becoming the pupil of that great philosopher.
+&#8220;For that end,&#8221; said he, &#8220;and that alone, I have come to this place&mdash;and
+behold Chuang-tsze is no more. Great is my misfortune!&#8221;</p>
+
+<p>This splendid youth cast off his colored garments, and assumed the robes
+of lamentation&mdash;he bowed himself to the earth, before the coffin of the
+defunct&mdash;four times, he touched the ground with his forehead; and, with an
+utterance choked by sobs, he exclaimed&mdash;&#8220;Oh Chuang-tsze, learned and wise,
+your ill-fated disciple cannot receive wisdom and knowledge from your
+lips; but he will signify his reverence for your memory, by abiding here
+an hundred days, to mourn, for one he so truly revered.&#8221; He then again
+bent his forehead, four times, to the earth, and moistened it with his
+tears.</p>
+
+<p>The youthful disciple, after a few days, desired permission to offer his
+condolence to the widow, which she, at first declined: but, upon his
+reference to the ancient rites, which allow a widow to receive the visits
+of her late husband&#8217;s friends, and especially of his disciples, she
+finally consented. She moved with slow and solemn steps to the hall of
+reception, where the young gentleman acquitted himself, with infinite
+grace and propriety, and tendered the usual expressions of consolation.</p>
+
+<p>The elegant address and fine person of this young disciple were not lost
+upon the widow of Chuang-tsze. She was <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_487" id="Page_487">[Pg 487]</a></span>fascinated. A sentiment of
+tenderness began to rise in her bosom, whose presence she had scarcely the
+courage to recognize. She ventured, in a right melancholy way, to suggest
+a hope, that it was not his purpose immediately to leave the valley of
+Soong. &#8220;I have endured much in the loss of my great master,&#8221; he replied.
+&#8220;Precious forever be his memory. It will be grateful to my heart to seek
+here a brief home, wherein I may pass those hundred days of mourning,
+which our rites prescribe, and then to take part in the obsequies, which
+will follow. I may also solace myself the while, by perusing the works of
+my great master, of whose living instructions I am so unhappily deprived.&#8221;</p>
+
+<p>&#8220;We shall feel ourselves highly honored, by your presence, under our
+roof,&#8221; replied the lady; &#8220;it seems to me entirely proper, that you should
+take up your abode here, rather than elsewhere.&#8221; She immediately directed
+some refreshments to be brought, and caused the works of Chuang-tsze to be
+exhibited, on a large table, together with a copy of the learned
+Taou-te-King, which had been a present to her late husband, from Laou-keun
+himself.</p>
+
+<p>The coffin of Chuang-tsze was deposited, in a large hall; and, on one
+side, was a suite of apartments, opening into it, which was assigned to
+the visitor. This devoted widow came, very frequently, to weep over the
+remains of her honored husband; and failed not to say a civil word to the
+youth, who, notified of her presence, by her audible sobs, never omitted
+to come forth, and mingle his lamentations with hers. Mutual glances were
+exchanged, upon such occasions. In short, each, already, was effectually
+smitten with the other.</p>
+
+<p>One day, the pretty, little widow sent privately for the old domestic, who
+attended upon the young man, in the capacity of body servant, and
+inquired, all in a seemingly casual way, if his master was married. &#8220;Not
+yet&#8221;&mdash;he replied.&mdash;&#8220;He is very fastidious, I suppose&#8221;&mdash;said the lady, with
+an inquiring look.&mdash;&#8220;It is even so, madam,&#8221; replied the servant&mdash;&#8220;my
+master is, indeed, not easily suited, in such a matter. His standard is
+very high. I have heard him say, that he should, probably, never be
+married, as he despaired of ever finding a female resembling yourself, in
+every particular.&#8221;&mdash;&#8220;Did he say so?&#8221; exclaimed the widow, as the warm
+blood rushed into her cheeks.&mdash;&#8220;He certainly did,&#8221; replied the other, &#8220;and
+much more, which I do not feel at liberty to repeat.&#8221;&mdash;&#8220;Dear me,&#8221; said the
+widow,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_488" id="Page_488">[Pg 488]</a></span> &#8220;what a bewitching young man he is! go to him, and if he really
+loves me, as you say, tell him he may open the subject, without fear, for
+his passion is amply returned, by one, who is willing, if he so wishes, to
+become his wife.&#8221;</p>
+
+<p>The young widow, from day to day, threw herself repeatedly, and as if by
+accident, into the old servant&#8217;s way; and began, at last, to feel
+surprised, and somewhat nettled, that he brought her no message from his
+master. At length, she became exceedingly impatient, and asked him
+directly, if he had spoken to his master on the subject. &#8220;Yes, madam,&#8221; the
+old man replied.&mdash;&#8220;And pray,&#8221; asked the widow, eagerly, &#8220;what said
+he?&#8221;&mdash;&#8220;He said, madam, that such an union would place him upon the
+pinnacle of human happiness; but that there was one fatal
+objection.&#8221;&mdash;&#8220;And do, for pity&#8217;s sake, tell me,&#8221; said she, hastily
+interrupting the old man, &#8220;what that objection can be.&#8221;&mdash;&#8220;He said,&#8221;
+rejoined the old domestic, &#8220;that, being a disciple of your late husband,
+such a marriage, he feared, would be considered scandalous.&#8221;&mdash;&#8220;But,&#8221; said
+she, briskly, &#8220;there is just nothing in that. He was never a disciple of
+Chuang-tsze&mdash;he only proposed to become one, which is an entirely
+different thing. If any other frivolous objections arise, I beg you to
+remove them; and you may count upon being handsomely rewarded.&#8221;</p>
+
+<p>Her anxiety caused her to become exceedingly restless. She made frequent
+visits to the hall, and, when she approached the coffin, her sobs became
+more audible than ever&mdash;but the young disciple came not forth, as usual.
+Upon one occasion, after dark, as she was standing near the coffin, she
+was startled, by an unusual noise. &#8220;Gracious Heaven!&#8221; she exclaimed, &#8220;can
+it be so! Is the old philosopher coming back to life!&#8221; The cold sweat came
+upon her lovely brow, as she started to procure a light. When she
+returned, the mystery was readily explained. In front of the coffin there
+was a table, designed as an altar, for the reception of such emblems and
+presents, as were placed there by visitors. The old servant, had become
+tipsy, and finding no more convenient place, in which to bestow himself,
+while waiting his master&#8217;s bidding, he had thrown himself, at full length,
+upon this altar; and, in turning over, had occasioned the noise, which had
+so much alarmed the young widow. Under other circumstances, the act would
+have been accounted sacrilegious, and the fellow would have been subjected
+to the bastinado. But, as matters stood, the widow passed it by, and even
+suffered the sot to remain undisturbed.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_489" id="Page_489">[Pg 489]</a></span>On the morning of the following day, the widow encountered the old
+domestic, who was passing her, with as much apparent indifference, as
+though she had never entrusted him, with any important commission.
+Surprised by his behavior, she called him to her private
+apartment&mdash;&#8220;Well,&#8221; said she, &#8220;have you executed the business, which I gave
+you in charge?&#8221;&mdash;&#8220;Oh,&#8221; said he, with an air of provoking indifference,
+&#8220;that is all over, I believe.&#8221;&mdash;&#8220;How so,&#8221; inquired the widow&mdash;&#8220;did you
+deliver my message correctly?&#8221;&mdash;&#8220;In your own words,&#8221; he replied&mdash;&#8220;my
+master would make any sacrifice to make you his wife; and is entirely
+persuaded, by your arguments, to give up the objection he stated, in
+regard to his being the disciple of Chuang-tsze; but there are three other
+objections, which it will be impossible to overcome; and which his sense
+of delicacy forbids him to exhibit before you.&#8221;&mdash;&#8220;Poh, poh,&#8221; said the
+widow, &#8220;let me hear what they are, and we shall then see, whether they are
+insurmountable or not.&#8221;&mdash;&#8220;Well, madam,&#8221; said the old man, &#8220;since you
+command me, I will state them, as nearly as I can, in the words of my
+young master. The first of these three objections is this&mdash;&mdash;&#8221;</p>
+
+
+
+<p>&nbsp;</p><p>&nbsp;</p>
+<hr style="width: 50%;" />
+<h2><a name="No_CXXI" id="No_CXXI"></a>No. CXXI.</h2>
+
+
+<p>We were about to exhibit those three objections of the young disciple, to
+his marriage, with the widow of Chuang-tsze, when we were summoned away,
+by professional duties. Let us proceed&mdash;&#8220;The first of my master&#8217;s
+objections,&#8221; said the old domestic, &#8220;is this&mdash;the coffin of Chuang-tsze is
+still in the hall of ceremony. A sight, so sad and solemnizing, is
+absolutely inconsistent with the nuptial celebration. The world would cry
+out upon such inconsistency. In the second place, the fame of your late
+husband was so great&mdash;his love for you so devoted&mdash;yours for him so ardent
+and sincere, and founded, so obviously, upon his learning and wisdom&mdash;that
+my master fears it will be impossible for him, to supply the place of so
+good, and so great, a man; and that you will, ere long, despise him, for
+his inferiority; and that your affections will be entirely and
+unchangeably fixed, on the memory of the great defunct. The third and
+last<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_490" id="Page_490">[Pg 490]</a></span> objection, named by my master, whose passion for you knows no
+bounds, is serious indeed. Though of lofty pedigree, he is very poor. He
+has neither money nor lands; and has not the means of purchasing those
+marriage gifts, which custom requires him to offer.&#8221;</p>
+
+<p>&#8220;And are these the only objections?&#8221; said she. &#8220;There are no others,&#8221; he
+replied; &#8220;if it were not for these insurmountable objections, the
+happiness of my master would be complete, and he would openly manifest
+that passion, by which he is now secretly consumed.&#8221;</p>
+
+<p>&#8220;They are, by no means, insurmountable,&#8221; said the young widow, with
+animation. &#8220;As for the coffin, what is it? A mere shell, containing the
+remains of poor Chuang-tsze. It is not absolutely necessary, that it
+should remain in the hall, during these one hundred days. At the farther
+end of my garden is an ancient smoke-house. It is quite dilapidated, and
+no longer in use. Some of my people shall carry the coffin thither,
+without farther delay. So you may inform your sweet, young master, that
+his first objection will be instantly removed. And why should he distress
+himself so needlessly, in regard to the second? Chuang-tsze certainly
+passed, with the world, for a great philosopher, and a wonderful man. The
+world sees from a distance. A sort of haze or mist impedes its vision.
+Minute particulars escape its observation. That, which is smooth and fair,
+seen from afar, may appear full of inequalities to one, who is near at
+hand. God forbid, that I should undervalue the dead; but it is well known,
+that Chuang-tsze repudiated his second wife, because she did not precisely
+suit his humor, and then married me. His great reputation induced a
+certain sovereign, to appoint him his chief minister. But the philosopher
+was not deficient in shrewdness&mdash;he knew his incapacity, and resolved to
+hide himself, in that solitude, where we have vegetated, so long.&#8221;</p>
+
+<p>&#8220;About a month ago, he encountered a young widow, who, with a large fan,
+was endeavoring to dry up her husband&#8217;s grave, because she could not marry
+again, under the condition her husband had imposed upon her, until this
+was done. Chuang-tsze, if you will believe it, made the acquaintance of
+this shameless woman; and actually assisted her, in drying up her
+husband&#8217;s grave. She gave him a fan, as a keepsake; and he valued it
+highly. I got possession of it however, and tore it to tatters. You see
+how great my obligations are to this wonderful philosopher;<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_491" id="Page_491">[Pg 491]</a></span> and you may
+judge of the real affection, which I must feel, for the memory of such a
+man.&#8221;</p>
+
+<p>&#8220;The last objection,&#8221; continued the widow, &#8220;is easily disposed of. I will
+furnish your master with all the means he can desire. Chuang-tsze, to do
+the man justice, has left me the absolute mistress of an ample
+fortune&mdash;here, present these twenty taels to your master, from me, with
+such expressions of devotion, as may befit the lips of one, whose heart is
+all his own; and say to him, unless he himself is desirous of a longer
+delay, that, as the whole of life is not too long for love, I shall be
+happy, if he desires it, to become his bride, this very day.&#8221;</p>
+
+<p>Thus far the course of true love, in despite of the proverb, certainly ran
+smooth.</p>
+
+<p>&#8220;Here,&#8221; said the young disciple, upon sight of the twenty taels, as he
+turned them over, &#8220;is something substantial&mdash;run back immediately to the
+widow, and tell her my passion will endure the curb no longer. I am
+entirely at her disposal.&#8221; The widow was quite beside herself, upon
+receiving these tidings; and, casting off her garments of heaviness, she
+began to embellish her fine person. The coffin of Chuang-tsze, by her
+directions, was immediately transferred to the old smoke-house.</p>
+
+<p>The hall was made ready, for the approaching nuptials. If murmurs
+occasionally arose, among the old, faithful domestics of Chuang-tsze, the
+widow&#8217;s passion was more blind than moonless midnight, and deafer than the
+time-stricken adder. A gorgeous feast was made ready. The shades of
+evening drew on apace&mdash;the lanterns were lighted up, in all
+directions&mdash;the nuptial torch cast forth its bright beams from an elevated
+table.</p>
+
+<p>At the appointed signal, the bridegroom entered, most skilfully and
+splendidly arrayed,&mdash;so that his fine, manly figure was exhibited, to the
+greatest advantage. The young widow soon appeared, her countenance the
+very tabernacle of pleasure, and her bewitching form, adorned in the most
+costly silks, and splendid embroidery. They placed themselves, side by
+side, in front of the hymeneal taper, arrayed in pearls, and diamonds, and
+tissue of gold. Those salutations, which custom demands, having been duly
+performed, and the bride and bridegroom having wished each other eternal
+felicity, in that manner, which the marriage rites prescribe, the
+bridegroom holding the hand of the bride, they proceeded to the festal
+hall; and having drunk from the goblet of mutual fidelity, they took their
+places, at the banqueting board.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_492" id="Page_492">[Pg 492]</a></span>The repast went joyously forward&mdash;the darkest cloud&mdash;how suddenly will it
+come over the smiling face of the bewitching moon! The festival had not
+yet passed, when the bridegroom fell to the floor, in horrible
+convulsions. With eyes turned upward, and mouth frightfully distorted, he
+became an object of horror. The bride, whose passion for the young
+disciple was ardent and sincere, screamed aloud. She threw herself, in all
+her bridal array, upon the floor, by his side; clasped him in her arms;
+covered him with kisses; and implored him, to say what she could do, to
+afford him relief. Miserable youth! He was unable to reply, and seemed
+about to expire.</p>
+
+<p>The old domestic rushed into the apartment, upon hearing the noise, and
+taking his master from the floor, proceeded to shake him with violence.
+&#8220;My God,&#8221; cried the lady, &#8220;has this ever happened before?&#8221; &#8220;Yes, Madam,&#8221;
+he replied, &#8220;he has a return of it about once, in every year.&#8221; &#8220;And, for
+Heaven&#8217;s sake, tell me what remedies do you employ?&#8221; she eagerly inquired.
+&#8220;There is one sovereign remedy,&#8221; the old man replied; &#8220;his physician
+considers it a specific.&#8221; &#8220;And what is it? tell me, in the name of
+Confucius,&#8221; she passionately exclaimed, for the convulsions were growing
+more violent. &#8220;Nothing will restore him, but the brains of a man, recently
+dead, taken in warm wine. His father, who was governor of a province, when
+his son was last attacked, in this way, caused a criminal to be executed,
+that his brains might be thus employed.&#8221; &#8220;Good God!&#8221; exclaimed the
+agonizing bride, for the convulsions, after a short remission, were
+returning, with redoubled violence, and the bridegroom was foaming
+terribly, at the mouth. &#8220;Tell me instantly, will the brains of a man who
+died a natural death answer as well?&#8221; &#8220;Undoubtedly,&#8221; the old servant
+replied. &#8220;Well then,&#8221; said she, in a tone somewhat subdued&mdash;&#8220;there is
+Chuang-tsze in the smoke-house.&#8221; &#8220;Ah, Madam,&#8221; said the old domestic, &#8220;I am
+aware of it&mdash;it occurred to me&mdash;but I feared to suggest it.&#8221; &#8220;And of what
+possible use,&#8221; she exclaimed, &#8220;can the brains of old Chuang-tsze be to him
+now, I should like to know?&#8221;</p>
+
+<p>At this moment, the convulsions became absolutely terrific. &#8220;These
+returns,&#8221; said the old man, &#8220;will become more and more violent, till they
+destroy my poor master. There is no time to be lost.&#8221; The wretched bride
+rushed from the apartment, and, seizing a hatchet, which happened to be
+lying in the<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_493" id="Page_493">[Pg 493]</a></span> outer passage, she hastily made her way to the old
+smoke-house. Elevating the hatchet above her head, she struck a violent
+blow, on the lid of the coffin.</p>
+
+<p>If the whole force of the blow had descended upon a secret spring, the lid
+could not have risen more suddenly. It seemed like the power of magic. The
+bride turned her eyes upon the closed lids of the corpse&mdash;they gradually
+opened; and the balls were slowly turned, and steadily fixed, upon her. In
+an instant Chuang-tsze sat, bolt upright, in his coffin! She sent forth a
+shriek of terror&mdash;the hatchet fell from her paralyzed hand&mdash;the cold sweat
+of confusion gathered thickly upon her brow.</p>
+
+<p>&#8220;My beloved wife,&#8221; said the philosopher, with perfect calmness, &#8220;be so
+obliging as to lend me your hand, that I may get out.&mdash;I have had a
+charming nap,&#8221; continued he, as he took the lamp from her hand, and
+advanced towards the hall. She followed, trembling at every step, and
+dreading the meeting, between the old philosopher and the young disciple.</p>
+
+<p>Though the air of unwonted festivity, under the light of the waning
+tapers, still hung over the apartment, fortunately the youth and the old
+servant seemed to have departed. Upon this, her courage, in some measure,
+revived, and, turning a look of inexpressible tenderness upon
+Chuang-tsze&mdash;&#8220;Dearest husband,&#8221; said she, &#8220;how I have cherished your
+memory! My day thoughts and dreams have been all of you. I have often
+heard, that the apparent dead were revived, especially if not confined
+within closed apartments. I therefore caused your precious coffin to be
+removed, where the cool, refreshing air could blow over it. How I have
+watched, and listened, for some evidence of returning life! And how my
+heart leaped into my mouth, when my vigilance was at last rewarded. I flew
+with a hatchet to open the coffin; and, when I saw your dear eyes turned
+upon me, I thought I should&#8221;&mdash;&#8220;I can never repay your devotion,&#8221; said the
+philosopher, interrupting her, with an expression of ineffable tenderness,
+&#8220;but why are you thus gaily apparelled&mdash;why these robes&mdash;these jewels&mdash;my
+love?&#8221;</p>
+
+<p>&#8220;It seemed to me, my dear husband,&#8221; she readily replied, &#8220;that some
+invisible power assured me of your return to life. How, thought I, can I
+meet my beloved Chuang-tsze, in the garments of heaviness? No; it will be
+like a return of our wedding day; and thus, you see, I have resumed my
+bridal array, and the jewels you gave me, during our honeymoon.&#8221;&mdash;&#8220;Ah,&#8221;<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_494" id="Page_494">[Pg 494]</a></span>
+said the philosopher, &#8220;how considerate you are&mdash;you always had your
+thoughts about you.&#8221; He then drew near the table. The wedding taper, which
+was then burning low in its socket, cast its equivocal rays upon the
+gorgeous bowls and dishes, which covered the festal board. Chuang-tsze
+surveyed them attentively, in silence; and, calling for warm wine,
+deliberately drained the goblet, while the lady stood near him, trembling
+with confusion and terror.</p>
+
+<p>At length, setting down the goblet, and pointing his finger&mdash;&#8220;Look behind
+you!&#8221; he exclaimed. She turned her head, and beheld the young disciple, in
+his wedding finery, with his attendant&mdash;a second glance, and they were
+gone. Such was the power of this mighty master of magic. The wife slunk to
+her apartment; and, resolving not to survive her shame and disappointment,
+unloosened her wedding girdle, and ascending to the garret, hung herself
+therewith, to one of the cross-beams, until she was dead. Tidings were
+soon brought to Chuang-tsze, who, deliberately feeling her pulse, and
+ascertaining that she was certainly dead, cut her down, and placed her
+precious remains, in the coffin, in the old smoke-house.</p>
+
+<p>He then proceeded to indulge his philosophical humor. He sat down, among
+the flickering lamps, at the solitary board, and struck up a dirge,
+accompanying his voice, by knocking with the chopsticks, and whatever else
+was convenient to his purpose, upon the porcelain bowls and dishes, which
+he finally broke into a thousand pieces, and setting fire to his mansion,
+he consumed it to ashes, together with the smoke-house, and all its
+valuable contents.</p>
+
+<p>He then, abandoning all thoughts of taking another wife, travelled into
+the recesses of Latinguin, in pursuit of his old master, Laoukeun, whom,
+at length, he discovered. There he acquired the reputation of a profound
+philosopher; and lay down, at last, in the peaceful grave, where wicked
+widows cease from troubling, and weary widowers are at rest.</p>
+
+
+
+<p>&nbsp;</p><p>&nbsp;</p>
+<hr style="width: 50%;" />
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_495" id="Page_495">[Pg 495]</a></span></p>
+<h2><a name="No_CXXII" id="No_CXXII"></a>No. CXXII.</h2>
+
+
+<p>A grasshopper was not the crest of Peter Faneuil&#8217;s arms. I formerly
+supposed it was; for a gilded grasshopper, as half the world knows, is the
+vane upon the cupola of Faneuil Hall; and a gilded grasshopper, as many of
+us well remember, whirled about, of yore, upon the little spire, that rose
+above the summer-house, appurtenant to the mansion, where Peter Faneuil
+lived, and died. That house was built, and occupied, by his uncle, Andrew;
+and he had some seven acres, for his garden thereabouts. It was upon the
+westerly side of old <i>Treamount</i> Street, and became the residence of the
+late William Phillips, whose political relations to the people of
+Massachusetts, as their Lieutenant Governor, could not preserve him from
+the sobriquet of <i>Billy</i>.</p>
+
+<p>I thought it not unlikely, that Peter&#8217;s crest was a grasshopper, and that,
+on that account, he had become partial to this emblem. But I am duly
+certified, that it was not so. The selection of a grasshopper, for a vane,
+was made, in imitation of their example, who placed the very same thing,
+upon the pinnacle of the Royal Exchange, in London. The arms of the
+Faneuils I have seen, upon the silver castors, which once were Peter&#8217;s
+own; and, upon his decease, became the property of his brother, Benjamin,
+from whom they descended to his only daughter, Mary Faneuil, who became,
+October 13, 1754, the wife of George Bethune, now deceased; and was the
+mother of George Bethune, Esquire, who will complete his eighty-second
+year, in April, 1851. From this gentleman, whose grand-uncle Peter Faneuil
+was, and from other descendants of old Benjamin Faneuil, of Rochelle, I
+have received some facts and documents&mdash;interesting to me&mdash;possibly to
+others.</p>
+
+<p>In conversation with an antiquarian friend, not long ago, we agreed, that
+very much less was generally known of Peter Faneuil, than of almost any
+other great, public benefactor. His name, nevertheless, is inseparably
+associated, with the cradle of American liberty. Drs. Eliot and Allen, in
+their Biographical Dictionaries, have passed him over, very slightingly,
+the former finishing up this noble-hearted Huguenot, with fifteen lines;
+and the latter, with eight; while not a few of their pages have been<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_496" id="Page_496">[Pg 496]</a></span>
+devoted, to the very dullest doctors of the drowsiest theology, and to&mdash;</p>
+
+<p class="poem">&#8220;Names ignoble, born to be forgot.&#8221;</p>
+
+<p>Mr. Farmer, in his Genealogical Register, does not seem to be aware, that
+the name of Faneuil existed, for he has not even found a niche for it
+there. His Register, I am aware, purports to be a register of the &#8220;<i>First
+Settlers</i>.&#8221; But he has found room for the Baudouins (Bowdoins) and their
+descendants. They also were Huguenots; and came hither, with the Faneuils,
+after 1685. One of that family, as will be more fully shown, Claude
+Baudoin, presented Peter Faneuil in baptism. Yet, such was the public
+sense of Peter&#8217;s favors, <i>when they were green</i>, that John Lovell&mdash;that
+same Master Lovell, who retired with the British army, in 1776&mdash;delivered,
+under an appointment of the town, an oration, to commemorate the virtues,
+and laud the munificence of Peter Faneuil. Such, in truth, was the very
+first occasion, upon which the citizens were summoned to listen to the
+voice of an orator, in Faneuil Hall; and then, in honor of him, who
+perfected the noble work, at his own proper cost, and whose death so
+speedily followed its completion&mdash;for a noble work assuredly it was,
+relatively to the times, in which it was wrought.</p>
+
+<p>The Faneuils were Huguenots. The original pronunciation of this patronymic
+must have been somewhat different from the present: there was an excusable
+<i>na&iuml;vet&eacute;</i>, in the inquiry of a rural visitant of the city&mdash;if a well known
+mechanical establishment, with a tall, tubular chimney, were not <i>Funnel</i>
+Hall?</p>
+
+<p>After the revocation of the edict of Nantes, by Louis XIV., in 1685, the
+Faneuils, in common with many other Huguenots of France,&mdash;the Baudouins,
+the Bernons, the Sigourneys, the Boudinots, the Pringles, the Hugers, the
+Boutineaus, the Jays, the Laurenses, the Manigaults, the Marions, the
+Prioleaus, and many others, came to these North American shores&mdash;as our
+pilgrim fathers came&mdash;to worship God, in security, and according to their
+consciences. Many of these persecuted men conferred, upon their adopted
+home, those blessings, which the exercise of their talents, and the
+influence of their characters, and of the talents and characters of their
+descendants have confirmed to our common country, for many generations.</p>
+
+<p>They came, by instalments, and arrived at different points. Thirty
+families of these expatriated Protestants came hither, and settled upon a
+tract, eight miles square, in the &#8220;Nipmug <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_497" id="Page_497">[Pg 497]</a></span>country,&#8221; where now stands the
+town of Oxford, in the County of Worcester. This settlement commenced, in
+Gov. Dudley&#8217;s time, and under his particular auspices; but continued only
+till 1696, when it was broken up, by the inroads of the savages. In the
+overthrow of this settlement, rum was a material agent, and occasioned,
+though upon a very small scale, a second massacre of some of these
+Huguenots. There is a letter to Gov. Dudley, from M. Bondet, the Huguenot
+clergyman, dated July 6, 1691, complaining bitterly of the unrestricted
+sale, among the Indians, of this fatal fire water; and giving a graphic
+account of the uproar and outrage it produced.</p>
+
+<p>After the failure of this attempt, many of the scattered planters
+collected, in Boston. For several years, they gathered, for devotional
+purposes, in one of the larger school-houses. Jan. 4, 1704, they purchased
+a piece of land, in South School Street, of John Mears, a hatter, for
+&#8220;&pound;110 current silver money of New England;&#8221; but, for several years, the
+selectmen, for some cause, unknown to us, refused their consent, that
+these worthy French Protestants should build their church thereon. About
+twelve years after the purchase of the land, the little church&mdash;the
+visible temple&mdash;went up. It was of brick, and very small. Monsieur Pierre
+Daill&eacute; was their first pastor, Andr&eacute; Le Mercier the second; and, if there
+be any truth, in tradition, these Huguenot shepherds were pure and holy
+men. Daill&eacute; died testate, May 20, 1715. His will bears date May 15, of
+that year. He directs his body to be interred, at the discretion of his
+executor, James Bowdoin, &#8220;<i>with this restriction, that there be no wine at
+my funeral, and that none of my wife&#8217;s relations have mourning cloaths</i>.&#8221;
+He empowers his executor to give them gloves; and scarfs and gloves to all
+the ministers of Boston. To his wife, Martha, he gives &pound;350, Province
+bills, and his negro man, Kuffy. His Latin and French books he gives to
+the French Church, as <i>the nucleus of a library</i>. &pound;100 to be put at
+interest for the use of the minister. &pound;10 to be improved by the elders,
+for the use of the church, and should a meeting-house be built, then in
+aid of that object. To John Rawlins the French schoolmaster, &pound;5. He then
+makes his brother Paul, of Armsfort, in Holland, residuary legatee. His
+&#8220;<i>books and arms</i>&#8221; were appraised at &pound;2. 10. The whole estate at &pound;274. 10.
+sterling.</p>
+
+<p>Le Mercier dedicated his book, on Detraction, to his people. Therein he
+says, &#8220;You have not despised my youth, when I first<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_498" id="Page_498">[Pg 498]</a></span> came among you; you
+have since excused my infirmities; and, as I did the same, in respect to
+yours, it has pleased our Saviour, the head of his church, to favor us
+with an uninterrupted peace and union in our church, for the almost
+eighteen years that I have preached the word of salvation to you.&#8221; His
+book was published in 1733. He therefore became their pastor between 1715,
+when Daill&eacute; died, and 1716. He died March 31, 1764, aged 71. He was
+therefore born in 1693, and ordained about the age of 22.</p>
+
+<p>Le Mercier&#8217;s will is dated, at Dorchester, Nov. 7, 1761. A codicil was
+added, at Boston, Feb. 3, 1764. He left his estate to his four children,
+&#8220;<i>Andrew, Margaret, Jane, and my son Bartholomew, if living</i>.&#8221; He enjoins
+upon his heirs the payment of Bartholomew&#8217;s debt to Thomas Hancock, for
+which he had become responsible, and which he had partly paid. By his
+will, he appointed Jane and Margaret to execute his will. In the codicil,
+he refers to the disordered state of Margaret&#8217;s mind, and appoints
+Zachariah Johonnot, in her stead, requesting him to be her guardian. The
+whole estate was appraised at &pound;232. 18. 6. sterling.</p>
+
+<p>Years rolled on: juxtaposition and intermarriage were Americanising these
+Huguenots, from month to month; and, ere long, they felt, less and less,
+the necessity of any separate place of worship. On the 7th of May, 1748,
+&#8220;Stephen Boutineau, the only surviving elder,&#8221; and others, among whom we
+recognize the Huguenot names of Johonnot, Packinett, Boudoin, and
+Sigourney, conveyed their church and land to Thomas Fillebrown, Thomas
+Handyside Peck, and others, trustees for the &#8220;new congregational church,
+whereof Mr. Andrew Croswell is pastor.&#8221; After a while, this church became
+the property of the Roman Catholics; and mass was first celebrated there,
+Nov. 2, 1788. The Catholics, in 1803, having removed to Franklin Place,
+the old Huguenot church was taken down; and, upon the site of it, a temple
+was erected, by the Universalists; showing incontrovertibly, thank God,
+that the soil was most happily adapted to toleration.</p>
+
+<p>The reader fancies, perhaps, that I have forgotten Peter Faneuil. Not so:
+but I must linger a little longer with these Huguenots, who attempted a
+settlement in the Nipmug country. In the southwesterly part of Oxford,
+there rises a lofty hill, whose summit affords an extensive and delightful
+prospect. Beneath,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_499" id="Page_499">[Pg 499]</a></span> at the distance of a mile, or more, lies the village
+of Oxford; and the scenery, beyond, is exceedingly picturesque. Upon this
+eminence, which now bears the name of Mayo&#8217;s Hill, are the well-defined
+remains of an ancient fort. Its construction is perfectly regular. The
+bastions are clearly marked; and the old well, constructed within the
+barrier, still remains. As recently, as 1819, says the Rev. Dr. Holmes, in
+his able and interesting account of the Huguenots, &#8220;grapevines were
+growing luxuriantly, along the line of this fort; and these, together with
+currant bushes, roses, and other shrubbery, nearly formed a hedge around
+it. There were some remains of an apple orchard. The currant and asparagus
+were still growing there.&#8221;</p>
+
+<p>Such were the vestiges of these thirty families, who, in 1696, fled from a
+foe, not more savage and relentless, though less enlightened, than the
+murderers of Coligny, in 1572.</p>
+
+<p>The Faneuils formed no part of these thirty families; but, not many years
+after the little Oxford colony was broken up, and the fugitive survivors
+had found their way to Boston, the Faneuils, one after another, seem to
+have been attracted hither, from those points of our country, where they
+first arrived, after the revocation of the edict of Nantes, in 1685, or
+from other, intermediate stations, to which they had removed.</p>
+
+<p>There are not elements enough, I fear, for a very interesting memoir of
+Peter Faneuil. The materials, even for a brief account, are marvellously
+few, and far between; and the very best result, to be anticipated, is a
+warp and woof of shreds and patches.</p>
+
+<p>But, if I am not much mistaken, I know more of Peter Faneuil, than Master
+Lovell ever wot of, though he delivered the funeral oration; and, albeit
+the sum total is very small, it seems but meet and right, that it should
+be given to the world. I think it would so be decided, by the citizens, if
+the vote were taken, this very day&mdash;in <i>Faneuil Hall</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Our <i>neighbors</i>, all over the United States have heard of <i>Faneuil Hall</i>;
+and, though, of late years, since we have had a race, or breed, of mayors,
+every one of whom has endeavored to be <i>worthier</i> or more <i>conceding</i> than
+his predecessor, Faneuil Hall has been converted into a sort of omnibus
+without wheels; yet the glory of its earlier, and of some, among its
+latter days, is made, thank God, of that unchangeable stuff, that will
+never shrink, and cannot fade.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_500" id="Page_500">[Pg 500]</a></span>No man has ever heard of Faneuil Hall, who will not be pleased to hear
+somewhat of that noble-minded, whole-souled descendant of the primitive
+Huguenots&mdash;and such indeed he was&mdash;who came, as a stranger and sojourner
+here, and built that hall, at his own proper cost and charge, and gave
+it&mdash;the gift of a cheerful giver&mdash;to those, among whom he had come to
+dwell&mdash;and all this, in the midst of his days, in the very prime of his
+life, not waiting for the almond tree to flourish, and for desire to fail,
+and for the infirmities of age to admonish the rich man, that he must set
+his house in order, and could carry nothing with him, to those regions
+beyond.</p>
+
+<p>Faneuil Hall has been called the <i>Cradle of Liberty</i>, so long and so
+often, that it may seem to savor of political heresy, to quarrel with the
+name&mdash;but, for the soul of me, I cannot help it. If it be intended to say,
+that Faneuil Hall is the <i>birth place</i> of Liberty, I am not aware of a
+single instance, on record, of a baby, <i>born in a cradle</i>. The proverbial
+use of the cradle has ever been to rock the baby to sleep; and Heaven
+knows our old fathers made no such use of Faneuil Hall, in their early
+management of the bantling; for it was an ever-wakeful child, from the
+very moment of its first, sharp, shrill, life cry.</p>
+
+
+
+<p>&nbsp;</p><p>&nbsp;</p>
+<hr style="width: 50%;" />
+<h2><a name="No_CXXIII" id="No_CXXIII"></a>No. CXXIII.</h2>
+
+
+<p>General Jackson has been reported&mdash;how justly I know not&mdash;upon some
+occasion, in a company of ladies, to have given a brief, but spirited,
+description of all his predecessors, in the Presidential chair, till he
+came down to the time of President Tyler, when, seizing his hat, he
+proceeded to bow himself out of the room. The ladies, however, insisted
+upon his completing the catalogue&mdash;<i>&#8220;Well, ladies,&#8221; said he, &#8220;it is matter
+of history, and may therefore be spoken&mdash;President Tyler, ladies,
+was&mdash;pretty much nothing.&#8221;</i></p>
+
+<p>A very felicitous description; and not of very limited application to men
+and things. I cannot find a better, for Master John Lovell&#8217;s funeral
+oration, upon Peter Faneuil. This affair, which Dr. Snow, in his history
+of Boston, calls &#8220;<i>a precious relic</i>,&#8221; is certainly a wonderfully
+flatulent performance. A time-stained<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_501" id="Page_501">[Pg 501]</a></span> copy of the original edition of
+1743 lies under my eye. I hoped, not unreasonably, that it would be a lamp
+to my path, in searching after the historical assets of Peter Faneuil. But
+not one ray of light has it afforded me; and, with one or two exceptions,
+in relation to the <i>Hall</i>, and the general beneficence of its founder, it
+is, in no sense, more of a funeral oration, upon Peter Faneuil, than upon
+Peter Smink. In their vote of thanks to Master Lovell, passed on the day
+of its delivery, the committee speak of &#8220;<i>his oration</i>,&#8221; very judiciously
+abstaining from all unwarrantable expletives. From this oration we can
+discover nothing of Faneuil&#8217;s birth-place, nor parentage, nor when, nor
+whence, nor wherefore he came hither; nor of the day of his birth, nor of
+the day of his death, nor of the disease of which he died; nor of his
+habits of life, nor of the manner, in which he acquired his large estate;
+nor of his religious opinions, nor of his ancestors.</p>
+
+<p>We collect, however, from these meagre pages, that Mr. Faneuil meditated
+other benefactions to the town&mdash;that his death was sudden&mdash;that votes of
+thanks had been passed, for his donation of the Hall, &#8220;a few months
+before&#8221;&mdash;that the meeting, at which the oration was pronounced, March 14,
+1742, was the very first annual meeting, in Faneuil Hall&mdash;that Peter
+Faneuil was the owner of &#8220;a large and plentiful estate&#8221;&mdash;that &#8220;no man
+managed his affairs with greater prudence and industry&#8221;&mdash;that &#8220;he fed the
+hungry and clothed the naked; comforted the fatherless and the widows, in
+their affliction, and his bounty visited the prisoner.&#8221;</p>
+
+<p>Master Lovell, not inelegantly, observes of Faneuil&#8217;s intended
+benefactions, which were prevented by his death&mdash;&#8220;<i>His intended charities,
+though they are lost to us, will not be lost to him. Designs of goodness
+and mercy, prevented as these were, will meet with the reward of
+actions</i>.&#8221; This passage appears to have found favor, in the eyes of the
+late Dr. Boyle, who has, accordingly, on page 21, of his memoir of the
+Boston Episcopal Charitable Society, when speaking of Faneuil, made a very
+free and familiar appropriation of it, with a slight verbal variation.</p>
+
+<p>Master Lovell&#8217;s fervent aspirations, in regard to Faneuil Hall, one
+hundred and nine years ago, have not been fulfilled, to the letter. The
+gods have granted the orator&#8217;s prayer&mdash;&#8220;<i>May Liberty always spread its
+joyful wings over this place</i>&#8221;&mdash;but not with Master Lovell&#8217;s conditions
+annexed; for he adds&mdash;&#8220;<i>May</i><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_502" id="Page_502">[Pg 502]</a></span>
+<span class="smcap">Loyalty</span> <i>to a</i> <span class="smcap">King</span>, <i>under whom we enjoy
+that Liberty, ever remain our character</i>.&#8221;</p>
+
+<p>In this particular, Master Lovell was not to be indulged. Yet he steadily
+adhered to his tory principles; and, like many other conscientious and
+honorable men, whom it is much less the fashion to abuse, at present, than
+it was, of yore, adhered to his royal master; and relinquished his own
+sceptre, as monarch of the South Grammar School, with all the honors and
+emoluments thereof, choosing rather to suffer affliction, with his
+thwarted and mortified master, than to enjoy the pleasures of rebellion,
+for a season. He retired to Halifax, with the British army, in 1776, and
+died there, in 1778.</p>
+
+<p>Original copies of Master Lovell&#8217;s oration are exceedingly rare; though
+the &#8220;<i>precious relic</i>&#8221; has been reprinted, by Dr. Snow, in his history of
+Boston. The title may be worth preserving&mdash;&#8220;A funeral oration, delivered
+at the opening of the annual meeting of the town, March 14th, 1742. In
+Faneuil Hall, in Boston. Occasioned by the death of the founder, Peter
+Faneuil Esq. By John Lovell, A. M., Master of the South Grammar School, in
+Boston. <i>Sui memores alios fecere merendo.</i> Boston, printed by Green,
+Bushell &amp; Allen, for S. Kneeland &amp; T. Green, in Queen Street, 1743.&#8221;</p>
+
+<p>As an eminent historian conceived it to be a matter of indifference, at
+which end he commenced his history, I shall not adhere to any
+chronological arrangement, in the presentation of the few facts, which I
+have collected, relating to Peter Faneuil and his family. On the contrary,
+I shall begin at the latter end, and, first, endeavor to clear up a little
+confusion, that has arisen, as to the time of his death. Allen, in his
+Biog. Dic., says, that Peter Faneuil died, March 3, 1743. I am sorry to
+say, that, in several instances, President Allen&#8217;s <i>dates</i> resemble
+Jeremiah&#8217;s <i>figs</i>, in the second basket; though, upon the present
+occasion, he is right, on a certain hypothesis. In a note to the &#8220;Memoir
+of the French Protestants,&#8221; also, M. H. C. vol. xxii. p. 55, Peter Faneuil
+is said to have died, March 3, 1743. Pemberton, in his &#8220;Description of
+Boston,&#8221; Ibid. v. 3, p. 253, by stating that the funeral oration was
+delivered, March 14, 1742, makes 1742 the year of Faneuil&#8217;s death. The
+title page of the oration itself, quoted above, fixes the death, in 1742.
+Dr. Eliot, in his Biog. Dic., says 1742. The Probate records of Suffolk
+show administration granted, on Peter Faneuil&#8217;s estate, March 18, 1742.
+His <i>obiit</i>, on a mourning ring, that I have seen, is 1742.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_503" id="Page_503">[Pg 503]</a></span>Now, if all dealers in dates, of the olden time, would discriminate,
+between the old style and the new, we should be spared a vast deal of
+vexation; and the good people of Boston, notional as they proverbially
+are, would not appear, in their creditable zeal to do honor to a public
+benefactor, to have given him a funeral oration, a twelve month before he
+was dead. If the year be taken to begin, on the first of January, then Dr.
+Allen is right; and Peter Faneuil died March 3, 1743. But if it did not
+begin, till the twenty-fifth of March, and, legally, it certainly did not,
+before 1752, when the new style was adopted, in Great Britain, and the
+Provinces, then Eliot, and Pemberton, and the title page of the oration,
+and the records of the court, and the mourning ring are right, and Peter
+Faneuil died, in 1742.</p>
+
+<p>An illustration of this principle may be found, on the title page of the
+oration itself. It is stated to have been delivered, March 14, 1742, and
+printed in 1743. Having been delivered near the close of the year 1742, it
+was printed, doubtless, soon after March 25, which was New Year&#8217;s day for
+1743.</p>
+
+<p>The public journals, nevertheless, seem to have adopted, and adhered to
+the idea, that January 1, was the first day of the historical year, long
+before the style was altered; and thus, in the Weekly News Letter,
+published in Boston, Faneuil is stated to have died, in 1743. This journal
+contains an obituary notice. A few imperfect numbers of this paper are all
+that remain, and its extreme rarity leads me to copy the obituary here:&mdash;</p>
+
+<p>&#8220;Thursday, March 10, 1743. On Thursday last, dyed at his seat in this
+Town, <span class="smcap">Peter Faneuil</span>, Esq., whose remains, we hear, are to be enterred this
+afternoon; a gentleman, possessed of a very ample fortune, and a most
+generous spirit, whose noble benefaction to this town, and constant
+employment of a great number of tradesmen, artificers and labourers, to
+whom he was a liberal paymaster; whose hospitality to all, and secret
+unbounded chirity to the poor&mdash;made his life a public blessing, and his
+death a general loss to, and universally regretted by, the inhabitants;
+who had been so sensible of their obligations to him, for the sumptuous
+edifice, which he raised at his private expence, for their Market house
+and Town Hall, that, at a general town meeting, as a testimony of their
+gratitude, they voted, that the place of their future consultations should
+be called by his name forever: in doing which they perpetuated their own
+honor as much as his memory; for, by this record posterity will know<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_504" id="Page_504">[Pg 504]</a></span> the
+most publick spirited man, in all regards, that ever yet appeared on the
+Northern continent of America, was a member of their community.&#8221;</p>
+
+<p>In the Boston Evening Post of March 7, 1743, in a brief notice of Peter
+Faneuil&#8217;s death, the disease of which he died is said to have been
+&#8220;<i>dropsey</i>.&#8221;</p>
+
+<p>Now that we have established the period of Peter&#8217;s death, it may be well,
+to establish the period of his birth; and this we can do, with certainty,
+even to an hour, from authentic documents. In addition to other means, for
+ascertaining dates, and various particulars, respecting Peter Faneuil, and
+the members of his family&mdash;through the kindness of the Genealogical
+Society, I have, before me, a folio volume of his commercial
+correspondence: mutilated, indeed it is, by some thoughtless hand, but
+furnishes some curious and interesting matter. Many of his letters are
+written in French; and those, which are in English, are well composed. I
+have found but a single instance, in which he writes our language, like a
+Frenchman. Upon that occasion, he was in a passion with a certain judge of
+the admiralty, complained of his ill usage, and charged him with
+&#8220;<i>capporice</i>.&#8221;</p>
+
+
+
+<p>&nbsp;</p><p>&nbsp;</p>
+<hr style="width: 50%;" />
+<h2><a name="No_CXXIV" id="No_CXXIV"></a>No. CXXIV.</h2>
+
+
+<p>I am indebted to Mr. Charles Faneuil Jones, a grandson of Mary Ann Jones,
+Peter Faneuil&#8217;s sister, for the use of some ancient papers, and family
+relics; and to George Bethune, Esquire, of Boston, the grandson of
+<i>Benjamin Faneuil</i>, Peter&#8217;s brother, for the loan of a venerable
+document&mdash;time worn, torn, and sallow&mdash;the record of the birth of Peter
+Faneuil, and of his brothers and sisters. This document, from its manifest
+antiquity, the masculine character of the hand writing, and the constant
+use of the parental expressions&mdash;<i>notre fils</i>&mdash;<i>notre fille</i>&mdash;I, at first,
+supposed to be the original autograph of <i>Benjamin</i>, the father of Peter.
+This conjecture was, of course, demolished, by the last entry, on the
+record, which is of old <i>Benjamin&#8217;s</i> decease, but in the same peculiar
+hand.</p>
+
+<p>The document is in French; and, after a careful
+comparison&mdash;<i>literatim</i>&mdash;with the volume of Peter&#8217;s commercial
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_505" id="Page_505">[Pg 505]</a></span>correspondence, now in my possession&mdash;I have very little doubt, that this
+record was copied, by Peter, from the paternal original, with the
+additional entry, by himself, of the date of his father&#8217;s death. At the
+bottom, and beneath a line of separation, and by another hand, with a
+fresher ink, is the following entry&mdash;&#8220;<i>Le 6 D&#8217;Aout 1725, M. Gillam
+Phillips de Boston a epousee ma Fille Marie Faneuil ag&eacute;e de dix sept et
+quatre mois</i>.&#8221; The 6th of August, 1725, Mr. Gillam Phillips, of Boston,
+married my daughter, Marie, aged seventeen and four months. The expression
+<i>ma file</i>, shows this entry to have been made by Peter&#8217;s mother, then the
+widow of <i>Benjamin</i>, who appears, by this record, to have died, at New
+York, March 31, 1718-9, aged 50 years and 8 months.</p>
+
+<p>This unusual pr&aelig;nomen, <i>Gillam</i>, I, at first, supposed to be a corruption
+of <i>Guillaume</i>. But there was a merchant, of that day, in Boston, bearing
+the name of <i>Gillam Phillips</i>. In the Registry of Deeds, for Suffolk, lib.
+43, fol. 13, there is recorded a deed, from &#8220;<i>Wentworth Paxton, and Faith,
+his wife, formerly Faith Gillam</i>,&#8221; in which, reference is made to Faith&#8217;s
+father, <i>Benjamin Gillam</i>. Mr. Gillam Phillips is thus named, in the will
+of his wife&#8217;s uncle, Andrew Faneuil, to which I shall have occasion to
+refer. Jan 22, 1738, Peter, in a letter to Lane &amp; Smethurst, of London,
+speaks of his brother-in-law, <i>Mr. Gillam Phillips</i>.</p>
+
+<p>This gentleman was the elder brother of <i>Mr. Henry Phillips</i>, who was
+indicted, for killing Mr. Benjamin Woodbridge, in a duel, fought with
+swords, and without seconds, on Boston Common, upon the evening of July 3,
+1728. This extremely interesting affair cannot be introduced, as an
+episode here, on account of the space it must necessarily occupy. The
+original documents, relating to this encounter, which terminated in the
+immediate death of Mr. Woodbridge, have fallen into my possession; and, as
+Peter Faneuil personally assisted, in the escape of the survivor, who
+found a city of refuge, in Rochelle, and a friend and protector, in
+Peter&#8217;s uncle, <i>Jean Faneuil</i>; it seems, in some degree, related to the
+history of Peter and his kinsfolk. I may, possibly, refer to it hereafter.</p>
+
+<p>In 1685, the period of the revocation of the edict of Nantes, there were
+living, in or near Rochelle, in France, three brothers and two sisters of
+the Faneuil family. One of these, <i>Benjamin</i>, became the father of <i>our</i>
+Peter <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_506" id="Page_506">[Pg 506]</a></span>Faneuil&mdash;the others, his uncles and aunts, when the persecution
+commenced, so ably and touchingly described, by James Saurin, fled for
+safety to foreign lands. Andrew, the elder brother, escaped into Holland,
+and took up his abode in Amsterdam; where he married that pre&euml;minently
+beautiful lady, whose portrait is now in the possession of Col. Benjamin
+Hunt, whose mother was Jane Bethune, a daughter of Mary Faneuil, the neice
+of Peter.</p>
+
+<p><i>Andrew Faneuil</i>, before many years, came to this country&mdash;precisely when,
+I cannot say. That he was here, as early as 1709, is evident, from the
+proposals of Oliver Noyes and others, to build a wharf from the bottom of
+King Street, to low-water mark, &#8220;of the width of King Street, between Mr.
+East Apthorp&#8217;s and Mr. Andrew Faneuil&#8217;s.&#8221; These proposals are dated Feb.
+20, 1709, and are inserted in Dr. Snow&#8217;s History of Boston, p. 209.</p>
+
+<p>In Holland, doubtless, Andrew acquired that passion, for flowers, which he
+gratified, in his seven-acre Eden, on the westerly side of Treamount
+Street, where he is said to have erected the first hothouse, that ever
+existed in New England. His warehouse, the same, by him devised, for the
+support of the minister of the French Church, was at the lower end of King
+Street, near Merchant&#8217;s Row, from which Butler&#8217;s Wharf then extended, as
+laid down, by John Bonner, in 1722. This warehouse, under the will of
+Andrew, reverted, to his heirs, upon the extinction of the French Church.
+It was then, just where we find it, in the New England Weekly Journal, of
+Jan. 13, 1729. &#8220;<i>Good New York Flower. To be sold, at Mr. Andrew Faneuil&#8217;s
+Warehouse, at the lower end of King Street, at 35s per Hundred, as also
+good chocolate, just imported.</i>&#8221; He was engaged in commerce; and, for
+those days of small things, acquired a large estate, which his forecast
+taught him to distribute, among the public funds of France, England, and
+Holland. His warehouse was purchased of one of his descendants, by the
+late John Parker.</p>
+
+<p><i>Jean Faneuil</i>, another of Peter&#8217;s uncles, held fast to the faith of his
+fathers; and lived, and died, a Roman Catholic. He died in Rochelle, of
+apoplexy, June 24, 1737, about four months after the decease of his
+brother Andrew, as appears by Peter&#8217;s letter of Sept. 8, 1737.</p>
+
+<p><i>Susannah Faneuil</i> also continued, in the Roman Catholic<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_507" id="Page_507">[Pg 507]</a></span> faith, and
+remained in Rochelle; where she became the wife, and the widow, of Abraham
+de la Croix. She survived her brother Andrew, the date of whose decease is
+clearly shown to have been Feb. 13, 1737, by Peter&#8217;s letter to S. &amp; W.
+Baker, of London, giving them the inscription, &#8220;<i>for the handsomest
+mourning rings</i>.&#8221;</p>
+
+<p><i>Jane Faneuil</i> was a Huguenot. She became the wife of Pierre Cossart, and
+took refuge, with her husband, in Ireland, where she died.</p>
+
+<p><i>Benjamin Faneuil</i>, the father of <i>our</i> Peter, was closely associated with
+that little band of Huguenots, who clustered about the town of
+Narragansett, otherwise called Kingstown, and the region round about, at
+the very close of the seventeenth century. In that village, in 1699, he
+married a French lady, whose name was Anne Bureau. The record, in Peter&#8217;s
+transcript from his father&#8217;s original, is now upon my table&mdash;&#8220;<i>Le 28 de
+Juillet 1699. Benjamin Faneuil et Anne Bureau ont et&eacute; mari&eacute; a
+Narragansett, en nouvelle Angleterre, en la maison de Mons. Pierre Ayross,
+par Mons. Pierre Daill&eacute; ministre de L&#8217;Eglise francoise de Boston</i>.&#8221; The
+28th of July, 1699, Benjamin Faneuil and Ann Bureau were married at
+Narragansett, in New England, at the house of Mr. Peter Ayross, by Mr.
+Peter Daill&eacute;, minister of the French Church in Boston. Three years before,
+in 1696, Sept. 4, the name of this Benjamin Faneuil will be found, M. H.
+C., xxii. 60, attached to a certificate, in favor of Gabriel Bernon,
+referring to the massacre of John Johnson and his three children, at New
+Oxford. Johnson had married the sister of old <i>Andr&eacute; Sigournay</i>.</p>
+
+<p>This <i>Benjamin Faneuil</i>, the pr&aelig;positus, or stirps, became the father of
+eleven children, by his wife, <i>Anne Bureau</i>, who were all born in New
+Rochelle, in the State of New York, and of whom <i>our</i> Peter was the first
+born. Their names, in the order of birth, are these&mdash;<i>Peter</i>, <i>Benjamin</i>,
+<i>Francis</i>, <i>Anne</i>, <i>Anne</i>, <i>Marie</i>, <i>John</i>, <i>Anne</i>, <i>Susannah</i>, <i>Mary
+Anne</i>, and <i>Catherine</i>. The two first Annes, John, and Catherine, died in
+infancy.</p>
+
+<p>The birth of our Peter is thus chronicled, in the family record&mdash;&#8220;<i>Le 20
+de Juin, 1700, Estant Jeudy a 6 heures du soir est n&eacute; nostre fils Pierre
+Faneuil, et a et&eacute; baptis&eacute; le 14 Juillet, par M. Peyret, ministre de
+l&#8217;Eglisse francoise de la Nouvelle York, present&eacute; au B&acirc;pteme par M. Claude
+Baudoin et par Sa Mere</i>.&#8221; The 20th of June, 1700, being Thursday, at 6
+o&#8217;clock<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_508" id="Page_508">[Pg 508]</a></span> in the evening, was born our son, Peter Faneuil, and he was
+baptized the 14th of July, by Mr. Peyret, minister of the French Church,
+in New York; presented in baptism, by Mr. Claude Bowdoin and its mother.</p>
+
+<p><i>Benjamin</i>, <i>our</i> Peter&#8217;s brother, was born Dec. 29, 1701. He was a
+merchant in Boston, about the time of his uncle Andrew&#8217;s death, in 1737.
+Shortly after that event, he went to England, and France, and returned,
+about two years before the death of his brother Peter, in 1742-3, upon
+whose estate he administered. His nephew, Edward Jones, in a letter to his
+mother, June 23, 1783, informs her, that &#8220;<i>Uncle Faneuil seems to be
+growing very low; I think he will not continue long</i>.&#8221; He was then in his
+eighty-second year. He died in October, 1785.</p>
+
+<p>After Peter&#8217;s death, Benjamin resided in Brighton, then Cambridge, in the
+street, which now bears the family name, where he erected an expensive
+mansion, successively occupied, after his decease, by Messieurs Bethune,
+English, Parkman, and Bigelow. By his wife, Mary Cutler, he had three
+children, Benjamin, Mary, and Peter.</p>
+
+<p><i>This</i> Benjamin, nephew of <i>our</i> Peter, is the &#8220;<i>Benjamin Faneuil,
+junior</i>,&#8221; whose name appears, among the signers of the &#8220;<i>Loyall Address</i>&#8221;
+to Gov. Gage on his departure Oct. 6, 1775. He left Boston for Halifax,
+with the British army, in March, 1776. He is the person, referred to, by
+Ward, in his Memoirs of Curwen&mdash;&#8220;<i>the merchant of Boston, and with Joshua
+Winslow, consignee of one third of the East India Company&#8217;s tea, destroyed
+in 1773, a refugee to Halifax, afterwards in England</i>.&#8221; He married Jane,
+daughter of Addington Davenport, by his first wife, Jane, who was the
+daughter of Grove Hirst, and sister of the Lady Mary Pepperell; and, with
+his wife, lived many years, abroad, chiefly in Bristol, England, which
+became the favorite resort of many refugees, and where he died. I have, in
+my possession, several of his letters, written to his relatives, during
+his exile. These letters are spiritedly written; and, to the very last, in
+the most perfect assurance, that the colonies must submit.</p>
+
+<p><i>Mary</i>, <i>our</i> Peter&#8217;s niece, became the wife of George Bethune, Oct. 13,
+1754, and died in 1797. A portrait, by Blackburn, of this beautiful woman,
+is in the possession of her son, George Bethune, Esquire, of Boston. After
+a very careful<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_509" id="Page_509">[Pg 509]</a></span> inspection of this portrait, not long ago, I went directly
+to the rooms of the Historical Society, to compare it with the portrait
+there of her uncle Peter, to which it seems to me to bear a strong family
+resemblance. This portrait of Peter was presented to the Society, by Miss
+Jones, the grand niece of <i>our</i> Peter, now the wife of Dr. Cutter of
+Pepperell. It has been erroneously ascribed to Copley. If its manifest
+inferiority to the works of that eminent master were not sufficiently
+germaine to this question&mdash;Copley was born in 1738, and not quite five
+years old, when Peter Faneuil died.</p>
+
+<p><i>Peter</i>, the youngest child of Benjamin, and, of course, the nephew of
+<i>our</i> Faneuil Hall Peter, who may be otherwise distinguished, as Peter the
+Great&mdash;was baptized, in Trinity Church, in Boston, in 1738, and entered
+the Latin School, in 1746. He entered into trade&mdash;went to
+Montreal&mdash;failed&mdash;resorted to the West Indies&mdash;and, after his father&#8217;s
+death, returned to Boston.</p>
+
+
+
+<p>&nbsp;</p><p>&nbsp;</p>
+<hr style="width: 50%;" />
+<h2><a name="No_CXXV" id="No_CXXV"></a>No. CXXV.</h2>
+
+
+<p>Let us conclude our post mortem examination of the brothers and sisters of
+Peter Faneuil.</p>
+
+<p><i>Francis</i>, the third son of <i>Benjamin</i>, the old Rocheller, Peter&#8217;s father,
+was born Aug. 21, 1703, of whom I know nothing, beyond the fact, that he
+was baptized, by M. Peyret, minister of the French church in New York, and
+presented &#8220;<i>par son grand pere, Francois Bureau, et Mad&#8217;selle Anne
+Delancey</i>.&#8221;</p>
+
+<p><i>Mary</i>, the eldest sister of <i>our</i> Peter, that came to maturity, was born
+April 16, 1708, and is the <i>Marie</i>, to whom I have already referred, as
+having married Mr. Gillam Phillips, Aug. 6, 1725. Their abode, before the
+revolution, was in the mansion, more recently occupied by Abiel Smith, at
+the corner of State and Devonshire Streets; or, as they are called, on
+Bonner&#8217;s plan of 1722, King Street and Pudding Lane. Her husband was a
+refugee. After his death, she resided in Cambridge, Mass., where she died,
+in April, 1778.</p>
+
+<p><i>Anne</i>, the next, in order of time, was born Oct. 9, 1710, and married
+Addington Davenport. This fact is stated, by Peter, in a letter, of Sept.
+26, 1738. This is the same gentleman, <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_510" id="Page_510">[Pg 510]</a></span>undoubtedly, to whom the ancient
+record of King&#8217;s Chapel refers: &#8220;<i>Oct. 11, 1733. Voted, that the brass
+stand for the hourglass be lent to the church at Scituate, as also three
+Diaper napkins, provided the Rev. Mr. Addington Davenport, their minister,
+gives his note to return the same</i>,&#8221; &amp;c. He was, afterwards, promoted, to
+be assistant minister of King&#8217;s Chapel, in 1737, and Rector of Trinity
+Church, in 1740, and was, probably, the son of Addington Davenport, who
+was the Register of Deeds, for Suffolk, in 1706.</p>
+
+<p><i>Susannah</i>, the third sister of <i>our</i> Peter, in the order of birth, was
+born March 14, 1712, and became the wife of James Boutineau, the son of
+Stephen Boutineau, that &#8220;<i>only surviving elder</i>,&#8221; who joined in the
+conveyance of the French Church, in 1748. James was a royalist; and,
+according to Ward&#8217;s Curwen, died in exile. This marriage is also referred
+to, by Peter, in his letter of Sept. 26, 1738. Mr. James Boutineau was a
+lawyer, in Boston; and occupied the &#8220;<i>old Dorr house</i>,&#8221; so called, in Milk
+Street.</p>
+
+<p>Mr. Sabine, in his &#8220;American Loyalists,&#8221; says <i>his fate is unknown, but he
+was in England, in 1777</i>. An original letter from his widow, &#8220;<i>Susanna
+Boutineau</i>,&#8221; now before me, is dated <i>Bristol, Eng., Feb. 20, 1784</i>, and
+refers to the recent decease of her husband there.</p>
+
+<p><i>Mary Ann</i> was the last of Peter&#8217;s sisters, that survived her infancy. She
+was born April 6, 1715, and died October, 1790. She became the wife of
+John Jones, who died at Roxbury, in 1767, and whose son, Edward, died in
+Boston, in 1835, at the age of 83. <i>She</i> was a refugee; and resided, for
+some time, in Windsor, Nova Scotia. She is omitted by Mr. Sabine, in his
+list of refugees; but named by Ward, page 444. A letter, from her son,
+Edward, dated at Boston, June 23, 1783, advises her, if desirous of
+returning, not to come directly to Boston, as the law was still in force;
+but first, to some other State, and thence to Boston.</p>
+
+<p>Such were Peter Faneuil&#8217;s brothers and sisters; with whom, so far as I
+have been able to ascertain, from his correspondence, and from all other
+sources, he appears to have maintained an amiable and becoming relation,
+as the file leader of the flock&mdash;the elder brother of the house: and it
+speaks a folio volume, in favor of Benjamin&#8217;s equanimity, that he
+continued to fraternize, as the correspondence abundantly proves, that he
+did, in the most<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_511" id="Page_511">[Pg 511]</a></span> cordial and affectionate manner, with his brother Peter,
+to whom uncle Andrew had, with the exception of a few legacies, willed the
+whole of his &#8220;<i>large and plentiful estate</i>,&#8221; as Master Lovell calls
+it&mdash;while five vindictive shillings were all, that were found, after the
+death of this unforgiving, old gentleman, in the mouth of poor Benjamin&#8217;s
+sack.</p>
+
+<p>Uncle Andrew&#8217;s testamentary phraseology, though not so anathematical, as
+that of some other obstinate, old uncles, is sufficiently uncivil, and
+even bitter, in relation to his &#8220;loving sister, Susannah,&#8221; and his nephew,
+Benjamin.</p>
+
+<p>But, of the will of Andrew Faneuil, and his motive&mdash;an exceedingly
+preposterous motive, to be sure, for cutting his adopted nephew off, with
+five shillings&mdash;in other words, of the cause, manner, and instrument,
+whereby Benjamin was put in the ablative, I shall treat, more fully,
+hereafter.</p>
+
+<p>There were collaterals of the Boston Faneuils, residing in St. Domingo, in
+1738. There was then, in that island, a Benjamin Faneuil, to whom Peter
+addressed a letter of mere friendship, in the French language, informing
+him, that Peter&#8217;s brother Benjamin was then in Europe. It was probably a
+son of the St. Domingo Benjamin, the &#8220;<i>Monsieur Fanneuil</i>,&#8221; of whom
+Washington writes to the President of Congress, Feb. 20, 1777, Sparks, iv.
+327, as having memorialized, for leave to raise and command troops. The
+application failed, principally, on the ground of his entire ignorance of
+the English language.</p>
+
+<p>We have seen, that Peter Faneuil died, at the early age of forty-two. His
+premature decease becomes the more remarkable, when contrasted with the
+longevity of all his brothers and sisters, who lived beyond the period of
+infancy. Marie attained the age of seventy&mdash;Susannah was living, in
+Bristol, at seventy-two&mdash;Mary Ann died at seventy-five&mdash;Benjamin died, in
+October, 1735, being two months less than eighty-four years old.</p>
+
+<p>This veteran had been a generous liver, all his days. He was not a man,
+whose devotion was abdominal&mdash;whose God was his belly. He was no
+anchorite, but an advocate for social worship&mdash;he was pre&euml;minently
+hospitable. For more than forty years, from the period, when Peter&#8217;s death
+afforded him the means, his hospitality had been a proverb&mdash;a by-word&mdash;but
+never a reproach. There was a refinement about it&mdash;it was precisely such
+hospitality, as Apicius would have practised, had Apicius been a bishop.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_512" id="Page_512">[Pg 512]</a></span>His appetite never forsook him. He died suddenly&mdash;ate a cheerful dinner,
+on the day of his death&mdash;and went not to his account, on an empty stomach.
+A post mortem examination, under the autopsy of that eminently shrewd, and
+most pleasant, gentleman, Dr. Marshall Spring of Watertown, exhibited the
+whole gastric apparatus, in admirable working order, for a much longer
+campaign. A nephritic malady occasioned his decease.</p>
+
+<p>The death of Benjamin Faneuil, <i>the elder</i>, in 1718, and the previous
+adoption of his son Benjamin, Peter&#8217;s brother, by Andrew, the wealthy
+Boston uncle, naturally turned the thoughts of the family, in this
+direction. Their interest in Boston was necessarily increased, by the
+marriage of sister Marie with Mr. Gillam Phillips, and her consequent
+removal hither. The entry of the marriage&mdash;&#8220;<i>ma fille</i>&#8221;&mdash;on the family
+record, shows, that her mother was then living. The time of her death I
+have not ascertained, but suppose it to have occurred within a year or two
+after, for all the daughters were wending hither, and I find no mention of
+the mother. Peter was here, as early, as 1728, in which year, his name is
+associated, with the duel, in which Woodbridge was killed. Anne had
+married Mr. Davenport, and Susannah Mr. Boutineau, before uncle Andrew&#8217;s
+death, in 1737. His will was dated, in 1734. From that document, it is
+evident, that Mary Ann was here then.</p>
+
+<p>The elder Benjamin having died, in 1718,&mdash;Andrew, his brother, in
+1737,&mdash;and Peter, in 1742-3, there were living Peter&#8217;s brother and
+sisters, Benjamin, Anne, Susannah, Marie, and Marianne. They were living,
+during the revolution. So were their husbands, excepting Mr. Addington
+Davenport, who died Sept. 8, 1746. Their children also were living. The
+object of this particular statement is to invite the reader&#8217;s attention to
+the extraordinary fact, that, while a religious persecution, in 1685,
+drove the Huguenot ancestors of these very individuals hither, for
+security&mdash;in 1776, a political persecution here drove many of their
+descendants into exile, and confiscated their estates.</p>
+
+<p>That very many of those refugees, during the phrensy of political
+excitement, were just as truly persecuted, for conscience&#8217; sake, as were
+the Huguenots, in 1685, is a simple truth, which the calm, impartial voice
+of an after-age has been willing to concede. Among those refugees, the
+Huguenot and the old Anglo-Saxon patronymics are blended together. The
+Boutineaus and the Bethunes, the Faneuils and the Johonnots are mingled
+with<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_513" id="Page_513">[Pg 513]</a></span> the Sewalls and the Hutchinsons, the Hollowells and the Paxtons.</p>
+
+<p>While perusing the letters of Samuel Curwen&mdash;and a most kind-hearted,
+conscientious, old gentleman was he&mdash;the veriest saint in crape cannot
+restrain a smile, as he contemplates the conflict, in Curwen&#8217;s mind,
+between the loyal and the patriotic&mdash;<i>his most gracious majesty, and his
+poor bleeding country</i>! Mr. Curwen met frequently with Mr. Benjamin
+Faneuil, Peter&#8217;s nephew, at Bristol. Thus, on page 240, of the Journal,
+under date, April 28, 1780&mdash;&#8220;<i>Afternoon and evening at Judge Sewall&#8217;s;
+company, Mrs. Long, of Ireland, Mr. and Mrs. Faneuil, Mr. Oxnard, with
+young Inman and his wife, a son of Ralph&#8217;s, in the military line, and Miss
+Inman</i>.&#8221;</p>
+
+<p>The more intelligent of the refugees, who resorted to Bristol, hovered
+about the former Attorney General of Massachusetts, Jonathan Sewall, as
+their <i>Magnus Apollo</i>. Of all the New England tories he was the most
+illustrious. He was a man of eminent talents, and easy eloquence. His
+opinions were the opinions of the rest. As crowed the great tory cock, so
+crowed the bantams, the Faneuils, the Boutineaus, and the others, around
+the Attorney General&#8217;s hospitable board, at Bristol. I mean not to
+intimate, that this worthy gentleman maintained, at this period, anything,
+beyond the most frugal hospitality. He and his associates were mainly
+dependent upon the British government, for their daily bread.</p>
+
+<p>One or two extracts from the letters of &#8220;<i>Benjamin Faneuil junior</i>,&#8221;
+Peter&#8217;s nephew, while they establish this fact, may serve to exhibit the
+confidence, in the entire subjugation of the colonies,
+entertained&mdash;<i>cherished</i>, perhaps&mdash;by him and his companions.</p>
+
+<p>March 9, 1777, he writes to his aunt, Mary Ann Jones, at Halifax, thus&mdash;&#8220;I
+cannot say I am very sorry, for your disappointment, in missing your
+passage for England, for unless you could bring a barrel of guineas, you
+are much better anywhere than here.&#8221; * * * * &#8220;As soon as the Christmas
+holidays were over, we presented a petition to the Lords of the Treasury,
+setting forth our suffering, and praying for a support, till the affairs
+in America are settled. This method was taken, by the council, and indeed
+by all the refugees. Within these few days, the Lords of the Treasury have
+agreed to allow, for the present, Chief Justice Oliver &pound;400 a year, Lieut.
+Governor Oliver and<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_514" id="Page_514">[Pg 514]</a></span> Mr. Flucker &pound;300. The council (Mr. Boutineau among
+the rest) &pound;200, the refugees in general &pound;100, some only &pound;50. Our affair is
+not yet absolutely determined, on account of Lord North&#8217;s sickness; but we
+are told we shall be tuckt in, between the council and the refugees, and
+be allowed &pound;150 a year. This is a very poor affair, and we can by no means
+live upon it: but there are such a confounded parcel of us, to be provided
+for, that I am told no more will be allowed.&#8221; * * * * &#8220;Should there be any
+opportunity of writing to Boston, I should take it kind, if cousin Betsey
+would write to my father and let him know what I now write, and give our
+loves to Mr. Bethune&#8217;s family, and my aunt Phillips. I do not mention my
+poor mother, as, from the accounts I have received, I doubt, whether she
+be alive at this time.&#8221; She died in October, 1777.</p>
+
+<p>&#8220;When we shall be able to return to Boston I cannot say; but hope and
+believe it will not exceed one year more; for, sooner or later, America
+will be conquered, and on that they may depend.&#8221;</p>
+
+<p>May 14, 1777. He writes from London thus&mdash;&#8220;We were promised, three months
+ago, that some provision should be made for us; and, about ten days since,
+we were assured, at the Treasury, that, in a very few days, something
+should be done for us. As soon as there is, we propose to set out for
+Bristol, and fix ourselves there, or, at least, in that part of the
+country, till the American affairs are settled, which, from the last
+advice from New York, we flatter ourselves will not be longer than this
+year; though I am not without my doubts, at least as to the time: but
+submit they must, sooner or later. Mr. Boutineau and my aunt were very
+well, at their lodging, at Bristol, a few days ago. Mr. Robinson has
+bought himself a new post chaise, horses, &amp;c., and sets out for Wales, in
+five or six days; where, I suppose, they will remain, till the American
+affairs are brought to a conclusion.&#8221;</p>
+
+<p>This Mr. Robinson was James Boutineau&#8217;s son-in-law, the officer of the
+customs, who inflicted that fatal blow, upon James Otis, which is said to
+have affected his brain, and compelled him to retire from public life. The
+issue of that affair is not generally known. Mr. Sabine, in his &#8220;American
+Loyalists,&#8221; p. 169, says&mdash;&#8220;the jury assessed &pound;2000 sterling, damages.
+Boutineau appeared, as attorney, for Robinson, and, in his name, signed a
+submission, asking the pardon of Otis, who, thereupon, executed<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_515" id="Page_515">[Pg 515]</a></span> a free
+release for the &pound;2000.&#8221; The same statement may be found in Allen, and
+elsewhere.</p>
+
+<p>Mr. Benjamin Faneuil, junior, continues thus&mdash;&#8220;Mrs. Faneuil received a
+letter, a few days since, from Mrs. Erving (at Bristol). She sends her the
+prices of provisions, which are much the same they were in Boston, before
+the troubles came on. * * * * Miss Peggy Hutchinson has been at death&#8217;s
+door. * * * * All the rest of us Yankees are well, but growl at each other
+most confoundedly, for want of money.&#8221; * * * * &#8220;We hope to see you in
+Boston, in the course of another year.&#8221; * * * * &#8220;Mrs. Faneuil is sitting
+by me, trying to transmography an old gown. No money to buy new.&#8221;</p>
+
+
+
+<p>&nbsp;</p><p>&nbsp;</p>
+<hr style="width: 50%;" />
+<h2><a name="No_CXXVI" id="No_CXXVI"></a>No. CXXVI.</h2>
+
+
+<p>To some persons it has appeared a mystery, how Peter Faneuil, having had
+but a short lease of life, some two and forty years, should have acquired
+the &#8220;<i>large and plentiful estate</i>,&#8221; that Master Lovell speaks of, in his
+funeral oration. This mystery is readily explained. He had, for several
+years, before the death of his uncle, Andrew, been engaged in commerce. As
+Master Lovell justly observes&mdash;&#8220;No man managed his affairs with greater
+prudence and industry.&#8221; His commercial correspondence proves that his
+relations were extensive and diversified, though it must be admitted, that
+<i>rum, fish, sugar and molasses</i>, are the chorus, or burden, of the song.
+It will also appear, that the <i>large and plentiful estate</i>, was, probably
+overrated.</p>
+
+<p>Though he had a high sense of commercial honor, no man had a sharper eye
+for the main chance, as it is called, by money getting men. Let me
+illustrate both these positions, by extracts&mdash;not from &#8220;<i>Peter&#8217;s letters
+to his kinsfolks</i>,&#8221; but from Peter&#8217;s letters to his correspondents. He
+repeatedly scolds Signor Miguel Pacheco de Silva, and Monsieur Sigal,
+severely, for inattention to his drafts. To S. &amp; W. Baker, of London, who,
+by reason of the informality of a power to transfer stock, were unsupplied
+with funds, to meet his drafts, yet paid them, for the honor of the
+drawer; he writes a letter of cordial thanks, Sept. 7, 1737, in which he
+says&mdash;&#8220;<i>I would not for &pound;500 you had not accepted all<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_516" id="Page_516">[Pg 516]</a></span> those drafts; for,
+if you had not, it would have been a slur to my character, which I value
+more than all the money upon earth</i>.&#8221;</p>
+
+<p>January 22, 1738, he requests Mr. Peter Baynton to advise him, on several
+points&mdash;&#8220;<i>also what good French brandy is worth, and if it be possible to
+cloak it so, as to ship it for rum</i>.&#8221; On the 13th of March, in the same
+year, he writes Mr. Peter Baynton, that he has sent him four hogsheads of
+brandy, and adds&mdash;&#8220;<i>Pray be as cautious as possible, in taking them on
+shore, by reason the man has signed bills of lading, for four hogsheads
+rum, not knowing the contents, which it is not convenient he should</i>.&#8221;</p>
+
+<p>What a goodly number will openly pronounce Peter a very bad fellow, who,
+if they have not done this identical thing, have done things, quite as
+exceptionable, or more so, and who are willing to&mdash;</p>
+
+<p class="poem">&#8220;Compound for sins they are inclined to,<br />
+By damning those they have no mind to.&#8221;</p>
+
+<p>Merchant princes, if I am rightly instructed, do not place the offence of
+cheating the Government, in the category of cardinal, or unpardonable,
+sins. And, notwithstanding all, that we so frequently hear, of commercial
+integrity, and the chivalry of trade; I rather doubt, upon the whole, if
+traffic is really the &#8220;<i>ne plus ultra strap</i>,&#8221; upon which the very finest
+possible edge can be given to the moral sense. Exceptions there are, but
+they only establish, more fully, the general rule: and, in accordance with
+the spirit of the old, prudential legend, we are rather too much in the
+habit of postponing prayers, till we have sanded the sugar, and watered
+the molasses. I have long entertained the opinion, that a cheap <i>vade
+mecum</i> edition of Dr. Chalmers&#8217; Commercial Discourses, for New Year&#8217;s
+gifts, might be very beneficially distributed.</p>
+
+<p>Exceptions certainly there are. I have one, within my own memory. The
+collector of a Southern port&mdash;a Huguenot withal&mdash;of whom my personal
+recollections are exceedingly agreeable, and whose integrity was a
+proverb, was surprised one day, upon his return, at the dinner hour, by
+the display of a costly service of plate, which his lady had procured from
+London. A few inquiries developed the fact, that, by the agency of a
+gentleman, a friend of the family, it had been gotten over, with <i>his</i>
+baggage, duty free&mdash;in other words, <i>smuggled</i>. In an instant,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_517" id="Page_517">[Pg 517]</a></span> the old
+gentleman ordered his wife&#8217;s whole service of silver to the public stores;
+and seized it for the government. Such cases, I apprehend, are not of
+frequent occurrence.</p>
+
+<p>If Peter Faneuil made not broad his phylactery, he made broad that mantle
+of charity, which covereth a multitude of sins. If such had not been the
+fact, and notoriously so, Master Lovell would not have ventured to
+proclaim, in Faneuil Hall, one hundred and eight years ago, and before a
+scanty population, as cognizant, as the population of a village, of all
+the shortcomings of their neighbors that&mdash;</p>
+
+<p>&#8220;<i>Peter&#8217;s acts of charity were so secret and unbounded, that none but they
+who were the objects of it could compute the sums, which he annually
+distributed</i>&#8221;&mdash;that &#8220;<i>his alms flowed, like a fruitful river</i>&#8221;&mdash;that &#8220;<i>he
+fed the hungry, clothed the naked, comforted the fatherless, and the
+widows in their affliction, and his bounty visited the prisoner. So that
+Almighty God, in giving riches to this man, seems to have scattered
+blessings all abroad among the people</i>&#8221;&mdash;that the building &#8220;<i>erected by
+him at an immense charge, for the convenience and ornament of the town, is
+incomparably the greatest benefaction ever yet known to our Western
+shoar</i>&#8221;&mdash;that this act of munificence, however great, &#8220;<i>is but the first
+fruits of his generosity, a pledge of what his heart, always devising
+liberal things, would have done for us, had his life been spared</i>.&#8221; To all
+this good Master Lovell adds the assertion&mdash;&#8220;<i>I am well assured from
+those, who were acquainted with his purposes, that he had many more
+blessings in store for us, had Heaven prolonged his days</i>.&#8221;</p>
+
+<p>These statements, publicly pronounced, one hundred and eight years ago,
+have never been gainsayed, nor even qualified. They must therefore be
+viewed, in the light of an ancient deposition, read before the grand
+inquest of the whole people, before whom Peter Faneuil was tried, shortly
+after his decease, according to the fashion of the Egyptians, while
+dealing with their departed kings.</p>
+
+<p>I, by no means, approve of Peter&#8217;s conduct, in jostling the Government,
+out of the excise, on a few casks of brandy; but, in full view of all
+these public and private charities, there seems to be something about it,
+like the gallantry of Robin Hood, whose agrarian philosophy taught him to
+rob the rich, and feed the poor. And, when the trial comes on, in the
+Higher Court, about the<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_518" id="Page_518">[Pg 518]</a></span> duties upon these four hogsheads of brandy; and
+Peter Baynton is summoned to testify; and, upon his evidence, Peter
+Faneuil is convicted; most truly, do I believe, that some good natured
+angel, will slyly draw, over the record, a corner of that broad mantle of
+gold and tissue&mdash;that mantle of charity&mdash;whose warp and woof were formed
+of private alms and public benefactions, and which good Peter Faneuil
+spent so many of his hours, in weaving, in this lower world.</p>
+
+<p>If Peter Faneuil was otherwise an offender, I am sorry for it; having a
+passion for rarities, I should like to behold the <i>tabula immaculata</i>&mdash;the
+unsullied sheet of one human being! I am not aware of anything, in the
+life of Peter Faneuil, which that mantle will not abundantly cover.</p>
+
+<p>It may be otherwise. If the schoolmaster is not always abroad, the
+antiquarian is&mdash;the moral virtuoso&mdash;who delights, metaphorically speaking,
+to find spots on snow, and specks in amber. This species of antiquarian,
+male or female, may be found in every city and village. It is a curious
+creature, and, in the cabinet of a malicious memory, has stowed carefully
+away the weak points, and the peccadilloes of the living and the dead. In
+its contracted receptacle, there is no room for public or private
+charities, nor for merits of any kind: it is capable of holding nothing
+but delinquencies.</p>
+
+<p>Nothing is more refreshing to this species of antiquarian, than any fair
+pretence, for opening his cabinet, and showing his precious collection.
+Nollikens, among his <i>terra cottas</i>, was not more adroit, in fitting the
+heads and members of Priapi to the trunks of fauns and satyrs, than is the
+ingenious character, of whom I speak, in adapting the legendary gossip,
+which has been told, till it is stale, of one individual, to the person of
+another. Such personages are, characteristically, selfish and ungenerous.
+It would not be a very notable miracle, if some person, of this
+description, pained and offended, by the trying contrast, between the
+munificent and charitable career of Peter Faneuil, and the extremely dry
+and unprofitable character of his own existence, should ransack the
+charnel-house of his memory, for some offensive offset, against Master
+Lovell&#8217;s laudation of Peter.</p>
+
+<p>For this I can truly vouch, excepting that affair of the brandy, the
+commercial correspondence of Peter Faneuil&mdash;and I have read the whole
+volume, that remains, French and English&mdash;is highly honorable to the head
+and the heart of the writer.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_519" id="Page_519">[Pg 519]</a></span>The charity of Peter Faneuil was not that clap-trap munificence, examples
+of which are frequently heralded, among us, in demi-stipendiary
+journals&mdash;it did not so truly <i>spring</i>&mdash;it <i>oozed</i> from Peter&#8217;s warm
+heart, continually, and constitutionally. He required no impressive hints,
+to be charitable&mdash;he <i>felt</i> for the poor and needy, habitually. His letter
+of Sept. 19, 1738, is before me, to one of his commercial correspondents,
+to whom he has just then made a shipment, Mons. Thomas Bayeaux&mdash;&#8220;Inclosed
+you have Madame Guinneau&#8217;s account, by which you are indebted to that poor
+widow &pound;16, which you will do well to pay her, it being for money she
+advanced, for the board of you and your family. One would have thought you
+should have paid that, before you left the country, and not to have served
+the poor widow as you did.&#8221;</p>
+
+<p>However direct, and even severe, while addressing delinquents, his French
+politeness never forsakes him. Such letters always conclude&mdash;&#8220;<i>Sir, I
+salute you</i>,&#8221; or &#8220;<i>I kiss your hand</i>.&#8221;</p>
+
+<p>April 24, 1740, he writes thus to Peter Baynton&mdash;&#8220;This accompanies Capt.
+Burgess Hall, who carries with him to your parts two unfortunate Palatine
+women, that were some time ago shipwrecked, in their voyage from Europe to
+your place, who, being objects of charity, which the providence of God has
+thrown in our way, I take leave to recommend to you, as such, not doubting
+you will so far commisserate their condition, as to direct them the
+nearest way, to get among their friends, with such other relief as you may
+think necessary.&#8221;</p>
+
+<p>Though Peter Faneuil had acquired property, before the death of his uncle
+Andrew; yet, as we shall presently see, by far the larger part of his
+&#8220;<i>large and plentiful estate</i>&#8221; came to him, by that uncle&#8217;s will.</p>
+
+
+
+<p>&nbsp;</p><p>&nbsp;</p>
+<hr style="width: 50%;" />
+<h2><a name="No_CXXVII" id="No_CXXVII"></a>No. CXXVII.</h2>
+
+
+<p>Peter Faneuil was thirty and seven years old, when he began to reign&mdash;that
+is, when his uncle, Andrew, died, Feb. 13, 1737, according to Peter, in
+his letter to the Bakers, of London, or 1738, agreeably to the historical
+style, adopted by the public journals. In the News Letter of February &#8220;16,
+to 23,&#8221; we<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_520" id="Page_520">[Pg 520]</a></span> have the following account of the funeral.&mdash;&#8220;Last Monday the
+Corpse of <i>Andrew Faneuil</i> Esquire, whose death we mentioned in our last,
+was honorably interr&#8217;d here; above 1100 Persons, of all Ranks, besides the
+Mourners, following the Corpse, also a vast number of Spectators were
+gathered together on the Occasion, at which time the half-minute guns,
+from on board several vessels, were discharged. And &#8217;tis suppos&#8217;d that as
+this Gentleman&#8217;s Fortune was the greatest of any among us, so his funeral
+was as generous and expensive as any that has been known here.&#8221;</p>
+
+<p>Peter was appointed executor sole of Andrew&#8217;s will, and residuary legatee.
+He appears to have proceeded with great propriety. He immediately
+announced his uncle&#8217;s death to foreign correspondents; and furnished
+those, who had been custodiers of his property, with duly authenticated
+copies of the will; and took prompt measures, for the procurement of &#8220;<i>the
+handsomest mourning rings</i>.&#8221;</p>
+
+<p>John, Archbishop of Canterbury, as was usual then, sent his commission to
+Judge Willard, from the Prerogative Court, to swear Peter, to render a
+true inventory, &amp;c.; and Peter responded to John, that, although he was
+not bound so to do, by the laws of the Province, yet, for his &#8220;<i>own
+satisfaction</i>,&#8221; he should. Peter probably changed his mind, for no
+inventory of Andrew&#8217;s estate appears, among the ancient records of the
+Probate Court, in Suffolk. It is not, therefore, possible, to estimate the
+value of that &#8220;<i>large and plentiful estate</i>,&#8221; which came to Peter, from
+his uncle. That it was very considerable, for the times, there cannot be a
+doubt; but the times&mdash;one hundred and fourteen years ago&mdash;were the days of
+small things.</p>
+
+<p>It has been observed, by an eminent man, that prayer and almsgiving are
+the pathways to Paradise. Andrew Faneuil commences his will, with a
+supplication, for the <i>perfecting of his charities</i>&mdash;&#8220;<i>I commit my soul to
+God, the Father, Son, and Holy Ghost, humbly begging the pardon of my
+sins, the perfecting of my charities, and everlasting life above</i>.&#8221; This
+will was made, Sept. 12, 1734, and witnessed, by John Read, William Price
+and Charles Morris; and a codicil was added, Jan. 23, 1737; and both were
+proved, Feb. 15, 1737, two days after the testator&#8217;s death.</p>
+
+<p>Wills have ever been accounted an interesting department of <i>belles
+lettres</i>; and I shall therefore furnish the reader with an abstract of
+Uncle Andrew&#8217;s.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_521" id="Page_521">[Pg 521]</a></span><i>First.</i> He gives his warehouse in Boston, in trust, to the minister of
+the French Church, in Boston, and his successors; two thirds of the income
+for the minister&#8217;s support, and one third to the elders, to create a fund
+for repairing the warehouse; and after the creation of such fund, the
+whole income to the minister; and, should the French church cease to be,
+then said warehouse to revert to his heirs&mdash;&#8220;<i>excluding Benjamin Faneuil,
+of Boston, and the heirs of his body forever</i>.&#8221;</p>
+
+<p><i>Secondly.</i> To said French Church, three pieces of plate, of the value of
+&pound;36 sterling, &#8220;<i>a flaggon for the communion table, a plate for the bread,
+and a bason to christen the children, with the coat of arms and name of
+the donor, engraven upon each of them</i>.&#8221; On the 27th of February, fourteen
+days after his uncle&#8217;s death, Peter sent a copy of the will to Claude
+Fonnereau, in France, requesting him to purchase the plate, and
+added&mdash;&#8220;<i>of the best fashion, and get engraved, agreeably to his orders,
+for which end you have his coat of arms in wax herewith, and if it should
+cost some small matter more, be pleased to charge the same</i>.&#8221;</p>
+
+<p><i>Thirdly.</i> &pound;100, in Province Bills, to be paid to the elders, for the poor
+of the French Church.</p>
+
+<p><i>Fourthly.</i> &pound;50, in Province bills, and &#8220;<i>a suit of mourning throughout</i>,&#8221;
+to the French minister.</p>
+
+<p><i>Fifthly.</i> &pound;100, in Province bills, to the overseers, for the poor of
+Boston.</p>
+
+<p><i>Sixthly.</i> To the Rev. Benjamin Colman, &#8220;<i>a suit of mourning throughout</i>.&#8221;</p>
+
+<p><i>Seventhly.</i> &#8220;To my loving brother, John Faneuil, of Rochelle, &pound;100,
+sterling.&#8221;</p>
+
+<p><i>Eighthly.</i> &#8220;To my loving brother-in-law, Peter Cossart, of Cork, in
+Ireland, and his sister Susannah Cossart, of Amsterdam, &pound;50 each to buy
+mourning.&#8221;</p>
+
+<p><i>Ninthly.</i> &#8220;To Benjamin Faneuil of Boston, son of my brother, Benjamin
+Faneuil, deceased, <i>five shillings and no more</i>.&#8221;</p>
+
+<p><i>Tenthly.</i> To his executor, in trust, 8000 ounces of silver, or pieces of
+eight, to purchase an estate of inheritance, at his discretion, within one
+year after the testator&#8217;s death, for his loving niece, Mary, wife of
+Gillam Phillips, and the heirs of her body, remainder to her right heirs.
+Peter, in correspondence with S. &amp; W. Baker, refers to this purchase, and
+directs them to sell stocks of his late uncles, to meet the drafts.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_522" id="Page_522">[Pg 522]</a></span><i>Eleventhly</i>. To her son, Andrew, 500 ounces of silver, or pieces of
+eight, to be put at interest, till majority&mdash;to his mother, in case of his
+death before&mdash;and, in case of <i>her</i> death and <i>his</i> before&mdash;to her other
+children.</p>
+
+<p><i>Twelfthly, thirteenthly, and fourteenthly.</i> To his nieces, Anne,
+Susannah, and Marian, &pound;2000 sterling, each; the two first to be paid six
+months, after his death, and the last, at majority, or marriage; four per
+cent. to be allowed her, per annum, ad interim, and she to be maintained
+by the executor, till she attained full age, or married. These legacies
+were paid from the funds of Uncle Andrew, in the hands of S. &amp; W. Baker,
+of London.</p>
+
+<p><i>Fifteenthly.</i> To his loving sister, Susannah F., widow of Abraham de la
+Croix, of Rochelle, &pound;1000 sterling.</p>
+
+<p><i>Sixteenthly.</i> To his servant maid, <i>Hendrine Boyltins</i>, who probably
+came, with the family, from Holland, &#8220;<i>a suit of mourning throughout</i>,&#8221;
+and 500 ounces of silver, in pieces of eight, or the value, in Province
+bills, at her election.</p>
+
+<p><i>Seventeenthly.</i> To Henry Johnson, her son, who became the confidential
+clerk of Peter Faneuil, 150 ounces, in pieces of eight, to be paid, at
+majority.</p>
+
+<p><i>Eighteenthly.</i> &#8220;I give, bequeath, and devise all the rest of my estate,
+both real and personal, whatsoever and wheresoever &#8217;tis, in New England,
+Great Britain, France, Holland, or any other part of the world, to my
+loving nephew, <span class="smcap">Peter Faneuil</span>, eldest son of my late brother, Benjamin
+Faneuil, to hold to him and his heirs forever.&#8221;</p>
+
+<p>He then appoints Peter, sole executor.</p>
+
+<p>The codicil revokes the legacy to his <i>loving</i> sister, the widow Susannah
+de la Croix, of Rochelle&mdash;&#8220;my mind and my will is, that my said sister,
+Susannah F., shall not have the said thousand pounds, <i>nor any part of
+it</i>.&#8221;</p>
+
+<p>The severity of these five last words&mdash;and the phrase, in relation to his
+nephew&mdash;&#8220;<i>excluding Benjamin Faneuil of Boston, and the heirs of his body
+forever</i>;&#8221; and those final words of the ninth clause, by which the
+testator cuts off poor Benjamin, with &#8220;<i>five shillings and no more</i>,&#8221; are
+sufficiently piquant. Well may such an <i>avunculus Hector</i> commence his
+last will, with a fervent supplication to &#8220;God, the Father, Son, and Holy
+Ghost,&#8221; for <i>the perfecting of his charities</i>.</p>
+
+<p>How the widow, Susannah, came to lose her thousand pounds<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_523" id="Page_523">[Pg 523]</a></span> I do not know.
+Something, that she said or did, or did not say or do, was wafted, all the
+way over the water, from Rochelle, no doubt, and came to the old
+gentleman&#8217;s irritable ears, and roused his ire.</p>
+
+<p>But I well comprehend the occasion, upon which he came to disinherit his
+nephew, Benjamin Faneuil. My female readers have already arrived at the
+conclusion, doubtless, that Benjamin so far forgot himself, and his duty
+to his opulent, old uncle, as to fall in love without asking his
+permission. Well: they are perfectly right&mdash;such was the fact. Benjamin
+fell in love. He was determined not to be found, like tinkling brass, even
+at the hazard of losing the good will, and the gold of his uncle
+Andrew&mdash;so he fell in love. And, if the girl of his heart resembled her
+daughter, <i>Mary Faneuil</i>, as she is represented by Blackburn, how the poor
+fellow could have helped it, God only knows.</p>
+
+<p>There is nothing, in all Amboyna, more spicy, than this little incident,
+in the history of the Faneuils; and, having spoilt it, perhaps, by this
+<i>avant courier</i>, I will now venture to tell the story; premising, that it
+was far better told, by the lady, who related it to me, and who is a
+lineal descendant of Benjamin, himself.</p>
+
+<p>To give proper effect to this little episode, I must take the reader to a
+pretty village, as it was just then beginning to be, one hundred and fifty
+years ago, on the banks of the Hudson, some twenty miles, only, from the
+city of New York. There, the persecuted Huguenots gathered together, and
+planted their new home, their <i>New Rochelle</i>. Almost immediately after his
+marriage with Anne Bureau, in 1699, at Narragansett, Benjamin Faneuil
+rejoined his Huguenot friends, and fellow-townsmen, in <i>New Rochelle</i>; and
+there his children were born. <i>New Rochelle</i>, as I have stated, was the
+birth-place of <span class="smcap">Peter Faneuil</span>.</p>
+
+<p>Andrew, having arrived in Boston from Holland, very soon after the
+beginning of the eighteenth century; having buried his wife; and being
+childless, selected Benjamin, the second son of his brother, Benjamin
+Faneuil, as an object of particular regard. The boy, was, accordingly,
+transferred from New Rochelle to Boston. He was educated, and brought up,
+under his patron&#8217;s eye; and was considered, by the world, as the heir
+apparent of his opulent uncle. As he grew up, towards man&#8217;s estate, it
+would have been an unheard of circumstance, if the<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_524" id="Page_524">[Pg 524]</a></span> dowagers of Shawmut,
+with their marriageable daughters, had not fixed their hopeful eyes, upon
+young Benjamin, if it were only for the sake of whatever might be found,
+sooner or later, in the mouth of his sack. It would have been a miracle,
+if their exhibitions of regard, for the young man, had not visibly
+increased; and their fears had not been frequently and feelingly
+expressed, lest that excellent, old gentleman, Andrew Faneuil Esquire, had
+taken cold.</p>
+
+<p>A patron is rather too prone to look upon a <i>prot&eacute;g&eacute;</i>, as a puppet. The
+idea, that Benjamin could be led astray, however tempting the provocation,
+to commit the crime of matrimony, however lawful and right, however
+accomplished, and virtuous, and lovely the object, without leave, first
+had and obtained, from him, at whose board he ate his daily bread, never
+occurred to Uncle Andrew, for an instant. He supposed, of course, that he
+had the key to Benjamin&#8217;s soul. It never occurred to the old gentleman,
+whose courtship was carried on, in Holland, that falling in love was
+precisely as much of an accident, as falling into the fire, or into the
+water.</p>
+
+<p>Well: Benjamin was an intelligent young man; and he was admirably posted
+up, upon the subject of his uncle&#8217;s opinions, and prejudices.
+Nevertheless, he fell in love, very emphatically; and with a girl, as
+pretty, doubtless, as she was poor. He knew, that his uncle would never
+consent to such a marriage. But he knew, that he had plighted his troth;
+and he clearly saw, since he must run the hazard of breaking <i>one</i> heart,
+or <i>two</i>, that it would be rather more equitable to risk the old
+gentleman&#8217;s, instead of the girl&#8217;s and his own.</p>
+
+<p>Accordingly, Benjamin secretly took unto himself a lawful wife; and, for a
+while, though Benjamin was, doubtless, much the happier, Uncle Andrew was
+nothing the wiser. However strange it may appear, though there were no
+giants, there were mischievous women, in those days. One of this category,
+in an evil hour, like a toad, as she was, whispered the secret, into the
+ear of Uncle Andrew.</p>
+
+<p>The old Huguenot was not of the melting mood. The conduct of his nephew
+produced not grief, but anger. It reached no tender spot, in the recesses
+of his heart, but chafed the old man&#8217;s pericardium, till it drew a blister
+there. He bottled up his wrath, and corked it well; that the offender
+might have the full benefit of the fermentation, when the old gentleman
+came<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_525" id="Page_525">[Pg 525]</a></span> to pour the contents of the vial, on the devoted head of his
+unsuspecting nephew.</p>
+
+<p>The following morning, they met, at the breakfast table. The meal passed,
+as usual. But with what feelings must that old man have contemplated the
+poor fellow, the boy of his adoption, whom he was about to prostrate, as
+he finished the last mouthful he was ever to partake at that board! The
+repast was finished.&mdash;A brief colloquy ensued&mdash;&#8220;<i>I hear you are
+married</i>&#8221;&mdash;&#8220;<i>Yes, uncle, I am</i>&#8221;&mdash;&#8220;<i>Then you will leave my house</i>.&#8221; The
+young man instantly took his departure. They never met again, until years
+had passed away,&mdash;and then, in that place, where there is no work nor
+device. There they lie, in the Faneuil tomb, in the Granary Ground; the
+unforgiving uncle and the disinherited nephew, side by side. Benjamin
+Faneuil died, at his residence in Brighton, in October, 1785, and was
+buried, in the family vault.</p>
+
+
+
+<p>&nbsp;</p><p>&nbsp;</p>
+<hr style="width: 50%;" />
+<h2><a name="No_CXXVIII" id="No_CXXVIII"></a>No. CXXVIII.</h2>
+
+
+<p>Notwithstanding the &#8220;<i>large and plentiful estate</i>,&#8221; which Peter Faneuil
+derived from his uncle&#8217;s will, it is my opinion, that his munificence, his
+unbounded charities, his hospitalities, his social, genial temperament
+were such, that, had he lived a much longer life, he would have died a
+much poorer man. Almost immediately, upon the death of his uncle, it is
+manifest, from his letters, that certain magnificent fancies came over the
+spirit of his waking dreams. And it is equally certain, that,
+subsequently, he had occasional misgivings, as to the just relation
+between his means and his prospective arrangements, which, for the times,
+and upon our little peninsula, were sufficiently expanded.</p>
+
+<p>Feb. 27, 1737, fourteen days after his uncle&#8217;s death, he announced that
+event to his commercial friends, Messrs. S. &amp; W. Baker of London;
+prescribed the arrangement of funds, for the payment of legacies; and
+instructed them to honor his draft, in favor of James Pope &amp; Company, of
+Madeira, in payment for five pipes of wine.</p>
+
+<p>Four days after, on the first of March, he writes Pope &amp; Company
+thus&mdash;&#8220;Send me, by the very first opportunity, for this<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_526" id="Page_526">[Pg 526]</a></span> place, five pipes
+of your very best Madeira wine, of an amber color, of the same sort, which
+you sent to our good friend, De Lancey, of New York.&#8221;</p>
+
+<p>He directs them to draw on the Bakers of London, and adds&mdash;&#8220;As this wine
+is for the use of my house, I hope you will be careful, that I have the
+best. I am not over fond of the strongest. I am to inform you, that my
+uncle, Mr. Andrew Faneuil, departed this life, the 13 current, and was
+interred the 20, for which God prepare all his friends. I shall expect to
+hear from you, by the first opportunity.&#8221;</p>
+
+<p>Feb. 27, 1737, the same day, on which he writes the Bakers, he addresses
+Lane &amp; Smethurst, of London, as follows&mdash;&#8220;Be so good as to send me a
+handsome chariot with two sets of harness, with the arms, as enclosed, on
+the same, in the handsomest manner, that you shall judge proper, but at
+the same time nothing gaudy: and send me also, well recommended, two sober
+men, the one, for a coachman the other a gardener; and agree with the
+same, to be paid either in London, quarterly, or here, allowing for the
+exchange of the money, which they shall choose. And, as most servants from
+Europe, when here, are too apt to be debauched with strong drink, rum,
+&amp;c., being very plenty, I pray your particular care in this article.&#8221;</p>
+
+<p>On the 6th of March, he writes Gulian Verplanck, of New York&mdash;&#8220;Send me the
+pipe of wine, having none good to drink.&#8221; Again, March 20&mdash;&#8220;By the first
+good opportunity the best pipe of wine you can purchase.&#8221; On the 25th of
+April, he acknowledges the receipt of the wine from Verplanck&mdash;&#8220;The wine I
+hope will prove good&mdash;comes in very good time, there being none good in
+town.&#8221;</p>
+
+<p>On the 22d of May, he writes the Bakers, for a bountiful supply of glass
+and China, and for &#8220;enough of the best scarlet cloth to trim a cloak:&#8221;
+and, in September of that year, for silver spoons and &#8220;silver forks with
+three prongs, with my arms cut upon them: let them be made very neat and
+handsome.&#8221; Shortly after, he writes for several pairs of silver
+candlesticks, &#8220;with my arms engraved thereon,&#8221; and sends out a piece of
+wax candle, as a pattern of the size.</p>
+
+<p>On the 1st of January, 1738, he writes Lane &amp; Smethurst, to send him a
+pair of spectacles, &#8220;for a person of 50 years, as also, for the use of my
+kitchen, the latest, best book of the several sorts of cookery, which pray
+let be of the largest <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_527" id="Page_527">[Pg 527]</a></span>character, for the benefit of the maid&#8217;s reading.&#8221;
+As Peter then was not quite thirty-eight years of age, the spectacles were
+probably for &#8220;the maid,&#8221; to enable her to master &#8220;the <i>best book</i> of the
+several sorts of cookery.&#8221;</p>
+
+<p>Dec. 20, 1738, he writes for &#8220;four stone horses.&#8221; On the 18th of September
+of that year, he writes Thomas Kilby&mdash;&#8220;Pray don&#8217;t forget the larding pins,
+wine, and sweetmeats, which I have wrote you about before.&#8221; He frequently
+writes to his friend Verplanck, for &#8220;Albany horses.&#8221;</p>
+
+<p>In a brief sketch of Brighton, published in 1850, it is stated that
+Peter&#8217;s &#8220;<i>large and heavy silver punch bowl</i>&#8221; is in the possession of
+George Bethune, Esquire, of this city. This is an error. Peter&#8217;s punch
+bowl came into the possession of James Lovell, who married a
+grand-daughter of Benjamin Faneuil, a sister of Mr. Bethune; and it is now
+in the possession of Mr. Lovell&#8217;s descendants.</p>
+
+<p>Oh, if that &#8220;<i>large and heavy silver punch bowl</i>&#8221; could speak out, in good
+French or English, what glorious tales it would tell of Peter, in all his
+glory, enjoying, as Master Lovell says, &#8220;<i>that divine satisfaction, which
+results from communicating happiness to others</i>&#8221;&mdash;around that pre&euml;minently
+hospitable board, where, in the language of the writer of the obituary, in
+the News Letter of March 10, 1743&mdash;</p>
+
+<p class="poem">&#8220;Divites ac parvi gust&acirc;runt dulcia mens&aelig;.&#8221;</p>
+
+<p>Peter&#8217;s punch bowl was not at all like Oliver&#8217;s &#8220;<i>broken teacups, wisely
+kept for show</i>.&#8221; June 22, 1741, some twenty months before his death, he
+writes Lane &amp; Smethurst, to send him &#8220;<i>six gross of the very best London
+King Henry&#8217;s Cards, and six half chests of lemons, for my house winter
+supply</i>.&#8221;</p>
+
+<p>Let not the reader surmise, for all this, that Peter had denied his Lord,
+or was exclusively absorbed in his care for creature comforts. March 5,
+1738, he writes the Bakers, to send him &#8220;four handsome, large, octavo,
+Common Prayer Books, of a good letter and well bound, with one of the
+same, in French, for my own use.&#8221;</p>
+
+<p>March 13, 1738, he writes John Depuister, to send him &#8220;six of the largest
+bearskins, and two large, fine, well painted beaver coats, to use in a
+slay.&#8221;</p>
+
+<p>It is, in no sense, discreditable to Peter Faneuil, that his
+correspondence shows him to have been exceedingly partial to<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_528" id="Page_528">[Pg 528]</a></span> sweetmeats
+and citron water. Nor does it lower him, in my humble esteem, that his
+letters clearly indicate his temperament to have been somewhat irritable
+and fiery. I have found such to be the case, almost ever, when generosity,
+frankheartedness, and a noble spirit are blended together, as closely as
+they were, in the character of Peter Faneuil. The converse of this
+position, to be sure, it is not easy to maintain.</p>
+
+<p>It is quite amusing, to contemplate, now and then, in men, whose brains
+are brim full of magnificent purposes, and whose habitual dealings are
+with tens and hundreds of thousands&mdash;a remarkable concentration of thought
+and care, upon some one insignificant item of property, which is in
+jeopardy of falling into naught. It is, doubtless, the spirit of the
+woman, who lighted her candle and swept the house, and called her
+neighbors together, to rejoice with her, over the recovery of that one
+piece of silver.</p>
+
+<p>A brief episode will exhibit this trait, in Peter&#8217;s character, and show,
+at the same time, that his spirit was perfectly placable. Some time before
+his death, Uncle Andrew, being aware, that pulmonic affections were
+benefited, by the air of the tropics, consigned a broken-winded horse to
+Mr. Joseph Ward, of Barbadoes, for sale. No account having been rendered,
+the fate of the old horse appears to have become a subject of exciting
+interest, with the residuary legatee. Before he writes to Ward, he
+addresses three letters of inquiry, in other directions. He then opens
+upon Mr. Joseph Ward, Jan. 12, 1738. I give the entire letter, as
+illustrative of Peter&#8217;s character&mdash;&#8220;I have been very much surprised, that,
+ever since the death of Captain Allen, you have not advised me of the sale
+of a horse, belonging to my deceased uncle, left in your hands by him,
+which I am informed you sold for a very good price, and I am now to
+request the favor you would send me the net proceeds, with a fair and just
+account for the same, in sweetmeats and citron water; your compliance with
+which will stop me from giving some of my friends the trouble of calling
+you to an account there. I shall be glad to know, if Captain Allen did not
+leave a silver watch and some fish, belonging to a servant of mine, with
+some person of your island, and with who. I expect your speedy answer.&#8221;</p>
+
+<p>Mr. Ward appears to have responded, more calmly, than tropical gentlemen
+commonly do, when accosted in this piquant style. He sent his account, and
+Peter was manifestly mollified, by a box<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_529" id="Page_529">[Pg 529]</a></span> of sweetmeats. Mr. Ward,
+however, complained of Peter&#8217;s want of grace. March 24, 1738, Peter wrote
+to Mr. Ward&mdash;&#8220;Yours of 7 February, with the account sales of a horse, left
+by Captain Allen, accompanying a box sweetmeats I received, in which I
+observe you refer to my former, which you are pleased to look upon as in
+too unhandsome a stile. I must own it was not in so soft terms, as I
+sometimes make use of; but, at that time, I really thought the state of
+the case required it, not having heard anything to be depended upon,
+concerning the horse in dispute, either if he was dead, sold, or run away;
+upon either of which, I presumed the common complaisance, if not honor,
+among merchants, might have entitled either my uncle, in his lifetime, or
+myself, after his decease, to some advice at least. I had indeed
+transiently heard here you had kept him, for your own use, but had
+undervalued him, which, in some measure prest my writing you on that head,
+&amp;c. I thank you for your speedy answer, and am, with return of your own
+compliment, as much as you are mine,&#8221; &amp;c.</p>
+
+<p>March 6, 1737.&mdash;Peter informs M. Isaac Beauchamp, that, he, Peter, has
+been empowered, by his Excellency, M. Brouillan, Governor of Cape Breton,
+to call him to account and says&mdash;&#8220;I am now to let you know, that out of
+honor and of the regards I have ever had to that gentleman, I am obliged
+to see some honorable issue made to that affair, for which reason I shall
+be glad you will advise me, after what manner you propose to satisfye the
+gentleman or me, without forcing violente means.&#8221; This affair was
+occasioned, by a dispute, about tobacco, and ended in smoke.</p>
+
+<p>One brief illustration more. April 6, 1738, he complains to Captain
+Greenou of certain ill usage and says&mdash;&#8220;You may see what handsome parcell
+of protested bills I must pay. If this be the honor of you Ragon men, God
+deliver me from them, for the future. I would not take their word for a
+groat &amp;c. These pretended gentlemen think I will tamely sit down by their
+unhandsome usage, but they will find themselves very much mistaken,&#8221; &amp;c.</p>
+
+<p>Many years ago, while standing by the artist, as he was working up, from
+the old portrait, belonging to the Historical Society, the lineaments of
+Peter, as he is represented, in Faneuil Hall, we agreed, that his
+temperament must have been choleric. He had that conformation of body,
+which hints of apoplexy. John,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_530" id="Page_530">[Pg 530]</a></span> his uncle, the Rocheller, died of that
+disease; and Peter, as Master Lovell inform us, died <i>suddenly</i>. He
+belonged not to any total abstinence society. And though there is no
+evidence, nor the slightest suspicion, that he fell below that standard of
+gentlemanly temperance, which was in vogue, among those, who were given to
+hospitality, in our peninsula, one hundred years ago&mdash;yet I have not any
+reasonable doubt, that Peter would have lived longer, had it been the
+pleasure of his uncle Andrew to have disinherited <i>him</i>, instead of <i>his
+brother Benjamin</i>.</p>
+
+
+
+<p>&nbsp;</p><p>&nbsp;</p>
+<hr style="width: 50%;" />
+<h2><a name="No_CXXIX" id="No_CXXIX"></a>No. CXXIX.</h2>
+
+
+<p>Peter Faneuil was an affectionate brother. I have it from the lips of
+Benjamin&#8217;s lineal descendants, who have preserved the tradition, that,
+after he had sacrificed his hopes of the inheritance, not for a mess of
+pottage, but for a lovely wife; and Peter had been called from New
+Rochelle, to supply his place, as the heir apparent; uncle Andrew,
+probably, without exacting an absolute promise, enjoined it upon Peter, to
+abstain from assisting Benjamin; to which injunction Peter paid no
+practical regard whatever; but, like a Christian brother, remembered, that
+old Benjamin Faneuil and Anne Bureau had been the father and the mother of
+them both. The commercial correspondence shows, that Peter gave Benjamin
+his confidence and affection. The relation between them plainly
+demonstrates, that there was no deficiency of kind and generous offices.</p>
+
+<p>The ease and intimacy of their friendship will be perceived, by the
+following note, which I copy literally from the original, in my
+possession. There was a difference of eighteen months only, in their ages.
+In this note, which was written, after Benjamin&#8217;s return from Europe,
+Peter addresses him, by a cant name. &#8220;Boston the 18 August, 1741. Dear
+Cockey: The Occasion of my not Sending my Chase for you was on Account of
+Mr. Shirley&#8217;s receiving of his Majties Commission Last Thursday appointing
+him Govr of this Province wh. was read the Next day, upon which Occasion
+he ask&#8217;t me to Loane of my Charrot wh. I granted him till Last Night, so
+that I presume will plede my xcuse. I now Send you up the Chase, to bring
+you home,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_531" id="Page_531">[Pg 531]</a></span> and have deliver&#8217;d ye Coachman Some Boild Beef, a dozen of
+brown biskett 6 bottles of Madera and 2 of Frontinan with a dozen of
+Lemmons. Your relations and friends are all well, and desire their Love
+and service may be made acceptable to you. Pray my Compliments to the
+Gentn and Ladys with you&mdash;and give me Leave to assure you that I am, Dear
+Cockey, Your Affectionate Brother, Peter Faneuil.&#8221;</p>
+
+<p>The superscription of this note is torn off, but to Benjamin alone can it
+apply. Mr. Jones was not married, till after Peter&#8217;s death. His relation
+to Phillips was rather formal; and still more so with Boutineau; and he
+never would have thought of calling his brother Addington Davenport, the
+Rector of Trinity, his <i>dear cockey</i>. His letters also record the
+evidences of his kindness to his sisters, and his attention to their most
+trifling wishes. Nov. 24, 1736, he writes Lynch and Blake&mdash;&#8220;My youngest
+sister desires, that you wont forget to send her the Canary birds, which
+you promised her, when you was here.&#8221; May 16, 1736, he writes Lane and
+Smethurst of London&mdash;&#8220;My sisters have received their things, in good order
+and to their liking, except the stockings: for the Hosier put up white
+worsted, instead of thread, although the patern was sent. I have sent them
+back to you to be changed, in the ship Union, John Homans, master. Be
+pleased to send them, by the first opportunity: viz, for Mrs. Anne
+Faneuil, 3 pairs thread hose, with worsted clogs, and a pair of
+Galoushoes. Mrs. Susannah Faneuil, 2 pairs thread ditto. Mrs. Mary Anne
+Faneuil, 4 pairs thread stockings, and 3 pairs clogs.&#8221; It is of small
+moment, at this late day, whether these ladies wore thread or worsted
+stockings, one hundred and fourteen years ago; but this ancient example of
+brotherly regard may not be altogether lost, upon the race of brothers,
+that has sprung up, during the present century. It is remarkable, that
+Peter, though he applies the title, <i>Mrs.</i> to each of his sisters, gives
+them the maiden name. The two, first named, were then the wives of
+Addington Davenport and James Boutineau; the last, Mary Ann, afterwards
+the wife of John Jones, was then single.</p>
+
+<p>At that early day, the moral sense of the people of the North appears to
+have been thoroughly asleep, on the subject of slavery. The reverend
+clergy were no exception from the general rule. After the decease of
+Parson Moorhead, in 1774, a slave was sold, among his effects, &#8220;at his
+late residence, near<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_532" id="Page_532">[Pg 532]</a></span> <i>Liberty Tree</i>.&#8221; Jonny Moorhead was a cotemporary of
+Peter Faneuil, having assumed the charge of the Presbyterian Church, as it
+then was, in 1730. The reader will not be startled, therefore, when he
+comes to be informed, as, in good time he will be, at how many pounds, old
+tenor, each of Peter Faneuil&#8217;s five slaves were appraised, after his
+decease. Slavery was not uncommon then, in the Province of Massachusetts
+Bay. Douglass, in his Summary, vol. i. page 351, states, that in 1735,
+about seven years before Peter&#8217;s death, the whole number of whites, of 16
+years and upwards, in the Province, was 35,427; and of negroes, 2600.</p>
+
+<p>Feb. 3, 1738. Peter Faneuil writes thus, to Peter Buckley&mdash;&#8220;Herewith you
+have invoice of six hogsheads fish and eight barrells of alewives,
+amounting to &pound;75.9.2, which, when you arrive at Antigua, be pleased to
+sell, for my best advantage, and, with the nett produce of the same,
+purchase, for me, for the use of my house, as likely a strait negro lad as
+possibly you can, about the age of from 12 to 15 years; and, if to be
+done, one that has had the small-pox, who being for my own service, I must
+request the favor, you would let him be one of as tractable a disposition
+as you can find, which I leave to your prudent care and management,
+desiring, after you have purchased him, you would send him to me, by the
+first good opportunity, recommending him to a particular care, from the
+captain.&#8221; I have no doubt, that Peter was a kind, considerate master; and,
+though I have an unconquerable aversion to being the slave of anybody, I
+had rather have been Peter&#8217;s <i>born thrall</i> than his <i>uncle Andrew</i>. What a
+glorious kitchen Peter&#8217;s must have been!</p>
+
+<p>My female readers will scarcely find it in their eyelids to be weary, or
+in their hearts to blame me, for giving them one or two passages more,
+from Peter Faneuil&#8217;s letters; when they are told, that those passages
+relate to a love affair, in which Peter, though not a principal, performed
+an important part.</p>
+
+<p>The Faneuils and the Jekylls were intimate&mdash;so much so, at least, as to
+bring the Jekylls within the circle of those, who, upon Uncle Andrew&#8217;s
+death, were accounted the legitimate recipients of mourning rings. In a
+letter to Mr. Joseph Jekyll, of Jan. 22, 1738, Peter alludes to Miss
+Jekyll&#8217;s extraordinary conduct; and, most happily and truthfully, remarks,
+that &#8220;<i>there is no accounting for the sex, in affairs of love</i>.&#8221; On the
+same day, he writes Mr. Richard Blacket Jekyll&mdash;&#8220;Doubtless, you&#8217;ll be<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_533" id="Page_533">[Pg 533]</a></span>
+surprised to find, that, by this opportunity, only your sister, Mrs.
+Hannah, of the family, who I hope will arrive safe to you, has the
+pleasure of seeing you, and her other brothers, in England. I am sorry
+Mrs. Mary does not consult her own interest, so much, as I could wish,
+whose conduct I should say nothing of, were it not out of regard to the
+family in general. It is now only one month past, since she suffered
+herself to be published to one Mr. Linnington, of St. Christophers,
+formerly known here, by the name of My Lord Linnington, or My Lord, whose
+character, if you remember the man, I need not trouble you with a
+description of it; but, if you do not, I can only say, that he is a
+worthless pretender to a great deal of money and wit, without, according
+to the best account I can learn, any of either: with whom she would,
+inevitably have been married, had not some other friends joined forces
+with me, and interposed.&#8221;</p>
+
+<p>&#8220;Inclosed I send you my letter to her, on that head, and her answer, for
+your more private satisfaction. That affair being tolerably well over, and
+Captain Homan&#8217;s state-room hired for the two young ladies, and their maid,
+I had supplied them, according to your desire, with what money they might
+have occasion for, to fit them out for the voyage, and paid the captain,
+for their laying in, and tomorrow being the appointed time to go aboard, I
+was, in the morning, advised Mrs. Mary had changed her mind, on account of
+some new proposals of matrimony, made her, by Col. Saltonstall of
+Haverhill, which sudden alteration I find to be, on examination, from a
+visit or two, within these two or three days last past, at farthest, but,
+however, concluded upon and determined, so that she does not come to you,&#8221;
+&amp;c., &amp;c.</p>
+
+<p>Peter proceeds to comment, with great discretion, upon the absence of any
+reasonable interval, for the heart of Miss Mary Jekyll to recover its due
+tone and tension, after its first expansion towards <i>My Lord Linnington</i>,
+and before the second spasm. But, truly, in the language of the anatomist,
+the heart is a &#8220;wonderful muscle.&#8221;</p>
+
+<p>I had surmised a relation of consanguinity between Peter Faneuil and the
+late Peter Chardon Brooks, from the fact, that, on the 29th of March,
+1737, Peter Faneuil writes to the executors of Isaac Chardon, in South
+Carolina, whom he calls his cousin; and, in that letter, speaks of his
+cousin, <i>Peter Chardon</i>. But, from the best authority, I have learned,
+that the name of <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_534" id="Page_534">[Pg 534]</a></span>Peter Chardon was bestowed, by the Rev. Edward Brooks,
+formerly of North Yarmouth, and more recently of Medford, upon his son,
+<i>causa amiciti&aelig;</i>; the Rev. Mr. Brooks and Peter Chardon, having been
+classmates, of the year 1757. It was, probably, the father of this Peter
+Chardon, whom Peter Faneuil calls his cousin, in 1737, and the same Peter
+Chardon, who is named, on the record, as one of the appraisers of Peter
+Faneuil&#8217;s estate, in 1742-3. The name is rare; it occurs once only, on the
+Cambridge Catalogue; and, from its rarity, it may not be unreasonable, to
+look for the <i>stirps</i>, on the pages of Charlevoix, iii. 392, who speaks of
+<i>Peter Chardon</i>, the Jesuit, a missionary, among the Indians, bordering
+upon Lake Michigan, at the very close of the seventeenth century. <i>Our</i>
+Peter Chardon, the cousin of Faneuil, resided in Bowdoin Square, near the
+street, that bears his name.</p>
+
+<p>After the death of his uncle Andrew, Peter Faneuil, by the power of
+wealth, in addition to his other qualities, intelligence, industry, and
+courtesy, necessarily became an influential character; and the use, which
+he immediately began to make of his wealth, his public spirit, his private
+benevolence, all conspired to make him an object of very general interest.
+His hospitalities were unbounded. He associated himself with the Episcopal
+Church. He subscribed &pound;2000 old tenor, &pound;200 sterling for the rebuilding of
+King&#8217;s Chapel, in 1740, and was chosen treasurer of the building fund. His
+death, in 1742-3, put a stop to the project. No money had ever been
+collected, for that object. In 1747, the project was revived. New
+subscriptions were solicited, and the old ones demanded, &#8220;<i>at the end of
+this year 1748</i>.&#8221; Peter Faneuil died March 3, 1742-3, and had therefore
+been dead, between five and six years. &#8220;For the subscription of Peter
+Faneuil,&#8221; says Mr. Greenwood, in his history of the Chapel, &#8220;they were
+unfortunately obliged to sue his brother, and executor, Benjamin Faneuil,
+from whom, after a disagreeable lawsuit, they at last recovered it.&#8221; Mr.
+Greenwood erred, in the supposition, that Peter left a will. He died
+intestate, and administration was granted to Benjamin, March 18, 1742, old
+style. The estate, of course, had been settled, doubtless, some years
+before the demand on the administrator, &#8220;<i>at the end of 1748</i>.&#8221; Having
+other heirs to consult, he very properly resisted this tardy and
+unexpected claim; and cast the responsibility upon the court.</p>
+
+<p>For several years, Peter Faneuil worshipped in Trinity Church,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_535" id="Page_535">[Pg 535]</a></span> of which
+his brother-in-law, Addington Davenport, became rector, in 1740. Peter&#8217;s
+pew, in Old Trinity, was No. 40. He was an active and liberal member of
+the Episcopal Charitable Society. &#8220;Mr. Faneuil,&#8221; says the late Dr. Boyle,
+&#8220;was one of the earliest members of the society. He was a liberal
+subscriber to its funds, and acted, as a trustee of the institution.&#8221;</p>
+
+<p>Peter Faneuil&#8217;s heart was proverbially warm, and sensitive to the
+necessities and distresses of his <i>neighbor</i>; and he seems to have
+cherished the true scriptural construction of that <i>ubiquitary</i> word. The
+accession of wealth, upon his uncle&#8217;s death, hardened not his heart, but
+gave it a deeper, fuller, and stronger pulse, upon every call of charity.
+To him, as to other men, who admit their motives to be human, upon common
+occasions, the applause of the <i>wise</i> and <i>good</i> was exceedingly
+agreeable. Whatever the prominency of higher and holier considerations, he
+turned a willing and a grateful ear to the approbation of the judicious
+and upright. Not contented with the opportunities of doing good, on a
+small scale, which were, doubtless, frequently presented, before a man,
+whose wealth and warmheartedness were equally notorious; he coveted some
+fair occasion, for pouring forth of his abundance, in a more magnificent
+manner&mdash;pleased&mdash;naturally and justifiably pleased&mdash;with the thought, that
+his name and his memory would be associated with the deed, in after times.</p>
+
+
+
+<p>&nbsp;</p><p>&nbsp;</p>
+<hr style="width: 50%;" />
+<h2><a name="No_CXXX" id="No_CXXX"></a>No. CXXX.</h2>
+
+
+<p>One may, as successfully, search for that identical peck of pickled
+peppers, that Peter Piper picked, as for the original Hall, that Peter
+Faneuil built. Like Rachel&#8217;s first born, <i>it is not</i>. After all the
+reparations, and changes, and hard hammerings she has undergone, we may as
+well search, within the walls of Old Ironsides, for those very ribs of
+live oak, which, some fifty years ago, were launched, in the body of the
+frigate Constitution.</p>
+
+<p>In the olden time, the market men, like the mourners, went &#8220;about the
+streets.&#8221; The inhabitants were served, at their doors. As early as 1634,
+Gov. Winthrop, in his journal, speaks<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_536" id="Page_536">[Pg 536]</a></span> of a market, which was kept in
+Boston, &#8220;on Thursday, the fifth day of the week.&#8221; This weekly market on
+the fifth day is mentioned, by Douglass, as of 1639, vol. i. p. 434. This,
+I think, refers only to a gathering of sellers and buyers, at one spot,
+and not to any &#8220;visible temple,&#8221; for storage and shelter. Citizens
+differed, as to the best method of getting their <i>provant</i>; some preferred
+the old mode, as it was supposed to save time; others were in favor of
+having a common point, with a covered building. Parties were formed; the
+citizens waxed wroth; and quarrelled about their meat, like angry dogs.
+Those, who were in favor of market-houses, prevailed. Three were erected;
+one, at the Old North Square&mdash;one, where Faneuil Hall now stands&mdash;and one,
+near Liberty Tree. People were no longer supplied, at their houses.</p>
+
+<p>It seems very strange, that this sensible arrangement should have led to
+violent outrage. The malcontents assembled together, in the night,
+&#8220;disguised like clergymen&#8221;&mdash;the devil, sometimes assumes this
+exterior&mdash;and &#8220;totally demolished the centre market-house.&#8221; This occurred,
+about the year 1736-7, or about the time of Andrew Faneuil&#8217;s death. Such
+is the account of good old Thomas Pemberton. M. H. C. iii. 255.</p>
+
+<p>The popular sentiment prevented the reconstruction of the centre
+market-house, till, in 1740, July 14, a town meeting was held to consider
+a petition, for this object, from Thomas Palmer and 340 others. At this
+meeting, it was stated, that Peter Faneuil had offered, at his own cost,
+to build a market-house, on the town&#8217;s land, in Dock Square, for the use
+of the town, if the citizens, would legally empower him so to do; place
+the same under proper regulations; and maintain it, for that use.</p>
+
+<p>An impression has, somewhat extensively, prevailed, that Mr. Faneuil&#8217;s
+proposal was not courteously received, by his fellow-citizens, and that a
+majority of seven only were in favor of it.</p>
+
+<p>On the contrary, Mr. Faneuil&#8217;s proposal was received, with the most ample
+demonstrations of grateful respect. There were two questions before the
+meeting&mdash;first: shall a vote of thanks be passed to Peter Faneuil, for his
+liberal offer? Secondly: shall we give up the itinerant system, and have a
+market-house, on <i>any</i> conditions? Upon the first question, there was but
+<i>one</i> mind&mdash;on the second, there were <i>two</i>. A vote of thanks to Mr.
+Faneuil was instantly passed, without a dissentient. But the<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_537" id="Page_537">[Pg 537]</a></span> second
+question was the vexed question, revived, and excited the passions of the
+people. Of 727 persons present, 367 only voted in favor of granting the
+petition of Palmer and others, giving a majority of seven only.</p>
+
+<p>Accordingly, the work was commenced; and it was completed, Sept. 10, 1742,
+&#8220;on which day,&#8221; says Dr. Snow, &#8220;Mr. Samuel Ruggles, who was employed, in
+building the market house, waited on the selectmen, by order of P.
+Faneuil, Esq., and delivered them the key of said house.&#8221;</p>
+
+<p>Peter was a magnificent fellow. An antiquarian friend, to whom the fancy
+has lineally descended, through a line of highly respectable, antiquarian
+ancestors, informs me, that his father handed down to him a tradition,
+which is certainly plausible. It runs thus: while the market-house was in
+progress&mdash;probably on paper&mdash;it was suggested to Peter, that, with very
+little additional expense, a splendid town hall might be constructed over
+it. Peter&#8217;s heart was quite as <i>roomy</i> as the market-house, and town hall
+together, and he cheerfully embraced the suggestion. The tradition goes a
+little farther&mdash;when the cost was summed up, Peter scolded&mdash;a little. Very
+likely. Mr. Peter Faneuil was not an exception, I presume, to the common
+rule.</p>
+
+<p>The keys, as I have stated, were presented to the town, Sept. 10, 1742,
+with all that courtesy, doubtless, for which he was remarkable. Peter&#8217;s
+relatives and connections are somewhat numerous. The descendants of
+Benjamin his brother are scattered over the country. It will be equally
+grateful to them, and honorable to our forefathers, to exhibit a portion
+of the record.</p>
+
+<p>Sept. 13, 1742, at a meeting, in the new hall, a vote of thanks was moved,
+by the Hon. John Jeffries, uncle of the late Dr. John Jeffries. In this
+vote, it is stated, that, whereas Peter Faneuil has, &#8220;at a very great
+expense, erected a noble structure, far exceeding his first proposal,
+inasmuch, as it contains, not only a large and sufficient accommodation
+for a market place, but a spacious and most beautiful town hall over it,
+and several other convenient rooms, which may prove very beneficial to the
+town, for offices or otherwise. And the said building being now finished,
+he has delivered possession thereof to the selectmen for the use of the
+town; it is therefore voted, that the town do, with the utmost gratitude,
+receive and accept this most generous and noble benefaction, for the use
+and intentions it is designed for; and do appoint the Hon. Thomas Cushing
+Esquire, the moderator<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_538" id="Page_538">[Pg 538]</a></span> of this meeting, the Hon. Adam Winthrop, Edward
+Hutchinson, Ezekiel Lewis, and Samuel Waldo, Esquires, Thomas Hutchinson,
+Esq. the selectmen and representatives of the town of Boston, the Hon.
+Jacob Wendell, James Bowdoin, Esq., Andrew Oliver, Esq., Captain Nathaniel
+Cunningham, Peter Chardon, Esq., and Mr. Charles Apthorp, to wait upon
+Peter Faneuil, Esq., and in the name of the town, to render him their most
+hearty thanks, for so bountiful a gift, with their prayers, that this and
+other expressions of his bounty and charity may be abundantly recompensed
+with the divine blessing.&#8221;</p>
+
+<p>In addition to this vote, the citizens passed another, that the hall
+should be called Faneuil Hall, forever; and that the portrait of Faneuil
+should be painted, at full length, and placed therein. On the 14th of
+March, 1744, a vote was passed &#8220;to purchase the Faneuil arms, carved and
+gilt, by Moses Deshon, to be fixed in the hall.&#8221;</p>
+
+<p>Pemberton says&mdash;&#8220;Previous to the Revolution, the portraits of Mr. Faneuil,
+General Conway, and Colonel Barr&eacute; were procured by the town, and hung up
+in the hall. It is supposed they were carried off by the British.&#8221; The
+portrait of Faneuil at present, in the hall, was painted by Henry Sargent,
+from the portrait, presented to the Massachusetts Historical Society, by
+Miss Jones, a grandchild of Peter&#8217;s sister, Mary Ann.</p>
+
+<p>The original building was but half the width of the present, and but two
+stories high. The hall could contain but 1000 persons. In the memorable
+fire of Tuesday, Jan. 13, 1761, Faneuil Hall was destroyed, and nothing
+left standing but the walls. On the 23d of the following March, the town
+voted to rebuild, and the State authorized a lottery, to meet the expense.
+There were several classes. A ticket, of the seventh class, lies before
+me, bearing date March, 1767, with the spacious autograph of John Hancock,
+at the bottom.</p>
+
+<p>The building retained its primitive proportions, till 1806, when, the
+occasions of the public requiring its enlargement, its width was
+increased, from 40 to 80 feet, and a third story added. A very simple rule
+may be furnished, for those, who would compare the size of the present
+building, with that of the genuine Peter Faneuil Hall. Take a northeast
+view of the Hall&mdash;there are seven windows before you, in each story&mdash;run a
+perpendicular line, from the ground, through the centre of the middle
+window to the top of the belt, at the bottom of the third story&mdash;carry<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_539" id="Page_539">[Pg 539]</a></span> a
+straight line from that point nearly to the top of the second window, on
+the right, in the third story. That point is the apex of the old pediment.
+From that point, draw the corresponding roof line down to the belt, at the
+corner; and you have a profile of the ancient structure; all which is well
+exhibited by Dr. Snow, on the plan, in his History of Boston.</p>
+
+<p>Small as the original structure may appear, when compared with the
+present, it was a magnificent donation, for the times. It may well be
+considered a munificent gift, from a single individual, in 1742, when we
+consider, that its repairs, in 1761, were accomplished, by the aid of the
+Commonwealth, and the creation of a lottery, which continued to curse the
+community, for several years.</p>
+
+<p>Peter Faneuil was then in all his glory. How readily, by the power of
+Imagination, I raise him from the dead, bolt upright; with his over portly
+form, and features full of <i>bon homie</i>; speaking volumes, about those five
+pipes of amber-colored Madeira, such as his friend Delancey had; and that
+best book of all sorts of cookery, of a large character, for the maid&#8217;s
+reading! There he is, at the door of his English chariot, &#8220;handsome, but
+nothing gaudy,&#8221; with his arms thereon, and his English coachman, and his
+English horses, and that &#8220;strait negro lad&#8221; perched behind. I see him now,
+helping in Miss Mary Anne, his youngest maiden sister; and, as he ascends
+the steps, wrapping his cloak around him, trimmed with that identical
+&#8220;<i>scarlet cloth of the very best quality</i>.&#8221;</p>
+
+<p>The vanity of man&#8217;s anticipations, the occasional suddenness of his
+summons away&mdash;seldom find a more graphic illustration, than in the case of
+this noble hearted, and most hospitable gentleman. When he received the
+grateful salutations of the magnates of the town, who came to thank him,
+for his munificence, what could have been so little in his thoughts, or in
+theirs, as the idea, that he was so soon to die!</p>
+
+<p>In about five years&mdash;five, short, luxurious years&mdash;after the death of
+Andrew Faneuil, Peter, his favorite nephew, was committed to the ground,
+March 10, 1742, old style. The event, from its suddenness, and from the
+amiable and benevolent character of the individual, produced a deep
+sensation, in the <i>village</i>, for Boston was nothing but a seashore village
+then. In 1728, some fourteen years before, we learn from Douglass, i. 531,
+that there were but 3000 rateable polls, on the peninsula. This<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_540" id="Page_540">[Pg 540]</a></span> event was
+unexpected, by the living, and had been equally unexpected, by the dead.
+Death came to Peter, like a thief in the stilly night. He had not looked
+for this unwelcome visitor. He had made no will. By this event, Benjamin
+came into possession; and old Andrew is supposed to have turned over,
+indignantly, in his coffin.</p>
+
+
+
+<p>&nbsp;</p><p>&nbsp;</p>
+<hr style="width: 50%;" />
+<h2><a name="No_CXXXI" id="No_CXXXI"></a>No. CXXXI.</h2>
+
+
+<p>To such of my readers, as the Lord has abundantly blessed, in their basket
+and their store, and who have loaned him very little, on his simple
+promise, to be repaid, in Paradise; and who are, peradventure, at this
+very moment, excogitating revengeful wills; the issue of uncle Andrew&#8217;s
+vindictive, posthumous arrangements may prove a profitable lesson, for
+their learning. Verily, God&#8217;s ways are not as our ways, nor God&#8217;s will as
+Uncle Andrew&#8217;s.</p>
+
+<p>It may be remembered, that, in the devise of his warehouse, in trust, for
+the benefit of the French Church, Andrew Faneuil provided, that, in the
+event of the extinction of that church, the estate should revert to his
+<i>right heirs&mdash;excluding Benjamin Faneuil, of Boston, and the heirs of his
+body forever</i>, whom he cuts off, as the popular phrase runs, with &#8220;<i>five
+shillings, and no more</i>.&#8221; In passing along, it may not be amiss to notice
+this popular error. The law has, at no time, required the bequest of a
+farthing, to one, near of kin, whom the testator intends to cut off. It is
+enough, if it be manifest, that the testator has <i>not forgotten him</i>; and,
+to leave no possible doubt upon the subject, a churlish curmudgeon, as in
+the present case, will transmit, in this offensive manner, the record of
+his vindictiveness and folly, to future generations.</p>
+
+<p>When Andrew Faneuil makes Peter his residuary legatee, there is no
+provision, for the exclusion of Benjamin, in the event of Peter&#8217;s death,
+without heirs of his body. Prepared, as this amiable, old gentleman was,
+to believe, in the possible extinction of the French Church, he seems to
+have looked upon Peter, an inveterate old bachelor, as immortal. Yet, in
+regard to Peter, the issue hung, by a single hair. There was no child,
+with<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_541" id="Page_541">[Pg 541]</a></span> the cup in his hand, to catch the ball, and prevent it from lapsing
+directly into Benjamin&#8217;s sack, who, with his sisters, stood close at hand,
+the next of kin to Peter, and heirs at law.</p>
+
+<p>Well: as I have said, God&#8217;s will was not as Uncle Andrew&#8217;s. After a few
+flying years, during which Peter executed the intentions of the testator,
+with remarkable fidelity; and lived, as magnificently, as a nobleman, and
+as hospitably, as a bishop, and, as charitably, as an apostle&mdash;suddenly,
+the silver cord was loosed, and the golden bowl was broken, and Peter
+dropped into the grave. The title of Benjamin and his sisters to all
+Peter&#8217;s estate, and to all Andrew&#8217;s estate, that remained, as the heirs at
+law of Peter, passed into them, through the atmosphere, at once; and
+Andrew&#8217;s will, by the act of God, was set aside, in the <i>upper</i> Court.</p>
+
+<p>Administration was granted to Benjamin, March 18, 1742, O. S., who
+returned an inventory, April 21, 1744. The appraisers of the estate were
+William Price, Joseph Dowse, and Peter Chardon; and the sum total of their
+valuation was &pound;44,451.15.7. This, certainly, will incline the reader to
+Master Lovell&#8217;s idea, of &#8220;<i>a large and plentiful estate</i>,&#8221; until I add
+those words of withering import&mdash;<i>Old Tenor</i>. Sterling decimates old tenor
+with a vengeance&mdash;<i>ten</i> pounds, old tenor, were but <i>one</i> pound, sterling.
+The valuation, therefore, amounted to about &pound;4,445 sterling, or, in
+dollars, at five to the pound, to $22,225. It may seem rather surprising,
+that the balance, which fell to Peter, from his uncle, under the will, and
+his own accumulations, should amount to no more. But a few reflections may
+tend to moderate our surprise.</p>
+
+<p>The estate of his uncle had been seriously diminished, by the payment of
+legacies, &pound;2,000 stg. to each of his three nieces, $30,000&mdash;more than
+$8,000 to his niece, Marie Phillips; and about $2,000, in smaller
+legacies, raising the amount of legacies to $40,000. He had also given his
+warehouse, in King Street, to the French Church. These legacies Peter had
+paid. He had also built and presented the Market-house and the Hall to the
+town. But there is another important consideration. Funds still remained,
+in other countries, part and parcel of Andrew&#8217;s property. This is evident,
+from an original document before me, the marriage settlement of Peter&#8217;s
+sister, Mary Anne with John Jones, bearing date March 15, 1742, the very
+month of Peter&#8217;s death. This document recites, that one part of her
+estate, as one of the heirs of Peter Faneuil, &#8220;<i>is in Public Funds, such
+as<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_542" id="Page_542">[Pg 542]</a></span> the Bank of England</i>.&#8221; As this does not figure in Benjamin&#8217;s inventory
+here, it is impossible to say what was the amount of foreign funds, which
+Peter owned, at the time of his death. For some five years, while he had
+been living, in a style of unbounded hospitality, he had also enjoyed the
+luxury of doing good, and paid, most liberally, for that enjoyment. From
+his commercial correspondence, I infer, that his enterprise suffered no
+material abatement, after his uncle&#8217;s decease.</p>
+
+<p>I cannot doubt, that his free expenditure of money, for his personal
+enjoyment, the gratification of his pride, and the pleasure of ministering
+to the wants of the poor and needy, had lessened, and was lessening, from
+month to month, the amount of his estate. There is yet another
+consideration, which belongs to this account, the great disparity, between
+the value of money, then, and at the present day.</p>
+
+<p>The items, or particular heads, of the inventory, are one hundred and
+fifty-eight; and cover near four folio pages of the record. Some of them
+may not be wholly uninteresting to the reader. The mansion-house, the
+same, as I have stated, in which Lieutenant Governor Billy Phillips lived
+and died, and Isaiah Doane before him, the extensive garden, outhouses and
+yard were appraised, one hundred and eight years ago, at &pound;12,375, or
+&pound;1,237 stg., about $6,185, at five dollars to the pound. Fourteen hundred
+ounces of plate, at &pound;2,122 10. This plate was divided into five parts, for
+the brother, and four sisters of the deceased. A memorandum lies upon my
+table, labelled, in the original hand of Gillam Phillips&mdash;&#8220;An account of
+my proportion of plate, belonging to the estate of Peter Faneuil, Esq.,
+deceased.&#8221; This document contains a list of &#8220;<i>Gillam Phillips&#8217; Lot</i>,&#8221; and
+side by side&mdash;&#8220;<i>a coffee pot</i>&mdash;<i>a large, handsome chamber pot</i>.&#8221; They made
+a free use of the precious metals, in those days.</p>
+
+<p>A parcel of jewels are appraised, at &pound;1,490&mdash;1 white horse, &pound;15&mdash;2 Albany
+horses, &pound;100&mdash;2 English horses, &pound;250&mdash;2 other English horses, &pound;300&mdash;4 old
+and 4 new harnesses, &pound;120&mdash;2 pairs runners, &pound;15&mdash;1 four-wheel chaise,
+&pound;150&mdash;1 two-wheel chaise, &pound;50&mdash;a coach, &pound;100&mdash;1 chariot, &pound;400&mdash;5 negroes,
+&pound;150&mdash;130&mdash;120&mdash;120&mdash;100. Then follows a variety of articles&mdash;fowling
+pieces&mdash;fishing tackle&mdash;silver-hilted sword&mdash;pistols&mdash;china, glass,
+hangings, carpets, and culinary articles, in profusion&mdash;lignum vit&aelig; coffee
+cups, lined with silver&mdash;silver <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_543" id="Page_543">[Pg 543]</a></span>snuff-boxes&mdash;gold sleeve-buttons and
+rings&mdash;195 dozen of wine&mdash;arrack&mdash;beer&mdash;Cheshire and Gloucester cheeses.
+Indeed, Peter&#8217;s establishment appears to have been a variorum edition of
+all manner of elegancies, luxuries, and creature comforts. The inventory
+comprehends eight tenements, in Cornhill, and King Street; a number of
+vessels, and parts of vessels; and various other items of property.</p>
+
+<p>The remains of this noble-spirited descendant of the Huguenots of Rochelle
+were deposited, in the Faneuil tomb, in the westerly corner of the Granary
+Ground. This tomb is of dark freestone, with a freestone slab. Upon the
+easterly end of the tomb, there is a tablet of slate, upon which are
+sculptured, with manifest care and skill, the family arms; while, upon the
+freestone slab, are inscribed, at the top, M. M.&mdash;<i>memento mori</i>, of
+course,&mdash;and, at the bottom of the slab&mdash;a cruel apology for the old
+Huguenot patronymic&mdash;&#8220;<span class="smcap">Peter Funel. 1742</span>,&#8221; and nothing more.</p>
+
+<p>The explanation, which arises, in my mind, of this striking inconsistency,
+is this: I believe this tomb, whose aspect is simple, solid, and antique,
+to have been built by Andrew Faneuil, who was a wealthy merchant here as
+early as 1709: and I think it is quite certain, that the lady, whom he
+married, in Holland, and whose beauty is traditional, among her
+descendants, made the great exchange&mdash;beauty for ashes&mdash;in this very
+sepulchre. In this tomb, Andrew was buried, by Peter, Feb. 20, 1737, and
+Peter, by his brother, Benjamin, March 10, 1742, old style, and here
+Benjamin himself, was laid, after an interval of two-and-forty years,
+where there is neither work, nor device, nor will, nor codicil.</p>
+
+<p>The arms of Peter Faneuil&mdash;I have them before me, at this moment, on his
+massive, silver pepper-pot&mdash;he found a place for them, on many of his
+possessions, though I cannot say, if on all the articles which came into
+the possession of Gillam Phillips,&mdash;were a field argent&mdash;no chevron&mdash;a
+large heart, truly a suitable emblem, in the centre, gules&mdash;seven stars
+equidistant from each other, and from the margin of the escutcheon,
+extending from the sinister chief to the dexter base&mdash;in the sinister base
+a cross molin, within an annulet&mdash;no scroll&mdash;no supporters; crest, a
+martlet.</p>
+
+<p>The arms upon the tomb, though generally like these, and like the arms, on
+other articles, once Peter&#8217;s, and still extant,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_544" id="Page_544">[Pg 544]</a></span> differ in some important
+particulars; and seem to have been quartered with those of another family,
+as the arms of Andrew, being a collateral, might have been. A helmet,
+beneath the martlet, especially, is wholly different from Peter&#8217;s crest.
+Such precisely are the arms, on the seal of wax, upon Andrew&#8217;s will, in
+the Registry. Hence I infer, that Uncle Andrew built this ancient
+sepulchre. Arms, in days of old, and still, where a titled nobility
+exists, are deemed, for the popular eye, sufficient evidence of ownership,
+without a name. So thought Uncle Andrew; and he left the freestone tablet,
+without any inscription.</p>
+
+<p>Some five years after the testator&#8217;s burial, the tomb was again opened, to
+let in the residuary legatee. Peter&#8217;s was a grand funeral. The Evening
+Post, of March 3, 1742-3, foretold, that it would be such; but the papers,
+which, doubtless, gave an account of it, are lost&mdash;the files are
+imperfect, of all those primitive journals. At first, and for years, the
+resting place of Peter&#8217;s remains was well enough known. But the rust of
+time began to gather upon men&#8217;s memories. The Faneuil arms, ere long,
+became unintelligible, to such, as strolled among the tombs. That
+&#8220;<i>handsome chariot, but nothing gaudy</i>,&#8221; with Peter&#8217;s armorial bearings
+upon its panels, no longer rolled along Treamount, and Queen Streets, and
+Cornhill, and drew up, of a Sabbath morning, before Trinity Church, that
+brother Peter and the ladies might sit upon their cushions, in No. 40,
+while brother Addington Davenport gave them a sermon, upon the Apostolical
+succession. The good people had therefore forgotten all about the Faneuil
+arms; and, before a great many years had rolled away, the inquiry
+naturally arose, in popular phraseology&mdash;&#8220;<i>Whereabouts was it, that Peter
+Faneuil was buried?</i>&#8221;</p>
+
+<p>Some worthy old citizen&mdash;God bless him&mdash;who knew rather more of this
+matter than his neighbors, and was well aware, that the arms would be but
+a dead letter to posterity, resolved to serve the public, and remedy the
+defect. Up he goes into the Granary Ground, in the very spirit of Old
+Mortality, and, with all his orthography in his ear, inscribes <span class="smcap">P. Funel</span>
+upon the tablet!</p>
+
+
+
+<p>&nbsp;</p><p>&nbsp;</p>
+<hr style="width: 50%;" />
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_545" id="Page_545">[Pg 545]</a></span></p>
+<h2><a name="No_CXXXII" id="No_CXXXII"></a>No. CXXXII.</h2>
+
+
+<p>&#8220;<i>But Simon&#8217;s wife&#8217;s mother lay sick of a fever.</i>&#8221; Mark i. 30. From this
+text, a clergyman&mdash;<i>of the old school</i>&mdash;had preached just as many,
+consecutive sermons, as I have already published articles, concerning
+Peter Faneuil and his family. A day or two after the last discourse, the
+bell of the village church was tolled, for a funeral; and a long-suffering
+parishioner, being asked, whose funeral it was, replied, that he had no
+doubt it was Simon&#8217;s wife&#8217;s mother&#8217;s; for she had been sick of a fever,
+for nine weeks, to his certain knowledge. Let the reader possess himself
+in patience&mdash;our dealings with the Faneuils cannot last forever.</p>
+
+<p>We have stated, that Peter&#8217;s death was sudden, the very death, from which,
+as a churchman, he had prayed to be delivered. But let us not forget, that
+no death is sudden, in the sense of the good man&#8217;s prayers, however
+instantaneously the golden bowl may be broken, to him, whose life has been
+well spent, and who is prepared to die.</p>
+
+<p>In this connection, two interesting questions arise&mdash;how Peter Faneuil
+came to be a churchman&mdash;and if his life was a well-spent life, affording
+him reasonable assurance of admission into Paradise.</p>
+
+<p>The old Huguenots styled themselves &#8220;<span class="smcap">the Reformers</span>,&#8221; and embraced the
+doctrines of Calvin, in full. Oppression commonly teaches even intolerant
+men the value of toleration. Our Puritan fathers, it is true, who fled
+from Episcopal, as the Huguenots from Roman Catholic tyranny, profited
+very little, by the lesson they had learned; and turned upon the Catholics
+and Quakers, in the spirit of preposterous cruelty. The government of
+Massachusetts, according to Hazard, received a profitable lesson of
+moderation, from that of Rhode Island.</p>
+
+<p>The Huguenots soon began to abate somewhat of that exorbitant severity and
+punctiliousness, in their religion, which, in no slight degree, had
+brought upon them that persecution, which was gathering, and impending
+over them, in 1684, a twelvemonth before the revocation of the edict of
+Nantes; compelling many of them, thus early, to fly from their homes, into
+other lands. The teachings of James Saurin, the great Huguenot preacher of
+the refugees, at the Hague, in 1705, and in subsequent years,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_546" id="Page_546">[Pg 546]</a></span> were of a
+milder type. He was &#8220;<i>a moderate Calvinist</i>.&#8221; Such, also, were Daill&eacute; and
+Le Mercier, the ministers of the French Church, in Boston.</p>
+
+<p>Peter Faneuil, undoubtedly, worshipped in this church, during a certain
+period. We have seen the liberal arrangement of his uncle, in 1734, for
+the support of its minister, and the testator&#8217;s provision for its poor.
+Even then, he evidently anticipated, that it might cease to be; and shaped
+his testamentary provisions accordingly. Natural causes were in operation;
+I have referred to them&mdash;intermarriage, with our English people&mdash;merging
+the language of the few, in that of the many&mdash;juxtaposition&mdash;all tending
+to diminish the necessity for maintaining a separate church.</p>
+
+<p>There was no dissolution of the society, at first, by any formal vote. The
+attendance became irregular and scanty&mdash;the members went elsewhere&mdash;Le
+Mercier, &#8220;a worthy character,&#8221; says the Rev. Dr. Holmes, ceased to
+officiate, and the church broke up. For years, there were no services,
+within the little temple; and, in 1748, it was sold, as I have stated, to
+the members of another denomination.</p>
+
+<p>It became a question with these Huguenots, the Faneuils, the Boutineaus,
+the Johonnots, the Oliviers, the Sigourneys, and their associates, where
+they should worship God. In 1740-41, the preachers, in Boston, were
+Charles Chauncey, at the Old Brick&mdash;at the Old North, Increase Mather,
+supplying the place of his brother Samuel, who, though ordained, in 1732,
+preached but one winter, and parted&mdash;at the Old South, Joseph Sewall, and
+Thomas Prince&mdash;at the Baptist, in Back Street, Jeremy Condy&mdash;at King&#8217;s
+Chapel, Stephen Roe&mdash;at Brattle Street, William Cooper&mdash;at the Quaker
+meeting-house, in Leverett&#8217;s Lane, whoever was moved by the Spirit&mdash;at the
+New North, John Webb&mdash;at the New South, Samuel Checkley&mdash;at the New Brick,
+Ellis Gray&mdash;at Christ Church, Timothy Cutler&mdash;at Long Lane, Jonny
+Moorhead&mdash;at Hollis Street, Mather Byles&mdash;at Trinity, Addington
+Davenport&mdash;at Lynde Street, William Hooper.</p>
+
+<p>Several of the descendants of the Huguenots, not at all deterred, by the
+resemblance, whatever that might be, between the forms of Episcopalian
+worship, and those of their religious persecutors, the Roman Catholics,
+mingled with the Episcopalians. Thus they clung to the common element, the
+doctrine of the Trinity; and escaped, like Saurin, from the
+super-sulphuretted vapors of primitive Calvinism.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_547" id="Page_547">[Pg 547]</a></span>It is not very surprising, that the Faneuils should have settled down,
+upon the new and fashionable temple&mdash;Trinity had been erected but a few
+years before; and the new rector was Peter&#8217;s brother-in-law, Mr. Addington
+Davenport.</p>
+
+<p>Peter therefore became, <i>pro tanto</i>, an Episcopalian&mdash;a liberal subscriber
+to the Charitable, Episcopal fund, and to the fund for the rebuilding of
+King&#8217;s Chapel; and identified himself with the Episcopal interest.</p>
+
+<p>The religious character of Peter Faneuil, and the present whereabouts of
+this public benefactor, will be determined, by different individuals,
+according to the respective indications of their spiritual thermometers.</p>
+
+<p>I have already ventured an opinion, that the mantle of charity, which
+covereth a multitude of sins, should be extended, for Peter&#8217;s behoof, over
+that little affair with Peter Baynton, touching the duties, on those four
+hogsheads of brandy. But there is another matter, over which, I am aware,
+that some very worthy people will doubt, if the mantle of charity, can be
+stretched, without serious danger of lesion&mdash;I refer to the importation,
+about the same time with the prayer books, of that enormous quantity&mdash;six
+gross&mdash;of &#8220;the very best King Henry&#8217;s cards.&#8221; I have often marvelled, how
+the name of the Defender of the Faith ever came to be connected, with such
+pestilent things.</p>
+
+<p>I am well aware, how closely, in the opinions of some learned divines,
+cards are associated with the idea of eternal damnation. If it be so; and
+a single pack is enough to send the proprietor to the bottomless pit, it
+is truly grievous to reflect how much deeper Peter, our great public
+benefactor, has gone, with the oppressive weight of six gross of the very
+best, upon his soul. Now-a-days, there seem to be very few, the Romanists
+excepted, who believe in purgatory; and it is pretty generally agreed,
+that all, who attempt the bridge of <i>Al Sirat</i>, will surely arrive, either
+at Paradise, or Pandemonium.</p>
+
+<p>How delightful it would be, to have the opinion of good old Andr&eacute; Le
+Mercier, in a case like this. Though Peter no longer waited upon Le
+Mercier&#8217;s ministrations; but, for several years, before the dissolution of
+the French Church, had settled down, under brother Addington Davenport,
+first, as the assistant at King&#8217;s Chapel, and, afterwards, as the Rector
+of Trinity; yet Le Mercier could not forget the nephew of his benefactor,
+Andrew Faneuil. He was, doubtless, at Peter&#8217;s funeral, who died one<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_548" id="Page_548">[Pg 548]</a></span> and
+twenty years, before the holy man was summoned to his account, in 1764.
+Yes, he was there.</p>
+
+<p>I have heard of a man, who accounted, for the dryness of his eyes, when
+all around him wept, at a pathetic discourse, on the ground, that he
+belonged to another parish. I have known Christian ministers&mdash;<i>very</i>&mdash;not
+many, thank heaven&mdash;who were influenced, to such a degree, by that spirit,
+which may be supposed to govern the proprietors of opposition omnibuses,
+as to consider the chord of human sympathy cut, through and through, and
+forever, between themselves, and a parishioner, who, for any cause,
+elected to receive his spiritual treasures out of some other earthen
+vessel, albeit of the very same denomination of crockery ware.</p>
+
+<p>Poverty, and disease, and death, and misery, in every type, might stalk
+in, and upon, and over that homestead, and hearth, where these Christian
+ministers had been warmed, and refreshed, and fostered&mdash;but it was no
+longer a concern of theirs. No visit of condolence&mdash;no kind inquiry&mdash;not
+one, cheap word of consolation had they, for such, as had ceased to
+receive their ideas of damnation from them&mdash;enough&mdash;these individuals had
+sold their pews&mdash;&#8220;<i>crimen difficile expiandum</i>&#8221;&mdash;they belonged to another
+parish!</p>
+
+<p>Andr&eacute; Le Mercier, was not a man of this description. He was not a holy
+huckster of spiritual things, having not one crumb of comfort, for any,
+but his regular customers. Andr&eacute; was a man, whose neighbor&#8217;s ubiquity was
+a proverb.</p>
+
+<p>But what he would say, about these six gross of King Henry&#8217;s cards, I am
+by no means, certain. He was a man of a tolerant spirit; but on certain
+points, the most tolerant are, occasionally, found to be imbued, with
+unalterable prejudices. On page 85, of his Church History of Geneva, which
+I have read with pleasure, he quotes approvingly, the maxim of &#8220;a doctor
+of the church.&#8221; &#8220;<i>In necessariis rebus sit unitas, in dubiis libertas, in
+omnibus charitas.</i>&#8221; This breathes the spirit of toleration:&mdash;what are
+<i>dubia</i>, what <i>necessaria</i> are not quite so readily settled, however.</p>
+
+<p>On page 100, I find a passage, not quite so favorable for Peter, in this
+matter of the six gross. Referring to Calvin&#8217;s return to Geneva, in 1536,
+after his banishment, Le Mercier says&mdash;&#8220;And then <i>Balls and Dances</i> and
+profane songs were forbidden, by the magistrates. And that form of
+Discipline remains entire, to the present Time, notwithstanding the
+repeated Attempts, that have<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_549" id="Page_549">[Pg 549]</a></span> been made by wicked People to overset it.
+King Henry&#8217;s cards, I fear, even of the very best quality, would,
+undoubtedly, fall into this category, of things Calvinized on earth, in
+the opinion of Andr&eacute; Le Mercier.&#8221;</p>
+
+<p>The meaning of the words, &#8220;<i>profane songs</i>,&#8221; may not be universally
+intelligible. It undoubtedly meant, as used by the Council, <i>all songs not
+sacred</i>. Calvin, undoubtedly, adopted the commendation of Scripture, to
+such, as were merry, to sing psalms. It appears, however, that certain
+persons entertained conservative notions, in those early days; even beyond
+the dictum of holy writ; for, on page 101, Le Mercier states, that
+Sebastian Castalio, a preacher, and professor, in the College of Geneva,
+&#8220;<i>condemned Solomon&#8217;s Songs, as being profane and immodest</i>;&#8221; the very
+charge, as the reader is aware, which has been so often urged, against the
+songs of Tom Moore. Moore, at last, betook himself to sacred melodies.
+Solomon, had his life been spared, would, probably, have done the same
+thing, to the entire satisfaction of Sebastian Castalio.</p>
+
+<p>I see wisdom, and mercy, and truth, in a part of the maxim, quoted by
+Andr&eacute; Le Mercier&mdash;<i>in dubiis libertas</i>. I have long suspected there were
+some angels in Heaven, who were damned by Calvin, on earth. I verily
+believe, that Peter Faneuil is in Paradise.</p>
+
+
+
+<p>&nbsp;</p><p>&nbsp;</p>
+<hr style="width: 50%;" />
+<h2><a name="No_CXXXIII" id="No_CXXXIII"></a>No. CXXXIII.</h2>
+
+
+<p>Some of my readers, I doubt not, have involuntarily clenched their fists,
+and set their teeth hard, while conning over the details of that merciless
+and bloody duel, so long, and so deliberately projected, and furiously
+fought, at last, near Bergen op Zoom, by the Lord Bruce, and Sir Edward
+Sackville, with rapiers, and in their shirts. Gentle reader, if you have
+never met with this morceau, literally dripping with blood, and are born
+with a relish for such rare provant&mdash;for I fear the appetite is
+congenital&mdash;you will find an ample account of the affair, in numbers 129
+and 133 of the Guardian.</p>
+
+<p>This wrathful fight is of an early date, having taken place, in 1613. Who
+could measure the popular excitement, if tomorrow&#8217;s dawn should bring the
+tidings of a duel, fought the<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_550" id="Page_550">[Pg 550]</a></span> night before, on Boston Common, by two
+young gentlemen, with rapiers, not, perhaps, quite so brutal, in its
+minute details, but quite as deliberately planned, and quite as fatal, in
+its result! What then must have been the effect of such an announcement,
+on the morning of the fourth of July, 1728, one hundred and twenty-three
+years ago, when Boston was a seaport village, just six years, after the
+&#8220;<i>perlustration</i>&#8221; of Mr. Salter had rated the population, at 10,670 souls.</p>
+
+<p>It is matter of sober history, that such a duel was actually fought, then
+and there, on the evening of the third of July, 1728, near the
+powder-house, which is indicated, on Bonner&#8217;s plan of 1722. This was a
+very different affair from the powder-house, erected at West Boston, in
+1774, with walls of seven feet in thickness.</p>
+
+<p>The parties, engaged, in this fatal affair were two young gentlemen, whose
+connections were highly respectable, whose lives had been amiable, whose
+characters were of good report, and whose friends were numerous and
+powerful. The names of Peter Faneuil and of his uncle, Jean Faneuil, of
+Rochelle, are associated with this transaction.</p>
+
+<p>The parties were very young; the survivor twenty-two, and the victim but
+little more. The survivor, Henry Phillips, was the brother of Gillam
+Phillips, who, the reader of the preceding articles will remember, married
+Marie, the sister of Peter Faneuil. Peter was then just twenty-eight; and,
+doubtless, if there were dandies in those days, one of the foremost, on
+the peninsula. The natural interest he felt, in the brother of his
+sister&#8217;s husband, engaged his efforts, to spirit the wretched survivor
+away. He was consigned to the uncle of Peter, beyond the sea&mdash;to whom
+Marie, his niece, very probably, wrote a few lines, bespeaking kind
+offices, for the unfortunate brother of her husband. It is not impossible,
+that old Andr&eacute; added a prudential word or two, by way of postscript,
+confirming brother Jean, as to the safety of the operation. Be this as it
+may, Henry Phillips escaped from his pursuers, who were speedily put upon
+the scent, by Governor Dummer. Henry Phillips arrived safely in Rochelle.
+What befel him, in the strange land, is not the least interesting portion
+of the narrative.</p>
+
+<p>Benjamin Woodbridge&mdash;such was the name of the individual, who was the
+victim, in this fatal encounter&mdash;was a young merchant, in partnership with
+Mr. Jonathan Sewall. Of his particular<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_551" id="Page_551">[Pg 551]</a></span> origin I am not entirely
+satisfied. The name, among us, is of the olden time. Benjamin Woodbridge
+was the very earliest alumnus of Harvard College: born in England in 1622,
+and graduated here in 1642.</p>
+
+<p>The originating cause of this duel, like that, which produced the terrible
+conflict, between the Lord Bruce and Sir Edward Sackville, is unknown.</p>
+
+<p>That the reader may walk along with me, confidingly, upon this occasion,
+it may be well to indicate the sources, from which I derive my knowledge
+of a transaction, so exciting at the time, so fatal in its results, and so
+almost universally unknown, to those, who daily pass over the very spot,
+on our Common, upon which these young gentlemen met, and where young
+Woodbridge fell.</p>
+
+<p>I have alluded to the subsequent relation of Peter Faneuil, and of his
+uncle, Jean, of Rochelle, to this affair. In my investigation into the
+history of Peter and his relatives, I have been aided by Mr. Charles
+Faneuil Jones, the grandson of Peter&#8217;s sister, Mary Ann. Among the
+documents, loaned me, by that gentleman, are sundry papers, which belonged
+to Gillam Phillips, the brother of Henry, the survivor in the duel.</p>
+
+<p>Among these papers, are original documents, in Jean Faneuil&#8217;s handwriting,
+relative to the fate of the miserable wanderer, after his arrival in
+Rochelle&mdash;accounts of disbursements&mdash;regularly authenticated copies of the
+testimony, relative to the duel, and to the finding of the dead body of
+Woodbridge, and to the co&ouml;peration of Peter Faneuil and others, in
+concealing the survivor, on board the Sheerness, British man of war, and
+of his indictment, the &#8220;<i>Billa Vera</i>,&#8221; in August, 1728, by the grand jury
+of Suffolk, for murder. In addition to these documents, I have found a
+certified copy of a statement, highly favorable to the character of Henry
+Phillips, the survivor, and manifestly intended to have an influence upon
+the public mind. This statement is subscribed, by eighty-eight prominent
+citizens, several of them holding high official stations, and among the
+number, are four ministers of the Gospel, with the Rev. Timothy Cutler, of
+Christ Church, at their head. Appended is the certificate of Governor
+Burnett, who, in that very month, succeeded Governor Dummer, stating the
+official, professional and social position of the signers of this
+document, with which it was clearly intended to fortify an application to
+George II. for a pardon of the offender.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_552" id="Page_552">[Pg 552]</a></span>The discovery of these papers, affording, as they do, some account of a
+transaction, so very remarkable, for the time and place of its occurrence,
+and of which I had never heard nor read before, excited my curiosity, and
+led me to search for additional information.</p>
+
+<p>If my reader is of the fancy, he will readily comprehend my chagrin, when,
+upon turning over the leaves of Green&#8217;s &#8220;<i>Boston Weekly News Letter</i>&#8221;&mdash;the
+imperfect files&mdash;all that time has left us&mdash;preserved in the library of
+the Massachusetts Historical Society&mdash;the very paper, that next ensued,
+after July 3, 1728, the date of the duel, and which, doubtless, referred
+to an occurrence, so very extraordinary, was among the &#8220;<i>things lost upon
+earth</i>.&#8221; I was not less unfortunate with the files of the old &#8220;Boston
+Gazette,&#8221; of that early day. I then took up Kneeland&#8217;s &#8220;New England Weekly
+Journal,&#8221; but with very little confidence of success. The file, however,
+was there&mdash;No. 68&mdash;July 8, 1728, and my eyes soon fell, as the reader&#8217;s
+fall at this moment, upon Governor Dummer&#8217;s proclamation:&mdash;</p>
+
+<p>&#8220;Whereas a barbarous murder was last night committed, on the body of
+Benjamin Woodbridge, a young gentleman, resident in the town of Boston;
+and Henry Phillips, of said town, is suspected to be the author of said
+murder, and is now fled from justice; I have therefore thought proper to
+issue this proclamation, hereby commanding all justices, sheriffs,
+constables, and all other officers, within this Province, and requiring
+all others, in his Majesty&#8217;s name, to use their utmost endeavors, that the
+said Henry Phillips may be apprehended and brought to justice; and all
+persons, whosoever, are commanded, at their utmost peril, not to harbor
+nor conceal him. The said Henry Phillips is a fair young man, about the
+age of twenty-two years, well set, and well dressed; and has a wound in
+one of his hands. Given at Boston, the 4th of July, 1728, in the second
+year of the reign of our Sovereign Lord and King, George II.&#8221; This
+proclamation bears the signature of his Excellency, William Dummer.</p>
+
+<p>The editor of the journal, which contains the proclamation, expresses
+himself as follows&mdash;&#8220;On Thursday last, the 4th current, about 3 in the
+morning, after some hour&#8217;s search, was found dead, near the Powder House,
+the body of Mr. Benjamin Woodbridge, a young gentleman, merchant of this
+place. He had a small stab, under the right arm; but what proved fatal to
+him was a thrust he received, under his right breast, which came<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_553" id="Page_553">[Pg 553]</a></span> out, at
+the small of his back. The fore-finger of his left hand was almost cut
+off, at the uppermost joint, supposed to be done, by grasping a naked
+sword. The coroner&#8217;s inquest immediately set upon the body; and, after the
+best information and evidence they could obtain, upon their oaths say,
+that &#8216;the said Benjamin Woodbridge was killed, with a sword, run through
+his body, by the hands of Henry Phillips, of Boston, merchant, on the
+Common, in said Boston, on the third of this instant, as appears to us, by
+sundry evidences.&#8217; The body was carried to the house of Mr. Jonathan
+Sewall, (his partner,) and, on Saturday last, was decently and handsomely
+interred, his funeral being attended, by the Commander-in-Chief, several
+of the Council, and most of the merchants and gentlemen of the town. There
+are many and various reports respecting this tragic scene, which makes us
+cautious of relating any of them. But the above, being plain matters of
+fact, we thought it not improper to give the public an account thereof.
+The unhappy gentleman, who is supposed to have committed the act, is not
+as yet found. This new and almost unknown case has put almost the whole
+town into great surprise.&#8221;</p>
+
+<p>A sermon, upon this occasion, of uncommon length, was delivered July 18,
+1728, by the Rev. Dr. Joseph Sewall, of the Old South, at the Public
+Lecture, and published, with a preface, by the &#8220;<i>United Ministers</i>&#8221; of
+Boston. To give dignity to this discourse, it is adorned with a Latin
+prefix&mdash;&#8220;<i>Duellum est damnandum, tam in acceptante quam in provocante;
+quamvis major sit culpa provocantis</i>.&#8221; This discourse is singularly barren
+of all allusion to the cause and circumstances of this event; and appears,
+like our almanacs, adapted to any meridian.</p>
+
+<p>At his Majesty&#8217;s Court of Assize and General Gaol Delivery, on the second
+Tuesday of August, 1728, the grand jurors, under the Attorney General
+Hiller&#8217;s instructions, found a &#8220;<i>Vera Billa</i>&#8221; against Henry Phillips, for
+the murder of Benjamin Woodbridge. Phillips was then far beyond the
+influence and effect of the <i>vera billa</i>&mdash;on the high sea&mdash;upon his voyage
+of expatriation. For some cause, which I am entirely unable to comprehend,
+and can barely conjecture, a sympathy existed, for this young man,
+extending far beyond the circle of his personal friends and relatives, and
+engaging, on his behalf, the disinterested efforts, not only of several
+persons in high official stations, but in holy orders, who cannot be
+supposed to have undervalued the crime, of<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_554" id="Page_554">[Pg 554]</a></span> which he was unquestionably
+guilty, before God and man. The reader, as we proceed, may possibly be
+more successful than I have been, in discovering the occasion of this
+extraordinary sympathy.</p>
+
+
+
+<p>&nbsp;</p><p>&nbsp;</p>
+<hr style="width: 50%;" />
+<h2><a name="No_CXXXIV" id="No_CXXXIV"></a>No. CXXXIV.</h2>
+
+
+<p>That strong sympathy, exhibited for Henry Phillips, by whose sword a
+fellow creature had so recently fallen, in a duel, must have sprung, if I
+am not greatly mistaken, from a knowledge of facts, connected with the
+origin of that duel, and of which the present generation is entirely
+ignorant.</p>
+
+<p>Truth lies not, more proverbially, at the bottom of a well, than, in a
+great majority of instances, a woman lurks at the bottom of a duel. If
+Phillips, unless sorely provoked, had been the challenger, I cannot think
+the gentlemen, who signed the certificate, in his behalf, would have
+spoken of him thus:&mdash;</p>
+
+<p>&#8220;These may certify to all whom it may concern, that we, the subscribers,
+well knew and esteemed Mr. Henry Phillips of Boston, in New England, to be
+a youth of a very affable, courteous, and peaceable behavior and
+disposition, and never heard he was addicted to quarrelling, he being
+soberly brought up, in the prosecution of his studies, and living chiefly
+an academical life; and verily believe him slow to anger, and with
+difficulty moved to resentment.&#8221;</p>
+
+<p>Among the eighty-eight signers of this certificate, the names of Peter and
+Benjamin Faneuil, and of their uncle, Andrew, occur, almost as a matter of
+course. They were family connections. Who the others were, appears, by the
+Governor&#8217;s certificate, under the seal of the Province:&mdash;</p>
+
+<p>&#8220;By his Excellency, William Burnet, &amp;c. &amp;c. These may certify whom it may
+concern, that John Wentworth Esquire is Lieut. Governor of the Province of
+New Hampshire; that William Tailor Esquire was formerly Lieut. Governor of
+the Province of the Massachusetts Bay, and is now a member of his
+Majesty&#8217;s Council for said Province; that James Stevens is Surveyor
+General of the Customs, for the Northern district, in America; that Thomas
+Lechmere Esquire was late Surveyor<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_555" id="Page_555">[Pg 555]</a></span> General of the same; that John Jekyll
+Esquire is Collector of the Customs, for the port of Boston; that Thomas
+Steele is Justice of the Peace; that William Lambert Esquire is Controller
+of the Customs, at Boston; that J. Minzies Esquire was Judge of the Vice
+Admiralty; that Messieurs Timothy Cutler, Henry Harris, George Pigot, and
+Ebenezer Miller are ministers of the Gospel; and that the other
+subscribers to the certificate on the other side, are, some of them
+merchants and others gentlemen of the town of Boston.&#8221; This certificate,
+bearing the signature of Gov. Burnet, is dated Oct. 21, 1728.</p>
+
+<p>Of the origin of this affair, I have discovered nothing. Immediately after
+its consummation, Phillips manifested deep distress, at the result. About
+midnight, of July 3, 1728, with the assistance of his brother, Gillam,
+Peter Faneuil, and several other persons, Henry Phillips was removed to a
+place of safety. He was first conducted, by Peter Faneuil, to the house of
+Col. Estis Hatch, and there concealed. His brother, Gillam, in the
+meanwhile, applied to Captain John Winslow, of &#8220;<i>the Pink, Molly</i>,&#8221; for a
+boat, to carry Henry, on board the British man of war, then lying between
+the Castle and Spectacle Island. Gillam and the Captain repaired to
+Hatch&#8217;s, and had an interview with Peter and Henry, in the yard. It was
+then concluded, that Henry should go to Gibbs&#8217; Wharf, probably as the most
+retired wharf, for embarkation. The reader, who loves to localize&mdash;this
+word will do&mdash;will find this little wharf, on Bonner&#8217;s plan, of 1722, at
+the southeastern margin of Fort Hill, about half way between Whitehorn&#8217;s
+Wharf and South Battery. It lay directly northeast, and not far distant
+from the lower end of Gibbs&#8217; Lane, now Belmont Street.</p>
+
+<p>Henry Phillips, with Peter Faneuil, accordingly proceeded, as quietly as
+possible, to Gibbs&#8217; Wharf. I see them now, stealing through Hatch&#8217;s back
+gate, and looking stealthily behind them, as they take the darker side of
+Belcher&#8217;s Lane. I trust there was no moon, that night. It was very foggy.
+The reader will soon be sure, that I am right, in that particular.</p>
+
+<p>Gillam and Captain Winslow had gone to the Long Wharf, where the Molly&#8217;s
+boat lay; and, as the distance was very considerable to the man-of-war,
+they went first to the Pink, Molly&mdash;named, doubtless, for the Captain&#8217;s
+lady. There they took on board, four of the Pink&#8217;s crew.</p>
+
+<p>How heavily the moments passed that night! That &#8220;<i>fair<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_556" id="Page_556">[Pg 556]</a></span> young man</i>,&#8221; as
+Governor Dummer calls him, in the <i>lettres de cachet</i>&mdash;too young, it may
+seem, at twenty-two, to commence a pilgrimage, like Cain&#8217;s&mdash;how sublimated
+his misery must have been! What sacrifice would he not have made, to break
+the dead man&#8217;s slumber! There he lay; as yet unfound, stark, and stiff,
+and with eyes unclosed&mdash;</p>
+
+<p class="poem">&#8220;Cut off, ev&#8217;n in the blossoms of my sin,<br />
+Unhousel&#8217;d, unanointed, unanneal&#8217;d.&#8221;</p>
+
+<p>Bootless sorrow! He had made his bloody bed&mdash;and therein must he lie
+o&#8217;nights, and in no other. There were no hops in that pillow, for his
+burning brain. The undying memory of a murdered victim&mdash;what an
+everlasting agrypnic it must be!</p>
+
+<p>Time, to this wretched boy, seemed very like eternity, that night&mdash;but the
+sound of the splashing oar was audible at last&mdash;the boat touched the
+wharf&mdash;for the last time he shook the hand of his friend, Peter Faneuil,
+and left the land of his birth, which he was destined never to revisit.</p>
+
+<p>The boat was turned from the shore, and the rowers gave way. But so
+intense was the fog, that night, that they got on shore, at Dorchester
+Neck; and, not until long after midnight, reached the Sheerness, man of
+war. They were received on board. Captain Conrad and Lieutenant Pritchard
+were very naturally disposed to sympathize with &#8220;<i>a fair young man</i>,&#8221; in a
+predicament, like this&mdash;it was all in their line. Gillam, the elder
+brother, related the occurrence; and, before day, parted from Henry, whom
+he was destined to meet no more. Early, on the following morning, the
+events of the preceding night had been whispered, from man to man; for the
+pleasure of being among the earliest, to communicate the intelligence of a
+bloody murder, was precisely the same, in 1728, as it is, at the present
+day. Mrs. Winslow, the lady of the Captain of the Molly, had learned all
+the details, doubtless, before the morning watch. The surgeons, who
+dressed the wounds of Henry Phillips, for he also was wounded, felt
+themselves under no obligation to be silent. The sailors of the Molly, who
+had overheard the conversation of several of the party, were under no
+injunction of secrecy. Indeed, long before the dawn of the fourth of
+July&mdash;not then the glorious Fourth&mdash;the intelligence had spread, far and
+wide; and parties were scouring the Common, in quest of the murdered man.
+At an early hour, Governor Dummer&#8217;s proclamation was<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_557" id="Page_557">[Pg 557]</a></span> in the hands of some
+trusty compositor, in the office of Samuel Kneeland, in Queen Street; and
+soon the handbills were upon all the town pumps, and chief corners,
+according to the usage of those days.</p>
+
+<p>There is a pleasure, somewhat difficult of analysis, undoubtedly, in
+gazing for hours upon the stuffed skin of a beast, that, when in the
+flesh, has devoured a respectable citizen. When good Mr. Bowen&mdash;not the
+professor&mdash;kept his museum in the mansion, occupied, before the
+Revolution, by the Rev. Dr. Caner, and upon whose site the Savings Bank,
+and Historical Society have their apartments, at present, nothing in all
+his collection&mdash;not even the Salem Beauty&mdash;nor Marat and Charlotte
+Cord&eacute;&mdash;interested me so much, as a broken sword, with a label annexed,
+certifying, that, during the horrors of St. Domingo, seven and twenty of
+the white inhabitants had fallen, beneath that sword, in the hands of a
+gigantic negro! How long, one of the fancy will linger&mdash;&#8220;<i>patiens pulveris
+atque solis</i>&#8221; for the luxury of looking upon nothing more picturesque than
+the iron bars of a murderer&#8217;s cell!</p>
+
+<p>It had, most naturally, spread abroad, that young Philips was concealed,
+on board the man of war. Hundreds may be supposed to have gathered, in
+groups, straining their eyes, to get a glimpse of the Sheerness; and the
+officer, who, in obedience to the warrant, proceeded, on that foggy
+morning, to arrest the offender, found more difficulty, in discovering the
+man of war, than was encountered, on the preceding evening, by those, who
+had sought for the body of Woodbridge, upon the Common. At length, the fog
+fled before the sun&mdash;the vista was opened between the Castle and Spectacle
+Island&mdash;but the Sheerness was no longer there&mdash;literally, the places that
+had known her, knew her no more.</p>
+
+<p>Some of our worthy fathers, more curious than the rest, betook themselves,
+I dare say, to the cupola of the <i>old</i> townhouse&mdash;how few of us are aware,
+that the present is the third, that has occupied that spot. There, with
+their glasses, they swept the eastern horizon, to find the truant
+ship&mdash;and enjoyed the same measure of satisfaction, that Mr. Irving
+represents the lodger to have enjoyed, who was so solicitous to get a
+glimpse of the &#8220;Stout Gentleman.&#8221;</p>
+
+<p>Over the waters she went, heavily laden, with as much misery, as could be
+pent up, in the bosom of a single individual.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_558" id="Page_558">[Pg 558]</a></span>He was stricken with that malady, which knows no remedy from man&mdash;a mind
+diseased. In one brief hour, he had disfranchised himself for ever, and
+become a miserable exile.</p>
+
+<p>Among the officers of the Sheerness, he must have been accounted a young
+lion. His <i>gallantry</i>, in the estimation of the gentlemen of the wardroom,
+must have furnished a ready passport to their hearts&mdash;<i>he had killed his
+man</i>!&mdash;with the <i>civilized</i>, not less than with the <i>savage</i>, this is the
+proudest mark of excellence! How little must he have relished the
+approbation of the thoughtless, for an act, which had made him the
+wretched young man, that he was! How paltry the compensation for the
+anguish he had inflicted upon others&mdash;the mourning relatives of him, whom
+he had, that night, destroyed&mdash;his own connections&mdash;<i>his mother</i>&mdash;he was
+too young, at twenty-two, to be insensible to the sufferings of that
+mother! God knows, she had not forgotten her poor, misguided boy; as we
+shall presently see she crossed the ocean, to hold the aching head, and
+bind up the broken heart of her expatriated son&mdash;and arrived, only in
+season, to weep upon his grave, while it was yet green.</p>
+
+
+
+<p>&nbsp;</p><p>&nbsp;</p>
+<hr style="width: 50%;" />
+<h2><a name="No_CXXXV" id="No_CXXXV"></a>No. CXXXV.</h2>
+
+
+<p>It is known, that <i>old</i> Chief Justice Sewall, who died Jan. 1, 1730, kept
+a diary, which is in the possession of the Rev. Samuel Sewall, of
+Burlington, Mass., the son of the <i>late</i> Chief Justice Sewall. As the
+death of the <i>old</i> Chief Justice occurred, about eighteen months after the
+time, when the duel was fought, between Phillips and Woodbridge, it
+occurred to me, that some allusion to it, might be found, in the diary.</p>
+
+<p>The Rev. Samuel Sewall has, very kindly, informed me, that the diary of
+the Chief Justice does not refer to the duel; but that the event was
+noticed by him, in his interleaved almanac, and by the Rev. Joseph Sewall,
+who preached the occasional sermon, to which I have referred&mdash;in <i>his</i>
+diary: and the Rev. Mr. Sewall, of Burlington, has obligingly furnished me
+with such extracts, as seem to have a bearing on the subject, and with
+some suggestions, in relation to the parties.</p>
+
+<p>On the 4th of July, 1728, Judge Sewall, in his interleaved<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_559" id="Page_559">[Pg 559]</a></span> almanac,
+writes thus&mdash;&#8220;<i>Poor Mr. Benjam. Woodbridge is found dead in the Comon this
+morning, below the Powder-house, with a Sword-thrust through him, and his
+own Sword undrawn. Henry Phillips is suspected. The town is amazed!</i>&#8221; This
+wears the aspect of what is commonly called foul play; and the impression
+might exist, that Phillips had run his antagonist through, <i>before he had
+drawn his sword</i>.</p>
+
+<p>It is quite likely, that Judge Sewall himself had that impression, when he
+made his entry, on the fourth of July: the reader will observe, he does
+not say <i>sheathed</i> but <i>undrawn</i>. If there existed no evidence to rebut
+this presumption, it would seem, not that there had been murder, in a
+duel, but a case of the <i>most atrocious</i> murder; for nothing would be more
+unlikely to happen, than that a man, after having received his death
+wound, in this manner, should have sheathed his own sword. The wound was
+under the right pap; he was run through; the sword had come out, at the
+small of his back. How strongly, in this case, the presumptive evidence
+would bear against Phillips, not that he killed Woodbridge, for of this
+there is no doubt; but that he killed him, before he had drawn his own
+sword.</p>
+
+<p>When the reader shall have read the authenticated testimony, which now
+lies before me, he will see, not only that the swords of both were
+drawn&mdash;but that both were wounded&mdash;that, after Woodbridge was wounded, he
+either dropped his sword, or was disarmed&mdash;and, that, when he had become
+helpless, and had walked some little distance from the spot, Phillips
+picked up the sword of his antagonist, and returned it to the scabbard.
+The proof of this, by an eye-witness, is clear, direct, and conclusive.</p>
+
+<p>The next extract, in order of time, is from the diary of the Rev. Joseph
+Sewall, under date July, 1728&mdash;<i>&#8220;N. B. On ye 4th (wch was kept, as a Day
+of Prayr upon ye account of ye Drought) we were surpris&#8217;d wth ye sad
+Tidings yt Mr. Henry Phillips and Mr Woodbridge fought a duel in wch ye
+latter was slain. O Ld Preserve ye Tow. and Land from the guilt of
+Blood&#8221;.&mdash;&mdash;&#8220;In ye Eveng. I visited Mrs. Ph. O Ld Sanctify thine awful
+judgt to her. Give her Son a thorow Rcpentce.&#8221;</i></p>
+
+<p>These extracts are of interest, not simply because they are historical,
+but as illustrative of the times.</p>
+
+<p>&#8220;<i>1728, July 18. I preached ye Lecture from yese words, Ps. 119, 115,
+Depart from me ye evil Doers, &amp;c. Endeavd<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_560" id="Page_560">[Pg 560]</a></span> to shew ye evill and danger of
+wicked Company.&mdash;Condemned Duelling as a bloody crime, &amp;c. O Lord, Bless
+my poor labours.</i>&#8221;</p>
+
+<p>&#8220;<i>1728-9, January 22. Mr. Thacher, Mr. Prince, and I met at Mrs.
+Phillips, and Pray&#8217;d for her son. I hope G. graciously assisted. Ld Pardon
+the hainous Sins of yt young man, convert and Heal his soul.</i>&#8221;</p>
+
+<p>Writing to a London correspondent, June 2, 1729, Chief Justice Sewall
+says&mdash;&#8220;<i>Richard put the Letter on board Capt. Thomas Lithered, who saild
+this day; in who went Madam Hannah Phillips</i>.&#8221; In his interleaved almanac
+is the following entry&mdash;&#8220;<i>1729, Sept. 27, Saturday Madam Phillips arrives;
+mane</i>.&#8221; The explanation of these two last entries is at hand. Jean Faneuil
+of Rochelle had, doubtless, written, either to his brother Andr&eacute;, in
+Boston, or to his nephew, by marriage, Gillam Phillips, giving an account
+of the wanderer, Gillam&#8217;s brother. At length, the tidings came hither,
+that he was sick; and, probably, in May, 1729, intelligence arrived, that
+he was <i>dangerously ill</i>. The mother&#8217;s heart was stirred within her. By
+the first vessel she embarked for London, on her way to Rochelle. The eyes
+of that unhappy young man were not destined to behold again the face of
+her, whose daylight he had turned into darkness, and whose heart he had
+broken.</p>
+
+<p>He died about the twentieth of May, 1729, as I infer from the documents
+before me. The first of these is the account, rendered by Jean Faneuil, to
+Gillam Phillips, in Jean&#8217;s own hand&mdash;&#8220;<i>Deboursement fait par Jean faneuil
+pour feu Monsieur heny Phillipe de Boston</i>,&#8221; &amp;c. He charges in this
+account, for amount paid the physician, &#8220;<i>pendant sa maladie</i>.&#8221; The
+doctor&#8217;s bill is sent as a voucher, and is also before me. Dr. &#8220;<i>Girard De
+Villars, Aggreg&eacute; au College Royal des Medicins de la Rochelle</i>&#8221;
+acknowledges to have received payment in full <i>pour l&#8217;honoraire des
+consultes de mes confreres et moy a Monsieur Henry Phillipe Anglois</i>, from
+the fourth of April, to the twentieth of May.</p>
+
+<p>The apothecary&#8217;s bill of Monsieur Guinot, covering three folio pages, is
+an interesting document, for something of the nature of the malady may be
+inferred, from the <i>materia medica</i> employed&mdash;<i>potion anodine</i>&mdash;<i>baume
+tranquille sant</i>&mdash;<i>cordial somnifere</i>. How effectually the visions, the
+graphic recollections of this miserable young man must have <i>murdered
+sleep</i>!</p>
+
+<p>The Rev. Mr. Sewall of Burlington suggests, that Mr. Benjamin<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_561" id="Page_561">[Pg 561]</a></span> Woodbridge,
+who fell in this duel, was, very probably, the grandson of the Rev. John
+Woodbridge of Andover, and he adds, that his partner, Jonathan Sewall, to
+whose house the body was conveyed, was a nephew of the <i>old</i> Chief
+Justice, and, in 1717, was in business with an elder brother, Major Samuel
+Sewall, with whom he resided. In 1726, Major Sewall &#8220;lived in a house,
+once occupied by Madam Usher, near the Common;&#8221; whither the body of
+Woodbridge might have been conveyed, without much trouble.</p>
+
+<p>The General Court, which assembled, on the 28th of that month, in which
+this encounter took place, enacted a more stringent law, than had existed
+before, on the subject of duelling.</p>
+
+<p>I shall now present the testimony, as it lies before me, certified by
+Elisha Cook, J. P., before whom the examination was had, on the morning
+after the duel:&mdash;</p>
+
+<p>&#8220;Suffolk, ss. Memorandum. Boston, July 4, 1728. Messrs. Robert Handy,
+George Stewart and others being convented on examination, concerning the
+murther of Benja. Woodbridge last night, Mr. Handy examined saith&mdash;that
+sometime before night Mr. Benja. Woodbridge come to me at the White
+horse<a name='fna_3' id='fna_3' href='#f_3'><small>[3]</small></a> and desired me to lett him (have) his own sword. I asked ye
+reason: he replied he had business called him into the Country. I was
+jealous he made an excuse. I urged him to tell me plainly what occasion he
+had for a sword, fearing it was to meet with Mr. Henry Phillips, who had
+lately fell out. He still persisted in his first story, upon which I gave
+him his sword and belt,<a name='fna_4' id='fna_4' href='#f_4'><small>[4]</small></a> and then he left the Compy, Mr. Thomas Barton
+being in Company, I immediately followed, and went into the Common, found
+said Woodbridge walking the Common by the Powder house, his sword by his
+side. I saw no person save him. I againe urged the occasion of his being
+there. He denied informing. In some short time, I saw Mr. Henry Phillips
+walking towards us, with his Sword by his side and Cloke on. Before he
+came nere us I told them I feared there was a Quarrel and what would be
+the events. They both denied it.</p>
+
+<p>&#8220;Mr. Phillips replied again Mr. Woodbridge and he had some particular
+business that concerned them two onley and desired I<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_562" id="Page_562">[Pg 562]</a></span> would go about my
+business. I still persuaded them to let me know their design, and if any
+quarrel they would make it up. Mr. Phillips used me in such a manner with
+slites (slights) that I went of and left them by the powder house, this
+was about eight in the evening. I went up the Common. They walked down.
+After some short space I returned, being justly fearful of their designe,
+in order to prevent their fiteing with Swords. I mett with them about the
+Powder House. I first saw Mr. Woodbridge making up to me, holding his left
+hand below his right breast. I discovered blood upon his coat, asked the
+meaning of it. He told me Mr. Phillips had wounded him. Having no Sword I
+enquired where it was. He said Mr. Phillips had it. Mr. Phillips
+immediately came up, with Woodbridge&#8217;s sword in his hand naked, his own by
+his side. I told them I was surprized they should quarrel to this degree.
+I told Mr. Phillips he had wounded Mr. Woodbridge. He replied yes so he
+had and Mr. Woodbridge had also wounded me, but in the fleshy part onley,
+shewing me his cut fingers. Mr. Phillips took Mr. Woodbridge&#8217;s scabbard,
+sheathed the Sword, and either laid it down by him, or gave it to him.</p>
+
+<p>&#8220;Mr. Woodbridge beginning to faint satt down, and begged that surgeons
+might be sent for. I immediately went away, leaving these two together.
+Phillips presently followed, told me for God&#8217;s sake to go back to
+Woodbridge, and take care of him, till he returned with a surgeon. I
+prayed him to hasten, but did not care to returne. Mr. Phillips went away
+as fast as he could and went down the lane by the Pound.<a name='fna_5' id='fna_5' href='#f_5'><small>[5]</small></a> I returned to
+the White Horse. I found Mr. Barton and Geoe Reason together. I told Mr.
+Barton Phillips and Woodbridge having quarreled, Woodbridge was much
+wounded. I asked Barton to go and see how it was it with Woodbridge. We
+went a little way from the house, with a designe to go, but Barton,
+hearing Phillips was gone for a Chirurgeon, concluded Phillips would
+procure a Chirurgeon, and so declined going, and went to Mr. Blin&#8217;s house
+where we ware invited to supper. I have not seen Mr. Hy Phillips or
+(heard) any from him, since I left him going for a Chirurgeon.&#8221;</p>
+
+<p>Such is the testimony of Robert Handy; and the reader will agree with me,
+that, if he and Barton had been choked with their supper at Mr. Blin&#8217;s, it
+would have been a &#8220;Providence.&#8221;<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_563" id="Page_563">[Pg 563]</a></span> It would be difficult to find the record
+of more cruel neglect, towards a dying man. When urged to go back and
+sustain Woodbridge, till a surgeon could be procured, he &#8220;<i>did not care to
+returne</i>.&#8221; And Barton preferred going to his supper. The principle, which
+governed these fellows, was a grossly selfish and cowardly fear of
+personal implication. Upon an occasion of minor importance, a similar
+principle actuated a couple of Yorkshire lads, who refused to assist, in
+righting the carriage of a member of parliament, which had been
+overturned, because their father had cautioned them never to meddle with
+state affairs.</p>
+
+<p>I shall present the remaining testimony, in the following number.</p>
+
+
+
+<p>&nbsp;</p><p>&nbsp;</p>
+<hr style="width: 50%;" />
+<h2><a name="No_CXXXVI" id="No_CXXXVI"></a>No. CXXXVI.</h2>
+
+
+<p>Let us proceed with the examination, before Justice Elisha Cook, on the
+fourth of July, 1728.</p>
+
+<p>&#8220;John Cutler, of Boston, Chirurgeon, examined upon oath, saith, that, last
+evening, about seven, Dr. George Pemberton came to me, at Mrs. Mears&#8217;s,
+and informed, that an unhappy quarrel hapned betwene Mr. Henry Phillips
+and Benja. Woodbridge, and it was to be feared Mr. Woodbridge was
+desperately wounded. We went out. We soon mett Mr. Henry Phillips, who
+told us he feared he had killed Mr. Woodbridge, or mortally wounded him;
+that he left him at the bottom of the Common, and begged us to repaire
+there and see if any relief might be given him. Doct. Pemberton and I
+went, in compy with Mr. Henry Phillips, in search of said Woodbridge, but
+could not find him, nor make any discovery of the affair. Mr. Phillips
+left us. I bid him walk in Bromfield&#8217;s lane. We went to Mr. Woodbridge&#8217;s
+lodgings, and severall other houses, but heard nothing of him. Upon our
+return Mr. H. Phillips was at my house. I dresed his wound, which was
+across his belly and his fingers. Mr. Phillips shew a great concern and
+fear of having killed Mr. Woodbridge. I endeavored to appease him, and
+hope better things; but he said, could he think he was alive, he should
+think himself a happy man.&#8221;</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_564" id="Page_564">[Pg 564]</a></span>&#8220;Doct. George Pemberton, sworn, saith that last evening about seven or
+eight o&#8217;clock Mr. Henry Phillips came to the Sun Tavern and informed me,
+first desiring me to go out wch I did and went to my house, where said
+Phillips shew me some wounds, and that he had wounded Mr. Benjamin
+Woodbridge, and feared they would prove mortal&mdash;begged of me to repair to
+the Comon. Accompanied with Dr. Cutler and said Phillips, in quest of said
+Woodbridge, we went to the Powder house, and searched the ground there,
+but could make no discovery. Mr. Phillips then left us, and walked towards
+Mr. Bromfield&#8217;s lane. Dr. Cutler and I went to Mr. Woodbridge&#8217;s lodging,
+and several other places, but could hear nothing of him. We returned and
+found Henry Phillips, at Dr. Cutler&#8217;s, who was very greatly concerned;
+fearing he had killed Mr. Woodbridge. We dressed Mr. Phillips&#8217; wounds
+which were small.&#8221;</p>
+
+<p>&#8220;Capt. John Winslow examined saith that last night being at Mr. Doring&#8217;s
+house, Mr. Gillam Phillips, about eleven in the evening, came to me and
+told me he wanted my boat to carry off his brother Henry, who had wounded
+or killed a man. I went, by appointment, to Mr. Vardy&#8217;s where I soon mett
+Gillam Phillips. I asked him where his brother was&mdash;who he had been
+fiteing with. He made answer I should see him presently. Went down to
+Colo. Estis Hatche&#8217;s where Mr. Gillam Phillips was to meet me. I gott
+there first, knocked at Mr. Hatche&#8217;s door. No answer. From Mr. Hatche&#8217;s
+house Mr. Peter Faneuil and Henry Phillips came into Mr. Hatche&#8217;s
+yard&mdash;Mr. Gillam Phillips immediately after with Mr. Adam Tuck. I heard no
+discourse about the man who was wounded. They concluded, and sent Mr.
+Henry Phillips to Gibb&#8217;s wharf. Then Gillam Phillips with me to the long
+wharf. I took boat there, and went on board my ship, lying in the harbor.
+Mr. Phillips (Gillam) being in the bote, I took four of the Ship&#8217;s crew,
+and rowed to Gibb&#8217;s Wharf, where we mett with Mr. Henry Phillips, Peter
+Faneuil, and Adam Tuck. I came on shore. Henry Phillips and Tuck entred
+the boat. I understood by discourse with Gillam Phillips, they designed on
+board his Majestys Ship-Sheerness, Captain James Conrad Comdr. This was
+about twelve and one of the Clock.&#8221;</p>
+
+<p>&#8220;Adam Tuck of Boston farier, examined upon oath saith, that, about eleven
+of the clock, last evening, being at Luke Vardy&#8217;s I understood there had
+bin a quarril betwene Henry Phillips<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_565" id="Page_565">[Pg 565]</a></span> and Benja. Woodbridge, and that
+Phillips had killed or mortally wounded Woodbridge. Gillam Phillips Esq.
+being there, I walked with him towards Colo. Hatches, where we came up
+with Capt. Jno. Winslow, and Henry Phillips, and Peter Faneuil. We all
+went to Gibb&#8217;s wharf, when we, that is Mr. Gillam and Henry Phillips, with
+the examinant went on board Capt. John Winslow&#8217;s boat. We designed, as I
+understood, to go on board his Majesie&#8217;s ship Sheerness, in order to leave
+Mr. Henry Phillips on board the man of War, who, as he told me, had, he
+feared, wounded a man, that evening on the Comon, near the water side. The
+person&#8217;s name I understood was Woodbridge. Soon after our being on board
+Lt. Pritchard caried us into his apartment, where Gillam Phillips related
+to the Leut. the rancounter that hapned betwene his brother Henry and
+Benja. Woodbridge. I took the intent of their going on board the man of
+War was to conceale Mr. Henry Phillips. We stayed on board about an hour
+and a half. We left Mr. Henry Phillips on board the Man of War and came up
+to Boston.&#8221;</p>
+
+<p>&#8220;John Underwood, at present residing in Boston, mariner, belonging to the
+Pink Molle, John Winslow Comdr. now lying in the harbour of Boston, being
+examined upon oath, concerning the death or murther of Mr. Benjamin
+Woodbridge, saith, that about twelve o&#8217;clock last night, his Captn John
+Winslow, with another person, unknown to him came on board. The Captn
+ordered the boat with four of our hands, I being one, to go to a Wharf at
+the South end of the Town, where we went, and there the Capt. went on
+Shore, and two other persons came into the Boat without the Captn. We put
+of and by the discourse we were designed to go on board the Man of Whar,
+but by reason of the fogg or thick weather we gott on shore at Dorchester
+neck, went up to a house and stayed there about an hour and half, then
+returned to our boat, took in the three persons affore-named, as I
+suppose, with our crew, and went on board the Man of War, now lying
+betwene the Castle &amp; Specta Island. We all went on board with the men we
+took in at the Wharf, stayed there for the space of an hour, and then came
+up to Boston, leaving one of the three onley on board, and landed by
+Oliver&#8217;s Dock.&#8221;</p>
+
+<p>&#8220;Wm. Pavice of Boston, one of the Pink Molly&#8217;s crew, examined upon oath,
+saith as above declared by John Underwood.&#8221;</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_566" id="Page_566">[Pg 566]</a></span>&#8220;James Wood and John Brown, mariners, belonging to the Pink Molly, being
+examined upon oath, declare as above. John Brown cannot say, or knows not
+how many persons they took from the shore, at Gibb&#8217;s wharf, but is
+positive but two returned to Boston. They both say they cant be sure
+whether the Capt. went in the boat from the ship to the shoar.&#8221;</p>
+
+<p>&#8220;Mr. Peter Faneuil examined saith, that, last evening, about twelve, he
+was with Gillam Phillips, Henry Phillips and Adam Tuck at Gibb&#8217;s wharf,
+and understood by Gillam Phillips, that his brother Henry had killed or
+mortally wounded Mr. Benja. Woodbridge this evening, that Henry Phillips
+went into Capt&#8217;n Winslow&#8217;s boat, with his brother and Adam Tuck with the
+Boat&#8217;s crew, where they went he knows not.&#8221;</p>
+
+<p>Such was the evidence, presented before the examining justice, on the
+fourth of July, 1728, in relation to this painful, and extraordinary
+occurrence.</p>
+
+<p>I believe I have well nigh completed my operation, upon Peter Faneuil: but
+before I throw aside my professional apron, let me cast about, and see, if
+there are no small arteries which I have not taken up. I perceive there
+are.</p>
+
+<p>The late Rev. Dr. Gray, of Jamaica Plains, on page 8 of his half century
+sermon, published in 1842, has the following passage&mdash;&#8220;<i>The third or
+Jamaica Plain Parish, in Roxbury, had its origin in the piety of an
+amiable female. I refer to Mrs. Susanna, wife of Benjamin Pemberton. She
+was the daughter of Peter Faneuil, who, in 1740 erected and gave to the
+Town of Boston the far-famed Hall, which still bears his name; and who
+built also the dwelling house, now standing here, recently known, as late
+Dr. John Warren&#8217;s Country seat.</i>&#8221;</p>
+
+<p>Nothing could have been farther from the meaning of the amiable Mr. Gray,
+than a design to cast a reproach, upon the unimpeachable pedigree of this
+excellent lady. But Peter Faneuil was, unfortunately, never married. He
+was a bachelor; and is styled &#8220;<i>Bachelour</i>,&#8221; in the commission, from John,
+Archbishop of Canterbury, to Judge Willard, to administer the oath to
+Benjamin Faneuil, as administrator, on Peter&#8217;s estate. Peter&#8217;s estate was
+divided, among his brother, Benjamin, and his four sisters, Anne
+Davenport, Susanna Boutineau, Mary Phillips, and Mary Ann Jones. This fact
+is established, by the original indenture of marriage settlement, now
+before me, between John Jones and Mary Ann Faneuil, dated the very month
+of Peter&#8217;s decease.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_567" id="Page_567">[Pg 567]</a></span> He had no daughter to inherit. Mrs. Susanna Pemberton
+had not a drop of the Faneuil blood, in her veins. Her nearest
+approximation consisted in the fact, that George Bethune, her own brother,
+married, as I have already stated, Mary Faneuil, Peter&#8217;s niece, and the
+daughter of Benjamin. Benjamin occupied that cottage, before he removed to
+Brighton. He had also a town residence, in rear of the Old Brick
+Meeting-house, which stood where Joy&#8217;s buildings now stand.</p>
+
+<p>Thomas Kilby was the commercial agent of Peter Faneuil, at Canso, Nova
+Scotia, in 1737, 8 and 9. He was a gentleman of education; graduated at
+Harvard, in 1723, and died in 1740, and according to Pemberton, published
+essays, in prose and verse. Not long ago, a gentleman inquired of me, if I
+had ever heard, that Peter Faneuil had a wooden leg; and related the
+following amusing story, which he received from his collateral ancestor,
+John Page, who graduated at Harvard, in 1765, and died in 1825, aged 81.</p>
+
+<p>Thomas Kilby was an unthrifty, and rather whimsical, gentleman. Being
+without property and employment, he retired, either into Maine, or Nova
+Scotia. There he made a will, for his amusement, having, in reality,
+nothing to bequeath. He left liberal sums to a number of religious,
+philanthropic, and literary institutions&mdash;his eyes, which were very good,
+to a blind relative&mdash;his body to a surgeon of his acquaintance, &#8220;excepting
+as hereinafter excepted&#8221;&mdash;his sins he bequeathed to a worthy clergyman, as
+he appeared not to have any&mdash;and the choice of his legs to Peter Faneuil.</p>
+
+<p>Upon inquiry of the oldest surviving relative of Peter, I found, that
+nothing was known of the wooden leg.</p>
+
+<p>A day or two after, a highly respectable and aged citizen, attracted by
+the articles, in the Transcript, informed me, that his father, born in
+1727, told him, that he had seen Peter Faneuil, in his garden, and that,
+on one foot, he wore a very high-heeled shoe. This, probably, gave
+occasion to the considerate bequest of Thomas Kilby.</p>
+
+<p>The will, as my informant states, upon the authority of Mr. John Page,
+coming to the knowledge of Peter, he was so much pleased with the humor of
+it, that, probably, having a knowledge of the <i>testator</i> before, he sent
+for him, and made him his agent, at Canso.</p>
+
+<p>Peter was a kind-hearted man. The gentleman who gave me<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_568" id="Page_568">[Pg 568]</a></span> the fact,
+concerning the high-heeled shoe, informed me, upon his father&#8217;s authority,
+that old Andrew Faneuil&mdash;the same, who, in his will, prays God, for &#8220;<i>the
+perfecting of his charities</i>&#8221;&mdash;put a poor, old, schoolmaster, named
+Walker, into jail, for debt. Imprisonment then, for debt, was a serious
+and lingering affair. Peter, in the flesh&mdash;not his angel&mdash;privately paid
+the poor man&#8217;s debt, and set the prisoner free.</p>
+
+
+
+<p>&nbsp;</p><p>&nbsp;</p>
+<hr style="width: 50%;" />
+<h2><a name="No_CXXXVII" id="No_CXXXVII"></a>No. CXXXVII.</h2>
+
+
+<p>Those words of Horace were the words of soberness and truth&mdash;<i>Oh
+imitatores, vulgum pecus!</i>&mdash;I loathe imitators and imitations of all
+sorts. How cheap must that man feel, who awakens <i>hesterno vitio</i>, from
+yesterday&#8217;s debauch, on <i>imitation</i> gin or brandy! Let no reader of the
+Transcript suppose, that I am so far behind the times, as to question the
+respectability of being drunk, on the real, original Scheidam or Cogniac,
+whether at funerals, weddings, or ordinations. But I consider <i>imitation</i>
+gin or brandy, at a funeral, a point blank insult to the corpse.</p>
+
+<p>Everybody knows, that old oaks, old friendships, and old mocha must
+grow&mdash;they cannot be made. My horse is frightened, nearly out of his
+harness, almost every day of his life, by the hissing and jetting of the
+steam, and the clatter of the machinery, as I pass a manufactory, or
+grindery, of <i>imitation</i> coffee. <i>Imitation</i> coffee! What would my old
+friend, Melli Melli, the Tunisian ambassador, with whom&mdash;long, long ago&mdash;I
+have taken a cup of his own particular, once and again, at Chapotin&#8217;s
+Hotel, in Summer Street, say to such a thing as this!</p>
+
+<p>This grindery is located, in an Irish neighborhood, and there used to be a
+great number of Irish children thereabouts. The number has greatly
+diminished of late. I know not why, but, as I passed, the other day, the
+story that Dickens tells of the poor sausage-maker, whose broken buttons,
+among the sausage meat, revealed his unlucky destiny, came forcibly to
+mind. By the smell, I presume, there is a roastery, connected with the
+establishment; and, now I think of it, the atmosphere, round about, is
+filled with the odor of roast pig&mdash;a little overdone.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_569" id="Page_569">[Pg 569]</a></span>Good things, of all sorts, have stimulated the imitative powers of man,
+from the diamond to the nutmeg. Even death&mdash;and death is a good thing to
+him, whose armor of righteousness is on, <i>cap-a-pie</i>&mdash;death has been
+occasionally imitated; and really, now and then, the thing has been very
+cleverly done. I refer not to cases of catalepsy or trance, nor to cases
+of total suspension of sensibility and voluntary motion, for a time, under
+the agency of sulphuric ether, or chloroform.</p>
+
+<p>In 1843, at the request of her Majesty&#8217;s principal Secretary of State, for
+the Home Department, Mr. Edwin Chadwick, Barrister at Law, made &#8220;<i>a report
+on the results of a special inquiry into the practice of interment in
+towns</i>.&#8221; This report is very severe upon our fraternity; but, I must
+confess, it is a most able and interesting performance, and full of
+curious detail. The demands of the English undertaker, it appears, are so
+oppressive upon the poor, that burial societies have been formed, upon the
+mutual principle. It is asserted by Mr. Chadwick, that parents, under the
+gripings of poverty, have actually poisoned their children, to obtain the
+burial money. At the Chester assizes, several trials, for infanticide,
+have occurred, on these grounds. &#8220;<i>That child will not live, it is in the
+burial club</i>,&#8221; is a cant and common phrase, among the Manchester paupers.</p>
+
+<p>Some very clever impositions, have been practised, to obtain the burial
+allowance. A man, living in Manchester, resolved to play corpse, for this
+laudable object. His wife was privy to the plot, of course,&mdash;and gave
+notice, in proper form, of her bereavement. The agent of the society made
+the customary domiciliary visit. There the body lay&mdash;stiff and stark&mdash;and
+a very straight and proper corpse it was&mdash;the jaw decently tied up. The
+visitor, well convinced, and quite touched by the widow&#8217;s anguish, was
+turning on his heel to depart, when a slight motion of the dead man&#8217;s
+eyelid arrested his attention: he began to smell&mdash;not of the body, like
+the bear in &AElig;sop&mdash;but a rat. Upon feeling the pulse, he begged the chief
+mourner to be comforted; there was strong ground for hope! More obstinate
+than Rachel, she not only would not be comforted, but abused the visitor,
+in good Gaelic, for questioning her veracity. Had she not laid out the
+daar man, her own daar Tooly Mashee, with her own hands! and didn&#8217;t she
+know better than to be after laying him out, while the brith was in his
+daar buddy! and would she be guilty of so cruel a thing to her own good
+man! The doctor was called;<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_570" id="Page_570">[Pg 570]</a></span> and, after feeling the pulse, threw a bucket
+of water, in the face of the defunct, which resulted in immediate
+resurrection.</p>
+
+<p>The most extraordinary case of imitation death on record, and which, under
+the acknowledged rules of evidence, it is quite impossible to disbelieve,
+is that of the East India Fakeer, who was buried alive at Lahore, in 1837,
+and at the end of forty days, disinterred, and resuscitated. This tale is,
+<i>prima facie</i>, highly improbable: let us examine the evidence. It is
+introduced, in the last English edition of Sharon Turner&#8217;s Sacred History
+of the World, vol. iii., in a note upon Letter 25. The witness is Sir
+Claude M. Wade, who, at the time of the Fakeer&#8217;s burial, and disinterment,
+was political resident, at Loodianah, and principal agent of the English
+government, at the court of Runjeet Singh. The character of this witness
+is entirely above suspicion; and the reader will observe, in his
+testimony, anything but the marks and numbers of a credulous witness, or a
+dealer in the marvellous. Mr. Wade addressed a letter to the editor of
+Turner&#8217;s History, from which the following extracts are made:&mdash;</p>
+
+<p>&#8220;I was present, at the court of Runjeet Singh, at Lahore, in 1837, when
+the Fakeer, mentioned by the Hon. Capt. Osborne, was buried alive, for six
+weeks; and, though I arrived, a few hours after his interment, I had the
+testimony of Runjeet Singh, himself, and others, the most credible
+witnesses of his court, to the truth of the Fakeer having been so buried
+before them; and from having been present myself, when he was disinterred,
+and restored to a state of perfect vitality, in a position so close to
+him, as to render any deception impossible, it is my firm belief that
+there was no collusion, in producing the extraordinary fact, that I have
+related.&#8221;</p>
+
+<p>Mr. Wade proceeds to give an account of the disinterment. &#8220;On the approach
+of the appointed time, according to invitation, I accompanied Runjeet
+Singh to the spot, where the Fakeer had been buried. It was a square
+building, called, in the language of the country, <i>Barra Durree</i>, in the
+midst of one of the gardens, adjoining the palace at Lahore, with an open
+verandah all around, having an enclosed room in the centre. On arriving
+there, Runjeet Singh, who was attended on the occasion, by the whole of
+his court, dismounting from his elephant, asked me to join him, in
+examining the building, to satisfy himself that it was closed, as he had
+left it. We did so. There had been an open door, on each of the four sides
+of the room, three of which<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_571" id="Page_571">[Pg 571]</a></span> were perfectly closed with brick and mortar.
+The fourth had a strong door, also closed with mud, up to the padlock,
+which was sealed with the private seal of Runjeet Singh, in his own
+presence, when the Fakeer was interred. In fact, the exterior of the
+building presented no aperture whatever, by which air could be admitted,
+nor any communication held, by which food could possibly be conveyed to
+the Fakeer; and I may also add, that the walls, closing the doorways, bore
+no marks of having been recently disturbed or removed.&#8221;</p>
+
+<p>&#8220;Runjeet Singh recognized the impression of the seal, as the one, which he
+had affixed: and, as he was as skeptical, as any European could be, of the
+successful result of such an enterprise, to guard, as far as possible,
+against any collusion, he had placed two companies, from his own personal
+escort, near the building, from which four sentries were furnished, and
+relieved, every two hours, night and day, to guard the building from
+intrusion. At the same time, he ordered one of the principal officers of
+his court to visit the place occasionally, and report the result of his
+inspection to him; while he himself, or his minister, kept the seal which
+closed the hole of the padlock, and the latter received the reports of the
+officers on guard, morning and evening.&#8221;</p>
+
+<p>&#8220;After our examination, and we had seated ourselves in the verandah,
+opposite the door, some of Runjeet&#8217;s people dug away the mud wall, and one
+of his officers broke the seal, and opened the padlock.&#8221;</p>
+
+<p>&#8220;On the door being thrown open, nothing but a dark room was to be seen.
+Runjeet Singh and myself then entered it, in company with the servant of
+the Fakeer. A light was brought, and we descended about three feet below
+the floor of the room, into a sort of cell, in which a wooden box, about
+four feet long, by three broad, with a square sloping roof, containing the
+Fakeer, was placed upright, the door of which had also a padlock and seal,
+similar to that on the outside. On opening it, we saw&#8221;&mdash;</p>
+
+<p>But I am reminded, by observing the point I have reached, upon my sheet of
+paper, that it is time to pause. There are others, who have something to
+say to the public, of more importance, about rum, sugar and molasses,
+turtle soup and patent medicine, children, that are lost, and puppies,
+that are found.</p>
+
+
+
+<p>&nbsp;</p><p>&nbsp;</p>
+<hr style="width: 50%;" />
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_572" id="Page_572">[Pg 572]</a></span></p>
+<h2><a name="No_CXXXVIII" id="No_CXXXVIII"></a>No. CXXXVIII.</h2>
+
+
+<p>Sir Claude M. Wade, the reader may remember, was proceeding thus&mdash;&#8220;On
+opening it,&#8221; (the box containing the Fakeer) &#8220;we saw a figure, enclosed in
+a bag of white linen, drawn together, and fastened by a string over the
+head; on the exposure of which a grand salute was fired, and the
+surrounding multitude came crowding to the door to see the spectacle.
+After they had gratified their curiosity, the Fakeer&#8217;s servant, putting
+his arms into the box, took the figure of his master out; and, closing the
+door, placed it, with his back against the door, exactly as he had been
+squatted, like a Hindoo idol, in the box itself. Runjeet Singh and I then
+descended into the cell, which was so small, that we were only able to sit
+on the ground in front, and so close to the body, as to touch it with our
+hands and knees. The servant then began pouring warm water over the
+figure, but, as my object was to watch if any fraudulent practice could be
+detected, I proposed to Runjeet Singh, to tear open the bag, and have a
+perfect view of the body, before any means of resuscitation were
+attempted. I accordingly did so; and may here remark, that the bag, when
+first seen by us, looked mildewed, as if it had been buried for some time.
+The legs and arms of the body were shrivelled and stiff, the face full, as
+in life, and the head reclining on the shoulder, like that of a corpse.&#8221;</p>
+
+<p>&#8220;I then called to the medical gentleman, who was attending me, to come
+down and inspect the body, which he did, but could discover no pulsation,
+in the heart, temples or the arms. There was however, a heat, about the
+region of the brain, which no other part of the body exhibited. The
+servant then commenced bathing him with hot water, and gradually relaxing
+his arms and legs from the rigid state, in which they were contracted;
+Runjeet Singh taking his right and left leg, to aid by friction in
+restoring them to their proper action, during which time the servant
+placed a hot wheaten cake, about an inch thick, on the top of the head&mdash;a
+process, which he twice or thrice repeated. He then took out of his
+nostrils and ears the wax and cotton plugs, with which they were stopped,
+and after great exertion, opened his mouth, by inserting the point of a
+knife between the teeth, and while holding his jaws<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_573" id="Page_573">[Pg 573]</a></span> open, with his left
+hand, drew the tongue forward, with the forefinger of the right, in the
+course of which the tongue flew back, several times, to its curved
+position upwards, that in which it had originally been placed, so as to
+close the gullet. He then rubbed his eyelids with ghee (clarified butter)
+for some time, till he succeeded in opening them, when the eye appeared
+quite motionless and glazed. After the cake had been applied for the third
+time, to the top of the head, the body was convulsively heaved, the
+nostrils became violently inflated, respiration ensued, and the limbs
+began to assume a natural fulness. The servant then put some ghee on his
+tongue, and made him swallow it. A few minutes afterwards, the eyeballs
+became slowly dilated, recovered their natural color, and the Fakeer,
+recognizing Runjeet Singh, sitting close by him, articulated, in a low
+sepulchral tone, scarcely audible&mdash;&#8216;<i>Do you believe me now?</i>&#8217;&#8221;</p>
+
+<p>&#8220;Runjeet Singh replied in the affirmative; and then began investing the
+Fakeer with a pearl necklace, a superb pair of gold bracelets, shawls, and
+pieces of silk and muslin, forming what is called a <i>khilet</i>, such as is
+usually conferred, by the princes of India, on persons of distinction.
+From the time of the box being opened to the recovery of the voice, not
+more than half an hour could have elapsed; and, in another half an hour,
+the Fakeer talked with himself and those about him freely, though feebly,
+like a sick person, and we then left him, convinced that there had been no
+fraud or collusion, in the exhibition, which we had witnessed.&#8221;</p>
+
+<p>The Hon. Captain Osborne, who was attached to the mission of Sir William
+Macnaughten, in the following year, 1838, sought to persuade the Fakeer to
+repeat the experiment, and to suffer the keys of the vault to remain in
+Captain Osborne&#8217;s custody. At this the Fakeer became alarmed, though he
+afterwards consented, and, at the request of Runjeet Singh, he came to
+Lahore for the purpose; but, as he expressed a strong apprehension, that
+Captain Osborne intended to destroy him, and as Sir William Macnaughten
+and his suite were about to depart, the matter was given up. This is
+related by Captain Osborne, in his &#8220;Court and Camp of Runjeet Singh.&#8221;</p>
+
+<p>After avowing his entire belief in all the facts, set forth in the
+previous narrative, Sir Claude M. Wade remarks&mdash;&#8220;I took some pains to
+inquire into the mode, by which such a result<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_574" id="Page_574">[Pg 574]</a></span> was effected; and was
+informed, that it rested on a doctrine of the Hindoo physiologists, that
+heat constitutes the self existent principle of life; and, that, if the
+functions are so far destroyed, as to leave that one, in perfect purity,
+life could be sustained for considerable lengths of time, independently of
+air, food, or any other means of sustenance. To produce such a state, the
+patients are obliged to go through a severe preparation. How far such
+means are calculated to produce such effects physiologists will be better
+able to judge than I can pretend to do. I only state what I saw, and
+heard, and think.&#8221;</p>
+
+<p>This narrative certainly belongs to the very first part of the very first
+book of very wonderful things. But this marvellous book is no longer a
+closed volume. Millions of ingenious fingers have, for fifty years, been
+busily employed, in breaking its mysterious seals, one after another.
+Demonstration has trampled upon doubt, and the world is rapidly coming to
+my shrewd old grandmother&#8217;s conclusion, that nothing is so truly
+wonderful, as that we wonder at all. There is nothing more difficult, than
+to exonerate the mind from the weight of its present consciousness, and to
+wonder by rule. We readily lose the recollection of our doubt and
+derision, upon former occasions, when matters, apparently quite as absurd
+and impossible, are presented for contemplation, <i>de novo</i>.</p>
+
+<p>If putrefaction can be kept off, mere animal life, the vital principle,
+may be preserved, for a prodigious length of time, in the lower ranks of
+animal creation, while in a state of torpidity. Dr. Gillies relates, that
+he bottled up some <i>cerastes</i>, a species of small snakes, and kept them
+corked tight, with nothing in the bottle, but a little sand, for several
+years; and, when the bottle was uncorked, they came forth, revived by the
+air, and immediately acquired their original activity.</p>
+
+<p>More than fifty years ago, having read Dr. Franklin&#8217;s account of the
+flies, which he discovered, drowned, in a bottle of old wine, and which he
+restored to life, by exposure to the sun&#8217;s rays; I bottled up a dozen
+flies, in a small phial of Madeira&mdash;took them out, at the expiration of a
+month&mdash;and placed them under a glass tumbler, in a sunny window. Within
+half an hour, nine revived; got up; walked about, wiped their faces with
+their fore legs; trimmed their wings, with their hinder ones; and began to
+knock their heads, against the tumbler, to escape. After waiting a couple
+of hours, to give the remaining<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_575" id="Page_575">[Pg 575]</a></span> three a fair chance, but to no purpose,
+and expecting nothing from the humane society, for what I had already
+accomplished, I returned the nine to their wine bath, in the phial. After
+rather more than three months, I repeated the experiment of resuscitation.
+After several hours, two gave evidence of revival, got upon their legs,
+reeled against each other, and showed some symptoms of <i>mania a potu</i>. At
+length they were fairly on their trotters. I lifted the tumbler; they took
+the hint, and flew to the window glass. It was fly time. I watched one of
+those, who had profited by the revival&mdash;he got four or five flies about
+him, who really seemed to be listening to the account of his experience.</p>
+
+<p>&#8220;Ants, bees, and wasps,&#8221; says Sharon Turner, in his Sacred History, vol.
+i. ch. 17, &#8220;especially the smallest of these, the ants, do things, and
+exercise sensibilities, and combine for purposes, and achieve ends, that
+bring them nearer to mankind, than any other class of animated nature.&#8221;
+Aye, I know, myself, some of our fellow-citizens, who make quite a stir,
+in their little circles, petty politicians, who extort responses from
+great men, and show them, <i>in confidence</i>, to all they meet&mdash;overgrown
+boys, in bands and cassocks, who, for mere exercise, edit religious
+newspapers, and scribble <i>treason</i>, under the name of <i>ethics</i>&mdash;who, in
+respect to all the qualities, enumerated by Sharon Turner, are decidedly
+inferior to pismires.</p>
+
+<p>The hybernation of various animals furnishes analogous examples of the
+matter, under consideration. A suspension of faculties and functions, for
+a considerable time, followed by a periodical restoration of their use,
+forms a part of the natural history of certain animals.</p>
+
+<p>Those forty days&mdash;that wonderful quarantine of the Fakeer, in the tomb,
+and his subsequent restoration, are marvels. I have presented the facts,
+upon the evidence of Sir Claude M. Wade. Every reader will philosophize,
+upon this interesting matter, for himself. If such experiments can be
+made, for forty days, it is not easy to comprehend the necessity of such a
+limit. If trustees were appointed, and gave bonds to keep the tomb
+comfortable, and free from rats, and to knock up a corpse, at the time
+appointed, forty years, or an hundred, might answer quite as well. What
+visions are thus opened to the mind. An author might go to sleep, and wake
+up in the midst of posterity, and find himself an entire stranger. Weary
+partners might<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_576" id="Page_576">[Pg 576]</a></span> find a temporary respite, in the grave, and leave
+directions, to be called, in season to attend the funeral. The heir
+expectant of some tenacious ancestor might thus dispose of the drowsy and
+unprofitable interval. The gentleman of <i>petite fortune</i> might suffer it
+to accumulate, in the hands of trustees, and wake up, after twenty or
+thirty years, a man of affluence. Instead of making up a party for the
+pyramids, half a dozen merry fellows might be buried together, with the
+pleasant prospect of rising again in 1949. No use whatever being made of
+the time thus relinquished, and the powers of life being husbanded in the
+interim, years would pass uncounted, of course; and he, who was buried, at
+twenty-one, would be just of age when he awoke. I should like, extremely,
+to have the opinion of the Fakeer, upon these interesting points.</p>
+
+
+
+<p>&nbsp;</p><p>&nbsp;</p>
+<hr style="width: 50%;" />
+<h2><a name="No_CXXXIX" id="No_CXXXIX"></a>No. CXXXIX.</h2>
+
+<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="5" summary="table">
+<tr><td>&#8220;And much more honest to be hir&#8217;d, and stand<br />
+With auctionary hammer in thy hand,<br />
+Provoking to give more, and knocking thrice,<br />
+For the old household stuff or picture&#8217;s price.&#8221;<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 16em;"><span class="smcap">Dryden.</span></span></td></tr></table>
+
+
+<p>Old customs, dead and buried, long ago, do certainly come round again,
+like old comets; but, whether in their appointed seasons, or not, I cannot
+tell. Whether old usages, and old chairs, and old teapots revolve in their
+orbits, or not, I leave to the astronomers. It would be very pleasant to
+be able to calculate the return of hoops, cocked hats, and cork rumpers,
+buffets, pillions, links, pillories, and sedans.</p>
+
+<p>I noticed the following paragraph, in the Evening Transcript, not long
+ago, and it led me to turn over some heaps of old relics, in my
+possession&mdash;</p>
+
+<p>&#8220;A substitute for the everlasting &#8216;going, going, gone,&#8217; was introduced at
+a recent auction in New York. The auctioneer held up a sand-glass, through
+which the sand occupied fourteen seconds in passing. If a person made a
+bid, the glass was held up in view of all, and if no person advanced on
+the bid before the sand passed through, the sale was made. This idea is a
+novel one, though we believe it has long been practised in Europe.&#8221;</p>
+
+<p>It was formerly the custom in England, to sell goods, at <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_577" id="Page_577">[Pg 577]</a></span>auction, &#8220;by
+inch of candle.&#8221; An inch of candle was lighted, and the company proceeded
+to bid, the last crier or bidder, before the candle went out, was declared
+the purchaser. Samuel Pepys, who was Secretary of the Admiralty, in the
+reigns of the two last Stuarts, repeatedly refers to the practice, in his
+Diary. Thus, in Braybrook&#8217;s edition, of 1848, he says, vol. i. page 151,
+under date Nov. 6, 1660&mdash;&#8220;To our office, where we met all, for the sale of
+two ships, by an inch of candle, (the first time that I saw any of this
+kind,) where I observed how they do invite one another, and at last how
+they all do cry; and we have much to do to tell who did cry last.&#8221;</p>
+
+<p>Again, Ibid., vol. ii. page 29, Sept. 3, 1662&mdash;&#8220;After dinner, we met and
+sold the Weymouth, Successe, and Fellowship hulkes, where pleasant to see
+how backward men are at first to bid; and yet, when the candle is going
+out, how they bawl, and dispute afterwards who bid the most first. And
+here I observed one man cunninger than the rest, that was sure to bid the
+last man, and carry it; and, inquiring the reason, he told me, that, just
+as the flame goes out, the smoke descends, which is a thing I never
+observed before, and, by that he do know the instant when to bid last.&#8221;
+Again, Ibid., vol. iv. page 4, Ap. 3, 1667, he refers to certain prize
+goods, &#8220;bought lately at the candle.&#8221;</p>
+
+<p>Haydn says this species of auction, by inch of candle is derived from a
+practice, in the Roman Catholic Church. Where there is an excommunication,
+by inch of candle, and the sinner is allowed to come to repentance, while
+yet the candle burns. The sinner is supposed, of course, to be
+<i>going&mdash;going&mdash;gone</i>&mdash;unless he avails of the opportunity to bid, as it
+were, for his salvation. This naturally reminds the reader of the
+spiritual distich&mdash;</p>
+
+<p class="poem">&#8220;For while the lamp holds out to burn,<br />
+The vilest sinner may return.&#8221;</p>
+
+<p>Where the bids are, from a maximum, downward, the term&mdash;<i>auction</i>&mdash;is
+still commonly, though improperly employed, and in the very teeth of all
+etymology. When I was a boy, the poor, in many of our country towns, were
+disposed of, in this manner. The question was, who would take Daddy
+Osgood, one of the town&#8217;s poor, for the smallest weekly sum, to be paid by
+the town. The old man was started, at four shillings, and bid down to a
+minimum. There was yet a little work in his old bones; and I well remember
+one of these auctions, in 1798, in the town<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_578" id="Page_578">[Pg 578]</a></span> of Billerica, at which Dr.
+William Bowers bid off Daddy Osgood, for two and sixpence.</p>
+
+<p>The Dutch have a method of selling fresh fish, which is somewhat analogous
+to this, and very simple and ingenious. An account of it may be found, in
+Dodsley&#8217;s Annual Register, for 1760, vol. iii. page 170. The salesman is
+called the Affslager. The fish are brought in, in the morning, and placed
+on the ground, near the fish stalls of the retailers. At ten, precisely,
+the Affslager rings his bell, which may be heard, for half a mile.
+Retailers, and individual consumers collect, and the Affslager&mdash;the
+auctioneer&mdash;puts up a lot, at a maximum price. No one offers a less sum,
+but the mynheers stand round, sucking at their pipes, and puffing away,
+and saying nothing. When the Affslager becomes satisfied, that nobody will
+buy the lot, at the price named, he gradually lowers it, until one of the
+mynheers takes his pipe from his mouth and cries &#8220;<i>mine!</i>&#8221; in High Dutch.
+He is, of course, the purchaser; and the Affslager proceeds to the sale of
+another lot.</p>
+
+<p>It will be seen, from one of the citations from Pepys, that some of <i>the
+auctions</i> of his time were called <i>the candles</i>; precisely as the
+auctions, at Rome, were called <i>hast&aelig;</i>; a spear or <i>hasta</i>, instead of a
+flag, being the customary signal for the sale. The proper word, however,
+was <i>auctio</i>, and the auctioneer was called <i>auctor</i>. Notice of the sale
+was given, by the crier, <i>a pr&aelig;cone pr&aelig;dicari</i>, Plaut. Men., v. 9, 94, or,
+by writing on tables. Such is the import of <i>tabulum proscripsit</i>, in
+Cicero&#8217;s letter to his brother Quintus, ii. 6.</p>
+
+<p>In the year 1824, passing through the streets of Natchez, I saw a slave,
+walking along, and ringing a bell, as he went; the bell very much
+resembled our cowbells, in size and form. Upon a signal from a citizen,
+the slave stopped ringing, and walked over to him, and stood before him,
+till he had read the advertisement of a sale at auction, placarded on the
+breast of the slave, who then went forward, ringing his bell, as before.
+The Romans made their bids, by lifting the finger; and the auctioneer
+added as many <i>sesterces</i>, as he thought amounted to a reasonable bid.</p>
+
+<p>Cicero uses this expression in his fine oration against Verres, i
+54&mdash;<i>digitum tollit Junius patruus&mdash;Junius, his paternal uncle, raised his
+finger</i>, that is, he made a bid.</p>
+
+<p>The employment of a spear, as the signal of an auction sale,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_579" id="Page_579">[Pg 579]</a></span> is supposed
+to have arisen from the fact, that the only articles, originally sold, in
+this manner, were the spoils of war. Subsequently, the
+spear&mdash;<i>hasta</i>&mdash;came to be universally used, to signify a <i>sale at
+auction</i>. The auction of Pompey&#8217;s goods, by C&aelig;sar, is repeatedly alluded
+to, by Cicero, with great severity, as the <i>hasta C&aelig;saris</i>. A passage may
+be found, in his treatise, <i>De Officiis</i>, ii. 8, and another, in his
+eighth Philippic, sec. 3&mdash;&#8220;Invitus dico, sed dicendum est. Hasta C&aelig;saris,
+Patres Conscripti, multis improbis spem affert, et audaciam. Viderunt
+enim, ex mendicis fieri repente divites: itaque hastam semper videre
+cupiunt ii, qui nostris bonis imminent; quibus omnia pollicetur Antonius.&#8221;
+I say it reluctantly, but it must be said&mdash;C&aelig;sar&#8217;s auction, Conscript
+Fathers, inflames the hopes and the insolence of many bad men. For they
+see how immediately, the merest beggars are converted into men of wealth.
+Therefore it is that those, who are hankering after our goods and
+chattels, and to whom Antony has promised all things, are ever longing to
+behold such another auction, as that.</p>
+
+<p>The auctioneer&#8217;s bell, in use, at the Hague, in 1760, was introduced into
+Boston, seventy-seven years ago, by Mr. Bicker, whose auction-room was
+near the Market. Having given some offence to the public, he inserted the
+following notice, in the Boston Gazette and Country Journal, Monday, April
+18, 1774&mdash;&#8220;As the method, lately practised by the Subscriber, in having a
+Person at his Door, to invite Gentlemen and others to his public
+Sales&mdash;has given Dissatisfaction to some (Gentlemen Shopkeepers in
+particular) to avoid giving Offence for the future, he shall desist from
+that Practice, and pursue one (as follows) which he flatters himself
+cannot fail giving universal Satisfaction, as he sincerely wishes so to
+do. The Public are most earnestly requested to remember (<i>for their own
+advantage</i>) that, for the future, Notice will be given, by sounding a
+Bell, which he has purchased for that Purpose, which is erected over the
+Auction Room Door, near the Market, Boston, where constant Attendance is
+given both early and late, to receive the favors of all such who are
+pleased to confer on their <i>Much obliged, Most Obedient, and very humble
+Servant</i>, M. Bicker.&#8221;</p>
+
+<p>Albeit there is no less bickering or dickering here now, than of yore, yet
+Bicker and his bell have gone, long ago, to the &#8220;receptacle of things lost
+upon earth.&#8221; The very name is no more.</p>
+
+<p>Haydn says, the first auction in Britain was about 1700, by<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_580" id="Page_580">[Pg 580]</a></span> Elisha Yale,
+a Governor of Fort George, in the East Indies, of the goods he had brought
+home with him. That Mr. Haydn must be mistaken is manifest, from the
+citation from Pepys, who speaks of auctions, by inch of candle, as early
+as 1660; and not then as a novelty, but the first of the kind that he had
+witnessed.</p>
+
+<p>Fosbroke says, in his Antiquities, page 412&mdash;&#8220;In the middle age, the goods
+were cried and sold to the highest bidder, and the sound of a trumpet
+added with a very loud noise. The use of the spear was retained, the
+auctions being called <i>Subhastationes</i>; and the <i>Subhastator</i>, or
+auctioneer, was sworn to sell the goods faithfully. In Nares, we have,
+<i>sold at a pike or spear</i>, i. e. by public auction or outcry; and auctions
+called <i>port sales</i>, because originally, perhaps, sales made in ports&mdash;the
+crier stood under the spear, as in the Roman &aelig;ra, and was, in the
+thirteenth century, called <i>cursor</i>.&#8221;</p>
+
+<p>Of late, <i>mock auctions</i>, as they are termed, have become a very serious
+evil, especially in the city of New York. In 1813 petitions, in regard to
+these public impositions, were sent to the Lords of the Treasury, from
+many of the principal cities of Great Britain. In 1818 a select committee
+reported, very fully, upon this subject, to the British Parliament. This
+committee, after long and critical investigation, reported, that great
+frauds were constantly committed on the public, by <i>mock</i> or fraudulent
+<i>auctions</i>. The committee set forth several examples of this species of
+knavery. Goods are sold, as the furniture of gentlemen, going abroad. For
+this purpose, empty houses are hired for a few days, and filled with
+comparatively worthless furniture. Articles of the most inferior
+manufacture are made for the express purpose of being put into such sales,
+as the property of individuals of known character and respectability. To
+impose, more effectually, on the public, the names of the most respectable
+auctioneers have been used, with the variation of a letter. This bears
+some analogy to the legislative change of name, in this city, for the
+purpose of facilitating the sale of inferior pianos. Respectable
+auctioneers have been compelled, in self-defence, to appear at such mock
+auctions, and disclaim all connection therewith. Great masses of cutlery
+and plated ware of base manufacture, with London makers&#8217; names, and
+advertised, as made in London, are constantly sold, at these auctions;
+forcing the London makers to appear at the sales rooms, and expose the
+fraud.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_581" id="Page_581">[Pg 581]</a></span>The committee say that no imposition is more common than the sale of
+ordinary wine, in bottles, as the <i>bonne bouche</i> of some respectable
+Amphitryon deceased.</p>
+
+<p>They farther state, that daring men are known to combine, attend real
+sales, and by various means, drive respectable purchasers away, purchase
+at their own price, and afterwards privately sell, under a form of public
+sale, among themselves, at <i>Knock Out</i> auctions, as they are called.</p>
+
+<p>The committee recommended an entire revision of the auction laws&mdash;an
+increase of the license&mdash;heavier penalties for violation&mdash;no sale, without
+previous exposure of the goods for twenty-four hours, or printed
+catalogue&mdash;name and address of the auctioneer to be published&mdash;severe
+penalty, for using a fictitious name, &amp;c.</p>
+
+<p>The whole advertising system of mock auctions, like that, connected with
+the kindred impostures of quackery and patent medicines, furnishes a vast
+amount of curious and entertaining reading; and affords abundant scope,
+for the exercise of a vicious ingenuity. I have heard of a horse, that
+could not be compelled, by whip or spur, to cross a bridge, which lay in
+the way to his owner&#8217;s country residence&mdash;the horse was advertised to be
+sold at auction for no fault but that his owner was <i>desirous of going out
+of the city</i>.</p>
+
+
+
+<p>&nbsp;</p><p>&nbsp;</p>
+<hr style="width: 50%;" />
+<h2><a name="No_CXL" id="No_CXL"></a>No. CXL.</h2>
+
+
+<p>Few things are more difficult, than shaving a cold corpse, and making,
+what the <i>artistes</i> call <i>a good job of it</i>. I heard Robert New say so,
+forty years ago, who kept his shop, at the north&mdash;easterly corner of
+Scollay&#8217;s buildings. He said the barber ought to be called, as soon, as
+the breath was out of the body, and a little before, if it was a clear
+case, and you wished the corpse &#8220;<i>to look wholesome</i>.&#8221; I think he was
+right. Pope&#8217;s Narcissa said&mdash;</p>
+
+<p class="poem">&#8220;One need not sure be ugly, though one&#8217;s dead.&#8221;</p>
+
+<p>There is considerable mystery, in shaving a living corpse. I find it so;
+and yet I have always shaved myself; for I have never been able to
+overcome a strong, hereditary prejudice, against being taken by the nose.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_582" id="Page_582">[Pg 582]</a></span>My razor is very capricious; so, I suppose, is everybody&#8217;s razor. There is
+a deep and mystical philosophy, about the edge of a razor, which seems to
+have baffled the most scientific; and is next of kin to witchcraft. A
+tract, by Cotton Mather, upon this subject, would be invaluable. The
+scholar will smile, at any comparison, between Pliny the elder and Cotton
+Mather. So far, as respects the scope of knowledge, and power of
+intellect, and inexhaustible treasures, displayed in Pliny&#8217;s thirty-seven
+books of Natural History, one might as well compare Hyperion to a mummy. I
+allude to nothing but the <i>Magnalia</i> or <i>Improbabilia</i>; and, upon this
+point of comparison, Mather, witchcraft and all fairly fade out of sight,
+before the marvels and fantastical stories of Pliny. In lib. xxviii. 23,
+Pliny assigns a very strange cause, why <i>aciem in cultris tonsorum
+hebetescere</i>&mdash;why the edge of a barber&#8217;s razor is sometimes blunted. The
+reader may look it up, if he will&mdash;it is better in a work, <i>sub sigillo
+latinitatis</i>, than in an English journal.</p>
+
+<p>I have often put my razor down, regretting, that my beard did not spread
+over a larger area; so keenly and agreeably has the instrument performed
+its work. It really seemed, that I might have shaved a sleeping mouse,
+without disturbing his repose. After twelve hours, that very razor,
+untouched the while, has come forth, no better than a pot-sherd. The very
+reverse of all this has also befallen me. I once heard Revaillon, our old
+French barber, say, that a razor could not be strapped with too light a
+hand; and the English proverb was always in his mouth&mdash;&#8220;a good lather is
+half the shave.&#8221;</p>
+
+<p>Some persons suppose the razor to be an instrument, of comparatively
+modern invention, and barbers to have sprung up, at farthest, within the
+Christian era. It is written, in Isaiah vii. 20, &#8220;In the same day shall
+the Lord shave with a razor, that is hired,&#8221; &amp;c. Ezekiel began to
+prophecy, according to Calmet, 590 years before Christ: in the first verse
+of ch. v. he says&mdash;&#8220;take thee a sharp knife, take thee a barber&#8217;s razor,
+and cause it to pass upon thy head and upon thy beard.&#8221; To cause a razor
+<i>to pass upon the beard</i> seems to mean something very different from
+<i>shaving</i>, in the common sense of that word. Doubtless, it does: the
+<i>culter</i> or <i>novacula</i>, that is, <i>the razor</i>, of the ancients, was
+employed, for <i>shearing</i> or <i>shortening</i>, as well as for <i>shaving</i> the
+beard. Barbers were first known, among the Romans A. U. C. 454, i. e. 298
+years before Christ. Pliny says,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_583" id="Page_583">[Pg 583]</a></span> vii. 59&mdash;Sequens gentium consensus in
+tonsoribus fuit, sed Romanis tardior. In Italiam ex Sicilia venere post
+Romam conditam anno quadringentessimo quinquagessimo quarto, adducente P.
+Ticinio Mena, ut auctor est Varro: antea intonsi fuere. Primus omnium radi
+quotidie instituit Africanus sequens: Divus Augustus cultris semper usus
+est. Then barbers came into use, among the nations, but more slowly among
+the Romans. In the year of the city 454, according to Varro, P. Ticinius
+Mena introduced barbers into Italy from Sicily: until that time, men wore
+their beards. The latter Africanus first set the example of being shaven
+daily. Augustus constantly used razors. The passage of Varro, referred to
+by Pliny, showing, that, before A. U. C. 454, men wore their beards,
+states the fact to be established, by the long beards, on all the old male
+statues. That <i>passing of the sharp knife or razor, upon the beard</i>,
+spoken of, by Ezekiel, I take to be the latter of the two modes, employed
+by the Romans&mdash;&#8220;vel strictim, hoc est, ad cutem usque; vel paulo longius a
+cute, interposito pectine&#8221;&mdash;either close to the skin, or with a comb
+interposed. That both modes were in use is clear from the lines of Plautus
+in his play of the Captives, Act ii. sc. 2, v. 16&mdash;</p>
+
+<p class="poem">Nunc senex est in tonstrina; nunc jam cultros adtinet;<br />
+Sed utrum strictimne adtonsurum dicam esse, an per pectinem,<br />
+Nescio.</p>
+
+<p>Now the old man is in the barber&#8217;s shop and under the razor; but whether
+to be close shaved, or clipped with the comb, I know not.</p>
+
+<p>Pliny, as we have seen, states, that the practice came from Sicily. There
+it had been long in use. There is a curious reference to the custom in
+Cicero&#8217;s Tusculan Questions, v. 20. Speaking of the tyrant, Dionysius he
+says&mdash;Quin etiam ne tonsori collum committeret, tondere suas filias
+docuit. Ita sordido ancillarique artificio regi&aelig; virgines, ut tonstricul&aelig;
+tondebant barbam et capillum patris. For, not liking to trust his throat
+to a barber, he taught his daughters to shave him, and thus these royal
+virgins, descending to this coarse, servile vocation, became little, she
+barbers, and clipped their father&#8217;s beard and hair.</p>
+
+<p>There is a curious passage in Pliny which not only proves, that barbers&#8217;
+shops were common in his time, but shows the very ancient employment of
+cobweb, as a styptic. In lib. xxix. 36, he says&mdash;Fracto capiti aranei tela
+ex oleo et aceto imposita, non<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_584" id="Page_584">[Pg 584]</a></span> nisi vulnere sanato, abscedit. H&aelig;c et
+vulneribus tonstrinarum sanguinem sistit. Spiders&#8217; web, with oil and
+vinegar, applied to a broken head, adheres, till the wound heals. This
+also stops the bleeding from cuts, in barbers&#8217; shops.</p>
+
+<p>Razors were sharpened, some two thousand years ago, very much as they are
+at present. Pliny devotes sec. 47, lib. xxxvi. to hones and whetstones,
+oil stones and water stones&mdash;quarta ratio&mdash;he says&mdash;est saliva hominis
+proficientium in torstrinarum officinis&mdash;the fourth kind is such as are
+used in the barbers&#8217; shops, and which the man softens with his saliva.</p>
+
+<p>Most common, proverbial sayings are, doubtless, of great antiquity.
+Chopping-blocks with a razor is a common illustration of the employment of
+a subtle ingenuity, upon coarse and uninteresting topics. Thus Goldsmith,
+in his Retaliation, says of Burke&mdash;</p>
+
+<p class="poem">In short, &#8217;twas his fate, unemploy&#8217;d, or in place, sir,<br />
+To eat mutton cold, and chop blocks with a razor.</p>
+
+<p>The latter illustration is as old as Livy&mdash;<i>novacula cotem discindere</i>.</p>
+
+<p>The Romans made a prodigious fuss, about their beards. The first crop,
+called <i>prima barba</i>, and sometimes <i>lanugo</i>, was, according to Petronius,
+consecrated to some god. Suetonius says, in his Life of Nero, 12&mdash;Gymnico
+quod in septis edebat, inter buthysi&aelig; apparatum, barbam primam posuit,
+conditamque in auream pyxidem, et pretiosissimis margaritis adornatam,
+capitolio consecravit.&mdash;During the games, which he had given in the
+enclosures, and in the very midst of the splendor of the sacrifice, for
+the first time, he laid down his beard, and having placed it in a golden
+box, adorned with precious stones, he made a sacred deposit thereof, in
+the capitol.</p>
+
+<p>After the custom of shaving had been introduced, by Mena, A. U. C. 454, it
+went out, for a short time, in Rome, during the time of Adrian, who as
+Spartianus relates, in his Life of that Emperor, having some ugly
+excrescences on his chin, suffered his beard to grow to conceal them&mdash;of
+course the courtiers followed the example of the emperor&mdash;the people, that
+of the courtiers. The grave concealed those excrescences, more
+effectually, A. D. 139, and the <i>navacula</i> again came into use, among the
+Romans: Marcus Antoninus, his successor, had no excrescences on his chin.</p>
+
+<p>The day, upon which a young Roman was said <i>ponere barbam</i>,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_585" id="Page_585">[Pg 585]</a></span> that is, to
+shave for the first time, was accounted a holiday; and Juvenal says, iii.
+187, he received presents from his friends.</p>
+
+<p>Ovid, Trist. iv. 10, 67, dates his earliest literary exhibitions, before
+the people, by his first or second shave, or clip&mdash;</p>
+
+<p class="poem">Carmina quum primum populo juvenilia legi,<br />
+Barba resecta mihi bisve semelve fuit.</p>
+
+<p>Which may be thus translated&mdash;</p>
+
+<p class="poem">When first in public I began<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">To read my boyish rhymes,</span><br />
+I scarcely could be call&#8217;d a man,<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">And had not shav&#8217;d three times.</span></p>
+
+<p>C&aelig;sar says of the Britons, B. G. V. 14&mdash;omni parte corporis rasa, pr&aelig;ter
+caput et labrum superius&mdash;they shave entirely, excepting the head and
+upper lip.</p>
+
+<p>Half-shaving was accounted, in the days of Samuel, I suppose, as reducing
+the party to a state of semi-<i>barbarism</i>: thus, in Samuel II. x.
+4&mdash;&#8220;Wherefore Hanan took David&#8217;s servants, and shaved off the one half of
+their beards.&#8221;</p>
+
+<p>To be denied the privilege of shaving was accounted dishonorable, among
+the Catti, a German nation, in the days of Tacitus; for he says, De
+Moribus German&aelig;, 31&mdash;Apud Cattos in consensum vertit, ut primum
+adoleverint, crinem barbamque submittere, nec, nisi hoste c&aelig;so&mdash;It was
+settled among the Catti, that no young man should cut his hair, or shave
+his beard, till he had killed his man.</p>
+
+<p>Seneca, Cons. Polyb. xxxvi. 5, blames Caius, for refusing to shave,
+because he had lost his sister&mdash;Idem ille Caius furiosa in constantia,
+modo barbam capillumque submittens&mdash;There is that Caius, clinging so
+absurdly to his sorrow, and suffering his hair and beard to grow on
+account of it.</p>
+
+<p>There is an admirable letter, from Seneca to Lucillus, Ep. 114, which
+shows, that the dandies, in old Rome, were much like our own. He is
+speaking of those&mdash;qui vellunt barbam, aut intervellunt; qui labra
+pressius tondent et abradunt, servata et submissa c&aelig;tera parte&mdash;who pull
+out the beard, by the roots, or particular parts of it&mdash;who clip and shave
+the hair, either more closely, or leave it growing, on some parts of their
+lips.</p>
+
+<p>Juvenal, ii. 99, and Martial, vi. 64, 4, laugh at such, as use a mirror
+while shaving. Knives and razors of <i>brass</i>, are of great antiquity,
+according to the Arch&aelig;ological &AElig;liana, p. 39.&mdash;Fosbroke,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_586" id="Page_586">[Pg 586]</a></span> p. 351, says,
+that razors are mentioned by Homer. But I am going to a funeral, this
+afternoon, as an amateur, and it is time for me to shave&mdash;not with a razor
+of brass, however&mdash;Pradier is too light for me&mdash;I use the Chinese.
+Hutchinson, i. 153, says, that Leverett was the first Governor of
+Massachusetts, who is painted without a beard, and that he laid it aside,
+in Cromwell&#8217;s court.</p>
+
+<p>China is the paradise of barbers. There, according to Mr. Davis, they
+abound. No man shaves himself, the part, to be shorn, being out of his
+reach. There would be no difficulty in removing the scanty hair upon their
+chins; but the exact tonsure of the crown, without removing one hair from
+the Chinaman&#8217;s long tail, that reaches to his heels, is a delicate affair.
+Their razors are very heavy, but superlatively keen.</p>
+
+
+
+<p>&nbsp;</p><p>&nbsp;</p>
+<hr style="width: 50%;" />
+<h2><a name="No_CXLI" id="No_CXLI"></a>No. CXLI.</h2>
+
+
+<p>Barbers were chiefly peripatetics, when I was a boy. They ran about town,
+and shaved at their customers&#8217; houses. There were fewer shops. This was
+the genteel mode in Rome. The wealthy had their domestic barbers, as the
+planters have now, among their slaves. I am really surprised, that we hear
+of so few throats cut at the South. Some evidence of this custom&mdash;not of
+cutting throats&mdash;may be found, in one of the neatest epitaphs, that ever
+was written; the subject of which, a very young and accomplished
+slave-barber, has already taken a nap of eighteen hundred years. I refer
+to Martial&#8217;s <i>epitaphium</i>, on Pantagathus, a word, which, by the way,
+signifies one, who is good at everything, or, as we say&mdash;a man of all
+works. It is the fifty-second, of Book VI. Its title is <i>Epitaphium
+Pantagathi, Tonsoris</i>:</p>
+
+<p class="poem">Hoc jacet in tumulo raptus puerilibus annis<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Pantagathus, domini cura, dolorque sui,</span><br />
+Vix tangente vagos ferro resecare capillos<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Doctus, et hirsutas excoluisse genas.</span><br />
+Sic, licet, ut debes, Tellus placata, levisque;<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Artificis levior non potes esse manu.</span></p>
+
+<p>In attempting a version of this, I feel, as if I were about to disfigure a
+pretty spinster, with a mob-cap.</p>
+
+<p class="poem"><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_587" id="Page_587">[Pg 587]</a></span>
+Here lies Pantagathus, the slave,<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Petted he liv&#8217;d, and died lamented;</span><br />
+No youth, like him could clip and shave,<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Since shears and razors were invented.</span><br />
+<br />
+So light his touch, you could not feel<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">The razor, while your cheeks were smoothing;</span><br />
+And sat, unconscious of the steel,<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">The operation was so soothing.</span><br />
+<br />
+Oh, mother Earth, appeas&#8217;d, since thou<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Back to thy grasping arms hast won him,</span><br />
+Soft be thy hand, like his, and now<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Lie thou, in mercy, lightly on him.</span></p>
+
+<p>Rochester was right; few things were ever benefited, by translation, but a
+bishop.</p>
+
+<p>The <i>Tonstrin&aelig;</i>, or barbers&#8217; shops, in Rome, were seldom visited by any,
+but the humbler classes. They were sometimes called the <i>Shades</i>. Horace,
+Ep. i. 7, 50, describes Philippus, an eminent lawyer, as struck with
+sudden envy, upon seeing Vulteius Mena, the beadle, sitting very much at
+ease, in one of these shades, after having been shaved, and leisurely
+cleaning his own nails, an office commonly performed by the barbers:&mdash;</p>
+
+<p class="poem">Adrasum quendam vacua tonsoris in umbra,<br />
+Cultello proprios purgantem leniter ungues.</p>
+
+<p>There were she-barbers, in Rome, residing in the <i>Saburra</i> and
+<i>Argiletum</i>, very much such localities, as &#8220;<i>the Hill</i>,&#8221; formerly in
+Boston, or <i>Anthony Street</i>, in New York. Martial describes one of these
+<i>tonstrices</i>, ii. 17&mdash;</p>
+
+<p class="poem">Tonstrix Saburr&aelig; fancibus sedet primis, etc.</p>
+
+<p>Some there were, of a better order. Plautus, Terence, and Theophrastus
+have many allusions to the barbers&#8217; shops. They have ever been the same
+&#8220;<i>otiosorum conciliabula</i>,&#8221; that they were, when Terence wrote&mdash;resorts of
+the idle and garrulous. In old times&mdash;very&mdash;not now, of course&mdash;not now, a
+dressmaker, who was mistress of her business, knew that she was expected
+to turn out so much work, and so much <i>slander</i>. That day has fortunately
+gone by. But the &#8220;barber&#8217;s tale&#8221; is the very thing that it was, in the
+days of Oliver Goldsmith, and it was then the very thing, that it was, as
+I verily believe, in the days of Ezekiel. There are many, who think, that
+a good story, not less than a good lather, is half the shave.</p>
+
+<p>It is quite <i>in rerum natura</i>, that much time should be <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_588" id="Page_588">[Pg 588]</a></span>consumed, in
+waiting, at the <i>tonstrin&aelig;</i>&mdash;the barbers&#8217; shops; and to make it pass
+agreeably, the craft have always been remarkable, for the employment of
+sundry appliances&mdash;amusing pictures around the walls&mdash;images and
+mechanical contrivances&mdash;the daily journals&mdash;poodles, monkeys, squirrels,
+canaries, and parrots. In the older countries, a barber&#8217;s boy was greatly
+in request, who could play upon the <i>citterne</i>, or some other musical
+instrument.</p>
+
+<p>If there had not been a curious assemblage of <i>materiel</i>, in an old Roman
+<i>tonstrina</i>, it would not have been selected as an object for the pencil.
+That it was so selected, however, appears from a passage in Pliny, <span class="smcaplc">XXXV.</span>
+37. He is writing of Pureicus&mdash;arte paucis postferendus: proposito, nescio
+an destruxerit se: quoniam humilia quidem sequutus, humilitatis tamen
+summam adeptus est gloriam. Tonstrinas, sutrinasque pinxit, et asellos, et
+obsonia, ac similia&mdash;He had few superiors in his art: I know not if the
+plan he adopted was fatal to his fame; for, though his subjects were
+humble, yet, in their representation, he attained the highest excellence.
+He painted barbers&#8217; and shoemakers&#8217; shops, asses, eatables, and the like.</p>
+
+<p>A rude sketch of Heemskerck&#8217;s picture of a barber&#8217;s shop lies now upon my
+table. Here is the poodle, with a cape and fool&#8217;s cap, walking on his hind
+legs&mdash;the suspended bleeding basin, and other et c&aelig;tera of the profession.</p>
+
+<p>Little is generally known, as to the origin and import of the barber&#8217;s
+pole. At the beginning of the sixteenth century, surgery was in such low
+repute, that farriers, barbers, sow-spayers, and surgeons were much upon a
+level. The truth of this, in respect to surgeons and barbers, has been
+established by law: and, for about two hundred years, both in London and
+Paris, they were incorporated, as one company. I remember a case, reported
+by Espinasse&mdash;not having the book at hand, I cannot indicate the volume
+and page&mdash;which shows the judicial estimate of surgery then, compared with
+the practice of physic. A physician&#8217;s fees, in England, were accounted
+<i>quiddam honorarium</i>, and not <i>matter of lucre</i>, and therefore could not
+be recovered, in an action at law. Upon an action brought for surgical
+services, the fees were recoverable, because surgeons, upon the testimony
+of Dr. Mead, were of a lower grade, having nothing to do with the
+pathology of diseases, and never prescribing; but simply performing
+certain mechanical acts; and being, like all other artificers and
+operatives, worthy of their hire.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_589" id="Page_589">[Pg 589]</a></span>Nothing can more clearly exhibit the low state of this noble science, at
+the time, and the humble estimation of it, by the public. Chirurgery
+seemed destined to grovel, in etymological bondage, &#967;&#949;&#953;&#961; &#949;&#961;&#947;&#959;&#957;,
+a mere <i>handicraft</i>. Barbers and surgeons were incorporated, as one
+company, in the fifteenth century, in the reign of Edward IV., and were
+called barber-surgeons. At the close of the sixteenth century, Ambrose
+Par&eacute;, the greatest surgeon of his time in France, did not reject the
+appellation of <i>barber-surgeon</i>. Henry VIII. dissolved this union, and
+gave a new charter in 1540, when it was enacted, that &#8220;<i>no person, using
+any shaving or barbery in London, shall occupy any surgery, letting of
+blood, or other matter, excepting only the drawing of teeth</i>.&#8221; The
+<i>barber-surgeon</i> was thus reduced to the <i>barber-dentist</i>, which seems not
+so agreeable to the practitioner, at present, as the loftier appellation
+of <i>surgeon-dentist</i>. Sterne was right: there is something in a name. The
+British surgeons obtained a new charter, in 1745, and another, in 1800,
+and various acts have been subsequently passed, on their behalf. July 17,
+1797, Lord Thurlow, in the House of Peers, opposed a new bill, which the
+surgeons desired to have passed. Thurlow was a man of morose temperament,
+and uncertain humor.</p>
+
+<p>He averred, that so much of the old law was in force, that, to use his own
+words, &#8220;the barbers and surgeons were each to use a pole, the barbers were
+to have theirs blue and white, striped, with no other appendage; but the
+surgeons&#8217;, which was the same, in other respects, was likewise to have a
+gallipot and a red rag, to denote the particular nature of their
+vocation.&#8221;</p>
+
+<p>Brand, in his Popular Antiquities, says, that the barber&#8217;s pole, used in
+bleeding, is represented, in an illuminated missal, of the time of Edward
+I., Longshanks, whose reign began in 1272. Fosbroke, in his Encyc. of
+Antiquities, page 414, says&mdash;&#8220;A staff, bound by a riband, was held, by
+persons being bled, and the pole was intended to denote the practice of
+phlebotomy.&#8221; According to Lord Thurlow&#8217;s statement, in the House of Peers,
+the pole was required, by the statute, to be used, as a sign. The first
+statute, incorporating the barber-surgeons, was that of Edward IV., as I
+have stated. The missal of Edward I., referred to by Brand, shows, that
+the usage was older than the law, and, doubtless, that the popular emblem
+was adopted, in the statute, to which Lord Thurlow refers, as still in
+force, in 1797.</p>
+
+<p>In Brand&#8217;s Newcastle, I find, that &#8220;it is ordered, Dec. 11,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_590" id="Page_590">[Pg 590]</a></span> 1711, that
+periwig-making be considered part and branch of the Company of
+Barber-<i>Chirurgeons</i>.&#8221;</p>
+
+<p>The history of the pole is this: A staff about three feet high, with a
+ball on the top, and inserted, at the bottom, in a small cross-piece, was
+very convenient for the person to hold, who extended his arm, as he sat
+down, to be bled; and a fillet, or tape, was equally convenient for the
+ligature. These things the barber-surgeons kept, in a corner of their
+shops; and, when not in use, the tape or fillet was wound or twirled round
+the staff. When the lawgivers called for a sign, no apter sign could be
+given unto them, than this identical staff and fillet; much larger of
+course, and to be seen of men much farther.</p>
+
+
+
+<p>&nbsp;</p><p>&nbsp;</p>
+<hr style="width: 50%;" />
+<h2><a name="No_CXLII" id="No_CXLII"></a>No. CXLII.</h2>
+
+
+<p>Ancient plays abound with allusions to the barber&#8217;s <i>citterne</i>, or lute,
+upon which not only he himself, and his apprentices were accustomed to
+play, but all the loiterers in the <i>tonstrina</i>. Much of all this may be
+found, in the Glossary of Archdeacon Nares, under the article <span class="smcap">Citterne</span>,
+and in Fosbroke&#8217;s Antiquities.</p>
+
+<p>The commonness of its use gave rise to a proverb. In the Silent Woman, Act
+II., scene 2, Ben Jonson avails of it. Morose had married a woman,
+recommended by his barber, and whose fidelity he suspected, and the
+following passage occurs, between Morose and Truewit. Lond., 1816, iii.
+411.</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p><i>Morose.</i> That cursed barber!</p>
+
+<p><i>Truewit.</i> Yes, faith, a cursed wretch indeed, sir.</p>
+
+<p><i>Morose.</i> I have married his <i>cittern</i>, that&#8217;s common to all men.</p></div>
+
+<p>Upon this passage is the following note&mdash;&#8220;It appears from innumerable
+passages, in our old writers, that barbers&#8217; shops were furnished with some
+musical instrument, commonly a cittern or guitar, for the amusement of
+such customers as chose to strum upon it, while waiting for their turn to
+be shaved, &amp;c. It should be recollected, that the patience of customers,
+if the shop was at all popular, must, in those tedious days of love-locks,
+and beards of most fantastical cuts, have been frequently put to very
+severe trials. Some kind of amusement therefore was necessary, to beguile
+the time.&#8221;</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_591" id="Page_591">[Pg 591]</a></span>In old times, in old England, barbers were in the habit of making a
+variety of noises, with their fingers and their shears, which noises were
+supposed to be agreeable to their customers. Fosbroke, p. 414, refers to
+Lily&#8217;s old play of Mydas, iii. 2, as showing the existence of the custom,
+in his time. Lily was born about 1553. There were some, who preferred to
+be shaved and dressed quietly. Nares, in his Glossary, refers to Plutarch,
+De Garrulitate, for an anecdote of King Archelaus, who stipulated with his
+barber to shave him in silence. This barbers&#8217; trick was called the &#8220;<i>knack
+with the fingers</i>;&#8221; and was extremely disagreeable to Morose, in Ben
+Jonson&#8217;s play, to which I have referred. Thus, in i. 2, Clerimont,
+speaking of the partiality of Morose for Cutbeard, the barber, says&mdash;&#8220;The
+fellow trims him silently, and has not the knack with his shears or his
+fingers: and that continence in a barber he thinks so eminent a virtue, as
+it has made him chief of his counsel.&#8221;</p>
+
+<p>As barbers were brought first into Rome, from Sicily, so the best razors,
+according to Nares and Fosbroke, before the English began to excel in
+cutlery, were obtained in Palermo. Their form was unlike those now in use,
+and seems more perfectly to correspond with one of the Roman names,
+signifying a razor, i. e. <i>culter</i>. The blade, like that of a pruning
+knife, or sickle, curved slightly inward, the reverse of which is the
+modern form.</p>
+
+<p>Smith, in his Ancient Topography of London, says&mdash;&#8220;The flying barber is a
+character now no more to be seen in London, though he still remains in
+some of our country villages: he was provided with a napkin, soap, and
+pewter basin, the form of which may be seen, in many of the illustrative
+prints of Don Quixote. His chafer was a deep leaden vessel, something like
+a chocolate pot, with a large ring or handle, at the top; this pot held
+about a quart of water, boiling hot; and, thus equipped, he flew about to
+his customers.&#8221;</p>
+
+<p>Old Randle Holme says, &#8220;<i>perawickes</i>&#8221; were very common in his time, about
+1668, though unused before &#8220;contrary to our forefathers, who wore their
+own hair.&#8221; A barber, in Paris, to recommend his bag wigs, hung over his
+door the sign of Absalom. Hone, i. 1262, states that a periwig-maker, to
+recommend his wares, turned the reason into rhyme:</p>
+
+<p class="poem">&#8220;Oh, Absalom, oh Absalom,<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Oh Absalom, my son,</span><br />
+If thou hadst worn a periwig,<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Thou hadst not been undone.&#8221;</span></p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_592" id="Page_592">[Pg 592]</a></span>Hutchinson, i. 152, says periwigs were an eyesore in New England, for
+thirty years after the Restoration of Charles II.</p>
+
+<p>Among the Romans, after Mena introduced the practice of shaving, those,
+who professed philosophy, still maintained their dignity, and their
+beards, as an <i>ecce signum</i>. Hence the expression of Horace, Sat. ii. 3,
+35, <i>sapientem pascere barbam</i>: and of Persius, iv. 1, when speaking of
+Socrates:</p>
+
+<p class="poem"><span style="margin-left: 1em;">barbatum h&aelig;c crede magistrum</span><br />
+Dicere, sorbitio tollit quem dira cicut&aelig;.</p>
+
+<p>Of those, who wear beards, at the present day, it has been computed, that,
+for one philosopher, there are five hundred fools, at the very lowest
+estimate. Manage them as you will, they are troublesome appendages; of
+very questionable cleanliness; and mightily in the way of such, as are
+much addicted to gravy and spoon victual. Like the burden of our sins, the
+postprandial odor of them must be sometimes intolerable.</p>
+
+<p>What an infinite variety of colors we have now-a-days! Bottom, in
+Midsummer Night&#8217;s Dream, i. 2, is in doubt, what beard he shall play
+Pyramus in, and, at last, he says&mdash;&#8220;I will discharge it in either your
+straw-colored beard, your orange tawny beard, your purple ingrain beard,
+or your French crown-colour beard, your perfect yellow.&#8221; Now I can
+honestly aver, that every fifth dandy I meet, looks precisely like Bottom,
+performing Pyramus. Now and then, I meet a fine, full, black beard; but,
+even then, it seems to me, that the proud satisfaction the fortunate
+proprietor must feel, in going about town with it, must be, in some
+degree, counterbalanced, by the necessity of sleeping in it, during the
+summer solstice.</p>
+
+<p>The fancy colors, proposed by Bottom, refer to the dyes, in use, at the
+period, when Bottom flourished. Indeed, dyeing the beard is of the highest
+antiquity. I have no authority that Aaron dyed his. In 1653, John Bulwer
+published his &#8220;Anthropo-Metamorphosis,&#8221; or Artificial Changeling, a very
+able and curious production. For the antiquity of the silly practice of
+dyeing the beard, he refers to Strabo. Old John Bulwer, ch. ix., comments,
+with just severity, upon the conduct of those ancient fools, who adopt the
+practice&mdash;&#8220;<i>In every haire of these old coxcombs, you shall meet with
+three divers and sundry colors; white at the roots, yellow in the middle,
+and black at the point, like unto one of your parrat&#8217;s feathers</i>.&#8221; What a
+graphic <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_593" id="Page_593">[Pg 593]</a></span>description of this nasty appendage! It has ever been to me a
+matter of infinite surprise, how any mortal can presume to say his
+prayers, with one of these pied abominations on his chin; giving the lie
+direct to the volume of inspiration, which avers that he cannot make one
+hair black nor white.</p>
+
+<p>Another mystery&mdash;how can any man&#8217;s better half become reconciled to a
+husband, dyed thus, in the wool! The colors are not all fast colors, I
+believe; and are liable to be rubbed off, by attrition.</p>
+
+<p>Beards were cultivated, to such an excess, in Elizabeth&#8217;s time, as to
+require and receive a check from the legislature. &#8220;The growth of beards,&#8221;
+says Nares, in his Glossary, &#8220;was regulated by statute, at Lincoln&#8217;s Inn,
+in the time of Eliz.&mdash;Primo Eliz. it was ordered, that no fellow of that
+house should wear a beard above a fortnight&#8217;s growth. Transgression was
+punished with fine, loss of commons, and finally expulsion. But fashion
+prevailed, and in November, the following year, all previous orders,
+touching beards, were repealed.&#8221;</p>
+
+<p>It was formerly calculated, by Lord Stanhope, that the sum, expended upon
+snuff, and the value of the time, consumed in taking it, and the cost of
+snuff-boxes, handkerchiefs, &amp;c., if duly invested, would pay off the
+national debt. I have a proposal to offer, and I offer it, timidly and
+respectfully, for the consideration of those amiable females, who go
+about, so incessantly, doing good. Perhaps I may not be able to awaken
+their interest, more effectually, than by suggesting the idea, that here
+is a very fair opportunity, for the formation of another female auxiliary
+society. I take it for granted, that there are some of these bearded
+gentlemen, from whom contributions in money, could not easily be obtained,
+for any benevolent object. There are some, whose whole estate, real,
+personal, and mixed, comprehends very little, beyond a costly malacca
+joint, a set of valuable shirtstuds, and a safety chain. Still if we
+cudgel the doctrine of political economy, we may get some small
+contributions, even from them.</p>
+
+<p>Cortez found, in the treasury of Montezuma, a multitude of little bags,
+which were, at last, discovered to be filled with dead lice. The Emperor,
+to keep the Mexican beggars out of mischief, had levied this species of
+tax. I am well aware, that the power of levying taxes is not vested in
+young ladies. They have certain, natural, inherent rights, however, and,
+among<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_594" id="Page_594">[Pg 594]</a></span> them, the right and the power of persuasion. Let them organize,
+throughout the Union, and establish committees of correspondence. Let them
+address a circular to every individual, who wears a beard; and, if their
+applications succeed, they will enjoy the luxury of supplying a
+comfortable hair mattrass, to every poor widow, and aged single woman in
+the United States.</p>
+
+
+
+<p>&nbsp;</p><p>&nbsp;</p>
+<hr style="width: 50%;" />
+<h2><a name="No_CXLIII" id="No_CXLIII"></a>No. CXLIII.</h2>
+
+
+<p>The barber&#8217;s brush is a luxury of more modern times. Stubbe, in his
+&#8220;Anatomy of Abuses,&#8221; says&mdash;&#8220;When they come to washing, oh, how gingerly
+they behave themselves therein. For then shall your mouths be bossed with
+the lather or some that rinseth of the balles, (for they have their sweete
+balles, wherewith all they use to washe) your eyes closed must be anointed
+therewith also. Then snap go the fingers, ful bravely, God wot. Thus, this
+tragedy ended; comes the warme clothes to wipe and dry him with all.&#8221;
+Stubbe wrote, about 1550.</p>
+
+<p>Not very long ago, a writer in the Gentleman&#8217;s Magazine, observed&mdash;&#8220;I am
+old enough to remember when the operation of shaving in this kingdom, was
+almost exclusively performed by the <i>barbers</i>: what I speak of is some
+threescore years ago, at which time gentlemen shavers were unknown.
+Expedition was then a prime quality in a barber, who smeared the lather
+over his customer&#8217;s face with his hand; for the delicate refinement of the
+brush had not been introduced. The lathering of the beard being finished,
+the operator threw off the lather, adhering to his hand, by a peculiar
+jerk of his arm, which caused the joints of his fingers to crack, this
+being a more expeditious mode of clearing the hand, than using a towel for
+that purpose; and, the more audible the crack, the higher the shaver
+stood, in his own opinion, and in that of the fraternity. This I presume
+is the custom alluded to by Stubbe.&#8221;</p>
+
+<p>The Romans, when bald, wore wigs. Some of the emperors wore miserable
+periwigs. Curly locks, however becoming in a male child, are somewhat
+ridiculous, trained with manifest care, and descending upon the shoulders
+of a full grown boy of forty. In addition to the pole, a peruke was
+frequently employed, as the<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_595" id="Page_595">[Pg 595]</a></span> barber&#8217;s sign. There was the short bob, and
+the full bottom; the &#8220;hie perrawycke&#8221; and the scratch; the top piece, and
+the periwig with the pole lock; the curled wig with a dildo, and the
+travelling wig, with curled foretop and bobs; the campain wig, with a
+dildo on each side, and the toupet, a la mode.</p>
+
+<p>It may seem a paradox to some, that the most <i>barbarous</i> nations should
+suffer the hair and beard to grow longest. The management of the hair has
+furnished an abundant subject matter for grave attention, in every age and
+nation. Cleansing, combing, crimping, and curling, clipping, and
+consecrating their locks gave ample occupation to the ladies and gentlemen
+of Greece and Rome. At the time of adolescence, and after shipwreck, the
+hair was cut off and sacrificed to the divinities. It was sometimes cut
+off, at funerals, and cast upon the pile. Curling irons were in use, at
+Rome. Girls wore the hair fastened upon the top of the head; matrons
+falling on the neck. Shaving the crown was a part of the punishment of
+conspirators and thieves. We know nothing, at present, in regard to the
+hair, which was unknown at Rome&mdash;our <i>frizzing</i> was their <i>capillorum
+tortura</i>. They had an instrument, called <i>tressorium</i>, for plaiting the
+hair. In the time of Edward the Confessor, the hair was worn, universally,
+long, the laws of England not compelling all, but the nobility, as in
+France, to cut the hair short, in that age.</p>
+
+<p>The Romans are said, occasionally to have worn wigs of an enormous size,
+which gave occasion to the term, in Martial&#8217;s epigram, <i>caput calceatum</i>.
+We have no exact record of the size of those Roman wigs&mdash;but I sincerely
+wish, that Augustus C&aelig;sar or&mdash;</p>
+
+<p class="poem">&#8220;M&aelig;cenas, whose high lineage springs,<br />
+From fair Etruria&#8217;s ancient kings,&#8221;</p>
+
+<p>could have seen the Rev. Dr. Lathrop&#8217;s! In Mr. Ward&#8217;s journal of Samuel
+Curwen, that venerable and truly respectable, and amiable, old tory is
+represented, with precisely such a wig, but of much smaller diameter. Dr.
+John Lathrop died, Jan. 4, 1816, at the age of 75. He published a
+considerable number of sermons on various occasions, no one of which is
+remarkable for extraordinary talent, or learning. It was, by some
+intelligent persons, supposed, that the wig was a great help to him. In
+his latter days, he found himself unable, any longer, to bear up, under
+such a portentous superstructure, which really appeared to &#8220;<i>overhang</i>,&#8221;
+contrary to the statute, and he laid it aside. His<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_596" id="Page_596">[Pg 596]</a></span> influence certainly
+appeared to diminish, in some measure, probably, from the increasing
+infirmities of age; but, doubtless, in some degree, from the deposition of
+the wig. I honestly confess, that I never felt for Dr. Lathrop the same
+awful reverence, after he had laid aside this emblem of wisdom. A &#8220;wig
+full of learning&#8221; is an ancient saying, and Cowper makes use of it, in one
+of his lighter poems.</p>
+
+<p>I have always looked upon barbers, as an honorable race of men, quite as
+much so, as brokers; the barbers seldom fail to shave more gently, and
+commonly dismiss an old customer, without drawing blood, or taking off the
+skin. We owe them a debt of gratitude withal, on other scores. How very
+easily they might cut our throats!</p>
+
+<p>In this goodly city, at the present time, there are more than one hundred
+and ten gentlemen, who practice the art of barbery, beside their
+respective servants and apprentices. When I was a small boy&mdash;very&mdash;some
+sixty years ago, there were but twenty-nine, and many of them were most
+respectable and careful operators&mdash;an honor to their profession, and a
+blessing to the community.</p>
+
+<p>There was Charles Gavett, in Devonshire Street, the Pudding Lane of our
+ancestors. Gavett was a brisk, little fellow; his <i>tonstrina</i> was small,
+and rather dark, but always full.</p>
+
+<p>In Brattle Square, just behind the church, John Green kept a shop, for
+several years. But John became unsteady, and cut General Winslow, and some
+other of his customers, and scalded several others, and lost his business.</p>
+
+<p>In Fish Street, which had then, but recently, ceased to be the court end
+of the town, there were several clever barbers&mdash;there was Thomas Grubb,
+and Zebulon Silvester, and James Adams, and Abraham Florence. I never
+heard a syllable against them, or their lather.</p>
+
+<p>At No. 33, Marlborough Street, William Whipple kept a first rate
+establishment, and had a high name, among the dandies, as an accomplished
+haircutter.</p>
+
+<p>Jonathan Edes kept a small shop, in Ann Street, and had a fair run of
+transient custom. He had always a keen edge and a delicate hand. He was
+greatly urged to take a larger establishment, in a more fashionable part
+of the town, near Cow Lane, but Mr. Edes was not ambitious, and turned a
+wiry edge to all such suggestions.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_597" id="Page_597">[Pg 597]</a></span>William Mock kept a shop, in Newbury Street, an excellent shaver, but
+slow; his shop was not far from the White Horse. He was a peripatetic. I
+suspect, but am not certain, that he shaved Dr. Lemuel Hayward.</p>
+
+<p>At the corner of Essex Street, old Auchmuty&#8217;s Lane, George Gideon kept a
+fine stand, clean towels, keen edge, and hot lather; but he had a rough,
+coarse hand. He had been one of the sons of liberty, and his shop being
+near the old site of Liberty tree, he was rather apt to take liberties
+with his customers&#8217; noses, especially the noses of the disaffected.</p>
+
+<p>There were two professed wig-makers, in Boston, at that time, who
+performed the ordinary functions of barbers beside, William Haslet, in
+Adams Street, and John Bosson, in Orange Street. Mr. Bosson was very
+famous, in his line, and in great request, among the ladies.</p>
+
+<p>In Marshall&#8217;s Lane, Edward Hill was an admirable shaver; but, in the
+department of hair cutting, inferior to Anthony Howe, whose exceedingly
+neat and comfortable establishment was in South Latin School Street. An
+excellent hotel was then kept, by Joshua Bracket, at the sign of
+Cromwell&#8217;s Head, on the very spot, where Palmer keeps his fruit shop, and
+the very next door below the residence of Dr. John Warren. Bracket
+patronized Howe&#8217;s shop, and sent him many customers. Captain John Boyle,
+whose house and bookstore were at No. 18 Marlborough Street, patronized
+Anthony Howe.</p>
+
+<p>Samuel Jepson kept his <i>barbery</i>, as the shop was sometimes called, in
+Temple Street, between the two bakeries of William Breed and Matthew
+Bayley.</p>
+
+<p>James Tate was established in Purchase Street. He would have been a good
+barber, had he not been a poor poet. He was proud of his descent from
+Nahum Tate, the psalmodist, the copartner of Brady. Richard Fox kept also
+in Purchase Street, and had a large custom.</p>
+
+<p>A much frequented barber&#8217;s shop was kept, by William Pierce, near the
+Boston Stone. Jonathan Farnham was an excellent barber, in Back Street. He
+unluckily had an ominous squint, which was inconvenient, as it impressed
+new comers, now and then, with a fear lest he might cut their throats.
+Joseph Alexander shaved in Orange Street, and Theodore Dehon, on the north
+side of the Old State House.</p>
+
+<p>Joseph Eckley was one of the best shavers and hair cutters in<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_598" id="Page_598">[Pg 598]</a></span> town, some
+sixty years ago. His shop was in Wing&#8217;s Lane. Daniel Crosby, who was also
+a wig maker, in Newbury Street, was clerk of Trinity Church.</p>
+
+<p>Augustine Raillion, whose name was often written Revaillion kept his
+stand, at No. 48 Newbury Street. He was much given to dogs, ponies, and
+other divertisements.</p>
+
+<p>State Street was famous, for four accomplished barbers, sixty years
+ago&mdash;Stephen Francis, John Gould, John M. Lane, and Robert Smallpiece. The
+last was the father of Robert Smallpiece, who flourished here, some thirty
+years ago or more, and kept his shop, in Milk Street, opposite the Old
+South Church.</p>
+
+<p>It is well known, that the late Robert Treat Paine wrote an ode, upon the
+occasion of the Spanish successes, to which he gave the title of &#8220;<i>Spain,
+Commerce and Freedom, a National Ode</i>.&#8221; It bore unquestionable marks of
+genius; but some of the ideas and much of the phraseology were altogether
+extravagant. It commenced finely&mdash;</p>
+
+<p class="poem">&#8220;Sound the trumpet of fame! Strike that p&aelig;an again!<br />
+Religion a war against tyranny wages;<br />
+From her seat springs, in armor, regenerate Spain,<br />
+Like a giant, refresh&#8217;d by the slumber of ages.<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 4em;">From the place, where she lay,</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 4em;">She leaps in array,</span><br />
+Like Ajax, to die in the face of the day.&#8221;</p>
+
+<p>The ode contained some strange expressions&mdash;&#8220;redintegrant war&#8221;&mdash;&#8220;though
+the dismemberd earth effervesce and regender,&#8221; and so many more, that the
+ode, though evidently the work of a man of genius, was accounted
+bombastic. A wag of that day, published a parody, of which this Robert
+Smallpiece was the hero. It was called, if I mistake not&mdash;&#8220;Soap, Razors,
+and Hot Water, a Tonsorial Ode.&#8221; The first stanza ran thus&mdash;</p>
+
+<p class="poem">&#8220;Strap that razor so keen! Strap that razor again!<br />
+And Smallpiece will shave &#8217;em, if he can come at &#8217;em;<br />
+From his stool, clad in aprons, he springs up amain,<br />
+Like a barber, refresh&#8217;d by the smell of pomatum.<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 4em;">From the place, where he lay,</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 4em;">He leaps in array,</span><br />
+To lather and shave, in the face of the day.<br />
+He has sworn from pollution our faces to clean,<br />
+Our cheeks, necks, and upper lips, whiskers and chin.&#8221;</p>
+
+<p>&#8220;Paullo majora canamus.&#8221;</p>
+
+
+
+<p>&nbsp;</p><p>&nbsp;</p>
+<hr style="width: 50%;" />
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_599" id="Page_599">[Pg 599]</a></span></p>
+<h2><a name="No_CXLIV" id="No_CXLIV"></a>No. CXLIV.</h2>
+
+
+<p>In 1784, Mr. Thomas Percival, an eminent physician, of Manchester, in
+England, published a work, against duelling, and sent a copy to Dr.
+Franklin. Dr. Franklin replied to Mr. Percival, from Passy, July 17, 1784,
+and his reply contains the following observations&mdash;&#8220;Formerly, when duels
+were used to determine lawsuits, from an opinion, that Providence would in
+every instance, favor truth and right, with victory, they were excusable.
+At present, they decide nothing. A man says something, which another tells
+him is a lie. They fight; but whichever is killed, the point in dispute
+remains unsettled. To this purpose, they have a pleasant little story
+here. A gentleman, in a coffee-house, desired another to sit further from
+him. &#8216;Why so?&#8217;&mdash;&#8216;Because, sir, you stink.&#8217;&mdash;&#8216;That is an affront, and you
+must fight me.&#8217;&mdash;&#8216;I will fight you, if you insist upon it; but I do not
+see how that will mend the matter. For if you kill me, I shall stink too;
+and, if I kill you, you will stink, if possible, worse than you do at
+present.&#8217;&#8221;</p>
+
+<p>This is certainly germain to the matter. So far from perceiving any moral
+courage, in those, who fight duels, nothing seems more apparent, than the
+triumph of one fear, over four other fears&mdash;the fear of shame, over the
+fear of bringing misery upon parents, wives and children&mdash;the fear of the
+law&mdash;the fear of God&mdash;and the fear of death. Many a man will <i>brave</i>
+death, who fears it.</p>
+
+<p>Death is the king of terrors, and all men stand in awe of him, saving the
+Christian, with his armor of righteousness about him, <i>cap-a-pie</i>; and
+even he, perhaps, is slightly pricked, by that fear, now and then, in
+articulo, between the joints of the harness. I must honestly confess, that
+I once knew a man, who had a terrible vixen of a wife, and, when about to
+die, he replied to his clergyman&#8217;s inquiry, if he was not afraid to meet
+the king of terrors, that he was not, for he had lived with the queen, for
+thirty years.</p>
+
+<p>I do not suppose there is a more hypocritical fellow, upon earth, than a
+duellist. Mandeville, in his Fable of the Bees, in the second dialogue,
+part ii., puts these words into the mouth of Cleomenes, when speaking to
+Horatio, on the subject of his duel: &#8220;I saw you, that very morning, and
+you seemed to be sedate<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_600" id="Page_600">[Pg 600]</a></span> and void of passion: you could have no concern.&#8221;
+Horatio replies&mdash;&#8220;It is silly to show any, at such times; but I know best
+what I felt; the struggle I had within was unspeakable: it is a terrible
+thing. I would then have given a considerable part of my estate, that the
+thing which forced me into it, had not happened; and yet, upon less
+provocation, I would act the same part again, tomorrow.&#8221; Such is human
+nature, and many, who sit down quietly, to write in opposition to this
+silly, senseless, selfish practice, would be quite apt enough, upon the
+emergency, to throw aside the pacific steel, wherewith they indite, and
+take up the cruel rapier. When I was a young man, a Mr. Ogilvie gave
+lectures, in Boston, on various subjects. He was the son of Mr. Ogilvie,
+to whose praises of the prospects in Scotland, Dr. Johnson replied, by
+telling him, that &#8220;the noblest prospect, which a Scotchman ever sees, is
+the high road, that leads him to England.&#8221;</p>
+
+<p>The son of this gentleman gave his lectures, in the old Exchange Coffee
+House, where I heard him, several times. Under the influence of opium,
+which he used very freely, he was, occasionally, quite eloquent. He
+lectured, one evening, with considerable power, against duelling. On his
+way to his lodgings, some person repeated to him, several piquant and
+cutting things, which a gentleman had said of his lecture. Ogilvie was
+exceedingly incensed, and swore he would call him out, the very next day.</p>
+
+<p>This law of honor is written nowhere, unless, in letters of blood, in the
+volume of pride, envy, hatred, malice, and all uncharitableness. &#8220;What,&#8221;
+says Cleomenes, in the work I have just now referred to&mdash;&#8220;What makes so
+just and prudent a man, that has the good of society so much at heart, act
+knowingly against the laws of his country?&#8221;&mdash;&#8220;The strict obedience,&#8221; says
+Horatio, &#8220;he pays to the laws of honor, which are superior to all
+others.&#8221;&mdash;&#8220;If men of honor,&#8221; says Cleomenes, &#8220;would act consistently, they
+ought all to be Roman Catholics.&#8221;&mdash;&#8220;Why so?&#8221;&mdash;&#8220;Because,&#8221; he rejoins, &#8220;they
+prefer oral tradition, to all written laws; for nobody can tell, when, in
+what king&#8217;s or emperor&#8217;s reign, in what country, or by what authority,
+these laws of honor were first enacted: it is very strange they should be
+of such force.&#8221;</p>
+
+<p>It is certainly very strange, that their authority should have been
+acknowledged, in some cases, not only by professing <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_601" id="Page_601">[Pg 601]</a></span>Christians, but even
+by the ministers of religion. Four individuals, of this holy calling,
+stand enrolled, as duellists, on the blood-guilty register of England. In
+1764, the Rev. Mr. Hill was killed in a duel, by Cornet Gardner. On the
+18th of June, 1782, the Rev. Mr. Allen killed Mr. Lloyd Dulany, in a duel.
+In August, 1827, Mr. Grady was wounded in a duel, by the Rev. Mr. Hodson.
+The Rev. Mr. Bate fought two duels&mdash;was subsequently made Baronet&mdash;fought
+a third duel, and was made Dean. If such atrocities were not pre&euml;minently
+horrible, how ridiculous they would be!</p>
+
+<p>It would not be agreeable to be placed in that category, in which a worthy
+bishop placed those, who, after Dr. Johnson&#8217;s death, began to assail his
+reputation. &#8220;<i>The old lion is dead</i>,&#8221; said the bishop, &#8220;<i>and now every ass
+will be kicking at his hide</i>.&#8221; Better and safer, however, to be there,
+than to bide with those, who receive all the coarse, crude, mental
+eructations of this truly good and great man, for <i>dicta perennia</i>. A
+volume of outrageously false teachings might readily be selected, from the
+recorded outpourings of this great literary whale, whenever Boswell, by a
+little tickling, caused his Leviathan to spout. Too much tea, or none at
+all, too much dinner, or too little certainly affected his qualifications,
+as a great moral instructor; and, under the teazle of contradiction, the
+nap of his great spirit fairly stood on end; and, at such times, he sought
+victory too often, rather than the truth. It has always seemed to me, that
+dinner-table philosophy, especially <i>apr&eacute;s</i>, is often of very questionable
+value.</p>
+
+<p>Dr. Johnson has frequently been quoted, on the subject of duelling. Some
+of his opinions were delivered, on this subject, suddenly, and seem
+entirely unworthy of his majestic powers. At a dinner party, at Gen.
+Oglethorpe&#8217;s&mdash;I refer to Boswell&#8217;s Johnson, in ten volumes, Lond. 1835,
+vol. iii. page 216&mdash;Boswell brought up the subject of duelling. Gen.
+Oglethorpe, <i>the host</i>, &#8220;fired at this, and said, with a lofty air,
+&#8216;undoubtedly a man has a right to defend his honor.&#8217;&#8221;</p>
+
+<p>Dr. Johnson, the <i>principal guest</i>, did the civil thing, and took the same
+side, and is reported, by Boswell, to have said substantially&mdash;&#8220;Sir, as
+men become in a high degree refined, various causes of offence arise;
+which are considered to be of such importance, that life must be staked to
+atone for them; though, in reality, they are not so. A body, that has
+received a very<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_602" id="Page_602">[Pg 602]</a></span> fine polish, may be easily hurt. Before men arrive at
+this artificial refinement, if one tells his neighbor he lies&mdash;his
+neighbor tells him he lies&mdash;if one gives his neighbor a blow, his neighbor
+gives him a blow: but, in a state of highly polished society, an affront
+is held to be a serious injury. It must therefore be resented, or rather a
+duel must be fought upon it; as men have agreed to banish, from society,
+one, who puts up with an affront, without fighting a duel. Now, sir, it is
+never unlawful to fight, in self-defence. He, then, who fights a duel,
+does not fight from passion against his antagonist, but out of
+self-defence, to avert the stigma of the world, and to prevent himself
+from being driven out of society. I could wish there was not that
+superfluity of refinement; but, while such notions prevail, no doubt a man
+may lawfully fight a duel.&#8221; I must have another witness, besides Mr.
+Boswell, before I believe, that Dr. Johnson uttered these words. Dr.
+Johnson could never have maintained, that the <i>lawfulness</i> of an act
+depended upon the existence of certain popular <i>notions</i>. Nor is it true,
+nor was it then true, that <i>men have agreed to banish, from society, one,
+who puts up with an affront, without fighting a duel</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Dr. Johnson seems to have made no distinction, between military men and
+the rest of the world. It is impossible to doubt, that the Doctor was
+graciously disposed to favor Gen. Oglethorpe&#8217;s <i>notions</i>, and that he
+would have taken the opposite side, had he been the guest of the
+Archbishop of Canterbury. &#8220;<i>It is not unlawful to fight, in
+self-defence</i>:&#8221; the law, by punishing all killing, in a duel, as murder,
+in the very first degree, shows clearly enough, that duelling is never
+looked upon, as fighting, in self-defence. It is remarkable, that Mr.
+Boswell, himself a lawyer, should have thought this paragraph worthy of
+preservation.</p>
+
+<p>On page 268, of the same volume, Mr. Boswell has the following
+record&mdash;&#8220;April 19, 1773, he again defended duelling, and put his argument
+upon what I have ever thought the most solid basis; that, if public war be
+allowed to be consistent with morality, private war must be equally so.&#8221;
+And this, in Mr. Boswell&#8217;s opinion, was <i>the most solid basis</i>! It is
+difficult to perceive what is stubble, if this is not. Whither does this
+argument carry us all, but back to the state of nature&mdash;of uncovenanted
+man&mdash;of man, who has surrendered none of his natural rights, as a
+consideration for the blessings of government and<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_603" id="Page_603">[Pg 603]</a></span> law? A state of nature
+and a state of society are very different things. Who will doubt, that, if
+Dr. Johnson really uttered these things, he would have talked more warily,
+could he have imagined, that Bozzy would have transmitted them to distant
+ages?</p>
+
+<p>It is, nevertheless, perfectly clear, that Dr. Johnson, upon both these
+occasions, had talked, only for the pride and pleasure of talking; for Mr.
+Boswell records a very different opinion, vol. iv. page 249. Sept. 19,
+1773.&mdash;Dr. Johnson then had thoroughly digested General Oglethorpe&#8217;s
+dinner; and Mr. Boswell&#8217;s record runs thus&mdash;&#8220;<i>He fairly owned he could not
+explain the rationality of duelling</i>.&#8221;</p>
+
+<p>Poor Mr. Boswell! It is not unreasonable, to suppose, that he had
+inculcated his notions, upon the subject of duelling, in his own family,
+and repeated, for the edification of his sons, the valuable sentiments of
+Dr. Johnson. Mr. Boswell died, May 19, 1795. Seven and twenty years after
+his death, his son, Sir Alexander Boswell, was killed, in a duel, at
+Auchterpool, by Mr. James Stuart, March 26, 1822. Upon the trial of
+Stuart, for murder, Mr. Jeffrey, who defended him, quoted the very
+passage, in which Dr. Johnson had justified, to the father, that fatal sin
+and folly, which had brought the son to an untimely grave!</p>
+
+
+
+<p>&nbsp;</p><p>&nbsp;</p>
+<hr style="width: 50%;" />
+<h2><a name="No_CXLV" id="No_CXLV"></a>No. CXLV.</h2>
+
+
+<p>Dr. Franklin, in his letter to Mr. Percival, referred to, in my last
+number, observes, that, &#8220;formerly, when duels were used, to determine
+lawsuits, from an opinion, that Providence would, in every instance, favor
+truth and right with victory, they were excusable.&#8221; Dr. Johnson did not
+think this species of duel so absurd, as it is commonly supposed to be:
+&#8220;it was only allowed,&#8221; said he, &#8220;when the question was in equilibrio, and
+they had a notion that Providence would interfere in favor of him, who was
+in the right.&#8221; Bos., vol. iv. page 14. The lawfulness of a thing may
+excuse it: but there are some laws, so very absurd, that one stares at
+them, in the statute book, as he looks at flies in amber, and marvels
+&#8220;<i>how the devil they<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_604" id="Page_604">[Pg 604]</a></span> got there</i>.&#8221; There was, I am gravely assured, in the
+city of New Orleans, not very long ago, a practitioner of the healing art,
+who was called <i>the Tetotum doctor</i>&mdash;he felt no pulse&mdash;he examined no
+tongue&mdash;he asked no questions for conscience&#8217; sake, nor for any other&mdash;his
+tetotum was marked with various letters, on its sides&mdash;he sat down, in
+front of the patient, and spun his tetotum&mdash;if B. came uppermost, he bled
+immediately&mdash;if P., he gave a purge&mdash;if E., an emetic&mdash;if C., a clyster,
+and so on. If there be less wisdom, in this new mode of practice, than in
+the old wager of Battel, I perceive it not.</p>
+
+<p>Both Drs. Franklin and Johnson refer to it, as an <i>ancient</i> practice. It
+was supposed, doubtless, to have become obsolete, and a dead letter,
+extinguished by the mere progress of civilization. Much surprise,
+therefore, was excited, when, at a period, as late as 1818, an attempt was
+made to revive it, in the case of Ashford <i>vs.</i> Thornton, tried before the
+King&#8217;s Bench, in April of that year. This was a case of appeal of murder,
+under the law of England. Thornton had violated, and murdered the sister
+of Ashford; and, as a last resort, claimed his right to <i>wager of battel</i>.
+The court, after full consideration, felt themselves obliged to admit the
+claim, under the unrepealed statute of 9, William II., passed A. D. 1096.
+Ashford, the appellant, and brother of the unfortunate victim, declined to
+accept the challenge, and the murderer was accordingly discharged. This
+occurred, in the 58th year of George III., and a statute was passed, in
+1819, putting an end to this terrible absurdity. Had the appellant, the
+brother, accepted this legalized challenge, what a barbarous exhibition
+would have been presented to the world, at this late day, through the
+inadvertence of Parliament, in omitting to repeal this preposterous law!</p>
+
+<p>In a former number, I quoted a sentiment, attributed, by Boswell, to Dr.
+Johnson, and which, I suppose, was no deliberate conviction of his, but
+uttered, in the course of his dinner-table talk, for the gratification of
+Gen. Oglethorpe, &#8220;<i>Men have agreed to banish from society, a man, who puts
+up with an affront without fighting a duel</i>.&#8221; This is not asserted, as an
+independent averment, but assumed or taken for granted, as the basis of
+the argument, such as it was. Is this a fact? Cannot cases innumerable be
+stated, to prove, that it is not? The words, ascribed to Dr. Johnson, are
+not confined to any class or profession, but<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_605" id="Page_605">[Pg 605]</a></span> are of universal
+application. Have men agreed to banish from society every man, who refuses
+to fight a duel, when summoned to that refreshing amusement? Let us
+examine a few cases. General Jackson did not lose caste, because he
+omitted to challenge Randolph, for pulling his nose. Josiah Quincy was not
+banished from society, for refusing the challenge of a Southern Hotspur. I
+believe, that Judge Thacher, of Maine, would have been much less
+respected, had he gone out to be shot, when invited, than he ever has
+been, for the very sensible answer to his antagonist, that he would talk
+to Mrs. Thacher about it, and be guided by her opinion. Nobody ever
+supposed, that Judge Breckenridge suffered, in character or standing,
+because he told his challenger, that he <i>wouldn&#8217;t come</i>; but, that he
+might sketch his, the Judge&#8217;s, figure, on a board, and fire at that, till
+he was weary, at any distance he pleased; and if he hit it, upon a
+certificate of the fact, the Judge would agree to it.</p>
+
+<p>Had Hamilton refused the challenge of Burr, his <i>deliberate murderer</i>, his
+fame would have remained untarnished&mdash;his countrymen would never have
+forgotten the 14th of October, 1781&mdash;the charge of that advanced
+corps&mdash;the fall of Yorktown! On his death-bed, Hamilton expressed his
+abhorrence of the practice; and solemnly declared, should he survive,
+never to be engaged in another duel. &#8220;<i>Pendleton knows</i>,&#8221; said he, in a
+dying hour, referring to Burr, and addressing Dr. Hossack, &#8220;<i>that I did
+not intend to fire at him</i>.&#8221; How different from the blood-thirsty purposes
+of his assassin! In vol. x. of Jeremy Bentham&#8217;s works, pages 432-3, the
+reader will find a letter from Dumont to Bentham, in which the Frenchman
+says, referring to a conversation with Burr, in 1808, four years after the
+duel&mdash;&#8220;<i>His duel with Hamilton was a savage affair</i>:&#8221; and Bentham
+adds&mdash;&#8220;<i>He gave me an account of his duel with Hamilton; he was sure of
+being able to kill him, so I thought it little better than murder</i>.&#8221;</p>
+
+<p>In England, <i>politics</i> seem to have given occasion to very many affairs of
+this nature&mdash;the duels of the Duke of Hamilton and Lord Mohun, in 1712,
+fatal to both&mdash;Mr. Martin and Mr. Wilkes, in 1763&mdash;the Lords Townshend and
+Bellamont, in 1773&mdash;C. J. Fox and Mr. Adam, in 1779&mdash;Capt. Fullerton and
+Lord Shelburne, in 1780&mdash;Lord Macartney and Major General Stuart, in
+1786&mdash;the Duke of York and Colonel Lenox, in 1789&mdash;Mr. Curran and Major
+Hobart, in 1790&mdash;Earl of Lonsdale<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_606" id="Page_606">[Pg 606]</a></span> and Capt. Cuthbert, in 1792&mdash;Lord
+Valentia and Mr. Gawler, in 1796&mdash;William Pitt and George Tierney, in
+1798&mdash;Sir Francis Burdett and Mr. Paull, in 1807&mdash;Lord Castlereagh and Mr.
+Canning, in 1809&mdash;Mr. O&#8217;Connell and Mr. D&#8217;Esterre, in 1815&mdash;Mr. Grattan
+and the Earl of Clare, in 1820&mdash;Sir A. Boswell and James Stuart, in
+1822&mdash;Mr. Long Wellesly and Mr. Crespigny, in 1828&mdash;the Duke of Wellington
+and the Earl of Winchelsea, in 1829&mdash;Lord Alvanley and Morgan O&#8217;Connell,
+in 1835&mdash;Sir Colquhon Grant and Lord Seymour, in 1835&mdash;Mr. Roebuck and Mr.
+Black, in 1835&mdash;Mr. Ruthven and Mr. Scott, in 1836&mdash;the Earl of Cardigan
+and Mr. Tuckett, in 1840.</p>
+
+<p>Sir J. Barrington says, that, during his grand climacteric, two hundred
+and twenty-seven duels were fought. In different ages and nations, various
+preventives have been employed. Killing in a duel, here and in England, is
+murder, in the surviving principal, and seconds. To add effect to the law,
+it was proclaimed, by 30, Charles II., 1679, to be <i>an unpardonable
+offence</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Disqualification from holding office, and dismissal from the army and navy
+have, at different times, been held up, in terrorem. In England, eighteen
+survivors have suffered the penalty, provided against duelling. Major
+Campbell was hung, in 1808, for having killed Capt. Boyd, in a duel.</p>
+
+<p>In 1813, Lieutenant Blundell was killed in a duel at Carisbroke Castle:
+the survivor and both seconds were tried, and convicted of murder; and,
+though subsequently pardoned, dismissed the service. &#8220;Duels,&#8221; says Sir
+George Mackenzie, &#8220;are but illustrious murders.&#8221; Mr. Addison recommends
+the pillory. The councils of Valentia and Trent excommunicated such
+combatants; but a man, who has made up his mind to fight a duel, cares
+little for the church.</p>
+
+<p>During the first eighteen years of the reign of Henry IV., four thousand
+persons were slain, in duels, in France. He published his famous edict of
+Blois, against duels, in 1602: and, in 1609, added, to the existing
+penalties, punishment by death, confiscations, fines, and imprisonment,
+respectively, for all, concerned in fighting or abetting, even as
+spectators, or as casual passers, who did not interpose. All this,
+however, was the work of Sully: for this consistent king, at this very
+time, gave Crequi leave to fight the Duke of Savoy, and even told him,
+that he would be his second, were he not a king.</p>
+
+<p>Duels were so frequent, in the reign of his successor, Louis<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_607" id="Page_607">[Pg 607]</a></span> XIII., that
+Lord Herbert, who was then ambassador, at the court of France, used to
+say, there was not a Frenchman, worth looking at, who had not killed his
+man. &#8220;<i>Who fought yesterday?</i>&#8221; was the mode of inquiring after the news of
+the morning. The most famous duellist of the age was Montmorenci, Count de
+Bouttville. He and the Marquis de Beuoron, setting their faces against all
+authority, and, persisting in this amusement, it was found necessary to
+take their stubborn heads off. They were tried, convicted, and beheaded. A
+check was, at length, put to these excesses, by Louis XIV. A particular
+account of all this will be found in Larrey, <i>Histoire de France, sons le
+R&eacute;gne de Louis XIV.</i>, tom. ii. p. 208. Matters, during the minority of
+Louis XIV., had come to a terrible pass. The Dukes de Beaufort and Nemours
+had fought a duel, with four seconds each, and converted it into a <i>Welch
+main</i>, as the cock-fighters term a <i>mele&eacute;</i>. They fought, five to five,
+with swords and pistols. Beaufort killed Nemours&mdash;the Marquis de Villars
+killed D&#8217;Henricourt, and D&#8217;Uzerches killed De Ris. In 1663, another affair
+took place, four to four. The king finally published his famous edict of
+1679. The marshals of France and the nobility entered into a solemn league
+and covenant, never to fight a duel, on any pretence whatever; and Louis
+le Grand adhered to his oath, and resolutely refused pardon to every
+offender. This greatly checked the evil, for a time.</p>
+
+<p>Kings will die, and their worthy purposes are not always inherited by
+their successors; soon after the death of the great monarch, the practice
+of duelling revived in France.</p>
+
+<p>The only radical and permanent preventive, of this equally barbarous, and
+foolish custom, lies, in the moral and religious education of the people.
+The infrequency of the practice, in New England, arises entirely from the
+fact, that the moral and religious training of the community has taught
+them to look upon a duellist, as an exceedingly unfashionable personage.</p>
+
+<p>New Englanders are a calculating race. They <i>calculate</i>, that it is
+infinitely better to mind their business, and die quietly in their beds,
+than to go out and be shot, by the very fellow, who has not the decency to
+say he is sorry, for treading on their toes, when he was drunk&mdash;and they
+are a fearful race, for they fear the reprehension of the wise and good,
+and the commands of God, more than they fear the decisions of a lawless
+tribunal, where fools sit in judgment, and whose absurd decrees are
+written on the sand.</p>
+
+
+
+<p>&nbsp;</p><p>&nbsp;</p>
+<hr style="width: 50%;" />
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_608" id="Page_608">[Pg 608]</a></span></p>
+<h2><a name="No_CXLVI" id="No_CXLVI"></a>No. CXLVI.</h2>
+
+
+<p>Some nine and thirty years ago, I was in the habit, occasionally, when I
+had no call, in my line, of strolling over to the Navy Yard, at
+Charlestown, and spending an evening, in the cabin of a long, dismantled,
+old hulk, that was lying there. Once in a while, we had a very pleasant
+dinner party, on board that old craft. That cabin was the head-quarters of
+my host. It was the cabin of that ill-fated frigate, the Chesapeake. My
+friend had been one of her deeply mortified officers, when she was
+surrendered, by James Barron, to the British frigate Leopard, without
+firing a gun, June 23, 1807.</p>
+
+<p>A sore subject this, for my brave, old friend. I well remember to have
+dined, in that cabin, one fourth of July, with some very pleasant
+associates&mdash;there were ten of us&mdash;we were very noisy then&mdash;all, but
+myself, are still enough now&mdash;they are all in their graves. I recollect,
+that, towards the close of the entertainment, some allusion to the old
+frigate, in which we were assembled, revived the recollection of the day,
+when those stars and stripes came down. We sat in silence, listening to
+the narrative of our host, whose feelings were feverishly and painfully
+excited&mdash;&#8220;It would have been a thousand times better,&#8221; said he, &#8220;if the
+old hulk had gone to bottom and every man on board. The country might
+then, possibly, have been spared the war; for our honor would have been
+saved, and there would have been less to fight for. Unprepared as we were,
+for such an attack, at a time of profound peace, we ought to have gone
+down, like little Mudge, who, while his frigate was sinking, thanked God
+the Blanche was not destined to wear French colors!&#8221;</p>
+
+<p>When he paused, and, with the back of his hand, brushed away the tears
+from his eyes, we were all of his mind, and wished he had been in command,
+that day, instead of James Barron; for this old friend of mine was a very,
+very clever fellow&mdash;a warmer heart never beat in a braver bosom. There was
+one thing, however, that I could never break him of, and yet I had some
+little influence with him, in those days&mdash;I mean the <i>habit</i> of fighting
+duels. He would not harm a fly, but he would shoot a man, in an honorable
+way, at the shortest notice, and the shortest distance. He fought a duel,
+on one <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_609" id="Page_609">[Pg 609]</a></span>occasion, when, being challenged, and having the choice of
+distance, he insisted on three paces, saying he was so near-sighted, he
+could not hit a barn door, at ten. He was apt to be, not affectedly, but
+naturally, jocular, on such occasions.</p>
+
+<p>Another old friend of mine, in by-gone days, the elder son of the late
+Governor Brooks, was second, in one of these duels, to the friend, of whom
+I am speaking. Major Brooks had, occasionally, indulged himself, in the
+publication of poetical effusions. When the parties and their seconds came
+upon the ground, he found, that he had brought no leather, to envelop the
+ball, as usual, in loading; and, drawing a newspaper from his pocket, tore
+off the corner, on which some verses were printed: at this moment, his
+principal drawing near, said, in an under tone, &#8220;<i>I hope that isn&#8217;t one of
+your fugitive pieces, Alek</i>.&#8221;</p>
+
+<p>Though our lines were, of late years, cast far apart, I always rejoiced in
+his good fortune. After having occupied a very elevated position, for some
+time, in the naval department, he fell&mdash;poor fellow&mdash;not in a duel&mdash;but in
+a moment, doubtless, of temporary, mental derangement, by his own hand.
+The news of my old friend&#8217;s death reached me, just before dinner&mdash;I
+postponed it till the next day&mdash;went home&mdash;sat alone&mdash;and had that old
+dinner, in the cabin of the Chesapeake, warmed over, upon the coals of the
+imagination, and seated around me every guest, who was there that day,
+just as fresh, as if he had never been buried.</p>
+
+<p>James Barron was an unlucky dog, to say the least of it. Striking the
+stars and stripes, without firing a gun, was enough for one life. For this
+he was tried, found guilty, and suspended from duty, for five years, from
+Feb. 8, 1808, and deprived of his pay. He went abroad; and, during his
+absence, war was declared, which continued about two years, after the
+termination of his suspension. He returned, at last, and sought
+employment; Decatur officially opposed his claims; and thereupon he
+challenged, and killed Decatur, the pride of the American navy; and, after
+this, he received employment from the government. The services of James
+Barron are not likely to be undervalued. Decatur&#8217;s offence consisted, in
+his declaration of opinion, that Barron did not return to the service of
+his country, as in duty bound. The duel took place March 22, 1820. After
+this, Barron demanded a Court of Inquiry, to settle this point. The Court
+consisted of Commodores Stewart and Morris and Captain<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_610" id="Page_610">[Pg 610]</a></span> Evans, and
+convened May 10, 1821, and the conclusion of the sentence is this&mdash;&#8220;It is
+therefore the opinion of the court, that his (Barron&#8217;s) absence from the
+United States, without the permission of the government, was contrary to
+his duty, as an officer, in the navy of the United States.&#8221;</p>
+
+<p>Here then was another silly and senseless duel. Mr. Allen, in his
+Biographical Dictionary remarks&mdash;&#8220;The correspondence issued in a challenge
+from Barron, though he considered duelling &#8216;<i>a barbarous practice, which
+ought to be exploded from civilized society</i>.&#8217; And the challenge was
+accepted by Decatur, though he &#8216;<i>had long since discovered, that fighting
+duels is not even an unerring criterion of personal courage</i>.&#8217;&#8221;</p>
+
+<p>They fired at the same instant; Barron fell immediately, wounded in the
+hip, where Decatur had mercifully declared his intention to wound him;
+Decatur stood erect, for a moment&mdash;put his hand to his right side&mdash;and
+fell, mortally wounded. He was raised, and supported, a few steps, and
+sunk down, exhausted, near Barron. Captain Mackenzie, in his Life of
+Decatur, page 322, gives his opinion, that this duel could have been
+gracefully prevented, on the ground; and such will be the judgment,
+doubtless, of posterity. Capt. Jesse D. Elliot was the second of
+Barron&mdash;Com. Bainbridge of Decatur. After they had taken their stands,
+Barron said to Decatur, that he hoped, &#8220;<i>on meeting, in another world,
+they would be better friends, than they had been in this</i>.&#8221;</p>
+
+<p>To this Decatur replied, &#8220;<i>I have never been your enemy, sir</i>.&#8221; &#8220;Why,&#8221;
+says Captain Mackenzie, &#8220;could not this aspiration for peace, between
+them, in the next world, on one part, and this comprehensive disclaimer of
+all enmity, on the other, have been seized by the friends, for the
+purposes of reconciliation?&#8221; A pertinent question truly&mdash;but of very ready
+solution. These seconds, like most others, acted, like military
+undertakers; their office consists, as they seem to suppose, in seeing the
+bodies duly cared for; and all consideration for the chief mourners, and
+such the very principals often are, is out of the question. With all his
+excellent qualities, Commodore Bainbridge, as every one, who knew him
+well, will readily admit, was not possessed of that happy mixture of
+qualities, to avail of this pacific <i>prestige</i>. It was an overture&mdash;such
+Barron afterwards avowed it to have been. On the 10th of October, 1818,
+Decatur had been the second of Com. Perry, in his duel with Captain Heath,
+which<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_611" id="Page_611">[Pg 611]</a></span> was terminated, after the first fire, by Decatur&#8217;s declaration,
+that Com. Perry had avowed his purpose, not to fire at Capt Heath. Had
+Perry lived, and been at hand, it is highly probable, that Decatur would
+not have fallen, for Perry would, doubtless, have been his second, and
+readily availed of the expressions of the parties, on the ground.</p>
+
+<p>Had Charles Morris, whose gallantry and discretion have mingled into a
+proverb&mdash;had he been the second of his old commander, by whose side, he
+stood, on the Philadelphia&#8217;s deck, in that night of peril, February, 1804,
+who can doubt, the pacific issue of this most miserable adventure!
+Seconds, too frequently, are themselves the instigators and supporters of
+these combats. True or false, the tale is a fair one, of two friends, who
+had disputed over their cups; and, by the exciting expressions of some
+common acquaintances, were urged into a duel. They met early the next
+morning&mdash;the influence of the liquor had departed&mdash;the seconds loaded the
+pistols, and placed their principals&mdash;but, before the word was given, one
+of them, rubbing his eyes, and looking about him, exclaims&mdash;&#8220;there is some
+mistake, there can be no enmity between us two, my old friend; these
+fellows, who have brought us here, upon this foolish errand, are our
+enemies, let us fire at them.&#8221; The proposition was highly relished, by the
+other party, and the seconds took to their heels.</p>
+
+<p>Well: we left Decatur and Barron, lying side by side, and weltering in
+their blood. The strife was past, and they came to a sort of friendly
+understanding. Barron, supposing his wound to be fatal, said all things
+had been conducted honorably, and that he forgave Decatur, from the bottom
+of his heart. Mackenzie, in a note, on page 325, refers to a conversation
+between them, as they lay upon the ground, until the means of
+transportation arrived. He does not give the details, but says they would
+be &#8220;creditable to the parties, and soothing to the feelings of the
+humane.&#8221; I understood, at the time, from a naval officer of high rank, and
+have heard it often, repeated, that Decatur said, &#8220;Barron, why didn&#8217;t you
+come home and fight your country&#8217;s battles?&#8221; that Barron replied, &#8220;I was
+too poor to pay my debts, and couldn&#8217;t get away,&#8221;&mdash;and that Decatur
+rejoined, &#8220;If I had known that, we should not be lying here.&#8221; Strip this
+matter of its honorable epidermis, and there is something quite ridiculous
+in the idea of doing such an unpleasant thing, and all for nothing!</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_612" id="Page_612">[Pg 612]</a></span>These changes, from hostility to amity, are often extremely sudden. I have
+read, that Rapin, the historian, when young, fought a duel, late in the
+evening, with small swords. His sword broke near the hilt&mdash;he did not
+perceive it, and continued to fence with the hilt alone. His antagonist
+paused and gave him notice; and, like the two girls, in the Antijacobin,
+they flew into each other&#8217;s arms, and &#8220;swore perpetual amity.&#8221;</p>
+
+
+
+<p>&nbsp;</p><p>&nbsp;</p>
+<hr style="width: 50%;" />
+<h2><a name="No_CXLVII" id="No_CXLVII"></a>No. CXLVII.</h2>
+
+
+<p>M. De Vassor wrote with a faulty pen, when he asserted, in his history,
+that the only good thing Louis XIV. did, in his long reign of fifty-six
+years, consisted in his vigorous attempts, to suppress the practice of
+duelling. Cardinal Richelieu admits, however, in his <i>Political
+Testament</i>, that his own previous efforts had been ineffectual, although
+he caused Messieurs de Chappelle and Bouteville to be executed, for the
+crime, in disregard of the earnest importunities of their numerous and
+powerful friends. No public man ever did more, for the suppression of the
+practice, than Lord Bacon, while he was attorney general. His celebrated
+charge, upon an information in the star chamber, against Priest &amp; Wright,
+vol. iv. page 399, Lond. 1824, was ordered to be printed, by the Lords of
+Council; and was vastly learned and powerful, in its way. It is rather
+amusing, upon looking at the decree, which followed, dated Jan. 26, 2
+James I., to see how such matters were then managed; the information,
+against Priest, was, &#8220;<i>for writing and sending a letter of challenge
+together with a stick, which should be the length of the weapon</i>.&#8221;</p>
+
+<p>Such measures are surely well enough, as far as they go; but can be of no
+lasting influence, unless certain processes are simultaneously carried on,
+to meliorate the moral tone, in society. Without the continual employment
+of moral and religious alteratives&mdash;laws, homilies, charges, decrees,
+ridicule, menances of disinherison here, and damnation hereafter will be
+of very little use. They are outward applications&mdash;temporary repellants,
+which serve no other purpose, than to drive back the distemper, for a
+brief space, but reach not the seat of the disorder. As was stated, in a
+former number, nothing will put an end to this<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_613" id="Page_613">[Pg 613]</a></span> practice, but
+indoctrination&mdash;the mild, antiphlogistic system of the Gospel. Wherever
+its gentle spirit prevails, combined with intellectual and moral culture,
+there will be no duels. Temperance forms, necessarily, an important part
+of that antiphlogistic system&mdash;for a careful examination will show, that,
+in a very great number of cases, duels have originated over the table&mdash;we
+import them, corked up in bottles, which turn out, now and then, to be
+vials of wrath.</p>
+
+<p>One of the most ferocious duels, upon record, is that, between Lord Bruce
+and Sir Edward Sackville, of which the survivor, Sir Edward, wrote an
+account from Louvain, Sept. 8, 1613. These fellows appear to have been
+royal tigers, untameable even by Herr Driesbach. This brutal and bloody
+fight took place, at Bergen op Zoom, near Antwerp. The <i>cause</i> of this
+terrible duel has never been fully ascertained, but the <i>manner and
+instrument</i>, by which these blood-thirsty gentlemen were put in the
+ablative, are indicated in the letter&mdash;they fought with <i>rapiers and in
+their shirts</i>. I have neither room nor taste for the details: by the
+curious in such matters, some account may be gathered, in Collins&#8217;s
+Peerage, which refers to the correspondence, preserved in manuscript, in
+Queen&#8217;s College library, Oxford. These, with Sir Edward&#8217;s letter, may be
+found in Wood&#8217;s Athen&aelig; Oxonienses also, vol. iii. page 314, Lond. 1817.
+Wood says&mdash;&#8220;<i>he (Sackville) entered into a fatal quarrel, upon a subject
+very unwarrantable, with a young Scottish nobleman, the Lord Bruce</i>.&#8221;
+Sackville was afterward Earl of Dorset. A more accessible authority, for
+the reader, probably, is the Guardian, vol. iii. No. 133, though the
+former is more full, and taken from the original manuscript, in the
+Ashmole Museum, with the ancient spelling.</p>
+
+<p>The duel, with swords, between the Lords Mohun and Hamilton, in Hyde Park,
+Nov. 15, 1712, was nearly as brutal. Both were killed. Richard Brinsley
+Sheridan&#8217;s duel with Matthews&mdash;the second I mean, for they had two
+duels&mdash;was a very doglike thing indeed. They fought, first, with pistols,
+and, not killing each other, as speedily as they wished, resorted to their
+swords. They cut and pricked each other, at a terrible rate; and, losing
+all patience and temper, closed, rough and tumble, went heels over head,
+rolled, and puffed, and tussled, in the dust and dirt, till, at last, they
+were literally pulled apart, like two dogs, by their tails, and a part of
+Matthews&#8217; sword was found sticking in Sheridan&#8217;s ear. Gentlemanly
+satisfaction this! It has <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_614" id="Page_614">[Pg 614]</a></span>sometimes occurred, that advantages, unduly
+taken, on the ground, such as firing out of order, for example, have
+converted the killing into murder, in the eyes even of the seconds, which
+it ever is, at all such meetings, in the eye of the law. Such was the case
+in the duels, between M&#8217;Keon and Reynolds, Jan. 31, 1788, and between
+Campbell and Boyd, June 23, 1808.</p>
+
+<p>Doubtless, there are men of wonderfully well balanced minds, who go about
+their business, with great apparent composure, after they have killed
+their antagonists in duels. Now and then, there is one, who takes things
+more gravely&mdash;<i>nervously</i>, perhaps. Poor fellow, he feels rather
+unpleasantly, when he chances to go by the husbandless mansion&mdash;or passes
+that woman, whom he has made a widow&mdash;or sees, hand in hand, those little
+children, in their sober garments, whom the accursed cunning of his red,
+right hand has rendered orphans! Such feeble spirits there are&mdash;the heart
+of a duellist should be made of sterner stuff.</p>
+
+<p>June 8, 1807, Mr. Colclough was killed in a duel, by Mr. Alcock, who
+immediately lost his reason, and was carried from the ground to the
+madhouse. Some years ago, I visited the Lunatic Hospital in Philadelphia;
+and there saw, among its inmates, a well known gentleman, who had killed
+<i>his friend</i>, in a duel. He had referred, while conversing, to his hair,
+which had grown very gray, since I last saw him. A bystander said, in a
+mild way&mdash;gray hairs are honorable&mdash;&#8220;<i>Aye</i>,&#8221; he replied, &#8220;<i>honor made my
+hairs gray</i>.&#8221;</p>
+
+<p>I know, very well, that the common, lawless duel is supposed, by many
+persons, to have sprung from the old <i>wager of battel</i>, defined, by Fleta,
+in his law Latin, <i>singularis pugnus inter duos ad probandum litem, et qui
+vicit probasse intelligitur</i>. The first time we hear of the <i>wager of
+Battel</i>, as a written judicial rule, is A. D. 501, in the reign of
+Gundibald, king of Burgundy; and it was in use, among the Germans, Danes,
+and Franks. The practice or usage was common, however, to all the Celtic
+nations. It came into England, with William the Conqueror. It happens,
+however, that men have ever been disposed to settle their disputes, by
+fighting about them, since the world began.</p>
+
+<p>If the classical reader will open his Velleius Paterculus, lib. ii., and
+read the first sentence of section 118, he will see, that, when Quintilius
+Varus endeavored to persuade the rude Germans, to adopt the laws and
+usages of Rome, in the adjustment of their disputes, between man and man,
+they laughed at his<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_615" id="Page_615">[Pg 615]</a></span> simplicity, and told him they had a summary mode of
+settling these matters, among themselves, by the arm of flesh. This
+occurred, shortly after the birth of Christ, or about 500 years <i>before</i>
+the time of Gundibald. Instead of attempting to trace the origin of modern
+duelling to the legalized <i>wager of battel</i>, we may as well look for its
+moving cause, in the heart of man.</p>
+
+<p>Duels are of very ancient origin. Abel was a noncombatant. Had it been
+otherwise, the affair, between him and Cain, would have been the first
+affair of honor; and his death would not have been <i>murder</i>, but <i>killing
+in a duel</i>! One thousand and fifty-eight years, according to the
+chronology of Calmet, before the birth of Christ, the very first duel was
+fought, near a place called <i>Shochoh</i>, which certainly sounds as roughly,
+on the ear, as <i>Hoboken</i>. There seems not to have been, upon that
+occasion, any of the ceremony, practised, now-a-days&mdash;there were no
+regular seconds&mdash;no surgeons&mdash;no marking off the ground&mdash;and each party
+had the right, to use whatever weapons he pleased.</p>
+
+<p>Two armies were drawn up, in the face of each other. A man, of unusually
+large proportions, stepped between them, and proposed an adjustment of
+their national differences, by single combat, and challenged any man of
+his opponents, to fight a duel with him. He was certainly a fine looking
+fellow, and armed to the teeth. He came, without any second or friend, to
+adjust the preliminaries; and no one was with him, but an armor bearer,
+who carried his shield. The audacity of this unexpected challenge, and the
+tremendous limbs of the challenger, for a time, produced a sort of panic,
+in the opposite army&mdash;no man seemed inclined to break a spear with the
+tall champion. At last, after he had strutted up and down, for some time,
+there came along a smart little fellow, a sort of cowboy or sheep-herd,
+who was sent to the army by his father, with some provisions, for his
+three brothers, who had enlisted, and a few fine cheeses, for the colonel
+of their regiment, the father thinking, very naturally, doubtless, that a
+present of this kind might pave the way for their promotion. The old
+gentleman&#8217;s name was Jesse&mdash;an ancestor, doubtless, of John Heneage Jesse,
+whose memoirs of George Selwyn we have all read, with so much pleasure.
+The young fellow arrived with his cheeses, at the very time, when this
+huge braggart was going about, strutting and defying. Hearing, that the
+King had offered his daughter in marriage, with a handsome dowry, to any
+one, who would kill this great bugbear out of the way, this stripling
+offered to do it.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_616" id="Page_616">[Pg 616]</a></span>When he was brought into the royal presence, the King, struck by his youth
+and slender figure, told him, without ceremony, that the proposition was
+perfect nonsense, and that he would certainly get his brains knocked out,
+by such a terrible fellow. But the young man seemed nothing daunted, and
+respectfully informed his majesty, that, upon one occasion, he had had an
+affair with a lion, and, upon another, with a bear, and that he had taken
+the lion by the beard, and slain him.</p>
+
+<p>The King finally consented, and proceeded to put armor on the boy, who
+told his majesty, that he was very much obliged to him, but had much
+rather go without it. The challenge was duly accepted. But, when they came
+together, on the ground, all the modern notions of etiquette appear to
+have been set entirely at defiance. Contrary to all the rules of
+propriety, the principals commenced an angry conversation. When the
+challenger first saw the little fellow, coming towards him, with a stick
+and a sling, he really supposed they were hoaxing him. He felt somewhat,
+perhaps, like Mr. Crofts, when he was challenged, in 1664, by Humphrey
+Judson, the dwarf; who, nevertheless, killed him, at the first fire.</p>
+
+<p>When the youngster marched up to him, the challenger was very indignant,
+and asked if he took him for a dog, that he came out to him, with a stick;
+and, in a very ungentlemanly way, hinted something about making mince meat
+of his little antagonist, for the crows. The little fellow was not to be
+outdone, in this preparatory skirmish of words; for he threatened to take
+off the giant&#8217;s head in a jiffy, and told him the ravens should have an
+alderman&#8217;s meal, upon his carcass.</p>
+
+<p>Such bandying of rough words is entirely out of order, on such occasions.
+At it they went; and, at the very first fire, down came the bully upon his
+face, struck, upon the frontal sinus, with a smooth stone from a sling.
+The youngster, I am sorry to say, contrary to all the rules of duelling,
+ran up to him, after he was down, and chopped off his head, with his own
+sword; for, as I have already stated, there were no seconds, and there was
+no surgeon at hand, to attend to the mutilated gentleman, after he was
+satisfied.</p>
+
+<p>The survivor, who seems to have been the founder of his own
+fortune&mdash;<i>novus homo</i>&mdash;became eminently distinguished for his fine
+poetical talents, and composed a volume of lyrics, which have passed
+through innumerable editions. The one hundred<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_617" id="Page_617">[Pg 617]</a></span> and forty-fourth of the
+series is supposed, by the critics, to have been commemorative of this
+very affair of honor&mdash;<i>Blessed be the Lord, my strength, who teacheth my
+hands to war, and my fingers to fight</i>.</p>
+
+
+
+<p>&nbsp;</p><p>&nbsp;</p>
+<hr style="width: 50%;" />
+<h2><a name="No_CXLVIII" id="No_CXLVIII"></a>No. CXLVIII.</h2>
+
+
+<p>The duel, between David and Goliath, bears a striking resemblance to that,
+between Titus Manlius and the Gaul, so finely described, by Livy, lib.
+vii. cap. 10. In both cases, the circumstances, at the commencement, were
+precisely alike. The armies of the Hernici and of the Romans were drawn
+up, on the opposite banks of the Anio&mdash;those of the Israelites and of the
+Philistines, on two mountains, on the opposite sides of the valley of
+Elah. &#8220;Tum eximia corporis magnitudine in vacuum pontem Gallus processit,
+et quantum maxima voce potuit, <i>quem nunc</i> inquit <i>Roma virum fortissimum
+habet, procedat, agedum, ad pugnam, ut noster duorum eventus ostendat,
+utra gens bello sit melior</i>.&#8221; Then, a Gaul of enormous size, came down
+upon the unoccupied bridge, and cried out, as loud as he could, let the
+bravest of the Romans come forth&mdash;let him come on&mdash;and let the issue of
+our single combat decide, which nation is superior in war.&mdash;And there went
+out a champion out of the camp of the Philistines, named Goliath of Gath,
+whose height was six cubits and a span. * * * * And he stood, and cried
+unto the armies of Israel, and said unto them, why are ye come out to set
+your battle in array? Am not I a Philistine, and ye servants of Saul?
+Choose you a man for you, and let him come down to me. If he be able to
+fight with me and to kill me, then will we be your servants; but if I
+prevail against him and kill him, then shall ye be our servants, and serve
+us.</p>
+
+<p>The next point, is the effect upon the two armies: &#8220;Diu inter primores
+juvenum Romanorum silentium fuit, quum et abnuere certamen vererentur, et
+pr&aelig;cipuam sortem periculi petere nollent.&#8221; There was a long silence, upon
+this, among the chiefs of the young Romans; for, while they were afraid to
+refuse the challenge, they were reluctant to encounter this peculiar kind
+of<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_618" id="Page_618">[Pg 618]</a></span> peril.&mdash;When Saul and all Israel heard those words of the Philistine,
+they were dismayed and greatly afraid.</p>
+
+<p>After Titus Manlius had accepted the challenge, he seems desirous of
+giving his commander a proof of his confidence in himself, and the
+reasons, or grounds, of that confidence: &#8220;Si tu permittis, volo ego illi
+bellu&aelig; ostendere, quando adeo ferox pr&aelig;sultat hostium signis, me ex ea
+familia ortum, qu&aelig; Gallorum agmen ex rupe Tarpeia dejecit.&#8221; If you will
+permit me, I will show this brute, after he has vaunted a little longer,
+in this braggart style, before the banners of the enemy, that I am sprung
+from the family, that hurled the whole host of Gauls from the Tarpeian
+rock.&mdash;And David said to Saul, let no man&#8217;s heart fail because of him, thy
+servant will go and fight with this Philistine. * * * * Thy servant kept
+his father&#8217;s sheep, and there came a lion and a bear, and took a lamb out
+of the flock. And I went out after him, and delivered it out of his mouth;
+and when he arose against me, I caught him, by his beard, and smote him
+and slew him. Thy servant slew both the lion and the bear, and this
+uncircumcised Philistine shall be as one of them.</p>
+
+<p>The difference in their port and appearance may also be considered.
+&#8220;Nequaquam visu ac specie &aelig;stimantibus pares. Corpus alteri magnitudine
+eximium, versicolori veste, pictisque et auro c&aelig;latis refulgens armis;
+media in altero militaris statura, modicaque in armis habilibus magis quam
+decoris species.&#8221; In size and appearance, there was no resemblance. The
+frame of the Gaul was enormous. He wore a vest whose color was changeable,
+and his refulgent arms were highly ornamented and studded with gold. The
+Roman was of middle military stature, and his simple weapons were
+calculated for service and not for show. Of Goliath we read&mdash;He had a
+helmet of brass upon his head, and he was armed with a coat of mail. * * *
+And he had greaves of brass upon his legs, and a target of brass between
+his shoulders, and the staff of his spear was like a weaver&#8217;s beam; and
+David took his staff in his hand, and chose him five smooth stones out of
+the brook, and put them in a shepherd&#8217;s bag which he had, even in a scrip,
+and his sling was in his hand. The General&#8217;s consent is given to Titus
+Manlius, in these words&mdash;&#8220;Perge et nomen Romanum invictum, juvantibus
+diis, pr&aelig;sta.&#8221; Go, and have a care, the gods assisting thee, that the
+Roman name remains unconquered. And Saul said unto David, Go,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_619" id="Page_619">[Pg 619]</a></span> and the
+Lord be with thee. The Philistine and the Gaul were both speedily killed,
+and here the parallel ends; for David hewed off the Philistine&#8217;s head. The
+Roman was more generous than the child of Israel&mdash;&#8220;Jacentis inde corpus,
+ab omni alia vexatione intactum, uno torque spoliavit; quem, respersum
+cruore, collo circumdedit suo.&#8221; He despoiled the body of his fallen foe,
+in no otherwise insulted, of a chain, which, bloody, as it was, he placed
+around his own neck. I cannot turn from this gallant story, without
+remarking, that this Titus Manlius must have been a terrible wag: Livy
+says, that his young companions having prepared him for the duel&mdash;&#8220;armatum
+adornatumque adversus Gallum stolide l&aelig;tum, et (quoniam id quoque memoria
+dignum antiquis visum est) linguam, etiam ab irrisu exscrentem,
+producunt&#8221;&mdash;they brought him forward, armed and prepared for his conflict
+with the Gaul, childishly delighted, and (since the ancients have thought
+it worth repeating) waggishly thrusting his tongue out of his mouth, in
+derision of his antagonist.</p>
+
+<p>Doubtless, the challenge of Charles V. by Francis I., in which affair,
+Charles, in the opinion of some folks, showed a little, if the cant phrase
+be allowable, of the white feather, gave an impetus to the practice of
+duelling. Doubtless, the <i>wager of battel</i> supplied something of the form
+and ceremony, the use of seconds, and measuring the lists, the signal of
+onset, &amp;c. of modern duels: but the principle was in the bosom of Adam,
+and the practice is of the highest antiquity.</p>
+
+<p>Woman, in some way or other, has been, very often, at the bottom of these
+duels. Helen, as the chief occasion of the Trojan war, was, of course, the
+cause of Hector&#8217;s duel with Ajax, which duel, as the reader will see, by
+turning to his Iliad, lib. viii. v. 279, was stopped, by the police, at
+the very moment, when both gentlemen, having thrown their lances aside,
+were drawing their long knives. Lavinia set Turnus and &AElig;neas by the cars.
+Turnus challenged him twice. Upon the first occasion, &AElig;neas was unwell;
+but, upon the second, they had a meeting, and he killed his man. David
+would not have accepted Goliath&#8217;s challenge, had not his heart been set
+upon Saul&#8217;s daughter, <i>and the shekels</i>. I find nothing of this, in the
+commentators; but the reader may find it, in the Book of Nature, <i>passim</i>.
+For one so young, David practised, with all the wariness of an old
+bachelor. When he first arrived in camp, some one asked him, if he had
+seen Goliath, and added, <i>and it shall<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_620" id="Page_620">[Pg 620]</a></span> be that the man who killeth him
+the King will enrich him with great riches, and will give him his
+daughter</i>. David had no idea of going upon a fool&#8217;s errand; and, to make
+matters sure, he turned to those about him, and inquired, clearly for
+confirmation, <i>what shall be done to the man that killeth this
+Philistine?</i> And they repeated what he had heard before. David was a
+discreet youth, for one of his time, the titman, as he was, of Jesse&#8217;s
+eight children&mdash;and, to avoid all chance of mistake, he walks off to
+another person, near at hand, and repeats his inquiry, and receives a
+similar answer. Sam. I. xvii. 30. A wide difference there is, between the
+motives of Titus Manlius, in accepting the challenge of the Gaul, and
+those of David, in accepting that of the Philistine&mdash;the love of country
+and of glory in the first&mdash;in the last, the desire of possessing Saul&#8217;s
+daughter <i>and the shekels</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Duels have been occasioned, by other Helens than her of Troy. A pleasant
+tale is told, by Valvasor, in his work, <i>La Gloire de Duche de Carniole</i>,
+Liv. ii. p. 634&mdash;of Andrew Eberhard Rauber, a German Knight, and Lord of
+the fortress of Petronel. Maximilian II., Emperor of Germany, had a
+natural daughter, Helen Scharseginn, of exquisite beauty, who had a brace
+of gallant admirers, of whom Rauber was one&mdash;the other was a Spanish
+gentleman, of high rank. Both were at the court of Maximilian, and in such
+high favor, that the Emperor was extremely unwilling to disoblige either.
+Upon the lifting of a finger, these gallants were ready to fight a score
+of duels, for the lady&#8217;s favor, in the most approved fashion of the day.
+To this the Emperor was decidedly opposed; and, had they resorted to such
+extremities, neither would have taken anything, by his motion. The Emperor
+secretly preferred the German alliance, but was unwilling to offend the
+Spaniard. He was young and of larger proportions, than his German rival;
+but Rauber&#8217;s prodigious strength had become a proverb, through the land.
+He had the power of breaking horse-shoes with his thumbs and fingers; and,
+upon one occasion, at Gratz, in the presence of the Archduke Charles,
+according to Valvasor&#8217;s account, he seized an insolent Jew, by his long
+beard, and actually pulled his jaw off. He was a terrible antagonist, of
+course.</p>
+
+<p>Maximilian, heartily wearied with their incessant strife and importunity,
+finally consented, that the question should be settled, by a duel, in
+presence of the whole court. The hour was<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_621" id="Page_621">[Pg 621]</a></span> appointed, and the parties duly
+notified. The terms of the conflict were to be announced, by the Emperor.
+The day arrived. The Lords and Ladies of the Court were assembled, to
+witness the combat; and the rivals presented themselves, with their
+weapons, prepared to struggle manfully, for life and love.</p>
+
+<p>The Emperor commanded the combatants to lay their rapiers aside, and each
+was presented with a large bag or sack; and they were told, that whichever
+should succeed, in putting the other into the sack, should be entitled to
+the hand of the fair Helen Scharseginn.</p>
+
+<p>Though, doubtless, greatly surprised, by this extraordinary announcement,
+there appeared to be no alternative, and at it they went. After a
+protracted struggle, amid shouts of laughter from the spectators, Rauber,
+Lord of the fortress of Petronel, obtained the victory, bagged his bird,
+and encased the haughty Spaniard in the sack, who, shortly after, departed
+from the court of Maximilian.</p>
+
+<p>Would to God, that all duels were as harmless, in their consequences. It
+is not precisely so. When the gentleman, that does the murder, and the two
+or more gentlemen, who aid and abet, have finished their handiwork, the
+end is not yet&mdash;mother, wife, sisters, brothers, children are involuntary
+parties&mdash;the iron, or the lead, which pierced that selfish heart, must
+enter their very souls.</p>
+
+<p>Where these encounters have proved fatal, the survivors, as I have stated,
+have, occasionally, gone mad. It is not very common, to be sure, for duels
+to produce such melancholy consequences, as those, which occurred, after
+that, between Cameron and McLean, in 1722. McLean was killed. Upon
+receiving the intelligence, his aged mother lost her reason, and closed
+her days in a mad-house. The lady, to whom he was betrothed, expired in
+convulsions, upon the third day, after the event&mdash;<i>n&#8217;importe!</i></p>
+
+
+
+<p>&nbsp;</p><p>&nbsp;</p>
+<hr style="width: 50%;" />
+<h2><a name="No_CXLIX" id="No_CXLIX"></a>No. CXLIX.</h2>
+
+
+<p>It is quite unpleasant, after having diligently read a volume of memoirs,
+or voyages, or travels, and carefully transferred a goodly number of
+interesting items to one&#8217;s common-place <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_622" id="Page_622">[Pg 622]</a></span>book&mdash;to discover, that the work,
+<i>ab ovo usque ad mala</i>, is an ingenious tissue of deliberate lies. It is
+no slight aggravation of this species of affliction, to reflect, that one
+has highly commended the work, to some of his acquaintances, who are no
+way remarkable, for their bowels of compassion, and whose intelligible
+smile he is certain to encounter, when they first meet again, after the
+<i>&eacute;claircissement</i>.</p>
+
+<p>There is very little of the <i>h&aelig;c olim meminisse juvabit</i>, in store, for
+those, who have been thus misled. If there had been, absolutely, no
+foundation for the story, in the credulity of certain members of the Royal
+Society, Butler would not, probably, have produced his pleasant account of
+&#8220;<i>the elephant in the moon</i>.&#8221; There were some very grave gentlemen, of
+lawful age, who were inclined to receive, for sober truth, that
+incomparable hoax, of which Sir John Herschell was represented, as the
+hero.</p>
+
+<p>Damberger&#8217;s travels, in Africa, and his personal adventures there gave me
+great pleasure, when I was a boy; and I remember to have felt excessively
+indignant, when I discovered, that the work was written, in a garret, in
+the city of Amsterdam, by a fellow who had never quitted Europe.</p>
+
+<p>I never derived much pleasure or instruction, from Wraxall&#8217;s memoirs of
+the Kings of France of the race of Valois, nor from his tour through the
+Southern Provinces, published in 1777. But his Historical memoirs of his
+own time, prepared, somewhat after the manner of De Thou, and Bishop
+Burnet, and extending from 1772 to 1784, I well remember to have read,
+with very considerable pleasure, in 1816; and was pained to find them cut
+up, however unmercifully, with so much irresistible justice, in the
+Edinburgh and Quarterly Reviews, and the British Critic. Mr. Wraxall made
+matters immeasurably worse, by his defence. There could be no adequate
+defence, for a man, who had asserted, that Lord Dorset told him an
+anecdote, touching an event, <i>which event did not happen, till Lord Dorset
+was dead</i>. A single instance of this kind, in a writer of common accuracy,
+might be carried, in charity, to the debit of chance, or forgetfulness;
+but the catalogue, presented by the reviewers, is truly overpowering. To
+close the account, Sir N. W. Wraxall was, in May, 1816, convicted of a
+libel, in these very memoirs, upon Count Woronzow, the Russian minister;
+and Mr. Wraxall was imprisoned in Newgate, for that offence.</p>
+
+<p>After this disqualification of my witness, I am, nevertheless,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_623" id="Page_623">[Pg 623]</a></span> about to
+vouch in Mr. Wraxall, by reciting one of his stories, in illustration of a
+principle. I quote from memory&mdash;I have not the work&mdash;the reviewers
+prevented me from buying it. June 16, 1743, the battle of Dettingen was
+fought, and won, by George II. in person, and the Earl of Stair, against
+the Marechal de Noailles and the Duke de Grammont. Mr. Wraxall
+relates&mdash;<i>me memoria mea non fallente</i>&mdash;the following incident. After the
+battle, the Earl gave a dinner, at his quarters; and, among the guests,
+were several of the French prisoners of war. Of course, the Earl of Stair
+presided, at one end of the table&mdash;at the other sat a gentleman, of very
+common-place appearance, of small stature, thin and pale, evidently an
+invalid, and who, unless addressed, scarcely opened his lips, during the
+entertainment. This unobtrusive, and rather unprepossessing, young man was
+the Lord Mark Kerr, the nephew, and the aid-de-camp of the Earl. After the
+removal of the cloth, the gentlemen discussed the subject of the battle,
+and the man&oelig;uvres, by which the victory had been achieved. A difference
+of opinion arose, between the Earl and one of the French Colonels, as to
+the time of a particular movement. The latter became highly excited, and
+very confident he was right. The Earl referred to Lord Mark Kerr, whose
+position, at the time of that movement, rendered his decision conclusive.
+Lord Mark politely assured the French Colonel, that he was mistaken; upon
+which the Frenchman instantly insulted him, without saying a word, but in
+that felicitous manner, which enables a Frenchman to convey an insult,
+even by his mode of taking snuff. Soon after, the party broke up, and the
+Earl of Stair was left alone. In about half an hour, Lord Mark Kerr
+returned, and found his uncle very much disturbed.</p>
+
+<p>&#8220;Nephew,&#8221; said he, &#8220;you know my strong dislike of duelling. In our
+situation we are sometimes, perhaps, unable to avoid it. The French
+Colonel insulted you, at table; others noticed it, besides myself. I fear,
+my dear nephew, you will have to ask him to apologize.&#8221;</p>
+
+<p>&#8220;I noticed it myself, my Lord,&#8221; replied the Lord Mark; &#8220;you need have no
+trouble, on that account&mdash;we have already met&mdash;I ran him through the body;
+and they are now burying him, in the outer court.&#8221;</p>
+
+<p>Duels are often produced, by a foolish, and fatal misestimate, which one
+man makes of another&#8217;s temperament. The diminutive<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_624" id="Page_624">[Pg 624]</a></span> frame, the pale cheek,
+and small voice, modest carriage, youth, and inexperience, afford no
+certain indicia: <i>nimium ne crede colori</i>. Men of small stature, are
+sometimes the more <i>brusque</i>, and more on the <i>qui vive</i>, from this very
+circumstance.</p>
+
+<p class="poem">Ingentes animos angusto in pectore volvunt.</p>
+
+<p>That a man will not fight, like a dragon, simply because he has neither
+the stature of Falstaff, nor the lungs of Bottom, is a well authenticated
+<i>non sequitur</i>.</p>
+
+<p>A well told, and well substantiated illustration of all this, may be
+found, in Mackenzie&#8217;s Life of Decatur, page 55. I refer to the case of
+Joseph Bainbridge, who, in 1803, when a midshipman, and an inexperienced
+boy, was purposely and wantonly insulted, at Malta, by a professed
+duellist, the Secretary of Sir Alexander Ball, the Governor. No one can
+read Mackenzie&#8217;s Narrative, without a conviction, that Bainbridge owed the
+preservation of his life, to the address of Decatur. They met&mdash;fired
+twice, at four paces; and, at the second fire, the English duellist fell,
+mortally wounded in the head: Bainbridge was untouched.</p>
+
+<p>When I was a school boy, more than fifty years ago, I remember to have
+read, in an English journal, whose name I have now forgotten, a story,
+which may have been a fiction; but which was very naturally told, and made
+a deep impression upon me then. I will endeavor to draw it forth from the
+locker of my memory; and engage, beforehand, to be very much indebted to
+any one, who will indicate its original source.</p>
+
+<p>Three young gentlemen, who had finished the most substantial part of their
+repast, were lingering over their fruit and wine, at an eating-house, in
+London; when a man, of middle age, and middle stature, entered the public
+room, where they were sitting; seated himself, at one end of a small,
+unoccupied table; and, calling the waiter, ordered a simple mutton chop,
+and a glass of ale. His appearance, at first view, was not likely to
+arrest the attention of any one. His hair was getting to be thin and gray;
+the expression of his countenance was sedate, with a slight touch,
+perhaps, of melancholy; and he wore a gray surtout, with a standing
+collar, which, manifestly, had seen service, if the wearer had not&mdash;just
+such a thing, as an officer would bestow upon his serving man. He might be
+taken for a country magistrate, or an attorney, of limited practice, or a
+schoolmaster.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_625" id="Page_625">[Pg 625]</a></span>He continued to masticate his chop, and sip his ale, in silence, without
+lifting his eyes from the table, until a melon seed, sportively snapped,
+from between the thumb and finger of one of the gentlemen, at the opposite
+table, struck him upon the right ear. His eye was instantly upon the
+aggressor; and his ready intelligence gathered, from the illy suppressed
+merriment of the party, that this petty impertinence was intentional.</p>
+
+<p>The stranger stooped, and picked up the melon seed, and a scarcely
+perceptible smile passed over his features, as he carefully wrapped up the
+seed, in a piece of paper, and placed it in his pocket. This singular
+procedure, with their preconceived impressions of their customer, somewhat
+elevated, as they were, by the wine they had partaken, capsized their
+gravity entirely, and a burst of irresistible laughter proceeded from the
+group.</p>
+
+<p>Unmoved by this rudeness, the stranger continued to finish his frugal
+repast, in quiet, until another melon seed, from the same hand, struck
+him, upon the right elbow. This also, to the infinite amusement of the
+other party, he picked from the floor, and carefully deposited with the
+first.</p>
+
+<p>Amidst shouts of laughter, a third melon seed was, soon after, discharged,
+which hit him, upon the left breast. This also he, very deliberately took
+from the floor, and deposited with the other two.</p>
+
+<p>As he rose, and was engaged in paying for his repast, the gayety of these
+sporting gentlemen became slightly subdued. It was not easy to account for
+this. Lavater would not have been able to detect the slightest evidence of
+irritation or resentment, upon the features of the stranger. He seemed a
+little taller, to be sure, and the carriage of his head might have
+appeared to them rather more erect. He walked to the table, at which they
+were sitting, and with that air of dignified calmness, which is a thousand
+times more terrible than wrath, drew a card from his pocket, and presented
+it, with perfect civility, to the offender, who could do no less than
+offer his own, in return. While the stranger unclosed his surtout, to take
+the card from his pocket, they had a glance at the undress coat of a
+military man. The card disclosed his rank, and a brief inquiry at the bar
+was sufficient for the rest. He was a captain, whom ill health and long
+service had entitled to half pay. In earlier life he had been engaged in
+several affairs of honor, and, in the dialect of the fancy, was a dead
+shot.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_626" id="Page_626">[Pg 626]</a></span>The next morning a note arrived at the aggressor&#8217;s residence, containing a
+challenge, in form, and one only of the melon seeds. The truth then
+flashed before the challenged party&mdash;it was the challenger&#8217;s intention to
+make three bites at this cherry, three separate affairs out of this
+unwarrantable frolic! The challenge was accepted, and the challenged
+party, in deference to the challenger&#8217;s reputed skill with the pistol, had
+half decided upon the small sword; but his friends, who were on the alert,
+soon discovered, that the captain, who had risen by his merit, had, in the
+earlier days of his necessity, gained his bread, as an accomplished
+instructor, in the use of that very weapon. They met and fired,
+alternately, by lot; the young man had elected this mode, thinking he
+might win the first fire&mdash;he did&mdash;fired, and missed his opponent. The
+captain levelled his pistol and fired&mdash;the ball passed through the flap of
+the right ear, and grazed the bone; and, as the wounded man involuntarily
+put his hand to the place, he remembered that it was on the right ear of
+his antagonist, that the first melon seed had fallen. Here ended the first
+lesson. A month had passed. His friends cherished the hope, that he would
+hear nothing more from the captain, when another note&mdash;a challenge of
+course&mdash;and another of those accursed melon seeds arrived, with the
+captain&#8217;s apology, on the score of ill-health, for not sending it before.</p>
+
+<p>Again they met&mdash;fired simultaneously, and the captain, who was unhurt,
+shattered the right elbow of his antagonist&mdash;the very point upon which he
+had been struck by the second melon seed: and here ended the second
+lesson. There was something awfully impressive, in the <i>modus operandi</i>,
+and exquisite skill of this antagonist. The third melon seed was still in
+his possession, and the aggressor had not forgotten, that it had struck
+the unoffending gentleman, upon the left breast! A month had
+past&mdash;another&mdash;and another, of terrible suspense; but nothing was heard
+from the captain. Intelligence had been received, that he was confined to
+his lodgings, by illness. At length, the gentleman who had been his
+second, in the former duels, once more presented himself, and tendered
+another note, which, as the recipient perceived, on taking it, contained
+the last of the melon seeds. The note was superscribed in the captain&#8217;s
+well known hand, but it was the writing evidently of one, who wrote
+<i>deficiente manu</i>. There was an unusual solemnity also, in the manner of
+him, who delivered it. The seal was broken, and there was the<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_627" id="Page_627">[Pg 627]</a></span> melon seed,
+in a blank envelope&mdash;&#8220;And what, sir, am I to understand by this?&#8221;&mdash;&#8220;You
+will understand, sir, that my friend forgives you&mdash;he is dead.&#8221;</p>
+
+
+
+<p>&nbsp;</p><p>&nbsp;</p>
+<hr style="width: 50%;" />
+<h2><a name="No_CL" id="No_CL"></a>No. CL.</h2>
+
+
+<p>A curious story of vicarious hanging is referred to, by several of the
+earlier historians, of New England. The readers of Hudibras will remember
+the following passage, Part ii. 407&mdash;</p>
+
+<p class="poem">&#8220;Justice gives sentence, many times,<br />
+On one man for another&#8217;s crimes.<br />
+Our brethren of New England use<br />
+Choice malefactors to excuse,<br />
+And hang the guiltless in their stead,<br />
+Of whom the churches have less need:<br />
+As lately &#8217;t happen&#8217;d:&mdash;in a town<br />
+There liv&#8217;d a cobbler, and but one,<br />
+That out of doctrine could cut use,<br />
+And mend men&#8217;s lives, as well as shoes.<br />
+This precious brother having slain,<br />
+In times of peace, an Indian,<br />
+Not out of malice, but mere zeal,<br />
+Because he was an infidel;<br />
+The mighty Tottipottymoy<br />
+Sent to our ciders an envoy;<br />
+Complaining sorely of the breach<br />
+Of league, held forth by brother Patch,<br />
+Against the articles in force<br />
+Between both churches, his and ours,<br />
+For which he crav&#8217;d the saints to render<br />
+Into his hands, or hang th&#8217; offender:<br />
+But they, maturely having weigh&#8217;d<br />
+They had no more but him o&#8217; the trade,<br />
+A man that served them, in a double<br />
+Capacity, to teach and cobble,<br />
+Resolved to spare him; yet to do<br />
+The Indian Hoghan Moghan too<br />
+Impartial Justice, in his stead did<br />
+Hang an old weaver, that was bedrid.&#8221;</p>
+
+<p>This is not altogether the sheer <i>poetica licentia</i>, that common readers
+may suppose it to be. Hubbard, Mass. Hist. Coll. xv. 77, gives the
+following version, after having spoken of the theft&mdash;&#8220;the company, as some
+report pretended, in way of satisfaction, to punish him, that did the
+theft, but in his stead, hanged a poor, decrepit, old man, that was
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_628" id="Page_628">[Pg 628]</a></span>unserviceable to the company, and burthensome to keep alive, which was
+the ground of the story, with which the merry gentleman, that wrote the
+poem, called Hudibras, did, in his poetical fancy, make so much sport. Yet
+the inhabitants of Plymouth tell the story much otherwise, as if the
+person hanged was really guilty of stealing, as may be were many of the
+rest, and if they were driven by necessity to content the Indians, at that
+time to do justice, there were some of Mr. Weston&#8217;s company living, it is
+possible it might be executed not on him that most deserved, but on him
+that could be best spared, or was not likely to live long, if let alone.&#8221;</p>
+
+<p>Morton published his English Canaan, in 1637, and relates the story Part
+iii. ch. iv. p. 108, but he states, that it was a proposal only, which was
+very well received, but being opposed by one person, &#8220;they hanged up the
+real offender.&#8221;</p>
+
+<p>As the condemned draw nigh unto death&mdash;the scaffold&mdash;the gibbet&mdash;it would
+be natural to suppose, that every avenue to the heart would be effectually
+closed, against the entrance of all impressions, but those of terrible
+solemnity; yet no common truth is more clearly established, than that
+ill-timed levity, vanity, pride, and an almost inexplicable pleasure,
+arising from a consciousness of being the observed of all observers, have
+been exhibited, by men, on their way to the scaffold, and even with the
+halter about their necks.</p>
+
+<p>The story is well worn out, of the wretched man, who, observing the crowd
+eagerly rushing before him, on his way to the gallows, exclaimed,
+&#8220;gentlemen, why so fast&mdash;there can be no sport, till I come!&#8221;</p>
+
+<p>In Jesse&#8217;s memoirs of George Selwyn, i. 345, it is stated, that John
+Wisket, who committed a most atrocious burglary, in 1763, the evidence of
+which was perfectly clear and conclusive, insisted upon wearing a large
+white cockade, on the scaffold, as a token of his innocence, and was swung
+off, bearing that significant appendage.</p>
+
+<p>In the same volume, page 117, it is said of the famous Lord Lovat, that,
+in Scotland, a story is current, that, when upon his way to the Tower,
+after his condemnation, an old woman thrust her head into the window of
+the coach, which conveyed him, and exclaimed&mdash;&#8220;<i>You old rascal, I begin to
+think you will be hung at last</i>.&#8221; To which he instantly replied&mdash;&#8220;<i>You old
+b&mdash;&mdash;h, I begin to think I shall</i>.&#8221;</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_629" id="Page_629">[Pg 629]</a></span>In Walpole&#8217;s letters to Mann, 163, a very interesting and curious account
+may be found, of the execution of the Lords Kilmarnock, and Balmarino.
+These Lords, with the Lord Cromartie, who was pardoned, were engaged, on
+the side of the Pretender, in the rebellion of 1745. &#8220;Just before they
+came out of the Tower, Lord Balmarino drank a bumper to King James&#8217;s
+health. As the clock struck ten, they came forth, on foot, Lord Kilmarnock
+all in black, his hair unpowdered, in a bag, supported by Forster, the
+great Presbyterian, and by Mr. Home, a young clergyman, his friend. Lord
+Balmarino followed, alone, in a blue coat, turned up with red, <i>his
+rebellious regimentals</i>, a flannel waistcoat, and his shroud beneath, the
+hearses following. They were conducted to a house near the scaffold; the
+room forwards had benches for the spectators; in the second was Lord
+Kilmarnock; and in the third backwards Lord Balmarino&mdash;all three chambers
+hung with black. Here they parted! Balmarino embraced the other, and
+said&mdash;&#8216;My lord, I wish I could suffer for both.&#8217;&#8221;</p>
+
+<p>When Kilmarnock came to the scaffold, continues Walpole,&mdash;&#8220;He then took
+off his bag, coat, and waistcoat, with great composure, and, after some
+trouble, put on a napkin cap, and then several times tried the block, the
+executioner, who was in white, with a white apron, out of tenderness
+concealing the axe behind himself. At last the Earl knelt down, with a
+visible unwillingness to depart, and, after five minutes, dropped his
+handkerchief, the signal, and his head was cut off at once, only hanging
+by a bit of skin, and was received in a scarlet cloth, by four
+undertakers&#8217; men kneeling, who wrapped it up, and put it into the coffin
+with the body; orders having been given not to expose the heads, as used
+to be the custom. The scaffold was immediately new strewed with sawdust,
+the block new covered, the executioner new dressed, and a new axe brought.
+Then came old Balmarino, treading with the air of a general. As soon as he
+mounted the scaffold, he read the inscription on his coffin, as he did
+again afterwards: he then surveyed the spectators, who were in amazing
+numbers, even upon masts of ships in the river; and, pulling out his
+spectacles, read a treasonable speech, which he delivered to the sheriff,
+and said the young Pretender was so sweet a prince, that flesh and blood
+could not resist following him; and, lying down to try the block, he
+said&mdash;&#8216;if I had a thousand lives I would lay them all down here in the
+same cause.&#8217; He<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_630" id="Page_630">[Pg 630]</a></span> said, if he had not taken the sacrament the day before,
+he would have knocked down Williamson, the Lieutenant of the Tower, for
+his ill usage of him. He took the axe and felt of it, and asked the
+headsman how many blows he had given Lord Kilmarnock, and gave him two
+guineas. Then he went to the corner of the scaffold, and called very loud
+to the Warder, to give him his periwig, which he took off, and put on a
+night cap of Scotch plaid, and then pulled off his coat and waistcoat and
+lay down; but being told he was on the wrong side, vaulted round, and
+immediately gave the sign, by tossing up his arm, as if he were giving the
+signal for battle. He received three blows, but the first certainly took
+away sensation. As he was on his way to the place of execution, seeing
+every window open, and the roofs covered with spectators&mdash;&#8216;Look, look,&#8217; he
+cried, &#8216;see how they are piled up like rotten oranges!&#8217;&#8221;</p>
+
+<p>Following the English custom, the clergymen of Boston were in the habit,
+formerly, of preaching to those, who were under sentence of death. I have
+before me, while I write, the following manuscript memoranda of Dr. Andrew
+Eliot&mdash;&#8220;1746, July 24. Thursday lecture preached by Dr. Sewall to three
+poor malefactors, who were executed P. M.&#8221; &#8220;1747, Oct. 8. Went to Cambridge
+to attend Eliza Wakefield, this day executed. Mr. Grady began with prayer.
+Mr. Appleton preached and prayed.&#8221; There is a printed sermon, preached by
+Dr. Andrew Eliot, on the Lords&#8217; day before the execution of Levi Ames, who
+was hung for burglary Oct. 21, 1773. Ames was present, and the sermon was
+preached, by his particular request. The desire of distinction dies hard,
+even in the hearts of malefactors.</p>
+
+<p>Dr. Andrew Eliot was a man of excellent sense, and disapproved of the
+practice, then in vogue, of lionizing burglars and murderers, of which,
+few, at the present day, I believe, have any just conception. For their
+edification I subjoin a portion of a manuscript note, in the hand writing
+of the late Dr. Ephraim Eliot, appended to the last page of the sermon,
+delivered by his father. &#8220;Levi Ames was a noted offender&mdash;though a young
+man, he had gone through all the routine of punishment; and there was now
+another indictment against him, where there was positive proof, in
+addition to his own confession. He was tried and condemned, for breaking
+into the house of Martin Bicker, in Dock Square. His condemnation excited
+extraordinary sympathy. <i>He was every Sabbath carried through the streets
+with<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_631" id="Page_631">[Pg 631]</a></span> chains about his ankles and handcuffed, in custody of the Sheriff&#8217;s
+officers and constables, to some public meeting, attended by an
+innumerable company of boys, women and men.</i> Nothing was talked of but
+Levi Ames. The ministers were successively employed in delivering
+occasional discourses. Stillman improved the opportunity several times,
+and absolutely persuaded the fellow, that he was to step from the cart
+into Heaven.&#8221;</p>
+
+<p>It is quite surprising, that our fathers should have suffered this
+interesting burglar&mdash;&#8220;<i>misguided</i>&#8221; of course&mdash;to be hung by the neck, till
+he was dead. When an individual, as sanguine, as Dr. Stillman appears to
+have been, in regard to Levi Ames, remarked of a notorious burglar, a few
+days after his execution, that he had certainly been <i>born again</i>, an
+incredulous bystander observed, that he was sorry to hear it, for some
+dwelling-house or store would surely be broken open before morning.</p>
+
+
+
+<p>&nbsp;</p><p>&nbsp;</p>
+<hr style="width: 50%;" />
+<h2><a name="No_CLI" id="No_CLI"></a>No. CLI.</h2>
+
+
+<p>We are sufficiently acquainted with the Catholic practice of roasting
+heretics&mdash;that of boiling thieves and other offenders is less generally
+known. <i>Caldariis decoquere</i>, to boil them in cauldrons, was a punishment,
+inflicted in the middle ages, on thieves, false coiners, and others. In
+1532, seventeen persons, in the family of the Bishop of Rochester, were
+poisoned by Rouse, a cook; the offence was, in consequence, made treason,
+by 23 Henry VIII., punishable, by boiling to death. Margaret Davie was
+boiled to death, for the like crime, in 1541. Quite a number of Roman
+ladies, in the year 331 B. C., formed a poisoning society, or club; and
+adopted this quiet mode of divorcing themselves from their husbands:
+seventy of the sisterhood were denounced, by a slave, to the consul,
+Fabius Maximus, who ordered them to be executed. None of these ladies were
+boiled.</p>
+
+<p>Boiling the dead has been very customary, after beheading or hanging, and
+drawing, and quartering, whenever the criminal was sentenced to be hung
+afterwards, in chains. Thus father Strype&mdash;&#8220;1554.&mdash;Sir Thomas Wyatt&#8217;s
+fatal day was come, being the 11th of April, when, between nine and ten of
+the clock, aforenoon, on Tower Hill, he was beheaded; and, by eleven of<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_632" id="Page_632">[Pg 632]</a></span>
+the clock, he was quartered on the scaffold, and his bowels and members
+burnt beside the scaffold; and, a car and basket being at hand, the four
+quarters and the head were put into the basket, and conveyed to Newgate,
+to be parboiled.&#8221; One more quotation from Strype&mdash;&#8220;1557.&mdash;May 28th, was
+Thomas Stafford beheaded on Tower Hill, by nine of the clock, Mr. Wode
+being his ghostly father; and, after, three more, viz., Stowel, Proctor,
+and Bradford were drawn from the Tower, through London, unto Tyburn, and
+there hanged and quartered: and, the morrow after, was Stafford quartered,
+and his quarters hanged on a car, and carried to Newgate to boil.&#8221;</p>
+
+<p>How very ingenious we have been, since the days of Cain, in torturing one
+another! Boiling and roasting are not to be thought of. The Turkish
+bowstring will never be adopted here, nor the Chinese drop, nor their mode
+of capital punishment, in which the criminal, having been stripped naked,
+is so confined, that he can scarcely move a muscle, and, being smeared
+with honey, is exposed to myriads of insects, and thus left to perish.
+Crucifixion will never be popular in Massachusetts, though quite common
+among the Syrians, Egyptians, Persians, Africans, Greeks, Romans, and
+Jews. Starving to death, sawing in twain, and rending asunder, by strong
+horses, have all been tried, but are not much approved of, by the moderns.
+The rack may answer well enough, in Catholic countries, but, in this
+quarter, there is a strong prejudice against it. Exposure to wild beasts
+is objectionable, for two reasons; one of these reasons resembles the
+first of twenty-four, offered to the Queen of Hungary, for not ringing the
+bells upon her arrival,&mdash;there were no bells in the village&mdash;we have no
+wild beasts. The second reason is quite germain&mdash;man is savage enough,
+without any foreign assistance. Burying alive, though it has been
+employed, as a punishment, in other countries, is, literally, too much for
+flesh and blood; and, I am happy to say, there is not a sexton in this
+city, who would, knowingly, be a party to such a barbarous proceeding.</p>
+
+<p>Death has been produced, by preventing sleep, as a mode of punishment.
+Impaling, and flaying alive, tearing to pieces with red hot pincers,
+casting headlong from high rocks, eviscerating the bowels, firing the
+criminals from the mouths of canons, and pressing them slowly to death, by
+weights, gradually increased, upon the breast, the <i>peine forte et dure</i>,
+are very much out of fashion; though one and all have been frequently
+employed, in<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_633" id="Page_633">[Pg 633]</a></span> other times. There is a wheel of fashion, as well as a wheel
+of fortune, in the course of whose revolutions, some of these obsolete
+modes of capital punishment may come round again, like polygon porcelain,
+and antiquated chair-backs. Should our legislature think proper to revive
+the practice, in capital cases, of heading up the criminal in a barrel,
+filled with nails, driven inward, a sort of inverted <i>cheval de frize</i>,
+and rolling him down hill, I have often thought the more elevated corner
+of our Common would be an admirable spot for the commencement of the
+execution, were it not for interrupting the practice of coasting, during
+the winter; by which several innocent persons, in no way parties to the
+process, have been very nearly executed already.</p>
+
+<p>Shooting is apt to be performed, in a bungling manner. Hanging by the
+heels, till the criminal is dead, is very objectionable, and requires too
+much time. The mode adopted here and in England, and also in some other
+countries, of hanging by the neck, is, in no respect agreeable, even if
+the operator be a skilful man; and, if not, it is highly offensive. The
+rope is sometimes too long, and the victim touches the ground&mdash;it is too
+frail, and breaks, and the odious act must be performed again&mdash;or the
+noose is unskilfully adjusted, the neck is not broken, and the struggles
+are terrible.</p>
+
+<p>The sword, in a Turkish hand, performs the work well. It was used in
+France. Charles Henry Sanson, the hereditary executioner, on the third of
+March, 1792, presented a memorial to the Constituent Assembly, in which he
+objected to decollation, and stated that he had but two swords; that they
+became dull immediately; and were wholly insufficient, when there were
+many to be executed, at one time. Monsieur Sanson knew nothing then of
+that delightful instrument, which, not long afterward, became a mere
+plaything, in his hands.</p>
+
+<p>Stoning to death and flaying alive have been employed, occasionally, since
+the days of Stephen and Bartholomew. The axe, so much in vogue, formerly,
+in England, was a ruffianly instrument, often mangling the victim, in a
+horrible manner.</p>
+
+<p>After all, there is nothing like the guillotine; and, should it ever be
+thought expedient to erect one here, I should recommend, for a location,
+the knoll, near the fountain, on our Common, which would enable a very
+large concourse of men, women, and children, to witness the performances
+of both, at the same moment.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_634" id="Page_634">[Pg 634]</a></span>The very best account of the guillotine, that I have ever met with, is
+contained in the London Quarterly Review, vol. lxxiii. page 235. It is
+commonly supposed, that this instrument was invented by Dr. Guillotin,
+whose name it bears. It has been frequently asserted, that Dr. Guillotin
+was one of the earliest, who fell victims to its terrible agency. It has
+been still more generally believed, that this awfully efficient machine
+was conceived in sin and begotten in iniquity, or in other words, that its
+original contrivers were moved, by the spirit of cruelty. All these
+conjectures are unfounded.</p>
+
+<p>The guillotine, before its employment, in France, was well known in
+England, under the name of the Halifax gibbet. A copy of a print, by John
+Doyle, bearing date 1650, and representing the instrument, may be found,
+in the work, to which I have, just now, referred. Pennant, in his Tour,
+vol. iii. page 365, affirms, that he saw one of the same kind, &#8220;in a room,
+under the Parliament house, at Edinburgh, where it was introduced by the
+Regent, Morton, who took a model of it, as he passed through Halifax, and,
+at length, suffered by it, himself.&#8221;</p>
+
+<p>The writer in the London Quarterly, puts the question of invention at
+rest, by exhibiting, on page 258, a copy of an engraving, by Henry
+Aldgrave, bearing date 1553, representing the death of Titus Manlius,
+under the operation of &#8220;an instrument, identical with the guillotine.&#8221;</p>
+
+<p>During the revolution, Dr. Guillotin was committed to prison, from which
+he was released, after a tedious confinement. He died in his bed, at
+Paris, an obscure and inoffensive, old man; deeply deploring, to the day
+of his decease, the association of his name, with this terrible
+instrument&mdash;an instrument, which he attempted to introduce, in good faith,
+and with a merciful design, but which had been employed by the devils
+incarnate of the revolution, for the purposes of reckless and
+indiscriminating carnage.</p>
+
+<p>Dr. Guillotin was a weak, consequential, well-meaning man, willing to
+mount any hobby, that would lift him from the ground. He is described, in
+the <i>Portraits des Personnes c&eacute;lebres</i>, 1796, as a simple busybody,
+meddling with everything, <i>&agrave; tort et &agrave; travers</i>, and being both
+mischievous and ridiculous.</p>
+
+<p>He had sundry benevolent visions, in regard to capital punishment, and the
+suppression, <i>by legal enactment</i>, of the <i>sentiment</i> of prejudice,
+against the families of persons, executed for<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_635" id="Page_635">[Pg 635]</a></span> crime! Among the members of
+the faculty, in every large city, there are commonly two or three, at
+least, exhibiting striking points of resemblance to Dr. Guillotin. In
+urging the merits of this machine, upon merciful considerations, his
+integrity was unimpeachable. He considered hanging a barbarous and cruel
+punishment; and, by the zeal and simplicity of his arguments, produced,
+even upon so grave a topic, universal laughter, in the constituent
+assembly&mdash;having represented hanging, as a tedious and painful process, he
+exclaimed, &#8220;Now, with my machine, <i>Je vous sauter le t&ecirc;te</i>, I strike off
+your head, in the twinkling of an eye, and you never feel it.&#8221;</p>
+
+
+
+<p>&nbsp;</p><p>&nbsp;</p>
+<hr style="width: 50%;" />
+<h2><a name="No_CLII" id="No_CLII"></a>No. CLII.</h2>
+
+
+<p>The Sansons, hereditary executioners, in Paris, were gentlemen. In 1684,
+Carlier, executioner of Paris, was dismissed. His successor was Charles
+Sanson a lieutenant in the army, born in Abbeville, in Picardy, and a
+relative of Nicholas Sanson, the celebrated geographer. Charles Sanson
+married the daughter of the executioner of Normandy, and hence a long line
+of illustrious executioners. Charles died in 1695; and was succeeded by
+his son Charles.</p>
+
+<p>Charles Sanson, the second, was succeeded by his son, Charles John
+Baptiste, who died Aug. 4, 1778, when his son Charles Henry was appointed
+in his place; and, in 1795, retired on a pension. By his hand, with the
+assistance of two of his brothers, the King, Louis XVI. was guillotined.
+This Charles Henry had two sons. His eldest, the heir-apparent to the
+guillotine, was killed, by a fall from the scaffold, while holding forth
+the head of a man, executed for the forgery of assignats. Henry, the
+younger son of Charles Henry, therefore became his successor, at the time
+of his retirement, in 1795. To fill this office, he gave up his military
+rank, as captain of artillery. He died Aug. 18, 1840. He was an elector,
+and had a taste for music and literature. He was succeeded by his son,
+Henry Clement, Dec. 1, 1840. These particulars will be found on page 27 of
+<i>Recherches Historiques et Physiologiques, sur la Guillotine, &amp;c.</i>, par M.
+Louis du Bois. Paris, 1843. Monsieur du Bois informs<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_636" id="Page_636">[Pg 636]</a></span> us, that all these
+Sansons were very worthy men, and that the present official possesses a
+fine figure, features stamped with nobility, and an expression sweet and
+attractive. How very little all this quadrates with our popular
+impressions of the common hangman!</p>
+
+<p>The objection to the guillotine, which was called, for a time, <i>Louison</i>,
+after M. Louis, Secretary of the College of Surgeons, that it would make
+men familiar with the sight of blood, was urged by the Abb&eacute; Maury, and
+afterwards, by A. M. La Cheze. The Duke de Liancourt, inclined to <i>mercy</i>,
+that is, to the employment of the guillotine. He contended, that it was
+necessary to efface all recollections of hanging, which, he gravely
+remarked, had recently been so <i>irregularly applied</i>, referring to the
+summary process of lynching, as we term it&mdash;<i>&agrave; la lanterne</i>.</p>
+
+<p>It is curious to note the doubt and apprehension, which existed, as to the
+result of the first experiment of decollation. March 3, 1792, the
+minister, Duport du Tertre, writes thus to the Legislative Assembly&mdash;&#8220;It
+appears, by the communications, made to me, by the executioners
+themselves, that, without some precautions, the act of decollation will be
+horrible to the spectators. It will either prove them to be monsters, if
+they are able to bear such a spectacle; or the executioner, himself,
+alarmed, will fall before the wrath of the people.&#8221;</p>
+
+<p>The matter being referred to Louis, then Secretary of the Academy of
+Surgeons, he made his report, March 7, 1792. The new law required, that
+the criminal should be decapitated&mdash;<i>aura la t&ecirc;te tranch&eacute;e</i>; and that the
+punishment should be inflicted <i>without torture</i>. Louis shows how
+difficult the execution of such a law must be&mdash;&#8220;We should recollect,&#8221; says
+he, &#8220;the occurrences at M. de Lally&#8217;s execution. He was upon his knees,
+with his eyes covered&mdash;the executioner struck him, on the back of his
+neck&mdash;the blow was insufficient. He fell upon his face, and three or four
+cuts of the sabre severed the head. Such <i>hacherie</i> excited a feeling of
+horror.&#8221; To such a polite and gentle nation, this must have been highly
+offensive.</p>
+
+<p>April 25, 1798. R&oelig;derer, Procureur Gen&eacute;ral, wrote a letter to
+Lafayette, telling him, that a public trial of the new instrument would
+take place, that day, in the <i>Place de Gr&egrave;ve</i>, and would, doubtless, draw
+a great crowd, and begging him not to withdraw the gens d&#8217;armes, till the
+apparatus had been removed. In the Courrier Extraordinaire, of April 27,
+1792, is the following notice&mdash;&#8220;They made yesterday (meaning the 25th) the
+first<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_637" id="Page_637">[Pg 637]</a></span> trial of the <i>little Louison</i>, and cut off a head, one Pelletier. I
+never in my life could bear to see a man hanged; but I own I feel a
+greater aversion to this species of execution. The preparations make me
+shudder, and increase the moral suffering. The people seemed to wish, that
+M. Sanson had his old gallows.&#8221;</p>
+
+<p>After the <i>Louison</i>, or guillotine, had been in operation rather more than
+a year, the following interesting letter was sent, by the Procureur
+Gen&eacute;ral, R&oelig;derer, to citizen Guideu. &#8220;13 May, 1793. I enclose, citizen,
+the copy of a letter from citizen Chaumette, solicitor to the commune of
+Paris, by which you will perceive, that complaints are made, that, after
+these public executions, the blood of the criminals remains in pools, upon
+the <i>Place de Gr&egrave;ve</i>, that dogs came to drink it, and that crowds of men
+feed their eyes with this spectacle, which naturally instigates their
+hearts to ferocity and blood. I request you therefore to take the earliest
+and most convenient opportunity, to remove from the eyes of men a sight so
+afflicting to humanity.&#8221;</p>
+
+<p>Voltaire, who thought very gravely, before he delivered the sentiment to
+the world, has stated of his countrymen, that they were a mixture of the
+monkey and the tiger. Undoubtedly he knew. In the revolution of 1793, and
+in every other, that has occurred in France&mdash;those excepted which may have
+taken place, since the arrival of the last steamer&mdash;the tiger has had the
+upper hand. Prudhomme, the prince of pamphleteers, having published
+fifteen hundred, on political subjects, and author of the General History
+of the crimes, committed, during the revolution, writing of the execution
+of Louis XVI. remarks&mdash;&#8220;Some individuals steeped their handkerchiefs in
+his blood. A number of armed volunteers crowded also to dip in the blood
+of the despot their pikes, their bayonets, and their sabres. Several
+officers of the Marseillais battalion, and others, dipped the covers of
+letters in this impure blood, and carried them, on the points of their
+swords, at the head of their companies, exclaiming &#8216;this is the blood of a
+tyrant.&#8217; One citizen got up to the guillotine itself, and plunging his
+whole arm into the blood of Capet, of which a great quantity remained; he
+took up handsful of the clotted gore, and sprinkled it over the crowd
+below, which pressed round the scaffold, each anxious to receive a drop on
+his forehead. &#8216;Friends,&#8217; said this citizen in sprinkling them, &#8216;we were
+threatened, that the blood of Louis should be on our heads, and so you see
+it is.&#8217;&#8221; Rev. de Paris, No. 185, p. 205.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_638" id="Page_638">[Pg 638]</a></span>Upon the earnest request of the inhabitants of several streets, through
+which the gangs of criminals were carried, the guillotine was removed,
+June 8, 1794, from the <i>Place de la Revolution</i> to the <i>Place St.
+Antoine</i>, in front of the ruins of the Bastile; where it remained five
+days only, during which time, it took off ninety-six heads. The proximity
+of this terrible revolutionary plaything annoyed the shopkeepers. The
+purchasers of finery were too forcibly reminded of the uncertainty of
+life, and the brief occasion they might have, for all such things,
+especially for neckerchiefs and collars. Once again then, the guillotine,
+after five days&#8217; labor, was removed; and took its station still farther
+off, at the <i>Barri&egrave;re du Tr&ocirc;ne</i>. There it stood, from June 9 till the
+overthrow of Robespierre, July 27, 1794: and, during those forty-nine
+days, twelve hundred and seventy heads dropped into its voracious basket.
+July 28, it was returned to the <i>Place de la Revolution</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Sanson, Charles Henry, the executioner of Louis XVI. had not a little
+<i>bonhomie</i> in his composition&mdash;his infernal profession seems not to have
+completely ossified his heart. He reminds me, not a little, of Sir Thomas
+Erpingham, who, George Colman, the younger, says, carried on his wars, in
+France, in a benevolent spirit, and went about, I suppose, like dear, old
+General Taylor, in Mexico, &#8220;pitying and killing.&#8221; On the day, when
+Robespierre fell, forty-nine victims were ascending the carts, to proceed
+to the guillotine, about three in the afternoon. Sanson, at the moment,
+met that incomparable bloodhound, the <i>Accusateur Public</i>, Fouquier de
+Tinville, going to dinner. Sanson suggested the propriety of delaying the
+execution, as a new order of things might cause the lives of the condemned
+to be spared. Fouquier briefly replied, &#8220;the law must take its course;&#8221;
+and went to dine&mdash;the forty-nine to die; and, shortly after, their fate
+was his.</p>
+
+<p>The guillotine, viewed as an instrument of justice, in cases of execution,
+for capital offences, is certainly a most merciful contrivance, liable,
+undoubtedly, during a period of intense excitement, to be converted into a
+terrible toy.</p>
+
+<p>During the reign of terror, matters of extreme insignificancy, brought
+men, women, and children to the guillotine. The record is, occasionally,
+awfully ridiculous. A few examples may suffice&mdash;Jean Julian, wagoner,
+sentenced to twelve years&#8217; imprisonment, took it into his head, on the
+way&mdash;<i>s&#8217;avisa</i>&mdash;to <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_639" id="Page_639">[Pg 639]</a></span>cry&mdash;<i>Vive
+le Roi</i>; executed September, 1792.&mdash;Jean Baptiste Henry sawed a tree of liberty; executed Sept. 6, 1793.&mdash;M.
+Baulny, ex-noble, assisted his son to emigrate; executed Jan. 31,
+1794.&mdash;La veuve Marbeuf <i>hoped</i> the Austrians would come; executed Feb. 5,
+1794.&mdash;Francis Bertrand, publican, sold sour wine; executed May 15,
+1793.&mdash;Marie Angelique Plaisant, sempstress, exclaimed&mdash;&#8220;a fig for the
+nation;&#8221; executed July 19, 1794.</p>
+
+
+
+<p>&nbsp;</p><p>&nbsp;</p>
+<hr style="width: 50%;" />
+<h2><a name="No_CLIII" id="No_CLIII"></a>No. CLIII.</h2>
+
+
+<p>An interesting, physiological question arose, in 1796, whether death, by
+decollation, under the guillotine, were instantaneous or not. Men of
+science and talent, and among them Dr. Sue, and a number of German
+physicians, maintained, that, in the brain, after decapitation, there was
+a certain degree&mdash;<i>un reste</i>&mdash;of thought, and, in the nerves, a measure of
+sensibility. An opposite opinion seems to have prevailed. The controversy,
+which was extremely interesting, acquired additional interest and
+activity, from an incident, which occurred, on the scaffold, immediately
+after the execution of Marie Anne Charlotte de Corday d&#8217;Armont&mdash;commonly
+known, under the imperishable name of <i>Charlotte Corday</i>. A brute,
+Fran&ccedil;ois Le Gros, one of the assistant executioners, held up the beautiful
+and bleeding head, and slapped the cheek with his hand. A blush was
+instantly visible to the spectators. In connection with the physiological
+question, to which I have referred, a careful inquiry was instituted, and
+it was proved, very satisfactorily, that the color&mdash;the blush&mdash;appeared on
+<i>both</i> cheeks, after the blow was given. Dr. Sue&#8217;s account of this matter
+runs thus&mdash;&#8220;The countenance of Charlotte Corday expressed the most
+unequivocal marks of indignation. Let us look back to the facts&mdash;the
+executioner held the head, suspended in one hand; the face was then pale,
+but had no sooner received the slap, which the sanguinary wretch
+inflicted, than both cheeks visibly reddened. Every spectator was struck,
+by the change of color, and with loud murmurs cried out for vengeance, on
+this cowardly and atrocious barbarity. It can not be said, that the
+redness was caused by the blow&mdash;for we all know, that no blows will recall
+anything like color to the cheeks<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_640" id="Page_640">[Pg 640]</a></span> of a corpse; besides this blow was
+given on one cheek, and the other equally reddened.&#8221; <i>Sue; Opinion sur le
+supplice de la guillotine, p. 9.</i></p>
+
+<p>Sir Thomas Browne, in his Religio Medici, remarked, that he had never
+known a religion, in which there were impossibilities enough to give full
+exercise to an active faith. This remark greatly delighted Sir Kenelm
+Digby, who was an ultra Catholic. The faith of Browne, in regard to things
+spiritual, was not an overmatch for his credulity, in regard to things
+temporal, which is the more remarkable, as he gave so much time to his
+Pseudodoxia, or exposition of vulgar errors? He was a believer in the
+existence of invisible beings, holding rank between men and angels&mdash;in
+apparitions; and affirmed, <i>from his own knowledge</i>, the certainty of
+witchcraft. Hutchinson, in his essay on witchcraft, repeats the testimony
+of Dr. Browne, in the case of Amy Duny and Rose Cullender, who were tried,
+before Sir Matthew Hale, in 1664; and executed, at St. Edmunds Bury, as
+witches. Sir Thomas stated in court, &#8220;<i>that the fits were natural, but
+heightened, by the devil&#8217;s co&ouml;perating with the malice of the witches, at
+whose instance he did the villanies</i>.&#8221; He added that &#8220;a great discovery
+had lately been made, in Denmark, of witches, who used the very same way
+of afflicting persons, by conveying pins into them.&#8221; Now it would be
+curious to know what Sir Thomas thought of the famous and apposite story
+of Sir Everard Digby, the father of Sir Kenelm, and if the faith of Sir
+Thomas were strong enough, to credit that extraordinary tale.</p>
+
+<p>Charlotte Corday was <i>beheaded</i>, and Sir Everard Digby was <i>hanged</i>. The
+difference must be borne in mind, while considering this interesting
+subject. Sir Everard, who was an amiable young man, was led astray, and
+executed Jan. 30, 1606, for the part he bore, in the gunpowder plot. Wood,
+in his &#8220;Athen&aelig; Oxonienses,&#8221; vol. iii. p. 693, Lond. 1817, has the following
+passage&mdash;&#8220;Sir Everard Digby, father to Sir Kenelme, was a goodly
+gentleman, and the handsomest man of his time, but much pitied, for that
+it was his ill fate to suffer for the powder plot, in 1605, aged 24, at
+which time, when the executioner pluck&#8217;d out the heart, when the body was
+to be quartered, and, according to the manner, held it up, saying, <i>here
+is the heart of a traytor</i>, Sir Everard made answer, <i>thou liest</i>. This a
+most famous author mentions, but tells us not his name, in his <i>Historia
+Vit&aelig; et<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_641" id="Page_641">[Pg 641]</a></span> Mortis</i>.&#8221; This most famous author is Lord Bacon&mdash;Hist. Vit. et
+Mort., vol. viii. p. 446, Lond. 1824. The passage is so curious, that I
+give it entire&mdash;&#8220;Anguill&aelig;, serpentes et insecta diu moventur singulis
+partibus, post concisionem. Etiam aves, capitibus avulsis, ad tempus
+subsultant: quin et corda animalium avulsa diu palpitant. Equidem
+meminimus ipsi vidisse hominis cor, qui evisceratus erat (supplicii genere
+apud nos versus proditores recepto) quod in ignem, de more, injectum,
+saltabat in altum, primo ad sesquipedem, et deinde gradatim ad minus;
+durante spatio (ut meminimus) septem aut octo minutarum. Etiam vetus et
+fide digna traditio est, de bove sub evisceratione mugiente. At magis
+certa de homine, qui co supplicii genere (quod diximus) evisceratus,
+postquam cor avulsum penitus esset, et in carnificis manu, tria aut
+quatuor verba precum auditus est proferre&#8221;&mdash;which may be Englished
+thus&mdash;Snakes, serpents, and insects move, a long time, after they have
+been cut into parts. Birds also hop about, for a time, after their heads
+have been wrung off. Even the hearts of animals, after they have been torn
+out, continue long to palpitate. Indeed, we ourselves remember to have
+seen the heart of a man, who had been drawn, or eviscerated, in that kind
+of punishment, which we employ against traitors, and which, when cast upon
+the fire, according to custom, leapt on high, at first, a foot and a half,
+and gradually less and less, during the space, if we justly remember, of
+seven or eight minutes. There is also an ancient tradition, well entitled
+to credit, of a cow, that bellowed, under the process of evisceration. And
+more certain is the story of the man, who was eviscerated, according to
+the mode of punishment we have referred to, who, when his heart was
+actually torn out, and in the hands of the executioner, was heard to utter
+three or four words of imprecation. Sir Everard was executed, as I have
+stated, in 1605. Lord Bacon was born Jan. 22, 1561, and died April 9,
+1626, twenty-one years only after Digby&#8217;s execution, and at the age of 65.
+Lord Bacon was therefore 44 years old, when Digby&#8217;s execution took place,
+which fact has some bearing upon the authenticity of this extraordinary
+story. Lord Bacon speaks confidently of the fact; and his suppression of
+the name was very natural, as the family of Sir Everard were then upon the
+stage.</p>
+
+<p>A writer in the London Quarterly Review remarks, in a note on page 274,
+vol. 73, comparing the case of Charlotte Corday<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_642" id="Page_642">[Pg 642]</a></span> with that of Sir Everard
+Digby&mdash;&#8220;This&#8221; (Sir Everard&#8217;s) &#8220;was a case of <i>evisceration</i>, and not of
+<i>decapitation</i>, which makes the whole difference, as to the credibility of
+the story.&#8221;</p>
+
+<p>Chalmers relates the anecdote, and refers to Wood&#8217;s Athen&aelig;, and Lord
+Bacon&#8217;s Historia Vit&aelig; et Mortis, but speaks of the tale, as &#8220;<i>a story,
+which will scarcely now obtain belief</i>.&#8221; In the Harleian Miscellany, vol.
+iii. page 5, Lond. 1809, there is an account of the discovery of the
+gunpowder plot, imprinted at London, by Robert Barker, 1605. On page 47, a
+very brief cotemporaneous account is given of Digby&#8217;s execution, in St.
+Paul&#8217;s churchyard, which contains no allusion whatever to the
+circumstance, stated by Wood, and so very confidently, by Lord Bacon.</p>
+
+<p>I suppose few will really believe, that any man&#8217;s conversational abilities
+can be worth much, after his head is off, or his heart is out. From the
+expression of the Quarterly reviewer, it may be inferred, that he did not
+consider the story of Sir Everard Digby utterly impossible and incredible.
+For my own part, I am very much inclined to hand over this extraordinary
+legend to Jud&aelig;us Appella. Every man, who has not, by long experience, like
+George Selwyn, acquired great self-possession, while enjoying an
+execution, inclines to the marvellous. Sir Everard, before the work of
+evisceration began, it must be remembered, had been hanged, the usual
+length of time; and the words&mdash;&#8220;<i>thou liest</i>&#8221;&mdash;are stated to have been
+uttered, at the moment, when the heart, having been plucked out, was held
+up by the executioner. It is more easy of belief, that some guttural
+noise, like that, spasmodically uttered by certain birds, after their
+heads have been chopped off, may have sounded to the gaping bystanders,
+who looked and listened, <i>auribus arrectis</i>, not very unlike the words in
+question. The belief, that Digby spoke these words, seems to be analogous
+to the belief, that, in <i>hydrophobia</i>, the sufferers bark like dogs,
+simply because, oppressed with phlegm, and nearly strangled, their
+terrific efforts, to clear the breathing passages, are accompanied with a
+variety of unintelligible, and horrible sounds.</p>
+
+<p>There are some curious cases, on record, which may have something to do
+with our reasoning, upon this subject. A similar species of death,
+attended by spasms or convulsions, is said to have been produced, by the
+bite of other animals. Dr. Fothergill relates cases of death, from the
+bite of a cat. Thiermayer<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_643" id="Page_643">[Pg 643]</a></span> recites two cases, both terminating fatally,
+from the bite of a goose, and a hen. Le Cat, Receuil Periodique, ii. page
+90, presents a similar case, from the bite of a duck. But we are not
+informed, that, the patient, in either of these cases, during the spasms,
+mewed, quacked, cackled, or hissed; and yet there seems to be no rational
+apology for a patient&#8217;s <i>barking</i>, simply because he has been bitten, by a
+cat, or a duck, a goose, or a hen.</p>
+
+<p>Spasmodic or convulsive motion, in a human body, which has been hung, or
+shot, or eviscerated, is a very different thing, from an intelligent
+exercise of the will, over the organs of speech, producing the utterance
+even of a word or syllable.</p>
+
+<p>In the cases of persons, who have been shot through the heart, violent
+spasmodic action is no unusual phenomenon. When I was a boy, the duel took
+place, between Rand and Millar, at Dorchester Point, then a locality as
+solitary, as Hoboken, or the Hebrides. The movements of the parties were
+observed, and their purposes readily surmised, by the officers, on Castle
+William; and a barge was immediately despatched, from the fort. Shots were
+exchanged, between the combatants, while the barge was passing over. Rand
+fell, wounded through the heart; and, after lying motionless, for a very
+brief space, was seen to leap into the air several feet, and fall again,
+upon the earth.</p>
+
+
+
+<p>&nbsp;</p><p>&nbsp;</p>
+<hr style="width: 50%;" />
+<h2><a name="No_CLIV" id="No_CLIV"></a>No. CLIV.</h2>
+
+
+<p>We are living and learning, forever. Life is a court of cassation, where
+truth sits, as chancellor, daily reversing the most incomparably beautiful
+decrees of theoretical philosophy.</p>
+
+<p>It is not unlikely, that a very interesting volume of 600 pages, folio,
+might be prepared, to be called the <i>Mistakes of Science</i>. The elephant in
+the moon, and the weighing of the fish have furnished amusement, in their
+day. Even in our own times, philosophers, of considerable note, have
+seriously <i>doubted</i> the truth of that incomparable hoax, concerning Sir
+John Herschell&#8217;s lunar discoveries.</p>
+
+<p>Savans were completely deceived, for a considerable period, by the
+electrical beatifications of Mr. Bose. One of the most<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_644" id="Page_644">[Pg 644]</a></span> amusing
+occurrences, upon record, on which occasion, the philosopher, unlike Mr.
+Bose, was a perfectly honest man, befell the famous mathematical
+instrument-maker, Mr. Troughton. He became fully possessed, by the idea,
+that certain persons, a select few, were capable of exerting a magnetic
+influence, over the needle, by advancing their faces towards it. So far
+from being common, this power was limited to a very small number. The
+statements of Mr. Troughton, and his well-established reputation, for
+integrity, caused the subject to be gravely discussed, by members of the
+Royal Society.</p>
+
+<p>Every individual of the very small number, who possessed this remarkable
+power&mdash;every <i>medium</i>&mdash;was carefully examined. Collusion seemed utterly
+
+impossible. A new theory appeared to be established. Amazement ran through
+the learned assembly. A careful inquiry was instituted, in relation to the
+manner of life of these <i>mediums</i>, from their youth upwards, their
+occupations, diet, &amp;c., and some very learned papers would, erelong, have
+been read, before the Royal Society, if Mr. Troughton himself had not
+previously made a most fortunate discovery&mdash;he discovered, that he wore a
+wig, constructed with <i>steel</i> springs&mdash;such, also, was the case with every
+other <i>medium</i>!</p>
+
+<p>The tendency to predicate certainty, of things, manifestly doubtful, is
+exceedingly common. I fell, recently, into the society of some very
+intelligent gentlemen, who were <i>certain</i>, that Sir John Franklin was
+lost, irrecoverably lost.</p>
+
+<p>There are some&mdash;perhaps their name is not Legion&mdash;whose faith is of
+superior dimensions to the mustard seed, and who believe, that Sir John
+Franklin is not destroyed; that he yet lives; and, that, sooner or later,
+he will come back to his friends and the world, with a world of wonders to
+relate, of all that he has seen and suffered. God, all merciful, grant it
+may be so. To all human observation, after a careful balancing of
+probabilities, there is certainly nothing particularly flattering in the
+prospect. Yet, on the other hand, absolute, unqualified despair is
+irrational, and unjustifiable.</p>
+
+<p>The present existence of Sir John Franklin is certainly <i>possible</i>. No
+one, I presume, will say it is <i>probable</i>. Some half a dozen good,
+substantial words are greatly needed, to mark shades between these two,
+and to designate what is more than <i>possible</i>, and less than <i>probable</i>.</p>
+
+<p>A careful consideration of the narrative of Sir John Ross, the<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_645" id="Page_645">[Pg 645]</a></span> narrative,
+I mean, of his second voyage, in quest of a northwest passage, and of his
+abode in the Arctic regions, and of the opinion, very generally
+entertained, for a great length of time, that he was lost, will strengthen
+the impression, that Sir John Franklin also may be yet alive, <i>somewhere</i>!
+Even then, a question may arise, in connection with the force of certain
+currents, referred to, by those, who have lately returned, from an
+unsuccessful search for Sir John Franklin, whether it may be possible to
+return, against those currents, with such means and appliances, as he
+possessed; and whether, even on this side the grave, there may not be a
+bourne, from which no presumptuous voyager ever shall return.</p>
+
+<p>The residence of Sir John Ross, in the Arctic regions, continued, through
+five consecutive years, 1829, &#8217;30, &#8217;31, &#8217;32, &#8217;33. To such, as imagine there
+is any effective summer, in those regions, and who have been accustomed to
+associate spring and summer, with flowers and fruits, it may not be amiss,
+by way of corrective, to administer a brief passage, from the journal of
+Sir John Ross, in August, 1832&mdash;&#8220;But to see, to have seen, ice and snow,
+to have felt snow and ice forever, and nothing forever but snow and ice,
+during all the months of a year; to have seen and felt but uninterrupted
+and unceasing ice and snow, during all the months of four years, this it
+is, that has made the sight of those most chilling and wearisome objects
+an evil, which is still one in recollection, as if the remembrance would
+never cease.&#8221;</p>
+
+<p>At this period, August, 1832, very little hope was entertained, that Sir
+John Ross and his companions were living. Even a year before, they were
+generally supposed to be lost.</p>
+
+<p>The abandonment of their ship, which had been locked fast in the ice, for
+years, and their almost inconceivable toil, while crossing, with their
+boats, on sledges, to the confluence of Regent&#8217;s Inlet, and Barrow&#8217;s
+Strait, are fully presented in the narrative. Their hour of deliverance
+came at last, and the event cannot be better described, than in the words
+of Sir John Ross himself. As they were standing along the southern shore
+of Harrow&#8217;s Strait, in their boats, on the 26th of August, a sail, to
+their inexpressible joy, hove in sight. After a period of great anxiety,
+lest she should not observe their signals of distress, their deep delight
+may be imagined, even by an unpractised landsman, when they first became
+assured, that they had attracted the notice of the crew, in one of the
+ship&#8217;s boats. The reader<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_646" id="Page_646">[Pg 646]</a></span> will be better satisfied with an account from
+the lips of the &#960;&#959;&#955;&#965;&#964;&#961;&#959;&#960;&#959;&#962; &#8000;&#962;
+&#956;&#945;&#955;&#955;&#945; &#960;&#959;&#955;&#955;&#945;, himself.</p>
+
+<p>&#8220;She was soon along side, when the mate in command addressed us, by
+presuming, that we had met with some misfortune and lost our ship. This
+being answered in the affirmative, I requested to know the name of his
+vessel, and expressed our wish to be taken on board. I was answered, that
+it was the &#8216;Isabella, of Hull, once commanded by Captain Ross;&#8217; on which I
+stated, that I was the identical man in question, and my people the crew
+of the Victory. That the mate, who commanded this boat, was as much
+astonished, as he appeared to be, I do not doubt; while, with the usual
+blunderheadedness of men, on such occasions, he assured me, that I had
+been dead two years. I easily convinced him, however, that what ought to
+have been true, according to his estimate, was a somewhat premature
+conclusion; as the bear-like form of the whole set of us, might have shown
+him, had he taken time to consider, that we were certainly not whaling
+gentlemen, and that we carried tolerable evidence of our being &#8216;true men
+and no imposters,&#8217; on our backs, and in our starved and unshaven
+countenances.&#8221;</p>
+
+<p>However close the resemblance, between Sir John Ross and his comrades to
+<i>bears</i>, they soon become <i>lions</i> on board the Isabella. Sir John
+continues thus&mdash;</p>
+
+<p>&#8220;A hearty congratulation followed, of course, in the true seaman style,
+and, after a few natural inquiries, he added, that the Isabella was
+commanded by Captain Humphreys; when he immediately went off in his boat
+to communicate his information on board; repeating, that we had long been
+given up as lost, not by them alone, but by all England.&#8221;</p>
+
+<p>In this precedent, there is kindling stuff for hope, if not substantial
+fuel. After reading this account, the hearts of the strong-hearted cannot
+fail to be strengthened the more. A scientific and elaborate comparison of
+all the facts and circumstances, in the respective cases of Ross and
+Franklin, may lead to dissipate our hope. But hope is a vivacious
+principle, like the polypus, from the minutest particle remaining, growing
+up to be the integral thing, that it was. Science, philosophy, perched
+upon theoretical stilts, occasionally walk confidently into the mire. Sir
+John Franklin may yet be among the living, notwithstanding those negative
+demonstrations, in which many so very plausibly indulge themselves.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_647" id="Page_647">[Pg 647]</a></span>Let us follow Sir John Ross and his companions on board the Isabella.&mdash;&#8220;As
+we approached slowly after him (the mate of the Isabella) he jumped up the
+side, and, in a minute, the rigging was manned; while we were saluted with
+three cheers, as we came within cable&#8217;s length, and were not long in
+getting on board my old vessel, where we were all received, by Captain
+Humphreys, with a hearty seaman&#8217;s welcome. Though we had not been
+supported by our names and characters, we should not the less have
+claimed, from charity, the attentions we received; for never was seen a
+more miserable looking set of wretches. If to be poor, wretchedly poor, as
+far as all our present property was concerned, were to have a claim on
+charity, none could well deserve it more; but, if to look so, be to
+frighten away the so called charitable, no beggar, that wanders in
+Ireland, could have outdone us, in exciting the repugnance of those, who
+know not what poverty can be. Unshaven, since I know not when, dirty,
+dressed in the rags of wild beasts, instead of the tatters of
+civilization, and starved to the very bones, our gaunt and grim looks,
+when contrasted with those of the well dressed and well fed men around us,
+made us all feel, I believe, for the first time, what we really were, as
+well as what we seemed to others.&#8221;</p>
+
+<p>Very considerable training must, doubtless, be required, to reconcile a
+Mohawk Indian to a feather bed. A short passage from the Journal of Sir
+John Ross forcibly illustrates the truth, that we are the creatures of
+habit. &#8220;Long accustomed, however, to a cold bed, on the hard snow or the
+bare rock, few could sleep, amid the comforts of our new accommodations. I
+was myself compelled to leave the bed, which had been kindly assigned me,
+and take my abode in a chair for the night, nor did it fare much better
+with the rest. It was for time to reconcile us to this sudden and violent
+change, to break through what had become habit, and to inure us, once
+more, to the usages of our former days.&#8221;</p>
+
+
+
+<p>&nbsp;</p><p>&nbsp;</p>
+<hr style="width: 50%;" />
+<h2><a name="No_CLV" id="No_CLV"></a>No. CLV.</h2>
+
+
+<p>Good, old Sir William Dugdale was certainly the prince of antiquaries. His
+labors and their products were greater, than<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_648" id="Page_648">[Pg 648]</a></span> could have been anticipated,
+even from his long and ever busy life. He was born, Sept. 12, 1605, and
+died, in his eighty-first year, while sitting quietly, in his antiquarian
+chair, Feb. 6, 1686.</p>
+
+<p>It seemed not to have occurred, so impressively, to other men, how very
+important was the diligent study of ancient wills, not only to the
+antiquarian, but to the historian, of any age or nation. Dugdale&#8217;s
+annotations, upon the royal and noble wills of England, are eminently
+useful and curious. A collection of &#8220;royal wills&#8221; was published, by Mr.
+John Nicholls, the historian of Leicestershire, and the &#8220;Testamenta
+Vetusta,&#8221; by Mr. Nicolas. These works are in very few hands, and some of
+them almost as rarely to be met with, as those of Du Cange, Charpentiere,
+Spelman, or Lacombe.</p>
+
+<p>There is no small amount of information and amusement, to be gathered from
+these ancient declarations of the purposes of men, contemplating death, at
+a distance, or about to die; though it cannot be denied, that the wills of
+our immediate ancestors, especially, if they have amassed great wealth,
+and, after a few unimportant legacies to others, have made us their
+residuary legatees, furnish a far more interesting species of reading, to
+the rising generation.</p>
+
+<p>There are worthy persons, who entertain a superstitious horror, upon the
+subject of making a will: they seem to have an actual fear, that the
+execution of a will is very much in the nature of a dying speech; that it
+is an expression of their willingness to go; and that the King of Terrors
+may possibly take them, at their word.</p>
+
+<p>There are others, who are so far from being oppressed, by any
+apprehension, of this nature, that one of their most common amusements
+consists in the making, and mending of their wills.</p>
+
+<p>&#8220;Who,&#8221; says the compiler of the Testamenta Vetusta, &#8220;would have the
+hardihood to stain with those evil passions, which actuate mankind, in
+this world, that deed, which cannot take effect, until he is before the
+Supreme Judge, and consequently immediately responsible for his conduct?&#8221;
+To this grave inquiry I, unhesitatingly answer&mdash;<i>thousands</i>! The secret
+motives of men, upon such occasions, if fairly brought to light, would
+present a very curious record. That record would, by no means, sustain the
+sentiment, implied, in the preceding interrogatory. Malice<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_649" id="Page_649">[Pg 649]</a></span> and caprice,
+notoriously, have governed the testator&#8217;s pen, upon numberless occasions.
+The old phrase&mdash;<i>cutting off with a shilling</i>&mdash;has been reduced to
+practice, in a multitude of instances, for considerations of mere hatred
+and revenge, or of pique and displeasure. The malevolent testator, who
+would be heartily ashamed, to avow what he had done, on this side the
+grave, is regardless of his reputation, on the other.</p>
+
+<p>Goldsmith places in the mouth of one of his characters, a declaration,
+that he was disinherited, for liking gravy. This, however it may have been
+intended as a pleasantry, by the author, is, by no means, beyond the
+region of probability. Considerations, equally absurd and frivolous, have,
+occasionally, operated upon the minds of passionate and capricious people,
+especially in the decline of life; and, though they are sensible of the
+Bible truth, that they can carry nothing with them, they may, yet a little
+while, enjoy the prospective disappointment of another.</p>
+
+<p>The Testamenta Vetusta contain abstracts of numerous wills of the English
+kings, and of the nobility, and gentry, for several centuries, from the
+time of Henry second, who began to reign, in 1154. The work, as I have
+stated, is rare; and I am mistaken, if the general reader, any more than
+he, who has an antiquarian diathesis, will complain of the exhumation I
+propose to make of some, among the &#8220;reliques of thae antient dayes.&#8221;</p>
+
+<p>It is almost impossible, to glance over one of these venerable testaments
+of the old English nobility, without perceiving, that the testator&#8217;s
+thoughts were pretty equally divided, between beds, masses, and wax
+tapers. Beds, with the gorgeous trappings, appurtenant thereto, form a
+common subject of bequest, and of entailment, as heir-looms.</p>
+
+<p>Edward, the Black Prince, son of Edward III., died June 8, 1376. In his
+will, dated the day before his death, he bequeaths &#8220;To our son Richard,<a name='fna_6' id='fna_6' href='#f_6'><small>[6]</small></a>
+the bed, which the King our father gave us. To Sir Roger de Clarendon,<a name='fna_7' id='fna_7' href='#f_7'><small>[7]</small></a>
+a silk bed. To Sir Robert de Walsham, our confessor, a large bed of red
+camora, with our arms embroidered at each corner; also embroidered with
+the arms of Hereford. To Monsr. Allayne Cheyne our bed of camora, powdered
+with blue eagles. And we bequeath all our goods and chattels, jewels, &amp;c.,
+for the payment of our funeral and debts; after which we will, that our
+executors pay certain<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_650" id="Page_650">[Pg 650]</a></span> legacies to our poor servants. All annuities, which
+we have given to our Knights, Esquires, and other, our followers, we
+desire to be fully paid. And we charge our son Richard, on our blessing,
+that he fulfil our bequests to them. And we appoint our very dear and
+beloved brother of Spain, Duke of Lancaster,<a name='fna_8' id='fna_8' href='#f_8'><small>[8]</small></a> &amp;c., &amp;c., executors,&#8221; &amp;c.</p>
+
+<p>Joan, Princess of Wales, was daughter of Edmund Plantagenet. From her
+extreme beauty, she was styled the &#8220;<i>Fair Maid of Kent</i>.&#8221; I find the
+following record in regard to Joan&mdash;&#8220;She entered into a contract of
+marriage with Thomas Montacute, Earl of Salisbury; but Sir Thomas Holland,
+H. G., on a petition to Pope Clement VI. alleged a precontract, <i>consensus
+et concubitus</i>, but that, he being abroad, the Earl of Salisbury unjustly
+kept her from him; and his Holiness gave her to Sir Thomas.&#8221;</p>
+
+<p>Joan seems to have been a wilful body, and the reader may like to know
+what sort of a will she made, four hundred and sixty-six years ago. She
+finally became the wife of Edward, the Black Prince, and, by him, the
+mother of Richard II. An abstract of her will runs thus&mdash;&#8220;In the year of
+our Lord, 1385, and of the reign of my dear son, Richard, King of England
+and France, the 9th at my castle of Walyngford, in the Diocese of
+Salisbury, the 7th of August, I, Joan, Princess of Wales, Duchess of
+Cornwall, Countess of Chester, and Lady Wake. My body to be buried, in my
+chapel, at Stanford, near the monument of our late lord and father, the
+Earl of Kent. To my dear son, the King, my new bed of red velvet,
+embroidered with ostrich feathers of silver, and heads of leopards of
+gold, with boughs and leaves issuing out of their mouths. To my dear son,
+Thomas, Earl of Kent, my bed of red camak, paied with red and rays of
+gold. To my dear son, John Holland, a bed of red camak.&#8221;</p>
+
+<p>Katherine of Arragon wills, <i>inter alia</i>&mdash;&#8220;I supplicate, that my body be
+buried in a convent of Observant Friars. Item, that for my soul be said C.
+masses. Item, that some personage go to our Lady of Walsingham, in
+pilgrimage, and in going by the way, dole XX nobles. Item, I ordain that
+the collar of gold, that I brought out of Spain be to my daughter. * * *
+Item, if it may please the King, my good Lord, that the house ornaments of
+the church be made of my gowns, which he holdeth, for to serve the<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_651" id="Page_651">[Pg 651]</a></span>
+convent thereat I shall be buried. And the furs of the same I give for my
+daughter.&#8221;</p>
+
+<p>William de Longspee, Earl of Salisbury, was a natural son of Henry II., by
+Fair Rosamond, daughter of Walter de Clifford, and distinguished himself
+in the Holy Land. He bequeaths to the Monastery of the Carthusians&mdash;&#8220;A cup
+of gold, set with emeralds and rubies; also a pix of gold with XLII. s.
+and two goblets of silver, one of which is gilt; likewise a chesible and
+cope of red silk; a tunicle and dalmatick of yellow cendal; an alba,
+amice, and stole; also a favon and towel, and all my reliques; likewise a
+thousand sheep, three hundred muttons, forty-eight oxen, and fifteen
+bulls.&#8221;</p>
+
+<p>It was not unusual, in the thirteenth and fourteenth centuries, to
+dedicate children, at the hour of their baptism, to the <i>military</i> service
+of <i>God</i>, in Palestine. An example of this may be found, in the will of
+William de Beauchamp, who was the father of the first Earl of Warwick, and
+died before 1269&mdash;&#8220;My body to be buried in the Church of Friars Minors at
+Worcester. I will, that a horse, completely harnessed with all military
+caparisons, precede my corpse: to a priest to sing mass daily, in my
+chapel without the city of Worcester, near unto that house of Friars,
+which I gave for the health of my soul, and for the soul of Isabel my
+wife, Isabel de Mortimer, and all the faithful deceased, all my rent of
+the fee of Richard Bruli, in Wiche and Winchester, with supply of what
+should be short, out of my own proper goods. * * * To William, my oldest
+son, the cup and horns of St. Hugh. * * * To Isabel, my wife, ten
+marks<a name='fna_9' id='fna_9' href='#f_9'><small>[9]</small></a>: to the Church and nuns of Westwood one mark: to the Church and
+nuns without Worcester one mark: to every Anchorite in Worcester and the
+parts adjacent four shillings: to the Church of Salewarp, a house and
+garden, near the parsonage, to find a lamp to burn continually therein to
+the honor of God, the blessed Virgins St. Katherine, and St. Margaret.&#8221;</p>
+
+<p>The will of his son, the Earl of Warwick, is full of the spirit of the
+age. He died in 1298&mdash;&#8220;My heart to be buried wheresoever the Countess, my
+dear consort, may, herself, resolve to be interred: to the place, where I
+may be buried two great horses, viz., those which shall carry my armor at
+my funeral, for the solemnizing of which, I bequeath two hundred pounds:
+to the maintenance of two soldiers in the Holy Land one hundred<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_652" id="Page_652">[Pg 652]</a></span> pounds:
+to Maud, my wife, all my silver vessels, with the cross, wherein is
+contained part of the wood of the very cross, on which our Saviour died. *
+* * To my said wife a cup, which the Bishop of Worcester gave me, and all
+my other cups, with my lesser sort of jewels and rings, to distribute for
+the health of my soul, where she may think best: to my two daughters, nuns
+at Shouldham, fifty marks.&#8221;</p>
+
+<p>Elizabeth De Burgh, Lady of Clare, was the daughter of Gilbert de Clare,
+Earl of Gloucester, by Joan D&#8217;Acres, daughter of Edward I. She was thrice
+married. Her will is a curious affair, and bears date Sept. 25, 1355. She
+leaves legacies to her &#8220;servants&#8221; numbering, about one hundred and forty,
+and among whom are several knights and &#8220;peres.&#8221;&mdash;&#8220;My body to be buried in
+the Sisters Minories, beyond Aldgate. I devise c. c. lb. of wax, to burn
+round my corpse. I will that my body be not buried for fifteen days after
+my decease. * * * For masses to be sung for the souls of Monsr. John de
+Bourg, Monsr. Theobaud de Verdon, and Monsr. Roger Dammory, my lords, my
+soul, and for the souls of all my good and loyal servants, who have died
+or may die in my service CXL., li.: To find five men for the Holy Land C.
+marks, to be spent, in the service of God and destruction of his enemies,
+if any general voyage be made within seven years after my decease: To my
+daughter Bardoff my bed of green velvet.&#8221;</p>
+
+<p>Elizabeth, Countess of Northampton, wife of William de Bohnn, made her
+will, in 1356. To the Church of the Friars Preachers, in London, she
+bequeaths: &#8220;C. marks sterling, and also the cross, made of the very wood
+of our Saviour&#8217;s cross which I was wont to carry about me, and wherein is
+contained one of the thorns of his crown; and I bequeath to the said
+Church two fair altar cloths of one suit, two of cloth of gold, one
+chalice, one missal, one graille,<a name='fna_10' id='fna_10' href='#f_10'><small>[10]</small></a> and one silver bell; likewise
+thirty-one ells of linen cloth for making of albes, one pulpitory, one
+portfory,<a name='fna_11' id='fna_11' href='#f_11'><small>[11]</small></a> and a holy water pot of silver.&#8221; She also wills, that &#8220;one
+hundred and fifty marks be distributed to several other convents of Friars
+Preachers, in such manner as Friar David de Stirrington shall think best,
+for my soul&#8217;s health: To the Grey Friars, in London five marks: To the
+Carmelites five marks: and to the Augustines five marks * * * to Elizabeth
+my daughter a bed of red worsted embroidered:<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_653" id="Page_653">[Pg 653]</a></span> To my sister, the Countess
+of Oxford a black horse and a nonche.<a name='fna_12' id='fna_12' href='#f_12'><small>[12]</small></a>&#8221;</p>
+
+<p>Believers in the doctrine of transubstantation must extend their faith to
+the very cross; for, to comprehend all the wood, in possession of the
+faithful, it must have consisted of many cords of substantial timber.</p>
+
+
+
+<p>&nbsp;</p><p>&nbsp;</p>
+<hr style="width: 50%;" />
+<h2><a name="No_CLVI" id="No_CLVI"></a>No. CLVI.</h2>
+
+
+<p>The testamentary recognition of bastards, <i>eo nomine</i>, was very common, in
+the olden time. There were some, to whom funereal extravagance and pomp
+were offensive. Sir Ottro De Grandison says, in his will, dated Sept. 18,
+1358&mdash;&#8220;I entreat, that no armed horse or armed man be allowed to go before
+my body, on my burial day, nor that my body be covered with any cloth,
+painted, or gilt, or signed with my arms; but that it be only of white
+cloth, marked with a red cross; and I give for the charges thereof <span class="smcaplc">XX</span><i>l.</i>
+and <span class="smcaplc">X.</span> quarters of wheat: to a priest to celebrate divine service, in the
+church at Chellesfield for three years after my decease, <span class="smcaplc">XV</span><i>l.</i>: to
+Thomas, my son, all my armor, four horses, twelve oxen, and two hundred
+ewe sheep. * * * * To my bastard son,&#8221; &amp;c.</p>
+
+<p>Henry, Duke of Lancaster, 1360, wills, &#8220;that our body be not buried for
+three weeks after the departure of our soul.&#8221;</p>
+
+<p>Humphrey De Bohun, Earl of Hereford, 1361, bequeaths to his nephew
+Humphrey&mdash;&#8220;a nonche<a name='fna_13' id='fna_13' href='#f_13'><small>[13]</small></a> of gold, surrounded with large pearls, with a ruby
+between four pearls, three diamonds, and a pair of gold paternosters of
+fifty pieces, with ornaments, together with a cross of gold, in which is a
+piece of the true cross of our Lord: to Elizabeth, our niece of
+Northampton, a bed with the arms of England. * * * * We will also that a
+chaplain of good condition be sent to Jerusalem, principally for my Lady
+my mother, my Lord my father, and for us; and that the chaplain be charged
+to say masses by the way, at all times that he can conveniently, for the
+souls.&#8221;</p>
+
+<p>Agnes, Countess of Pembroke, daughter of Roger Mortimer, Earl of March,
+wills, in 1367, that her body be buried, &#8220;within<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_654" id="Page_654">[Pg 654]</a></span> two days after my death,
+without any other cost than a blue cloth and two tapers of ten pound
+weight.&#8221;</p>
+
+<p>Robert, Earl of Suffolk, 1368&mdash;&#8220;I will, that five square tapers and four
+mortars,<a name='fna_14' id='fna_14' href='#f_14'><small>[14]</small></a> besides torches, shall burn about my corpse, at my funeral:
+To William my oldest son my sword, which the King gave me, in name of the
+Earldom, also my bed with the eagle, and my summer vestment, powdered with
+leopards.&#8221;</p>
+
+<p>Roger, Lord de Warre, personally took John, King of France, prisoner, at
+the battle of Poictiers, and obtained the crampet or chape of his sword,
+as a memorial of his chivalry. His will bears date 1368&mdash;&#8220;My body to be
+buried without pomp, and I will that, on my funeral day, twenty-four
+torches be placed about my corpse, and two tapers, one at my head and one
+at my feet, and also that my best horse shall be my principal, without any
+armour or man armed, according to the custom of mean people.&#8221; He orders
+his estate to be divided into three parts&mdash;&#8220;one to be disposed of for the
+health of my soul.&#8221;</p>
+
+<p>Joan, Lady Cobham, 1369&mdash;&#8220;I will that <span class="smcaplc">VII.</span> thousand masses be said for my
+soul by the canons of Tunbrugge and Tanfugge and the four orders of Friars
+in London, viz. the Friars Preachers, Minors, Augustines, and Carmelites,
+who, for so doing shall have <span class="smcaplc">XXIX</span><i>l.</i> <span class="smcaplc">III</span><i>s.</i>
+<span class="smcaplc">IV</span><i>d.</i> Also I will that, on my funeral day, twelve poor persons,
+clothed in black gowns and hoods, shall carry twelve torches.&#8221;</p>
+
+<p>Sir Walter Manney, 1371&mdash;&#8220;My body to be buried at God&#8217;s pleasure * * * but
+without any great pomp * * * twenty masses to be said for my soul, and
+that every poor person coming to my funeral shall have a penny to pray for
+me, and for the remission of my sins. * * * To my two bastard daughters,
+nuns, viz., Mailosel and Malplesant, the one cc. franks, the other c.
+franks. * * * To Margaret Mareschall, my dear wife, my plate, which I
+bought of Robert Francis; also a girdle of gold, and a hook for a mantle,
+and likewise a garter of gold, with all my girdles and knives, and all my
+beds and clossers in my wardrobe, excepting my folding bed, paly of blue
+and red, which I bequeath to my daughter of Pembroke.&#8221;</p>
+
+<p>Thomas, Earl of Oxford, 1371&mdash;&#8220;For my funeral expenses <span class="smcaplc">CXXXIII</span><i>l.</i> To Maud
+my wife all my reliques now in my own keeping, and a cross made of the
+very wood of Christ&#8217;s cross. To Sir Alberic de Vere, my brother, a coat of
+mail, which Sir<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_655" id="Page_655">[Pg 655]</a></span> William de Wingfield gave me, also a new helmet and a
+pair of gauntlets.&#8221;</p>
+
+<p>Anne, Lady Maltravers, 1374&mdash;&#8220;No cloth of gold to be put upon my corpse,
+nor any more than five tapers, each weighing five pounds, be put about
+it.&#8221;</p>
+
+<p>Edward, Lord Despencer, 1375&mdash;&#8220;To the Abbot and Convent of Tewksbury one
+whole suit of my best vestments, also two gilt chalices, one gilt hanap,
+likewise a ewer, wherein to put the body of Christ, on Corpus Christi day,
+which was given to me by the King of France. To Elizabeth, my wife, my
+great bed of blue camaka with griffins; also another bed of camaka,
+striped with white and black, with all the furniture, thereto belonging.&#8221;</p>
+
+<p>Mary, Countess of Pembroke, 1376&mdash;&#8220;To the Abbey of Westminster a cross
+with a foot of gold and emeralds, which Sir William de Valence, Kt.,
+brought from the Holy Land.&#8221;</p>
+
+<p>Philipa, Countess of March, 1378&mdash;&#8220;To Edmond, my son, a bed, &amp;c. Also a
+gold ring, with a piece of the true cross, with this writing, <i>In nomine
+Patris, et Filii, el Spiritus Sancti, Amen</i>. Which I charge him, on my
+blessing to keep.&#8221;</p>
+
+<p>Sir John Northwood, Knight, 1378&mdash;&#8220;I will that two Pilgrims be sent to
+visit the shadow of St. Peter, Paul, and James, in Gallacia.&#8221;</p>
+
+<p>Sir Roger Beauchamp, Kt., 1379&mdash;&#8220;My body to be buried in the church of the
+Friars Preachers, near to the grave, where Sybil, my wife resteth. And I
+desire, that, at my funeral, there be a <i>placebo</i> and <i>dirige</i> with note,
+and, on the morrow after, two masses, one of our Lady, and another of
+Requiem. And whereas I am bound to do a service on the Infidels, by devise
+of my grandsire, Sir Walter Beauchamp, to the expense of two hundred
+marks, I will, that Roger, son to Roger, my son, shall perform the same,
+when he comes of age. To my Chauntrey of Bletnesho one hundred pounds, for
+the maintenance of one priest, to sing there perpetually, for my soul, and
+also for the soul of Sybil, late my wife, and for all Christian souls.&#8221;</p>
+
+<p>William, Lord Latimer, 1380&mdash;&#8220;I will that my house in the parish of St.
+Mary&#8217;s be sold, to found prayers for King Edward&#8217;s soul.&#8221;</p>
+
+<p>Guichard, Earl of Huntington, 1380&mdash;&#8220;I will that my heart be taken out of
+my body and preserved with spices, and deposited in the said church of
+Engle. I will that the expenses of<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_656" id="Page_656">[Pg 656]</a></span> my funeral, if celebrated with pomp,
+be bestowed in masses for my soul.&#8221;</p>
+
+<p>Edmond, Earl of March, was a man of great note. His will is dated May 1,
+1380&mdash;&#8220;To the Abbey of Wigmore a large cross of gold, set with stones with
+a relique of the cross of our Lord, a bone of St. Richard the Confessor,
+Bishop of Chicester, and a finger of St. Thomas de Cantelowe, Bishop of
+Hereford, and the reliques of St. Thomas, Bishop of Canterbury. To Roger,
+our son and heir, the cup of gold with a cover called <i>Benesonne</i>, and our
+sword, garnished with gold, which belonged to the good King Edward, with
+God&#8217;s blessing and ours. * * * Also our large bed of black satin,
+embroidered with white lions and gold roses.&#8221;</p>
+
+<p>William, Earl of Suffolk, 1381&mdash;&#8220;I will that, on the eve and day of my
+funeral, there shall be five square tapers of the height, which my nearest
+of kin shall think fit, and four morters; also forty-eight torches borne
+by forty-eight poor men, clothed in white. * * * I will that a picture of
+a horse and man, armed with my arms, be made in silver, and offered to the
+altar of our Lady of Walsingham; and another the like be made and offered
+at Bromeholme.&#8221;</p>
+
+<p>One of the most interesting, among the olden wills, is that of John, Duke
+of Lancaster&mdash;the famous John of Gaunt. He died in February, 1399. His
+will bears date Feb. 3, 1397&mdash;&#8220;My body to be buried, in the Cathedral
+church of St. Paul of London, near the principal altar, beside my most
+dear wife, Blanch, who is there interred. If I die out of London, I desire
+that the night my body arrives there, it be carried direct to the Friars
+Carmelites, in Fleet Street, and the next day taken strait to St. Paul&#8217;s,
+and that it be not buried for forty days, during which I charge my
+executors, that there be no cering or embalming my corpse. * * * I desire
+that chauntries and obits be founded for the souls of my late dear wives
+Blanch and Constance, whom God pardon; to the altar of St. Paul&#8217;s my
+vestment of satin embroidered, which I bought of Courtnay, embroider of
+London. * * * To my most dear wife, Katherine, my two best nonches, which
+I have, excepting that, which I have allowed to my Lord and nephew, the
+King, and my large cup of gold, which the Earl of Wilts gave to the King,
+my Lord, upon my going into Guienne, together with all the buckles, rings,
+diamonds, rubies and other things, that will be found, in a little box of<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_657" id="Page_657">[Pg 657]</a></span>
+cypress wood, of which I carry the key myself, and all the robes, which I
+bought of my dear cousin, the Duchess of Norfolk;<a name='fna_15' id='fna_15' href='#f_15'><small>[15]</small></a> also my large bed of
+black velvet, embroidered with a circle of fetter locks<a name='fna_16' id='fna_16' href='#f_16'><small>[16]</small></a> and garters,
+all the beds, made for my body, called trussing beds, my best stay with a
+good ruby, my best collar, all which my said wife had before her marriage
+with me, also all the goods and jewels, which I have given her, since my
+marriage. To my Lord and nephew, the king,<a name='fna_17' id='fna_17' href='#f_17'><small>[17]</small></a> the best nonche, which I
+have, on the day of my death, my best cup of gold, which my dear wife
+Katherine gave me, on New Year&#8217;s day last, my gold salt-cellar with a
+garter, and the piece of arras, which the Duke of Burgoyne gave me, when I
+was in Calais.&#8221; This is a mere extract. The will bequeaths numerous
+legacies of nonches, beds, and cups of gold; and abundantly provides for
+chauntries, masses, and obits.</p>
+
+<p>Eleanor, Duchess of Gloucester, 1399&mdash;&#8220;To the Abbess and Convent of the
+Sisters Minoresses, near London, without Aldgate, <span class="smcaplc">VI</span><i>l.</i>
+<span class="smcaplc">XIII</span><i>s.</i> <span class="smcaplc">IIII</span><i>d.</i>
+and a tonel of good wine. * * * To my Lady and mother, the Countess of
+Hereford, a pair of paternosters of coral.&#8221;</p>
+
+<p>Thomas Mussenden, 1402&mdash;&#8220;I will, that all my arms, swords, bastard,<a name='fna_18' id='fna_18' href='#f_18'><small>[18]</small></a> and
+dagger be sold, and disposed of, for my soul.&#8221;</p>
+
+<p>William Heron, Lord Say, 1404&mdash;&#8220;Whereas I have been a soldier, and taken
+wages from King Richard and the Realm, as well by land as by water, and
+peradventure received more than my desert, I will that my Executor pay six
+score marks to the most needful men, unto whom King Richard was debtor, in
+discharge of his soul.&#8221;</p>
+
+<p>Sir Lewis Clifford, Kt.&mdash;&#8220;I, Lewis Clifford, false and traitor to my Lord
+God, and to all the blessed company of Heaven, and unworthy to be called a
+Christian man, make and ordaine my testament and my last will the 17th of
+September, 1404. At the beginning, I, most unworthy and God&#8217;s traitor,
+recommend my wretched and sinful soul to the grace and to the mercy of the
+blissful Trinity, and my wretched carrion to be buried in the furthest
+corner of the churchyard, in which parish my wretched soul departeth from
+my body. And I pray and charge my executors, as they will answer before
+God, that on my stinking carrion be neither laid cloth of gold nor of
+silk, but a black cloth,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_658" id="Page_658">[Pg 658]</a></span> and a taper at my head and another at my feet;
+no stone nor other thing, whereby any man may know where my stinking
+carrion lieth.&#8221; In the original, this word is written <i>careyne</i>.</p>
+
+<p>The reader will be amused to know the cause of all this humility. Sir
+Lewis had joined the Lollards, who rejected the doctrines of the mass,
+penance for sins, extreme unction, &amp;c.; but was brought back to the church
+of Rome; and thus records his penitence.</p>
+
+
+
+<p>&nbsp;</p><p>&nbsp;</p>
+<hr style="width: 50%;" />
+<h2><a name="No_CLVII" id="No_CLVII"></a>No. CLVII.</h2>
+
+<p class="center">&#8220;Tell thou the Earl his divination lies.&#8221; <span class="smcap">Shakspeare.</span></p>
+
+
+<p>An impertinent desire to pry into the future, by unnatural means&mdash;to
+penetrate the hidden purposes of God&mdash;is coeval with the earliest
+development of man&#8217;s finite powers. It is Titanic insolence&mdash;and resembles
+the audacity of the giants, who piled Pelion upon Ossa, to be upon a level
+with the gods.</p>
+
+<p>Divination, however old it may be, seems not to wear out its welcome with
+a credulous world, nor to grow bald with time. It has been longer upon the
+earth, than from the time, when Joseph&#8217;s silver cup, &#8220;whereby he
+divineth,&#8221; was deposited, in Benjamin&#8217;s sack, to the days of Moll Pitcher
+of Lynn, whose divining cup was of crockery ware.</p>
+
+<p>&#8220;<i>Mediums</i>&#8221; are mentioned in the Acts of the Apostles&mdash;&#8220;<i>And it came to
+pass, as we went to prayer, a certain damsel, possessed with a spirit of
+divination, met us, which brought her masters much gain, by soothsaying</i>.&#8221;
+Paul cast out the evil spirit; an example worthy of consideration, by
+those, to whom the power is given, in the statute, to commit &#8220;<i>all
+persons, who use any juggling</i>,&#8221; to the house of correction, unless their
+exhibitions are licensed, according to law.</p>
+
+<p>All manner of rogues and roguery has immemorially delighted in <i>aliases</i>.
+So has it been with that species of imposture, which assumes, that man&#8217;s
+<i>finite</i> powers are sufficient, for <i>infinite</i> purposes. The black art,
+magic, fortune telling, sorcery, divination, soothsaying, augury, oracular
+responses, witchcraft, judicial astrology, palmistry, which is the same
+thing as chiromancy, or divination, by the lines of the hand or palm,
+horoscopy, which<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_659" id="Page_659">[Pg 659]</a></span> is a part of judicial astrology, haruspicy, or
+divination, from an inspection of entrails, aeromancy, the art of divining
+by the air, pyromancy, by flame or fire, hydromancy, by water, geomancy,
+by cracks or clefts in the earth, hepatoscopy, by the liver, stareomancy,
+by the elements, theomancy, by the spirit, demonomancy, by the revelation
+of genii or devils, idolomancy, by images, psychomancy, by the will or
+inward movement of the soul, antinopomancy, by the viscera of animals,
+theriomancy, by beasts, ornithomancy, by birds, icthyomancy, by fishes,
+botanomancy, by herbs, lithomancy, by stones, cleromancy, by lots,
+oneiromancy, by dreams, onomancy, by names, arithmancy, by numbers,
+logarithmancy, by logarithms, sternomancy, by the chest, gastromancy, by
+abdominal sounds, omphelomancy, by the signs of the navel, pedomancy, by
+the feet, onychomancy, by the nails, cephaleonomancy, by the marks of the
+head, tuphramancy, by ashes, capnomancy, by smoke, livanomancy, by the
+burning of frankincense, carromancy, by the burning of wax, lecanomancy,
+by basins of water, catoxtromancy, by mirrors, chartomancy, by certain
+writings on paper, machanomancy, by knives, chrystallomancy, by glasses,
+dactylomancy, by rings, coseinomancy, by seives, axinomancy, by saws,
+cattobomancy, by brazen chalices, roadomancy, by stars, spatalamancy, by
+bones and skins, sciomancy, by shadows, astragalomancy, by dice,
+oinomancy, by wine, sycomancy, by figs, typomancy, by the coagulation of
+cheese, alphitomancy, by flour or bran, crithomancy, by grain or corn,
+alectromancy, by cocks and hens, gyromancy, by rounds and circles,
+lampadomancy, by candles and lamps, nagomancy, or necromancy, by
+consulting, or divining with, by, or from the dead.</p>
+
+<p>The reader must bear in mind, that this list of absurdities is brief and
+imperfect. All these <i>mancies</i>, and many more may be found in Gaule&#8217;s
+Mag-Astro-Mancer, page 165, and many of them are described in the Fabricii
+Bibliographia Antiquaria.</p>
+
+<p>These mischievous follies have prevailed, in a greater or less degree, in
+every age, and among every people. During the very days of auguries,
+nevertheless, individuals have appeared, whose rough, common sense tore
+itself forcibly away, from the prevailing delusions of the age. A pleasant
+tale is related, by Claude Millot, of an old Roman Admiral. He was in
+pursuit of the Carthagenian fleet; and, as he gained upon the enemy, and a
+battle seemed to be unavoidable, the<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_660" id="Page_660">[Pg 660]</a></span> haruspex, or priest, who, as usual,
+accompanied the expedition, with the birds of omen, and who had probably
+become alarmed, for his personal safety, came suddenly on deck,
+exclaiming, that the sacred pullets <i>would not eat</i>, and that, under such
+circumstances, it would be unsafe to engage. The old Roman tar ordered the
+sacred pullets, then in their cage, to be brought before him, and, kicking
+them overboard, exclaimed, &#8220;<i>let them drink then</i>.&#8221;</p>
+
+<p>The etymology of the word necromancy, &#957;&#949;&#954;&#961;&#959;&#962; &#956;&#8049;&#957;&#964;&#953;&#962;, shows its
+direct application to the scandalous orgies, which are matters of weekly
+exhibition, in many of our villages and cities, under the name of
+<i>spiritual knockings</i>. Though Sir Thomas Browne could mark, learn, and
+inwardly digest a witch, a <i>necromancer</i> was beyond his powers; and in
+Book I., Chap. X. of his Pseudodoxia, he speaks, with deep contempt, of
+such as &#8220;can believe in the real resurrection of Samuel, or that there is
+anything but delusion, in the practice of <i>necromancy</i>, and popular
+raising of ghosts.&#8221;</p>
+
+<p><i>Necromancers</i> are those, who pretend to a power of communing with the
+dead, that is, conjuring up spirits, and of consulting them, in regard to
+the affairs of this or the other world. In the strictest sense, the Fishes
+and the Foxes and their numerous imitators are <i>necromancers</i>, of course.</p>
+
+<p>This impious and eminently pernicious practice has been condemned, in
+every age, and by every civilized nation. It was condemned, by the law of
+Moses&mdash;&#8220;There shall not be found among you any one, that maketh his son or
+his daughter to pass through the fire, or that useth divination, or an
+observer of times, or an enchanter, or a witch, or a charmer, or a
+consulter with familiar spirits, or a wizard or a necromancer. For all
+that do these things are an abomination unto the Lord.&#8221; Deut. xviii. 10,
+11, 12.</p>
+
+<p>Conjurers may justly be accounted disturbers of the public peace; and such
+undoubtedly they are, most effectually, by unsettling the minds of
+credulous people, murdering sleep, and, occasionally, as in repeated
+instances, during the progress of the present delusion, by driving their
+infatuated victims to despair, insanity, and suicide. Severe laws have
+often been enacted, against these pestilent impostors. Conjuration was
+made felony by statute 1, James I., 1603. This was repealed by 9 Geo. II.,
+1763. This repeal was in keeping with the ascendancy of <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_661" id="Page_661">[Pg 661]</a></span>common sense,
+which decreed, that all conjuration was an absurdity: but, at the same
+time, all <i>pretensions</i> to exercise this or any similar art was made
+punishable, as a misdemeanor. All laws, against witchcraft and sorcery,
+founded on the presumption of their possibility, are now justly accounted
+cruel and absurd. Laws, for the punishment of such, as disturb the public
+repose, by pretending to exercise these unnatural agencies, are no less
+judicious; though they have not always been effectual, against the
+prejudices of the people. The <i>Genethliaci</i>, who erected their horoscopes
+in Rome, for the purpose of foretelling future events, by judicial
+astrology, were expelled, by a formal decree of the senate; yet they long
+retained their hold, upon the affections of a credulous people.</p>
+
+<p>This species of divination, by the heavenly bodies, commenced with the
+Chaldeans, and, from them, passed to the Egyptians, Greeks, and Romans.
+Henault informs us, that it was much in vogue, in France, during the days
+of Catherine de Medicis. Roger Bacon was greatly devoted to the practice
+of Judicial Astrology. Cecil, Lord Burleigh, is known, gravely and
+elaborately to have calculated the nativity of Queen Elizabeth, who was
+feverishly addicted to magic. The judicial astrologers of the middle ages
+were a formidable body, and their conjuring cups and glasses were in high
+esteem. In Sweden, judicial astrology was in the greatest favor, with
+kings and commoners. A particular influence was ascribed to the conjuring
+cup of Erricus, king of Sweden. The Swedes firmly believed, that
+Herlicius, their famous astrologer, had truly predicted the death of the
+monarch, Gustavus Adolphus, in 1632, at the battle of Lutzengen, or
+Lippstadt.</p>
+
+<p>In the reigns of Henry III. and Henry IV. of France, this absurd delusion
+was in such repute, that judicial astrologers were consulted, upon the
+most trivial occasions; and their daily predictions were the theme of
+grave and constant conversation, with every class of society. It was no
+uncommon thing, even in England, for those, who were desirous of
+communicating with the dead, to make a previous arrangement with some
+favorite astrologer, and <i>bespeak a spirit</i>, as we bespeak a coach, for
+some particular hour.</p>
+
+<p>In the Autobiography of William Lilly, the famous astrologer, in the time
+of the Stuarts, a curious account is given of Alexander Hart, an
+astrologer, living in Houndsditch, about the year<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_662" id="Page_662">[Pg 662]</a></span> 1632. It seems, that
+Hart had entered into a contract with a countryman, who had paid him
+twenty or thirty pounds, to arrange a meeting between this countryman and
+a particular spirit, at an appointed time. But, either Hart&#8217;s powers of
+raising the dead were unequal to the task, or the spirit had no
+inclination to keep up the countryman&#8217;s acquaintance; certain it is, the
+spirit was unpunctual; and, the patience of the countryman becoming
+exhausted, he caused the astrologer to be indicted, for a cheat. He was
+convicted, and about to be set in the pillory, when John Taylor, the water
+poet, persuaded Chief Justice Richardson to bail him, and Hart was fairly
+spirited away. He then fled into Holland, where, a few years after, he
+gave up the spirit, in reality.</p>
+
+<p>Its unintelligible quality is the very essence of delusion. Nothing can be
+more unreasonable, therefore, than to mistake our inability to explain a
+mystery, for conclusive evidence of its reality and truth. That it is
+unintelligible or inexplicable surely affords less evidence of its
+reality, and truth, than is furnished of its falsehood, by its manifest
+inconsistency with all known natural laws. Bruce informs us, that the
+inhabitants of the western coasts of Africa pretend to hold a direct
+communication with the devil; and the evidence of the thing they assert is
+so very curious and imposing, that he and other travellers are entirely at
+fault, in their attempts to explain the mystery. Yet no one, for a moment,
+supposes, that Bruce had the slightest confidence in these absurdities.</p>
+
+<p>And yet, so great, so profound, was the belief of Friar Bacon, in this
+preposterous delusion, that, in his Opus Majus, page 65, he exclaims&mdash;&#8220;Oh,
+how happy had it been for the church of God, and how many mischiefs would
+it have prevented, if the aspects and qualities of the Heavenly bodies had
+been predicted, by learned men, and known to the princes and prelates of
+those times! There would not then have been so great a slaughter of
+Christians, nor would so many miserable souls have been sent to hell.&#8221;</p>
+
+<p>This eminently learned man, Roger Bacon, refers, in this remarkable
+passage, to the various calamities, which existed, in England, Spain, and
+Italy, during the year 1264.</p>
+
+<p>The word, mathematician, seems to have been applied, in that age,
+exclusively to astrologers. Peter de Blois, one of the most learned
+writers of his time, who died A. D. 1200, says, in the<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_663" id="Page_663">[Pg 663]</a></span> folio edition of
+his works, by Gussanville, page 596&mdash;&#8220;Mathematicians are those, who, from
+the position of the stars, the aspect of the firmament, and the motion of
+the planets, discover things, that are to come.&#8221;</p>
+
+<p>&#8220;These prognosticators,&#8221; says Henry, in his History of Great Britain, vol.
+vi. page 109, &#8220;were so much admired and credited, that there was hardly a
+prince, or even an earl, or great baron, in Europe, who did not keep one
+or more of them, in his family, to cast the horoscopes of his children,
+discover the success of his designs, and the public events, that were to
+happen.&#8221;</p>
+
+
+
+<p>&nbsp;</p><p>&nbsp;</p>
+<hr style="width: 50%;" />
+<h2><a name="No_CLVIII" id="No_CLVIII"></a>No. CLVIII.</h2>
+
+
+<p>There are sundry precepts, delivered by Heathen poets, some eighteen
+hundred years ago, which modern philosophy may not disregard with
+impunity. If it be true, and doubtless it is true, that a certain
+blindness to the future is given, in mercy, to man, how utterly unwise are
+all our efforts to rend the veil, and how preposterous withal!</p>
+
+<p>The wiser, even among those, who were not confirmed in the belief, that
+there was absolutely nothing, in the doctrines of auguries, and omens, and
+judicial astrology, have discountenanced all attempts to pry into the
+future, by a resort to such mystical agencies. The counsel of Horace to
+Leuconoe is fresh in the memory of every classical reader:&mdash;</p>
+
+<p class="poem">&#8220;Tu ne qu&aelig;sieris, scire nefas, quem mihi, quem tibi<br />
+Finem D&igrave; dederint, Leucono&euml;, neu Babylonios<br />
+Tent&agrave;ris numeros. Ut melius, quidquid erit pati!<br />
+Seu plures hyemes, seu tribuit Jupiter ultimam,<br />
+Qu&aelig; nunc oppositis debilitat pumicibus mare<br />
+Tyrrhenum&#8221;&mdash;&mdash;</p>
+
+<p>The version of Francis, however imperfect, may not be unwelcome to the
+English reader:&mdash;</p>
+
+<p class="poem">&#8220;Strive not, Leuconoe, to pry<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Into the secret will of fate;</span><br />
+Nor impious magic vainly try<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">To know our live&#8217;s uncertain date.</span><br />
+<br />
+Whether th&#8217; indulgent Power divine<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Hath many seasons yet in store,</span><br />
+Or this the latest winter thine,<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Which breaks its waves against the shore.&#8221;</span></p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_664" id="Page_664">[Pg 664]</a></span>This passage from Horace is not required, to establish the fact, that
+magical arts were practised, among the Babylonians. A certain measure of
+superstition seems to belong to the nature of man; and to grow greater or
+less, in proportion to the exercise, or neglect, of his reasoning
+faculties. From this general rule history has furnished us with eminent
+exceptions. Cunning, and cupidity, and credulity are destined to be ever
+present: it is therefore to be expected, that, from age to age, the most
+egregious absurdities will pass, upon a portion of the community, for
+sober truths.</p>
+
+<p>The fact, that popular absurdities have won the patient, if not the
+respectful, consideration of certain distinguished individuals, who have
+spoken, and written, doubtingly, if not precisely, in their favor, goes
+but a very little way, in their behalf. There was a time, when all the
+world believed, that the sun revolved around the earth, and that the blood
+was a stagnant pool, in the human body. There are none, I presume, of all,
+who give their confidence to any marvel of modern times, who are more
+learned or more wise, than Sir Matthew Hale, or Sir Thomas Browne. Yet
+both these wise and learned men were firm believers, in witchcraft; and
+two miserable people, Cullender and Duny, were given over to be hung, by
+Sir Matthew, partly upon the testimony of Sir Thomas.</p>
+
+<p>Though nobody, whose sense is of the common kind, believes in witchcraft,
+at the present day, there was formerly no lack of believers, in any rank,
+or profession, in society. The matter was taken for a fixed and
+incontrovertible fact. The evidence was clear and conclusive, in the
+opinion of some, among the most eminent judges. If to doubt was not
+exactly to be damned, it often brought the audacious unbeliever, in danger
+of being hanged. Competent witnesses gravely swore, that pins and needles
+were run into their bodies, by persons, at the distance of a mile or more.
+For this offence, the witches were sentenced to be hanged; and, upon the
+gallows, confessed, with tears in their eyes, that they did really stick
+those identical pins, into the bodies of their accusers, being at the
+time, at the distance of a mile or more; and were swung off; having thus
+made their peace with God. Witnesses actually swore, that their houses
+were rocked, by old women, apparently too feeble to rock an infant&#8217;s
+cradle, and that tables and chairs were turned topsy turvy; and the old
+ladies confessed, that they had actually<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_665" id="Page_665">[Pg 665]</a></span> rocked two-story houses and
+upset those tables, and seemed to be pleased with the distinction of being
+hanged, for the achievement.</p>
+
+<p>Whoever doubted these miracles was called upon to <i>explain</i>, or <i>believe</i>;
+and, if he could not indicate clearly the mode, in which this jugglery was
+effected, he was required to believe in a thing, which was manifestly not
+<i>in rerum natura</i>. In this dilemma, he might suggest an example of
+legerdemain, familiar to us all&mdash;a juggler puts an egg into an ordinary
+hat, and, apparently, in an instant, the egg is converted into a pancake.
+If the beholder cannot demonstrate how this is done, he, of course, must
+believe in the actual conversion, that is in transubstantiation. I have
+seen this little miracle performed, and confess I do not understand it;
+and yet I exceedingly doubt, if an egg can be so instantly converted into
+a pancake.</p>
+
+<p>The witch of Endor pretended to conjure up the dead. The effigy was
+supposed to be made manifest to the eye. Our modern witches and wizards
+conjure, up or down, whichever it may be, invisible spirits. These spirits
+have no power of audible speech; thus far, at least, they seem not to have
+recovered the use of their tongues. To be sure, spirit without matter
+cannot be supposed to emit sounds; but such is not the case here, for they
+convey their responses, audibly, by knockings. This is rather a circuitous
+mode of conveying intelligence, with their fingers and toes, which might
+be more easily conveyed by the voice.</p>
+
+<p>The difference, between our Blitzes and Samees, and the Fishes and the
+Foxes, consists in this&mdash;the former never, for a moment, pretend, that
+eggs are in reality pancakes, or that they actually perform the pretty
+miracles, which they seem to perform&mdash;the latter gravely contend, as it
+was contended, in the days of witchcraft, those days, that tried old
+women&#8217;s souls, that their achievements are realities.</p>
+
+<p>So long as these matters are merely harmless, even though they consume
+much valuable time, that might be more worthily employed, and transfer the
+illy-spared coin of the credulous poor, from their own pockets, to the
+pockets of unprincipled jugglers and impostors, perhaps it may be well to
+suffer the evil to correct itself, and die even a lingering death. But,
+when it is manifestly spreading, broadcast, over the land, and even
+receiving a dash of something like grave importance from the pen,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_666" id="Page_666">[Pg 666]</a></span>
+occasionally, of some professional gentleman, whose very doubt may dignify
+delusion; the matter seems really to demand some little consideration, at
+least: not that the doubts, even of a respectable physician, elaborately
+uttered, in a journal of fair repute, can do more to establish the power
+of mother Fish or mother Fox, to raise the dead, than was achieved, by the
+opinion of Lord Chief Justice Hale, in favor of witchcraft. That has
+fallen, as, in due time, this will fall, into merited contempt. But the
+expression of doubts, from a respectable quarter, upon an occasion like
+the present, tends, obviously, to strengthen those hands, which probably
+deserve to be paralyzed.</p>
+
+<p>So long, as a matter, like this, is confined to speculation, it may be
+suffered to flit by, like the folly of a day. But the pestilent thing, of
+which I am speaking, has, long ago, assumed an entirely different, and a
+severer, type. At this very time, individuals, who are strictly entitled
+to the name of vagabonds, male and female, are getting their bread, by
+cheating the curious and the credulous, in a great number of our towns and
+villages, by the performance of these frightful antics. This term is
+altogether too feeble, to express the meaning, which I would gladly fix,
+in the public mind. By these infernal agencies, children are imbued with a
+superstitious fear, which tends to enfeeble their intellects, and has a
+mischievous influence, upon life and conduct, to the end of their
+days&mdash;upon children of a larger growth, especially upon those of nervous
+temperament, and feeble health, the pernicious effect is incalculable. The
+fact is perfectly well known, and thoroughly established, that these
+diabolical orgies, and mystical teachings have not only inflicted the
+deepest misery on many minds, but have induced several infatuated persons,
+to commit self murder; and driven others to despair; deprived them of
+their reason; and caused them to be placed, in asylums for the insane.</p>
+
+<p>It is no longer therefore the part of wisdom to treat this evil, with
+sheer contempt. The conflagration has advanced too far, for us to hope it
+will go out, erelong, of its own accord. What is then the part of wisdom?</p>
+
+<p>There are individuals, whose opinions are certainly entitled to respect,
+and who conceive, that these mysteries deserve a full and formal
+examination, by a committee of wise and learned men, that the world may be
+guided by their decision. I am fearful, that such a course would result in
+nothing better than disappointment, if in nothing worse.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_667" id="Page_667">[Pg 667]</a></span>These mysteries are Protean, in their character&mdash;</p>
+
+<p class="poem">&#8220;Verum, ubi correptum manibus vinclisque tenebis,<br />
+Turn vari&aelig; eludent species atque ora ferarum.&#8221;</p>
+
+<p>If the members of the learned inquisition should furnish an explanation of
+one, or more, of these <i>mirabilia</i>, a new series of perplexing novelties
+would speedily arise, and demand their attention;&mdash;so that the <i>savans</i>
+would, necessarily, become a standing committee, on modern miracles. The
+incomparable Blitz, if the process were discovered, by which he appears,
+instantaneously, to convert an egg into a pancake, would challenge you to
+explain another, by which he rapidly deduces some thirty yards of ribbon
+from the nose of a bystander. And, if we cannot explain this mystery, he
+may as reasonably demand of us to believe it a reality, as goody Fox or
+goody Fish may require her <i>customers</i>&mdash;for raising the dead is a
+trade&mdash;to believe in her power, to conjure up spirits, because we may not
+be able to discover the process, by which the rappings are produced.</p>
+
+<p>But, even if an investigation were made, by the most competent
+physiologists, and the decree should go forth, <i>ex cathedra</i>; it would,
+probably, produce a very slight impression upon the whole community. That
+same self-conceit, which often fills an old woman to the brim, with the
+belief, that she is a more skilful leech, than &AElig;sculapius ever was, will
+continue to stand the credulous instead; and the rappings will go on, in
+spite of the decree of the <i>savans</i>; the spirits of the dead will continue
+to be raised, as they are, at present, at fifty cents apiece; men, women,
+and children will insist upon their inalienable right to believe, that
+eggs are pancakes, and that, in violation of all the established laws of
+nature, ghosts may be conjured up, at the shortest notice; and examples
+will continue to occur, of distressing nervous excitement, domestic
+misery, self-murder, and madness.</p>
+
+<p>The question recurs&mdash;what shall be done, for the correction of this
+increasing evil? Some suggestions have been made, sufficiently germain to
+several of the extraordinary pretensions of the present day. Thus, in
+respect to <i>clairvoyance</i>, a standing offer of several thousand francs has
+been made, by certain persons, in Paris, to any individual, who will prove
+his ability to see through a pine plank. In regard also to the assumption
+of knowledge, obtained, through a pretended communication with spirits, a
+purse of gold has been offered to any person, who, with<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_668" id="Page_668">[Pg 668]</a></span> the aid of all
+the spirits he can conjure up to his assistance, will truly declare the
+amount it contains, with a moderate forfeit, in case of failure.</p>
+
+<p>This whole matter of conjuration, and spiritual rapping has become an
+insufferable evil. It is a crying nuisance, and should be dealt with
+accordingly. It is, by no means, necessary, before we proceed to abate a
+nuisance, to inquire, in what manner it is produced. It is not possible to
+distinguish, between the <i>chevaliers d&#8217;industrie</i>, who swindle the
+credulous out of their money, by the exhibition of these highly pernicious
+orgies, from conjurors and jugglers. If this construction be correct, and
+I perceive nothing to the contrary, then these mischief-makers come within
+the fifth section of chapter 143 of the Revised Statutes of Massachusetts.
+Any police court or justice of the peace, has power to send to the house
+of correction, &#8220;<i>all persons who use any juggling</i>.&#8221; It would be a public
+service to apply this wholesome law to goody Fox, or goody Fish, or any
+other goody, of either sex, holding these conjurations within our
+precinct. Upon a complaint, the question would necessarily arise if the
+offence charged were &#8220;<i>juggling</i>&#8221; or not; and the rule of evidence,
+<i>cuique in sua arte</i>, would bring out the opinions of men, learned in
+their profession. I am aware of no other mode, by which those persons are
+likely to be gratified, who believe these proceedings entitled to serious
+examination. Let us not drop this interesting subject here.</p>
+
+
+
+<p>&nbsp;</p><p>&nbsp;</p>
+<hr style="width: 50%;" />
+<h2><a name="No_CLIX" id="No_CLIX"></a>No. CLIX.</h2>
+
+
+<p>In the olden time, almanacs were exclusively the work of judicial
+astrologers. The calendar, in addition to the registration of remarkable
+events, and times, and tides, and predictions, in relation to the weather,
+presumed to foretell the affairs of mankind, and the prospective changes,
+in the condition of the world; not by any processes of reasoning, but by a
+careful contemplation of the heavenly bodies.</p>
+
+<p>On most occasions, these predictions were sufficiently vague, for the
+soothsayer&#8217;s security; quite as much so, as our more modern
+foreshadowings, in relation to the weather, whose <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_669" id="Page_669">[Pg 669]</a></span>admonitions, to <i>expect
+a change</i>, <i>about these times</i>, are frequently extended from the beginning
+to the end of the calendar month. An example of this wariness appears, in
+a letter of John of Salisbury, written in 1170. &#8220;The astrologers,&#8221; says
+he, &#8220;call this year the wonderful year, from the singular situation of the
+planets and constellations; and say, that, in the course of it, the
+councils of kings will be changed, wars will be frequent, and the world
+will be troubled with seditions; that learned men will be discouraged;
+but, towards the end of the year, they will be exalted.&#8221;</p>
+
+<p>Emboldened, by the almost universal deference, paid to their predictions,
+the astrologers soon began to venture, on a measure of precision, which
+was somewhat hazardous.</p>
+
+<p>In the commencement of the year 1186, the most distinguished judicial
+astrologers, not only in England, but upon the continent, proclaimed, that
+there existed an unprecedented conjunction of the planets, in the sign
+Libra. Hence they predicted, that, on Tuesday, the sixteenth day of
+September, at three o&#8217;clock in the morning, a storm would arise, such as
+the world had never known before. They asserted, with an amazing
+confidence, that, not only individual structures would be destroyed, by
+this terrible storm, but that great cities would be swept away, before its
+fury. This tempest, according to their predictions, would be followed, by
+a far spreading pestilence, and by wars of unexampled severity. A
+particular account of these remarkable predictions may be found, on page
+356 of the annals of Roger de Hoveden.</p>
+
+<p>No more conclusive evidence is necessary of the implicit, and universal
+confidence, which then prevailed, in the teachings of judicial astrology,
+than the wide spread dismay and consternation, produced by these bold and
+positive predictions. It is not possible to calculate the sum of human
+misery, inflicted upon society, by the terrible anticipations of these
+coming events. As the fatal day drew near, extraordinary preparations were
+everywhere made, to secure property, from the devastating effects of the
+approaching tempest. Baldwin, Archbishop of Canterbury, commanded a solemn
+fast of three days&#8217; continuance, throughout his precinct. On the night of
+the fifteenth of September, very many persons sat up, in solemn
+expectation of the coming tempest.</p>
+
+<p>It has been cruelly observed of medical men, that, to some of<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_670" id="Page_670">[Pg 670]</a></span> their
+number, the death of a patient would, on the whole, be rather more
+agreeable, than that he should falsify their prediction, by the recovery
+of his health. How powerfully a sentiment, similar to this, must have
+exercised the spirits of these astrologers, as the appointed hour drew
+nigh! It came at last&mdash;bright and cloudless&mdash;followed by a day of unusual
+serenity. The season was one of extraordinary mildness; the harvest and
+vintage were abundant; and the general health of the people was a subject
+of universal observation. Old Gervase, of Tilbury, in his Chronicles,
+alluding to the Archbishop&#8217;s fears and fastings, remarks, that there were
+no storms, during the whole year, other than such, as the Archbishop
+himself raised in the church, by his own absurdity and violence.</p>
+
+<p>The astrologers hung their heads, for very shame, and lost caste, for a
+time, with the people.</p>
+
+<p>Divination was, of old, emphatically, a royal folly; and kings have been
+its dupes and votaries, from the earliest ages of the world. The secret
+manner, in which Saul betook himself to the witch of Endor, arose, partly,
+from his knowledge, that such orgies were a violation of divine and human
+laws. The evils, resulting from such absurdities, had become so apparent,
+that Saul, himself, had already banished all the soothsayers and magicians
+from his kingdom. It is manifest, from the experience of Saul, that it is
+unwise to consult a witch, upon an empty stomach&mdash;&#8220;<i>Then Saul fell
+straightway all along on the earth, and was sore afraid, because of the
+words of Samuel: and there was no strength in him; for he had eaten no
+bread all the day, nor all the night</i>.&#8221;</p>
+
+<p>Lucan, lib. vi. v. 570, et seq., represents young Pompey, just before the
+battle of Pharsalia, as paying a nocturnal visit, to a sorceress of
+Thessaly, of whom he inquires, in relation to the issue of the combat.
+With the ordinary preliminaries, charms, and incantations, the necromancer
+conjures up the ghost of a soldier, who had recently fallen in battle. At
+length, she pronounces a denunciation, between which and the prediction of
+the witch of Endor, delivered to Saul, the resemblance is certainly
+remarkable.</p>
+
+<p>The laws of France, in the time of Louis XIV., were extremely rigorous,
+against sorcery and divination, inflicting the severest penalties, upon
+all, who pretended to exercise their skill, in these worse than
+unprofitable mysteries. Nevertheless, an<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_671" id="Page_671">[Pg 671]</a></span> extraordinary story is related,
+in the autobiography of Madame Du Barri, as communicated to her, by Louis
+XV., of several visits stealthily paid, by Louis XIV., and Madame de
+Maintenon, to a celebrated judicial astrologer, in Paris. This narrative
+may be found recorded, at length, in the first volume of Madame Du Barri&#8217;s
+Memoirs, commencing on page 286.</p>
+
+<p>The age of Louis XIV. was an age of superstition. An Italian priest, a
+secret professor of the art of necromancy, was induced, upon the King&#8217;s
+promise of protection, against the parliament, in the event of a
+discovery, to satisfy the royal curiosity, and open the book of fate. At
+the hour appointed, being midnight, Madame de Maintenon and the <i>Duc de
+Noailles</i> were conveyed to a house in Sevr&egrave;s, where they met the sorcerer,
+who had celebrated the mass alone, and consecrated several wafers. After
+performing a variety of ceremonies, he drew the horoscope of the King, and
+Madame de Maintenon. He promised the King, that he should succeed, in all
+his undertakings. He then gave his Majesty a parcel, wrapped in new
+parchment, and carefully sealed, saying to the King&mdash;&#8220;the day, in which
+you form the fatal resolution of acquainting yourself with the contents of
+this package, will be the last of your prosperity; but, if you desire to
+carry your good fortune to the highest pitch, be careful, upon every great
+festival, Easter, Whitsunday, the Assumption, and Christmas, to pierce
+this talisman with a pin; do this, and be happy.&#8221;</p>
+
+<p>Certain events confirmed the sorcerer&#8217;s predictions&mdash;others gave them the
+lie direct. The royal confidence was shaken.</p>
+
+<p>Upon one occasion, the Bishop of Meaux, the great Bossuet, chanced to be
+
+at the apartments of Madame de Maintenon; and the subject of magic and
+sorcery being introduced, the good Bishop expressed himself, with such
+abhorrence of the profanation, as effectually to stir up a sentiment of
+compunction, in the bosom of the King and Madame. At length, they
+disclosed the secret to their confessors, to whom the most effectual means
+of breaking the charm appeared to be, to break open the talismanic
+package; and this was accordingly imposed, as a penance, on the King.</p>
+
+<p>His sacred Majesty was thus painfully placed, <i>inter cornua</i>, or, as we
+trivially say, between hawk and buzzard&mdash;between the priest and the
+sorcerer. His good sense, if not his devotion, prevailed. The package was
+torn open, in the presence of<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_672" id="Page_672">[Pg 672]</a></span> Madame de Maintenon, and father la Chaise.
+It contained a consecrated wafer, pierced with as many holes, as there had
+been saints&#8217; days in the calendar, since it had been in the King&#8217;s
+possession. That consternation fell upon the King, which becomes a good
+Catholic, when he believes, that he has committed sacrilege. He was long
+disordered, by the recollection, and all, that masses and starvation could
+avail, to purge the offence, was cheerfully submitted to, by the King.
+Louis XV. closes this farcical account, with a grave averment, that his
+ancestor, after this, lost as many male descendants, in the right line, as
+he had stuck pins, in the holy wafer. There may, possibly, be some little
+consolation, in the reflection, that, if the private history of Louis le
+Grand be entitled to any credit, like Charles the Second of England, he
+could well afford the sacrifice&mdash;of whom Butler pleasantly remarks&mdash;</p>
+
+<p class="poem">&#8220;Go on, brave Charles, and if thy back,<br />
+As well as purse, but hold thee tack,<br />
+Most of thy realm, in time, the rather<br />
+Than call thee king, shall call thee father.&#8221;</p>
+
+<p>The Millennarians of the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries&mdash;and these
+enthusiasts are, by no means, of modern origin&mdash;may be said to have
+hunted, in company with the judicial astrologers. Herlicius and the
+Millennarians solemnly predicted the destruction of the Turkish Empire, in
+1665, the one relying upon the aspect of the stars, and the other upon
+their fantastical interpretation of the Scriptures; and both, in all
+likelihood, chiefly, upon the good sword and stubborn will of the Emperor;
+who, to their infinite disappointment and mortification, finally made
+peace with the Ottomans. Yet David Herlicius was no impostor, or if so,
+there was no greater dupe to his astrological doctrines than himself. He
+was a learned, pious, and honest man.</p>
+
+<p>There is, probably, no more extensively popular error, than that a
+deceiver must possess, on all occasions, a greater measure of knowledge
+than the deceived. Herlicius was an eminent physician; and Bayle says of
+him, vol. vi. page 137&mdash;&#8220;One can hardly imagine why a man, who had so much
+business, in the practice of physic, and who never had any children,
+should fear to want bread in his old age, unless he drew horoscopes.&#8221;</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_673" id="Page_673">[Pg 673]</a></span>This eminent man had doubtless some little misgivings, as to the
+infallibility of the art, after the failure of his prediction, in relation
+to the Ottomans. Bayle recites an extract of a letter, from Herlicius to a
+friend, in which the writer says: &#8220;Oh that fortune would look kindly upon
+me! that, without meddling with those astrological trifles, I might make
+provision for old age, which threatens me with blindness; and I would
+never draw any horoscope. In the mean time, when a great many persons
+inquire for, and desire to know more things, than are within the compass
+of our art, or more than it can explain, I choose rather to act with
+conscience, than to disgrace, and, as it were, to defile, our sacred
+Astrology, and to cast a blemish upon it. For our art abounds with a great
+number of Chaldean superstitions, which several of our countrymen are
+still obstinately fond of. A great many ask me what color of clothes and
+horses will be lucky for them? Sometimes I laugh heartily, at these and
+other such absurd questions, but I do also often abhor them. For I am
+enamored with the virgin state of our art, nor can I suffer that it should
+be so abominably defiled, as to give the enemies of astrology an
+opportunity to object to us those abuses, to the contempt of the art
+itself.&#8221;</p>
+
+<p>At the period, when Herlicius unfortunately predicted the destruction of
+the Ottoman power, Judicial Astrology was in the highest favor in England.
+The date of the prediction, 1665, was the sixth year of Charles the
+Second. Whatever space remained, unoccupied by other follies, during the
+reign of the Stuarts, and even during the interregnum, was filled by the
+preposterous doctrines of Judicial Astrology. It is perfectly well
+established, that Charles the First, when meditating his escape from
+Carisbrook castle, in 1647, consulted the famous astrologer, Sir William
+Lilly.</p>
+
+
+
+<p>&nbsp;</p><p>&nbsp;</p>
+<hr style="width: 50%;" />
+<h2><a name="No_CLX" id="No_CLX"></a>No. CLX.</h2>
+
+
+<p>Isabel, Countess of Warwick, 1439&mdash;&#8220;My body is to be buried, in the Abbey
+of Tewksbury; and I desire, that my great<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_674" id="Page_674">[Pg 674]</a></span> Templys<a name='fna_19' id='fna_19' href='#f_19'><small>[19]</small></a> with the Baleys<a name='fna_20' id='fna_20' href='#f_20'><small>[20]</small></a>
+be sold to the utmost, and delivered to the monks of that house, so that
+they grutched not my burial there. Also I will that my statue be made, all
+naked, with my hair cast backwards, according to the design and model,
+which Thomas Porchalion<a name='fna_21' id='fna_21' href='#f_21'><small>[21]</small></a> has, for that purpose, with Mary Magdalen
+laying her hand across, and St. John the Evangelist on the right side, and
+St. Anthony on the left.&#8221; The singularity of this provision would lead one
+to believe that the testatrix made her will, under the influence of St.
+Anthony&#8217;s fire.</p>
+
+<p>John, Lord Fanhope, 1443&mdash;&#8220;To John, my bastard son, now at Ampthill, ccc.
+marks; and, in case he should die, before he attain the age of twenty-one,
+I will that Thomas, my other bastard son, shall have the said ccc. marks.&#8221;</p>
+
+<p>Henry Beaufort was the second son of John of Gaunt, Duke of Lancaster, by
+Katherine Swinford, a bastard born, but with his brothers and sister,
+legitimated by act of Parliament, 20 Rich. II., became Bishop of Lincoln
+1397&mdash;translated to Winchester, 1404, and made a Cardinal. He was
+remarkable, for his immense wealth, prudence, and frugality. He was four
+times Chancellor of England. He is reported to have clung to life with a
+remarkable tenacity. Rapin says, he died for grief, that wealth could not
+save him from death. The death bed of this Cardinal is admirably described
+by Shakspeare, in the second part of King Henry VI., Act III., Scene III.:</p>
+
+<table style="margin-left: 15%;" border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="5" summary="table">
+<tr><td valign="top"><i>K. Henry.</i></td>
+    <td>How fares my lord? Speak Beaufort to thy Sovereign.</td></tr>
+
+<tr><td valign="top"><i>Cardinal.</i></td>
+  <td>If thou be&#8217;st Death, I&#8217;ll give thee England&#8217;s treasure,<br />
+Enough to purchase such another island,<br />
+So thou wilt let me live, and feel no pain.</td></tr>
+
+<tr><td>&nbsp;</td>
+  <td align="center"><span class="spacer">*</span><span class="spacer">*</span><span class="spacer">*</span><span class="spacer">*</span><span class="spacer">*</span><span class="spacer">*</span><span class="spacer">*</span></td></tr>
+
+<tr><td valign="top"><i>Warwick.</i></td>
+   <td>See how the pangs of death do make him grin.</td></tr>
+
+<tr><td valign="top"><i>Salisbury.</i></td>
+  <td>Disturb him not, let him pass peaceably.</td></tr>
+
+<tr><td valign="top"><i>K. Henry.</i></td>
+  <td>Peace to his soul, if God&#8217;s good pleasure be!<br />
+Lord Cardinal, if think&#8217;st on Heaven&#8217;s bliss,<br />
+Hold up thy hand, make signal of thy hope.<br />
+He dies, and makes no sign; Oh God forgive him!</td></tr>
+
+<tr><td valign="top"><i>Warwick.</i></td>
+  <td>So bad a death argues a monstrous life.</td></tr>
+
+<tr><td valign="top"><i>K. Henry.</i></td>
+  <td>Forbear to judge, for we are sinners all&mdash;<br />
+Close up his eyes, and draw the curtains close.</td></tr></table>
+
+<p>The Cardinal&#8217;s will, though without date, was made about 1443.&mdash;&#8220;I will
+that ten thousand masses be said for my soul,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_675" id="Page_675">[Pg 675]</a></span> as soon as possible after
+my decease, three thousand of requiem, three thousand of <i>de rorate
+c&oelig;li desuper</i>, three thousand of the Holy Ghost, and one thousand of
+the Trinity. * * * * Item, I bequeath to my Lord, King Henry, a tablet
+with reliques, which is called the tablet of Bourbon, and a cup of gold
+with a ewer, which belonged to the illustrious prince, his father, and
+offered by him on Easter Eve, and out of which cup he usually drunk, and
+for the last time drank. * * * * Item, I bequeath to my Lord the King, my
+dish or plate of gold for spices, and my cup of gold, enamelled with
+images.&#8221;</p>
+
+<p>In two codicils to this will, Cardinal Beaufort refers to certain crown
+jewels, and vessels of silver and gold, pledged to him by the King and
+Parliament, for certain sums lent. When the King went into France and
+Normandy, and upon other subsequent occasions, the Cardinal had loaned the
+King &pound;22,306 18<i>s.</i> 8<i>d.</i> It appears in Rymer, vol. x. page 502, that the
+King redeemed the sword of Spain and sundry jewels, pledged to the
+Cardinal, for &pound;493 6<i>s.</i> 8<i>d.</i></p>
+
+<p>John, Duke of Exeter, 1447&mdash;&#8220;I will that four honest and cunning priests
+be provided, to pray perpetually every year, for my soul.&#8221; He then conveys
+certain manors to his son Henry, &#8220;provided always, that an annuity of
+<span class="smcaplc">XL</span><i>l.</i> be reserved for my two bastard sons, William and Thomas.&#8221;</p>
+
+<p>William Burges, garter King of Arms, 1449, bequeaths to the church of St.
+George at Staunford&mdash;&#8220;to the seyd chirch for ther solempne feste dayes to
+stand upon the high awter 11 grete basque of silver, and 11 high
+candlesticks of sylver, 1 coupe of sylver, in the whych is one litel box
+of yvory, to put in the blessid sacrament.&#8221; He also gives to said church
+&#8220;two greter candelstykkes, and for eiche of these candelstykkes to be
+ordayned a taper of waxe of 1 pound wight, and so served, to be lighted
+atte dyvyne servyce at pryncipal fest dayes, and al other solempne festes,
+as, at matyns, pryme, masse, and the yeven songs.&#8221;</p>
+
+<p>John, Lord Scrope, 1451&mdash;&#8220;To the altar, in the chapel of St. Mary, at
+York, a jewel, with a bone of St. Margaret, and <span class="smcaplc">XL</span><i>s.</i> for ringing their
+bells, at my funeral.&#8221;</p>
+
+<p>Ann, Duchess of Exeter, 1457&mdash;&#8220;I forbid my executors to make any great
+feast, or to have a solemn hearse, or any costly lights, or largess of
+liveries according to the glory or vain pomp of the world, at my funeral,
+but only to the worship of God, after the discretion of Mr. John
+Pynchebeke, Doctor of Divinity.&#8221;</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_676" id="Page_676">[Pg 676]</a></span>Edmund Brudenell, 1457&mdash;&#8220;To Agmondesham Church; to the Provosts of the
+Church for the maintenance of the great light before the cross <span class="smcaplc">XX</span><i>s.</i> To
+the maintenance of the light before St. Katherine&#8217;s Cross, <span class="smcaplc">III</span><i>s.</i> <span class="smcaplc">IV</span><i>d.</i>&#8221;</p>
+
+<p>John Younge, 1458&mdash;&#8220;To the fabrick of the Church of Herne, viz., to make
+seats, called puyinge, <span class="smcaplc">X.</span> marks.&#8221;</p>
+
+<p>John Sprot, Clerk, 1461&mdash;&#8220;To each of my parishioners <span class="smcaplc">XL</span><i>d.</i>&#8221;</p>
+
+<p>The passion for books, merely because of their antique rarity, and not for
+their intrinsic value, is not less dangerous, for the pursuer, than that,
+for collecting rare animals, and forming a private menagerie, at vast
+expense. Even the entomologist has been known to diminish the comforts of
+his family, by investing his ready money in rare and valuable bugs. It has
+been pleasantly said of him,</p>
+
+<p class="poem">&#8220;He leaves his children, when he dies,<br />
+The richest cabinet of flies.&#8221;</p>
+
+<p>There is no doubt, that, in those superstitious days, the traffic in
+relics must have been a source of very great profit to the priests; equal,
+at least, to the traffic in <i>ancient terra cottas</i>, in the days of
+Nollekens. The sleeves of those crafty friars could not have been large
+enough, to hold their laughter, at the expense of the faithful. The heir
+apparent, whose grief, for the death of his ancestor, was sufficiently
+subdued, by his refreshing anticipations of some thousands of marks in
+ready money, must have been somewhat startled, upon the reading of the
+will, to find himself residuary legatee, <i>for life</i>, of the testator&#8217;s
+&#8220;reliques, remainder over to the Carthusian Friars!&#8221;</p>
+
+<p>Such, and similar, things were of actual occurrence. William Haute,
+Esquire, made his will, May 9, 1462, of course, in the reign of Edward the
+Fourth. This worthy gentleman ordains&mdash;&#8220;My body to be buried, in the
+Church of the Augustine Friars, before the image of St. Catherine, between
+my wives. * * * * I bequeath one piece of that stone, on which the
+Archangel Gabriel descended, when he saluted the Blessed Virgin Mary, to
+the image of the Blessed Virgin Mary of the Church of Bourne, the same to
+stand under the foot of the said image. I bequeath one piece of the bone
+of St. Bartholomew to the Church of Waltham. One piece of the hair cloth
+of St. Catherine, the Virgin, and a piece of the bone of St. Nicholas, to
+the Church of the Augustine Friars aforesaid. I bequeath all the remainder
+of<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_677" id="Page_677">[Pg 677]</a></span> my relicks to my son William, <i>for life</i>, with remainder to the
+Augustine Friars forever.&#8221;</p>
+
+<p>Humphrey, Earl of Devon, 1463&mdash;&#8220;I will, that Mr. Nicholas Goss and Mr.
+Watts, Warden of the Grey Friars, at Exeter, shall, for the salvation of
+my soul, go to every Parish Church, in the Counties of Dorset, Somerset,
+Wilts, Devon, and Cornwall, and say a sermon, in every Church, town, or
+other; and as I cannot recompense such as I have offended, I desire them
+to forgive my poor soul, that it be not endangered.&#8221;</p>
+
+<p>William, Earl of Pembroke, 1469&mdash;&#8220;In nomine Jesu, &amp;c. And wyfe, that ye
+remember your promise to me, that ye take the ordre of widowhood, as ye
+may the better mayster your owne * * * * Wyfe pray for me, and take the
+said ordre, that ye promised me, as ye had, in my lyfe, my hert and love.&#8221;
+This lady, who was the daughter of Sir Walter Devereux, observed her vow,
+and died the widow of the Earl; which is the more remarkable, as these
+injunctions have often produced an opposite effect, and abbreviated the
+term of continency.</p>
+
+<p>Sir Harry Stafford, Kt., 1471&mdash;&#8220;To my son-in-law, the Earl of Richmond, a
+trappur, four new horse harness of velvet; to my brother, John, Earl of
+Wiltshire, my bay courser; to Reynold Bray, my Receiver General, my
+grizzled horse.&#8221;</p>
+
+<p>Cecilia Lady Kirriel, 1472&mdash;&#8220;In my pure widowhood, &amp;c. To John Kirriel,
+bastard, &amp;c.&#8221;</p>
+
+<p>It is not unusual for the consciences of men, in a dying hour, to clutch,
+for security, at the veriest straws. It is instructive to consider the
+evidences, exhibited in these ancient testaments, of superfluous
+compunction. Sir Walter Moyle, Knt., 1479, directs his feoffees &#8220;to make
+an estate, in two acres of land, more or less, lying in the parish of
+Estwell, in a field called Calinglond, and deliver the same, in fee
+simple, to three or four honest men, to the use and behoof of the Church
+of Estwell aforesaid, in recompense of a certain annual rent of &pound;2 of wax,
+by me wrested and detained from the said Church, against my conscience.&#8221;</p>
+
+<p>It was not unusual, to appoint overseers, to have an eye upon executors; a
+provision, which may not be without its advantages, occasionally, even in
+these days of more perfect morality, and higher law. Sir Ralph Verney,
+Knt., 1478, appoints four executors, and &#8220;my trewe lover, John Browne,
+Alderman of London, to be one of the <i>overseers</i> of this my present
+testament, and<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_678" id="Page_678">[Pg 678]</a></span> to have a remembrance upon my soul, one of my cups,
+covered with silver gilt.&#8221;</p>
+
+<p>Monks and Friars were pleasant fellows in the olden time, and Nuns are not
+supposed to have been without their holy comforts. Landseer&#8217;s fine picture
+of Bolton Abbey is a faithful illustration. The fat of the land, when
+offered to idols, has commonly been eaten up by deputy. However shadowy
+and attenuated the souls of their humble and confiding tributaries, the
+carcasses of abbots are commonly represented as superlatively fat and
+rubicund.</p>
+
+<p>Bequests and devises to Lights and Altars were very common. Eustace
+Greville, Esquire, 1479, bequeaths &#8220;to the Light of the Blessed Mary, in
+the said Church of Wolton, three pounds of wax in candles and two torches;
+to the Altar of the Blessed Mary in the said church, one bushel of wheat
+and as much of barley; and to the Lights of the Holy Cross there one
+bushel of barley and as much of beans; and the same to the Light of St.
+Katherine there.&#8221;</p>
+
+
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+<p class="center">FINIS.</p>
+
+
+
+<p>&nbsp;</p><p>&nbsp;</p>
+<hr style="width: 50%;" />
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_679" id="Page_679">[Pg 679]</a></span></p>
+<h2>DUST TO DUST.</h2>
+
+
+<p>In utter disregard of all precedent, I have placed this dedication at the
+end of the volume, deeming it meet and right, that the corpse should go
+before.</p>
+
+<p>How very often the publication of a ponderous tome has been found to
+resemble the interment of a portly corpse! How truly, ere long, it may be
+equally affirmed, of both&mdash;the places, that knew them, shall know them no
+more!</p>
+
+<p>M&aelig;cenas was the friend and privy counsellor of Augustus C&aelig;sar; and,
+accordingly, became, in some measure, the dispenser of executive
+patronage. The name of M&aelig;cenas has been employed, ever since, to signify a
+patron of letters and the arts. Dedications are said to have been coeval
+with the days of his power.</p>
+
+<p>In almost every case, a dedication is neither more nor less, than an
+application for convoy, from the literary mariner, who is scarcely willing
+to venture, with his fragile bark, &#8220;<i>in mare Creticum</i>&#8221; or <i>criticum</i>,
+unaided and alone. He solicits permission to dedicate his work to some
+distinguished individual&mdash;in other words, to place his influential name,
+upon the very front of the volume, as an amulet&mdash;a sort of passover&mdash;to
+keep evil spirits and critics, at a<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_680" id="Page_680">[Pg 680]</a></span> distance. If the permission be
+granted, of which the public is sure to be informed, the presumption, that
+the patron has read and approved the work, amounts to a sanction, of
+course, to the extent of his credit and authority. In some cases, however,
+I have reason to believe, that the only part of the work, which the patron
+ever reads, is the dedication itself. That most amiable and excellent man,
+and high-minded bibliopolist, the late Mr. <span class="smcap">James Brown</span>, informed me, that
+an author once requested permission, to dedicate his work, to a certain
+professor, in the State of New York, tendering the manuscript, for his
+perusal; and that the professor declined reading the work, as superfluous;
+but readily accepted the dedication, observing, that he usually received
+five dollars, on such occasions.</p>
+
+<p>There was one, to whom it would afford me real pleasure to dedicate this
+volume, were he here, in the flesh; but he has gone to his account.
+<span class="smcap">Grossman</span> is numbered with the dead!</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Reader</span>&mdash;if you can lay your hand upon your heart, and honestly say, that
+you have read these pages, or any considerable portion of them, with
+pleasure&mdash;that they have afforded you instruction, or amusement&mdash;I
+dedicate this volume&mdash;with your permission, of course&mdash;most respectfully,
+to you; having conceived the most exalted opinion of your taste and
+judgment.</p>
+
+<p><span style="margin-left: 2em;">L. M. SARGENT,</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 4em;"><span class="smcap">Rock Hill, December, 1855</span>.</span></p>
+
+
+
+<p>&nbsp;</p><p>&nbsp;</p>
+<hr style="width: 50%;" />
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_681" id="Page_681">[Pg 681]</a></span></p>
+<p class="title">GENERAL INDEX.</p>
+
+<p class="center">The figures refer to the numbers&mdash;not to the pages.</p>
+
+<p>
+<span class="huge">A.</span><br />
+<br />
+<span class="smcap">Abner</span>, cautioned by his father, as to his behavior to aged people, 1.<br />
+<br />
+<span class="smcap">Adams</span>, John, anecdote of, 45:<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">&mdash;lines written under his name, in a lady&#8217;s album, 46.</span><br />
+<br />
+<span class="smcap">Airs</span>, national, authorship of, <a href="#No_CVI">106</a>.<br />
+<br />
+<span class="smcap">Almsgiving</span>, 56.<br />
+<br />
+<span class="smcap">Ambassadors</span>, from U. S. A. to G. B. 73.<br />
+<br />
+<span class="smcap">Ancestry</span>, pride of, <a href="#No_CXVII">97</a>.<br />
+<br />
+<span class="smcap">Antiquaries</span>, sometimes malicious, <a href="#No_CXXVI">126</a>.<br />
+<br />
+<span class="smcap">Apothecaries</span>, in Boston&mdash;some notice of, <a href="#No_CXII">112</a>.<br />
+<br />
+<span class="smcap">Aristocracy</span>, of Boston&mdash;examples of, <a href="#No_XC">90</a>:<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">&mdash;among the dead, 1.</span><br />
+<br />
+<span class="smcap">Arms</span>, reversed, at military funerals, of great antiquity, 30.<br />
+<br />
+<span class="smcap">Arnold</span>, Benedict, what made him a traitor, 87.<br />
+<br />
+<span class="smcap">Arundines Cami</span>, <a href="#No_CXII">92</a>.<br />
+<br />
+<span class="smcap">Asclepiades</span>, of Prusa, his medical practice, <a href="#No_CXIV">114</a>.<br />
+<br />
+<span class="smcap">Astrologers</span>, Judicial, formerly part of a nobleman&#8217;s household, <a href="#No_CLVII">157</a>.<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">&mdash;False prediction of, in 1186. <a href="#No_CLVII">Ibid.</a></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">&mdash;Consulted by Louis XIV. and Madame de Maintenon, <a href="#No_CLIX">159</a>.</span><br />
+<br />
+<span class="smcap">Astrology</span>, Judicial, Q. Elizabeth addicted to.&mdash;Much practised, in the middle ages, <a href="#No_CLVII">157</a>, <a href="#No_CLIX">159</a>.<br />
+<br />
+<span class="smcap">Avarice</span>, 31.<br />
+<br />
+<span class="smcap">Avery</span>, steals three negroes:&mdash;attempts to sell them:&mdash;their rescue, 47.<br />
+<br />
+<span class="smcap">Aymar</span>, James, a famous impostor, <a href="#No_CXIII">113</a>.<br />
+<br />
+<span class="smcap">Auctions</span>, various modes of:&mdash;by inch of candle:&mdash;by sand glass:&mdash;of fish among the Dutch:&mdash;various modes of notifying, and bidding at, <a href="#No_CXXXIX">139</a>.<br />
+<br />
+<span class="smcap">Auctioneer&#8217;s Bell</span>, used at the Hague:&mdash;formerly in Boston, <a href="#No_CXXXIX">139</a>.<br />
+<br />
+<br />
+<span class="huge">B.</span><br />
+<br />
+<span class="smcap">Babylonians</span>, their mode of obtaining husbands, for homely women, <a href="#No_CXV">115</a>.<br />
+<br />
+<span class="smcap">Bachelors</span> punished by the Lacedemonians for their celibacy:&mdash;not trusted with affairs of state at Athens, <a href="#No_CXV">115</a>.<br />
+<br />
+<span class="smcap">Barbers</span>, <a href="#No_CXL">140</a>, <a href="#No_CXLI">141</a>, <a href="#No_CXLII">142</a>, <a href="#No_CXLIII">143</a>:<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">&mdash;their antiquity, <a href="#No_CXL">140</a>:</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">&mdash;formerly peripatetics, <a href="#No_CXLI">141</a>:</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">&mdash;their shops and poles, <a href="#No_CXLI">141</a>:</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">&mdash;female, <a href="#No_CXLI">141</a>:</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">&mdash;their citternes and &#8220;knack with the fingers,&#8221; <a href="#No_CXLII">142</a>.</span><br />
+<br />
+<span class="smcap">Baptism</span>, vicarious, <a href="#No_CIX">109</a>.<br />
+<br />
+<span class="smcap">Baths</span>, ancient, <a href="#No_CXIV">114</a>.<br />
+<br />
+<span class="smcap">Battel</span>, wager of, <a href="#No_CXLV">145</a>.<br />
+<br />
+<span class="smcap">Beards</span>, habits of the ancients, respecting, <a href="#No_CXL">140</a>:<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">&mdash;modern, <a href="#No_CXLII">142</a>:</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">&mdash;dyeing them an ancient practice, <a href="#No_CXLII">142</a>.</span><br />
+<br />
+<span class="smcap">Belknap</span>, Jeremy, Rev. 47:<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">&mdash;his desire for a sudden death, 75:</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">&mdash;regard for historical truth, 75:</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">&mdash;error, as to Gosnold, 75.</span><br />
+<br />
+<span class="smcap">Bells</span>, and bell ringing:&mdash;weight of several:&mdash;a terror to &#8220;evill spirytes,&#8221; 37.<br />
+<br />
+<span class="smcap">Benevolence</span>, remarkable example of, 55.<br />
+<br />
+<span class="smcap">Bentham</span>, Jeremy, dissected by his own request, 8.<br />
+<br />
+&#8220;<span class="smcap">Bleed and purge</span> all Kensington,&#8221; <a href="#No_CXI">111</a>.<br />
+<br />
+<span class="smcap">Bodies</span>, posthumous preservation of, 20.<br />
+<br />
+<span class="smcap">Bodkin</span>, the famous root and herb doctor, <a href="#No_CIX">109</a>.<br />
+<br />
+<span class="smcap">Boiling to death</span>, a mode of punishment, <a href="#No_CLI">151</a>.<br />
+<br />
+<span class="smcap">Boodle</span>, William, his self-conceit, 49.<br />
+<br />
+<span class="smcap">Boorn</span>, Stephen and Jesse, remarkable case of erroneous conviction, on circumstantial evidence, 79 to 85, both inclusive.<br />
+<br />
+<span class="smcap">Borri</span>, Joseph Francis, a famous impostor, <a href="#No_CXIII">113</a>.<br />
+<br />
+<span class="smcap">Bradford</span>, Sheriff, anecdote of, 5.<br />
+<br />
+<span class="smcap">Brocklebank</span>, Parson, anecdote of, 49.<br />
+<br />
+<span class="smcap">Burial</span>, joint stock companies, 58:<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">&mdash;their profits enormous, 58:</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">&mdash;of weapons, by the slaves, at Charleston, 34.</span><br />
+<br />
+&#8220;<span class="smcap">Bring out your dead</span>,&#8221; 27.<br />
+<br />
+<span class="smcap">Buchanan</span>, James, his errors, in relation to Major Andr&eacute;, corrected, 19.<br />
+<br />
+<span class="smcap">Burke and Bishop</span>, executed, for murder, with intent to sell the bodies, 7.<br />
+<br />
+<span class="smcap">Burying the dead</span>, manner of, commended, 21:<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">&mdash;in cities and under churches, objections to, 10, 11, 60, 61:</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">&mdash;manner of, and practices, connected therewith, in different ages and nations, 2, 3, 4, 5, 8, 21, 30, 38, <a href="#No_XCVI">96</a>, <a href="#No_CI">101</a>:</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">&mdash;premature, 15, <a href="#No_XCI">91</a>, <a href="#No_XCV">95</a>:</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">&mdash;means for preventing, <a href="#No_XCI">91</a>, <a href="#No_XCV">95</a>.</span><br />
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_682" id="Page_682">[Pg 682]</a></span><br />
+<span class="smcap">Bull John</span>, and brother Jonathan, <a href="#No_CIV">104</a>:<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">&mdash;John, the musician, author of &#8220;God save the King,&#8221; <a href="#No_CVI">106</a>.</span><br />
+<br />
+<span class="smcap">Byles</span>, Mather, anecdotes of, <a href="#No_XCIII">93</a>, <a href="#No_XCIV">94</a>.<br />
+<br />
+<br />
+<span class="huge">C.</span><br />
+<br />
+<span class="smcap">Cades</span>, sexton, how he lost his office, 44.<br />
+<br />
+<span class="smcap">California</span> fever, 31.<br />
+<br />
+<span class="smcap">Campbell</span>, hung for killing Boyd in a duel, <a href="#No_CXLV">145</a>.<br />
+<br />
+<span class="smcap">Campbell</span>, Captain, steals an heiress, <a href="#No_CXV">115</a>.<br />
+<br />
+<span class="smcap">Candles</span>, burnt in the day, at a church, in Nantucket, 24:<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">&mdash;of wax, at Popish funerals, in old times, 2.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">&mdash;by inch of, ancient mode of selling at auction, <a href="#No_CXXXIX">139</a>.</span><br />
+<br />
+<span class="smcap">Caner</span>, Rev. Dr., some notice of, 78.<br />
+<br />
+<span class="smcap">Capital punishment</span>, 50, 51, 53, 54, 57, 89.<br />
+<br />
+<span class="smcap">Capital offences</span>, in Massachusetts, in 1618, 62.<br />
+<br />
+<span class="smcap">Carter</span>, sexton, insulted by a chirurgeon, 43.<br />
+<br />
+<span class="smcap">Catacombs</span>, 10:<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">&mdash;of Paris, 12, 13.</span><br />
+<br />
+<span class="smcap">Catafalque</span>, its import, <a href="#No_CIII">103</a>.<br />
+<br />
+<span class="smcap">Chadwick</span>, Edwin, his report on interments, to the British Parliament, 58.<br />
+<br />
+<span class="smcap">Chapel</span>, King&#8217;s, some account of, 78.<br />
+<br />
+<span class="smcap">Charles I.</span> funeral of, 39:<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">&mdash;his body discovered, in 1813, 40:</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">&mdash;V. legend of his mock funeral, denied, <a href="#No_XCIX">99</a>.</span><br />
+<br />
+<span class="smcap">Children</span>, female, destruction of, in China, and elsewhere, 29.<br />
+<br />
+<span class="smcap">Chinese</span>, habits of the, <a href="#No_CI">101</a>.<br />
+<br />
+<span class="smcap">Chuang-tsze</span>, story of, <a href="#No_CXIX">119</a>, <a href="#No_CXX">120</a>.<br />
+<br />
+<span class="smcap">Clarendon</span>, in error, as to the burial place of King Charles I. 40.<br />
+<br />
+<span class="smcap">Clarke</span>, Barnabas, anecdote of, <a href="#No_XC">90</a>.<br />
+<br />
+<span class="smcap">Clark</span>, Alvan, his versatility of talent, 46.<br />
+<br />
+<span class="smcap">Clay</span>, Henry, his frequent leavetakings, <a href="#No_XCIX">99</a>.<br />
+<br />
+<span class="smcap">Cobbett</span>, William, his letter to Lord Liverpool, on the American triumphs, <a href="#No_CIV">104</a>.<br />
+<br />
+<span class="smcap">Congress</span>, American, Lord Chatham&#8217;s opinion of, <a href="#No_CIV">104</a>.<br />
+<br />
+<span class="smcap">Courage</span>, personal, externals no sure criterion of&mdash;two remarkable examples, <a href="#No_CXLIX">149</a>.<br />
+<br />
+<span class="smcap">Conscience parties</span>, 29.<br />
+<br />
+<span class="smcap">Corday, Charlotte</span> de, an interesting question, connected with her decapitation, <a href="#No_CLIII">153</a>.<br />
+<br />
+<span class="smcap">Cremation</span>, cost of&mdash;least expensive mode, excepting the urns, 74:<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">&mdash;of Henry Laurens, <a href="#No_XCV">95</a>:</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">&mdash;of Cranmer, Latimer, and Ridley:&mdash;their diet in prison, 74.</span><br />
+<br />
+<span class="smcap">Criminals</span>, how to dispose of, 89:<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">&mdash;bodies of, delivered for dissection, 7:</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">&mdash;number waiting to be hung, 51.</span><br />
+<br />
+<span class="smcap">Cromwell</span>, Oliver, various estimates of his character:&mdash;views and handles the dead body of Charles I.:&mdash;his funeral:&mdash;his body dug up, and hung, at Tyburn, 39.<br />
+<br />
+<span class="smcap">Crucifixion</span>, <a href="#No_CLI">151</a>.<br />
+<br />
+<br />
+<span class="huge">D.</span><br />
+<br />
+<span class="smcap">Daddy Osgood</span>, sold at auction, <a href="#No_CXXXIX">139</a>.<br />
+<br />
+<span class="smcap">Danforth</span>, Dr. Samuel, notice of, <a href="#No_CXI">111</a>.<br />
+<br />
+<span class="smcap">Deacons</span>, their dispute about a tomb, 11.<br />
+<br />
+<span class="smcap">Dead Sea</span>, some account of, 35, 36.<br />
+<br />
+<span class="smcap">Death</span>, certain evidence of, <a href="#No_XCI">91</a>:<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">&mdash;condition of the soul, after, <a href="#No_XCVI">96</a>:</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">&mdash;imitation of, <a href="#No_CXXXVII">137</a>:</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">&mdash;by shipwreck, <a href="#No_CII">102</a>.</span><br />
+<br />
+<span class="smcap">Dentists</span>, in Boston, some notice of, <a href="#No_CXII">112</a>.<br />
+<br />
+<span class="smcap">Desecration</span>, of the dead, 14, 21, 23.<br />
+<br />
+<span class="smcap">Dickson</span>, provost of Dundee, his epitaph, 9.<br />
+<br />
+<span class="smcap">Diedrick Van Pronk&#8217;s</span> widow, anecdote of, 7.<br />
+<br />
+<span class="smcap">Digby</span>, Everard, account of his having spoken, after the removal of his heart, <a href="#No_CLIII">153</a>.<br />
+<br />
+<span class="smcap">Dinah Furbush</span>, her corpse insulted, 77.<br />
+<br />
+<span class="smcap">Diogenes</span>, anecdote of, 4.<br />
+<br />
+<span class="smcap">Distillers</span>, in Boston, number of, <a href="#No_CXII">112</a>.<br />
+<br />
+<span class="smcap">Divination</span>, some account of, <a href="#No_CLVII">157</a>, <a href="#No_CLVIII">158</a>.<br />
+<br />
+<span class="smcap">Divining rod</span>, of James Aymar, <a href="#No_CXIII">113</a>.<br />
+<br />
+&#8220;<span class="smcap">Don&#8217;t go</span> too near that hedge,&#8221; <a href="#No_XCI">91</a>.<br />
+<br />
+<span class="smcap">Dreams</span>, of Martin Smith and King&#8217;s Chapel, by the Old Sexton, 76, 77, 78.<br />
+<br />
+<span class="smcap">Drunkenness</span>, at ordinations, 37.<br />
+<br />
+<span class="smcap">Dryden</span>, John, disturbance at his funeral, <a href="#No_CXVIII">118</a>.<br />
+<br />
+<span class="smcap">Duels</span>, between Benjamin Woodbridge and Henry Phillips, on Boston Common, <a href="#No_CXXXIII">133 to 136</a>, both inclusive:<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">&mdash;various, <a href="#No_CXLIV">144 to 149</a>, both inclusive:</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">&mdash;punishment of, <a href="#No_CXLV">145</a>:</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">&mdash;number killed in, <a href="#No_CXLV">145</a>:</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">&mdash;Decatur and Barron, <a href="#No_CXLVI">146</a>:</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">&mdash;Lord Bruce and Sir Edward Sackville, <a href="#No_CXLVII">147</a>:</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">&mdash;Lords Mohun and Hamilton, <a href="#No_CXLVII">147</a>:</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">&mdash;Sheridan and Matthews, <a href="#No_CXLVII">147</a>:</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">&mdash;M&#8217;keon and Reynolds, <a href="#No_CXLVII">147</a>:</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">&mdash;Campbell and Boyd, <a href="#No_CXLVII">147</a>:</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">&mdash;Colclough and Alcock, <a href="#No_CXLVII">147</a>:</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">&mdash;David and Goliath, <a href="#No_CXLVII">147</a>:</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">&mdash;Titus Manlius and the Gaul, <a href="#No_CXLVIII">148</a>:</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">&mdash;Hector and Ajax, <a href="#No_CXLVIII">148</a>:</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">&mdash;Turnus and &AElig;neas, <a href="#No_CXLVIII">148</a>:</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">&mdash;Rauber and a Spanish gentleman, <a href="#No_CXLVIII">148</a>:</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">&mdash;Cameron, and McLean, <a href="#No_CXLVIII">148</a>:</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">&mdash;Lord Mark Kerr and a French Colonel, <a href="#No_CXLIX">149</a>:</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">&mdash;Joseph Bainbridge and the Secretary of Sir Alexander Ball, <a href="#No_CXLIX">149</a>:</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">&mdash;Rand and Millar, <a href="#No_CLIII">153</a>.</span><br />
+<br />
+<span class="smcap">Dugdale</span>, Sir William, the antiquary, <a href="#No_CLV">155</a>.<br />
+<br />
+<span class="smcap">Dyonisius</span>, to save his throat, taught his daughters to shave, <a href="#No_CXL">140</a>.<br />
+<br />
+<br />
+<span class="huge">E.</span><br />
+<br />
+<span class="smcap">Effigies</span> of the dead, made of cinnamon, and carried in the procession, 30.<br />
+<br />
+<span class="smcap">Egyptians</span>, trials of their kings, after death, 5:<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">&mdash;every Egyptian a doctor, <a href="#No_CVII">107</a>.</span><br />
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_683" id="Page_683">[Pg 683]</a></span><br />
+<span class="smcap">Eli</span>, the sexton, his hallucinations, 55.<br />
+<br />
+<span class="smcap">Eliot</span>, Rev. Andrew, gloves and rings, given him at funerals, and the sale of, 28.<br />
+<br />
+<span class="smcap">Embalming</span>, process of, 4.<br />
+<br />
+<span class="smcap">Empirics</span>, <a href="#No_CIX">109</a>, <a href="#No_CX">110</a>, <a href="#No_CXI">111</a>, <a href="#No_CXIII">113</a>, <a href="#No_CXIV">114</a>.<br />
+<br />
+<span class="smcap">Epitaphs</span>, 5, 9.<br />
+<br />
+<span class="smcap">Estimate of Americans</span> by the English people, in 1775 and 1812, <a href="#No_CIV">104</a>.<br />
+<br />
+<span class="smcap">Evidence</span>, circumstantial, remarkable examples of, 79 to 85, both inclusive:<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">&mdash;Webster&#8217;s case, 86.</span><br />
+<br />
+<span class="smcap">Execution</span>, in Ballyconnel, 54.<br />
+<br />
+<br />
+<span class="huge">F.</span><br />
+<br />
+<span class="smcap">Fakeer</span>, East India, account of his apparent death, and resurrection, <a href="#No_CXXXVII">137</a>, <a href="#No_CXXXVIII">138</a>.<br />
+<br />
+<span class="smcap">Famine</span>, Keayne&#8217;s granary in case of, <a href="#No_CXII">112</a>.<br />
+<br />
+<span class="smcap">Faneuil Hall</span>, origin of:&mdash;burnt:&mdash;rebuilt and enlarged, <a href="#No_CXXX">130</a>, <a href="#No_CXXXI">131</a>.<br />
+<br />
+<span class="smcap">Faneuil Peter</span>, and his relatives, some account of, <a href="#No_CXXII">122 to 132</a>, both inclusive:<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">&mdash;aids Henry Phillips, to escape, after his fatal duel, with Woodbridge, <a href="#No_CXXXIV">134</a>.</span><br />
+<br />
+<span class="smcap">Food</span> for ghosts, 25.<br />
+<br />
+<span class="smcap">Fortune-hunters</span>, remarkable disappointment of one, <a href="#No_CXV">115</a>, <a href="#No_CXVI">116</a>.<br />
+<br />
+<span class="smcap">Franklin</span>, Benjamin, his account of the resurrection of flies, drowned in wine, <a href="#No_CXXXVIII">138</a>:<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">&mdash;his letter to Thomas Percival, on duelling, <a href="#No_CXLIV">144</a>:</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">&mdash;Sir John, probably lost, <a href="#No_CLIV">154</a>.</span><br />
+<br />
+<span class="smcap">Freeman</span>, Dr., manner of his ordination, 78.<br />
+<br />
+<span class="smcap">Friendships</span>, rarely lifelong:&mdash;examples of, 59:<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">&mdash;Cicero&#8217;s first law of, 59.</span><br />
+<br />
+<span class="smcap">Frizzell&#8217;s bell</span>, 37.<br />
+<br />
+<span class="smcap">Funerals</span>, invitations to, 8:<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">&mdash;baked meats at:&mdash;games, and festivals at, 25.</span><br />
+<br />
+<br />
+<span class="huge">G.</span><br />
+<br />
+<span class="smcap">Gifts</span>, New Year&#8217;s, <a href="#No_CXVII">117</a>.<br />
+<br />
+<span class="smcap">Gloves</span> and rings, at funerals, 28.<br />
+<br />
+<span class="smcap">Gosnold</span>, Bartholomew, his abode, at Cuttyhunk, 75.<br />
+<br />
+<span class="smcap">Governor</span> of Mass., anecdote of a, 52.<br />
+<br />
+<span class="smcap">Granny</span>, anecdote of skinning, 58.<br />
+<br />
+<span class="smcap">Grossman</span> threatened to be shot, 13.<br />
+<br />
+<span class="smcap">Guillotin</span>, Dr. <a href="#No_CLI">151</a>:<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">&mdash;the instrument that bears his name, <a href="#No_CLI">151</a>, <a href="#No_CLII">152</a>.</span><br />
+<br />
+<br />
+<span class="huge">H.</span><br />
+<br />
+<span class="smcap">Hair</span>, management of the, <a href="#No_CXLIII">143</a>.<br />
+<br />
+<span class="smcap">Halley</span>, Thomas, great pomp, and much guzzling, at his funeral, 25.<br />
+<br />
+<span class="smcap">Halifax gibbet</span> and the guillotine identical, <a href="#No_CLI">151</a>.<br />
+<br />
+<span class="smcap">Handel</span>, rivalry, between him, and Senesino, and Buononeini, <a href="#No_CV">105</a>:<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">&mdash;Swift&#8217;s epigram, on their squabbles, <a href="#No_CV">105</a>.</span><br />
+<br />
+<span class="smcap">Hanging</span>, sensations produced by, <a href="#No_XCV">95</a>:<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">&mdash;vicarious, <a href="#No_CL">150</a>:</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">&mdash;persons differently moved, in prospect of, <a href="#No_CL">150</a>.</span><br />
+<br />
+<span class="smcap">Hanway</span>, Sir Jonas, his account of the practice of giving vales, 28.<br />
+<br />
+<span class="smcap">Happiness</span>, 48.<br />
+<br />
+<span class="smcap">Hast&aelig;</span>, why auctions were so called, at Rome, <a href="#No_CXXXIX">139</a>.<br />
+<br />
+<span class="smcap">Hawes</span>, Dr. William, his work on premature interment, <a href="#No_XCV">95</a>.<br />
+<br />
+<span class="smcap">Heiress</span>, stealing an, made felony:&mdash;remarkable examples of, <a href="#No_CXV">115</a>.<br />
+<br />
+<span class="smcap">Henry VIII.</span> bone stolen from his corpse, 39:<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">&mdash;some account of his funeral, <a href="#No_CIII">103</a>.</span><br />
+<br />
+<span class="smcap">Herse</span>, ancient import of the word, <a href="#No_CIII">103</a>.<br />
+<br />
+<span class="smcap">Hook</span>, Theodore, anecdote of, 24.<br />
+<br />
+&#8220;<span class="smcap">How</span> could the poor Abb&eacute; sustain himself against you all four?&#8221; <a href="#No_CXIII">113</a>.<br />
+<br />
+<span class="smcap">Howlers</span>, at funerals, ancient and modern, 32, 38.<br />
+<br />
+<span class="smcap">Huguenots</span>, in Boston:&mdash;their early settlement, in Oxford, Mass. <a href="#No_CXXII">122</a>:<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">&mdash;their church in Boston, <a href="#No_CXXII">122</a>, <a href="#No_CXXIII">123</a>.</span><br />
+<br />
+<br />
+<span class="huge">I.</span><br />
+<br />
+<span class="smcap">Idleness</span>, effects of, 22.<br />
+<br />
+<span class="smcap">Infanticide</span>, 29.<br />
+<br />
+<span class="smcap">Innholders</span>, in Boston, number of, <a href="#No_CXII">112</a>.<br />
+<br />
+<span class="smcap">Intolerance</span>, in Massachusetts, 62.<br />
+<br />
+<br />
+<span class="huge">J.</span><br />
+<br />
+<span class="smcap">James II.</span>, his gallantry, when Duke of York, in a sea-fight, 66.<br />
+<br />
+<span class="smcap">Jews</span> usurious, 15,000 banished, 52.<br />
+<br />
+<span class="smcap">Je</span> vous sauter le t&ecirc;te, <a href="#No_CLI">151</a>.<br />
+<br />
+<br />
+<span class="huge">L.</span><br />
+<br />
+<span class="smcap">Laceration</span>, of the cheeks and hair, at funerals, in Greece, Rome, and elsewhere, 30, 32, 38.<br />
+<br />
+<span class="smcap">Largesses</span> at funerals, 25.<br />
+<br />
+<span class="smcap">Laurens</span>, Henry, his body burnt, after death, by his request, <a href="#No_XCV">95</a>.<br />
+<br />
+<span class="smcap">Lawyers</span>, in Boston, their number at different periods, <a href="#No_CXII">112</a>.<br />
+<br />
+<span class="smcap">Le Mercier</span>, Andr&eacute;, minister of the Huguenots, in Boston, <a href="#No_CXXXII">132</a>.<br />
+<br />
+<span class="smcap">Levi</span>, M. de, his pride of ancestry, <a href="#No_XCVII">97</a>.<br />
+<br />
+<span class="smcap">Liberty Tree</span>, 41, 42.<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Philip Billes devises his estate, on condition of being buried under that tree, 42.</span><br />
+<br />
+<span class="smcap">Licinius</span>, P., games, &amp;c., at his funeral, 25.<br />
+<br />
+<span class="smcap">Lilly</span>, Sir William, the astrologer, notice of, <a href="#No_CLVII">157</a>.<br />
+<br />
+<span class="smcap">Lind</span>, Jenny, some account of, <a href="#No_CV">105</a>.<br />
+<br />
+<span class="smcap">Lloyd</span>, Dr. James, his appearance, <a href="#No_CXI">111</a>.<br />
+<br />
+<span class="smcap">Localities</span>, certain interesting, 7.<br />
+<br />
+<span class="smcap">Longevity</span>, some examples of, 45.<br />
+<br />
+<span class="smcap">Lot&#8217;s wife</span>, pillar of salt, &amp;c., 35, 36:<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">&mdash;seen by Iren&aelig;uis and others, after she was salted, 36.</span><br />
+<br />
+<span class="smcap">Louis XVI.</span>, brutal behaviour of the French people, at his execution, <a href="#No_CLII">152</a>.<br />
+<br />
+<span class="smcap">Lovat</span>, Lord, his repartee, on his way to be hung, <a href="#No_CL">150</a>.<br />
+<br />
+<span class="smcap">Ludii, Histriones, Scurr&aelig;</span>, 30.<br />
+<br />
+<span class="smcap">Luxury</span>, ever injurious, and often fatal, to Republics, 87, 88.<br />
+<br />
+<span class="smcap">Lyman</span>, Theodore, notice of him, and his public and private charities, 56.<br />
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_684" id="Page_684">[Pg 684]</a></span><br />
+<br />
+<span class="huge">M.</span><br />
+<br />
+<span class="smcap">Marcus Flavius</span>, anecdote of, 25.<br />
+<br />
+<span class="smcap">Marriages</span>, taxed:&mdash;first celebration of, in churches:&mdash;forbidden during Lent, <a href="#No_CXV">115</a>.<br />
+<br />
+<span class="smcap">Mariner</span> bound for Africa, reaches Norway, 48.<br />
+<br />
+<span class="smcap">Marshall</span>, Tommy, anecdote of, <a href="#No_XC">90</a>.<br />
+<br />
+<span class="smcap">Martyrs</span>, cremation of:&mdash;cost of burning Cranmer, Latimer, and Ridley, 24.<br />
+<br />
+<span class="smcap">Mashee</span>, Tooley, plays corpse, <a href="#No_CXXXVII">137</a>.<br />
+<br />
+<span class="smcap">McPhee</span>, widow Nelly, anecdote of, 7.<br />
+<br />
+<span class="smcap">Medicine</span>, origin of the practice of, <a href="#No_CVII">107</a>:<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">&mdash;practice of, among the Babylonians, Greeks, Egyptians, Israelites, and Hindoos, <a href="#No_CVIII">108</a>.</span><br />
+<br />
+<span class="smcap">Mediums</span>, some notice of, <a href="#No_CLVII">157</a>.<br />
+<br />
+<span class="smcap">Mexican beggars</span>, how employed by Montezuma, <a href="#No_CXLII">142</a>.<br />
+<br />
+<span class="smcap">Milton</span>, John, his marriages, <a href="#No_XCVIII">98</a>:<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">&mdash;writes in favor of polygamy, <a href="#No_XCVIII">98</a>:</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">&mdash;desecration of his remains, <a href="#No_CXVIII">118</a>.</span><br />
+<br />
+<span class="smcap">Mingling</span> the ashes of dear friends, in the same urn, practice of, 21.<br />
+<br />
+<span class="smcap">Ministers</span> of the Gospel, in Boston, in 1740, <a href="#No_CXXXII">132</a>.<br />
+<br />
+<span class="smcap">Mirthfulness</span>, its advantages, <a href="#No_XCII">92</a>.<br />
+<br />
+<span class="smcap">Money</span>, George Herbert&#8217;s address to, 31.<br />
+<br />
+<span class="smcap">Montgomery</span>, Gen. Richard, his exhumation, and reinterment, 18.<br />
+<br />
+<span class="smcap">Monuments</span>, Dryden&#8217;s, Ben Jonson&#8217;s, and Cowley&#8217;s, mutilation of, <a href="#No_CXVIII">118</a>.<br />
+<br />
+<span class="smcap">Mooncursers</span>, laws for their punishment:&mdash;anecdote of, <a href="#No_CII">102</a>.<br />
+<br />
+<span class="smcap">Moorhead</span>, Rev. John, some notice of, <a href="#No_XCIX">99</a>.<br />
+<br />
+<span class="smcap">Moses</span>, an apothecary, <a href="#No_CVII">107</a>.<br />
+<br />
+<span class="smcap">Mourners</span>, their peculiar consolations, 32:<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">&mdash;for the year 1848, 33.</span><br />
+<br />
+<span class="smcap">Mourning</span>, time allowed for:&mdash;color of the vesture, in different countries, 32.<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Irish, consists in the number of coaches and the quantity of whiskey, 74.</span><br />
+<br />
+<span class="smcap">Mule</span>, a bad one, 30.<br />
+<br />
+<br />
+<span class="huge">N.</span><br />
+<br />
+<span class="smcap">Napoleon&#8217;s</span> last words, 31.<br />
+<br />
+<span class="smcap">New Year&#8217;s Day</span>, when, <a href="#No_CXVII">117</a>, <a href="#No_CXXIII">123</a>.<br />
+<br />
+<span class="smcap">New North Church</span>, uproar there, 37.<br />
+<br />
+<span class="smcap">North Church</span>, peal of bells there, 37.<br />
+<br />
+<span class="smcap">Nuisance</span>, affecting the air, not necessary to prove it noxious, 60.<br />
+<br />
+<br />
+<span class="huge">O.</span><br />
+<br />
+<span class="smcap">Obsequies</span>, provisions for, by persons, while living, 7.<br />
+<br />
+<span class="smcap">Otis</span>, James, anecdote of, <a href="#No_XC">90</a>.<br />
+<br />
+<br />
+<span class="huge">P.</span><br />
+<br />
+<span class="smcap">Parkman</span>, Dr. George, his murder:&mdash;his peculiarities, 72.<br />
+<br />
+<span class="smcap">Penn</span>, William, reply to Macaulay&#8217;s abuse of:&mdash;memoir of, 62 to 71, both inclusive:<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">&mdash;death bed of his son, 71.</span><br />
+<br />
+<span class="smcap">Percival</span>, Thomas, his work, on duelling, <a href="#No_CXLIV">144</a>.<br />
+<br />
+<span class="smcap">Pere la Chaise</span>, 11.<br />
+<br />
+<span class="smcap">Pestilence</span>, numbers destroyed by, 27.<br />
+<br />
+<span class="smcap">Philadelphians</span>, saved from being Welchmen, 68.<br />
+<br />
+<span class="smcap">Physicians</span>, various schools of, named by Pliny, <a href="#No_CX">110</a>, <a href="#No_CXIV">114</a>:<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">&mdash;number of the old Boston doctors, and their residences, <a href="#No_CXII">112</a>.</span><br />
+<br />
+<span class="smcap">Pipers</span>, at funerals, 8.<br />
+<br />
+<span class="smcap">Pirates</span>, hung on Boston Common, 50.<br />
+<br />
+<span class="smcap">Pitcairn</span>, Major, the honor of killing him, claimed by many:&mdash;the remains, under Westminster Abbey, said to have been erroneously selected, from under the North Church, 17.<br />
+<br />
+<span class="smcap">Plague</span>, some account of the, 27.<br />
+<br />
+<span class="smcap">Pliny</span>, in favor of herb doctoring, <a href="#No_CXIV">114</a>.<br />
+<br />
+<span class="smcap">Planter</span>, funeral of an old, in St. Croix, 30.<br />
+<br />
+<span class="smcap">Polhamus</span>, the good Samaritan, 83.<br />
+<br />
+<span class="smcap">Pompadour</span>, Madame de, her remains transferred to the Catacombs, 13.<br />
+<br />
+<span class="smcap">Pontraci</span>, the prince of undertakers, 12.<br />
+<br />
+<span class="smcap">Portland vase</span>, history of the, 20.<br />
+<br />
+<span class="smcap">Pride and Poverty</span>, excess of, dangerous, 87.<br />
+<br />
+<span class="smcap">Punishment</span>, various kinds of, <a href="#No_CLI">151</a>.<br />
+<br />
+<span class="smcap">Punsters</span> habitual, nuisances, <a href="#No_XCIV">94</a>.<br />
+<br />
+<span class="smcap">Pwan Yakoo</span>, and other Chinese, their visit to Boston:&mdash;description of her golden lilies, <a href="#No_CII">102</a>.<br />
+<br />
+<br />
+<span class="huge">Q.</span><br />
+<br />
+<span class="smcap">Quacks</span> of great use to sextons, 27.<br />
+<br />
+<span class="smcap">Quakers</span>, persecution of, in Massachusetts, 62, 63.<br />
+<br />
+<br />
+<span class="huge">R.</span><br />
+<br />
+<span class="smcap">Rand</span>, Dr. Isaac, brief notice of, <a href="#No_CXI">111</a>.<br />
+<br />
+<span class="smcap">Razors</span>, their antiquity:&mdash;mentioned by Homer, Samuel, Ezekiel:&mdash;how sharpened:&mdash;of brass, <a href="#No_CXL">140</a>:<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">&mdash;the best formerly from Palermo, <a href="#No_CXLII">142</a>.</span><br />
+<br />
+<span class="smcap">Recherches</span>, Historiques et Physiologiques sur la Guilotine, <a href="#No_CLII">152</a>.<br />
+<br />
+<span class="smcap">Relics</span>, traffic and jugglery in, by the priests, 17.<br />
+<br />
+<span class="smcap">Republics</span>, extravagance fatal to, 87, 88.<br />
+<br />
+<span class="smcap">Revenge</span> Church of Christ, 37.<br />
+<br />
+<span class="smcap">Revival</span>, amusing example of, on the way to the grave, <a href="#No_XCI">91</a>:<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">&mdash;of a child of Henry Laurens, which caused him to order his own corpse to be burnt, <a href="#No_XCV">95</a>.</span><br />
+<br />
+<span class="smcap">Rochefoucault</span>, maxim erroneously ascribed to, 59.<br />
+<br />
+<span class="smcap">Roman Catholics</span>, persecution of, in Massachusetts, 29.<br />
+<br />
+<span class="smcap">Ross</span>, Sir John, his residence, in the Arctic regions:&mdash;discovery of him and his company, <a href="#No_CLIV">154</a>.<br />
+<br />
+<span class="smcap">Rothschild</span>, Nathan Meyer, his funeral solemnities, 3.<br />
+<br />
+<span class="smcap">Rum</span>, mainspring of the slave trade in Massachusetts, 47.<br />
+<br />
+<span class="smcap">Rush</span>, Dr. Benjamin, alluded to:&mdash;anecdote of, <a href="#No_CXI">111</a>.<br />
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_685" id="Page_685">[Pg 685]</a></span><br />
+<br />
+<span class="huge">S.</span><br />
+<br />
+&#8220;<span class="smcap">Sacred to the memory</span>&#8221;! 77.<br />
+<br />
+<span class="smcap">Santa Cruz</span>, gross extortion there, from surviving friends, 16.<br />
+<br />
+<span class="smcap">Sansons</span>, the hereditary executioners of Paris, <a href="#No_CLI">151</a>, <a href="#No_CLII">152</a>.<br />
+<br />
+<span class="smcap">Sayings</span>, of eminent men, in articulo, or just before death, <a href="#No_C">100</a>.<br />
+<br />
+<span class="smcap">Scotch Weaver&#8217;s Vanity</span>, 39.<br />
+<br />
+<span class="smcap">Selwyn</span>, George, seldom absent from an execution, 50.<br />
+<br />
+<span class="smcap">Seneca</span>, quotation from, 48.<br />
+<br />
+<span class="smcap">Sextons</span>, their office, its origin, and duties, of old:&mdash;their extortion, occasionally, in the hour of affliction, 16<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">&mdash;their business much benefited by steam, 2.</span><br />
+<br />
+<span class="smcap">Science</span>, some curious mistakes of, <a href="#No_CLIV">154</a>.<br />
+<br />
+<span class="smcap">Shays</span>, his insurrection, 29.<br />
+<br />
+<span class="smcap">Shaving</span>, suggestions concerning, <a href="#No_CXL">140</a>.<br />
+<br />
+<span class="smcap">Shelley</span>, the poet, cremation of, 20.<br />
+<br />
+<span class="smcap">Shipwrecks</span>, their number, <a href="#No_CII">102</a>.<br />
+<br />
+<span class="smcap">Slavery</span>, 34:<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">&mdash;in Boston, 43, 47:</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">&mdash;early attempts to abolish, in Massachusetts, 44:</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">&mdash;how and when abolished there, 47:</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">&mdash;Slave trade, in Boston, 47.</span><br />
+<br />
+<span class="smcap">Slaves</span>, example of their ingenuity, 34.<br />
+<br />
+<span class="smcap">Smith</span>, Martin, sexton of King&#8217;s Chapel, his apparition to the sexton of the old school, 76, 77, 78.<br />
+<br />
+<span class="smcap">Soldiers</span>, their sufferings, as statesmen, <a href="#No_C">100</a>.<br />
+<br />
+<span class="smcap">Sons of Liberty</span>, some account of the, 41.<br />
+<br />
+<span class="smcap">Southern States</span>, liberality to Boston, in 1774, 44.<br />
+<br />
+<span class="smcap">Spartans</span>, their mode of selecting wives, <a href="#No_CXV">115</a>.<br />
+<br />
+<span class="smcap">Spider</span> and chambermaid, 29.<br />
+<br />
+<span class="smcap">Spiritual knockings</span>, sometimes resulting in madness, and self-murder, <a href="#No_CLVII">157</a>, <a href="#No_CLVIII">158</a>:<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">&mdash;remedy for, <a href="#No_CLVIII">158</a>.</span><br />
+<br />
+<span class="smcap">Stamp Act</span>, resolutions in Faneuil Hall, 58.<br />
+<br />
+<span class="smcap">Steam</span>, of great benefit to sextons, 27.<br />
+<br />
+<span class="smcap">Sternhold and Hopkins</span>, their version of the Psalms gave place to that of Tate and Brady:&mdash;motive of Sternhold little suspected, <a href="#No_C">100</a>.<br />
+<br />
+<span class="smcap">Stonecutter</span>, anecdote of a, 6.<br />
+<br />
+<span class="smcap">Style</span>, old and new, some account of, <a href="#No_CXVII">117</a>.<br />
+<br />
+<span class="smcap">Succession</span>, Apostolic, 78.<br />
+<br />
+<span class="smcap">Sumner</span>, Governor, funeral of, 39.<br />
+<br />
+<span class="smcap">Sumptuary laws</span>, some account of, 88.<br />
+<br />
+<span class="smcap">Surgeons</span>, the earliest:&mdash;limited nature of their functions, <a href="#No_CVII">107</a>:<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">&mdash;among the Israelites, <a href="#No_CVIII">108</a>.</span><br />
+<br />
+<span class="smcap">Suttees</span>, description of, 74.<br />
+<br />
+<span class="smcap">Swans</span>, their musical power fabulous, <a href="#No_CV">105</a>.<br />
+<br />
+<span class="smcap">Sweating sickness</span>, some account of, 27.<br />
+<br />
+<span class="smcap">Swedenborg</span>, his notions of Heaven:&mdash;of the soul, <a href="#No_XCVI">96</a>.<br />
+<br />
+<br />
+<span class="huge">T.</span><br />
+<br />
+<span class="smcap">Tallow chandler</span>, retired from business, anecdote of, 22.<br />
+<br />
+<span class="smcap">Tasman&#8217;s bowl</span>, used for conjuration, in Tongataboo, 38.<br />
+<br />
+<span class="smcap">Tea</span>, thrown overboard, 44.<br />
+<br />
+<span class="smcap">Tears</span>, power of shedding at will, 32.<br />
+<br />
+<span class="smcap">Temperance</span> &#8220;has done for funerals,&#8221; 2.<br />
+<br />
+<span class="smcap">Tetotum doctor</span>, <a href="#No_CXI">111</a>.<br />
+<br />
+<span class="smcap">Thatcher</span>, Rev. Peter, installation of, 37.<br />
+<br />
+<span class="smcap">Three Cheers</span> for the elephant, 39.<br />
+<br />
+<span class="smcap">Tombs</span>, reasons for preferring graves:&mdash;outrage upon five, in Salem, Massachusetts, 13, 14.<br />
+<br />
+&#8220;<span class="smcap">Too heartily</span> of nutmegs,&#8221; <a href="#No_CIII">103</a>.<br />
+<br />
+<span class="smcap">Tories</span>, their faith in the royal cause, <a href="#No_CXXV">125</a>.<br />
+<br />
+<span class="smcap">Treasures</span>, buried with the dead, 21.<br />
+<br />
+<span class="smcap">Turenne</span>, singular fate of his remains, 23.<br />
+<br />
+<br />
+<span class="huge">U.</span><br />
+<br />
+<span class="smcap">Urns</span>, funeral, forms, and materials of, 20:<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">&mdash;occasionally large enough to contain the mingled ashes of whole families, 21.</span><br />
+<br />
+<span class="smcap">Usury</span>, some remarks on, 48, 52.<br />
+<br />
+<br />
+<span class="huge">V.</span><br />
+<br />
+<span class="smcap">Vales</span>, practice of giving, 27.<br />
+<br />
+<span class="smcap">Vanity</span>, illustration of, 49.<br />
+<br />
+<span class="smcap">Viands</span>, deposited near the dead, 25.<br />
+<br />
+<span class="smcap">Visceration</span> among the ancients, 25.<br />
+<br />
+<span class="smcap">Voltaire</span>, his description of a Frenchman, <a href="#No_CLII">152</a>.<br />
+<br />
+<br />
+<span class="huge">W.</span><br />
+<br />
+<span class="smcap">Wade</span>, Sir Claude M. his account of the East India Fakeer, who was restored, after a suspension of consciousness, for six weeks, <a href="#No_CXXXVII">137</a>, <a href="#No_CXXXVIII">138</a>.<br />
+<br />
+<span class="smcap">Wager of battel</span>, the law of England, so late, as 1819, <a href="#No_CXLV">145</a>.<br />
+<br />
+<span class="smcap">Wakes</span>, their origin:&mdash;some account of, <a href="#No_XCI">91</a>.<br />
+<br />
+<span class="smcap">Warren</span>, Gen. Joseph, manner of discovering his remains:&mdash;the bullet, by which he was killed, in possession of the Montague family, 17.<br />
+<br />
+<span class="smcap">Washington</span>, George, illustration of the reverence for his memory, in New England:&mdash;opinion of, by Lords Erskine and Brougham:&mdash;national neglect of his monument:&mdash;sale of some of his effects, 26.<br />
+<br />
+<span class="smcap">Waterhouse</span>, Dr. Benjamin, anecdote of, <a href="#No_CXI">111</a>.<br />
+<br />
+&#8220;<span class="smcap">Weel then</span> sing as mony as there be,&#8221; <a href="#No_XCIX">99</a>.<br />
+<br />
+<span class="smcap">Webster</span>, Dr. John White, his trial for the murder of Dr. Parkman, 72:<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">&mdash;his case stated, at the close of, 89.</span><br />
+<br />
+<span class="smcap">Weever&#8217;s</span> funeral monuments, 24.<br />
+<br />
+&#8220;<span class="smcap">What</span> that boy says is true,&#8221; <a href="#No_CXIII">113</a>.<br />
+<br />
+<span class="smcap">Widows</span>, Numa severe upon:&mdash;marrying within ten months accounted infamous, 32:<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">&mdash;unjustly censured, <a href="#No_XCVIII">98</a>:</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">&mdash;&#8220;with the great fan,&#8221; <a href="#No_CXIX">119</a>.</span><br />
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_686" id="Page_686">[Pg 686]</a></span><br />
+<span class="smcap">Wigs</span>, scratches, bobs, and full bottomed:&mdash;their antiquity, <a href="#No_CXLII">142</a>, <a href="#No_CXLIII">143</a>:<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">&mdash;periwigs in N. England, <a href="#No_CXLII">142</a>:</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">&mdash;Roman, <a href="#No_CXLIII">143</a>.</span><br />
+<br />
+<span class="smcap">Wills, ancient</span>, <a href="#No_CLV">155</a>, <a href="#No_CLVI">156</a>, <a href="#No_CLX">160</a>:<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">&mdash;superstitious dread of making, <a href="#No_CLV">155</a>:</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">&mdash;Andrew Faneuil&#8217;s, <a href="#No_CXXVII">127</a>.</span><br />
+<br />
+<span class="smcap">Witches</span>, their right to travel through the air, decided by Lord Mansfield, 29.<br />
+<br />
+<span class="smcap">Woodbridge</span>, Benjamin, killed in a duel on Boston Common, <a href="#No_CXXXIII">133 to 137</a>: both inclusive.<br />
+<br />
+<span class="smcap">Wraxall&#8217;s memoirs</span>, inaccurate, <a href="#No_CXLIX">149</a>.<br />
+<br />
+<br />
+<span class="huge">Z.</span><br />
+<br />
+<span class="smcap">Zisca</span>, John, anecdote of, 7.<br />
+</p>
+
+
+
+<p>&nbsp;</p><p>&nbsp;</p>
+<hr style="width: 50%;" />
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_687" id="Page_687">[Pg 687]</a></span></p>
+<p class="title">INDEX TO PROPER NAMES.</p>
+
+<p class="center">The figures refer to the pages&mdash;not to the numbers.</p>
+
+
+<p class="index">
+<span class="huge">A.</span><br />
+<br />
+Abbeville, <a href="#Page_635">635</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Abbott, 112, 204.<br />
+<br />
+Abel, <a href="#Page_429">429</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Aberdeen, <a href="#Page_364">364</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Abner, 9, 13, 108, 172, 173, 197, 289.<br />
+<br />
+Absalom, <a href="#Page_591">591</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Achilles, 12, 17, 67, 107.<br />
+<br />
+Adam, 70, <a href="#Page_429">429</a>, <a href="#Page_605">605</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Adams, <a href="#Page_596">596</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Adams, John, 142, 156, 157, 160, 275, 276, <a href="#Page_394">394</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Adams, John Q., 156, <a href="#Page_394">394</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Adams, Samuel, 142.<br />
+<br />
+Addison, 35, 38, <a href="#Page_454">454</a>, <a href="#Page_606">606</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Admetus, 12.<br />
+<br />
+Adrian, <a href="#Page_584">584</a>.<br />
+<br />
+&AElig;neas, <a href="#Page_382">382</a>.<br />
+<br />
+&AElig;sculapius, <a href="#Page_433">433</a>, <a href="#Page_436">436</a>, <a href="#Page_445">445</a>, <a href="#Page_667">667</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Affslager, <a href="#Page_587">587</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Africa, 33, 168, 435, <a href="#Page_622">622</a>, <a href="#Page_662">662</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Africans, <a href="#Page_632">632</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Africanus, <a href="#Page_583">583</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Agamemnon, 17, <a href="#Page_430">430</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Agathias, 16.<br />
+<br />
+Agrigentum, <a href="#Page_373">373</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Agmondesham, <a href="#Page_676">676</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Agrippa, 261.<br />
+<br />
+Agrippa, Cornelius, <a href="#Page_445">445</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Ahaziah, <a href="#Page_431">431</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Alaricus, 65.<br />
+<br />
+Albany, 38, <a href="#Page_415">415</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Alcock, <a href="#Page_614">614</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Aldgate, <a href="#Page_652">652</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Aldgrave, <a href="#Page_634">634</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Aleet Mong, <a href="#Page_398">398</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Alexander, <a href="#Page_373">373</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Allen, <a href="#Page_353">353</a>, <a href="#Page_495">495</a>, <a href="#Page_502">502</a>, <a href="#Page_503">503</a>, <a href="#Page_601">601</a>, <a href="#Page_610">610</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Allwick, 69.<br />
+<br />
+Almotanah, 123.<br />
+<br />
+Almshouse, 24.<br />
+<br />
+Alvanley, <a href="#Page_606">606</a>.<br />
+<br />
+America, 265, <a href="#Page_416">416</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Ames, 91, <a href="#Page_630">630</a>, <a href="#Page_631">631</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Ammianus, 64.<br />
+<br />
+Amphytrion, 217, <a href="#Page_581">581</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Amoon, <a href="#Page_398">398</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Amory, 94.<br />
+<br />
+Amsterdam, <a href="#Page_456">456</a>, <a href="#Page_622">622</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Anderson, 309.<br />
+<br />
+Andover, <a href="#Page_561">561</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Andr&eacute;, 57 to 62, passim.<br />
+<br />
+Andrews, 24, 159.<br />
+<br />
+Andros, 298.<br />
+<br />
+Anecy, 56.<br />
+<br />
+Angouleme, 124.<br />
+<br />
+Anio, <a href="#Page_617">617</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Annan, 286.<br />
+<br />
+Anne Boleyn, <a href="#Page_477">477</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Annelly, <a href="#Page_423">423</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Anne of Cleves, 78, 81, <a href="#Page_410">410</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Anne, Queen, 186, 248, 262, <a href="#Page_365">365</a>, <a href="#Page_406">406</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Antijacobin, <a href="#Page_612">612</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Antoninus, 67.<br />
+<br />
+Antony, <a href="#Page_579">579</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Antwerp, <a href="#Page_618">618</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Appleton, <a href="#Page_450">450</a>, <a href="#Page_506">506</a>, <a href="#Page_538">538</a>, <a href="#Page_630">630</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Apthorp, 297.<br />
+<br />
+Arabian Nights, 269.<br />
+<br />
+Arabs, 119, 123.<br />
+<br />
+Aratus, 12.<br />
+<br />
+Archelaus, 102, <a href="#Page_591">591</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Archimimus, 98.<br />
+<br />
+Arcueil, 39, 42.<br />
+<br />
+Argiletum, <a href="#Page_587">587</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Aristotle, 186, 217, 218.<br />
+<br />
+Arkwright, <a href="#Page_420">420</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Arnaud, <a href="#Page_419">419</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Arnold, 62, 228, 338, 339, 340.<br />
+<br />
+Arundel, 157.<br />
+<br />
+Asa, <a href="#Page_430">430</a>, <a href="#Page_434">434</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Aselepiades, <a href="#Page_358">358</a>, <a href="#Page_373">373</a>, <a href="#Page_443">443</a>, <a href="#Page_460">460</a>, <a href="#Page_461">461</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Ashford, <a href="#Page_604">604</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Ashmole Museum, <a href="#Page_613">613</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Asiatic Researches, <a href="#Page_435">435</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Athen&aelig; Oxonienses, 133, 135, 136, 232, 248, 250, <a href="#Page_425">425</a>, <a href="#Page_640">640</a>, <a href="#Page_642">642</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Athens, 11, 88, 343, <a href="#Page_373">373</a>, <a href="#Page_420">420</a>, <a href="#Page_442">442</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Atherton, 30, 167.<br />
+<br />
+Atossa, <a href="#Page_465">465</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Atticus, 51, <a href="#Page_474">474</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Attleborough, 31.<br />
+<br />
+Auchterpool, <a href="#Page_603">603</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Augustines, <a href="#Page_652">652</a>, <a href="#Page_654">654</a>, <a href="#Page_677">677</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Augustus, 99, <a href="#Page_583">583</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Auld Reekie, 334.<br />
+<br />
+Aulus Gellius, 218.<br />
+<br />
+Austin, <a href="#Page_449">449</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Austria, 321.<br />
+<br />
+Austrians, <a href="#Page_539">539</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Auxerre, 220.<br />
+<br />
+Avery, 166, 167.<br />
+<br />
+Aviola, 49, <a href="#Page_373">373</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Avis, 92.<br />
+<br />
+Aymar, <a href="#Page_438">438</a>, <a href="#Page_454">454</a>, <a href="#Page_455">455</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Azotus, 33.<br />
+<br />
+<br />
+<span class="huge">B.</span><br />
+<br />
+Bacon, Roger, <a href="#Page_360">360</a>, <a href="#Page_361">361</a>, <a href="#Page_362">362</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Bacon, Lord, 185, 188, <a href="#Page_375">375</a>, <a href="#Page_376">376</a>, <a href="#Page_445">445</a>, <a href="#Page_641">641</a>, <a href="#Page_642">642</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Babylon, <a href="#Page_406">406</a>, <a href="#Page_422">422</a>, <a href="#Page_432">432</a>, <a href="#Page_433">433</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Babylonians, <a href="#Page_664">664</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Bai&aelig;, 320.<br />
+<br />
+Bahar Loth, 123.<br />
+<br />
+Bailey, 246.<br />
+<br />
+Bainbridge, <a href="#Page_610">610</a>, <a href="#Page_624">624</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Balch, 269, <a href="#Page_353">353</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Baldwin, 57, 181, 303, 311.<br />
+<br />
+Ball, <a href="#Page_624">624</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Ballyconnel, 194.<br />
+<br />
+Ballymahon, 195.<br />
+<br />
+Ballyshannon, <a href="#Page_355">355</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Balmarino, <a href="#Page_629">629</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Bancroft, 277.<br />
+<br />
+Banians, <a href="#Page_377">377</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Banks, 298, 424.<br />
+<br />
+Barataria, 123, 265.<br />
+<br />
+Barbaroux, <a href="#Page_426">426</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Barbary, 88.<br />
+<br />
+Barbut, 29.<br />
+<br />
+Barcephas, 120.<br />
+<br />
+Barclay, 252.<br />
+<br />
+Barker, <a href="#Page_642">642</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Barlow, 288, <a href="#Page_361">361</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Barnes, <a href="#Page_451">451</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Barnard, 24.<br />
+<br />
+Barra Durree, <a href="#Page_570">570</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Barr&eacute;, 140, 145, <a href="#Page_416">416</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Barrington, <a href="#Page_606">606</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Barron, <a href="#Page_608">608</a>, <a href="#Page_609">609</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Barrow, <a href="#Page_398">398</a>, <a href="#Page_400">400</a>, <a href="#Page_402">402</a>, <a href="#Page_403">403</a>.<br />
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_688" id="Page_688">[Pg 688]</a></span><br />
+Barrow&#8217;s Strait, <a href="#Page_645">645</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Barton, <a href="#Page_561">561</a>, <a href="#Page_562">562</a>, <a href="#Page_563">563</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Bartholomew, <a href="#Page_633">633</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Bartholomew&#8217;s Eve, 93.<br />
+<br />
+Bassorah, 88.<br />
+<br />
+Bastile, 84.<br />
+<br />
+Bate, <a href="#Page_601">601</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Battenkill, 303.<br />
+<br />
+Baulny, <a href="#Page_639">639</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Baulston, 228.<br />
+<br />
+Baxter, 252.<br />
+<br />
+Bayard, <a href="#Page_393">393</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Bayeaux, <a href="#Page_519">519</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Bayle, 56, <a href="#Page_358">358</a>, <a href="#Page_380">380</a>, <a href="#Page_388">388</a>, <a href="#Page_391">391</a>, <a href="#Page_455">455</a>, <a href="#Page_672">672</a>, <a href="#Page_673">673</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Bayley, <a href="#Page_597">597</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Baynton, <a href="#Page_516">516</a>, <a href="#Page_519">519</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Bay State, 163.<br />
+<br />
+Beattie, <a href="#Page_360">360</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Beauchamp, <a href="#Page_529">529</a>, <a href="#Page_651">651</a>, <a href="#Page_655">655</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Beaufort, <a href="#Page_607">607</a>, <a href="#Page_674">674</a>, <a href="#Page_675">675</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Beccaria, 207.<br />
+<br />
+Beckford, 145.<br />
+<br />
+Bedouin, 119.<br />
+<br />
+Beecher, <a href="#Page_372">372</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Belcher, 298.<br />
+<br />
+Belfast, <a href="#Page_389">389</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Belknap, 163 to 167, and 283 to 286, passim: <a href="#Page_368">368</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Bellamont, <a href="#Page_605">605</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Bellingham, 228, 229, 230.<br />
+<br />
+Belochus, <a href="#Page_465">465</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Belzoni, 33.<br />
+<br />
+Bengal, 281.<br />
+<br />
+Benin, 33.<br />
+<br />
+Bennington, <a href="#Page_415">415</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Bentham, 27, 52, 176, <a href="#Page_605">605</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Benton, 159.<br />
+<br />
+Bergen-op-Zoom, <a href="#Page_549">549</a>, <a href="#Page_613">613</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Berlin, 89.<br />
+<br />
+Bernon, <a href="#Page_496">496</a>, <a href="#Page_508">508</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Berthier, 109.<br />
+<br />
+Bertrand, <a href="#Page_639">639</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Bethune, <a href="#Page_495">495</a>, <a href="#Page_506">506</a>, <a href="#Page_508">508</a>, <a href="#Page_514">514</a>, <a href="#Page_567">567</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Beuoron, <a href="#Page_607">607</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Bias, 217, 218.<br />
+<br />
+Bichat, <a href="#Page_357">357</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Bildad, 217.<br />
+<br />
+Billes, 147.<br />
+<br />
+Biographia Brittanica, <a href="#Page_363">363</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Bishop, 27, 227.<br />
+<br />
+Blackburn, <a href="#Page_508">508</a>, <a href="#Page_523">523</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Black Prince, <a href="#Page_649">649</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Blackstone, 301.<br />
+<br />
+Blackwood&#8217;s Mag., 243.<br />
+<br />
+Blaisdell, 182, 183.<br />
+<br />
+Blanche, <a href="#Page_608">608</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Blin, <a href="#Page_562">562</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Blitheman, <a href="#Page_426">426</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Blitz, <a href="#Page_665">665</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Blundell, <a href="#Page_606">606</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Boccacio, 218, <a href="#Page_422">422</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Bodkin, 189, 190, 192, <a href="#Page_440">440</a>, <a href="#Page_441">441</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Bogle, 195.<br />
+<br />
+Boies, 159.<br />
+<br />
+Bolton Abbey, <a href="#Page_678">678</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Bondet, <a href="#Page_497">497</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Bonet, 49.<br />
+<br />
+Bonner, <a href="#Page_506">506</a>, <a href="#Page_550">550</a>, <a href="#Page_562">562</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Bonrepaux, 239, 240, 242.<br />
+<br />
+Boodle, 171, 172, 173.<br />
+<br />
+Boorn, 301 to 331, passim.<br />
+<br />
+Borri, <a href="#Page_456">456</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Borromeo, 220.<br />
+<br />
+Bose, <a href="#Page_643">643</a>, <a href="#Page_644">644</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Bosius, <a href="#Page_437">437</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Bosphorus, 22.<br />
+<br />
+Bosson, <a href="#Page_597">597</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Bossuet, <a href="#Page_671">671</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Boston, 66, 125, 151, 153, 165, 167, 179, 184, 191, 194, 210, 221, 223, 270, <a href="#Page_351">351</a>, <a href="#Page_452">452</a>, <a href="#Page_497">497</a>, <a href="#Page_514">514</a>, <a href="#Page_536">536</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Boston Athen&#8217;m, 269, 324.<br />
+<br />
+Boston Common, <a href="#Page_549">549</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Boswell, <a href="#Page_601">601</a>, <a href="#Page_602">602</a>, <a href="#Page_603">603</a>, <a href="#Page_606">606</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Bottom, <a href="#Page_592">592</a>, <a href="#Page_624">624</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Boudinot, <a href="#Page_496">496</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Bourbon, <a href="#Page_393">393</a>, <a href="#Page_675">675</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Bourbon, Jeanne of, 74.<br />
+<br />
+Bourdeaux, 210.<br />
+<br />
+Boutineau, <a href="#Page_496">496</a>, <a href="#Page_498">498</a>, <a href="#Page_510">510</a>, <a href="#Page_512">512</a>, <a href="#Page_514">514</a>, <a href="#Page_531">531</a>, <a href="#Page_566">566</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Bouttville, <a href="#Page_607">607</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Bowdoin, 284, <a href="#Page_496">496</a>, <a href="#Page_498">498</a>, <a href="#Page_508">508</a>, <a href="#Page_538">538</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Bowen, <a href="#Page_557">557</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Bowers, 82.<br />
+<br />
+Boyd, <a href="#Page_606">606</a>, <a href="#Page_614">614</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Boyle, 243, <a href="#Page_535">535</a>, <a href="#Page_597">597</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Brachmans, <a href="#Page_377">377</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Brackett, <a href="#Page_592">592</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Braddock, <a href="#Page_394">394</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Bradford, 19, 301, <a href="#Page_632">632</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Brady, 31, 55, <a href="#Page_597">597</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Brague, 220.<br />
+<br />
+Brand, <a href="#Page_402">402</a>, <a href="#Page_589">589</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Brandreth, 86.<br />
+<br />
+Brandywine, <a href="#Page_415">415</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Branodunum, 65.<br />
+<br />
+Bray, 81, <a href="#Page_677">677</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Braybrooke, <a href="#Page_577">577</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Breck, 270, 271.<br />
+<br />
+Breckenridge, <a href="#Page_605">605</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Breed, <a href="#Page_597">597</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Briareus, 56, 91.<br />
+<br />
+Briar&#8217;s Creek, <a href="#Page_415">415</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Briggs, 175.<br />
+<br />
+Brighton, <a href="#Page_508">508</a>, <a href="#Page_525">525</a>, <a href="#Page_527">527</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Bristol, <a href="#Page_508">508</a>.<br />
+<br />
+British Critic, <a href="#Page_622">622</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Britons, <a href="#Page_585">585</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Brocklebank, 174.<br />
+<br />
+Brockwell, 297.<br />
+<br />
+Bromeholme, <a href="#Page_656">656</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Bromfield, 269, <a href="#Page_564">564</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Brooks, <a href="#Page_352">352</a>, <a href="#Page_353">353</a>, <a href="#Page_553">553</a>, <a href="#Page_554">554</a>, <a href="#Page_609">609</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Brougham, 84, 347.<br />
+<br />
+Brouillan, <a href="#Page_529">529</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Brown, <a href="#Page_580">580</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Browne, 42, 65, 67, 118, 122, 131, 180, 215, 227, 282, <a href="#Page_419">419</a>, <a href="#Page_431">431</a>, <a href="#Page_478">478</a>, <a href="#Page_640">640</a>, <a href="#Page_660">660</a>, <a href="#Page_664">664</a>, <a href="#Page_677">677</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Bruce, <a href="#Page_549">549</a>, <a href="#Page_551">551</a>, <a href="#Page_662">662</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Bruli, <a href="#Page_651">651</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Buchanan, 58, 59, 61, <a href="#Page_436">436</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Buckingham, <a href="#Page_479">479</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Buckley, <a href="#Page_532">532</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Buddikin, 108.<br />
+<br />
+Buffon, <a href="#Page_420">420</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Buissiere, <a href="#Page_455">455</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Bulfinch, <a href="#Page_450">450</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Bull, <a href="#Page_414">414</a>, <a href="#Page_415">415</a>, <a href="#Page_426">426</a>, <a href="#Page_427">427</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Bullivant, 298.<br />
+<br />
+Bulwer, <a href="#Page_592">592</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Bungs, <a href="#Page_463">463</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Bunker&#8217;s Hill, 54, 55, <a href="#Page_415">415</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Buononcini, <a href="#Page_422">422</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Burdett, <a href="#Page_606">606</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Bureau, <a href="#Page_507">507</a>, <a href="#Page_530">530</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Burgoyne, <a href="#Page_353">353</a>, <a href="#Page_617">617</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Burgundy, <a href="#Page_614">614</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Burke, 27, 268, <a href="#Page_613">613</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Burleigh, 76, <a href="#Page_661">661</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Burnett, 33, 76, 233, 262, <a href="#Page_551">551</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Burney, <a href="#Page_427">427</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Burr, 332, <a href="#Page_605">605</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Burritt, 177.<br />
+<br />
+Burton, 26, 66.<br />
+<br />
+Busching, 119.<br />
+<br />
+Bute, 140, 146.<br />
+<br />
+Butler, 56, 208, <a href="#Page_361">361</a>, <a href="#Page_454">454</a>, <a href="#Page_622">622</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Byles, 143, also <a href="#Page_363">363 to 372</a>, passim: also <a href="#Page_546">546</a>.<br />
+<br />
+<br />
+<span class="huge">C.</span><br />
+<br />
+Cades, 152.<br />
+<br />
+C&aelig;sar, Augustus, 29, 36, 99, <a href="#Page_595">595</a>, <a href="#Page_679">679</a>.<br />
+<br />
+C&aelig;sar, Julius, 29, <a href="#Page_474">474</a>, <a href="#Page_579">579</a>, <a href="#Page_585">585</a>.<br />
+<br />
+C&aelig;sars, the twelve, 67.<br />
+<br />
+C&aelig;sar, the slave, 31.<br />
+<br />
+Caffraria, 103.<br />
+<br />
+Cain, <a href="#Page_377">377</a>, <a href="#Page_429">429</a>, <a href="#Page_556">556</a>, <a href="#Page_615">615</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Cairo, 241.<br />
+<br />
+Caius, 88, <a href="#Page_585">585</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Calabria, 87.<br />
+<br />
+Calais, <a href="#Page_657">657</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Calhoun, 114.<br />
+<br />
+Calcraft, 346.<br />
+<br />
+California, 101.<br />
+<br />
+Calinglond, <a href="#Page_677">677</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Callender, 163.<br />
+<br />
+Calmet, 119, 120, 187, <a href="#Page_436">436</a>, <a href="#Page_582">582</a>, <a href="#Page_615">615</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Callowhill, 267.<br />
+<br />
+Calvin, <a href="#Page_548">548</a>, <a href="#Page_549">549</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Calypso, <a href="#Page_420">420</a>.<br />
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_689" id="Page_689">[Pg 689]</a></span><br />
+Cambridge, <a href="#Page_630">630</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Camden, 145, 146, <a href="#Page_383">383</a>, <a href="#Page_415">415</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Camerarius, <a href="#Page_373">373</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Cameron, <a href="#Page_621">621</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Camillus Papers, 277.<br />
+<br />
+Campbell, <a href="#Page_614">614</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Caner, 289 to 300, passim.<br />
+<br />
+Canning, <a href="#Page_606">606</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Canso, <a href="#Page_567">567</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Canterbury, <a href="#Page_520">520</a>, <a href="#Page_656">656</a>, <a href="#Page_669">669</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Cape Anne, 16.<br />
+<br />
+Capet, 73, 81, <a href="#Page_637">637</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Capulets, <a href="#Page_351">351</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Cardigan, <a href="#Page_606">606</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Caribs, 130.<br />
+<br />
+Carisbroke Castle, <a href="#Page_606">606</a>, <a href="#Page_673">673</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Carmelites, <a href="#Page_652">652</a>, <a href="#Page_654">654</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Carne, 117, 119.<br />
+<br />
+Carroll, 181.<br />
+<br />
+Carter, 148.<br />
+<br />
+Carthago, 152.<br />
+<br />
+Carthusians, <a href="#Page_651">651</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Cartwright, 240.<br />
+<br />
+Cass, 85, 110.<br />
+<br />
+Cassieres, 59.<br />
+<br />
+Castalio, <a href="#Page_549">549</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Castellan, <a href="#Page_358">358</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Castelnau, <a href="#Page_384">384</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Castlereagh, <a href="#Page_606">606</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Catanea, 33.<br />
+<br />
+Catholics, <a href="#Page_535">535</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Catlin, 23.<br />
+<br />
+Cato, 71, <a href="#Page_431">431</a>, <a href="#Page_442">442</a>, <a href="#Page_443">443</a>, <a href="#Page_444">444</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Catti, <a href="#Page_585">585</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Caulfield, <a href="#Page_382">382</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Cavan, 193.<br />
+<br />
+Cecil, <a href="#Page_661">661</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Cecrops, 64.<br />
+<br />
+Celsus, <a href="#Page_429">429</a>, <a href="#Page_462">462</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Cemetery des Innocens, 39, 43, 65.<br />
+<br />
+Cephrenes, <a href="#Page_384">384</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Chace, 310 to 330, passim.<br />
+<br />
+Chadsey, 80.<br />
+<br />
+Chadwick, 212, 278, 320, 321, 322, 333, <a href="#Page_569">569</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Chaise, P&egrave;re la, <a href="#Page_672">672</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Chaldeans, <a href="#Page_661">661</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Chalmers, 49, 238, 248, 249, 268, <a href="#Page_363">363</a>, <a href="#Page_427">427</a>, <a href="#Page_480">480</a>, <a href="#Page_516">516</a>, <a href="#Page_612">612</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Chamberlain, 77, 80.<br />
+<br />
+Chamouni, <a href="#Page_400">400</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Chantilly, <a href="#Page_419">419</a>, <a href="#Page_420">420</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Chapel Yard, 225.<br />
+<br />
+Chapotin, <a href="#Page_568">568</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Chappelle, <a href="#Page_612">612</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Chardon, <a href="#Page_533">533</a>, <a href="#Page_534">534</a>, <a href="#Page_538">538</a>, <a href="#Page_541">541</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Charles, Archduke, <a href="#Page_620">620</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Charles I., 133, 134, 135, 137, 138, 157, 177, 248, <a href="#Page_436">436</a>, <a href="#Page_477">477</a>, <a href="#Page_673">673</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Charles II., 99, 136, 159, 170, 177, 248, 249, 259, 309, <a href="#Page_426">426</a>, <a href="#Page_479">479</a>, <a href="#Page_592">592</a>, <a href="#Page_606">606</a>, <a href="#Page_672">672</a>, <a href="#Page_673">673</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Charles V., 25, 74, <a href="#Page_390">390</a>, <a href="#Page_392">392</a>, <a href="#Page_619">619</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Charles IX., <a href="#Page_475">475</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Charles XII., 217.<br />
+<br />
+Charleston, 112, <a href="#Page_405">405</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Charlestown, <a href="#Page_608">608</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Charlemagne, 37, 73.<br />
+<br />
+Charlotte, Queen, 145.<br />
+<br />
+Charlton, 125.<br />
+<br />
+Charon, 68.<br />
+<br />
+Charpentiere, <a href="#Page_648">648</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Chartreuse, 162.<br />
+<br />
+Chateaubriand, 117, 118, 119, 122.<br />
+<br />
+Chatham, 146, 417.<br />
+<br />
+Chaumette, <a href="#Page_637">637</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Chauncey, 148, <a href="#Page_546">546</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Chazlett, 244.<br />
+<br />
+Checkley, <a href="#Page_546">546</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Cheever, <a href="#Page_450">450</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Chelesfield, <a href="#Page_653">653</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Chenoo, 129.<br />
+<br />
+Cheops, <a href="#Page_384">384</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Chesapeake, <a href="#Page_608">608</a>, <a href="#Page_609">609</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Chester, 239, 240, <a href="#Page_650">650</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Chesterfield, 108.<br />
+<br />
+Chevy Chace, <a href="#Page_425">425</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Cheverus, 210, <a href="#Page_410">410</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Cheyne, <a href="#Page_649">649</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Chicago, <a href="#Page_357">357</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Chigwell, 248.<br />
+<br />
+Childe, <a href="#Page_426">426</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Chilperic, 66, 67.<br />
+<br />
+China, 93, 94, 106, <a href="#Page_397">397</a>, <a href="#Page_401">401</a>, <a href="#Page_481">481</a>, <a href="#Page_586">586</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Chinese, 67, <a href="#Page_632">632</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Chiron, <a href="#Page_429">429</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Chitty, 192.<br />
+<br />
+Christ Church, 143.<br />
+<br />
+Christian Observer, 281.<br />
+<br />
+Christianstadt, 97.<br />
+<br />
+Christina, <a href="#Page_456">456</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Christmas, 124, <a href="#Page_671">671</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Christopherson, 228.<br />
+<br />
+Chronicles, 122, <a href="#Page_430">430</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Chrysippus, <a href="#Page_442">442</a>, <a href="#Page_443">443</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Chrysostom, <a href="#Page_437">437</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Chuang-tsze, <a href="#Page_482">482 to 494</a>, passim.<br />
+<br />
+Cicero, 51, 64, 79, 97, 176, 214, 217, 218, 279, 282, <a href="#Page_377">377</a>, <a href="#Page_381">381</a>, <a href="#Page_419">419</a>, <a href="#Page_443">443</a>, <a href="#Page_578">578</a>, <a href="#Page_579">579</a>, <a href="#Page_583">583</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Cimon, 11.<br />
+<br />
+Circe, <a href="#Page_445">445</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Claflin, 124.<br />
+<br />
+Clarendon, 135, 136, 137, <a href="#Page_649">649</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Clarissa, 320.<br />
+<br />
+Clare, <a href="#Page_606">606</a>, <a href="#Page_652">652</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Clarke, 121, 122, 129, 132, 159, <a href="#Page_378">378</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Clarkson, 237 to 269, pas.<br />
+<br />
+Claudius, 67, 99.<br />
+<br />
+Claudius Pulcher, <a href="#Page_432">432</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Clemens Alexandrinus, <a href="#Page_429">429</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Clement, 121, <a href="#Page_650">650</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Cleomenes, <a href="#Page_590">590</a>, <a href="#Page_600">600</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Clerimont, <a href="#Page_591">591</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Clifford, 271, <a href="#Page_651">651</a>, <a href="#Page_657">657</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Clinton, 60, 62.<br />
+<br />
+Clytemnestra, 11.<br />
+<br />
+Cobbett, <a href="#Page_417">417</a>, <a href="#Page_447">447</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Cobham, 20, <a href="#Page_654">654</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Coke, 181.<br />
+<br />
+Colclough, <a href="#Page_614">614</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Colebrooke, 22.<br />
+<br />
+Colman, 214, <a href="#Page_638">638</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Columbus, <a href="#Page_362">362</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Colvin, 301 to 331, passim.<br />
+<br />
+Commodus, 67.<br />
+<br />
+Concord, <a href="#Page_415">415</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Cond&eacute;, <a href="#Page_455">455</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Condy, <a href="#Page_516">516</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Coneyball, 299.<br />
+<br />
+Confucius, <a href="#Page_383">383</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Congo, 129.<br />
+<br />
+Conrad, <a href="#Page_556">556</a>, <a href="#Page_564">564</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Constantinople, 22, 55, 87, 88.<br />
+<br />
+Constantius, 55.<br />
+<br />
+Conway, 145, <a href="#Page_458">458</a>, <a href="#Page_538">538</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Cook, 129, <a href="#Page_561">561</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Cooley, 316.<br />
+<br />
+Coolidge, 180.<br />
+<br />
+Cooper, 181, <a href="#Page_546">546</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Copeland, 227.<br />
+<br />
+Copley, <a href="#Page_371">371</a>, <a href="#Page_508">508</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Corday, <a href="#Page_639">639</a>, <a href="#Page_640">640</a>, <a href="#Page_641">641</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Cornish, 237, 332.<br />
+<br />
+Cornwall, <a href="#Page_650">650</a>, <a href="#Page_676">676</a>.<br />
+<br />
+&#8220;Corpse Hill,&#8221; 92.<br />
+<br />
+Corry, 232.<br />
+<br />
+Cortez, <a href="#Page_593">593</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Cossart, <a href="#Page_507">507</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Cotton, 229, 230.<br />
+<br />
+Courland, 227.<br />
+<br />
+Courrier Extraordinaire, <a href="#Page_639">639</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Courtnay, <a href="#Page_656">656</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Coventry, 180.<br />
+<br />
+Cow Lane, <a href="#Page_596">596</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Cowley, <a href="#Page_478">478</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Cowper, 222, <a href="#Page_596">596</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Cox, 252.<br />
+<br />
+Cranmer, 279.<br />
+<br />
+Crawford, <a href="#Page_436">436</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Creech, 244.<br />
+<br />
+Crequi, <a href="#Page_606">606</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Crespigney, <a href="#Page_606">606</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Creusa, <a href="#Page_382">382</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Crinas, <a href="#Page_443">443</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Cripplegate, <a href="#Page_477">477</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Crocker, <a href="#Page_405">405</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Crockett, 209.<br />
+<br />
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_690" id="Page_690">[Pg 690]</a></span>Croese, 239, 240, 242, 262.<br />
+<br />
+Crofts, <a href="#Page_616">616</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Cromartic, <a href="#Page_629">629</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Cromwell, 134, 135, 170, 177.<br />
+<br />
+Cromwell&#8217;s Head, <a href="#Page_597">597</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Crosby, <a href="#Page_598">598</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Croyland Abbey, 124.<br />
+<br />
+Cruikshanks, <a href="#Page_401">401</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Cullender, 33, <a href="#Page_664">664</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Cunningham, <a href="#Page_538">538</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Curran, <a href="#Page_605">605</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Curwen, <a href="#Page_513">513</a>, <a href="#Page_595">595</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Cushing, <a href="#Page_537">537</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Cutbeard, <a href="#Page_591">591</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Cuthbert, 37, <a href="#Page_606">606</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Cutler, <a href="#Page_508">508</a>, <a href="#Page_546">546</a>, <a href="#Page_551">551</a>, <a href="#Page_553">553</a>, <a href="#Page_554">554</a>, <a href="#Page_563">563</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Cutter, <a href="#Page_509">509</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Cyclops, <a href="#Page_430">430</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Cyrus, 332.<br />
+<br />
+<br />
+<span class="huge">D.</span><br />
+<br />
+Daddy Osgood, <a href="#Page_578">578</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Dagobert, 74.<br />
+<br />
+Daill&eacute;, <a href="#Page_497">497</a>, <a href="#Page_498">498</a>, <a href="#Page_507">507</a>, <a href="#Page_546">546</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Damberger, <a href="#Page_622">622</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Dammory, <a href="#Page_652">652</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Dana, 142, 190, 191, 276, 337.<br />
+<br />
+Danes, <a href="#Page_614">614</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Danforth, <a href="#Page_448">448</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Darden, 184.<br />
+<br />
+Davenport, 299, <a href="#Page_509">509</a>, <a href="#Page_510">510</a>, <a href="#Page_512">512</a>, <a href="#Page_531">531</a>, <a href="#Page_535">535</a>, <a href="#Page_546">546</a>, <a href="#Page_547">547</a>, <a href="#Page_566">566</a>.<br />
+<br />
+David, 16, 221, <a href="#Page_617">617</a>, <a href="#Page_618">618</a>, <a href="#Page_619">619</a>, <a href="#Page_620">620</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Davis, <a href="#Page_397">397</a>, <a href="#Page_399">399</a>, <a href="#Page_400">400</a>, <a href="#Page_402">402</a>, <a href="#Page_586">586</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Dead Sea, 116, 118, 119, 121, 123.<br />
+<br />
+D&#8217;Acres, <a href="#Page_652">652</a>.<br />
+<br />
+D&#8217;Arblay, 105.<br />
+<br />
+De Blois, 24, <a href="#Page_662">662</a>.<br />
+<br />
+De Burgh, <a href="#Page_652">652</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Decatur, <a href="#Page_609">609</a>, <a href="#Page_610">610</a>, <a href="#Page_611">611</a>, <a href="#Page_624">624</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Dedication, <a href="#Page_679">679</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Defoe, 87.<br />
+<br />
+De Grandison, <a href="#Page_653">653</a>.<br />
+<br />
+De Henricourt, <a href="#Page_607">607</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Dehon, <a href="#Page_597">597</a>.<br />
+<br />
+De Hoveden, <a href="#Page_669">669</a>.<br />
+<br />
+De la Croix, <a href="#Page_507">507</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Delancey, <a href="#Page_509">509</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Delaware, 252.<br />
+<br />
+Delia, 100.<br />
+<br />
+Demades, 52.<br />
+<br />
+Demarat, 58, 59.<br />
+<br />
+De Medicis, <a href="#Page_661">661</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Demetrius, 97.<br />
+<br />
+Deming, 302, 312, 322.<br />
+<br />
+Democritus, <a href="#Page_360">360</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Demosthenes, 97.<br />
+<br />
+Dentrecolles, <a href="#Page_481">481</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Denmark, 52, 53, 88, <a href="#Page_640">640</a>.<br />
+<br />
+De Pauw, <a href="#Page_400">400</a>, <a href="#Page_402">402</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Deptford, 267.<br />
+<br />
+De Ris, <a href="#Page_607">607</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Desdemona, 82.<br />
+<br />
+Deshon, <a href="#Page_538">538</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Despencer, <a href="#Page_655">655</a>.<br />
+<br />
+De Thou, <a href="#Page_622">622</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Dettingen, <a href="#Page_623">623</a>.<br />
+<br />
+De Uzerches, <a href="#Page_607">607</a>.<br />
+<br />
+De Valence, <a href="#Page_655">655</a>.<br />
+<br />
+De Vassor, <a href="#Page_612">612</a>.<br />
+<br />
+De Verdon, <a href="#Page_652">652</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Devergie, <a href="#Page_357">357</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Devereux, <a href="#Page_677">677</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Devon, <a href="#Page_677">677</a>.<br />
+<br />
+De Warre, <a href="#Page_654">654</a>.<br />
+<br />
+De Worde, 125.<br />
+<br />
+Dexter, 25, <a href="#Page_450">450</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Didian Law, 342.<br />
+<br />
+Dido, <a href="#Page_382">382</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Dickens, <a href="#Page_568">568</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Dickson, 31.<br />
+<br />
+Diemerbroeck, 49.<br />
+<br />
+Diemschid, <a href="#Page_475">475</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Digby, <a href="#Page_640">640</a>, <a href="#Page_641">641</a>, <a href="#Page_642">642</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Diodorus, 18, 342.<br />
+<br />
+Diogenes, 16, 17, 18, 217.<br />
+<br />
+Diogenes Laertius, <a href="#Page_373">373</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Dionysius, 12, 98, <a href="#Page_583">583</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Dirk Hatteraick, 238.<br />
+<br />
+Dodsley&#8217;s Annual Register, <a href="#Page_578">578</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Domitian, 67, 106, 120.<br />
+<br />
+Don Quixote, <a href="#Page_591">591</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Doolittle, 330.<br />
+<br />
+Dorchester Neck, <a href="#Page_575">575</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Dorchester Point, <a href="#Page_643">643</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Doring, <a href="#Page_564">564</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Dorsett, 66, <a href="#Page_613">613</a>, <a href="#Page_622">622</a>, <a href="#Page_677">677</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Douglas, <a href="#Page_425">425</a>, <a href="#Page_536">536</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Dover, 319.<br />
+<br />
+Doyle, <a href="#Page_634">634</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Dowse, <a href="#Page_541">541</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Draco, 206, 207, 209, 226.<br />
+<br />
+Draper, 91.<br />
+<br />
+Drury, <a href="#Page_361">361</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Druses, <a href="#Page_400">400</a>, <a href="#Page_401">401</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Dryden, <a href="#Page_478">478</a>, <a href="#Page_480">480</a>, <a href="#Page_481">481</a>, <a href="#Page_576">576</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Du Barri, <a href="#Page_671">671</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Dublin, 89, 249.<br />
+<br />
+Dubois, <a href="#Page_635">635</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Ducange, <a href="#Page_648">648</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Dudley, 181, 298, <a href="#Page_497">497</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Duff, 129, <a href="#Page_435">435</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Dugdale, <a href="#Page_647">647</a>, <a href="#Page_648">648</a>, <a href="#Page_674">674</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Du Halde, 402.<br />
+<br />
+Dulany, <a href="#Page_601">601</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Dummer, <a href="#Page_550">550</a>, <a href="#Page_551">551</a>, <a href="#Page_552">552</a>, <a href="#Page_556">556</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Dumont, <a href="#Page_605">605</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Dundee, 31.<br />
+<br />
+Dunciad, <a href="#Page_480">480</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Dunmow, 124.<br />
+<br />
+Duny, 331, <a href="#Page_640">640</a>, <a href="#Page_664">664</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Duport, <a href="#Page_636">636</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Durandus, 124.<br />
+<br />
+Dutch, <a href="#Page_578">578</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Dyer, 232.<br />
+<br />
+<br />
+<span class="huge">E.</span><br />
+<br />
+Earle, 94.<br />
+<br />
+Easter Eve, <a href="#Page_675">675</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Eastman, 182, 183.<br />
+<br />
+Easton, 158.<br />
+<br />
+Eatooa, <a href="#Page_378">378</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Ecclesiastes, 111, 267.<br />
+<br />
+Ecclesiasticus, <a href="#Page_431">431</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Echeloot Indians, <a href="#Page_378">378</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Eckley, <a href="#Page_597">597</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Eden, 70.<br />
+<br />
+Edes, <a href="#Page_596">596</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Edessa, 57.<br />
+<br />
+Edgeworth, 103.<br />
+<br />
+Edinburgh, 89, 241.<br />
+<br />
+Edinburgh Review, 178, 209, 346.<br />
+<br />
+Edmund I., 124.<br />
+<br />
+Edmund Plantagenet, <a href="#Page_650">650</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Edom, 116.<br />
+<br />
+Edward, I., 26, 187, <a href="#Page_589">589</a>, <a href="#Page_652">652</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Edward III., 342, <a href="#Page_406">406</a>, <a href="#Page_649">649</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Edward IV., 342, <a href="#Page_589">589</a>, <a href="#Page_676">676</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Edward, the Confessor, <a href="#Page_595">595</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Egypt, 33, 88, 106, 129, <a href="#Page_400">400</a>, <a href="#Page_436">436</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Egyptians, 19, 102, 110, 111, 129, 131, 206, <a href="#Page_377">377</a>, <a href="#Page_378">378</a>, <a href="#Page_400">400</a>, <a href="#Page_517">517</a>, <a href="#Page_632">632</a>, <a href="#Page_661">661</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Ekron, <a href="#Page_431">431</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Elah, <a href="#Page_617">617</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Eldon, 192, 193, 230.<br />
+<br />
+El Dorado, 71, 103.<br />
+<br />
+Eli, 197, 198.<br />
+<br />
+Eliot, 91, <a href="#Page_495">495</a>, <a href="#Page_502">502</a>, <a href="#Page_630">630</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Elliot, <a href="#Page_610">610</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Eliphaz, 217.<br />
+<br />
+Elizabeth, 103, 170, <a href="#Page_407">407</a>, <a href="#Page_409">409</a>, <a href="#Page_593">593</a>, <a href="#Page_661">661</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Elizabeth Island, 285.<br />
+<br />
+Embomma, 129, 130.<br />
+<br />
+Empedocles, <a href="#Page_373">373</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Encyclop&aelig;dia Britannica, 268.<br />
+<br />
+Endor, <a href="#Page_363">363</a>, <a href="#Page_480">480</a>, <a href="#Page_665">665</a>, <a href="#Page_670">670</a>, <a href="#Page_678">678</a>.<br />
+<br />
+England, 188, 206, 210, 229, 253, 268, 346, <a href="#Page_407">407</a>, <a href="#Page_409">409</a>, <a href="#Page_576">576</a>, <a href="#Page_588">588</a>, <a href="#Page_591">591</a>, <a href="#Page_595">595</a>, <a href="#Page_599">599</a>, <a href="#Page_600">600</a>, <a href="#Page_601">601</a>, <a href="#Page_604">604</a>, <a href="#Page_605">605</a>, <a href="#Page_606">606</a>, <a href="#Page_614">614</a>, <a href="#Page_632">632</a>, <a href="#Page_633">633</a>, <a href="#Page_634">634</a>.<br />
+<br />
+English Canaan, <a href="#Page_628">628</a>.<br />
+<br />
+English Mark, <a href="#Page_651">651</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Enoch, 57.<br />
+<br />
+Epicurus, <a href="#Page_481">481</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Erasistratus, <a href="#Page_442">442</a>, <a href="#Page_443">443</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Erasmus, 152.<br />
+<br />
+Erfurth, 125.<br />
+<br />
+Erpingham, <a href="#Page_638">638</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Erricus, <a href="#Page_661">661</a>.<br />
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_691" id="Page_691">[Pg 691]</a></span><br />
+Erskine, 84.<br />
+<br />
+Erving, <a href="#Page_515">515</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Estwell, <a href="#Page_677">677</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Espinasse, <a href="#Page_588">588</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Ethiopia, 106.<br />
+<br />
+Europe, 106, 131, <a href="#Page_576">576</a>, <a href="#Page_622">622</a>, <a href="#Page_663">663</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Eurypus, <a href="#Page_443">443</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Eusebius, <a href="#Page_465">465</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Eustis, <a href="#Page_450">450</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Eutaw Springs, <a href="#Page_415">415</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Evans, <a href="#Page_610">610</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Eve, <a href="#Page_429">429</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Evelyn, 134.<br />
+<br />
+Everett, 55, 204, 277.<br />
+<br />
+Ewins, 159.<br />
+<br />
+Exeter, 20, 204, 211, <a href="#Page_675">675</a>, <a href="#Page_677">677</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Ezekiel, <a href="#Page_582">582</a>, <a href="#Page_583">583</a>, <a href="#Page_587">587</a>.<br />
+<br />
+<br />
+<span class="huge">F.</span><br />
+<br />
+Fabius Maximus, <a href="#Page_631">631</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Fabrieii Bibliographia Antiquaria, <a href="#Page_659">659</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Fagan, 193.<br />
+<br />
+Fairbanks, 190, 191, 337.<br />
+<br />
+Fakeer, <a href="#Page_570">570</a>, <a href="#Page_571">571</a>, <a href="#Page_573">573</a>, <a href="#Page_576">576</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Fales, 190, 337.<br />
+<br />
+Falmouth, 243.<br />
+<br />
+Falstaff, <a href="#Page_624">624</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Faneuil, <a href="#Page_476">476</a>:&mdash;<a href="#Page_495">495 to 563</a>, passim.<br />
+<br />
+Faneuil Hall, 211, 199, <a href="#Page_500">500</a>, <a href="#Page_501">501</a>, <a href="#Page_535">535</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Fanhope, <a href="#Page_674">674</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Farmer, <a href="#Page_496">496</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Farnham, <a href="#Page_597">597</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Farnsworth, 314, 327, 328.<br />
+<br />
+Farquhar, <a href="#Page_480">480</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Farraday, 103.<br />
+<br />
+Farrar, 159.<br />
+<br />
+Farrago, 189, 347.<br />
+<br />
+Fasti, <a href="#Page_426">426</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Faulconbridge, 321.<br />
+<br />
+Favor, 98.<br />
+<br />
+Feild, 228.<br />
+<br />
+Fenelon, <a href="#Page_472">472</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Fenner, 228.<br />
+<br />
+Ferrari, 27.<br />
+<br />
+Fielding, 272.<br />
+<br />
+Fillebrown, <a href="#Page_493">493</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Fire Island, <a href="#Page_406">406</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Fish, <a href="#Page_665">665</a>, <a href="#Page_666">666</a>, <a href="#Page_667">667</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Flaccus, 106, 337.<br />
+<br />
+Flanders, 88.<br />
+<br />
+Florence, 125, <a href="#Page_596">596</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Fleet, 147.<br />
+<br />
+Fleet Prison, 268.<br />
+<br />
+Fleet Street, <a href="#Page_656">656</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Fleta, <a href="#Page_614">614</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Flagg, <a href="#Page_431">431</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Flaherty, 196.<br />
+<br />
+Flechier, 215.<br />
+<br />
+Flucker, <a href="#Page_514">514</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Folsom, 189.<br />
+<br />
+Fontenelle, <a href="#Page_357">357</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Fonnereau, <a href="#Page_521">521</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Foote, <a href="#Page_367">367</a>, <a href="#Page_371">371</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Ford, 25, 268, <a href="#Page_391">391</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Fordyce, 27.<br />
+<br />
+Forresters, 286.<br />
+<br />
+Forest Hills, 68, 225.<br />
+<br />
+Forster, <a href="#Page_629">629</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Fosbroke, <a href="#Page_591">591</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Fothergill, <a href="#Page_642">642</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Fox, <a href="#Page_597">597</a>, <a href="#Page_665">665</a>, <a href="#Page_666">666</a>, <a href="#Page_667">667</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Foxcroft, 298.<br />
+<br />
+France, 68, 88, 188, <a href="#Page_426">426</a>, <a href="#Page_438">438</a>, <a href="#Page_595">595</a>, <a href="#Page_606">606</a>, <a href="#Page_607">607</a>, <a href="#Page_633">633</a>, <a href="#Page_634">634</a>, <a href="#Page_637">637</a>, <a href="#Page_638">638</a>, <a href="#Page_661">661</a>, <a href="#Page_670">670</a>, <a href="#Page_675">675</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Francis I., 73, 97, <a href="#Page_619">619</a>, <a href="#Page_654">654</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Francis, <a href="#Page_598">598</a>, <a href="#Page_663">663</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Frankfort, 15.<br />
+<br />
+Franklin, 20, 142, <a href="#Page_574">574</a>, <a href="#Page_599">599</a>, <a href="#Page_603">603</a>, <a href="#Page_604">604</a>, <a href="#Page_644">644</a>, <a href="#Page_645">645</a>, <a href="#Page_646">646</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Franks, <a href="#Page_614">614</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Freand, 56.<br />
+<br />
+Frederick I., 28.<br />
+<br />
+Freedly, 181.<br />
+<br />
+Freeman, 165.<br />
+<br />
+French Church, <a href="#Page_521">521</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Frescati, 64.<br />
+<br />
+Frizzell, 126.<br />
+<br />
+Frizzles, 189.<br />
+<br />
+Fuller, 66, 265, <a href="#Page_466">466</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Fullerton, <a href="#Page_605">605</a>.<br />
+<br />
+<br />
+<span class="huge">G.</span><br />
+<br />
+Gabriel, 57, 119.<br />
+<br />
+Galen, <a href="#Page_459">459</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Galilee, 57.<br />
+<br />
+Gannett, 92, 286.<br />
+<br />
+Gardner, 299, <a href="#Page_601">601</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Garth, <a href="#Page_480">480</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Gates, 77, 81.<br />
+<br />
+Gath, <a href="#Page_617">617</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Gato, 33.<br />
+<br />
+Gaul, <a href="#Page_617">617</a>, <a href="#Page_618">618</a>, <a href="#Page_619">619</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Gaule, <a href="#Page_659">659</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Gauls, <a href="#Page_618">618</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Gaunt, 237, <a href="#Page_656">656</a>, <a href="#Page_674">674</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Gavett, <a href="#Page_596">596</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Gawler, <a href="#Page_606">606</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Gellia, 107.<br />
+<br />
+Genesis, 122, <a href="#Page_429">429</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Genethliaci, <a href="#Page_661">661</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Genevieve, 73, 75.<br />
+<br />
+Genoa, 89.<br />
+<br />
+Gentleman&#8217;s Magazine, <a href="#Page_376">376</a>, <a href="#Page_594">594</a>.<br />
+<br />
+George I., 28, 248, <a href="#Page_406">406</a>.<br />
+<br />
+George II., <a href="#Page_406">406</a>, <a href="#Page_407">407</a>, <a href="#Page_551">551</a>, <a href="#Page_623">623</a>, <a href="#Page_660">660</a>.<br />
+<br />
+George III., 59, 90, 103, 144, 145, 147, 275, <a href="#Page_604">604</a>.<br />
+<br />
+George IV., 207, 209.<br />
+<br />
+Gerard, <a href="#Page_469">469</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Germanicus, 29.<br />
+<br />
+Germans, <a href="#Page_614">614</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Germantown, <a href="#Page_415">415</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Germany, 88, <a href="#Page_426">426</a>, <a href="#Page_620">620</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Gervais, <a href="#Page_475">475</a>, <a href="#Page_670">670</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Ghizeh, 33.<br />
+<br />
+Gibraltar, 88.<br />
+<br />
+Gideon, <a href="#Page_597">597</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Gill, 61.<br />
+<br />
+Gillies, <a href="#Page_514">514</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Gilpin, 74.<br />
+<br />
+Girondists, 68, 74.<br />
+<br />
+Glossin, <a href="#Page_388">388</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Gloucester, 349, <a href="#Page_404">404</a>, <a href="#Page_652">652</a>, <a href="#Page_657">657</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Goethe, 287.<br />
+<br />
+Golgotha, 35.<br />
+<br />
+Goliath, <a href="#Page_437">437</a>, <a href="#Page_617">617</a>, <a href="#Page_618">618</a>, <a href="#Page_619">619</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Gold, 227.<br />
+<br />
+Goldsmith, 24, 123, <a href="#Page_362">362</a>, <a href="#Page_481">481</a>, <a href="#Page_584">584</a>, <a href="#Page_587">587</a>, <a href="#Page_649">649</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Gomorrah, 117, 119, 221.<br />
+<br />
+Good, 49.<br />
+<br />
+Goode, 181, 184, 338.<br />
+<br />
+Gooseberry, 70.<br />
+<br />
+Gordon, 62, 147, 153, <a href="#Page_416">416</a>, <a href="#Page_417">417</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Gore, 277.<br />
+<br />
+Gorton, <a href="#Page_480">480</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Gosnold, 283.<br />
+<br />
+Goss, <a href="#Page_677">677</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Gould, <a href="#Page_598">598</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Gracchus, <a href="#Page_431">431</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Grady, <a href="#Page_601">601</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Grammont, <a href="#Page_623">623</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Granger, 260.<br />
+<br />
+Granary, 24, 46, 48, 148, 197, <a href="#Page_428">428</a>, <a href="#Page_525">525</a>, <a href="#Page_543">543</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Grant, <a href="#Page_401">401</a>, <a href="#Page_606">606</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Grattan, <a href="#Page_606">606</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Gratz, <a href="#Page_620">620</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Graunt, 103.<br />
+<br />
+Gray, 161, 162, 269, <a href="#Page_546">546</a>, <a href="#Page_556">556</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Great Britain, 186, 207, 277, 347, <a href="#Page_416">416</a>, <a href="#Page_474">474</a>, <a href="#Page_580">580</a>, <a href="#Page_663">663</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Great Tom, 125.<br />
+<br />
+Greece, 105, 128, 204, <a href="#Page_355">355</a>, <a href="#Page_373">373</a>, <a href="#Page_430">430</a>, <a href="#Page_595">595</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Greeks, 68, 106, 131, <a href="#Page_632">632</a>, <a href="#Page_661">661</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Green, <a href="#Page_596">596</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Greene, 62, 159, <a href="#Page_474">474</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Greenlanders, 35.<br />
+<br />
+Greenleaf, 192, 329, 330.<br />
+<br />
+Green Mount, 38.<br />
+<br />
+Greenwood, 300, <a href="#Page_451">451</a>, <a href="#Page_534">534</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Gregory, Pope, <a href="#Page_474">474</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Grey, 347.<br />
+<br />
+Grey Friars, <a href="#Page_652">652</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Greville, <a href="#Page_678">678</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Gridley, 142.<br />
+<br />
+Griswold, 160, <a href="#Page_360">360</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Grossman, 7, 8, 18, 24, 25, 44, 50, 115, 132, 288, <a href="#Page_680">680</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Grotius, <a href="#Page_437">437</a>.<br />
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_692" id="Page_692">[Pg 692]</a></span><br />
+Grouchy, 132.<br />
+<br />
+Grozier, <a href="#Page_397">397</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Grubb, <a href="#Page_596">596</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Guardian, <a href="#Page_613">613</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Guerriere, <a href="#Page_417">417</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Guiana, 130.<br />
+<br />
+Guideu, <a href="#Page_637">637</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Guienne, <a href="#Page_656">656</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Guilford, <a href="#Page_415">415</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Guillotin, <a href="#Page_634">634</a>, <a href="#Page_635">635</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Guillotine, <a href="#Page_634">634</a>, <a href="#Page_635">635</a>, <a href="#Page_638">638</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Guinneau, <a href="#Page_519">519</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Gundebald, <a href="#Page_614">614</a>, <a href="#Page_615">615</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Gussanville, <a href="#Page_663">663</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Gustavus Adolphus, <a href="#Page_661">661</a>.<br />
+<br />
+<br />
+<span class="huge">H.</span><br />
+<br />
+Hades, 345.<br />
+<br />
+Hague, <a href="#Page_445">445</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Hakin, <a href="#Page_400">400</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Hale, 62, 124, 177, 188, 189, 190, 209, 220, 301, 310, 315, 324, 331, 332, 334, <a href="#Page_640">640</a>, <a href="#Page_664">664</a>, <a href="#Page_666">666</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Halford, 134, 135, 136, 139.<br />
+<br />
+Halifax, 223, <a href="#Page_479">479</a>, <a href="#Page_480">480</a>, <a href="#Page_634">634</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Hall, 130.<br />
+<br />
+Hallam, <a href="#Page_361">361</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Haller, 157.<br />
+<br />
+Halley, 81.<br />
+<br />
+Hamilton, 277, 298, <a href="#Page_605">605</a>, <a href="#Page_613">613</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Hammond, 180.<br />
+<br />
+Hancock, 142, 143, 166, 299, <a href="#Page_417">417</a>, <a href="#Page_498">498</a>, <a href="#Page_589">589</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Handel, 297, <a href="#Page_422">422</a>, <a href="#Page_427">427</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Handy, <a href="#Page_561">561</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Hanan, <a href="#Page_585">585</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Hannibal, 45.<br />
+<br />
+Hanover Square, 140.<br />
+<br />
+Hanway, 90.<br />
+<br />
+Harleian Miscellany, 217, <a href="#Page_445">445</a>, <a href="#Page_642">642</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Harper, 227.<br />
+<br />
+Harris, <a href="#Page_555">555</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Harrison, 265, <a href="#Page_395">395</a>, <a href="#Page_396">396</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Hart, <a href="#Page_661">661</a>, <a href="#Page_662">662</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Hartop, 158.<br />
+<br />
+Harvey, 157, <a href="#Page_436">436</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Haslett, <a href="#Page_597">597</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Hatch, <a href="#Page_555">555</a>, <a href="#Page_564">564</a>, <a href="#Page_565">565</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Haute, <a href="#Page_676">676</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Hawes, <a href="#Page_375">375</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Hawkins, <a href="#Page_426">426</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Hawles, 332.<br />
+<br />
+Hawtrey, <a href="#Page_361">361</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Haydn, 346, <a href="#Page_407">407</a>, <a href="#Page_577">577</a>, <a href="#Page_579">579</a>, <a href="#Page_580">580</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Hayes, 301.<br />
+<br />
+Hayley, <a href="#Page_477">477</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Haynes, 302, 307, 310, 316, 317, 321, 322.<br />
+<br />
+Hayward, <a href="#Page_450">450</a>, <a href="#Page_561">561</a>, <a href="#Page_597">597</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Hazael, <a href="#Page_431">431</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Hazzard, 226, <a href="#Page_545">545</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Heath, 172, <a href="#Page_610">610</a>, <a href="#Page_611">611</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Heber, 360.<br />
+<br />
+Hebrews, 33, <a href="#Page_431">431</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Hebrides, <a href="#Page_643">643</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Hector, <a href="#Page_619">619</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Heemskerck, <a href="#Page_588">588</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Helen, <a href="#Page_619">619</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Henault, <a href="#Page_661">661</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Henderson, 304.<br />
+<br />
+Henry II., <a href="#Page_649">649</a>, <a href="#Page_651">651</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Henry III., 187, 241, <a href="#Page_661">661</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Henry IV., 73, 74, 342, <a href="#Page_352">352</a>, <a href="#Page_409">409</a>, <a href="#Page_606">606</a>, <a href="#Page_661">661</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Henry VI., 349, <a href="#Page_674">674</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Henry VII., 87, 88, 134, 185.<br />
+<br />
+Henry VIII., 78, 133, 136, 138, 139, 170, 185, 188, 342, 346, <a href="#Page_385">385</a>, <a href="#Page_409">409</a>, <a href="#Page_411">411</a>, <a href="#Page_413">413</a>, <a href="#Page_477">477</a>, <a href="#Page_589">589</a>, <a href="#Page_631">631</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Henry, <a href="#Page_639">639</a>, <a href="#Page_663">663</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Hephestion, <a href="#Page_373">373</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Herbert, 104, 133, 138, <a href="#Page_607">607</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Hercules, <a href="#Page_436">436</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Hereford, <a href="#Page_649">649</a>, <a href="#Page_656">656</a>, <a href="#Page_657">657</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Herlicius, <a href="#Page_661">661</a>, <a href="#Page_672">672</a>, <a href="#Page_673">673</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Hermes, <a href="#Page_428">428</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Herne, <a href="#Page_676">676</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Herod, 93.<br />
+<br />
+Herodotus, 18, 21, <a href="#Page_436">436</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Heron, <a href="#Page_657">657</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Herophylus, <a href="#Page_443">443</a>, <a href="#Page_459">459</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Herr Driesbach, <a href="#Page_613">613</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Herschell, <a href="#Page_622">622</a>, <a href="#Page_643">643</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Hertford, 133, 135.<br />
+<br />
+Highgate, 37.<br />
+<br />
+Hildanus, 49, <a href="#Page_373">373</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Hill, 298, 307, 308, 310, <a href="#Page_368">368</a>, <a href="#Page_369">369</a>, <a href="#Page_597">597</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Hiller, <a href="#Page_553">553</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Hindoos, 22, <a href="#Page_436">436</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Hindostan, 93, 100.<br />
+<br />
+Hippocrates, <a href="#Page_436">436</a>, <a href="#Page_442">442</a>, <a href="#Page_459">459</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Hirst, <a href="#Page_508">508</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Hobart, 134, <a href="#Page_605">605</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Hobkirk&#8217;s Hill, <a href="#Page_415">415</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Hoboken, <a href="#Page_615">615</a>, <a href="#Page_643">643</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Hodgson, <a href="#Page_361">361</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Hodson, <a href="#Page_601">601</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Hog Alley, <a href="#Page_562">562</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Hogarth, 271.<br />
+<br />
+Holborn, 134.<br />
+<br />
+Holbrook, <a href="#Page_408">408</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Holden, 124, 227.<br />
+<br />
+Holinshed, 87, <a href="#Page_424">424</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Holland, 88, <a href="#Page_506">506</a>, <a href="#Page_650">650</a>, <a href="#Page_662">662</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Holme, <a href="#Page_591">591</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Holmes, <a href="#Page_365">365</a>, <a href="#Page_499">499</a>, <a href="#Page_546">546</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Holy Land, <a href="#Page_651">651</a>, <a href="#Page_652">652</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Homans, <a href="#Page_450">450</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Homer, 15, 17, 143, <a href="#Page_429">429</a>, <a href="#Page_430">430</a>, <a href="#Page_585">585</a>, <a href="#Page_586">586</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Hone, <a href="#Page_591">591</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Hook, 76, <a href="#Page_367">367</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Hooper, 309, <a href="#Page_546">546</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Hopkins, 221, 422, <a href="#Page_424">424</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Horace, 36, 51, 97, 168, <a href="#Page_360">360</a>, <a href="#Page_367">367</a>, <a href="#Page_404">404</a>, <a href="#Page_568">568</a>, <a href="#Page_587">587</a>, <a href="#Page_592">592</a>, <a href="#Page_663">663</a>, <a href="#Page_664">664</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Horatio, <a href="#Page_599">599</a>, <a href="#Page_600">600</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Horne, 178.<br />
+<br />
+Horstius, <a href="#Page_373">373</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Hossack, <a href="#Page_605">605</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Hottentots, 34.<br />
+<br />
+Hough, 245, 246.<br />
+<br />
+Houndsditch, <a href="#Page_661">661</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Howe, 55, <a href="#Page_597">597</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Hubbard, <a href="#Page_627">627</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Hudibras, 260, <a href="#Page_454">454</a>, <a href="#Page_627">627</a>, <a href="#Page_628">628</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Huger, <a href="#Page_496">496</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Huguenots, <a href="#Page_496">496 to 500</a>, passim: also, <a href="#Page_506">506</a>, <a href="#Page_507">507</a>, <a href="#Page_523">523</a>, <a href="#Page_545">545</a>, <a href="#Page_546">546</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Hull, 66, 274, <a href="#Page_646">646</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Hume, 186, 241.<br />
+<br />
+Humphreys, <a href="#Page_646">646</a>, <a href="#Page_647">647</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Hungary, <a href="#Page_632">632</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Hungerford, 233.<br />
+<br />
+Hunt, <a href="#Page_506">506</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Huntington, <a href="#Page_655">655</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Hutchinson, 226, 228, 229, 230, <a href="#Page_515">515</a>, <a href="#Page_538">538</a>, <a href="#Page_586">586</a>, <a href="#Page_592">592</a>, <a href="#Page_640">640</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Hydriotaphia, 42, 65, 131, 281.<br />
+<br />
+Hydrophobia, 193.<br />
+<br />
+Hyperion, <a href="#Page_582">582</a>.<br />
+<br />
+<br />
+<span class="huge">I.</span><br />
+<br />
+Idumea, 116.<br />
+<br />
+Inman, <a href="#Page_513">513</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Innocent III., <a href="#Page_466">466</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Ireland, 87, 93.<br />
+<br />
+Iren&aelig;us, 171.<br />
+<br />
+Ireton, 134.<br />
+<br />
+Irish, 193.<br />
+<br />
+Irving, <a href="#Page_557">557</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Isabella, <a href="#Page_646">646</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Israel, <a href="#Page_431">431</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Israelites, 102.<br />
+<br />
+Isis, <a href="#Page_428">428</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Islip, <a href="#Page_406">406</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Istampol, 186.<br />
+<br />
+<br />
+<span class="huge">J.</span><br />
+<br />
+Jabbok, 118.<br />
+<br />
+Jackson, 55, <a href="#Page_500">500</a>, <a href="#Page_605">605</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Jacobs, 312.<br />
+<br />
+Jahn, 33, <a href="#Page_432">432</a>, <a href="#Page_433">433</a>, <a href="#Page_434">434</a>, <a href="#Page_435">435</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Jamaica Pond, 69.<br />
+<br />
+James I., 170, <a href="#Page_612">612</a>, <a href="#Page_660">660</a>.<br />
+<br />
+James II., 232, 243, 248, 253, 259.<br />
+<br />
+Jardin des Plantes, 75.<br />
+<br />
+Jasper, 256.<br />
+<br />
+Jay, 276.<br />
+<br />
+Jefferson, 85, 163, 344, <a href="#Page_392">392</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Jeffrey, <a href="#Page_603">603</a>.<br />
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_693" id="Page_693">[Pg 693]</a></span><br />
+Jeffreys, 235.<br />
+<br />
+Jeffries, <a href="#Page_450">450</a>, <a href="#Page_479">479</a>, <a href="#Page_480">480</a>, <a href="#Page_537">537</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Jekyll, <a href="#Page_532">532</a>, <a href="#Page_555">555</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Jenkins, 157.<br />
+<br />
+Jenks, 117, 118.<br />
+<br />
+Jenyns, 42.<br />
+<br />
+Jepson, <a href="#Page_597">597</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Jeremiah, 105.<br />
+<br />
+Jerusalem, 119.<br />
+<br />
+Jesse, <a href="#Page_615">615</a>, <a href="#Page_620">620</a>, <a href="#Page_628">628</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Jew, <a href="#Page_620">620</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Jews, 106, 131, 170, 186, 188, <a href="#Page_632">632</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Job, 217, 225, <a href="#Page_430">430</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Jonathan, 116, 167, <a href="#Page_414">414</a>, <a href="#Page_417">417</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Jones, 159, 181, <a href="#Page_435">435</a>, <a href="#Page_510">510</a>, <a href="#Page_513">513</a>, <a href="#Page_531">531</a>, <a href="#Page_541">541</a>, <a href="#Page_551">551</a>, <a href="#Page_566">566</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Johnson Samuel, 31, 90, 107, 108, 183, 277, <a href="#Page_409">409</a>, <a href="#Page_421">421</a>, <a href="#Page_477">477</a>, <a href="#Page_480">480</a>, <a href="#Page_481">481</a>, <a href="#Page_601">601</a>, <a href="#Page_602">602</a>, <a href="#Page_603">603</a>, <a href="#Page_604">604</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Johnson, 55, 305, 308, <a href="#Page_475">475</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Johonnot, <a href="#Page_493">493</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Jonny Armstrong, <a href="#Page_425">425</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Jonson Ben, 59, <a href="#Page_479">479</a>, <a href="#Page_591">591</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Jordan, 117, 118.<br />
+<br />
+Joseph, 57, <a href="#Page_429">429</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Josephus, 118, 120.<br />
+<br />
+Josselyn, 283.<br />
+<br />
+Judah, 116.<br />
+<br />
+Jud&aelig;us Apella, <a href="#Page_642">642</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Judd, 77.<br />
+<br />
+Judea, 105, 116, 128, <a href="#Page_355">355</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Judicial Astrology, <a href="#Page_661">661</a>, <a href="#Page_673">673</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Judson, <a href="#Page_616">616</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Julia, 67.<br />
+<br />
+Junius, <a href="#Page_525">525</a>, <a href="#Page_578">578</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Juno, <a href="#Page_421">421</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Juvenal, 79, <a href="#Page_585">585</a>.<br />
+<br />
+<br />
+<span class="huge">K.</span><br />
+<br />
+Kaimes, <a href="#Page_367">367</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Kamschatka, 35.<br />
+<br />
+Kast, <a href="#Page_450">450</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Katherine of Arragon, <a href="#Page_650">650</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Keatinge, 128.<br />
+<br />
+Keayne, <a href="#Page_454">454</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Keith, 239.<br />
+<br />
+Kensall Green, 37.<br />
+<br />
+Kent, <a href="#Page_650">650</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Kerr, <a href="#Page_623">623</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Kidd, 285.<br />
+<br />
+Kidder, 86.<br />
+<br />
+Kilby, <a href="#Page_567">567</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Kilmarnock, <a href="#Page_629">629</a>, <a href="#Page_630">630</a>.<br />
+<br />
+King, 276.<br />
+<br />
+Kings, <a href="#Page_431">431</a>.<br />
+<br />
+King&#8217;s Chapel, 48, 55, 288, 297, <a href="#Page_510">510</a>, <a href="#Page_534">534</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Kingsmill, 227.<br />
+<br />
+Kingstreet, <a href="#Page_509">509</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Kingstown, <a href="#Page_507">507</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Kircherus, <a href="#Page_434">434</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Kirchmaun, 106.<br />
+<br />
+Kirriel, <a href="#Page_677">677</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Kishon, 118.<br />
+<br />
+Kitchen, 231, 232.<br />
+<br />
+Kittal-al-Machaid, <a href="#Page_401">401</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Knox, <a href="#Page_369">369</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Koran, 21.<br />
+<br />
+<br />
+<span class="huge">L.</span><br />
+<br />
+Lacedemonians, 12, 13, 17.<br />
+<br />
+La Cheze, <a href="#Page_636">636</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Lacombe, <a href="#Page_648">648</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Lafayette, 62, 84, <a href="#Page_636">636</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Lahore, <a href="#Page_570">570</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Lally, <a href="#Page_636">636</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Lamartine, 68.<br />
+<br />
+Lambert, <a href="#Page_555">555</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Lamia, 49, <a href="#Page_373">373</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Lancashire, <a href="#Page_420">420</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Lancaster, <a href="#Page_650">650</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Landgrave of Hesse, <a href="#Page_387">387</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Landseer, <a href="#Page_678">678</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Lane, <a href="#Page_598">598</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Langdon, 92, <a href="#Page_427">427</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Langstaff, 92.<br />
+<br />
+Lansdowne, <a href="#Page_365">365</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Laou-Keun, <a href="#Page_481">481</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Larassy, 179.<br />
+<br />
+Lares, 64.<br />
+<br />
+Larkin, 101<br />
+<br />
+Larrey, <a href="#Page_607">607</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Larv&aelig;, 64.<br />
+<br />
+Lathrop, <a href="#Page_595">595</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Latimer, 75, 279, <a href="#Page_655">655</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Laurel Hill, 38.<br />
+<br />
+Laurens, <a href="#Page_374">374</a>, <a href="#Page_496">496</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Lavater, <a href="#Page_625">625</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Lavinia, <a href="#Page_619">619</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Lazarus, 56.<br />
+<br />
+Leadenhall Market, 213, 220.<br />
+<br />
+Le Cat, <a href="#Page_643">643</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Lechemere, <a href="#Page_554">554</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Lectouse, 37.<br />
+<br />
+Ledea, 228.<br />
+<br />
+Lee, 126, 276.<br />
+<br />
+L&#8217;Etombe, 166.<br />
+<br />
+Le Gros, <a href="#Page_639">639</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Leibnitz, <a href="#Page_438">438</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Leicestershire, 68, <a href="#Page_648">648</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Le Mercier, <a href="#Page_497">497</a>, <a href="#Page_498">498</a>, <a href="#Page_546">546</a>, <a href="#Page_547">547</a>, <a href="#Page_548">548</a>, <a href="#Page_549">549</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Lemures, 64.<br />
+<br />
+Lenoie, 40.<br />
+<br />
+Lenox, <a href="#Page_605">605</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Leopard, <a href="#Page_608">608</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Lepidus, 52.<br />
+<br />
+Leuconoe, <a href="#Page_663">663</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Levi, <a href="#Page_382">382</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Leviticus, 230.<br />
+<br />
+Lewis, <a href="#Page_378">378</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Lewyn, 81.<br />
+<br />
+Lexington, <a href="#Page_415">415</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Liancourt, <a href="#Page_636">636</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Libo, 99.<br />
+<br />
+Licinius, 80.<br />
+<br />
+Lilly, <a href="#Page_591">591</a>, <a href="#Page_661">661</a>, <a href="#Page_673">673</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Lincoln, 94, 312, <a href="#Page_674">674</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Lincoln&#8217;s Inn, <a href="#Page_593">593</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Lind, <a href="#Page_420">420</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Lindsey, 133, 135.<br />
+<br />
+Linn&aelig;us, <a href="#Page_399">399</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Linnington, <a href="#Page_533">533</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Lippstadt, <a href="#Page_661">661</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Lithered, <a href="#Page_560">560</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Little Belt, <a href="#Page_417">417</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Liverpool, <a href="#Page_417">417</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Livingston, 276.<br />
+<br />
+Livy, 52, 80, <a href="#Page_617">617</a>, <a href="#Page_619">619</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Lizard, <a href="#Page_407">407</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Lloyd, 35, 265, 367, <a href="#Page_448">448</a>, <a href="#Page_449">449</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Lloyd&#8217;s Lists, <a href="#Page_404">404</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Locke, 266.<br />
+<br />
+Locrian Law, 342.<br />
+<br />
+Loe, 248, 249.<br />
+<br />
+Lollards, <a href="#Page_658">658</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Lombards, 186.<br />
+<br />
+London, 37, 56, 67, 76, 87, 88, 89, 94, 118, 211, 213, 220, 237, 346, <a href="#Page_421">421</a>, <a href="#Page_588">588</a>, <a href="#Page_589">589</a>, <a href="#Page_591">591</a>, <a href="#Page_624">624</a>, <a href="#Page_632">632</a>, <a href="#Page_652">652</a>, <a href="#Page_676">676</a>.<br />
+<br />
+London Quarterly Review, 212, <a href="#Page_356">356</a>, <a href="#Page_357">357</a>, <a href="#Page_391">391</a>, <a href="#Page_622">622</a>, <a href="#Page_634">634</a>, <a href="#Page_641">641</a>.<br />
+<br />
+London Times, <a href="#Page_358">358</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Long, <a href="#Page_513">513</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Long Branch, 320.<br />
+<br />
+Long Island, 62.<br />
+<br />
+Longshanks, 187, <a href="#Page_583">583</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Longspee, <a href="#Page_651">651</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Lot&#8217;s Wife, 116, 119, 120, 121, 122.<br />
+<br />
+Loudon, 213, 214.<br />
+<br />
+Louis, <a href="#Page_636">636</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Louis XI., 74.<br />
+<br />
+Louis XII., 73.<br />
+<br />
+Louis XIII., 74, 352, <a href="#Page_607">607</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Louis XIV., 38, 74, 75, <a href="#Page_351">351</a>, <a href="#Page_607">607</a>, <a href="#Page_612">612</a>, <a href="#Page_670">670</a>, <a href="#Page_671">671</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Louis XV., <a href="#Page_671">671</a>, <a href="#Page_672">672</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Louis XVI., <a href="#Page_635">635</a>, <a href="#Page_637">637</a>, <a href="#Page_638">638</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Louison, <a href="#Page_636">636</a>, <a href="#Page_637">637</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Lovat, <a href="#Page_628">628</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Lovell, 159:&mdash;<a href="#Page_496">496 to 530</a>, passim.<br />
+<br />
+Lowell, 83.<br />
+<br />
+Lucan, <a href="#Page_670">670</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Lucilius, 106, 107, 168, <a href="#Page_377">377</a>, <a href="#Page_443">443</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Ludlow, 226.<br />
+<br />
+Lum Akum, <a href="#Page_398">398</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Luther, <a href="#Page_388">388</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Lutton, 123, 132.<br />
+<br />
+Lutzengen, <a href="#Page_661">661</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Lycurgus, 17.<br />
+<br />
+Lyman, 202, 203.<br />
+<br />
+Lynn, <a href="#Page_658">658</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Lyon, 324.<br />
+<br />
+Lyons, <a href="#Page_438">438</a>.<br />
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_694" id="Page_694">[Pg 694]</a></span><br />
+<br />
+<span class="huge">M.</span><br />
+<br />
+Mabillon, 124.<br />
+<br />
+Macabe, 195.<br />
+<br />
+McAndrew, 181.<br />
+<br />
+Macartney, <a href="#Page_402">402</a>, <a href="#Page_605">605</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Macaulay, 231 to 269, passim:&mdash;also <a href="#Page_361">361</a>.<br />
+<br />
+McDonough, <a href="#Page_418">418</a>.<br />
+<br />
+McGammon, 196.<br />
+<br />
+McGill, 332.<br />
+<br />
+Machaon, <a href="#Page_430">430</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Machiavelli, 95, 115, 220, 234.<br />
+<br />
+Machyl, 82.<br />
+<br />
+McKeon, <a href="#Page_614">614</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Mackenzie, <a href="#Page_606">606</a>, <a href="#Page_610">610</a>, <a href="#Page_611">611</a>, <a href="#Page_624">624</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Mackintosh, 207, 316.<br />
+<br />
+McLean, <a href="#Page_621">621</a>.<br />
+<br />
+McNamara, 197.<br />
+<br />
+McNaughten, <a href="#Page_573">573</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Machpelah, 299.<br />
+<br />
+M&aelig;cenas, 36, <a href="#Page_679">679</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Mag-Astro-Mancer, <a href="#Page_659">659</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Magdalen College, 243, 244, 246.<br />
+<br />
+Magdalene, 56.<br />
+<br />
+Magee, 195.<br />
+<br />
+Magnalia, <a href="#Page_582">582</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Mahomet, 171.<br />
+<br />
+Mahoney, 195.<br />
+<br />
+Maillard, 73.<br />
+<br />
+Mailosel, <a href="#Page_654">654</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Maintenon, <a href="#Page_671">671</a>, <a href="#Page_672">672</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Majoribanks, <a href="#Page_401">401</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Mahnsbury, 87.<br />
+<br />
+Malone, <a href="#Page_481">481</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Malplesant, <a href="#Page_654">654</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Malta, 33, <a href="#Page_624">624</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Maltravers, <a href="#Page_655">655</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Mammon, 170.<br />
+<br />
+Mamre, 299.<br />
+<br />
+Manchester, 303 to 325, passim.<br />
+<br />
+Mandans, 23, 51.<br />
+<br />
+Mandeville, 118, 344, 345, <a href="#Page_599">599</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Manlius, <a href="#Page_617">617</a>, <a href="#Page_618">618</a>, <a href="#Page_619">619</a>, <a href="#Page_634">634</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Manes, 64.<br />
+<br />
+Manigault, <a href="#Page_496">496</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Mann, <a href="#Page_382">382</a>, <a href="#Page_629">629</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Mannering, 360.<br />
+<br />
+Manney, <a href="#Page_654">654</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Mansfield, 95, 115, 220, 234.<br />
+<br />
+Mantua, <a href="#Page_422">422</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Marat, 217.<br />
+<br />
+Marbeuf, <a href="#Page_639">639</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Marc Antony, <a href="#Page_387">387</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Marcellinus, 64.<br />
+<br />
+March, <a href="#Page_653">653</a>, <a href="#Page_655">655</a>, <a href="#Page_666">666</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Marco Polo, <a href="#Page_400">400</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Marcus Antoninus, <a href="#Page_584">584</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Mareschall, <a href="#Page_654">654</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Maret, 37.<br />
+<br />
+Mariner, 129.<br />
+<br />
+Marion, <a href="#Page_496">496</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Mariti, 88.<br />
+<br />
+Marius, 63.<br />
+<br />
+Marseillais, <a href="#Page_426">426</a>, <a href="#Page_637">637</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Marseilles, 88.<br />
+<br />
+Marshall, 55, 83, <a href="#Page_355">355</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Martel, 73.<br />
+<br />
+Martial, 107, <a href="#Page_419">419</a>, <a href="#Page_586">586</a>, <a href="#Page_587">587</a>, <a href="#Page_595">595</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Martin, 189.<br />
+<br />
+Martinico, 166.<br />
+<br />
+Martinique, 29.<br />
+<br />
+Mary, Bloody, 75, 82, 93, <a href="#Page_405">405</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Maryland, 153, 154.<br />
+<br />
+Mashee, <a href="#Page_596">596</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Mason, 101, 102.<br />
+<br />
+Massachusetts, 84, 94, 114, 155, 156, 164, 165, 166, 176, 187, 231, 276, <a href="#Page_632">632</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Mather, 94, 280, 327, <a href="#Page_364">364</a>, <a href="#Page_367">367</a>, <a href="#Page_546">546</a>, <a href="#Page_582">582</a>, <a href="#Page_668">668</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Matthews, 180, <a href="#Page_367">367</a>, <a href="#Page_613">613</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Matooara, <a href="#Page_378">378</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Maury, <a href="#Page_636">636</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Maverick, 163.<br />
+<br />
+Maximilian II., <a href="#Page_620">620</a>, <a href="#Page_621">621</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Maynard, 81.<br />
+<br />
+Mazarin, 135.<br />
+<br />
+Mazzei, 163.<br />
+<br />
+Mead, <a href="#Page_588">588</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Mears, <a href="#Page_497">497</a>, <a href="#Page_563">563</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Meaux, <a href="#Page_671">671</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Mediterranean, 118.<br />
+<br />
+Megret, 217.<br />
+<br />
+Melancthon, <a href="#Page_388">388</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Melli Melli, <a href="#Page_568">568</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Mena, 130, <a href="#Page_583">583</a>, <a href="#Page_587">587</a>, <a href="#Page_592">592</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Menalcas, 90.<br />
+<br />
+Menander, 217.<br />
+<br />
+Menu, 130.<br />
+<br />
+Merrick, 221.<br />
+<br />
+Merrill, 313 to 325, passim.<br />
+<br />
+Mewins, <a href="#Page_464">464</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Mexico, 101, <a href="#Page_638">638</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Michaelis, 119.<br />
+<br />
+Midsummer Night&#8217;s Dream, <a href="#Page_592">592</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Milan, 220, <a href="#Page_456">456</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Mildmay, 133.<br />
+<br />
+Miletum, 342.<br />
+<br />
+Milford Haven, 88.<br />
+<br />
+Millar, <a href="#Page_643">643</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Millenarians, <a href="#Page_672">672</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Millengen, 36, 49.<br />
+<br />
+Millens, 92.<br />
+<br />
+Miller, <a href="#Page_555">555</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Millot, <a href="#Page_659">659</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Mills, <a href="#Page_435">435</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Miltiades, 11.<br />
+<br />
+Milton, 159, <a href="#Page_386">386</a>, <a href="#Page_387">387</a>, <a href="#Page_477">477</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Minzies, <a href="#Page_555">555</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Minoresses, <a href="#Page_657">657</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Minors, <a href="#Page_654">654</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Minshull, <a href="#Page_386">386</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Mirepoix, <a href="#Page_382">382</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Mirfield, <a href="#Page_380">380</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Misson, 56.<br />
+<br />
+Missouri, 23.<br />
+<br />
+Mitford, <a href="#Page_477">477</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Moab, 116.<br />
+<br />
+Mock, <a href="#Page_597">597</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Mohawk Indian, <a href="#Page_647">647</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Mohun, <a href="#Page_605">605</a>, <a href="#Page_613">613</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Momus, <a href="#Page_368">368</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Monmouth, 235.<br />
+<br />
+Montacute, <a href="#Page_650">650</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Montaigne, 27, 104, 343, <a href="#Page_443">443</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Montague, 55.<br />
+<br />
+Montefiore, 15.<br />
+<br />
+Monte Notte, <a href="#Page_381">381</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Montesquieu, 342.<br />
+<br />
+Montezuma, 63, <a href="#Page_593">593</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Montmorenci, <a href="#Page_607">607</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Moody, 30, 189, <a href="#Page_471">471</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Moore, <a href="#Page_472">472</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Moorhead, 150, 286, <a href="#Page_389">389</a>, <a href="#Page_531">531</a>, <a href="#Page_532">532</a>, <a href="#Page_546">546</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Moors, 138.<br />
+<br />
+Moravians, <a href="#Page_379">379</a>.<br />
+<br />
+More, <a href="#Page_359">359</a>, <a href="#Page_361">361</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Morin, <a href="#Page_419">419</a>, <a href="#Page_420">420</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Morland, <a href="#Page_466">466 to 470</a>, passim.<br />
+<br />
+Morose, <a href="#Page_591">591</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Morris, <a href="#Page_420">420</a>, <a href="#Page_609">609</a>, <a href="#Page_611">611</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Mortimer, <a href="#Page_651">651</a>, <a href="#Page_653">653</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Morton, <a href="#Page_628">628</a>, <a href="#Page_634">634</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Moses, <a href="#Page_429">429</a>, <a href="#Page_660">660</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Mount Auburn, 38, 46, 68, 225.<br />
+<br />
+Mounts Bay, <a href="#Page_407">407</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Mount Hope, 33.<br />
+<br />
+Moyle, <a href="#Page_677">677</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Mudge, <a href="#Page_608">608</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Mullowny, 194.<br />
+<br />
+Mun Chung, <a href="#Page_398">398</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Murphy, 101, 102, 107, 193.<br />
+<br />
+Murray, <a href="#Page_477">477</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Murullus, 106.<br />
+<br />
+Muses, <a href="#Page_421">421</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Muskerry, 243.<br />
+<br />
+Mussenden, <a href="#Page_657">657</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Mydas, <a href="#Page_591">591</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Mysore, <a href="#Page_436">436</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Mytelene, 12.<br />
+<br />
+<br />
+<span class="huge">N.</span><br />
+<br />
+Naaman, <a href="#Page_431">431</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Nain, 320.<br />
+<br />
+Nantasket, <a href="#Page_408">408</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Nantes, 37.<br />
+<br />
+Nantucket, 77.<br />
+<br />
+Naples, 33, 88.<br />
+<br />
+Napoleon, 105, <a href="#Page_381">381</a>, <a href="#Page_393">393</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Narcissa, 22.<br />
+<br />
+Nares, <a href="#Page_580">580</a>, <a href="#Page_591">591</a>, <a href="#Page_593">593</a>.<br />
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_695" id="Page_695">[Pg 695]</a></span><br />
+Narragansett Bay, 283, 284.<br />
+<br />
+Naseby, 134, <a href="#Page_386">386</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Natchez, <a href="#Page_587">587</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Nau, 122.<br />
+<br />
+Negoose, 189, 190, 191, 347.<br />
+<br />
+Nemours, <a href="#Page_607">607</a>.<br />
+<br />
+New, <a href="#Page_581">581</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Newcastle, 90.<br />
+<br />
+New England, 177, 221, 283, <a href="#Page_408">408</a>, <a href="#Page_476">476</a>, <a href="#Page_607">607</a>, <a href="#Page_627">627</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Newgate, 179, 183, 259, <a href="#Page_622">622</a>, <a href="#Page_632">632</a>.<br />
+<br />
+New London, <a href="#Page_363">363</a>.<br />
+<br />
+New North Church, 125, 126.<br />
+<br />
+New Orleans, <a href="#Page_604">604</a>.<br />
+<br />
+New Rochelle, <a href="#Page_523">523</a>, <a href="#Page_530">530</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Newton, 66.<br />
+<br />
+New York, <a href="#Page_576">576</a>.<br />
+<br />
+New York Evening Post, 330, 331.<br />
+<br />
+New Zealand, 23, 94.<br />
+<br />
+Nicholls, 193, 422, <a href="#Page_648">648</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Nicolas, <a href="#Page_648">648</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Ninkempaup, <a href="#Page_456">456</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Niobe, 121.<br />
+<br />
+Nipmug, <a href="#Page_496">496</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Noah, 176.<br />
+<br />
+Noailles, <a href="#Page_623">623</a>, <a href="#Page_671">671</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Noble, 262.<br />
+<br />
+Noddle&#8217;s Island, 163.<br />
+<br />
+Nollekens, <a href="#Page_676">676</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Norfolk, <a href="#Page_677">677</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Norman, <a href="#Page_453">453</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Normandy, <a href="#Page_635">635</a>, <a href="#Page_675">675</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Norris, 232.<br />
+<br />
+North American Review, 330.<br />
+<br />
+Norway, 88, 168.<br />
+<br />
+Norwich, 346.<br />
+<br />
+Notre Dame, 124.<br />
+<br />
+Nova Scotia, <a href="#Page_568">568</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Noyes, <a href="#Page_506">506</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Numa, 69, 105, 106.<br />
+<br />
+Numbers, 122.<br />
+<br />
+Nunhead, 37.<br />
+<br />
+<br />
+<span class="huge">O.</span><br />
+<br />
+Oak Hall, 133.<br />
+<br />
+O&#8217;Brien, <a href="#Page_355">355</a>.<br />
+<br />
+O&#8217;Connell, <a href="#Page_606">606</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Odyssey, 11.<br />
+<br />
+Ogilvie, <a href="#Page_606">606</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Oglethorpe, <a href="#Page_601">601</a>, <a href="#Page_603">603</a>, <a href="#Page_604">604</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Ogygia, <a href="#Page_420">420</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Olam Fodla, 93.<br />
+<br />
+Old Brick, 123, 132, 128, <a href="#Page_567">567</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Oldmixon, 268.<br />
+<br />
+Oliver, 140, 141, 142, <a href="#Page_513">513</a>, <a href="#Page_538">538</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Omnibus, 191, 347.<br />
+<br />
+Oporto, 55.<br />
+<br />
+Orde, 188.<br />
+<br />
+Orfila, 219.<br />
+<br />
+Origen, <a href="#Page_436">436</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Orinoco, 130.<br />
+<br />
+Orleans, 135.<br />
+<br />
+Orrery, 250.<br />
+<br />
+Osborne, <a href="#Page_573">573</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Osiris, <a href="#Page_428">428</a>.<br />
+<br />
+O&#8217;Shane, 194.<br />
+<br />
+Ossa, <a href="#Page_658">658</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Ossoli, <a href="#Page_406">406</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Otis, Harrison Gray, 159.<br />
+<br />
+Otis, James, 211, <a href="#Page_354">354</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Ottomans, <a href="#Page_672">672</a>, <a href="#Page_673">673</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Outhier, 51.<br />
+<br />
+Ovid, 64, 98, 105, 106, 223, 248, <a href="#Page_392">392</a>, <a href="#Page_413">413</a>, <a href="#Page_558">558</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Oxford, 87, 125, 244, 245, 248, 249, <a href="#Page_360">360</a>, <a href="#Page_497">497</a>, <a href="#Page_498">498</a>, <a href="#Page_499">499</a>, <a href="#Page_653">653</a>, <a href="#Page_654">654</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Oxnard, <a href="#Page_513">513</a>.<br />
+<br />
+<br />
+<span class="huge">P.</span><br />
+<br />
+Packinett, <a href="#Page_498">498</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Page, <a href="#Page_566">566</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Paine, <a href="#Page_598">598</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Palestine, 34, 121, 204, <a href="#Page_651">651</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Palermo, <a href="#Page_591">591</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Palinurus, 168.<br />
+<br />
+Pallas, 99.<br />
+<br />
+Palmer, <a href="#Page_536">536</a>, <a href="#Page_537">537</a>, <a href="#Page_597">597</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Pantagathus, <a href="#Page_586">586</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Parant Duchatelet, 219.<br />
+<br />
+Par&eacute;, <a href="#Page_589">589</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Pareicus, <a href="#Page_588">588</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Parian Marbles, <a href="#Page_382">382</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Paris, 37, 39, 73, 89, 249, <a href="#Page_438">438</a>, <a href="#Page_634">634</a>, <a href="#Page_635">635</a>, <a href="#Page_637">637</a>, <a href="#Page_667">667</a>, <a href="#Page_671">671</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Parker, 246, <a href="#Page_506">506</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Parkman, 270 to 273, passim:&mdash;also 278, 335, 336.<br />
+<br />
+Parr, 157.<br />
+<br />
+Parsees, 130.<br />
+<br />
+Parsons, 276, <a href="#Page_451">451</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Passy, <a href="#Page_599">599</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Patchogue, <a href="#Page_406">406</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Patroclus, 15, 67, 107.<br />
+<br />
+Pauketpeeker, <a href="#Page_457">457</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Paulding, 62.<br />
+<br />
+Paul, <a href="#Page_658">658</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Paull, <a href="#Page_606">606</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Pausanias, <a href="#Page_421">421</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Pavice, <a href="#Page_565">565</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Paxton, <a href="#Page_513">513</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Paybody, 175.<br />
+<br />
+Peake, 192.<br />
+<br />
+Pearson, 175, 189.<br />
+<br />
+Peck, <a href="#Page_498">498</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Pecker, <a href="#Page_449">449</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Peel, 207, 346.<br />
+<br />
+Pekin, <a href="#Page_481">481</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Pelion, <a href="#Page_658">658</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Pelletier, <a href="#Page_637">637</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Pemberton, <a href="#Page_536">536</a>, <a href="#Page_563">563</a>, <a href="#Page_566">566</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Pembroke, <a href="#Page_653">653</a>, <a href="#Page_654">654</a>, <a href="#Page_655">655</a>, <a href="#Page_677">677</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Penn, 231 to 269 passim:&mdash;also 339.<br />
+<br />
+Pennant, <a href="#Page_634">634</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Pennsylvania, 94.<br />
+<br />
+Pendleton, <a href="#Page_605">605</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Pepin, 73.<br />
+<br />
+Pepperell, <a href="#Page_508">508</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Pepusch, <a href="#Page_427">427</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Pepys, <a href="#Page_466">466</a>, <a href="#Page_468">468</a>, <a href="#Page_577">577</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Percival, <a href="#Page_599">599</a>, <a href="#Page_603">603</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Percy, <a href="#Page_425">425</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Perry, <a href="#Page_418">418</a>, <a href="#Page_610">610</a>, <a href="#Page_611">611</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Persepolis, <a href="#Page_475">475</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Persia, <a href="#Page_475">475</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Persians, <a href="#Page_632">632</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Persius, <a href="#Page_592">592</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Peters, <a href="#Page_450">450</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Petre, 281.<br />
+<br />
+Petronel, <a href="#Page_620">620</a>, <a href="#Page_621">621</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Pew, 49.<br />
+<br />
+Peyret, <a href="#Page_508">508</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Pharamond, 72.<br />
+<br />
+Pharsalia, <a href="#Page_670">670</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Phelps, 227.<br />
+<br />
+Philadelphia, 36, 38, 268, 339, <a href="#Page_614">614</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Philip Augustus, 39.<br />
+<br />
+Philip the Bold, 73.<br />
+<br />
+Philippus, <a href="#Page_588">588</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Phillips, <a href="#Page_408">408</a>, <a href="#Page_421">421</a>, <a href="#Page_495">495</a>, <a href="#Page_505">505</a>, <a href="#Page_531">531</a>, <a href="#Page_541">541</a>, <a href="#Page_542">542</a>:&mdash;also <a href="#Page_550">550 to 566</a> passim:&mdash;also <a href="#Page_568">568</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Philistines, <a href="#Page_617">617</a>, <a href="#Page_618">618</a>, <a href="#Page_619">619</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Philomela, 42.<br />
+<br />
+Picardy, <a href="#Page_635">635</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Pickering, 165, 221, <a href="#Page_439">439</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Pickett, 189.<br />
+<br />
+Pickworth, 283.<br />
+<br />
+Pierce, <a href="#Page_597">597</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Pierre de Nemours, 39.<br />
+<br />
+Pierson, 226.<br />
+<br />
+Pigot, <a href="#Page_555">555</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Pinchbeke, <a href="#Page_675">675</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Pinckney, 277.<br />
+<br />
+Pindar, 96.<br />
+<br />
+Pineau, 49.<br />
+<br />
+Pinohe, 81.<br />
+<br />
+Pitcairn, 54, 223.<br />
+<br />
+Pitcher, <a href="#Page_363">363</a>, <a href="#Page_658">658</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Pitt, 145, 146, <a href="#Page_606">606</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Pittacus, 12.<br />
+<br />
+Place de Gr&egrave;ve, 73, <a href="#Page_636">636</a>, <a href="#Page_637">637</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Place de la Revolution, <a href="#Page_638">638</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Place St. Antoine, <a href="#Page_638">638</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Plaine de Mont Louis, 40.<br />
+<br />
+Plaisant, <a href="#Page_639">639</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Plaistowe, 230.<br />
+<br />
+Plato, 20, 49, <a href="#Page_373">373</a>, <a href="#Page_377">377</a>, <a href="#Page_429">429</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Plautus, <a href="#Page_577">577</a>, <a href="#Page_587">587</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Pleydell, <a href="#Page_360">360</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Plimouth, 283, <a href="#Page_628">628</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Pliny, 79, 99, 117, 121, <a href="#Page_419">419</a>, <a href="#Page_430">430</a>, <a href="#Page_442">442</a>, <a href="#Page_443">443</a>, <a href="#Page_450">450</a>, <a href="#Page_459">459</a>, <a href="#Page_461">461</a>, <a href="#Page_462">462</a>, <a href="#Page_582">582</a>, <a href="#Page_583">583</a>, <a href="#Page_588">588</a>.<br />
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_696" id="Page_696">[Pg 696]</a></span><br />
+Plutarch, 105, 106, 217, <a href="#Page_400">400</a>, <a href="#Page_591">591</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Pococke, 111, 118.<br />
+<br />
+Podalirius, <a href="#Page_430">430</a>.<br />
+<br />
+P&oelig;on, <a href="#Page_430">430</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Poictiers, <a href="#Page_654">654</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Poictou, <a href="#Page_358">358</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Polack, 23.<br />
+<br />
+Pole, 75.<br />
+<br />
+Polhamus, 319, 320, 323.<br />
+<br />
+Pollard, 29.<br />
+<br />
+Pompadour, 41, 43.<br />
+<br />
+Pompey, <a href="#Page_443">443</a>, <a href="#Page_444">444</a>, <a href="#Page_670">670</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Ponthia, <a href="#Page_373">373</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Pontra&ccedil;i, 39, 40, 54, 89.<br />
+<br />
+Popayan, 130.<br />
+<br />
+Pope, 111, 334, <a href="#Page_364">364</a>, <a href="#Page_453">453</a>, <a href="#Page_480">480</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Popple, 263.<br />
+<br />
+Porchalion, <a href="#Page_674">674</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Portland, 64, 65.<br />
+<br />
+Port Mahon, 42.<br />
+<br />
+Potter, 12.<br />
+<br />
+Powell, <a href="#Page_386">386</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Pratt, 314, 327.<br />
+<br />
+Pretender, <a href="#Page_629">629</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Prevot, 49.<br />
+<br />
+Priam, 322.<br />
+<br />
+Price, <a href="#Page_520">520</a>, <a href="#Page_541">541</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Priest, <a href="#Page_612">612</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Primrose, 111.<br />
+<br />
+Prince of Orange, 233.<br />
+<br />
+Pringle, <a href="#Page_496">496</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Prioleau, <a href="#Page_496">496</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Prior, 54, 233.<br />
+<br />
+Pritchard, <a href="#Page_550">550</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Proctor, <a href="#Page_632">632</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Prudhomme, <a href="#Page_637">637</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Psamatticus, 33.<br />
+<br />
+Pseudodoxia, <a href="#Page_431">431</a>, <a href="#Page_660">660</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Puddifant, 131, 133.<br />
+<br />
+Pudding Lane, <a href="#Page_596">596</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Purchase Street, <a href="#Page_597">597</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Puzzlepot, 189.<br />
+<br />
+Pwan Yekoo, <a href="#Page_398">398</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Pyramus, <a href="#Page_592">592</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Pythagoras, <a href="#Page_377">377</a>.<br />
+<br />
+<br />
+<span class="huge">Q.</span><br />
+<br />
+Quakers, <a href="#Page_445">445</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Quincy, 43, 156, <a href="#Page_404">404</a>, <a href="#Page_416">416</a>, <a href="#Page_605">605</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Quintilius Varus, <a href="#Page_614">614</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Quintus, <a href="#Page_578">578</a>.<br />
+<br />
+<br />
+<span class="huge">R.</span><br />
+<br />
+Rachel, <a href="#Page_569">569</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Radziville, 121.<br />
+<br />
+Rand, <a href="#Page_449">449</a>, <a href="#Page_643">643</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Randall, 228.<br />
+<br />
+Randolph, 85, <a href="#Page_605">605</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Ranelagh, 266.<br />
+<br />
+Rapin, 87, 185, 186, 241, 349, <a href="#Page_612">612</a>, <a href="#Page_674">674</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Rauber, <a href="#Page_620">620</a>, <a href="#Page_621">621</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Ravaillac, 73.<br />
+<br />
+Ravenscroft, 298.<br />
+<br />
+Raymond, 309, 315, 326, 327.<br />
+<br />
+Read, <a href="#Page_520">520</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Reason, <a href="#Page_562">562</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Receuil Periodique, <a href="#Page_643">643</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Reese, <a href="#Page_357">357</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Regent&#8217;s Inlet, <a href="#Page_645">645</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Religio Medici, <a href="#Page_640">640</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Remus, 64.<br />
+<br />
+Reuben, 116.<br />
+<br />
+Revallion, <a href="#Page_532">532</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Richard II., <a href="#Page_649">649</a>, <a href="#Page_650">650</a>, <a href="#Page_657">657</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Richardson, <a href="#Page_662">662</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Richelieu, <a href="#Page_612">612</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Richmond, 133, 135, <a href="#Page_677">677</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Ridley, 279, <a href="#Page_571">571</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Riley, 181.<br />
+<br />
+Rivet, 20.<br />
+<br />
+Robertson, 241, 299, <a href="#Page_391">391</a>, <a href="#Page_392">392</a>, <a href="#Page_393">393</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Robespierre, <a href="#Page_638">638</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Robinson, 232, 260, 261, <a href="#Page_514">514</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Robin Hood, <a href="#Page_517">517</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Rochelle, <a href="#Page_495">495</a>, <a href="#Page_506">506</a>, <a href="#Page_507">507</a>, <a href="#Page_551">551</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Rochester, 216, 266, <a href="#Page_424">424</a>, <a href="#Page_480">480</a>, <a href="#Page_587">587</a>, <a href="#Page_631">631</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Rochefoucault, 217, 218, 338.<br />
+<br />
+Rockingham, 145.<br />
+<br />
+Rockport, 16.<br />
+<br />
+Roebuck, <a href="#Page_606">606</a>.<br />
+<br />
+R&oelig;derer, <a href="#Page_636">636</a>, <a href="#Page_637">637</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Rogers, 279, <a href="#Page_417">417</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Rogerson, <a href="#Page_450">450</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Roma, <a href="#Page_617">617</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Roman, <a href="#Page_618">618</a>, <a href="#Page_619">619</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Romans, 68, 106, 131, <a href="#Page_475">475</a>, <a href="#Page_592">592</a>, <a href="#Page_594">594</a>, <a href="#Page_595">595</a>, <a href="#Page_617">617</a>, <a href="#Page_632">632</a>, <a href="#Page_661">661</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Roman Catholics, <a href="#Page_600">600</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Rome, 87, 89, 263, 343, <a href="#Page_442">442</a>, <a href="#Page_460">460</a>, <a href="#Page_475">475</a>, <a href="#Page_614">614</a>, <a href="#Page_658">658</a>, <a href="#Page_661">661</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Romilly, 207, 346.<br />
+<br />
+Romulus, 105, <a href="#Page_474">474</a>, <a href="#Page_591">591</a>, <a href="#Page_595">595</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Rosamond, <a href="#Page_651">651</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Roscius, 215.<br />
+<br />
+Rose Cullender, <a href="#Page_640">640</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Rose in Bloom, <a href="#Page_405">405</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Ross, <a href="#Page_641">641</a>, <a href="#Page_645">645</a>, <a href="#Page_646">646</a>, <a href="#Page_647">647</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Rothschild, 15, 54.<br />
+<br />
+Rous, 227.<br />
+<br />
+Rouse, <a href="#Page_631">631</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Rousseau, <a href="#Page_476">476</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Rowlett, 82.<br />
+<br />
+Roxbury, 220, 221, 227, <a href="#Page_566">566</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Royal Society, <a href="#Page_622">622</a>, <a href="#Page_644">644</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Rue d&#8217;Enfer, 39, 42.<br />
+<br />
+Rufus, 320.<br />
+<br />
+Runjeet Singh, <a href="#Page_570">570</a>, <a href="#Page_571">571</a>, <a href="#Page_572">572</a>, <a href="#Page_573">573</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Russell, 29.<br />
+<br />
+Rush, <a href="#Page_447">447</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Rushworth, <a href="#Page_424">424</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Russia, 276.<br />
+<br />
+Russians, 129, <a href="#Page_474">474</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Ruthven, <a href="#Page_606">606</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Rutland Herald, 318, 331.<br />
+<br />
+Rymer&#8217;s F&oelig;dera, 349, <a href="#Page_675">675</a>.<br />
+<br />
+<br />
+<span class="huge">S.</span><br />
+<br />
+St. Andrew, 55.<br />
+<br />
+St. Anne, 56.<br />
+<br />
+St. Augustine, 51.<br />
+<br />
+St. Clara, 52.<br />
+<br />
+St. Christophers, <a href="#Page_533">533</a>.<br />
+<br />
+St. Croix, 11, 52, 98, <a href="#Page_422">422</a>.<br />
+<br />
+St. Denis, 73, 75.<br />
+<br />
+St. Edmunds Bury, <a href="#Page_640">640</a>.<br />
+<br />
+St. James, <a href="#Page_424">424</a>.<br />
+<br />
+St. Katherine, <a href="#Page_651">651</a>.<br />
+<br />
+St. Luke, 55.<br />
+<br />
+St. Margaret, <a href="#Page_651">651</a>, <a href="#Page_675">675</a>.<br />
+<br />
+St. Martins, 124.<br />
+<br />
+St. Mary, <a href="#Page_655">655</a>, <a href="#Page_675">675</a>.<br />
+<br />
+St. Matthew, 217.<br />
+<br />
+St. Michael, 57, 124.<br />
+<br />
+St. Omers, 263, <a href="#Page_426">426</a>.<br />
+<br />
+St. Paul, <a href="#Page_437">437</a>.<br />
+<br />
+St. Paul&#8217;s, 225, <a href="#Page_642">642</a>, <a href="#Page_656">656</a>.<br />
+<br />
+St. Peter, 56.<br />
+<br />
+St. Pierre, <a href="#Page_476">476</a>.<br />
+<br />
+St. Richard, <a href="#Page_656">656</a>.<br />
+<br />
+St. Saba, 122.<br />
+<br />
+St. Saturnin, 37.<br />
+<br />
+St. Thomas, 56, 321, <a href="#Page_656">656</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Sabine, <a href="#Page_510">510</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Saburra, <a href="#Page_587">587</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Sackville, 145, <a href="#Page_549">549</a>, <a href="#Page_551">551</a>, <a href="#Page_613">613</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Salem, 54.<br />
+<br />
+Salewarp, <a href="#Page_651">651</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Salisbury, 307, <a href="#Page_650">650</a>, <a href="#Page_651">651</a>, <a href="#Page_669">669</a>, <a href="#Page_674">674</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Sallust, <a href="#Page_381">381</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Salmon, 87.<br />
+<br />
+Salter, <a href="#Page_550">550</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Saltonstall, <a href="#Page_533">533</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Samee, <a href="#Page_665">665</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Samson, <a href="#Page_437">437</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Samuel, 111, <a href="#Page_363">363</a>, <a href="#Page_434">434</a>, <a href="#Page_585">585</a>, <a href="#Page_620">620</a>, <a href="#Page_660">660</a>, <a href="#Page_670">670</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Samuels, 15.<br />
+<br />
+Sancho Panza, 192, 265.<br />
+<br />
+Sanderson, 131.<br />
+<br />
+Sanson, <a href="#Page_633">633</a>, <a href="#Page_635">635</a>, <a href="#Page_636">636</a>, <a href="#Page_637">637</a>, <a href="#Page_638">638</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Sardinia, 88.<br />
+<br />
+Sargent, 180, <a href="#Page_538">538</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Sarsaparilla, 133.<br />
+<br />
+Sarum, <a href="#Page_363">363</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Saul, 16, 67, <a href="#Page_434">434</a>, <a href="#Page_617">617</a>, <a href="#Page_618">618</a>, <a href="#Page_670">670</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Saulien, 37.<br />
+<br />
+Saunders, 176.<br />
+<br />
+Sauvages, 101.<br />
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_697" id="Page_697">[Pg 697]</a></span><br />
+Savage, 55.<br />
+<br />
+Savoy, <a href="#Page_606">606</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Scaliger, <a href="#Page_437">437</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Scharsegin, <a href="#Page_620">620</a>, <a href="#Page_621">621</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Schmidt, <a href="#Page_381">381</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Schridieder, <a href="#Page_356">356</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Scipio Africanus, 22, 216.<br />
+<br />
+Scott, 49, 227, 269, 360, <a href="#Page_375">375</a>, <a href="#Page_376">376</a>, <a href="#Page_422">422</a>, <a href="#Page_426">426</a>, <a href="#Page_606">606</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Scrope, <a href="#Page_675">675</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Scutari, 22.<br />
+<br />
+Segor, 117.<br />
+<br />
+Seignelay, 239.<br />
+<br />
+Seltridge, <a href="#Page_449">449</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Selkirk, 171.<br />
+<br />
+Selwyn, 179, 237, <a href="#Page_615">615</a>, <a href="#Page_628">628</a>, <a href="#Page_642">642</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Seneca, 106, 107, 168, 169, <a href="#Page_377">377</a>, <a href="#Page_443">443</a>, <a href="#Page_585">585</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Senisino, <a href="#Page_421">421</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Serampore, 281.<br />
+<br />
+Sergius Orator, <a href="#Page_461">461</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Servius, 97, 279.<br />
+<br />
+Sevr&egrave;s, <a href="#Page_671">671</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Sewall, 142, 165, <a href="#Page_513">513</a>, <a href="#Page_546">546</a>, <a href="#Page_553">553</a>, <a href="#Page_558">558</a>, <a href="#Page_561">561</a>, <a href="#Page_630">630</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Seymour, 133, 136, <a href="#Page_608">608</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Shades, <a href="#Page_587">587</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Shakspeare, 83, <a href="#Page_409">409</a>, <a href="#Page_419">419</a>, <a href="#Page_658">658</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Shandois, 77, 82.<br />
+<br />
+Sharp, 93.<br />
+<br />
+Shattuck, 222, <a href="#Page_439">439</a>, <a href="#Page_440">440</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Shaw, 112, 221, <a href="#Page_459">459</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Shays, 941.<br />
+<br />
+Shea, 54.<br />
+<br />
+Sheerness, <a href="#Page_558">558</a>, <a href="#Page_564">564</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Shelburne, <a href="#Page_605">605</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Shelden, 261.<br />
+<br />
+Sheldon, 314, 327.<br />
+<br />
+Shelson, 299.<br />
+<br />
+Sheridan, <a href="#Page_613">613</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Shirley, 291, 297, <a href="#Page_530">530</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Shochoh, <a href="#Page_615">615</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Shouldham, <a href="#Page_652">652</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Shrewsbury, 320.<br />
+<br />
+Shute, 298.<br />
+<br />
+Shylock, 171.<br />
+<br />
+Siberia, 35.<br />
+<br />
+Sicily, 33, <a href="#Page_591">591</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Sicilies, the Two, 89.<br />
+<br />
+Siddim, 117.<br />
+<br />
+Sidney, <a href="#Page_425">425</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Sigal, <a href="#Page_515">515</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Sigourney, <a href="#Page_496">496</a>, <a href="#Page_498">498</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Simmons, 130.<br />
+<br />
+Skinner, 309, 331.<br />
+<br />
+Smallpiece, <a href="#Page_598">598</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Smith, Sidney, <a href="#Page_367">367</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Smith, 24, 27, 71, 152, 164, 227, 289, <a href="#Page_509">509</a>, <a href="#Page_591">591</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Smink, 101.<br />
+<br />
+Smollett, 241, 243.<br />
+<br />
+Snow, <a href="#Page_537">537</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Socrates, <a href="#Page_592">592</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Sodom, 117, 119, 120, 123, 215, 221.<br />
+<br />
+Sodoma, 122.<br />
+<br />
+Solomon, 192.<br />
+<br />
+Solon, 209.<br />
+<br />
+Somersett, <a href="#Page_677">677</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Somnium Scipionis, <a href="#Page_373">373</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Soo Chune, <a href="#Page_398">398</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Soong, <a href="#Page_482">482</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Sophia Charlotte, 28.<br />
+<br />
+Sorbiere, <a href="#Page_437">437</a>, <a href="#Page_457">457</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Sosigenes, <a href="#Page_474">474</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Southampton, 135.<br />
+<br />
+Southwick, 227.<br />
+<br />
+Spain, <a href="#Page_650">650</a>, <a href="#Page_662">662</a>, <a href="#Page_675">675</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Spaniards, 130.<br />
+<br />
+Sparks, 62, <a href="#Page_561">561</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Speed, 76, <a href="#Page_424">424</a>, <a href="#Page_677">677</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Spelman, <a href="#Page_648">648</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Spitalfields, 67, 256.<br />
+<br />
+Spooner, <a href="#Page_450">450</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Spring, <a href="#Page_512">512</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Springett, 252.<br />
+<br />
+Sprott, <a href="#Page_676">676</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Stafford, <a href="#Page_632">632</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Stair, <a href="#Page_623">623</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Stanford, <a href="#Page_650">650</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Stanhope, <a href="#Page_593">593</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Starkie, 192.<br />
+<br />
+Staunford, <a href="#Page_675">675</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Steele, <a href="#Page_555">555</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Stephanus, 105.<br />
+<br />
+Stephens, 117, 118, 121, 122, 123.<br />
+<br />
+Sterne, 37.<br />
+<br />
+Sternhold, 231, <a href="#Page_424">424</a>, <a href="#Page_425">425</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Steuben, 62.<br />
+<br />
+Stevens, <a href="#Page_554">554</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Stevenson, 232.<br />
+<br />
+Stewart, <a href="#Page_609">609</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Stillman, <a href="#Page_631">631</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Stirling Castle, 95.<br />
+<br />
+Stirrington, <a href="#Page_652">652</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Stockholm, 52.<br />
+<br />
+Stone Chapel, 296.<br />
+<br />
+Story, 268.<br />
+<br />
+Stow, 20, 67, 346, 349, <a href="#Page_424">424</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Stowell, <a href="#Page_632">632</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Strabo, <a href="#Page_592">592</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Streatfield, 105.<br />
+<br />
+Strype, 77, 81, 82, 88, 139, 279, 280, 281, <a href="#Page_409">409</a>, <a href="#Page_410">410</a>, <a href="#Page_424">424</a>, <a href="#Page_631">631</a>, <a href="#Page_632">632</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Stuart, <a href="#Page_603">603</a>, <a href="#Page_605">605</a>, <a href="#Page_606">606</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Stuarts, <a href="#Page_661">661</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Stubbe, <a href="#Page_594">594</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Sue, <a href="#Page_639">639</a>, <a href="#Page_640">640</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Suetonius, 29, 67, 79, 98, 99, 107, <a href="#Page_462">462</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Suffolk, <a href="#Page_654">654</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Sully, <a href="#Page_352">352</a>, <a href="#Page_606">606</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Sulmo, <a href="#Page_390">390</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Sumner, 19, 132.<br />
+<br />
+Sunderland, 89, 233.<br />
+<br />
+Surinam, <a href="#Page_351">351</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Sweden, <a href="#Page_661">661</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Swedenborg, <a href="#Page_378">378</a>, <a href="#Page_379">379</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Swedes, <a href="#Page_661">661</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Swift, 32, 193, <a href="#Page_367">367</a>, <a href="#Page_422">422</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Swingford, <a href="#Page_674">674</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Switzerland, <a href="#Page_394">394</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Sykes, 244.<br />
+<br />
+Sylla, 63, 97.<br />
+<br />
+Sylvester, <a href="#Page_596">596</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Syracuse, 33.<br />
+<br />
+Syrens, <a href="#Page_421">421</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Syria, 34, 88.<br />
+<br />
+Syrians, <a href="#Page_632">632</a>.<br />
+<br />
+<br />
+<span class="huge">T.</span><br />
+<br />
+Tacitus, 29, 99, 107.<br />
+<br />
+Taheite, <a href="#Page_378">378</a>, <a href="#Page_380">380</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Tailor, <a href="#Page_554">554</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Tappan, 58, 60.<br />
+<br />
+Tarpeian Rock, <a href="#Page_618">618</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Tasman, 129.<br />
+<br />
+Tate, 31, <a href="#Page_596">596</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Taylor, 84, 110, 157, 215, <a href="#Page_394">394</a>, <a href="#Page_395">395</a>, <a href="#Page_396">396</a>, <a href="#Page_397">397</a>, <a href="#Page_638">638</a>, <a href="#Page_662">662</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Taunton, 235.<br />
+<br />
+Tees, <a href="#Page_379">379</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Templeman, <a href="#Page_451">451</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Terence, <a href="#Page_587">587</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Tertullian, 122.<br />
+<br />
+Testamenta Vetusta, <a href="#Page_648">648</a>, <a href="#Page_649">649</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Tewksbury, <a href="#Page_655">655</a>, <a href="#Page_673">673</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Thacher, 31, 58, 61, 126, 127, <a href="#Page_568">568</a>, <a href="#Page_605">605</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Thebes, 16, 32.<br />
+<br />
+Theodolphus, 37.<br />
+<br />
+Theodosius, 36.<br />
+<br />
+Theophrastus, <a href="#Page_587">587</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Thessalus, <a href="#Page_443">443</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Thessaly, <a href="#Page_670">670</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Thevet, 118.<br />
+<br />
+Thiermeyer, <a href="#Page_642">642</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Thomas, 346, <a href="#Page_480">480</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Thomas of Canterbury, 281.<br />
+<br />
+Thompson, 86.<br />
+<br />
+Thornton, <a href="#Page_477">477</a>, <a href="#Page_604">604</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Thurlow, <a href="#Page_589">589</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Tiberius, 98.<br />
+<br />
+Tibullus, 100, 160.<br />
+<br />
+Tierney, <a href="#Page_606">606</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Tilbury, <a href="#Page_670">670</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Tillotson, 178, 238, 240, 262, 266.<br />
+<br />
+Timoleon, 12.<br />
+<br />
+Tinville, <a href="#Page_638">638</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Tonga Islands, 129.<br />
+<br />
+Tongataboo, 129.<br />
+<br />
+Tonstrina, <a href="#Page_588">588</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Tortugas, <a href="#Page_407">407</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Touchet, <a href="#Page_380">380</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Tournay, 67.<br />
+<br />
+Tower Hill, <a href="#Page_631">631</a>, <a href="#Page_632">632</a>.<br />
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_698" id="Page_698">[Pg 698]</a></span><br />
+Townshend, 145.<br />
+<br />
+Trajan, <a href="#Page_476">476</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Trenchard, 265.<br />
+<br />
+Trent, <a href="#Page_606">606</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Tresham, 77.<br />
+<br />
+Treviso, <a href="#Page_381">381</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Troughton, <a href="#Page_644">644</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Troutbeck, 297.<br />
+<br />
+Troy, 322, <a href="#Page_430">430</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Trunnion, 221.<br />
+<br />
+Truro, <a href="#Page_406">406</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Tanfugge, <a href="#Page_654">654</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Tubero, <a href="#Page_373">373</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Tuck, <a href="#Page_564">564</a>, <a href="#Page_566">566</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Tuckett, <a href="#Page_606">606</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Tuckey, 129, 130.<br />
+<br />
+Tudor, 76.<br />
+<br />
+Tunbrugge, <a href="#Page_654">654</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Turkey, 106.<br />
+<br />
+Turkish Empire, <a href="#Page_672">672</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Turks, 123.<br />
+<br />
+Turenne, 73, 75.<br />
+<br />
+Turner, 155, 157, 231, <a href="#Page_570">570</a>, <a href="#Page_575">575</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Twiss, 230.<br />
+<br />
+Tyburn, 340, <a href="#Page_632">632</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Tyler, <a href="#Page_500">500</a>.<br />
+<br />
+<br />
+<span class="huge">U.</span><br />
+<br />
+Ucalegon, 143.<br />
+<br />
+Ula-Deguisi, 123.<br />
+<br />
+Ulysses, 106, 109, <a href="#Page_420">420</a>.<br />
+<br />
+United States, 347, <a href="#Page_407">407</a>, <a href="#Page_434">434</a>, <a href="#Page_610">610</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Usher, <a href="#Page_561">561</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Uxbridge, 16.<br />
+<br />
+<br />
+<span class="huge">V.</span><br />
+<br />
+Val de Grace, 68.<br />
+<br />
+Valentia, <a href="#Page_606">606</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Valerius Maximus, <a href="#Page_374">374</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Vallemont, <a href="#Page_455">455</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Valois, <a href="#Page_622">622</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Valvasor, <a href="#Page_620">620</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Van Buren, 85, 95, 96.<br />
+<br />
+Van Butchell, <a href="#Page_445">445</a>, <a href="#Page_447">447</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Vandyke, 137.<br />
+<br />
+Van Gelder, 59.<br />
+<br />
+Van Pronk, 25.<br />
+<br />
+Vans, 184.<br />
+<br />
+Van Wart, 63.<br />
+<br />
+Varden, <a href="#Page_401">401</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Vardy, <a href="#Page_564">564</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Varro, <a href="#Page_583">583</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Vassal, 296.<br />
+<br />
+Vaughan, <a href="#Page_361">361</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Velleius Paterculus, <a href="#Page_614">614</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Vere, <a href="#Page_654">654</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Verney, <a href="#Page_677">677</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Vermont, 114.<br />
+<br />
+Veronica, 57.<br />
+<br />
+Verulam, 258.<br />
+<br />
+Vespasian, 29, 67, 98.<br />
+<br />
+Vesuvius, 121.<br />
+<br />
+Vexius Valens, <a href="#Page_443">443</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Victoria, 208.<br />
+<br />
+Victory, <a href="#Page_646">646</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Vieq d&#8217;Azyr, 37.<br />
+<br />
+Vienna, <a href="#Page_433">433</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Villars, <a href="#Page_607">607</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Vincent, 256, 257, 258.<br />
+<br />
+Virgil, 76, 79, 97, 99, <a href="#Page_419">419</a>, <a href="#Page_422">422</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Virginia, 153, 154.<br />
+<br />
+Volney, 117, 119, 121.<br />
+<br />
+Voltaire, 217, <a href="#Page_637">637</a>.<br />
+<br />
+<br />
+<span class="huge">W.</span><br />
+<br />
+Wade, <a href="#Page_570">570</a>, <a href="#Page_572">572</a>, <a href="#Page_573">573</a>, <a href="#Page_575">575</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Wakefield, <a href="#Page_359">359</a>, <a href="#Page_466">466</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Waldo, 90, 302.<br />
+<br />
+Walpole, <a href="#Page_382">382</a>, <a href="#Page_431">431</a>, <a href="#Page_629">629</a>, <a href="#Page_674">674</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Waltham, <a href="#Page_676">676</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Walsingham, 65, 83, 84, <a href="#Page_650">650</a>, <a href="#Page_656">656</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Ward, 281, 282, <a href="#Page_528">528</a>, <a href="#Page_529">529</a>, <a href="#Page_595">595</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Ward&#8217;s Curwen, <a href="#Page_510">510</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Warre, 235, 236.<br />
+<br />
+Warren, 55, 66, 222, <a href="#Page_446">446</a>, <a href="#Page_450">450</a>, <a href="#Page_597">597</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Warwick, <a href="#Page_651">651</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Washington, 62, 277, <a href="#Page_394">394</a>, <a href="#Page_511">511</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Waterhouse, <a href="#Page_448">448</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Waterloo, 132.<br />
+<br />
+Watts, <a href="#Page_366">366</a>, <a href="#Page_677">677</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Webb, 91, 126, <a href="#Page_546">546</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Webster, 159, 160, 271, 280, 335, 336, 337.<br />
+<br />
+Wedgewood, 64.<br />
+<br />
+Weever, 76, 124.<br />
+<br />
+Wellesley, <a href="#Page_606">606</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Wellington, <a href="#Page_606">606</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Wells, 273.<br />
+<br />
+Welsh, <a href="#Page_450">450</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Wendell, <a href="#Page_538">538</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Wentworth, <a href="#Page_554">554</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Westminster, 37, 134.<br />
+<br />
+Westminster Abbey, 34, 78, 136, 290, <a href="#Page_478">478</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Weston, <a href="#Page_628">628</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Westwood, <a href="#Page_651">651</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Wharton, 227.<br />
+<br />
+Whelpley, 322.<br />
+<br />
+Whipple, <a href="#Page_450">450</a>, <a href="#Page_596">596</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Whiston, 120.<br />
+<br />
+White, 82.<br />
+<br />
+Whitehall, 134.<br />
+<br />
+Whitehead, 256, 257, 258.<br />
+<br />
+Whitehurst, 158.<br />
+<br />
+White Plains, <a href="#Page_351">351</a>, <a href="#Page_415">415</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Wiche, <a href="#Page_651">651</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Wigmore, <a href="#Page_656">656</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Wilkes, 145, <a href="#Page_605">605</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Willard, <a href="#Page_520">520</a>, <a href="#Page_566">566</a>.<br />
+<br />
+William the Conqueror, <a href="#Page_614">614</a>.<br />
+<br />
+William and Mary, 248.<br />
+<br />
+William III., 232, 233, 248, 253.<br />
+<br />
+William IV., 37, 207, 208.<br />
+<br />
+Williams, 27, 29, 63, 164, 204.<br />
+<br />
+Williamson, <a href="#Page_630">630</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Willis, 88, 181.<br />
+<br />
+Wilts, <a href="#Page_656">656</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Wiltshire, <a href="#Page_677">677</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Winchelsea, <a href="#Page_606">606</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Winchester, 220, <a href="#Page_400">400</a>, <a href="#Page_651">651</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Windsor, 133, 135, 136.<br />
+<br />
+Winkle, 281.<br />
+<br />
+Winslow, <a href="#Page_555">555</a>, <a href="#Page_564">564</a>, <a href="#Page_565">565</a>, <a href="#Page_595">595</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Winterbottom, <a href="#Page_435">435</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Winthrop, <a href="#Page_535">535</a>, <a href="#Page_538">538</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Wisigoths, <a href="#Page_407">407</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Wisket, <a href="#Page_628">628</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Wode, <a href="#Page_632">632</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Wolton, <a href="#Page_678">678</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Wood, 133, 181, 232, 248, 249, <a href="#Page_424">424</a>, <a href="#Page_425">425</a>, <a href="#Page_426">426</a>, <a href="#Page_613">613</a>, <a href="#Page_642">642</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Woodbridge, <a href="#Page_550">550 to 564</a>, passim.<br />
+<br />
+Woodcock, <a href="#Page_386">386</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Woods, 127.<br />
+<br />
+Worcester, 124, <a href="#Page_651">651</a>, <a href="#Page_652">652</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Woronzow, <a href="#Page_622">622</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Wraxall, <a href="#Page_622">622</a>, <a href="#Page_623">623</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Wyatt, <a href="#Page_631">631</a>.<br />
+<br />
+<br />
+<span class="huge">Y.</span><br />
+<br />
+Yale, <a href="#Page_580">580</a>.<br />
+<br />
+York, <a href="#Page_675">675</a>.<br />
+<br />
+York, Duke of, 252, 256.<br />
+<br />
+Yorktown, <a href="#Page_415">415</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Younge, <a href="#Page_676">676</a>.<br />
+<br />
+<br />
+<span class="huge">Z.</span><br />
+<br />
+Zaire, 129.<br />
+<br />
+Zeleucus, 342.<br />
+<br />
+Zeno, 49.<br />
+<br />
+Zeres, 56.<br />
+<br />
+Zimmerman, 347.<br />
+<br />
+Zion, <a href="#Page_423">423</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Zisca, 26.<br />
+<br />
+Zoar, 121.<br />
+<br />
+Zophar, 217.<br />
+</p>
+
+
+
+<p>&nbsp;</p><p>&nbsp;</p>
+<hr style="width: 50%;" />
+<p><strong>Footnotes:</strong></p>
+
+<p><a name='f_1' id='f_1' href='#fna_1'>[1]</a> Hist, of Charles V., vol. v. page 139, Oxford ed. 1825.</p>
+
+<p><a name='f_2' id='f_2' href='#fna_2'>[2]</a> Lond. Quart. Rev., vol. lxxvi. page 161.</p>
+
+<p><a name='f_3' id='f_3' href='#fna_3'>[3]</a> Nearly opposite the residence of Dr. Lemuel Hayward, deceased, where
+Hayward Place now is.</p>
+
+<p><a name='f_4' id='f_4' href='#fna_4'>[4]</a> Woodbridge, I suppose, belonged to some military company, whose arms
+and accoutrements were probably kept at the White Horse tavern, under the
+charge of Robert Handy.</p>
+
+<p><a name='f_5' id='f_5' href='#fna_5'>[5]</a> <i>Hog Alley.</i> See Bonner&#8217;s plan, of 1722.</p>
+
+<p><a name='f_6' id='f_6' href='#fna_6'>[6]</a> Afterwards Richard II.</p>
+
+<p><a name='f_7' id='f_7' href='#fna_7'>[7]</a> His natural son.</p>
+
+<p><a name='f_8' id='f_8' href='#fna_8'>[8]</a> John of Gaunt.</p>
+
+<p><a name='f_9' id='f_9' href='#fna_9'>[9]</a> An English mark was two-thirds of a pound sterling, or 13s. 4d.</p>
+
+<p><a name='f_10' id='f_10' href='#fna_10'>[10]</a> A church book.</p>
+
+<p><a name='f_11' id='f_11' href='#fna_11'>[11]</a> Breviary.</p>
+
+<p><a name='f_12' id='f_12' href='#fna_12'>[12]</a> A button of gold.</p>
+
+<p><a name='f_13' id='f_13' href='#fna_13'>[13]</a> A button.</p>
+
+<p><a name='f_14' id='f_14' href='#fna_14'>[14]</a> Round funeral tapers.</p>
+
+<p><a name='f_15' id='f_15' href='#fna_15'>[15]</a> Margaret Plantagenet, grand-daughter of King Edward I.</p>
+
+<p><a name='f_16' id='f_16' href='#fna_16'>[16]</a> The badge of the house of Lancaster.</p>
+
+<p><a name='f_17' id='f_17' href='#fna_17'>[17]</a> Richard II.</p>
+
+<p><a name='f_18' id='f_18' href='#fna_18'>[18]</a> A culverin.</p>
+
+<p><a name='f_19' id='f_19' href='#fna_19'>[19]</a> Dugdale says these were jewels, hanging over the forehead, on
+bodkins, thrust through the hair.</p>
+
+<p><a name='f_20' id='f_20' href='#fna_20'>[20]</a> Pale or peach-colored rubies.</p>
+
+<p><a name='f_21' id='f_21' href='#fna_21'>[21]</a> This effigy is referred to by Walpole, in his Anecdotes of Painting,
+vol. i. p. 37.</p>
+
+
+<p>&nbsp;</p><p>&nbsp;</p>
+<hr style="width: 50%;" />
+<p><strong>Transcriber&#8217;s Notes:</strong></p>
+
+<p>No. CXIX. ends with the phrase &#8220;The symptoms&#8221; as is presented in the original text.</p>
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+<pre>
+
+
+
+
+
+End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of Dealings With The Dead, by 
+A Sexton of the Old School
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+Project Gutenberg's Dealings With The Dead, by A Sexton of the Old School
+
+This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with
+almost no restrictions whatsoever.  You may copy it, give it away or
+re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included
+with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org/license
+
+
+Title: Dealings With The Dead
+       Volume II
+
+Author: A Sexton of the Old School
+
+Release Date: May 12, 2012 [EBook #39675]
+
+Language: English
+
+Character set encoding: ASCII
+
+*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK DEALINGS WITH THE DEAD ***
+
+
+
+
+Produced by Delphine Lettau, Meredith Bach and the Online
+Distributed Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net (This
+file was produced from images generously made available
+by The Internet Archive.)
+
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+
+
+
+
+
+
+Dealings with the Dead.
+
+
+
+
+  DEALINGS WITH THE DEAD.
+
+
+  BY A SEXTON OF THE OLD SCHOOL.
+
+
+  VOLUME II.
+
+
+  BOSTON:
+  PUBLISHED BY DUTTON AND WENTWORTH,
+  33 AND 35 CONGRESS STREET:
+  AND
+  TICKNOR AND FIELDS,
+  CORNER OF WASHINGTON AND SCHOOL STREETS.
+  MDCCCLVI.
+
+
+
+
+Entered according to Act of Congress, in the year 1855, by DUTTON AND
+WENTWORTH, in the Clerk's Office of the District Court of the District of
+Massachusetts.
+
+
+
+
+Dealings with the Dead.
+
+BY A SEXTON OF THE OLD SCHOOL.
+
+
+
+
+No. XC.
+
+
+My earliest recollections of some, among the dead and buried aristocracy
+of Boston, find a ready embodiment, in cocked hats of enormous
+proportions, queues reaching to their middles, cloaks of scarlet
+broadcloth, lined with silk, and faced with velvet, and just so short, as
+to exhibit the swell of the leg, silk stockings, and breeches, highly
+polished shoes, and large, square, silver buckles, embroidered vests, with
+deep lappet pockets, similar to those, which were worn, in the age of
+_Louis Quatorze_, shirts ruffled, at the bosoms and sleeves, doeskin or
+beaver gloves, and glossy, black, Surinam walking canes, six feet in
+length, and commonly carried by the middle.
+
+Of the last of the Capulets we know nearly all, that it is desirable to
+know. Of the last of the cocked hats we are not so clearly certified.
+
+The dimensions of the military cocked hat were terrible; and, like those
+enormous, bear skin caps, which are in use, at present, eminently
+calculated to put the enemy to flight. I have seen one of those enormous
+cocked hats, which had long been preserved, as a memorial of the wearer's
+gallantry. In one corner, and near the extremity, was a round hole, said
+to have been made by a musket ball, at the battle of White Plains, Nov.
+30, 1776. As I contemplated this relic, it was impossible to avoid the
+comforting reflection, that the head of the gallant proprietor was at a
+very safe distance from the bullet.
+
+After the assassination of Henry IV., and greatly to the amusement of the
+gay and giddy courtiers of his successor, Louis XIII.--old Sully
+obstinately adhered to the costume of the former reign. Colonel Barnabas
+Clarke was very much of Sully's way of thinking. "And who," asks the
+reader, "was Colonel Barnabas Clarke?" He was a pensioner of the United
+States, and died a poor, though highly respected old man, in the town of
+Randolph, and Commonwealth of Massachusetts. For several years, he
+commanded the third Regiment of the first Brigade, and first Division of
+infantry; and he wore the largest cocked hat and the longest queue in the
+known world. He was a broad-shouldered, strong-hearted Revolutioner. Let
+me take the reader aside, for a brief space; and recite to him a pleasant
+anecdote of old Colonel Barnabas Clarke, which occurred, under my own
+observation, when John Brooks--whose patent of military nobilty bears date
+at Saratoga, but who was one of nature's noblemen from his cradle--was
+governor of Massachusetts.
+
+There was a militia muster of the Norfolk troops, and they were reviewed
+by Governor Brooks. They were drawn up in line. The Governor, bare headed,
+with his suite, had moved slowly down, in front of the array, each
+regiment, as he passed, paying the customary salute.
+
+The petty _chapeau militaire_ had then become almost universal, and, with,
+or without, its feather and gold edgings, was all over the field. Splendid
+epaulettes and eaglets glittered, on the shoulders of such, as were
+entitled to wear them. Prancing horses were caracoling and curvetting, in
+gaudy trappings. In the midst of this showy array, in front of his
+regiment, bolt upright, upon the back of his tall, chestnut horse, that,
+upon the strength of an extra allowance of oats, pawed the ground, and
+seemed to forget, that he was in the plough, the day before, sat an old
+man, of rugged features, and large proportions. Upon his head was that
+enormous cocked hat, of other days--upon his shoulders, scarcely
+distinguishable, was a small pair of tarnished epaulettes--the gray hairs
+at the extremity of his prodigious queue lay upon the crupper of his
+saddle--his ancient boots shaped to the leg, his long shanked spurs, his
+straight silver-hilted sword, and lion-headed pistols were of 1776. Such
+was the outer man of old Colonel Barnabas Clarke.
+
+As the Governor advanced, upon the line of the third Regiment of the first
+Brigade, the fifes of that regiment commenced their shrill whistle, and
+the drums began to roll; and, at the appropriate moment, the veteran
+saluted his excellency, in that rather angular style, which was common, in
+the days of our military fathers.
+
+At that moment, Governor Brooks checked his horse, and, replacing his hat
+upon his head, dismounted, and walked towards the Colonel, who,
+comprehending the intention, returned his sword to its scabbard, and came
+to the ground, with the alertness of a much younger man. They met midway,
+between the line and the reviewing cortege--in an instant, each grasped
+the other's hand, with the ardor of men, who are mutually endeared, by the
+recollection of partnership, in days of danger and daring--they had been
+fellow lodgers, within the intrenchments of Burgoyne, on the memorable
+night of October 7, 1777. After a few words of mutual respect and
+affection, they parted--the review went forward--the fifers and drummers
+outdid themselves--the beholders sent forth an irrepressible shout--and
+when old Colonel Barnabas got up once again, upon his chestnut horse, I
+thought he looked considerably more like old Frederick, hat, queue, and
+all, than he did, before he got down. He looked as proud as Tamerlane,
+after he had caged the Sultan, Bajazet--yet I saw him dash a tear from his
+eye, with the sleeve of his coat--I found one in my own. How frail we
+are!--there is one there now!
+
+While contemplating the remarkable resurrection that has occurred, within
+a few years, of old chairs and tables, porcelain and candlesticks, I
+confidently look forward to the resurrection of cocked hats. They were
+really very becoming. I speak not of those vasty beavers, manufactured, of
+yore, by that most accomplished, gentlemanly, and facetious of all
+hatters, Mr. Nathaniel Balch, No. 72 old Cornhill; but such as he made,
+for his excellent friend, and boon companion, Jeremiah Allen, Esquire,
+high Sheriff of Suffolk. When trimmed with gold lace, and adorned with the
+official cockade, it was a very becoming affair.
+
+No man carried the fashion, as I have described it, in the commencement of
+this article, to a greater extent, than Mr. Thomas Marshall, more commonly
+known as _Tommy Marshall_. He was a tailor, and his shop and house were in
+State Street, near the present site of the Boston Bank. In London, his
+leisurely gait, finished toilette, admirable personal equipments, and
+exceedingly composed and courtly carriage and deportment would have passed
+him off, for a gentleman, living at his ease, or for one of the nobility.
+Mr. Marshall was remarkable, for the exquisite polish, and classical cut
+of his cocked hat. He was much on 'change, in those primitive days, and
+highly respected, for his true sense of honor. Though the most
+accomplished tailor of his day, no one ever suspected him of cabbage.
+
+When I began the present article, it was my design to have written upon a
+very different subject--but since all my cogitations have been "_knocked
+into a cocked hat_," I may as well close this article, with a short
+anecdote of Tommy Marshall.
+
+There was a period--there often is, in similar cases--during which it was
+doubtful, if the celebrated James Otis was a sane or an insane man. During
+that period, he was engaged for the plaintiff, in a cause, in which Mr.
+Marshall was a witness, for the defendant. After a tedious cross
+examination, Mr. Otis perceived the impossibility of perplexing the
+witness, or driving him into any discrepancy; and, in a moment of despair,
+his mind, probably, not being perfectly balanced, he lifted his finger,
+and shaking it, knowingly, at the witness, exclaimed--"_Ah, Tommy
+Marshall, Tommy Marshall, I know you!_" "_And what do you know of me,
+sir?_" cried the witness, doubling his fist in the very face of Mr. Otis,
+and stamping on the floor--"_I know you're a tailor, Tommy!_"
+
+
+
+
+No. XCI.
+
+
+Wake--Vigil--Waecan--import one and the same thing. So we are informed, by
+that learned antiquary, John Whitaker, in his History of Manchester,
+published in 1771. Originally, this was a festival, kept by watching,
+through the night, preceding the day, on which a church was dedicated. We
+are told, by Shakspeare--
+
+  He that outlives this day, and sees old age,
+  Will yearly, on the _vigil_, feast his neighbors,
+  And say _tomorrow_ is Saint Crispian.
+
+These vigils, like the _agapae_, or love-feasts, fell, erelong, into
+disrepute, and furnished occasion, for disgraceful revelry and riot.
+
+The Irish _Wake_, as it is popularly called, however it may have sprung
+from the same original stock, is, at present, a very different affair.
+Howling, at a wake, is akin to the ululation of the mourning women of
+Greece, Rome, and Judea, to which I have alluded, in a former number. The
+object of the Irish _Wake_ is to rouse the spirit, which, otherwise, it is
+apprehended, might remain inactive, unwilling, or unable, to quit its
+mortal frame--to _wake_ the soul, not precisely, "by tender strokes of
+art," but by long-continued, nocturnal wailings and howlings. In practice,
+it has ever been accounted extremely difficult, to get the Irish soul
+fairly off, either upward or downward, without an abundance of
+intoxicating liquor.
+
+The philosophy of this is too high for me--I cannot attain unto it. I know
+not, whether the soul goes off, in a fit of disgust, at the senseless and
+insufferable uproar, or is fairly frightened out of its tabernacle. This I
+know, that boon companions, and plenty of liquor are the very last means I
+should think of employing, to induce a true-born Irishman, to give up the
+ghost. I have read with pleasure, in the Pilot, a Roman Catholic paper of
+this city, an editorial discommendation of this preposterous custom.
+
+However these barbarous proceedings may serve to outrage the dignity, and
+even the decency, of death, they have not always been absolutely useless.
+If the ravings, and rantings, the drunkenness, and the bloody brawls, that
+have sometimes occurred, during the celebration of an _Irish wake_, have
+proved unavailing, in raising the dead, or in exciting the lethargic
+soul--they have, certainly, sometimes sufficed, to restore consciousness
+to the cataleptic, who were supposed to be dead, and about to be committed
+to the grave.
+
+In April, 1804, Barney O'Brien, to all appearance, died suddenly, in the
+town of Ballyshannon. He had been a terrible bruiser, and so much of a
+profligate, that it was thought all the priests, in the county of Donegal,
+would have as much as they could do, of a long summer's day, to confess
+him. It was concluded, on all hands, that more than ordinary efforts would
+be required, for the _waking_ of Barney O'Brien's soul. A great crowd was
+accordingly gathered to the shanty of death. The mountain dew was
+supplied, without stint. The howling was terrific. Confusion began. The
+altercation of tongues was speedily followed, by the collision of fists,
+and the cracking of shelalahs. The yet uncovered coffin was overturned.
+The shock, in an instant, terminated the trance. Barney O'Brien stood
+erect, before the terrified and flying group, six feet and four inches in
+his winding sheet, screaming, at the very top of his lungs, as he
+rose--"_For the love o' the blissed Jasus, jist a dhrap o' the crathur,
+and a shelalah!_"
+
+In a former number, I have alluded to the subject of premature interment.
+A writer, in the London Quarterly, vol. lxiii. p. 458, observes, that
+"there exists, among the poor of the metropolitan districts, an inordinate
+dread of premature burial." After referring to a contrivance, in the
+receiving houses of Frankfort and Munich,--a ring, attached to the finger
+of the corpse, and connected with a lightly hung bell, in the watcher's
+room--he significantly asks--"_Has the corpse bell at Frankfort and Munich
+ever yet been rung?_"--For my own part, I have no correspondence with the
+sextons there, and cannot tell. It may possibly have been rung, while the
+watcher slept! After admitting the possibility of premature burial, this
+writer says, he should be content with Shakspeare's test--"_This feather
+stirs; she lives_," This may be a very good affirmative test. But, as a
+negative test, it would be good for little--_this feather stirs not; she
+is dead_. In cases of catalepsy, it often happens, that a feather will not
+stir; and even the more trustworthy test--the mirror--will furnish no
+evidence of life.
+
+To doubt the fact of premature interment is quite as absurd, as to credit
+all the tales, in this connection, fabricated by French and German
+wonder-mongers. During the existence of that terrible epidemic, which has
+so recently passed away, the necessity, real or imagined, of removing the
+corpses, as speedily as possible, has, very probably, occasioned some
+instances of premature interment.
+
+On the 28th of June, 1849, a Mr. Schridieder was supposed to be dead of
+cholera, at St. Louis, and was carried to the grave; where a noise in the
+coffin was heard, and, upon opening it, he was found to be alive.
+
+In the month of July, 1849, a Chicago paper contained the following
+statement:--
+
+"We know a gentleman now residing in this city, who was attacked by the
+cholera, in 1832, and after a short time, was supposed to have died. He
+was in the collapsed state, gave not the least sign of life, and when a
+glass was held over his mouth, there was no evidence that he still
+breathed. But, after his coffin was obtained, he revived, and is now
+living in Chicago, one of our most estimable citizens."
+
+"Another case, of a like character, occurred near this city, yesterday. A
+man who was in the collapsed state, and to all appearances dead, became
+reanimated after his coffin was procured. He revived slightly--again
+apparently died--again revived slightly--and finally died and was buried."
+
+I find the following, in the Boston Atlas of August 23, 1849:--
+
+"A painful occurrence has come to light in Baltimore, which creates
+intense excitement. The remains of the venerable D. Evans Reese, who died
+suddenly on Friday evening, were conveyed to the Light Street
+burying-ground, and while they were placed in the vault, the hand of a
+human being was discovered protruding from one of the coffins deposited
+there. On a closer examination, those present were startled to find the
+hand was firmly clenched, the coffin burst open, and the body turned
+entirely over, leaving not a doubt that the unfortunate being had been
+buried alive. The corpse was that of a very respectable man, who died,
+apparently, very suddenly, and whose body was placed in the vault on
+Friday last."
+
+The _Recherches Medico-legales sur l'incertitude des risques de la mort,
+les dangers des inhumations precipitees, les moyens de constater les deces
+et de rappeler a la vie ceux qui sont en etat de mort apparente_, by I. de
+Fontenelle, is a very curious production. In a review of this work, and of
+the _Recherches Physiologiques, sur la vie et la mort_, by Bichat, in the
+London Quarterly, vol. lxxxv. page 369, the writer remarks--"_A gas is
+developed in the decaying body, which mimics, by its mechanical force,
+many of the movements of life. So powerful is this gas, in corpses, which
+have laid long in the water, that M. Devergie, the physician at the
+Morgue, at Paris, says that, unless secured to the table, they are often
+heaved up and thrown to the ground._"
+
+Upon this theory, the writer proposes, to account for those posthumous
+changes of position, which are known, sometimes to have taken place. It
+may serve to explain some of these occurrences. But the formation of this
+gas, in a greater or less degree, must be universal, while a change in the
+position is comparatively rare. The curiosity of friends often leads to an
+inspection of the dead, in every stage of decomposition. However valuable
+the theory, in the writer's estimation, the generation of the most
+powerful gas would scarcely be able to throw the body entirely out of the
+coffin, with its arms outstretched towards the portal of the tomb; of
+which, and of similar changes, there exist well authenticated records.
+
+It is quite probable, that the _Irish wake_ may have originated, in this
+very dread of premature interment, strangely blended with certain
+spiritual fancies, respecting the soul's reluctance to quit its tenement
+of clay.
+
+After relating the remarkable story of Asclepiades of Prusa in Bithynia,
+who restored to life an individual, then on his way to the funeral
+pile--Bayle, vol. ii. p. 379, Lond. 1735, relates the following
+interesting tale. A peasant of Poictou was married to a woman, who, after
+a long fit of sickness, fell into a profound lethargy, which so closely
+resembled death, that the poor people gathered round, and laid out the
+peasant's helpmate, for burial. The peasant assumed a becoming expression
+of sorrow, which utterly belied that exceeding great joy, that is natural
+to every man, when he becomes perfectly assured, that the tongue of a
+scolding wife is hushed forever.
+
+The people of that neighborhood were very poor; and, either from economy
+or taste, coffins were not used among them. The corpses were borne to the
+grave, simply enveloped in their shrouds, as we are told, by Castellan, is
+the custom, among the Turks. Those who bore the body, moved,
+inadvertently, rather too near a hedge, at the roadside, and, a sharp
+thorn pricking the leg of the corpse, the trance was broken--the supposed
+defunct sprang up on end--and began to scold, as vigorously as ever.
+
+The disappointed peasant had fourteen years more of it. At the expiration
+of that term, the good woman pined away, and appeared to die, once more.
+She was again borne toward the grave. When the bearers drew near to the
+spot, where the remarkable revival had occurred, upon a former occasion,
+the widower became very much excited; and, at length, unable to restrain
+his emotions, audibly exclaimed--"_don't go too near that hedge!_"
+
+In a number of the London Times, for 1821, there is an account of the
+directions, given by an old Irish expert in such matters, who was about to
+die, respecting his own _wake_--"Recollect to put three candles at the
+head of the bed, after ye lay me out, two at the foot, and one at each
+side. Mind now and put a plate with the salt on it, just atop of my
+breast. And d'ye hear--have plinty o' tobacky and pipes enough; and
+remimber to have the punch strong. And--blundenoons, what the devil's the
+use o' pratin t'ye--sure it's mysilf knows ye'll be after botching it, as
+I'll not be there mysel."
+
+
+
+
+No. XCII.
+
+
+That man must be an incorrigible _fool_, who does not, occasionally, like
+the Vicar of Wakefield, find himself growing weary of being always _wise_.
+In this sense, there are few men of sixty winters, who have not been
+guilty of being over-wise--of assuming, at some period of their lives, the
+port and majesty of the bird of Minerva--of exercising that talent, for
+silence and solemnity, ascribed by the French nobleman, as More relates,
+in his travels, to the English nation. A man, thus protected--dipped, as
+it were, in the waters of Lethe, _usque ad calcem_--is truly a pleasant
+fellow. There is no such thing as getting hold of him--there he is,
+conservative as a tortoise, _unguibus retractis_. He seems to think the
+exchange of intellectual commodities, entirely out of the question; he
+will have none of your folly, and he holds up his own superlative wisdom,
+as a cow, of consummate resolution, holds up her milk. If society were
+thus composed, what a concert of voices there would be, in unison with
+Job's--_we would not live alway_. Life would be no other, than a long
+funeral procession--the dead burying the dead. I am decidedly in favor of
+a cheerful philosophy. Jeremy Taylor says, that, "_the slightest going off
+from a man's natural temper is a species of drunkenness_." There are some
+men, certainly, who seem to think, that total abstinence, from every
+species of merriment, is a wholesome preparative, for a residence in
+Paradise. The Preacher saith of laughter, _it is mad, and of mirth, what
+doeth it?_ But in the very next chapter, he declares, _there is a time to
+dance and a time to sing_. We are told in the book of Proverbs, that _a
+merry heart doeth good, like a medicine_.
+
+There has probably seldom been a wiser man than Democritus of Abdera, who
+was called the laughing philosopher; and of whom Seneca says, in his work
+De Ira, ii. c. 10, _Democritum aiunt nunquam sine risu in publico fuisse;
+adeo nihil illi videbatur serium eorum, quae serio gerebantur_: Democritus
+never appeared in public, without laughter in his countenance; so that
+nothing seemed to affect him seriously, however much so it might affect
+the rest of mankind.--The Abderites, with some exceptions, thought him
+mad; or, in Beattie's words, when describing his minstrel boy--
+
+  "Some deem'd him wondrous wise, and some believ'd him mad."
+
+These Abderites, who were, notoriously, the most stupid of the Thracians,
+looked upon Democritus precisely as the miserable monks, about Oxford,
+looked upon Roger Bacon, in the thirteenth century--they believed him a
+magician, or a madman.
+
+To laugh and grow fat is a proverb. Whether Democritus grew fat or not, I
+am unable to say; but he died at a great age, having passed one hundred
+years; and he died cheerfully, as he had lived temperately. Lucretius says
+of him, lib. iii. v. 1052--
+
+  "_Sponte sua letho caput obvius obtulit ipse_."
+
+The tendency of his philosophy was to ensure longevity. The grand aim and
+end of it all were comprehended, in one word, [Greek: euphymia], or the
+enjoyment of a tranquil state of mind.
+
+There is much good-natured wisdom, in the command, and in the axiom of
+Horace--
+
+  "_Misce stultitiam consiliis brevem
+  Dulce est desipere in loco_"--
+
+which means, if an off-hand version will suffice--
+
+  Mix with your cares a little folly,
+  'Tis pleasant sometimes to be jolly.
+
+One of the most acceptable images, presented by Sir Walter Scott, is that
+of Counsellor Pleydell, perched upon the table, playing at high jinks, who
+compliments Colonel Mannering, by continuing the frolic, and telling him,
+that, if a fool had entered, instead of a man of sense, he should have
+come down immediately.
+
+My New England readers would be very much surprised, if they had any
+personal knowledge of the late excellent and venerable Bishop Griswold, to
+be told, that, among his works, there was an edition of Mother Goose's
+Melodies, with _prolegomina, notae, et variae lectiones_; well--there is no
+such thing there. But every one knows, that the comic romance of
+Bluebeard, as it is performed on the stage, was written by Bishop Heber,
+and is published in his works. Every one knows that Hannah More wrote
+tolerable plays, and was prevented, by nothing but her sex, from being a
+bishop. Every one knows that bishops and archbishops have done very funny
+things--_in loco_. And every one knows, that all this is quite as
+respectable, as being very reverently dull, and wearing the phylactery for
+life--_stand off, for I am stupider than thou_.
+
+I have now before me a small octavo volume--a very _bijou_ of a book, with
+the following title--_Arundines Cami, sive Musarum Cantabrigiensium Lusus
+Canori_, and bearing, for its motto--_Equitare in arundine longa_. This
+book is printed at Cambridge, England; and I have never seen a more
+beautiful specimen of typography. The work is edited by Henry Drury, Vicar
+of Wilton: and it contains a collection of Greek and Latin versions; by
+Mr. Drury himself, and by several good, holy, and learned men--Butler,
+late Bishop of Litchfield--Richard Porson--Hodgson, S. J. B. of Eton
+College--Vaughan, Principal of Harrow--Macaulay--Hallam--Law--and many
+others.
+
+The third edition of this delightful book was published in 1846. And now
+the reader would know something of the originals, which these grave and
+learned men have thought it worthy of their talents and time, to turn into
+Greek and Latin. I scarcely know where to select a specimen, among
+articles, every one of which is prepared, with such exquisite taste, and
+such perfect knowledge of the capabilities of the language employed. Among
+the readers of the Transcript, I happen to know some fair scholars, who
+would relish a Greek epigram, on any subject, as highly, as others enjoy a
+pointed paragraph in English, on the subject of rum and molasses. Here is
+a Greek version of the ditty--"What care I how black I be," by Mr.
+Hawtrey, Principal of Eton, which I would transcribe, were it not that a
+Greek word, now and then, presented in the common type, suggests to me,
+that you may not have a Greek font. It may be found by those, who are of
+the fancy, on page 49 of the work.
+
+Here is a version by Mr. Hodgson--how the shrill, thready voice of my dear
+old nurse rings in my ears, while reading the original! God reward her
+kind, untiring spirit--she has gone where little Pickles cease from
+troubling, and where weary nurses are at rest:--
+
+      Pat a cake, pat a cake, baker's man,
+      So I do, master, as fast as I can.
+      Pat it, and prick it, and mark it with C,
+      Then it will answer for Charley and me.
+
+  Tunde mihi dulcem pistor, mihi tunde farinam.
+      Tunditur, O rapida tunditur illa manu.
+  Punge decenter acu, tituloque inscribe magistri;
+      Sic mihi, Carolulo, sic erit esca meo.
+
+The contributions of Mr. H. Drury, the editor, are inferior to none--
+
+  There was an old man in Tobago,
+  Who liv'd on rice gruel and sago;
+    Till, much to his bliss,
+    His physician said this:
+  'To a leg, sir, of mutton you may go.'
+
+      Senex aeger in Tarento
+      De oryxa et pulmento
+      Vili vixerat invento;
+        Donec medicus
+      Seni inquit valde laeto,
+      'Senex aeger, o gaudeto,
+      Crus ovinum, jam non veto
+        Tibi benedicus.'
+
+Decidedly the most felicitous, though by no means the most elaborate in
+the volume, is the following, which is also by the editor, Mr. Drury--
+
+  Hey diddle diddle! The cat and the fiddle!
+    The cow jumped over the moon;
+  The little dog laughed to see such sport;
+    And the dish ran away with the spoon.
+
+  Hei didulum--atque iterum didulum! Felisque fidesque!
+    Vacca super lunae cornua prosiluit.
+  Nescio qua catulus risit dulcedine ludi;
+    Abstulit et turpi lanx cochleare fuga.
+
+A Latin version of Goldsmith's mad dog, by H. J. Hodgson, is very clever,
+and there are some on solemn subjects, and of a higher order.
+
+How sturdily these little ditties, the works of authors dead, buried, and
+unknown, have breasted the current of time! I had rather be the author of
+_Hush-a-bye baby, upon the tree top_, than of Joel Barlow's Vision of
+Columbus--for, though I have always perceived the propriety of putting
+babies to sleep, at proper times, I have never entirely appreciated the
+wisdom of doing the very same thing to adults, at all hours of the day.
+
+What powerful resurrectionists these nursery melodies are! Moll Pitcher of
+Endor had not a greater power over the dry bones of Samuel, than has the
+ring of some one of these little chimes, to bring before us, with all the
+freshness of years ago, that good old soul, who sat with her knitting
+beside us, and rocked our cradle, and watched our progress from petticoats
+to breeches; and gave notice of the first tooth; and the earliest words;
+and faithfully reported, from day to day, all our marvellous achievements,
+to one, who, had she been a queen, would have given us her sceptre for a
+hoop stick.
+
+
+
+
+No. XCIII.
+
+
+Byles is a patronymic of extraordinary rarity. It will be sought for,
+without success, in the voluminous record of Alexander Chalmers. It is not
+in the Biographia Britannica; though, even there, we may, occasionally,
+discover names, which, according to Cowper, were not born for
+immortality--
+
+  "_Oh fond attempt to give a deathless lot
+  To names ignoble, born to be forgot!_"
+
+Even in that conservative record of choice spirits, the Boston Directory
+for 1849, this patronymic is nowhere to be found.
+
+Henry Byles came from Sarum in England; and settled at Salisbury in this
+Commonwealth, as early as 1640. I am not aware, that any individual,
+particularly eminent, and bearing this uncommon name, has ever existed
+among us, excepting that eccentric clergyman, who, within the bounds of
+our little peninsula, at least, is still occasionally mentioned, as "_the
+celebrated Mather Byles_." I am aware, that he had a son, who bore the
+father's praenomen, and graduated at Harvard, in 1751; became a doctor of
+divinity, in 1770; was a minister, in New London, and dismissed from his
+charge, in 1769; officiated, as an Episcopal clergyman, in Boston, for
+several years; went to St. Johns, N. B., at the time of the revolution;
+officiated there; and died, March 12, 1814.
+
+But my dealings, this evening, are with "_the celebrated Mather Byles_,"
+who was born of worthy parents, in the town of Boston, March 26, 1706. His
+father was an Englishman. Through the maternal line, he had John Cotton
+and Richard Mather, for his ancestors. He graduated, at Harvard, in 1725;
+was settled at the Hollis Street Church, Dec. 20, 1733; created D. D. at
+Aberdeen, in 1765; was, on account of his toryism, separated from his
+people, in 1776; and died of paralysis, July 5, 1788, at the age of 82. He
+was twice married; a niece of Governor Belcher was his first, and the
+daughter of Lieut. Governor Tailer, his second wife.
+
+I should be faithless, indeed, were I to go forward, without one passing
+word, for precious memory, in regard to those two perennial damsels, the
+daughters of Dr. Byles. How many visitations, at that ancient manse in
+Nassau Street! To how many of the sex--young--aye, and of no particular
+age--it has occurred, at the nick of time, when there was nothing under
+Heaven else to be done, to exclaim--"What an excellent occasion, for a
+visit to Katy and Polly!" And the visit was paid; and the descendants of
+"_the celebrated Mather Byles_" were so glad to see the visitors--and it
+was so long since their last visit--and it must not be so long again--and
+then the old stories, over and over, for the thousandth time--and the
+concerted merriment of these amiable visitors, as if the tales were quite
+as new, as the year itself, upon the first January morn--and the filial
+delights, that beamed upon the features of these vestals, at the effect,
+produced, by the recitation of stories, which really seemed to be made of
+that very _everlasting_ of which the breeches of our ancestors were
+made--and then the exhibition of those relics, and _heir looms_, or what
+remained of them, after some thirty years' presentation to all comers,
+which, in one way and another, were associated with the memory of "_the
+celebrated Mather Byles_,"--and then the oh don't gos--and oh fly not
+yets--and when will you come agains!
+
+The question naturally arises, and, rather distrustingly, demands an
+answer--what was "_the celebrated Mather Byles_"--celebrated for? In the
+first place, he was _Sanctae Theologiae Doctor_. But his degree was from
+Aberdeen; and the Scotch colleges, at that period, were not particularly
+coy. With a cousin at court, and a little gold in hand, it was somewhat
+less difficult, for a clergyman, without very great learning, or talent,
+to obtain a doctorate, at Aberdeen, in 1765, than for a camel, of unusual
+proportions, to go through the eye of a very small needle. Even in our
+cis-atlantic colleges, these bestowments do not always serve to mark
+degrees of merit, with infallible accuracy--for God's sun does not more
+certainly shine, upon the just and upon the unjust, than doctorates have,
+in some cases, fallen upon wise men, and upon fools. That, which, charily
+and conservatively bestowed, may well be accounted an honor, necessarily
+loses its value, by diffusion and prostitution. Not many years ago, the
+worthy president of one of our colleges, being asked, how it happened,
+that a doctorate of divinity had been given to a certain person of
+ordinary talents, and very little learning; replied, with infinite
+_naivete_--"_Why ---- had it; and ---- had it; and ---- had it; and we
+didn't like to hurt his feelings_."
+
+Let us not consider the claims of Mather Byles as definitely settled, by
+the faculty at Aberdeen.--He corresponded with Pope, and with Lansdowne,
+and with Watts. The works of the latter were sent to him, by the author,
+from time to time; and, among the treasures, highly prized by the family,
+was a presentation copy, in quarto, from Pope, of his translation of the
+Odyssey. This correspondence, however, so far as I was ever able to gather
+information from the daughters, many years ago, did not amount to much;
+the letters were very few, and very far between; on the one side
+complimentary, and bearing congratulations upon the occasion of some
+recent literary success; and, on the other, fraught with grateful
+civility; and accompanied, as is often the case, with copies of some of
+the author's productions.
+
+Let me here present a somewhat disconnected anecdote: At the sale of the
+library of Dr. Byles, a large folio Bible, in French, was purchased, by a
+private individual. This Bible had been presented to the French Protestant
+Church, in Boston, by Queen Anne; and, at the time, when it came to the
+hands of Dr. Byles, was the last relic of that church, whose visible
+temple had been erected in School Street, about 1716. Whoever desires to
+know more of these French Protestants, may turn to the "Memoir," by Dr.
+Holmes, or to vol. xxii. p. 62, of the Massachusetts Historical
+Collections.
+
+Dr. Byles wrote, in prose and verse, and quite _respectably_ in both.
+There is not more of the spirit of poetry, however, in his metrical
+compositions, than in his performances in prose. His versification was
+easy, and the style of his prose works was unaffected; his sentences were
+usually short, and never rendered unintelligible, by the multiplication of
+adjuncts, or by any affectation of sententious brevity. Yet nothing, that
+I have ever met with, from the pen of Dr. Byles, is particularly
+remarkable for its elegance; and it is in vain to look, among such of his
+writings, as have been preserved, for the evidences of extraordinary
+powers of thought. Some dozen of his published sermons are still extant.
+We have also several of his essays, in the New England Weekly Journal; a
+poem on the death of George I., and the accession of George II., in 1727;
+a sort of monodial address to Governor Belcher, on the death of his lady;
+a poem called the Conflagration; and a volume of metrical matters,
+published in 1744.
+
+If his celebrity had depended upon these and other literary labors, he
+would scarcely have won the appellation of "_the celebrated Mather
+Byles_."
+
+The _correspondent_ of Byles, Isaac Watts, never imagined, that the time
+would arrive, when his own voluminous lyrics and his address to "_Great
+Gouge_," would be classed, in the _Materia Poetica_, as soporifics, and
+scarcely find one, so poor, as to do them reverence; while millions of
+lisping tongues still continued to repeat, from age to age, till the
+English language should be forgotten,
+
+  "Let dogs delight
+  To bark and bite,
+  For God hath made them so;
+  Let bears and lions
+  Growl and fight,
+  For 'tis their nature to."
+
+Dr. Byles himself could not have imagined, while putting the finishing
+hand to "_The Conflagration_," that, if he had embarked his hopes of
+reaching posterity, in that heavy bottom, they must surely have foundered,
+in the gulf of oblivion--and that, after all, he would be wafted down the
+stream of time, to distant ages, astride, as it were, upon a feather--and
+that what he could never have accomplished, by his grave discourses, and
+elaborate, poetical labors, would be so certainly and signally achieved,
+by the never-to-be-forgotten quips, and cranks, and bon mots, and puns,
+and funny sayings, and comical doings of the reverend pastor of the Hollis
+Street Church.
+
+The reader must not do so great injustice to Dr. Byles, as to suppose,
+that he mingled together _sacra profanis_, or was in the habit of
+exhibiting, in the pulpit, that frolicsome vein, which was, in him, as
+congenital, as is the tendency, in a fish, to swim in water.
+
+The sentiment of Horace applies not here--
+
+  ------------ridentem dicere verum
+  Quid vetat?
+
+The serious writings of Dr. Byles are singularly free from everything,
+suggestive of frivolous association. In his pulpit, there was none of it;
+not a jot; while, out of it, unless on solemn occasions, there was very
+little else. I have heard from those, who knew him well, that he ransacked
+the whole vocabulary, in search of the materials for punning. Yet of his
+attempts, in this species of humor, few examples are remembered. The
+specimens of the wit and humor of this eccentric divine, which have been
+preserved, are often of a different character; and not a few of them of
+that description, which are called practical jokes. Some of these
+pleasantries were exceedingly clever, and others supremely ridiculous. It
+is now more than half a century, since I listened to the first, amusing
+anecdote of Mather Byles. Many have reached me since--some of them quite
+as clever, as any we have ever had--I will not say from Foote, or Hook, or
+Matthews; for such unclerical comparisons would be particularly
+odious--but quite as clever as anything from Jonathan Swift, or Sydney
+Smith. Suppose I convert my next number into a penny box, for the
+collection and safe keeping of these petty records--I know they are below
+the dignity of history--so is a very large proportion of all the thoughts,
+words, and actions of Kings and Emperors--I'll think of it.
+
+
+
+
+No. XCIV.
+
+
+There were political sympathies, during the American Revolution, between
+that eminent physician and excellent man, Dr. James Lloyd, and Mather
+Byles; yet, some forty-three years ago, I heard Dr. Lloyd remark, that, in
+company, the Reverend Mather Byles was a most troublesome puppy; and that
+there was no peace for his punning. Dr. Lloyd was, doubtless, of opinion,
+with Lord Kaimes, who remarked, in relation to this inveterate habit, that
+few might object to a little salt upon their plates, but the man must
+have an extraordinary appetite, who could make a meal of it.
+
+The daily employment of our mental powers, for the discovery of words,
+which agree in sound, but differ in sense, is a species of intellectual
+huckstering, well enough adapted to the capacities of those, who are unfit
+for business, on a larger scale. If this occupation could be made _to
+pay_, many an oysterman would be found, forsaking his calling, and
+successfully competing with those, who will not suffer ten words to be
+uttered, in their company, without converting five of them, at least, to
+this preposterous purpose.
+
+No conversation can be so grave, or so solemn, as to secure it from the
+rude and impertinent interruption of some one of these pleasant fellows;
+who seem to employ their little gift upon the community, as a species of
+laughing gas. A little of this may be well enough; but, like musk, in the
+gross, it is absolutely suffocating.
+
+The first story, that I ever heard, of Mather Byles, was related, at my
+father's table, by the Rev. Dr. Belknap, in 1797, the year before he died.
+It was upon a Saturday; and Dr. John Clarke and some other gentlemen,
+among whom I well remember Major General Lincoln, ate their salt fish
+there, that day. I was a boy; and I remember their mirth, when, after Dr.
+Belknap had told the story, I said to our minister, Dr. Clarke, near whom
+I was eating my apple, that I wished he was half as funny a minister, as
+Dr. Byles.
+
+Upon a Fast day, Dr. Byles had negotiated an exchange, with a country
+clergyman. Upon the appointed morning, each of them--for vehicles were not
+common then--proceeded, on horseback, to his respective place of
+appointment. Dr. Byles no sooner observed his brother clergyman
+approaching, at a distance, than he applied the whip; put his horse into a
+gallop; and, with his canonicals flying all abroad, passed his friend, at
+full run. "_What is the matter?_" he exclaimed, raising his hand in
+astonishment--"_Why so fast, brother Byles?_"--to which the Dr., without
+slackening his speed, replied, over his shoulder--"_It is Fast day!_"
+
+This is, unquestionably, very funny--but it is surely undesirable, for a
+consecrated servant of the Lord, thus lavishly to sacrifice, upon the
+altars of Momus.
+
+The distillery of Thomas Hill was at the corner of Essex and South
+Streets, not far from Dr. Belknap's residence in Lincoln Street. Dr. Byles
+called on Mr. Hill, and inquired--"Do you still?"--"That is my business,"
+Mr. Hill replied.--"Then," said Dr. Byles--"will you go with me, and still
+my wife?"
+
+As he was once occupied, in nailing some list upon his doors, to exclude
+the cold, a parishioner said to him--"the wind bloweth wheresoever it
+listeth, Dr. Byles."--"Yes sir," replied the Dr. "and man listeth,
+wheresoever the wind bloweth."
+
+He was intimate with General Knox, who was a bookseller, before the war.
+When the American troops took possession of the town, after the
+evacuation, Knox, who had become quite corpulent, marched in, at the head
+of his artillery. As he passed on, Byles, who thought himself privileged,
+on old scores, exclaimed, loud enough to be heard--"_I never saw an ox
+fatter in my life_." But Knox was not in the vein. He felt offended by
+this freedom, especially from Byles, who was then well known to be a tory;
+and replied, in uncourtly terms, that he was a "---- fool."
+
+In May, 1777, Dr. Byles was arrested, as a tory, and subsequently tried,
+convicted, and sentenced to confinement, on board a guard ship, and to be
+sent to England with his family, in forty days. This sentence was changed,
+by the board of war, to confinement in his own house. A guard was placed
+over him. After a time, the sentinel was removed--afterwards replaced--and
+again removed--when the Dr. exclaimed, that _he had been
+guarded--regarded--and disregarded_. He called his sentry his
+_observ-a-tory_.
+
+Perceiving, one morning, that the sentinel, a simple fellow, was absent,
+and seeing Dr. Byles himself, pacing before his own door, with a musket on
+his shoulder, the neighbors stepped over, to inquire the cause--"_You
+see_," said the Dr., "_I begged the sentinel to let me go for some milk
+for my family, but he would not suffer me to stir. I reasoned the matter
+with him; and he has gone, himself, to get it for me, on condition that I
+keep guard in his absence._"
+
+When he was very poor, and had no money to waste on follies, he caused the
+little room, in which he read and wrote, to be painted brown, that he
+might say to every visitor--"_You see I am in a brown study_."
+
+His family, having gone to rest, were roused one night, by the reiterated
+cry of _thieves!--thieves!_ in the doctor's loudest voice--the wife and
+daughters sprang instantly from their beds, and rushed into the
+room--there sat the Dr. alone, in his study chair--"_Where, father?_"
+cried the astonished family--"_there!_" he exclaimed, pointing to the
+candles.
+
+One bitter December night, he called his daughters from their bed, simply
+to inquire if they lay warm.
+
+He had a small collection of curiosities. Some visitors called, one
+morning; and Mrs. Byles, unwilling to be found at her ironing board, and
+desiring to hide herself, as she would not be so caught, by these ladies,
+for the world, the doctor put her in a closet, and buttoned her in. After
+a few remarks, the ladies expressed a wish to see the Dr's curiosities,
+which he proceeded to exhibit; and, after entertaining them very
+agreeably, for several hours, he told them he had kept the greatest
+curiosity to the last; and, proceeding to the closet, unbuttoned the door,
+and exhibited Mrs. Byles.
+
+He had complained, long, often, and fruitlessly, to the selectmen, of a
+quagmire, in front of his dwelling. One morning, two of the fathers of the
+town, after a violent rain, passing with their chaise, became stuck in
+this bog. As they were striving to extricate themselves, and pulling to
+the right and to the left, the doctor came forth, and bowing, with great
+politeness, exclaimed--"_I am delighted, gentlemen, to see you stirring in
+this matter, at last_."
+
+A candidate for fame proposed to fly, from the North Church steeple, and
+had already mounted, and was clapping his wings, to the great delight of
+the mob. Dr. Byles, mingling with the crowd, inquired what was the object
+of the gathering--"_We have come, sir_," said some one, "_to see a man
+fly_."--"_Poh, poh_," replied the doctor, "_I have seen a horse-fly_."
+
+A gentleman sent Dr. Byles a barrel of very fine oysters. Meeting the
+gentleman's wife, an hour or two after, in the street, the doctor assumed
+an air of great severity, and told her, that he had, that morning, been
+treated, by her husband, in a most _Billingsgate_ manner, and then
+abruptly left her. The lady, who was of a nervous temperament, went home
+in tears, and was quite miserable, till her husband returned, at noon, and
+explained the occurrence; but was so much offended with the doctor's
+folly, that he cut his acquaintance.
+
+A poor fellow, in agony with the toothache, meeting the doctor, asked him
+where he should go, to have it drawn. The doctor gave him a direction to
+a particular street and number. The man went, as directed; and, when the
+occupant came to the door, told him that Dr. Byles had sent him there, to
+have his tooth drawn. "_This is a poor joke, for Dr. Byles_," said the
+gentleman; "_I am not a dentist, but a portrait painter--it will give you
+little comfort, my friend, to have me draw your tooth_." Dr. Byles had
+sent the poor fellow to Copley.
+
+Upon the 19th of May, 1780, the memorable dark day, a lady wrote to the
+doctor as follows--"_Dear doctor, how do you account for this darkness?_"
+and received his immediate reply--"_Dear Madam, I am as much in the dark,
+as you are_." This, for sententious brevity, has never been surpassed,
+unless by the correspondence, between the comedian, Sam Foote, and his
+mother--"_Dear Sam, I'm in jail_"--"_Dear Mother, So am I._"
+
+He had, at one time, a remarkably stupid, and literal, Irish girl, as a
+domestic. With a look and voice of terror, he said to her, in haste--"_Go
+and say to your mistress, Dr. Byles has put an end to himself_." The girl
+flew up stairs, and, with a face of horror, exclaimed, at the top of her
+lungs--"_Dr. Byles has put an end to himself!_" The astonished wife and
+daughters rushed into the parlor--and there was the doctor, calmly walking
+about, with a part of a cow's tail, that he had picked up, in the street,
+tied to his coat, or cassock, behind.
+
+From the time of the stamp act, in 1765, to the period of the revolution,
+the cry had been repeated, in every form of phraseology, that our
+_grievances_ should be _redressed_. One fine morning, when the multitude
+had gathered on the Common, to see a regiment of red coats, paraded there,
+who had recently arrived--"_Well_," said the doctor, gazing at the
+spectacle, "_I think we can no longer complain_, that our _grievances_ are
+not _red dressed_." "_True_," said one of the laughers, who were standing
+near, "_but you have two ds, Dr. Byles_." "_To be sure, sir, I have_," the
+doctor instantly replied, "I had them from _Aberdeen_, in 1765."
+
+These pleasantries will, probably, survive "THE CONFLAGRATION." Had not
+this eccentric man possessed some very excellent and amiable qualities, he
+could not have maintained his clerical relation to the Hollis-Street
+Church and Society, for three and forty years, from 1733 to 1776; and have
+separated from them, at last, for political considerations alone.
+
+Had his talents and his influence been greater than they were, the
+peculiarities, to which I have alluded, would have been a theme, for
+deeper deprecation. The eccentricities of eminent men are mischievous, in
+the ratio of their eminence; for thousands, who cannot rival their
+excellencies, are often the successful imitators of their peculiarities
+and follies.
+
+I never sympathized with that worthy, old lady, who became satisfied, that
+Dr. Beecher was a terrible hypocrite, and without a spark of vital
+religion, because she saw him, from her window, on the Lord's day, in his
+back yard, gymnasticising, on a pole, in the intermission season; and
+thereby invigorating his powers, for the due performance of the evening
+services. Yet, as character is power, and as the children of this
+generation have a devilish pleasure in detecting inconsistencies, between
+the practice and the profession of the children of light--it is ever to be
+deplored, that clergymen should hazard one iota of their clerical
+respectability, for the love of fun; and it speaks marvels, for the moral
+and religious worth of Mather Byles, and for the forbearance,
+intelligence, and discrimination of his parishioners, that, for
+three-and-forty years, he maintained his ministerial position, in their
+midst, cutting such wild, unpriestly capers, and giving utterance to such
+amusing fooleries, from morning to night.
+
+
+
+
+No. XCV.
+
+
+I have already referred to the subject of being buried alive. There is
+something very terrible in the idea; and I am compelled, by some recent
+information, to believe, that occurrences of this distressing nature are
+more common, than I have hitherto supposed them to be.
+
+Not long ago, I fell into the society of a veteran, maiden lady, who, in
+the course of her evening revelations of the gossip she had gathered in
+the morning, informed the company, that an entire family, consisting of a
+husband, wife, and seven children, were buried alive.
+
+You have heard, or read, I doubt not, of that eminent French surgeon, who,
+while standing by the bedside of his dying friend and patron, utterly
+forgot all his professional cares and duties, in his exceeding great joy,
+at beholding, for the first time in his life, the genuine Sardonic grin,
+exhibited upon the distorted features of his dying benefactor. For a
+moment, my sincere sorrow, for the terrible fate of this interesting
+family, was utterly forgotten, in the delight I experienced, at the
+prospect of receiving such an interesting item, for my dealings with the
+dead.
+
+My tablets were out, in an instant--and, drawing my chair near that of
+this communicative lady, I requested a relation of all the particulars. My
+astonishment was very much increased, when she asserted, that they had
+actually buried themselves--and my utter disappointment--as an artist--can
+scarcely be conceived, when she added, that the whole family had gone to
+reside permanently in the country, giving up plays, concerts, balls,
+soirees and operas.
+
+Putting up my tablets, with a feeling of displeasure, illy concealed, I
+ventured to suggest, that opportunities, for intellectual improvement,
+were not wanting in the country; and that, perhaps, this worthy family
+preferred the enjoyment of rural quiet, to the miscellaneous cries of
+fire--oysters--and murder. She replied, that she had rather be murdered
+outright, than live in the country--listen to the frogs, from morning to
+night--and watch the progress of cucumbers and squashes.
+
+Seriously, this matter of being buried alive, is very unpleasant. The
+dead, the half-dead, and the dying, were brutally neglected, in the
+earlier days of Greece. Diogenes Laertius, lib. 8, _de vita et moribus
+philosophorum_, relates, that Empedocles, having restored Ponthia, a woman
+of Agrigentum, to life, who was on the point of being buried, laws began
+to be enacted, for the protection of the apparent dead. At Athens, no one
+could be buried, before the third day; and, commonly, throughout all
+Greece, burial and cremation were deferred, till the sixth or seventh day.
+Alexander kept Hephestion's body, till the tenth day. I have referred, in
+a former number, to the remarkable cases of Aviola and the Praetor Lamia,
+who revived, after being placed on the funeral pile. Another Praetor,
+Tubero, was saved, at the moment, when the torch was about to be applied.
+I have also alluded to the act of Asclepiades, who, in disregard of the
+ridicule of the bystanders, stopped a funeral procession, and reanimated
+the body, about to be burnt.
+
+A perusal of the _Somnium Scipionis_, and of the accounts of Hildanus,
+Camerarius, and Horstius--of Plato, in his Republic--and of Valerius
+Maximus, will satisfy the reader, that premature burials were, by no
+means, uncommon, of old.
+
+The idea of reviving in one's coffin--one of Fisk and Raymond's "_Patent
+Metallic Burial Cases, Air-Tight and Indestructible_"--is really awful!
+How truly, upon such an awakening as this, the wretch must wish he had
+been born a savage--a Mandan of the upper Missouri--neither to be burnt
+nor buried--but placed upon a mat, supported by poles--aloof from the
+accursed wolves and undertakers--with a reasonable supply of pemmican and
+corncake, and a calabash of water, by his side!
+
+The dread of such an occurrence has induced some very sensible people, to
+prefer cremation to earth and tomb burial. Of this we have a remarkable
+example, in our own country. An infant daughter of Henry Laurens, the
+first President of Congress, had, to all appearance, died of the small
+pox. She was, accordingly, laid out, and prepared for the grave. A window,
+which, during her illness, had been kept carefully closed, having been
+opened after the body was shrouded, and a stream of air blowing freshly
+into the apartment, the child revived, and the robes of death were
+joyfully exchanged, for her ordinary garments. This event naturally
+produced a strong impression, upon the father's mind. By his will, Mr.
+Laurens enjoined it upon his children, as a solemn duty, that his body
+should be burnt; and this injunction was duly fulfilled.
+
+In former numbers, I have referred the reader to various authorities, upon
+this interesting subject. I will offer a brief quotation from a sensible
+writer--"According to the present usage, as soon as the semblance of death
+appears, the chamber is deserted, by friends, relatives, and physicians,
+and the apparently dead, though frequently living, body is committed to
+the management of an ignorant or unfeeling nurse, whose care extends no
+further than laying the limbs straight, and securing her accustomed
+perquisites. The bed clothes are immediately removed, and the body is
+exposed to the air. This, _when cold_, must extinguish any spark of life,
+that may remain, and which, by a different treatment, might have been
+kindled into a flame; or it may only continue to repress it, and the
+unhappy person revive amidst the horrors of the tomb."--"Coldness,
+heaviness of the body, a leaden, livid color, with a yellowness in the
+visage," says the same author, "are all very uncertain signs." Mr.
+Zimmerman observed them all, upon the body of a criminal, who fainted,
+through the dread of the punishment he had merited. He was shaken, dragged
+about, and turned, in the same manner dead bodies are, without the least
+sign of resistance: and yet, at the end of twenty-four hours, he was
+recalled to life, by means of volatile alkali.
+
+In 1777, Dr. William Hawes, the founder of the Humane Society in London,
+published an address, on premature interment. This is a curious and
+valuable performance. I cannot here withhold the statement, that this
+excellent man, before the formation of the Humane Society, for several
+years, offered rewards, and paid them from his own purse, for the rescue
+of persons from drowning, between Westminster and London bridge. Dr. Hawes
+remarks, that the appearance of death has often been mistaken for the
+reality, in apoplectic, and fainting fits, and those, arising from any
+violent agitation of the mind, and from the free use of opium and
+spirituous liquors. Children, he observes, have often been restored, who
+have apparently died in convulsions. In case of fevers, in weak habits, or
+when the cure has been chiefly attempted, by means of depletion, the
+patient often sinks into a state, resembling death; and the friends, in
+the opinion of Dr. Hawes, have been fatally deceived. In small pox, he
+remarks, when the pustules sink, and death apparently ensues, means of
+restoration should by no means be neglected.
+
+In Lord Bacon's _Historia Vitae et Mortis_, a passage occurs,
+commencing--"Complura fuerunt exempla hominum, tanquam mortuorum, aut
+expositorum e lecto, aut delatorum ad funus, quinetiam nonnullorum in
+terra conditorum, qui nihilominus revixerunt," etc. But the passage is
+rather long, and in a dead language; and my professional experience has
+admonished me to be economical of space, and to occupy, for every dead
+subject, long or short, as little room, as possible. I therefore give an
+English version, of whose sufficiency the reader may judge, by glancing at
+the original, vol. viii. p. 447, Lond. 1824.--There were many examples,
+says Lord Bacon, of men, supposed to be dead, taken from their beds as
+corpses, or borne to their graves, some of them actually buried, who,
+nevertheless, revived. This fact, in regard to such as were buried, has
+been proved, upon re-opening their graves; by the bruises and wounds upon
+their heads; and by the manifest evidences of tossing about, and
+struggling in their coffins. John Scott, a man of genius, and a scholar,
+furnishes a very recent and remarkable example; who, shortly after his
+burial, was disinterred, and found, in that condition, by his servant, who
+was absent at the time of Mr. Scott's interment, and well acquainted, it
+seems, with those symptoms of catalepsy, to which he was liable.
+
+A like event happened, in my time, to a play-actor, buried at Cambridge. I
+remember the account, given me by a clever fellow, who being full of
+frolic, and desirous of knowing what were the feelings of persons, who
+were hanging, suspended himself to a beam, and let himself drop, thinking
+that he could lay hold on the beam, when he chose. This, however, he was
+unable to do; but, luckily, he was relieved by a companion. Upon being
+interrogated, he replied, that he had not been sensible of any pain--that,
+at first, a sort of fire and flashing came about his eyes--then extreme
+darkness and shadows--and, lastly, a sort of pale blue color, like that of
+the ocean. I have heard a physician, now living, say, that, by frictions
+and the warm bath, he had brought a man to life, who had hanged himself,
+and remained suspended, for half an hour. The same physician used to say,
+that he believed any one might be recovered, who had been suspended no
+longer, unless his neck was broken. Such is a version of Lord Bacon's
+statement.
+
+In the Gentleman's Magazine, for 1834, page 475, the following account is
+given of the feelings, during the process of hanging, by one, who was
+restored--"The preparations were dreadful, beyond all expression. On being
+dropped, he found himself midst fields and rivers of blood, which
+gradually acquired a greenish tinge; and imagined, if he could reach a
+certain spot in the same, he should be easy. He struggled forcibly to
+attain this, and felt no more."
+
+
+
+
+No. XCVI.
+
+
+It were greatly to be desired, that every driver of brute animals, Guinea
+negroes, and hard bargains, since he will not be a Christian, should be a
+Pythagorean. The doctrine of the metempsychosis would, doubtless, instil a
+salutary terror into his mind; and soften the harshness of his character,
+by creating a dread of being, himself, spavined and wind-galled, through
+all eternity; or destined to suffer from the lash, which he has
+mercilessly laid upon the slave; or condemned to endure that hard measure,
+which he has meted, in this world, to the miserable debtor.
+
+This opinion, which Pythagoras is said to have borrowed from the
+Egyptians, or, as some assert, from the Brachmans, makes the chief basis
+of religion, among the Banians and others, in India and China, at the
+present day; and is the cause of their great aversion to take the life of
+brute animals, and even insects. The accidental destruction of any living
+thing produces, with them, a feeling of sorrow, similar to that,
+experienced, as Mr. Catlin says, by an Indian, who unfortunately shot his
+_totem_, which, in that case, chanced to be a bear; that is, an animal of
+a certain race, one of which his guardian angel was supposed to inhabit.
+
+Vague and fantastical, as have been the notions of a future state, in
+different nations, the idea of a condition of being, after death, has been
+very universal. Such was the conclusion from the reasonings of Plato. Such
+were the results "quae Socrates supremo vitae die de immortalitate animorum
+disseruisset." Such was the faith of Cicero--"Sic mihi persuasi, sic
+sentio, quum tanta celeritas animorum sit, tanta memoria praeteritorum,
+futurorumque prudentia, tot artes, tantae scientiae, tot inventa, non posse
+eam naturam, quae res eas contineat, esse mortalem." De Senec. 21.
+
+Seneca was born a year before the Christian era. There is a remarkable
+passage, in his sixty-third letter, addressed to Lucilius. He is striving
+to comfort Lucilius, who had lost his friend Flaccus--"Cogitemus ergo
+Lucili carissime, cito nos eo perventuros quo illum pervenisse moeremus.
+Et fortasse (si modo sapientium vera fama est, recipitque nos locus
+aliquis) quem putamus perisse, praemissus est:"--Let us consider, my dear
+Lucilius, how soon we, ourselves, shall go whither he has gone, whose fate
+we deplore. And possibly (if the report of certain wise men be true, and
+there is indeed a place to receive us hereafter) he whom we consider as
+gone from us _forever_, has only gone _before_. Here is, indeed, a shadowy
+conception of a future state. The heathen and the Christian, the savage
+and the sage concur, in the feeling, or the faith, or the philosophy,
+whichever it may be, that, though flesh and blood, bone and muscle shall
+perish, the spirit shall not. An impression, like this, swells into
+conviction, from the very contemplation of its own instinctive and
+pervasive character.
+
+The Egyptians believed, in the abiding presence of the spirit with the
+body, so long as the latter could be preserved; and therefore bestowed
+great pains, in its preservation. In the travels of Lewis and Clarke, the
+Echeloot Indians are reported to pay great regard to their dead; and
+Captain Clarke was of the opinion, that they were believers in a future
+state. They have common cemeteries; the bodies, carefully wrapped in
+skins, are laid on mats, in vaults made of pine or cedar, eight feet
+square; the sides are covered with strange figures, cut and painted, and
+images are attached. On tall poles, surmounting these structures, are
+suspended brass kettles, old frying-pans, shells, skins, baskets, pieces
+of cloth, and hair. Sometimes the body is laid in one canoe, and covered
+with another. It is not easy to conjecture what occasion these poor
+Echeloots supposed spirits could have, for frying-pans and brass kettles.
+
+The faith of the inhabitants of Taheite is very peculiar. They believe,
+that the soul passes through no other purgatory, than the stomach of the
+_Eatooa_ bird. They say of the dead, that they are _harra po_, gone to the
+night; and they believe, that the soul is instantly swallowed, by the
+_Eatooa_ bird, and is purified by the process of deglutition; then it
+revives; becomes a superior being; never more to be liable to suffering.
+This soul is now raised to the rank of the _Eatooa_, and may, itself,
+swallow souls, whenever an opportunity occurs; which, having passed
+through this gastric purgation, may, in their turn, do the very same
+thing. Vancouver was present, at the obsequies of the chief, _Matooara_.
+The priest gave a funeral sermon--"_The trees yet live_," said he, "_the
+plants flourish, yet Matooara dies!_" It was a kind of expostulation with
+_Eatooa_.
+
+Baron Swedenborg's notions of the soul's condition, after death, are very
+original, and rather oriental. He believed, "that man eats, and drinks,
+and even enjoys conjugal delight, as in this world; that the resemblance
+between the two worlds is so great, that, in the spiritual world, there
+are cities with palaces and houses, and also writings and books,
+employments and merchandizes; that there are gold and silver, and precious
+stones there. There is, in the spiritual world, all and every thing that
+there is in the natural world; but that in Heaven, such things are in an
+infinitely more perfect state." Trade, in Heaven, is conducted,
+doubtless, on those lofty principles, inculcated, by the late Dr.
+Chalmers, in his commercial discourses; counterfeiters and bank robbers,
+marriage squabbles and curtain lectures are unknown; and no angel lendeth
+upon usury. In this arrangement, there is a remarkable oversight; for, as
+death is dispensed with, our vocation is no better, than Othello's. The
+superior advantages of the Baron's Heaven scarcely offer a fair
+compensation, for the suffering and inconvenience of removing, from our
+present tabernacles; and, for one, I should decidedly prefer to remain
+where I am, especially now that we have gotten the Cochituate water.
+
+Such being the fashion of Swedenborg's Heaven, it would be quite
+interesting, were he now among us, in the flesh, to have, under his own
+hand, a rough sketch of his Hell. As the former is a state, somewhat
+better, the latter must be a state somewhat worse, than our present
+condition. It would not be very difficult to give some little idea of
+Swedenborg's Orcus, or place of punishment. We should have an eternal
+subtreasury, of course, with a tariff, more onerous, if possible, than
+that of 1846: the infernal banks would not discount, and money, on prime
+paper, would be three per cent. a month. Slavery would cover the earth;
+and the South would rage against the North and its interference, like the
+maniac, against his best friend, who strives to prevent him, from cutting
+his own throat, with his own razor.
+
+Among the fancies, which have prevailed, in relation to the soul and its
+habits, none, perhaps, have been more remarkable, than the belief, in an
+actual _exodus_, or going forth, of the soul from the body, during life,
+on excursions of business or pleasure. This may be placed in the category
+of sick men's dreams; and probably is nothing else than that mighty
+conjuration of the mind, especially the mind of an invalid; of whose power
+no man had greater experience than Emanuel Swedenborg. The inhabitants of
+some of the Polynesian islands believe, that the spirits of their
+ancestors become divinities, or _Tees_. They believe the soul walks
+abroad, in dreams, under the charge of its _Tee_, or tutelary angel.
+
+Mydo, a boy, was brought from Taheite, by an English whaler, and died,
+kindly cared for, by the Moravians. One morning, he spoke to these
+friends, as follows:--"You told me my soul could not die, and I have been
+thinking about it. Last night my body lay on that bed, but I knew nothing
+of it, for my soul was very far off. My soul was in Taheite. I am sure I
+saw my mother and my friends, and I saw the trees and dwellings, as I left
+them. I spoke to the people, and they spoke to me; and yet my body was
+lying still in this room, all the while. In the morning, I was come again
+into my body, and was at Mirfield, and Taheite was a great many miles off.
+Now I understand what you say about my body being put into the earth, and
+my soul being somewhere else; and I wish to know where it will be, when it
+can no more return to my body." Such were the humble conceptions of the
+dying Taheitean boy--let the reader decide for himself what more there may
+be, under the grandiloquence of Addison--
+
+  --------Plato, thou reasonest well.
+  Else whence this pleasing hope, this fond desire,
+  This longing after immortality?
+  Or whence this secret dread and inward horror
+  Of falling into naught? Why shrinks the soul
+  Back on herself, and startles at destruction!
+  'Tis the divinity, that stirs within us;
+  'Tis Heaven itself, that points out an hereafter,
+  And intimates eternity to man.
+
+
+
+
+No. XCVII.
+
+
+The ashes of the dead are ransacked, not only for hidden treasure, and for
+interesting relics, but there is a figurative species of raking and
+scratching, among them, in quest of one's ancestors. This is, too
+frequently, a periculous experiment; for the searcher sometimes finds his
+progress--the pleasure of his employment, at least--rudely interrupted, by
+an offensive stump, which proves to be the relic of the whipping-post, or
+the gallows.
+
+Neither the party himself, nor the world, trouble their heads, about a
+man's ancestors, until he has distinguished himself, in some degree, or
+fancies that he has; for, while he is nobody, they are clearly nobody's
+ancestors. In Note A, upon the article _Touchet_, vol. ix., fol. ed.,
+Lond., 1739, Bayle remarks--"It is very common to fall into two extremes,
+with regard to those, whom Providence raises greatly above their former
+condition: some, by fabulous genealogies, procure them ancestors of the
+first quality; others reduce them to a rank, much below the true one."
+This remark was amply illustrated, in the case of Napoleon Bonaparte:
+while some there were, who thought they could make out a clear descent
+from the prince of darkness, others were ready to accommodate him with the
+most illustrious ancestry. The Emperor of Austria had a fancy, for tracing
+Napoleon's descent, from one of the petty sovereigns of Treviso; and a
+genealogist made a merit of proving him to be a descendant, from an
+ancient line of Gothic princes; to all this Napoleon sensibly replied,
+that he dated his patent of nobility, from the battle of Monte Notte.
+Cicero was of the same way of thinking, and prided himself, on being
+_novus homo_. Among the _fragmenta_, ascribed to him, there is a
+declamation against Sallust, published by Lemaire, in his edition of the
+Classics, though he believes it not to be Cicero's; in which, sec. ii.,
+are these words--_Ego meis majoribus virtute mea praeluxi; ut, si prius
+noti non fuerint, a me accipiant initium memoriae suae_--_By my virtue, I
+have shown forth before my ancestors; so, that if they were unknown
+before, they will receive the commencement of their notoriety from me_. "I
+am no herald," said Sydney, "to inquire of men's pedigrees: it sufficeth
+for me if I know their virtues."
+
+This setting up for ancestors, among those, who, from the very nature of
+our institutions, are, and ever must be, a middling interest people, is as
+harmless, as it is sometimes ridiculous, and no more need be said of its
+inoffensiveness.
+
+From the very nature of the case, there can be no lack of ancestors. The
+simplest arithmetic will show, that the humblest citizen has more than
+_one million of grand parents_, within the twentieth degree; and it is
+calculated, in works on consanguinity, that, within the fifteenth degree,
+every man has nearly _two hundred and seventy millions of kindred_. There
+is no lack, therefore, of the raw material, for this light work; unless,
+in a case, like that of the little vagrant, who replied to the
+magistrate's inquiry, as to his parents, that he never had any, but _was
+washed ashore_. The process is very simple. Take the name of Smith, for
+example: set down all of that name, who have graduated at the English,
+American, and German colleges, for Schmidt is the same thing--then enrol
+all of that name, upon the habitable earth, who have, in any way,
+distinguished themselves; carefully avoiding the records of criminal
+courts, and such publications as Caulfield's Memoirs, the State Trials,
+and the Newgate Calendar. Such may be called the genealogy of the Smiths;
+and every man of that name, while contemplating the list of worthies, will
+find himself declaring a dividend, _per capita_, of all that was good, and
+great, and honorable, in the collection; and he will arise, from the
+perusal, a more complacent, if not a better man.
+
+This species of literature is certainly coming into vogue. I have lately
+seen, in this city, a large duodecimo volume, recently printed, in which
+the genealogy of a worthy family, among us, is traced, through Oliver
+Cromwell, to AEneas, not AEneas Silvius, who flourished in the early part of
+the fifteenth century, and became Pope Pius II., but to AEneas, the King of
+the Latins. This royal descent is not through the second marriage with
+Lavinia; nor through the accidental relation, between AEneas and Dido--
+
+  Speluncam Dido dux et Trojanus eandem
+  Deveniunt----------;
+
+but through the first marriage with the unfortunate Creusa, who was burnt
+to death, in the great Troy fire, which took place, according to the
+Parian Marbles, on the 23d of the month, Thargelion, i. e., 11th of June,
+1184 years before Christ. Ascanius was certainly therefore the ancestor of
+this worthy family, the son of AEneas and Creusa; and the grandson of
+Anchises and Venus. Such a pedigree may satisfy a Welchman.
+
+I am forcibly reminded, by all this, of a very pleasant story, recounted
+by Horace Walpole, in a letter to Horace Mann: I refer to Letter CCV. in
+Lord Dover's edition. In 1749, when Mirepoix was ambassador in England,
+there was a Monsieur de Levi, in his suite. This man was proud of his
+Jewish name, and really appeared to set no bounds to his genealogical
+_gout_. They considered the Virgin Mary a cousin of their house, and had a
+painting, in which she is represented, as saying to Monsieur Levi's
+ancestor, who takes off his hat in her presence--"_Couvrez vous, mon
+cousin_:" to which he replies--"_Non pas, ma tres sainte cousine, je scai
+trop bien le respect que je vous dois_." The editor, Lord Dover, says, in
+a note, that there is said to have been another ridiculous picture, in
+that family, in which Noah is represented, going into the ark, carrying a
+small trunk under his arm, on which is written--"_Papiers de la maison de
+Levis_."
+
+Very few persons are calculated for the task of tracing genealogies;
+patience and discrimination should be united with a certain slowness of
+belief, and wariness of imposition. Two of a feather do not more readily
+consociate, than two of a name, and of the genealogical fancy, contrive to
+strike up a relationship. There are also greater obstacles in the way,
+than a want of the requisite talents, temper, and
+attainments:--"Alterations of sirnames," says Camden, "which, in former
+ages, have been very common, have so obscured the truth of our pedigrees,
+that it will be no little labor to deduce many of them." For myself, a
+plain, old-fashioned sexton, as I am, I am much better satisfied, with the
+simple and intelligible assurance of my Bible, that I am a child of Adam,
+than I could possibly be, with any genealogical proofs, that Anchises and
+Venus were my ancestors. However, there is no such thing as accounting for
+taste; and it is not unpleasant, I admit, to those of us, who still
+cherish some of our early, classical attachments, to know, that the blood
+of that ancient family is still preserved among us.
+
+No man is more inclined than I am, to perpetuate a sentiment of profound
+respect for the memory of worthy ancestors. Let us extract, from the
+contemplation of their virtues, a profitable stimulus, to prevent us from
+being weary in well-doing. By the laws of Confucius, a part of the duty,
+which children owed to their parents, consisted in worshipping them, when
+dead. I am inclined to believe, that this filial worship or reverence may
+be well bestowed, in the ascending line, on all, who have deserved it, and
+who are, _bona fide_, our grandfathers and grandmothers. It seems to me
+quite proper and convenient, to have a well-authenticated catalogue or
+list of one's ancestors, as far back as possible; but let us exercise a
+sound discretion in this matter; and not run into absurdity. I am ready
+and willing to obey the laws of Confucius, as implicitly, as though I were
+a Chinaman, and reverence my ancestors; but I must, first, be well
+satisfied, as to their identity. I will never consent, because some
+professional genealogist has worked himself into a particular belief, to
+worship the man in the moon, for my great Proavus, nor Dido for my great,
+great grandmother.
+
+Domestic arboriculture is certainly getting into fashion, and a family
+tree is becoming quite essential to the self-complacency, at least, of
+many well-regulated families. The roots are found to push freely, in the
+superficial soil of family pride. Generally, these trees, to render them
+sightly, require to be pruned with a free hand; and the proprietor, when
+the crooked branches are skilfully removed, and all the small and
+imperfect fruit put entirely out of sight, may behold it, with heartfelt
+pleasure, and rejoice in the happy consciousness, that he is a SMINK. If,
+however, these family matters, instead of being preserved, for private
+amusement, are to be multiplied, by the press, there will, indeed, in the
+words of the wise man, be no end of making books.
+
+Ancestors are relics, and nothing else. Whenever the demand for ancestors
+becomes brisk, and genealogy becomes a _profession_--it becomes a _craft_.
+Laboureur, the historian, in his _Additions de Castelnau_, tom. ii. p.
+559, affords a specimen of genealogical trust-worthiness. "In 1560,
+Renatus of Sanzay built, with John le Feron, king at arms of France, a
+genealogy of the house of Sanzay, made up of near fifty descents, most of
+them enumerated, year by year; with the names, sirnames, and coats of arms
+of the women; whilst all those names, families, and arms were mere
+phantoms; brother Stephen of Lusignan, out of this mighty tub, as from a
+public fountain, let flow the nobility and blood of Lusignan to all
+persons, who desired any of it."--Again, on page 320, Laboureur
+says--"They admitted, as true, all that was vented by certain false
+antiquaries and downright enthusiasts, such as John le Maire de Belges,
+Forcatel, a civilian, Stephen of Lusignan, and John le Feron, whom I will
+charge with nothing but credulity." This, doubtless, is the stumbling
+block of most men, who engage in this semi-mythical employment.
+
+Nothing is more easy, than to mistake one dead person, for another, when
+corruption has done its work, upon the form and features. There is
+something bituminous in time. What masculine mistakes are committed by
+experts! Those relics, which have been the object of hereditary
+veneration, for thirty centuries, as the virgin daughter of some great
+high priest in the days of Cheops and Cephrenes, may, by the assistance of
+the savans, with the aid of magnifiers of extraordinary power, be
+demonstrated to be the blackened carcass of Hum-Bug-Phi, the son of
+Hassan, the camel-driver; who kept a little khane or caravansera near
+Joseph's granaries, in old Al Karirah, on the eastern banks of the Nile,
+famous--very--for the quality of its leeks and onions, three thousand
+years ago.
+
+
+
+
+No. XCVIII.
+
+
+Thank Heaven, I am not a young widow, for two plain reasons; I do not wish
+to be young again--and I would not be a widow, if I could help it. A young
+widow, widder, or widdy, as the word is variously spelt, has been a
+byword, of odd import, ever since the days, when Sara, the daughter of
+Raguel, exclaimed, in the fifteenth verse of the third chapter of the book
+of Tobit--"_My seven husbands are already dead, and why should I live?_"
+All this tilting against the widows, with goose quills for spears, arises
+from the fact, that these weapons of war are mainly in the hands of one
+sex. Men are the scribblers--the lions are the painters. Nothing, in the
+chapters of political economy, is more remarkable, than the fact, that,
+since all creation was divided into parishes, there has never been a
+parish, in which there was not a Mr. Tompkins, who was the very thing for
+the widow Button. But the cutting out and fitting of these matters
+commonly belongs to that amiable sisterhood, who are ever happy, without
+orders, to make up, at short notice.
+
+The result of my limited reading and observation has satisfied me
+entirely, that there is, and ever has been, a very great majority of bad
+husbands, over the bad wives, and of bewizzarded widowers, over the widows
+bewitched. When a poor, lone, young widow, for no reason under Heaven, but
+the desire to prove her respect, as Dr. Johnson says, for the state of
+matrimony, takes the initiative, every unmarried female, over thirty,
+longs to cut her ears off.
+
+If there be sin or silliness, in the repetition of the matrimonial
+relation, or in strong indications of uneasiness, in the state of single
+blessedness, man is the offender in chief.
+
+_Quadrigamus_, signifying a man who had been four times married, was a
+word, applicable of old. Henry VIII. had six wives, in succession. Let us
+summon a witness, from among the dead. Let us inquire, where is there a
+widow, maid, or wife, who would not be deemed a candidate for the old
+summary punishment of Skymmington, should she behave herself, as boldly,
+and outrageously, as John Milton behaved?
+
+Milton, though he did not commence his matrimonial experiments, until he
+was thirty-five, married, in succession, Mary Powell, in 1643--Catherine
+Woodcock, in 1653--and Elizabeth Minshull, in 1662. Mary Powell, who was
+the daughter of a Cavalier, and accustomed to the gaiety of her father's
+house, soon became weary of her solitary condition, with John Milton, who
+was, constitutionally, of a choleric and lordly temper. Contrasted with
+the loneliness, and slender appliances of her new home, the residence of
+her father, at Forest Hill, appeared to her, like paradise lost. So she
+went home, at the end of a month, ostensibly upon a visit; and, probably,
+gave no very flattering account of the honeymoon. Just about that period,
+the King's forces had thrashed Fairfax, in the North, and taught Waller
+the true difference, between prose and poetry, in the West; and "the
+Powells," says Dr. Symmons, "began to repent of their Republican
+connection." Milton wrote to his wife to return. She neither came, nor
+responded. He next sent a messenger, who was treated with contempt.
+Thereupon Milton immediately proceeded to pay his suit to a very beautiful
+and accomplished young lady, the daughter of a Dr. Davis; and Dr. Symmons
+is evidently of opinion, that the lady and her family had no objections to
+the proceeding, which is fully exhibited, in Milton's Prose Works, vol.
+vii. p. 205, Lond., 1806.
+
+Talk not of widows after this. Finding, even in those days of disorder,
+that no divorce, _a vinculo_, could be obtained, under existing laws, he
+wrote his celebrated works--The Doctrine and Discipline of Divorce, and
+the Judgment of Martin Bucer, concerning Divorce. In these works he sets
+forth his particular grievance, which the reader may easily comprehend,
+from one or two brief quotations--he speaks of a "_mute and spiritless
+mate_" and of "_himself bound to an image of earth and phlegm_."
+
+After the fight of Naseby, the Powells appear to have thought better of
+it; and Madame Milton returned, made the amende, and was restored in full.
+What sort of composition Milton made with Miss Davis nobody has ever
+disclosed. Certain it is, that compasionate damsel and the works upon
+divorce were all laid upon the same shelf. We are apt to find something
+of value, in a thing we have discarded, when we perceive, that it is
+capable of giving high satisfaction to another. This consideration may
+have influenced Mrs. Milton; and, very possibly, the desire of returning
+to the residence of Milton may have been secondary to that of jilting Miss
+Davis, which she was certainly entitled to do. I knew an old gentleman,
+who was always so much affected, in this manner, by the sight of his
+cast-off clothing, upon the persons of his servants, that nothing would
+content him, short of reclaimer.
+
+Milton was ever Milton still--_nihil tetigit quod non ornavit_. Take a
+brief extract or two from his work on divorce:--"What therefore God hath
+joined let no man put asunder. But here the Christian prudence lies, to
+consider what God hath joined. Shall we say that God hath joined error,
+fraud, unfitness, wrath, contention, perpetual loneliness, perpetual
+discord? Whatever lust, or wine, or witchery, threat or enticement,
+avarice or ambition hath joined together, faithful or unfaithful,
+Christian with anti-Christian, hate with hate, or hate with love--shall we
+say this is God's joining?"--"But unfitness and contrariety frustrate and
+nullify forever, unless it be a rare chance, all the good and peace of
+wedded conversation; and leave nothing between them enjoyable, but a prone
+and savage necessity, not worth the name of marriage, unaccompanied with
+love." Every word of all this was written with an eye to the object of his
+unlawful passion: but the legislature very justly considered the greatest
+good of the greatest possible number; and would not turn aside, to pass a
+bill, for the special relief of John Milton and Miss Davis.
+
+Selden, in his _Uxor Hebraica_, has proved, that polygamy existed, not
+only among the Hebrews, but among all nations, and in all ages. Mark
+Anthony is mentioned, as the first, among the Romans, who took the liberty
+of having two wives. What a gathering there would have been, in the Forum,
+if the news had been spread, that Mrs. Mark Anthony had taken the liberty
+of having two husbands! Every body knows, that widows are occasionally
+burnt, in Hindostan, on the funeral pile with their husbands. Whoever
+heard of a widower being burnt or even scorched, on a similar occasion?
+
+The Landgrave of Hesse, the most warlike of the Protestant leaders, caused
+a representation to be made to the theologians, that he must have two
+wives, and that he would not be denied. A most rampant and outrageous
+protocol was prepared, and handed to Bucerus, for the ministers at
+Wittemberg. The substance of this was equally discreditable to the
+Landgrave, and insulting to Luther and the holy fathers. The Landgrave was
+no gentleman, for he told the theologians, that his lady got drunk, and
+was personally disagreeable to him. He calls God to witness, that, if they
+do not sanction his polygamy, he will do just what he likes, and the sin
+will be upon their heads. He particularly wishes information, on one
+point--why he is not as good as Abraham, Jacob, David, Lamech, and
+Solomon; and why he has not as good a right to have a spare wife or two,
+as they had. He asks for two only.
+
+Luther was deeply troubled, and perplexed. The Reformation professed to
+bring back the world to the Scriptures, in which polygamy was expressly
+recognized. The Reformers held marriage to be _res politica_, and
+therefore subject to the law of the State. The matter became worse by
+delay. The Landgrave was filled with fury, and the theologians with fear.
+At last, poor Luther and the rest signed a paper, concluding with these
+memorable words--"If however your highness is utterly determined upon
+marrying a second wife, we are of opinion, that it ought to be done
+secretly. Signed and sealed at Wittemberg, after the feast of St.
+Nicholas, in the year 1539. Martin Luther, Philip Melancthon, Martin
+Bucer, Antony Corvin, Adam John Lening, Justin Wintfert, Dyonisius
+Melanther."
+
+The detail of all this may be found, in Hazlitt's translation of
+Michelet's Life of Luther, page 251, Lond. 1846. Bayle, article Luther,
+observes, that the theologians would have promptly refused to sanction
+such a thing, had the request come from any private gentleman--or, permit
+me to add, if it had come from the lady of the Landgrave, for a brace of
+husbands.
+
+It is my opinion, that great injustice is done to widows. The opinion of
+St. Jerome, who never was a widow, and knew nothing about it, that they
+should never marry again, is perfectly absurd; for there are some men,
+whose constitutional timidity would close the matrimonial highway forever,
+were it not for that peculiar species of encouragement, which none but
+widows can ever administer. For my own part, I would have a widow speak
+out, and spare not; for I am very fearful, that the opposite course is
+productive of great moral mischief, and tends to perpetuate a system of
+terrible hypocrisy. But let a sound discretion be exercised. I disapprove
+altogether of conditional engagements, made _durante vita mariti_.
+
+
+
+
+No. XCIX.
+
+
+Jonny Moorhead was a man of a kind heart and a pleasant fancy. He came
+hither from Belfast, in 1727. He became pastor of the Presbyterian Church
+in Long Lane, in 1730.--_Tempora mutantur_--Long Lane, and Jonny Moorhead,
+and the little, old, visible temple, and Presbyterianism itself, are like
+Rachel's first born--they are not. But in 1744, the good people built a
+new church, for Jonny Moorhead; in due time, Long Lane became Federal
+Street; and, Jonny's church bore the bell, which had rung so many peals,
+and the gilded tell-tale, which, for so many years, had done obeisance to
+all the winds of Heaven, upon the _old_ Brattle Street Church. These, upon
+the demolition of that church, in 1774, were the gift of John Hancock.
+Jonny Moorhead had little comfort from that bell, for he died December 3,
+1774, and could he have lived to see that Presbyterian weathercock go
+round, in after-times, it would have broken the tough, old strings of
+Jonny Moorhead's Irish heart.
+
+About one hundred years ago, Jonny Moorhead, upon a drowsy summer
+afternoon, gave out the one hundred and eighty-seventh psalm--the chief
+minstrel, with infinite embarrassment, suggested, that there were not so
+many in the _Book_--and tradition tells us, that Jonny replied--"_Weel,
+then, sing as mony as there be_."
+
+My recollection of this anecdote of Jonny Moorhead will be painfully
+revived, when I send forth the one hundredth number of these dealings with
+the dead. They have been prepared like patch-work, from such fragments, as
+my common-place book supplied, and at such broken hours of more than
+ordinary loneliness, as might otherwise have been snoozed, unconsciously
+away. I had cast all that I had written into a particular drawer; and
+great was my surprise, to find, that the hundredth was the last, and that,
+with that number, I shall have sung--"_as mony as there be_."
+
+One hundred--thought I--is an even number--few individuals care to survive
+one hundred. When these dealings with the dead had reached the number of
+four-score, I had serious misgivings, that their _strength_, to my weary
+reader, might prove nothing better than _labor and sorrow_;
+notwithstanding the occasional tokens of approbation, from some
+exceedingly old-fashioned people, who were altogether behind the times.
+
+Having attained this _point d'appui_, which appears well enough adapted
+for the long home of an old sexton, it occurred to me, that I could not
+possibly do a better thing, for myself, or a more acceptable thing for the
+public, than to gather up my tools, as snugly as possible, and quietly
+give up the ghost. But giving up the ghost, even in the sacristan sense of
+that awful phrase, is not particularly agreeable, after all. If I look
+upon each one of these hundred dealings, as a sepulchre of my own
+digging--I cannot deny, that the employment of my spade has been a
+particular solace to me. But there are other solaces--I know it--there are
+an hundred according to the exiled bard of Sulmo--
+
+                "----centum solatia curae
+  Et rus, et comites, et via longa dabunt."
+
+Other suggestions readily occur, and are as readily, discarded. Parents,
+occasionally, experiment upon the sensibility of their children, by fondly
+discoursing of the uncertainty of human existence, and mingling deep drawn
+sighs, with shadowy allusions to wills and codicils.
+
+For three-and-thirty years, our veteran, maiden aunt, Jemima Wycherly, at
+the close of her annual visit, which seldom fell short of six weeks, in
+its duration, though it seemed much longer, took each of us by the hand,
+and, with many tears, commended us fervently to the protecting arm of an
+overruling Providence, and bade us an eternal farewell!
+
+I have always contemplated the conduct of Charles V. in relation to the
+rehearsal of his funeral obsequies, as a piece of imperial foolery. "He
+ordered his tomb to be erected, in the chapel of the monastery. His
+domestics marched thither in funeral procession, with black tapers in
+their hands. He himself followed, in his shroud. He was laid in his
+coffin, with much solemnity. The service for the dead was chanted; and
+Charles joined in the prayers, which were offered for the rest of his
+soul, mingling his tears with those, which his attendants shed, as if
+they had been celebrating a real funeral. The ceremony closed, with
+sprinkling holy water on the coffin, in the usual form, and, all the
+assistants retiring, the doors of the chapel were shut. Then Charles rose
+out of the coffin, and withdrew to his apartment." Such is the statement
+of Dr. Robertson.[1]
+
+Notwithstanding this high authority, it is comforting, even at this late
+day, to believe, that a story, so discreditable to the memory of Charles,
+is without any substantial foundation. It has ever appeared remarkable,
+that Bayle should not have alluded to this curious anecdote. After
+bestowing the highest praise, on Richard Ford's Hand Book, for Travellers
+in Spain, the London Quarterly Review[2] furnishes an extract from the
+work, in which, after giving a minute and interesting account of the
+convent of St. Yuste, the final retreat of Charles V., Mr. Ford
+says--"_the story of his having had the funeral service said over himself,
+while alive, is untrue; no record, or tradition of the kind existed among
+the monks_."
+
+There is something, in these drafts upon _posterity_, to be accepted and
+paid, by the _present generation_, for the honor of the drawer, resembling
+the conduct of a man, who encroaches on his principal, or who anticipates
+his revenues.
+
+There is, undoubtedly, a species of luxury in leave-taking. We have
+delighted, to contemplate the edifying history of that gray-headed old
+rat, who, weary of the world, and determined to spend the remnant of his
+days, in pious meditation, took a final and affectionate leave of all his
+relatives and friends, and retired to a quiet hole--_in the recesses of a
+Cheshire cheese_.
+
+However gratified we may be, to witness the second, or third coming of an
+able, ardent, and ambitious politician, it is not in the gravest nature to
+restrain a smile, while we contrast that vehemence, which no time can
+temper--that _vis vivida vitae_--ready for all things, in the forum or the
+field--that unquenchable fire, brightly burning, beneath the frost of more
+than seventy winters--with those sad infirmities of ace--those silver
+hairs--that one foot in the grave--the necessity of turning from all
+sublunary things, and making way for Heaven, under the pale rays of life's
+parting sun--those senatorial adieus--and long, last farewells--those
+solemn prayers and fervent hopes for the happiness of his associates,
+whom he should meet no more, on this side of the eternal world--those
+_esto perpetuas_ for his country! How touching these things would be, but
+for their frequency! What more natural, or more excusable, having enjoyed
+the luxury of leave-taking, than a desire--after a reasonable interval--to
+repeat the process, which afforded so much pleasure, and inflicted so
+little pain!
+
+As to my own comparatively humble relation to the public--_parvis
+componere magna_--I am of opinion, that I should gain nothing, by
+affecting to retire, or by pretending to be dead. As to the former, it may
+be as truly averred of sextons, as it was, by Mr. Jefferson, of
+office-holders--"_few die and none resign_;" and, in respect to the
+latter, I not only despise the idea of such an imposition upon the public,
+but have some little fear, that the affectation might be too suddenly
+followed, by the reality, as Dr. Robertson, rightly or wrongly, affirms it
+to have been, in the case of Charles the Fifth.
+
+I am now fairly committed, for the first number, at least, of another
+hundred, but for nothing more. I pretend not to look deeper into futurity,
+than six feet, which is the depth of a well-made grave. When I shall have
+completed the second hundred, and commenced upon a third, I shall be well
+nigh ready to exclaim, in the words of Ovid--
+
+                                      "Vixi
+  Annos bis centum: nunc tertia vivitur aetas."
+
+A relation of liberty and equality is decidedly the best, for my reader
+and for me--I am not constrained to write, nor he to read--if he cannot
+lie cozily, in a grave of my digging--I do not propose to detain him
+there--to bury him alive. Dealing with the dead has not hardened my heart.
+I am a sexton of very considerable sensibility; and have, occasionally,
+mingled my tears with the earth, as I shovelled it in.
+
+In less figurative phrase, it is my desire to write, for my amusement,
+till one of us, the reader or myself, gives in, or gives out, and cries
+_enough_. I have a perfect respect for the old proverb, _de gustibus_, and
+by no means anticipate the pleasure of pleasing every body--
+
+  Men' moveat cimex Pantilius? aut cruciet, quod
+  Vellicet absentem Demetrius? aut quod ineptus
+  Fannius Hermogenis laedat conviva Tigelli?
+
+There are some readers, for example, who seem to look upon a classical
+quotation, as a personal affront. I conceive this objection to be scarcely
+equitable, from those, whose hybrid English, it is quite as hard to bear.
+
+There are mortals--offenders in some sort--whom it is difficult to please,
+like the culprit who cried _higher_ and _lower_, under the lash, till the
+Irish drummer's patience was perfectly exhausted, and he exclaimed--"_By
+Jasus, there's no plasing ye, strike where I will_."
+
+
+
+
+No. C.
+
+
+The sayings of eminent men, in a dying hour, are eminently worthy of being
+gathered together--they are often illustrative of the characters of the
+dead, and impressive upon the hearts of the living. Not a few of these
+parting words are scattered, over the breadth and length of history, and
+might form a volume--a _Vade Mecum_, for the patriot and the Christian--a
+casket of imperishable jewels.
+
+As an example of those sayings, to which I refer, nothing can be more
+apposite, than that of the Chevalier Bayard, while dying upon the field of
+battle. "He received a wound," says Robertson, "which he immediately
+perceived to be mortal, and being unable any longer to continue on
+horseback, he ordered one of his attendants to place him under a tree,
+with his face toward the enemy; then fixing his eyes on the guard of his
+sword, which he held up, instead of a cross, he addressed his prayers to
+God; and, in this posture, which became his character, both as a soldier
+and as a Christian, he calmly awaited the approach of death." Bourbon, who
+led the foremost of the enemy's troops, found him in this situation, and
+expressed regret and pity, at the sight. "_Pity not me_," cried the
+high-spirited chevalier, "_I die, as a man of honor ought, in the
+discharge of my duty; they indeed are objects of pity, who fight against
+their king, their country, and their oath_."
+
+How significant of the life of that great military phlebotomist, who, from
+the overthrow of the council of five hundred, in 1799, to his own in 1815,
+delighted in blood, and in war, were those wild, wandering words of the
+dying Napoleon--_tete d'armee!_
+
+We have the last words of consciousness, that were uttered, by the younger
+Adams, when stricken by the hand of death in the capitol--_the last of
+earth!_ We have also those of his venerable father, who expired, on the
+anniversary of that day, which he had so essentially contributed to render
+glorious, so long as the annals of our country shall continue to be
+preserved. On the morning of that day, the dying patriot, at the age of
+ninety-one, was awakened, by the customary pealing of bells, and the roar
+of artillery. Upon being asked, if he recognized the day, he replied--"_it
+is the glorious Fourth--God bless the day--God bless you all_."
+
+On the ninth day of July, 1850, another patriot died, at his post, and in
+the service of his country, whose parting words will long remain, engraven
+at full length, upon the broad area of the whole American heart,--I AM
+PREPARED--I HAVE ENDEAVORED TO DO MY DUTY! Here, in this comprehensive
+declaration of General Taylor, are embodied all, and more than all,
+contained in the long cherished words of the departing patriot--ESTO
+PERPETUA!
+
+  "And you brave Cobham, to the latest breath,
+  Shall feel your ruling passion, strong in death:
+  Such in those moments, as in all the past;
+  'O save my country, Heaven!' shall be your last."
+
+The ninth day of July is, with the Swiss, the day of their National
+Independence. On that memorable day, in 1836, they fought, and won the
+great battle of Sempach, against Leopold, Duke of Austria, which victory
+established the liberties of Switzerland.
+
+Upon the anniversary of that very day, just ninety-five years ago,
+Washington was signally preserved, from the sweeping and indiscriminate
+carnage of Indian warfare, for those high destinies, which he fulfilled so
+gloriously. The ninth day of July, 1755, was the day of General Braddock's
+defeat--the battle, as it is sometimes called, of Fort du Quesne.
+Hereafter, it will be noted, as a day of gloom, in our national calendar.
+A great--good man has fallen--in a trying hour--in the very midst of his
+labors--a wiser, a worthier could not have fallen, at a moment of deeper
+need. From sea to sea--from the mountain tops to the valleys below--from
+the city and from the wilderness--from the rich man's castle, and from the
+hunter's cabin--from the silver-haired and from the light-hearted, what an
+acclaim--what a response, as the voice of one man--has already answered
+to that dying declaration--I AM PREPARED--I HAVE ENDEAVORED TO DO MY DUTY!
+As an entire people, we know it--we feel it--and may God, in his infinite
+wisdom and goodness, enable us to profit, by a dispensation, so awfully
+solemn, and so terribly severe.
+
+The spirit of this great, good man is now by the side of that sainted
+shade, which once animated the form of the immortal Washington. They are
+looking down upon the destinies of their country. Who is so dull of
+hearing, as not to catch the context of those dying words? _I am
+prepared_--_I have endeavored to do my duty_--AND MAY MY DEATH CEMENT THAT
+UNION, WHICH I SO CHEERFULLY DEVOTED MY LIFE TO PRESERVE!
+
+It is finished. The career of this good man has closed forever.
+Ingratitude and calumny to him are nothing now. After days and nights of
+restless agitation, he has obtained one long, last night of sweet repose,
+reserved for those, who die _prepared, and who have endeavored to do
+their duty_. He has gone where the wicked cease from troubling, and where
+the weary are at rest. No summons to attend the agitating councils of the
+Cabinet shall disturb his profound repose--no sarcastic commentaries upon
+his honest policy, from the over-heated leaders of the Senate or the
+House, shall give him additional pain. Party malignity can no longer reach
+that ear. Even the hoary-headed, political Zoilus of the age can scarcely
+find a motive, base enough, among the recesses of an envenomed heart, for
+posthumous abuse. In view of this solemnizing event, the raving
+abolitionist and the Utopian non-resistant may be expected to hold their
+incomparably senseless tongues, at least till these obsequies be past.
+
+If I do not greatly mistake, the death of General Harrison and the death
+of General Taylor, so very soon after entering upon the performance of
+their presidential duties, will not fail to present before the whole
+American people, for their learning, a first and a second lesson, so
+perfectly legible, that he, who runs, may read.
+
+It perfectly comports with a respect, sincere and profound, for the
+memories of these excellent men, solemnly to inquire, if, upon certain
+well known and universally acknowledged principles, it would not be as
+wise, and even more wise, to select a statesman, whose conduct in the
+cabinet had made him preeminently popular, and to place him, with a
+sword, in his unpractised hand, at the head of the armies of the
+Republic--than to place, in the Presidential chair, a great soldier,
+universally and deservedly popular, for his success in war--however strong
+his common sense--however inflexible his integrity--however pure and
+devoted his patriotism--unless he also possesses that skill, and knowledge
+of affairs, which never came to man, by intuition; and which cannot be
+acquired, but by the laborious training and experience of years? This is a
+solemn question, for the people; and it may well be put, irrespectively of
+the public weal, and with a reference, directly, to the happiness, and
+even to the continued existence, of those, who may be so unfortunate as to
+become the objects of the popular favor. Is there any doubt, that all the
+battles, in which General Taylor has ever been engaged, have occasioned
+less wear and tear of body and mind, than have been produced, by the
+numberless trials and anxieties of the Presidential relation? It is a
+popular saying, and, perhaps, not altogether unworthy of general
+acceptation, that both General Harrison and General Taylor were _killed,
+not by kindness, but by care_.
+
+It may readily be supposed, that a gallant soldier would rather encounter
+the brunt of a battle, than such torrents of filth, as have been poured,
+professionally, upon the chief magistrate of the nation, from week to
+week, by the great scavenger, and his auxiliaries, at Washington. All this
+would have been borne, with comparative indifference, by a practised
+statesman, whose training had been among the contests of the forum, and
+whose moral cutis had been thickened, by time and exposure.
+
+To appear, and to be, all that a chief magistrate ought to appear, and to
+be, in the centre of his cabinet, what a mass of information, on a great
+variety of subjects--what tact, amid the details of the cabinet--must be
+required, which very few gentlemen, who have devoted themselves to the
+military profession, can be supposed to possess! If knowledge is power,
+ignorance is weakness; and the consciousness of that weakness produces a
+condition of suffering and anxiety. Instead of coming to the great work of
+government, with the necessary stock of knowledge, training, and
+experience--how incompetent is he, who comes to that work, like an actor,
+who is learning his part, during the progress of the play.
+
+The crude, iron ore is quite as well adapted to the purposes of the
+smith, or the cutler, without any subjection to the preparatory processes
+of metallurgy, as talent and virtue, however consummate, without
+preparatory training, and appropriate study, for the great and complicated
+work of government.
+
+Too much confidence is apt to be reposed, upon the idea, that the
+President will be sustained, by his cabinet; and that any deficiencies, in
+him, will be compensated, by their wisdom and experience. The President is
+an important, component part of the acting government. He is not, like the
+august Personage, at the head of the government of England, who can do no
+wrong; and whose chief employment is the breeding of royal babies, and the
+occasional reading of a little speech. He can do a great deal of wrong,
+and must do a great deal of work; and, when he differs from his cabinet,
+the more need he feels of practical and applicable wisdom and knowledge;
+and, the more upright and conscientious he is, the more miserable he
+becomes, under an oppressive sense of his incapacity.
+
+General Taylor will long be remembered, by the people of the United
+States, with profound and affectionate respect. His amiable and excellent
+qualities are embalmed in their hearts. He fought the battles of his
+country, with consummate skill and bravery. He led their armies, in many
+battles--and never, but to victory!
+
+A grateful people, in the fulness of their hearts, and amid the blindness
+of popular enthusiasm, and with the purest purposes, and with sentiments
+of patriotic devotion, rewarded their gallant soldier, by placing upon his
+brows, A GILDED CROWN OF THORNS!
+
+
+
+
+No. CI.
+
+
+The form of a Chinese tomb, says Mr. Davis, in his "Description of the
+Empire of China," whether large or small, is exactly that of the Greek
+_omega_ [Greek: O]. Their mourning color is white. Their cemeteries are
+upon the hills. No interments are permitted in cities. No corpse is
+suffered to be carried, through any walled town, which may lie in its way
+to the place of interment.
+
+The tombs of the rich, says M. Grosier, are shaped like a _horse shoe_,
+which, when well made, might pass for a very respectable [Greek: O].
+Almost immediately after death, says the latter writer, the corpse is
+arrayed in its best attire. A son will sell himself, as a slave, to
+purchase a coffin, for his father. The coffin, upon which no cost is
+spared, remains, frequently, for years, the most showy article of the
+expectant's furniture. The body lies in state, and is visited by all
+comers, for seven days. The hall of ceremony is hung with white,
+interspersed with black or violet colored silk. Flowers, perfumes, and wax
+lights abound. Those, who enter, salute the dead, as if he were alive, and
+knock their heads, three times, upon the ground. Upon this, the sons of
+the defunct creep forth, on their hands and knees, from behind a curtain,
+and, having returned the salutation, retire in the same manner.
+
+A Chinese hearse is a very elegant affair; it is covered with a
+dome-shaped canopy of violet-colored silk, with tufts of white, neatly
+embroidered, and surmounted with net work. In this the coffin reposes; and
+the whole is borne, by sixty-four men.
+
+Mourning continues for three years, during which the aggrieved abstain
+from flesh, wine, and all ordinary amusements.
+
+As we have had recently, among us, some half a dozen visitors, male and
+female, from the Celestial Empire, I am strongly tempted to turn from the
+dead, to the living.
+
+I have repeatedly attended the morning levees of Miss PWAN YEKOO, who was
+exhibited with her serving-maid, LUM AKUM, Mr. SOO CHUNE, the musical
+professor, his son and daughter, MUN CHUNG and AMOON, and Mr. ALEET MONG,
+the interpreter. This was certainly a very interesting group; such as
+never before has been presented in this city, and will not be again, I
+presume, for many years.
+
+Miss Yekoo is said to be seventeen, which appears to be her age. With the
+costume of the Chinese, which, in our eyes, is superlatively graceless, we
+have become sufficiently familiar, by the exhibition of the living males
+and the stuffed females, in our Chinese Museums. Of their music, we had an
+interesting specimen, a few years since. Being fortunately deaf, I can say
+nothing of the performances of Miss _Yekoo_ and Professor _Chune_. Their
+features and complexions are Chinese, of course, and cannot be better
+described than in the words of Sir John Barrow, as applicable to the race:
+"The narrow, elongated, half-closed eye; the linear and highly-arched
+eyebrow; the broad root of the nose; the projection of the upper jaw a
+little beyond the lower; the thin, straggling beard, and the body
+generally free from hair; a high, conical head, and triangular face: and
+these are the peculiar characteristics which obtained for them, in the
+_Systema Naturae_ of Linnaeus, a place among the varieties of the species,
+distinguished by the name of _homines monstrosi_."
+
+Apart from these and other considerations, it was well for all, who had it
+in their power, to avail themselves of an opportunity, which is not likely
+to be presented again, for years, and examine, with their own eyes, those
+"_golden lilies_," for the production of which this little Chinese
+spinster, Miss _Pwan Yeekoo_ has been severely tortured, from her cradle.
+She is neither very large, nor very small, for a girl of seventeen, and
+her feet are precisely _two inches and a half_ in length. A small female
+foot, as it came from the hand of the great Creator, has ever been
+accounted a great beauty, since Eve was born. But, to the eyes of all
+beholders, on this side of the Yellow Sea, no more disgusting objects were
+ever presented, than the horribly contracted and crippled deformities,
+upon the ends of Miss Yekoo's little trotters.
+
+The bare feet are not exhibited; but a model of the foot, two inches and a
+half in length, on which is a shoe, which is taken off, by the exhibitor,
+and put upon the real foot of Miss Yekoo, over a shoe, already there. This
+model is affirmed to be exact. As it is presented in front, the great toe
+nail alone is visible, forming a central apex, for the foot. On being
+turned up, the four smaller toes are seen, closely compacted, and inverted
+upon the sole. It is not possible to walk, with the weight of the body
+upon the inverted toes, without pain. Miss Yekoo, like all other Chinese
+girls, with these crippled feet, walks, with manifest uneasiness and
+awkwardness, upon her heels. The _os calcis_ receives the whole weight of
+the body.
+
+To sustain the statement, that Miss Yekoo is a "_Chinese lady_," it is
+said, that these crippled feet are signs of aristocracy. Not infallible, I
+conceive:--not more so, than crippled ribs, occasioned by tight lacing,
+which may originate in the upper circles, but find hosts of imitators,
+among the lower orders. "We may add," says Mr. Davis, writing of this
+practice, "that this odious custom extends lower down, in the scale of
+society, than might have been expected, from its disabling effect, upon
+those, who have to labor for their subsistence. If the custom were first
+imposed, by the tyranny of the men, the women are fully revenged, in the
+diminution of their charms and domestic usefulness."
+
+Mr. Davis evidently supposes, that the custom had its rise in jealousy,
+and a desire to prevent the ambulatory sex, from gadding about. Various
+causes have been assigned, for this disgusting practice. Sir John Barrow,
+after expressing his surprise, at the silence of Marco Polo, on the
+subject of crippled feet, which were, doubtless, common in his time,
+observes--"Of the origin of this unnatural custom, the Chinese relate
+twenty different accounts, all absurd. Europeans suppose it to have
+originated in the jealousy of the men, determined, says M. de Pauw, to
+keep them '_si etroit qu'on ne peut comparer l'exactitude avec laquelle on
+les gouverne_.'"
+
+A _practice_, which, at its very birth, and during its infancy, required
+the assignment of some plausible reason, for its existence and
+support--when it grows up to be a _custom_, lives on and thrives,
+irrespectively of its origin, and, frequently, in spite of its absurdity.
+The blackened teeth of the Japanese--the goitres of the Swiss, in the
+valley of Chamouni--the flattened heads of certain Indian races--the
+crippled feet of the Chinese are illustrations of this truth, in the
+admiration which they still continue to receive. "Whatever," says Sir John
+Barrow, "may have been the cause, the continuance may more easily be
+explained: as long as the men will marry none but such as have crippled
+feet, crippled feet must forever remain in fashion among Chinese ladies."
+
+M. De Pauw, in his Philosophical Dissertations, alludes to this practice,
+in connection with that, formerly employed by the Egyptians, and which he
+calls--"_the method of confining the women anciently, in Egypt, by
+depriving them, in some measure, of the use of their feet_."
+
+Plutarch, in his _Precepta Connub_, says, that shoes were entirely
+forbidden to women, by the Egyptians. "Afterwards," says De Pauw, "they
+imagined it to be inconsistent with decency, that they should appear in
+public, with the feet naked, and, of course, they remained at home."
+
+The Kalif, Hakin, who founded the religion of the Druses, re-enacted this
+law. De Pauw remarks, that the assertion of Plutarch might seem doubtful,
+if a decree, prohibiting the manufacture of shoes for women, under the
+pain of death, were not found, as it is, in the _Kitab-al-Machaid_, or
+bible of the Druses.
+
+Upon my first visit to Pwan Yekoo and her _suite_, in connection with
+other visitors, I was not admitted for nearly two hours, after the
+appointed time. Ample sleeping arrangements had not been made, for these
+Celestials; and, for one night, at least, they had been packed, like a
+crate of China ware, in a closet, or small apartment, contiguous to the
+hall of exhibition. Yekoo was indignant, and refused to show her "golden
+lilies." By dint of long importunity, she appeared, but in no gentle
+humor. Indeed, when Yekoo came forth, followed by Lum Akum, I was
+reminded, at a glance, of Cruikshank's illustration of Mrs. Varden,
+followed by Meigs, with the Protestant manual. They soon recovered their
+better nature; and some little attention, paid by the visitors, to the
+Celestial pappooses, put them into tolerably good humor.
+
+At the close of the exhibition, we were invited near the platform. It
+would be superfluous to describe the Chinese costume, so commonly
+presented, in various works. I was especially attracted by the hair of
+Yekoo, and Lum Akum, who passes for her waiting woman. I examined it with
+my glasses. It was jet black, coarse, abundant, and besmeared with a
+stiffening paste or gluten, which mightily resembled grease. Upon the top
+of the head a slender, round stick, about the size of a crow's quill, is
+attached, projecting _aft_, in marine parlance, several inches, like a
+small ring tail boom. The design of this is to support the hair, which is
+thrown over it, and hangs, or is plastered, down with the shining paste,
+assuming the appearance, seen _a tergo_, of a rudder.
+
+The Chinese, in relation to the rest of mankind, are, certainly, a
+contrarious people. In 1833, Mr. Charles Majoribanks addressed a letter to
+the Right Hon. Charles Grant, in which he says:
+
+"China may, in many respects, be said to stand alone, among the nations;
+not only differing, but, in many instances, diametrically opposed, in the
+nature of its laws, customs, and institutions. A Chinese, when he goes
+into mourning, puts on white; the left hand they consider the place of
+honor; they think it an act of unbecoming familiarity to uncover the head;
+their mariner's compass, they assert, points to the South; the stomach
+they declare to be the seat of the understanding; and the chief God of
+their idolatry is the Devil."
+
+Suicide is no crime, with the Chinese. To receive a present, with one
+hand, is deemed an act of rudeness. They never say of the departed, that
+he is _dead_, but that he has _gone to his ancestors_. Among the good
+traits of the Chinese are to be numbered filial respect, and general
+sobriety. In one particular, their legislation may be considered superior
+to our own--among the grounds of divorce, says Mr. Davis, they include
+"_excessive talkativeness_."
+
+I have been reared, in the faith, that the Chinese are not only a
+_peculiar_, but an exceedingly _nasty_ generation. According to Barrow,
+and to Du Halde, in his _Hist. Gen. de la Chine_, they are so liable to a
+species of leprosy, that, for the purpose of arresting its progress, it is
+numbered among the causes of divorce. The itch and other cutaneous
+diseases are extremely common. "They seem," says De Pauw, "to have neither
+horror nor repugnance for any kind of food; they eat rats, bats, owls,
+storks, badgers, dogs," &c. Brand, in his _Reise nach China_,
+observes--"Dogs are chiefly employed, as food, by the Chinese, during the
+great heat in summer, because they fancy their flesh to have a cooling
+quality."
+
+Barrow was private secretary to the Earl of Macartnay, and, in 1804,
+published his travels in China, a work of great merit, and which has been
+highly lauded, for its candor and fidelity. In proof of my remark, I offer
+the following quotation, from that work, on pages 76 and 77. After
+alluding to the custom of crippling the feet, Mr. Barrow proceeds--"The
+interior wrappers of the ladies' feet are said to be seldom changed,
+remaining sometimes, until they can no longer hold together; a custom that
+conveys no very favorable idea of Chinese cleanliness. This indeed forms
+no part of their character; on the contrary, they are what Swift would
+call a _frowzy_ people. The comfort of clean linen, or frequent change of
+under-garments, is equally unknown to the sovereign and the peasant. A
+sort of thin coarse silk supplies the place of cotton or linen next the
+skin, among the upper ranks; but the common people wear a coarse kind of
+open cotton cloth. These vestments are more rarely removed for the purpose
+of washing, than for that of being replaced with new ones; and the
+consequence of such neglect is, as might naturally be supposed, an
+abundant increase of those vermin, to whose growth filthiness is found to
+be most favorable. The highest officers of state made no hesitation of
+calling their attendants, in public, to seek in their necks, for those
+troublesome animals, which, when caught, they very composedly put between
+their teeth. They carry no pocket handkerchief, but generally blow their
+noses into small square pieces of paper, which some of their attendants
+have ready prepared for the purpose. Many are not so cleanly, but spit
+about the rooms, or against the walls, like the French, and they wipe
+their dirty hands, in the sleeves of their gowns. They sleep at night in
+the same clothes they wear by day. Their bodies are as seldom washed, as
+their articles of dress. They never make use of the bath, warm or cold.
+Notwithstanding the vast number of rivers and canals, with which every
+part of the country is intersected, I do not remember to have seen a
+single group of boys bathing. The men, in the hottest day of summer, make
+use of warm water, for washing the hands and face. They are unacquainted
+with the use of soap."
+
+I do not disbelieve, that we, occasionally, meet men, who are very dirty,
+and remarkably orthodox, and, now and then, a well-washed and well-dressed
+villain--but sin and filth are too frequently found to form the very bond
+of iniquity. "Great crimes," says Sir John Barrow, "are not common, but
+little vices pervade all ranks of society. A Chinese is cold, cunning, and
+distrustful; always ready to take advantage of those he has to deal with;
+extremely covetous and deceitful; quarrelsome, vindictive, but timid and
+dastardly. A Chinese in office is a strange compound of insolence and
+meanness. All ranks and conditions have a total disregard for truth. From
+the Emperor downwards, the most palpable falsehoods are proclaimed, with
+unblushing effrontery, to answer a political, an interested, or
+exculpatory purpose."
+
+I beg leave respectfully to suggest to Miss Yekoo, to pay a little more
+attention to her teeth, and somewhat improve her personal appearance. The
+collections, upon their upper portions, are, by no means, necessary to
+prove her Tartar origin.
+
+
+
+
+No. CII.
+
+
+Death is rarely more unwelcome to any, than to those, who reasonably
+suppose the perils of the deep to be fairly passed, and who are permitted,
+after a long sojourn in other lands, to look once again upon their own--so
+near withal, that their eyes are gladdened, by the recognition of familiar
+landmarks; and who, in the silent chancel of their miscalculating hearts,
+thank God, that they are _at home at last_--and yet, in the very midst of
+life and joy, they are in death!
+
+There has ever seemed to me to be something exceedingly impressive, in the
+death of that eminent patriot, Josiah Quincy. He died when the bark, which
+bore him homeward was in sight of land--the headlands of Gloucester, April
+26, 1775--
+
+  ----Dulces moriens reminiscitur Argos.
+
+Few men, of our own country, have accomplished more, or acquired a more
+honorable celebrity, at the early age of thirty-one.
+
+His was a death in the common course of nature. I more especially allude,
+at this moment, to death as it occurs, from shipwreck, on one's own
+shores, when the voyage is apparently at an end, and the voyagers are
+anticipating an almost immediate reunion with their friends.
+
+The frequency of these occurrences revives, at the present moment, the
+sentiment of Horace, delivered some eighteen centuries ago--
+
+  Illi robur et aes triplex
+    Circa pectus erat, qui fragilem truci
+  Commisit pelago ratem
+    Primus.------------
+
+We are oblivious of perils past. The tax on commerce, levied by the
+whirlwind, and by recklessness, and ignorance, far exceeds the common
+calculation of those, who know little, experimentally, of the perils of
+the deep; and who go not down upon the sea in ships. Precisely fifty years
+ago, it was estimated, at Lloyd's, that one ship per diem, three hundred
+and sixty-five ships, annually, were lost, in the open sea, and on lee
+shores. And, in Lloyd's Lists, for 1830, it was stated, that six hundred
+and seventy-seven British vessels were lost, during that year.
+
+Whether or not it be attributable to that natural eagerness, which
+increases, as the object of our heart's desire draws near, and is apt to
+abate somewhat of our ordinary vigilance--certain it is, that calamities
+of this nature are of no unfrequent occurrence, near the termination of a
+voyage, and when we have almost arrived at the haven, where we would be.
+
+About ten years ago, while enjoying the hospitality of some Southern
+friends, I became acquainted with a lady, the varying expression of whose
+features arrested my attention, and excited my surprise. Whenever her
+countenance was lighted up, by a smile, it was for an instant only; and an
+expression of solemnity, and even of sadness, immediately succeeded; as
+the darkness of an autumnal sky follows the feeble flashes of electric
+light.
+
+I sought an explanation of this peculiarity, from an old friend, who knew
+this lady well, Mr. Doddridge Crocker, formerly a merchant of this city,
+and then a resident of Charleston.
+
+He informed me, that, many years before, he had been a passenger, in
+company with this lady and her father, together with other citizens of
+Charleston, for New York, on board the Rose in Bloom. They had a
+prosperous voyage, until they came in sight of the Highlands. The
+passengers proceeded to make their toilets; and arrangements were in
+progress, for going speedily on shore. The ship was under a press of
+canvas, with a strong breeze. The wind shifted its direction suddenly, and
+soon became a gale. The Rose in Bloom was capsized, and lost. The lady,
+said Mr. Crocker, to whom you refer, and her father, amid the terrible
+confusion, which ensued, clung to some floating article, whose buoyancy,
+it soon became apparent, was not sufficient to support them both. The
+filial and paternal contest may be easily conceived, each entreating the
+other, to retain the only means of preservation. At length, the father
+abandoned his hold, and struck out for a floating spar, at some little
+distance. His struggles were ineffectual--he sunk, before his daughter's
+eyes! We were, ere long, rescued from our imminent peril. The impression,
+left upon her mind, was left there forever.
+
+The reader may possibly surmise, that my leading remarks have a particular
+reference to the recent shipwreck of the Elizabeth, upon the coast of New
+York. This catastrophe, which is imputed to ignorance and miscalculation,
+involves the loss of an interesting and intelligent young gentleman, Mr.
+Horace Sumner, of this city, and of the Marquis and Marchioness Ossoli,
+and their child. One of these sufferers I have known, in earlier days.
+Under the quiet, unpresuming roof of her worthy father, Mr. Timothy
+Fuller, I have met his daughter Margaret. Few then would have anticipated
+her melancholy fate, and fewer still, that she would become an Italian
+marchioness!
+
+Let me devote the remaining space, in the present article, to those
+unmitigated wretches, with hearts of flint, who rioted and revelled, amid
+the sufferings of their fellow-beings. An opportunity will now be
+afforded, to stamp this hellish practice, with all the force of the law,
+and whatever there may be of indignant severity, in public sentiment.
+
+Luring vessels on shore, by arranging false lights, and robbing wrecks are
+crimes of great antiquity. But I had no suspicion, that even the latter
+practice was carried on, so systematically, and so boldly, as it appears
+to have been, at the present day, in the State of New York. The names of
+the places, where these atrocities were committed, Fire Island, Patchogue,
+Islip, Babylon have something of a Cornish sound, undoubtedly.
+
+Of old, in all the northern regions of Europe, and especially, along the
+coasts of the Baltic Sea, a wreck was deemed "_a Providence_;" and laws
+were in force, authorizing the inhabitants to fall on, and plunder at
+discretion, or, in the language, then employed--"_in naufragorum miseria
+et calamitate, tanquam vultures, ad praedam currere_." Of the earlier
+periods of our own history, tales have been told, which, though almost
+beyond belief, would not have been related, if they had not been
+somewhere, upon the outskirts or frontiers of probability. Thus
+many--many--very many years ago, tradition intimates, that a worthy
+clergyman of Truro was interrupted, in the middle of his discourse, by one
+of his deacons, who caused the whole congregation to rise _en masse_, by
+seizing his hat and crying aloud--"_a wreck!_" whereupon the good man is
+reported, while putting up his notes, and opening the pulpit door, to have
+exclaimed--"_Stay--stay, my Christian friends, let us all have a fair
+start_."
+
+More than five hundred years ago, in the 13th of Edward III., laws were
+passed, in England, for the punishment of such offenders. These laws were
+amended and confirmed, in the 12th of Anne, and 4th of George I., 26th of
+George II., and 8th of Elizabeth. By the statute of 26 George II., ch.
+19, plundering a vessel, in distress, or wrecked, and putting out false
+lights, to deceive, were made capital felonies. By the civil law, stealing
+even a plank from a vessel, in distress, or wrecked, made the offender
+liable, for the entire ship and cargo. The early Neapolitan constitutions
+and the laws of the Wisigoths inflicted the severest punishment, not only
+upon such as plundered a wreck, but upon all, who were convicted of
+neglecting to aid a vessel in distress, when in their power to render
+comfort and assistance.
+
+By the laws of the United States--I refer to the act of March 3,
+1825--persons who plunder vessels in distress; and all, who obstruct the
+escape of the sufferers; the exhibitors of false lights and extinguishers
+of true ones, with intent to produce shipwreck, are punishable, by fine,
+not exceeding five thousand dollars, and imprisonment and hard labor, not
+exceeding ten years. The extreme mildness of this law has always struck me
+with amazement; for, among the offenders, described in the statute, are
+those, "_who shall wilfully obstruct the escape of any person, endeavoring
+to save his or her life_," &c.
+
+Since men went down upon the sea in ships, there has rarely occurred, in
+our own country, a case of deeper atrocity, than the present; and, it is
+to be hoped, that the tribunals of New York will exhibit a forcible
+example of mercy to the whole community, by a prompt and condign
+punishment of these heartless wretches.
+
+The fiendish spirit, which, of old, animated the Buccaneers of the
+Tortugas, will probably never entirely die out from the heart of man, till
+the period of millennial purgation. It is impossible to conceive of
+anything, in a population of hyaenas, more selfish, cold, and cruel, than
+the conduct of that abandoned class, of whose existence we have abundant
+evidence; to whom no music is so sweet, as that of the midnight hurricane;
+and who have, immemorially, obtained the appellation of _moon-cursers_,
+because they delight in that darkness, which is suited to their infernal
+profession.
+
+The laws of England have been unable to accomplish the extinction of these
+miscreants. The Cornish coast, exposed, as it is, to marine disaster, has
+ever been famous, for this species of crime and cruelty. It is chiefly
+confined to a few parishes, on the craggy shore, between Mount's Bay and
+the Lizard. "When a wreck takes place," says Mr. Haydn, page 559,
+following the words of Phillips, "thousands assemble with hatchets, axes,
+crowbars, &c., and many women and children fight, by habit, for the
+plunder, utterly regardless of the sufferers."
+
+For the honor of human nature I trust, that many, very many years have
+gone by, since any such atrocities were practised, upon the sea-coast of
+New England. The late Dr. Holbrook, of Milton, related an incident, which
+occurred, during the last war with Great Britain, extending not beyond
+mere pilfering; and which, in the case of one individual, at least, had
+rather an amusing termination.
+
+A vessel was wrecked, on Nantasket beach; and, her cargo was broken up,
+and scattered along the shore. On the following day, Dr. Holbrook was
+hastily summoned, to visit a patient, who was thought to be dying. He was
+thoroughly exhausted, and had vomited, through the whole day, a substance,
+in no degree offensive, but, on the contrary, exceedingly aromatic and
+agreeable. Nevertheless, he was sinking from exhaustion. Dr. Holbrook
+could not prevail upon the patient to admit, that he had partaken of any
+other, than his customary diet. His wife stated, that he had been absent
+the preceding night, and had not told her, in what manner he had been
+engaged.
+
+At last, the doctor gravely informed him, that it was folly to practise
+such deception; that, unless a physician knew the nature of the poison, he
+could not easily prescribe an antidote; and, that, if he persisted in his
+folly, death might be the consequence.
+
+At this, the fellow, who, with others, had been pilfering from the wreck,
+became thoroughly frightened; and, with an expression of great terror,
+confessed, that he feared he had _eaten rather too heartily of nutmegs_.
+
+
+
+
+No. CIII.
+
+
+In the Transcript of August 14, I notice an editorial criticism, upon the
+recent employment of the word _catafalque_. In primitive strictness, I
+believe that criticism to be perfectly correct; and that, in its original
+signification, _catafalque_ cannot be understood to mean a _funeral car_.
+
+In the _grand Dictionaire_, by Fleming & Tibbins, _catafalque_ is thus
+defined--"_decoration funebre qu'on eleve au milieu d'une eglise pour y
+placer le cercueil ou le representation d'un mort a qui l'on veut rendre
+les plus grands honneurs_."
+
+Herse is defined, by the same lexicographers, "_un cercueil, une biere,
+voiture pour porter un mort au tombeau, un char funebre, corbillard,
+pierre tumulaire provisoire_."
+
+Thus, while _catafalque_ seems to signify an ornamental structure, erected
+in the middle of a church, to support the coffin or the effigy of the
+dead, whom it is intended to honor--_herse_, at the present day, is
+understood to mean a coffin, a bier, a carriage to bear the dead to the
+tomb, a funeral car, a van, a temporary mausoleum or gravestone.
+
+_Herse_, whose etymology, according to Johnson, is unknown, imported,
+three hundred years ago, a temporary structure, in honor of the dead; such
+also is the meaning of the word _catafalque_; of this, there cannot be the
+slightest doubt. In this sense, herse was employed by Shakspeare, in his
+Henry IV.:
+
+                        "To add to your laments
+  Wherewith you now bedew King Henry's herse," &c.
+
+Johnson furnishes two definitions of the word, herse--1. A carriage, in
+which the dead are conveyed to the grave. 2. A temporary monument, set
+over a grave. It is quite certain, however, that the _herse_, whether
+justly styled _a monument_, or not, was _not_ usually "_set over the
+grave_," but more frequently, like the _catafalque_, agreeably to the
+definition given above--_au milieu d'une eglise_.
+
+No writer, probably, refers to the _herse_, so frequently, as old John
+Strype, in his Memorials; and, in no instance, I believe, in the sense of
+a _car_ or _vehicle_, or as a structure, "_set over the grave_."
+
+Strype's Memorials are the records of a Roman Catholic age, or of a
+period, during which, the usages of the Romish Church, in England, had not
+entirely worn out their welcome with the people--the reigns of Henry
+VIII., Edward VI., Bloody Mary, and Elizabeth. For, even during the reigns
+of Edward VI., and of Elizabeth, not a few of those pompous practices,
+which grew up, in the times of their respective predecessors, still clung
+upon the imaginations of the populace, and were reluctantly surrendered.
+
+The church is the theatre of the Romish ecclesiastic. The service is an
+attractive spectacle. If the world were struck blind, who does not
+perceive, that the principal supports of Romanism would be instantly taken
+away! It has been the practice of all churches, that deal somewhat
+extensively, in forms and ceremonies, to demand of their members, with a
+greater or less degree of peremptoriness, that certain acts shall be
+publicly performed--_au milieu d'une eglise_. Thus the ceremony of
+marriage--the baptism of infants--the churching of women--and the burial
+of the dead furnish occasion, for throwing open the temple, and exhibiting
+its showy furniture to the multitude; and of verifying a pleasing saying
+of the late eminent, and excellent Archbishop of Bordeaux, while Bishop of
+Boston--"_If we cannot catch them, in one way, we catch them in another_."
+
+Nothing has ever been a more prolific source of capital to the Romish
+church, in former ages, than funereal parade, _au milieu d'une eglise_.
+Strype, with very few exceptions, speaks of the _herse_ as a "_herse of
+wax_." To this I have alluded in an earlier number. It may require a brief
+explanation here. Wax candles, of divers colors and forms, were attached
+to the _herse_, and the wax chandler of those days was in great request,
+and often rose to wealth and distinction.
+
+The reader will readily perceive, that the _herse_, of those early times,
+was identical with the _catafalque_, if he will give his attention to the
+following statements--"1554, on the 5th of October were the obsequies of
+the said Duke of Norfolk celebrated at St. Mary Overy's: an herse being
+made with timber, and hanged with black, with his arms, and four goodly
+candlesticks gilded, and as many great tapers standing about it, all the
+choir hung in black," &c. Mem. vol. iii., part 1, ch. 25. Here is no
+_car_, but a temporary structure, _au milieu d'une eglise_--not "_set over
+the grave_"--_the choir hung in black, &c._
+
+To show how Strype distinguished between the _herse_ and a _car_ for
+conveyance, the reader may turn to the Memorials, vol. iii., part 1, page
+471, where, after describing the ceremonies, in the church, at the funeral
+of the Bishop of Winchester, Strype adds--"at the gate, the corpse was put
+into a _wagon_ with four horses, all covered with black," &c. This is our
+modern _herse_, but was not so called by Strype.
+
+"1557.--On the 5th of May was the Lady Chamberlin buried, with a fair
+hearse of wax." The following is sufficiently explicit--"1557, the same
+day (July 29) began the hearse, at Westminster, for the Lady Anne of
+Cleves, consisting of carpenters' work of seven principals; being as
+goodly a hearse, as had been seen." Vol iii. p. 11.
+
+"1557.--On the 3d of August, the body of the Lady Anne of Cleves was
+brought from Chelsy, where her house was, unto Westminster, to be buried;
+with all the children of Westminster, and many priests and clerks." Father
+Strype did not probably intend to say they were all to be buried together.
+
+"Then the gray Amis of Paul's, and three crosses, and the monks of
+Westminster, and my Lord Bishop of London, and Lord Abbot of Westminster,
+rode together next the monks. Then the two secretaries, Sir Edmund Peckham
+and Sir Robert Freston, cofferer to the Queen of England, my Lord Admiral
+and Mr. Darcy, of Essex, and many knights and gentlemen. And before her
+corpse, her servants, her banner of arms. Then her gentlemen and her head
+officers; and then her chariot, with eight banners of arms, consisting of
+divers arms, and four banners of images of white taffeta, wrought with
+gold, and her arms. And so they passed by St. James's, and thence to
+Charing Cross, with an hundred torches burning, her servants bearing them.
+And the twelve beadmen of Westminster had new black gowns, bearing twelve
+torches burning. There were four white branches with arms; then ladies and
+gentlewomen, all in black with their horses; eight heralds of arms, in
+black, with their horses, &c., &c. At the church door all did alight; and
+there the Lord Bishop of London and the Lord Abbot, in their copes, did
+receive the good lady, censing her. Men bore her under a canopy of black
+velvet, with four black staves _and so brought her into the hearse_, and
+there tarried dirge, remaining there all night, with lights burning."
+Ibid. "On the 22d was the hearse of the Lady Anne of Cleves, lately set up
+in Westminster Abbey, taken down, which the monks, by night, had spoiled
+of all the velvet cloth, arms, banners, pensils, majesty, and valance and
+all,--the which was never seen afore so done." Ibid. page 15.
+
+Hence it is manifest, that the _herse_, in the time of Strype, was
+identical with the _catafalque_ of the present day. Nevertheless, _herse_
+and _catafalque_ are as clearly not convertible terms, since the latter
+word can never be correctly applied to a funeral car.
+
+Two and twenty pages of original record are devoted, by Strype, to an
+account of the "ceremonies and funeral solemnities, paid to the corpse of
+King Henry VIII." These pages are extremely interesting, and full of
+curious detail. They also furnish additional evidence, that _the herse_
+was then understood to mean all, that is now meant by _the catafalque_.
+The works of Strype are not in the hands of very many; and the reader will
+not be displeased to know, in what manner they dealt with the dead body of
+an English King, some three hundred years ago. A few extracts are all,
+that my limits will allow:--
+
+"After the corps was cold, and seen by the Lords of the Privy Council and
+others of the nobility of the realm, as appertained, commandment was given
+to the apothecaries, chirurgeons, wax-chandlers, and others, to do their
+duties in spurging, cleansing, bowelling, cering, embalming, furnishing,
+and dressing with spices the said corpse; and also for wrapping the same
+in cerecloth of many folds over the fine cloth of rains and velvet, surely
+bound and trammel'd with cords of silk: which was done and executed of
+them accordingly, as to the dignity of such a mighty prince it
+appertaineth; and a writing in great and small letters annexed against the
+breast, containing his name and style, the day and year of his death, in
+like manner. And after this don, then was the plumber and carpenter
+appointed to case him in lead, and to chest him. Which being don, the said
+chest was covered about with blew velvet, and a cross set upon the same."
+
+"And the corps being thus ordained, the entrails and bowels were honorably
+buried in the chappel," &c. Mem., vol. 2, p. 289.
+
+"Then was the corps in the chest had into the midds of the privy chamber,
+and set upon tressels, with a rich pall of cloth of gold, and a cross
+thereon, with all manner of lights thereto requisite." Ibid.
+
+"In the said chappel was ordained a goodly, formal herse, with four-score
+square tapers; every light containing two foot in length, poising in the
+whole eighteen hundred weight of wax, garnished about with pensils and
+escutcheons, banners and bannerols of descents. And, at the four corners,
+four banners of saints, beaten in fine gold upon damask, with a majesty
+thereover," &c., &c. Ibid. 290.
+
+"The second day of the month of February, being Wednesday and Candlemas
+day, betwixt eight and nine of the clock at night, the herse being
+lighted, and all other things appointed and prepared, the said most royal
+corps was reverendly taken and removed from the chambers, &c., and so
+brought to the chappel, &c., and there it was honorably set and placed
+within the said herse under a pall of rich cloth of tissue, garnished with
+escutheons, and a rich cloth of gold, set with precious stones." Ibid.
+292.
+
+"And the herse, standing in the midst of said choir, was of a wonderful
+state and proportion; that is to say formed in the compass of eight panes
+and thirteen principals, double storied, of thirty-five foot high,
+curiously wrot, painted and gilded, having in it a wonderful sort of
+lights, amounting, in price, of wax, to the sum of four thousand pound
+weight, and garnished underneath with a rich majesty, and a doome double
+vallanced: on the which, on either side, was written the King's word, in
+beaten gold, upon silk, and his arms of descents. And the whole herse was
+richly fringed with double fringes of black silk and gold on either side,
+both within and without very gorgeous and valiant to behold." Ibid. 295.
+
+It does not appear, that, in those days any _single_ English word was
+employed, to express the _vehicle_, which we call a _hearse_, at the
+present day, unless the word _bier_ may suffice: and this, like the Roman
+_feretrum_, which I take to be much like our common graveyard article with
+legs, will scarcely answer the description of a four-wheeled car. I infer,
+that the _feretrum_ was a thing, which might be taken up, and set down,
+from the word _posito_ in Ovid's Fasti, iv., 851--
+
+  Osculaque applicuit posito suprema feretro.
+
+The _feretrum_ and the _capulus_, among the Romans, were designed mainly,
+for the poor. Citizens of any note were borne, as was our own practice,
+not very many years ago, on the shoulders of their friends.
+
+The _funeral car_ of Henry VIII. was a noble affair:--
+
+"There was ordained for the corps a sumptuous and valuable chariot of four
+wheels, very long and large, with four pillars, overlaid with cloth of
+gold at the four corners, bearing a pillow of rich cloth of gold and
+tissue, fringed with a goodly deep fringe of blew silk and gold; and
+underneath that, turned towards the chariot, was a marvellous excellent
+cloth of majesty, having in it a doom artificially wrought, in fine gold
+upon oyl: and at the nether part of the said Chariot was hanged with blew
+velvet down to the ground, between the wheels, and at other parts of the
+chariot, enclosed in like manner with blew velvet." Ibid. 295.
+
+"The next day early, the 14 February, the chariot was brought to the court
+hall door; and the corps with great reverence brought from the _herse_ to
+the same, by mitred prelats and others, temporal lords." Ibid. 598.
+
+Then, over the area of thirteen remaining pages, the record contains the
+minute particulars of the monarch's obsequies, which, though full of
+interest, are no farther to our present purpose.
+
+
+
+
+No. CIV.
+
+
+Bull--I speak not of Ole, but of John--Bull, when the teazle of opposition
+has elevated the nap of his temper, is a pestilent fellow: whatever the
+amount--and there is enough--of the milk of human kindness within him,
+there is, then, but one way, known among men, of getting it out, and that
+is, by giving Bull a bloody nose; whereupon he comes to his senses
+directly, and to a just appreciation of himself and his neighbors. True
+indeed it is, Bull is remarkably oblivious; and it sometimes becomes
+necessary to give him another, which is invariably followed, by the same
+happy result.
+
+_Qui haeret in cortice_ will never come at the milk of a cocoa nut. It is
+necessary to strip off its rough coat, and punch sundry holes in its
+_wooden walls_, and give it a regular cracking. It is precisely so with
+Bull. When the fit is upon him, Bull is terrible. He is the very Bull of
+Crete--the Bull of Claudian, in his rape of Proserpine--
+
+  Dictaeus quatiens mugitibus urbes
+  Taurus--------------------------
+
+    Bull is a prodigious fellow;
+    Nations tremble at his bellow.
+
+There seems to have existed a strange, political hallucination, in regard
+to Bull and Jonathan. We are clearly, all of us, of one and the same
+family--a Bull-begotten people; and have a great deal of pleasure, in
+believing, that old madam Bull was the mother of us all. A goodly number
+of highly respectable Bulls came over the water, of old, and were well
+contented with the green pastures of the New World. They differed, upon
+some points, from the Bulls they had left behind. They did not believe,
+that there was a power or right, to bellow louder than the rest, vested in
+any particular Bull, which power came down from Bull to Bull, in unbroken
+succession, from the Bull of Bashan. Such a belief, in their opinion,
+would have been a terrible Bull. Well; all at once, the trans-atlantic
+Bulls began to call the cis-atlantic Bulls--_Jonathans_. A very good name
+it was--a great deal better than _Bulls_. There could be no objection to
+the name, in the abstract.
+
+But, unfortunately, it was bestowed, as a diminutive, and in derision; and
+the old Bulls, ere long, began to beat their flanks with their tails, and
+paw up the earth, and look unutterable things, about Jonathan's cowardice;
+and they came over the water in droves, and began to roar awfully; and
+tore up the earth, under our very noses: and, after doing all, in our
+power to spare the world the miserable spectacle of a conflict, among
+Bulls, that were brothers, of the whole blood, we went to work, _ex
+necessitate_, with hoofs and horns; and tossed up such a terrible dust, at
+Lexington, and Concord, and Bunker's Hill, and Long Island, and White
+Plains, and upon the Lakes, and at Sheensborough, and Albany, and
+Brandywine, and Saratoga, and Bennington, and Germantown, and Rhode
+Island, and Briar's Creek, and Camden, and Broad River, and Guilford, and
+Hobkirk's Hill, and the Eutaw Springs, and York Town, and at fifty places
+beside, that the old Bulls were perfectly astonished; and so very severely
+gored withal, that their roaring sunk, at last, into something like
+Snug's, when he became fearful of frightening the ladies. The old
+Bulls--those that survived--went _back again_, like Sawney, out of the
+peach orchard; and the mammoth Bull, in London, publicly acknowledged,
+that we were as independent a set of Bulls, as ever he saw, or heard of.
+
+No man, in his senses, marvels, that a contemptuous, and supercilious
+sentiment, towards us, in our days of small things, should have been
+indulged, by the vulgar and unphilosophical, among the English people. It
+is matter for surprise, nevertheless, that so much ignorance of the
+American character should have existed, in the higher ranks of British
+society--such disparaging estimates of men and _materiel_, on this side
+the water--such mistaken conceptions--such a general belief of almost
+universal pusillanimity, among men, who were not a whit the less
+Englishmen, than their revilers; as though there were something,
+particularly enervating, in breathing the bracing air of America, and
+listening to the thorough bass of the wild waters, breaking on our
+original walls of granite; and in struggling, with our horny hands, along
+the precipices, for bread--such an awful miscalculation of probabilities,
+as resulted at last, in the loss to King George of thirteen inestimable
+jewels, of the fairest water.
+
+The impressions, entertained of the Americans, by the English people, or a
+great majority of them, about that period, were truly amusing. It is
+scarcely worth while to comment on the abuse of us, by the early
+reviewers, and the taunting inquiry, long--long ago, what American had
+ever produced an epic?--Unluckily, Joel did, at last.--This question, thus
+early and impudently propounded, was quite as sensible, as it might be, to
+ask men, who, by dint of industry and thrift, are just getting plain
+shirts to their backs--who among them ever had lace ruffles? We have
+improved since that time; and _halmost hevery man in the ole population
+can hutter imself hin werry decent Henglish_.
+
+Josiah Quincy, _then_ junior, father of the late President of Harvard
+University, has noted some curious facts, in his journal, as reported by
+Gordon, i. 438. In a conversation between him and Col. Barre, who, though
+he opposed the Stamp Act, in 1765, supported the Boston Port Bill, in
+1774. Col. Barre said to Mr. Quincy--"About fourteen or fifteen years ago,
+I was through a considerable part of your country; for, in the expedition
+against Canada, my business caused me to pass by land, through
+Pennsylvania, New Jersey, New York, and Albany; and, when I returned again
+to this country, I was often speaking of America, and could not help
+speaking well of its climate, soil, and inhabitants; for you must know,
+sir, America was always a favorite with me. But, will you believe it, sir,
+yet I assure you it is true, more than two thirds of this island, at this
+time, thought the Americans were all negroes." Mr. Quincy replied that he
+did not in the least doubt it, for, if he was to judge by the late acts of
+Parliament, he should suppose, that a great majority of the people of
+Great Britain still thought so, for he found that their representatives
+still treated them as such.
+
+The ministry had decided, that "_the punishment of a few of the worst
+sort of traitors, such as Hancock and his crew, might be sufficient to
+teach the rest their duty, in future_."--"Some men of rank in the army,"
+says Gordon, i. 457, "treated all idea of resistance, by the Americans,
+with the utmost contempt. They are neither soldiers, nor ever can be made
+so, being naturally of a pusillanimous disposition, and utterly incapable
+of any sort of order or discipline; and by their laziness, uncleanliness,
+and radical defect of constitution, they are disabled from going through
+the service of a campaign. Many ludicrous stories, to that purport, were
+told, greatly to the entertainment of the house."
+
+Jonathan turned out, at the end of the Bull baiting, to have been neither
+a fool nor a coward: and the American Congress received a memorable
+compliment from Lord Chatham--"_For genuine sagacity, for singular
+moderation, for manly spirit, for sublime sentiments, and simplicity of
+language, for everything respectable and honorable, the Congress of
+Philadelphia shines unrivalled_."
+
+In the war of 1812, Bull was the very identical Bull, that he had been
+before: Frenchmen were frogs; Yankees were cowards--there was nobody that
+could fight, on the land or the sea, but Bull.
+
+"It has always," says that wittiest, and, I fear, wickedest of wags,
+William Cobbett, while addressing Lord Liverpool, "been the misfortune of
+England, that her rulers and her people have spoken and have thought
+contemptuously of the Americans. Was there a man in the country, who did
+not despise the American navy? Was there a public writer beside myself,
+who did not doom that navy to destruction in a month? Did not all parties
+exceedingly relish the description given, in a very august assembly, of
+'_half a dozen of fir frigates, with bits of striped bunting tied to their
+mast heads_'! Did not the Guerriere sail up and down the American coast,
+with her name, written on her flag, challenging those fir frigates? Did
+not the whole nation, with one voice exclaim at the affair of the _Little
+Belt_--'Only let Rogers come _within reach_ of one of our _frigates_!' If
+such was the opinion of the whole nation, with what justice is the Board
+of Admiralty blamed, for not sending out the means of combatting this
+extraordinary sort of foe? and for issuing a privilege to our frigates to
+run away from one of those _fir things with a bit of striped bunting at
+its mast head_? The result of the former war, while it enlightened nobody,
+added to the vindictiveness of hundreds of thousands; so that we have
+entered into this war with all our old stock of contempt, and a vastly
+increased stock of rancor. To think that the American republic is to be a
+great power is unsupportable. Of the effect of this contempt I know
+nobody, who has so much reason to repent, as the officers of his Majesty's
+navy. If they had triumphed, it would only have been over half a dozen
+_fir things, with bits of bunting at their mast heads_. They were sure to
+gain no reputation in the contest; and, if they failed, what was their
+lot? The worst of it is, they themselves did, in some measure, contribute
+to their own ill fate: for, of all men living, none spoke of poor Jonathan
+with so much contempt. There are some people, who are for taking the
+American commodores at their word, and ascribing their victories to the
+immediate intervention of Providence. Both Perry and McDonough begin their
+despatches by saying--"_Almighty God has given us a victory_."
+
+This is keen political satire; and it is well, that it should come to
+neighbor Bull's ears, from the mouth of an Englishman. It is more
+gracefully administered thus. That it was entirely deserved, no one will
+doubt, who has any recollection of Bull's unmeasured and unmitigated
+impudence, during the war of 1812, in its earlier stages. May God of his
+infinite mercy grant, that Peace Societies may have these matters,
+hereafter, very much their own way; though I have a little misgiving, I
+confess, as to the expediency of any sudden, or very general conversion of
+swords into ploughshares, or spears into pruning hooks.
+
+
+
+
+No. CV.
+
+
+_Modus in rebus_--an admirable proverb, upon all common occasions--is
+inapplicable, of course, to musical matters. No doubt of it. The luxury of
+sweet sounds cannot be too dearly bought; and, for its procurement,
+mankind may go stark mad, without any diminution of their respectability.
+
+Such I infer to be the popular philosophy of today--_while it is called
+today_. The moderns have been greatly perplexed, by the legends, which
+have come down to us, respecting the melody of swans. The _carmina
+cycnorum_ of Ovid, and the _Cantantes sublime ferent ad sidera cycni_, of
+Virgil, are perfectly incomprehensible by us. Cicero also, in his Tusculan
+Questions, i. 74, says, they die, _cum cantu et voluptate_. Martial, xiii.
+77, asserts the matter, very positively--
+
+  _Dulcia defecta modulatur carmina lingua
+  Cantator cycnus funeris ipse sui._
+
+I no more believe in the power of a living or a dying swan to make melody
+of any kind, than I believe in the antiquated hum-bug of immediate
+emancipation. Pliny had no confidence in the story, and expresses himself
+to that effect, x. 23, _Olorum morte narratur flebilis cantus (falso, ut
+arbitror) aliquot experimentis_.
+
+No mortal has done more than Shakspeare, among the moderns, to perpetuate
+this pleasant fancy--no bard, when weary of Pegasus, and preferring a
+drive to a ride, has harnessed his cygnets more frequently--or compelled
+them to sing more sweetly, in a dying hour. A single example may suffice.
+When prince Henry is told, that his father, King John, sang, during his
+dying frenzy, he says--
+
+  "Tis strange, that death should sing--
+  I am the cygnet to this pale faint swan,
+  Who chants a doleful hymn to his own death:
+  And, from the organ pipe of frailty, sings
+  His soul and body to their lasting rest."
+
+One brief example more--Emilia, after the murder of her mistress--
+
+  "Hark! canst thou hear me? I will play the swan;
+  And die in music."
+
+In all this there lurks not one particle of sober prose--one syllable of
+truth. The most learned refutation of it may be found, in the Pseudodoxia
+of Sir Thomas Browne, ii. 517, Lond. 1835.
+
+In the "_Memoires de l'Academie des Inscriptions_," M. Morin discusses the
+question very agreeably, why swans, that sang so delightfully, of old,
+sing so miserably, at the present day. Tame swans, he observes, are mutes:
+but the wild swan exerts its vocal powers, after a fashion of its own. He
+introduces the observations of the Abbe Arnaud, upon the performances of a
+couple of wild swans, which had located, upon the lagoons of Chantilly.
+"One can hardly say," says the Abbe, "that the swans of Chantilly
+sing--they cry; but their cries are truly and constantly modulated. Their
+voice is not sweet; on the contrary, it is shrill, piercing, and rather
+disagreeable; I could compare it to nothing better than the sound of a
+clarionet, winded by a person unacquainted with the instrument." Nothing
+surely savors less of melody than this. So thought Buffon--"_Des sons
+bruyans de clarion, mais dont les tons aigus et peu diversifies sont
+neanmoins tres--eloignes de la tendre melodie et de la variete douce et
+brilliante du ramage de nos oiseaux chanteurs_." Nat. Hist. des Oisaux,
+ix. 25.
+
+In his exposition of this error, imposed upon mankind, by the poets,
+Buffon expresses himself with singular beauty, in the concluding
+paragraph--"Nulle fiction en Histoire Naturelle, nulle fable chez les
+Anciens n'a ete plus celebree, plus repetee, plus accreditee; elle s'etoit
+emparee de l'imagination vive et sensible des Grecs; poetes, orateurs,
+philosophes meme l'ont adoptee, comme une verite trop agreable pour
+vouloir en douter. Il faut bien leur pardonner leurs fables; elles etoient
+aimables et touchantes; elles valoient bien de tristes, d'arides verites
+c'etoient de doux emblemes pour les ames sensibles. Les cygnes, sans
+doute, ne chantent point leur mort; mais toujours, en parlant du dernier
+essor et de derniers elans d'un beau genie pret a s'eteindre, on
+rappellera avec sentiment cette expression touchante--_c'est le chant du
+cygne!_" Ibid. 28.
+
+It is not surprising, that these celebrated naturalists, Buffon and Morin,
+who discourse, so eloquently, of Grecian and Roman swans, should say
+nothing of Swedish nightingales, for, between their time and the present,
+numerous additions have been made to the catalogue of songsters.
+
+The very thing, which the barber, Arkwright did, for all the spinning
+Jennies, in Lancashire, some seventy years ago, has been done by Jenny
+Lind, for all the singing Jennies upon earth, beside herself--they are
+cast into the shade.
+
+She came here with an irresistible prestige. A singing woman has been a
+proverb, since the world began; and, of course, long before Ulysses
+dropped in, upon the island of Ogygia, and listened to Calypso; or fell
+into serious difficulty, among the Sirens. A singing woman, a Siren, has
+been frequently accounted, and with great propriety, a singing bird of
+evil omen. How grateful then must it be, to know, that, while lending
+their ears and their eyes to this incomparable songstress, our wives, our
+daughters, and our sisters have before them a pure, and virtuous, and
+gentle, and generous creature, as free, as poor, human nature can well be
+free, from life's alloy, and very much as she was, when created--_a little
+lower than the angels_.
+
+Among other mythological matters, Pausanias relates, that the three
+Sirens, instigated by Juno, challenged the Muses to a trial of skill in
+singing. They were beaten, of course, for the Muses, being nine in number,
+there were three upon one. The victors, as the story goes, proceeded very
+deliberately, to pluck the golden feathers, from the wings of the
+vanquished, and converted them into crowns, for their own brows.
+
+Now, it cannot be denied, that Jenny has vanquished us all, and made the
+golden feathers fly abundantly. But this is not Jenny's fault; for,
+whatever the wisdom or the folly, the affair was our own entirely. If, for
+the sake of distinction, any one has seen fit to pluck every golden
+feather from his back, and appear, like the featherless biped of Diogenes,
+and give the golden feathers to Jenny, to make her a crown; we have
+substantial facts, upon which to predict, that Jenny will make a better
+use of those golden feathers, than to fool them away, for a song. If Jenny
+plucks golden feathers, from the backs of the rich, she finds bare spots
+enough, for a large part of them all, upon the backs of the poor: and, as
+for the crown, for Jenny's brows, if she goes onward, as she has begun,
+investing her treasure _in Heaven_, and selecting the Lord for her
+paymaster, _there_ will be her coronation; and her crown a crown of Glory.
+And, when she comes to lie down and die, let the two last lines of
+Johnson's imperishable epitaph, on Philips, be inscribed upon her tomb--
+
+  "Rest undisturb'd, beneath this marble shrine,
+  Till angels wake thee, with a note like thine."
+
+Orpheus was changed into a swan; Philomela into a nightingale; and Jenny,
+in due time, will be changed into an angel. Indeed, it is the opinion of
+some competent judges, that the metamorphosis has already commenced.
+
+Music is such a delightful, soothing thing, that one grieves, to think its
+professors and amateurs are frequently so excessively irritable.
+
+The disputes, between Handel and Senesino, and their respective partisans,
+disturbed all London, and finally broke up the Academy of Music, after it
+had been established, for nine years. The quarrels of Handel and
+Buononcini are said to have occasioned duels, among the amateurs; and the
+nation was filled, by these musical geniuses, with discord and uproar.
+Good humor was, in some degree, restored, by the following epigram, so
+often ascribed to Swift, the two last lines of which, however, are alone
+to be found in the editions of his works, by Nicholls, and Scott:
+
+  "Some say, that signor Buononcini,
+  Compar'd with Handel, is a ninny;
+  Others aver to him, that Handel
+  Does not deserve to hold a candle;
+  Strange, all this difference should be,
+  'Twixt tweedle dum and tweedle dee."
+
+This epigram cannot be attributed to that contempt for music, which is
+sometimes occasioned, by a constitutional inability to appreciate its
+effect, upon the great mass of mankind. It undoubtedly sprang from a
+desire to put an end, by the power of ridicule, to these unmusical
+disturbances of the public peace.
+
+Swift's musical pun, upon the accidental destruction of a fine Cremona
+fiddle, which was thrown down by a lady's mantua, has always been highly
+and deservedly commended; and recently, upon the very best authority,
+pronounced the finest specimen extant of this species of wit--"Perhaps,"
+says Sir Walter Scott, in his life of Swift, speaking of his puns, i. 467,
+"the application of the line of Virgil to the lady, who threw down with
+her mantua a Cremona fiddle, is the best ever made--
+
+  "Mantua vae miserae nimium vicina Cremonae!"
+
+In every nation, and in every age, the power of music has been
+acknowledged by mankind. Now and then, the negative idiosyncracies of
+certain persons place this particular department of pleasure, beyond the
+sphere of their comprehension, as effectually as utter blindness denies
+the power of enjoying the finest specimens of the painter's art.
+Occasionally, some pious divine, absolutely drunk with over-potent
+draughts of orthodoxy, like the friar, before Boccaccio, shakes his holy
+finger at this wicked world, and warns them to beware of the singing
+woman!
+
+The vocal power of music is ascribed to the angels in Heaven; and my own
+personal knowledge has assured me, that it affords a melancholy solace, to
+the slave in bonds.
+
+I passed the winter of 1840-41 with an invalid daughter, in the island of
+St. Croix. With a party of some six or eight, we devoted one delightful,
+moonlight evening, to a ride, on horseback, among the sugar-loaf summits
+of that beautiful speck amid the main. We were ascending the hills, in the
+neighborhood of the Annelly plantation--the moon was at full, that night;
+and the Caribbean Sea, far and wide, shone like a boundless prairie of
+burnished silver. As we were slowly winding our way, to the summit, one of
+our party called the attention of the rest to the sounds of music, coming
+from the slave cabins, at a distance. As we advanced, slowly and silently,
+towards the spot, the male and female voices were readily distinguished.
+
+We drew near, unperceived, and, checking our horses, listened, for several
+minutes, to the wild, simple notes of these children of bondage. "There is
+melody in this"--said one of our party aloud, and all was hushed, in an
+instant. We rode down to the cabins, and begged them to continue their
+song--but our solicitations were in vain--even the offer of sundry five
+stiver pieces, which operate, like a charm, upon many occasions, with the
+_uncles_ and the _aunties_, was ineffectual then. "_No massa--b'lieve no
+sing any more_"--were the only replies, and we went upon our way.
+
+As we descended the Annelly hills, on the opposite side, after leaving the
+negroes and their cabins, at some distance, we halted and listened--they
+had recommenced--the same wild music was floating upon the breeze.
+
+As we rode slowly along, my daughter asked me, if I could account for
+their reluctance to comply with our request. I told her, I could not.
+"Perhaps," said she, "they have a reason, somewhat like the reason of
+those, who sat down, by the waters of Babylon, and wept, and who could not
+sing one of the songs of Zion, in a strange land."
+
+It might have been thus. "_They that carried us away captive, required of
+us a song! They, that wasted us, required of us mirth!_"
+
+
+
+
+No. CVI.
+
+
+While pursuing his free inquiry into the origin of evil, I doubt, if Soame
+Jenyns had as much pleasure, as Sir Joseph Banks enjoyed, in his famous
+investigation, if fleas were the prototypes of lobsters.
+
+These inquiries are immeasurably pleasant. When a boy, I well remember my
+cogitations, what became of the old moons; and how joyously I accepted the
+solution of my nurse, who had quite a turn for judicial astrology, that
+they were unquestionably cut up, for stars.
+
+It is truly delightful to look into these occult matters--_rerum
+cognoscere causas_. There are subjects of deep interest, which lie
+somewhat nearer the surface of the earth--the origin of certain usages and
+undertakings, and the authorship of certain long-lived works, which appear
+to be made of a species of literary everlasting, but whose original
+proprietors have never been discovered. I have great respect, for those
+antiquarians, whose researches have unlocked so many of these long hidden
+mysteries; and, however bare-headed I may be, when the venerated names of
+Speed, or Strype, or Stow, or Rushworth, or Wood, or Holinshed occurs to
+my memory, I have an involuntary tendency to take off my hat.
+
+It was, doubtless, in allusion to their grotesque and uncouth
+versification, that the Earl of Rochester prepared his well-known
+epigram--
+
+  "Sternhold and Hopkins had great qualms,
+  When they translated David's Psalms."
+
+This version, which held its ground, for a century and a half, and, as
+Chalmers says, slowly gave place to the translation, by Tate and Brady,
+had an origin, of which, I presume, few individuals are apprized.
+
+Thomas Sternhold lived to translate fifty-one only of the Psalms; and the
+first edition was published in 1549, with this title--"_All such Psalms of
+David as Thomas Sterneholde, late groome of the king's majestye's robes
+did in his lyfetime drawe into Englyshe metre_."
+
+About this period, the larger cities of the kingdom had become inundated
+with obscene and blasphemous songs, to such a degree, that some powerful
+expedient seemed to be required, for the removal of this insufferable
+grievance. Accordingly, the felicitous idea occurred to Mr. Thomas
+Sternhold, of substituting the Psalms of David, as versified by himself,
+for the bacchanalian songs, then in use, throughout the realm. He
+anticipated a practical illustration of the command of St. James--"_Is any
+merry let him sing Psalms_."
+
+Ostensibly prepared for the use of the churches, the moving consideration,
+for this version, with Mr. Sternhold, was such as I have shown it to be.
+The motive is plainly stated, in the title-page--"_Set forth and allowed
+to be sung in churches of the people together, before and after evening
+prayer, as also before and after sermon; and moreover, in private houses,
+for their godly solace and comfort, laying apart all ungodly songs and
+ballads, which tend only to the nourishment of vice and the corrupting of
+youth_."
+
+Wood, in his Athenae Oxonienses, i. 183, Lond: 1813, says of
+Sternhold--"Being a most zealous reformer and a very strict liver, he
+became so scandalized, at the amorous and obscene songs used in the court,
+that he, forsooth turned into English metre fifty-one of David's Psalms,
+and caused musical notes to be set to them, thinking thereby, that the
+courtiers would sing them, instead of their sonnets, but did not, only
+some few excepted."
+
+How cheerfully would I go, undieted, for a long summer's day, to know who
+was the author of "Jonny Armstrong's Last Good Night;" and for a much
+longer term, to ascertain the writer of Chevy Chase, of which Ben Jonson
+used to say, he had rather have been the author of it, than of all his
+works. The words of Sir Philip Sidney, in his Discourse on Poetry, are
+quoted, by Addison, in No. 70 of the Spectator--"_I never heard the old
+song of Percy and Douglas, that I found not my heart more moved than with
+a trumpet_." The ballad of Chevy Chase was founded upon the battle of
+Otterburn, which was fought in 1388, and of which a brief account will be
+found in the fourteenth chapter of Sir Walter's first series of the
+Grandfathers Tales.
+
+The author of those songs for children, which have been lisped, by the
+tongues of millions, shall never be forgotten, while dogs delight to bark
+and bite--but who was the author of Hush-a-bye baby--Now we go up, up,
+up--Cock Robin--or Dickory Dock, no human tongue can tell!
+
+Poor Andre, we know, was the author of the Cow Chace; but the composer of
+our national air is utterly unknown. Who would not give more of the
+_siller_, to know to whose immortal mind we are indebted for Yankee
+Doodle, than to ascertain the authorship of the Letters of Junius?
+
+Both France and England have been more fortunate, in respect to the
+origin and authorship of their most popular, national songs. Speaking of
+Barbaroux and the Marseillois, Sir Walter Scott, in his Life of Napoleon,
+observes--"Besides the advantage of this enthusiastic leader, the
+Marseillois marched to the air of the finest hymn, to which Liberty or the
+Revolution had yet given birth."
+
+I am aware that something like doubt or obscurity hangs over the reputed
+authorship of the Hymn of the Marseillais. But in respect to the national
+air of Great Britain--_God save the King_--the authorship appears to be
+more satisfactorily, if not perfectly, indicated.
+
+It is certainly worthy of note, that this celebrated air, in which _John
+Bull_ has taken so much delight, ever since it came into existence, is by
+some persons supposed to have been the production of JOHN BULL himself, a
+celebrated composer of his day. An engraving of him may be found, in the
+History of Music, by Hawkins. There is an original painting of him, by J.
+W. Childe, in the Music School, at Oxford, which was engraved by Illman,
+with the words below--"John Bull, Mus. Doct. Cantab. Instaur. Oxon.
+MDXCII." A portrait of Dr. Bull will also be found, in Richard Clarke's
+_Account of the National Anthem, God save the King_, 8vo. Lond. 1822.
+
+The account of Bull, by Wood, in his Fasti, i. 235, Lond. 1815, is
+somewhat amusing--"1586, July 9.--John Bull, who had practised the fac. of
+music for 14 years, was then admitted batch, of music. This person, who
+had a most prodigious hand on the organ, and was famous, throughout the
+religious world, for his church music, had been trained up under an
+excellent master, named Blitheman, organist of Qu. Elizabeth's chappel,
+who died much lamented, in 1591. This Blitheman perceiving that he had a
+natural geny to the faculty, spared neither time nor labor to advance it
+to the utmost. So that in short time, he being more than master of it,
+which he showed by his most admirable compositions, played and sung in
+many churches beyond the seas, as well as at home, he took occasion to go
+incognito, into France and Germany. At length, hearing of a famous
+musician, belonging to a certain cathedral, (at St. Omers, as I have
+heard,) he applied himself, as a novice, to learn something of his
+faculty, and to see and admire his works. This musician, after some
+discourse had passed between them, conducted Bull to a vestry, or music
+school, joyning to the cathedral, and shew'd him a lesson, or song of
+forty parts, and then made a vaunting challenge to any person in the world
+to add one more part to them, supposing it to be so compleat and full,
+that it was impossible for any mortal man to correct or add to it. Bull
+thereupon desiring the use of ink and rul'd paper (such as we call musical
+paper) prayed the musician to lock him up in the said school for 2 or 3
+hours; which being done, not without great disdain by the musician, Bull,
+in that time or less, added forty more parts to the said lesson or song.
+The musician thereupon being called in, he viewed it, try'd it and retry'd
+it. At length he burst out into great ecstacy, and swore by the great God,
+that he that added those 40 parts must either be the Devil or Dr. Bull,
+&c. Whereupon Bull making himself known, the musician fell down and adored
+him."
+
+Of music it may be said, as of most other matters--_the fashion of these
+things passeth away_. So great was the fame of Bull in his day, and such
+tempting offers of preferment were made him, by the Emperor, and by the
+Kings of France and Spain, that Queen Elizabeth commanded him home. It is
+stated, in the Biographical History of England, ii. 167, that the famous
+Dr. Pepusch preferred some of the lessons in Bull's Partheniae, to the
+productions of most of the composers of that time. Yet Dr. Burney says of
+these lessons--"_They may be heard, by a lover of music, with as little
+emotion as the clapper of a sawmill, or the rumbling of a post-chaise_."
+
+Musicians are a sensitive and jealous generation. "Handel," says Chalmers,
+"despised the pedantry of Pepusch; and Pepusch, in return, refused to
+join, in the general chorus of Handel's praise."
+
+Handel, when a stripling at Hamburgh, laid claim to the first harpsichord,
+against a master, greatly his superior, in point of years, and the matter,
+upon trial, was decided in Handel's favor, which so incensed the other,
+that he drew, and made a thrust, at his young rival, whose life, according
+to Dr. Burney's version, was saved, by a fortunate contact, between the
+point of the rapier and a metal button.
+
+The principles, which govern, in all mutual admiration societies, are
+deeply laid in the nature of man. If Handel had borne the pedantry of Dr.
+Pepusch, with forbearance, or common civility, the Doctor would have,
+doubtless, afforded Handel the advantage of his highest commendation.
+
+The managers of musical matters act wisely, in tendering, to every
+conductor of a public journal, the
+
+  Melle soporatam et medicatis frugibus offam--
+
+But I fear they are not always as cautious and discriminating, as the
+occasion appears to demand. How very different would have been the fate of
+the poor strolling player, whom Goldsmith so pleasantly describes, had he
+taken a little more pains--only a little--to propitiate "_the lady, who
+had been nine months in London_!"
+
+The managers, upon such occasions, should never omit the most careful
+espionage, into the musical pretensions of every member of the press--I
+speak of their pretensions, and not of their actual knowledge--that, in
+the present connection, is of little importance: and, when they discover
+one of this powerful brotherhood, who, in musical matters, would be
+thought to know more than his neighbors, however mistaken he may be--let
+them pay him particular attention--let them procure him an excellent
+seat--once--twice perhaps--express a hope, that he is well
+accommodated--and occasionally, during the performance, be sure to catch
+his eye, as if with a "fearful longing after immortality," such as
+tomorrow's leader may possibly confer on the candidate for fame. How often
+the omission to observe these simple rules has been followed, by faint
+praise, and invidious discriminations!
+
+
+
+
+No. CVII.
+
+
+My great grandmother used to say, that she never desired to be told, that
+anything was broken, in her household; for, though she had been a
+housekeeper, for fifty years, nothing was ever broken, in her family, that
+had not been cracked before. I have the very same feeling in regard to the
+majority of all inventions and discoveries; for some ingenious fellow
+invariably presents himself, who, as it turns out, had verified the
+suggestion already.
+
+I never found my mind in a very feverish condition, while pursuing the
+inquiry, whether the art of medicine was first invented, by Hermes, Isis,
+or Osiris; nor while examining the arguments, ingenious though they are,
+of Clemens Alexandrinus, to prove, that Moses was a very respectable
+apothecary.
+
+I have ever supposed, that Necessity, the mother of invention, was the
+inventress of the blessed art; and that the origin was somewhat on this
+wise:--before the transgression, all went on well--there were neither
+aches nor ails--the apple certainly disagreed with Adam--he sought relief,
+by hunting for an antidote; and finding great comfort, in chewing such
+carminative herbs, as catmint and pennyroyal, he prescribed them to the
+sharer of his joys and sorrows. It is quite likely, that, with no family,
+and a great deal of time upon her hands, while walking in her garden, as
+poppies were not forbidden, Eve, to satisfy her curiosity, might have
+sucked their narcotic juice; and thus acquired a knowledge of opiates, so
+useful, ever since the fall.
+
+Physicking was, at first, a very general affair. Whether benevolence, or
+the desire of a little reputation lies at the bottom, there has ever
+existed, among mankind, a pungent, irresistible desire to physick one
+another. It is to be regretted, that Irenaeus, who was just the man for it,
+had not given a few years of his life to ascertain, if Eve, during the
+parturition of Cain, or Abel, received any alleviation, from slippery elm.
+Plato, Theoctet. p. 149, says, the midwives of Athens did great, good
+service, on these occasions, with certain drugs and charms.
+
+In the beginning, so little was to be known, upon this subject, it is not
+wonderful, that almost every man should have known that little. Thus,
+according to Homer, Od. iv., 320, every Egyptian was a doctor:--
+
+  "From Paeon sprung, their patron god imparts
+  To all the Pharian race his healing arts."
+
+Herodotus, who was born, about 484, B. C., in Book II. of his history,
+sec. 84, speaks distinctly of the fact, that the Egyptian _doctors_ were
+not physicians, in the general sense, but confined their practice,
+respectively, to particular diseases. The passage may be thus
+translated--_Now, in truth, the art of medicine with them was so
+distributed, that their physicians managed particular disorders, and not
+diseases generally; thus, though all were referred to the physicians, some
+were doctors for the eyes, some for the head, some for the teeth, some for
+the belly, and some for the occult diseases_.
+
+The first mention of physicians, in Holy Writ, is in Genesis, 50, 2--"_And
+Joseph commanded his servants, the physicians, to embalm his father: and
+the physicians embalmed Israel_." _Physicians_, to this extent, were
+mechanical operators; and the celebrated physicians of Greece, Chiron,
+Machaon, Podalirius, Poeon, and even AEsculapius, were _surgeons_. Their
+art, as Pliny says, did not go beyond curing a green wound. The cure of
+internal, or complicated, disorders was beyond their province. Celsus
+says, that Podalirius and Machaon, the physicians, who went with
+Agamemnon, to the wars of Troy, were never employed, to cure the plague,
+or internal maladies, nor anything but external injuries.
+
+No physician was required to manage external applications, in certain
+cases of common occurrence. In Kings II. xx. 7, Hezekiah appears to have
+thought himself extremely sick; when Isaiah applied a poultice of figs to
+his boil, and he soon was upon his legs again. This seems to have been
+accounted a remarkable cure, in those days, for Isaiah thought it worth
+repeating, xxxviii. 21. Job does not appear to have resorted to fig
+poultices, nor to any remedies, whatever: and, while Hezekiah behaved like
+a great baby, and wept bitterly, Job toughed it out, like a man; and,
+instead of mourning and murmuring, under the torment, not of one, but of
+countless boils, he poured forth torrents of incomparable eloquence, all
+the while, on various topics.
+
+Job's affliction, being viewed in the light of a direct judgment, it was
+deemed quite outrageous, by many, to stave off the wrath of Heaven, by
+interposing fig poultices, or remedies of any kind. Thus it appears, that
+Asa suffered severely with the gout; and there is a sharp fling against
+him, Chron. II. xvi. 12, on account of his want of faith--"_Yet in his
+disease he sought not to the Lord, but to the physicians_."
+
+This seems to be in accordance, with the opinion of those modern Fathers,
+who consider the use of ether or chloroform, in obstetric cases, a point
+blank insult to the majesty of Heaven, because of the primeval fiat--_in
+sorrow shalt thou bring forth children_.
+
+The race of Cyclops entertained a similar sentiment of submission, in
+sickness, according to Homer, Od. IX. 485. When _Oudeis_ (_Anglice Noman_)
+which always seemed to me an undignified pun, for an Epic, had put out the
+eye of Polyphemus, his roaring collected the neighboring giants. They
+inquired, outside the portal, what was the matter; and he replied, that
+_Oudeis_--_Noman_--was killing him; upon which they reply--
+
+  "If _Noman_ hurts thee, but the power divine
+  Inflict disease, it fits thee to resign.
+  To Jove or to thy father Neptune pray,
+  The Cyclops cried, and instant strode away."
+
+The theory was, that God worked upon mortals, by the agency of a great
+number and variety of evil spirits, or devils; and that the employment of
+remedial means was therefore neither more nor less, than withstanding the
+Almighty. Hence arose the custom, being supposed less offensive, in the
+sight of Heaven, of resorting to charms and incantations; and of employing
+diviners and magicians; and, as old Sir Robert Walpole is reported to have
+said, that every man has his price; so it was supposed to be the case,
+with those devils, who were engaged, in the system of tormenting mankind.
+Instead therefore of turning directly to the Lord, the sufferers were much
+in the habit of making their propitiatory suit, directly, to some false
+god, or influential demon. Of this we have an example, in Kings II. i. 2,
+et seq. Ahaziah, King of Israel, went up into his garret, probably, in the
+dark, and fell through the scuttle. He was severely bruised, and sent a
+messenger, post haste, to Ekron, to consult the false god, Baalzebub.
+Elisha, who, though a prophet, had no reputation, as a physician, was
+consulted by Hazael and by Naaman, about their distempers.
+
+Enchantments, talismans, music, phylacteries were in use, among the
+Hebrews, and formed no small part of their _materia medica_. Charms were
+used, as preventives against the bites of serpents. "Who," says
+Ecclesiasticus xii. 13, "_will pity a charmer, that is bitten with a
+serpent_?" This seems not to have availed, against the deaf adder,
+"which," Psalm lviii. 5, "_will not hearken to the voice of charmers,
+charming never so wisely_." And Jeremiah, viii. 17, declares, that the
+Lord will send cockatrices and serpents, that will not be charmed, upon
+any terms whatever.
+
+Some verses are preserved, by Cato, De Re Rustica, art. 160, which were
+used, in reducing a dislocated member. Dr. Johnson has informed us, though
+without naming his authority, that ABRACADABRA was a superstitious charm,
+against agues.
+
+It is quite amusing, while reading Sir Thomas Browne's remarks on
+quackery, in his Pseudodoxia, ch. xi. to see how readily he admits satanic
+agency, himself. Take the following passage--"When Gracchus was slain, the
+same day the chickens refused to come out of the coop; and Claudius
+Pulcher underwent the like success, when he commanded the tripudiary
+augurations; they died, not because the pullets would not feed, but
+because the devil foresaw their death, and contrived that abstinence in
+them."
+
+Sir Thomas was a wise and safe counsellor, in all cases, in which there
+was no chance for the devil to operate; but whenever there was a loop
+hole, according to the belief in those days, for diabolical influence to
+creep through, no man was more inclined to give the devil his due, than
+Sir Thomas.
+
+In this chapter, designed to be purely philosophical, he says of
+satan--"He deludeth us also by philters, ligatures, charms, ungrounded
+amulets, characters, and many superstitious ways, in the cure of common
+diseases, seconding herein the expectation of men with events of his own
+contriving, which, while some, unwilling to fall directly upon magic,
+impute unto the power of imagination, or the efficacy of hidden causes, he
+obtains a bloody advantage." This description of the devil and of his
+manoeuvres so precisely fits the empiric, and all his proceedings, that I
+should suspect Sir Thomas of the unusual sin of perpetrating a pleasantry;
+and, under the devil's _effigies_, presenting the image of a charlatan;
+were it not, for the knowledge we have of this great and good man's
+credulity, and his firm belief in satanic realities; and, that, in part
+upon his own testimony, two miserable women were condemned and executed,
+for witchcraft.
+
+
+
+
+No. CVIII.
+
+
+John Jahn says, in his Biblical Archaeology, Upham's translation, page 105,
+that, in Babylon, when first attacked with disease, the patients were
+placed in the streets, for the purpose of ascertaining, from casual
+passengers, what practices or medicines _they_ had found useful, in
+similar cases. Imagine a poor fellow, suddenly attacked with a windy
+colic, and deposited for this purpose, in State Street, in the very place,
+formerly occupied, by the razor-strop man, or the magnolia merchant! If it
+be true--I very much doubt it--that, in a multitude of counsellors, there
+is safety, this must be an excellent arrangement for the patient.
+
+I have often thought, that benevolence was getting to be an epidemic;
+particularly when I have noticed the attentions of one or two hundred
+charitably disposed persons, gathered about a conservative horse, that
+would not budge an inch. They have not the slightest interest in the
+horse, nor in the driver--it's nothing under heaven, but pure brotherly
+love. The driver is distracted, by the advice of some twenty persons,
+pointing with sticks and umbrellas, in every direction, and all
+vociferating together. In the meanwhile, three or four volunteers are
+belaboring the shins of the refractory beast, while as many are rapping
+his nose with their sticks. Four stout fellows, at least, are trying to
+shove the buggy forward, and as many exerting their energies, to shove the
+horse backward. Half a dozen sailors, attracted by the noise, tumble up to
+the rescue; three seize the horse's head, and pull _a starboard_, and
+three take him, by the tail, and pull _to larboard_, and all yell
+together, to the driver, to put his helm hard down. At last, urged, by
+rage, terror, and despair, the poor brute shakes off his persecutors, with
+a rear, and a plunge, and a leap, and dashes through the bow window of a
+confectioner's shop, or of some dealer in naked women, done in Parian.
+
+I am very sorry we have been delayed, by this accident. Let us proceed.
+Never has there been known, among men, a more universal diffusion of such
+a little modicum of knowledge. The knowledge of the materia medica and of
+pathology, what there was of it, seems to have been held, by the
+Babylonians, as tenants in common, and upon the Agrarian principle--every
+man and woman had an equal share of it. Such, according to John Jahn,
+Professor of Orientals in Vienna, was the state of therapeutics, in
+Babylon.
+
+The Egyptians carried their sick into the temples of Serapis--the Greeks
+to those of AEsculapius. Written receipts were preserved there, for the
+cure of different diseases. Professor Jahn certainly seems disposed to
+make the most of the knowledge of physic and surgery, among the
+Israelites. He says they had "_some acquaintance with chirurgical
+operations_." In support of this opinion, he refers to the rite of
+circumcision, and to--nothing else. He also says, that it is evident
+"_physicians sometimes undertook to exercise their skill, in removing
+diseases of an internal nature_."
+
+If the reader is good at conundrums, will he be so obliging as to _guess_,
+upon what evidence the worthy professor grounds this assertion? I perceive
+he gives it up--Well--on Samuel I. xvi. 16. And what sayeth Samuel?--"And
+Saul's servants said unto him, behold now an evil spirit from God
+troubleth thee. Let our Lord now command thy servants, which are before
+thee, to seek out a man, who is a cunning player on a harp: and it shall
+come to pass, when the evil spirit from God is upon thee, that he shall
+play with his hand, and thou shalt be well." This, reduced into plain
+language, is simply this--Saul's servants took the liberty of telling his
+majesty, that the devil was in him, and he had better have a little music.
+Accordingly, David was called in--_as a physician_, according to Jahn--and
+drove the devil out of Saul, by playing on his Jews'-harp. Jahn also
+informs us, and the Bible did before, that the art of healing was
+committed to the priests, who were specially bound, by law, "_to take
+cognizance of leprosies_." There were, as he admits, other _physicians_,
+probably of little note. _The priests_ were the regular, legalized
+faculty. On this ground, we can explain the severe reproach, cast upon
+Asa, who, when he had the gout, "_sought not the Lord but to the
+physician_:" that is, he did not seek the Lord, in prayer, through the
+intermediation of the regular faculty, the priests.
+
+There are ecclesiastics among us, who consider, that the Levitical law is
+obligatory upon the priesthood, throughout the United States of America,
+at the present day; and who believe it to be _their_ bounden duty, to take
+cognizance of leprosies, and all other disorders; and to physick the
+bodies, not less than the souls, of their respective parishioners. To this
+I sturdily object--not at all, from any doubt of their ability, to
+practise the profession, as skilfully, as did the son of Jesse, and to
+drive out devils with a Jews'-harp; and to cure all manner of diseases, in
+the same manner, in which the learned Kircherus avers, according to Sir
+Thomas Browne, vol. ii. page 536, Lond. 1835, the bite of the tarantula is
+cured, by songs and tunes; and to soothe boils as big as King Hezekiah's,
+with fig poultices, according to Scripture; for I have the greatest
+reverence for that intuition, whereby such men are spared those _studia
+annorum_, so necessary for the acquirement of any tolerable knowledge of
+the art of medicine, by all, who are not in holy orders. My objection is
+of quite another kind--I object to the union of the cure of souls and the
+cure of bodies, in the same person; as I object to the union of Church and
+State, and to the union of the power of the purse and the power of the
+sword. It is true, withal, that when a sufferer is killed, by ministerial
+physic, which never can happen, of course, but for the patient's want of
+faith, nobody dreams of such an irreverent proceeding, as pursuing the
+officious priest, for _mala praxis_.
+
+Priests and witches, jugglers, and old women have been the earliest
+practitioners of medicine, in every age, and every nation: and the
+principal, preventive, and remedial medicines, in all the primitive,
+unwritten pharmacopaeias, have been consecrated herbs and roots, charms and
+incantations, amulets and prayers, and the free use of the Jews'-harp. The
+reader has heard the statement of Professor Jahn. In 1803, Dr.
+Winterbottom, physician to the colony of Sierra Leone, published, in
+London, a very interesting account of the state of medicine, in that
+colony. He says, that the practice of physic, in Africa, is entirely in
+the hands of old women. These practitioners, like the servants of Saul,
+believe, that almost all diseases are caused by evil spirits; in other
+words, that their patients are bedevilled: and they rely, mainly, on
+charms and incantations. Dr. W. states, that the natives get terribly
+drunk, at funerals--funerals produce drunkenness--drunkenness produces
+fevers--fevers produce death--and death produces funerals. All this is
+imputed to witchcraft, acting in a circle.
+
+In the account of the Voyage of the Ship Duff to Tongataboo, in 1796, the
+missionaries give a similar statement of the popular notion, as to the
+origin of diseases--the devil is at the bottom of them all; and exorcism
+the only remedy.
+
+In Mill's British India, vol. ii. p. 185, Lond. 1826, the reader may find
+a statement of the paltry amount of knowledge, on the subject, not only of
+medicine, but of surgery, among the Hindoos: "Even medicine and surgery,
+to the cultivation of which so obvious and powerful an interest invites,
+had scarcely attracted the rude understanding of the Hindus."
+
+Sir William Jones, in the Asiatic Researches, vol. i. p. 354, says, "there
+is no evidence, that, in any language of Asia, there exists one original
+treatise on medicine, considered as a science." Crawford, in his
+Sketches, and he has an exalted opinion of the Hindoos, states, that
+surgery is unknown among them; and, that, in cases of wounds from the
+sabre or musket, they do no more than wash the wound; bind it up with
+fresh leaves, and keep the patient on rice gruel. Buchanan, in his
+journey, through Mysore, vol. i. p. 336, informs us, that medicine was in
+the hands of ignorant and impudent charlatans. Origen, who was born, about
+185 A. D., states that the Egyptians believed thirty-six devils divided
+the human body, among them; and that diseases were cured, by supplication
+and sacrifice, to the particular devil, within whose precinct the malady
+lay. This is a convenient kind of practice. May it not have some relation
+to the fact, referred to by Herodotus, in his History, book ii. sec. 84,
+that the doctors, in Egypt, were not practitioners, in a general sense,
+but for one part of the body only. Possibly, though I affirm nothing of
+the sort, Origen may have written _devils_ for _doctors_, by mistake: for
+the doctors, in those days, were, manifestly, very little better.
+
+If it be true--_et quis negat?_--that Hippocrates was the father of
+physic--the child was neither born nor begotten, before its father, of
+course, and Hippocrates was born, about 400 B. C., which, according to
+Calmet, was about 600 years after David practised upon Saul, with his
+Jews'-harp. His genealogy was quite respectable. He descended from
+AEsculapius, through a long line of doctors; and, by the mother's side, he
+was the eighteenth from Hercules, who was, of course, the great
+grandfather of physic, at eighteen removes; and who, it will be
+remembered, was an eminent practitioner, and doctored the Hydra. Divesting
+the subject of all, that is magical and fantastical, Hippocrates thought
+and taught such rational things, as no physician had thought and taught
+before. It appears amazing to us, the uninitiated, that the healing art
+should have been successfully practised at all, from the beginning of the
+world, till 1628, in utter ignorance of the circulation of the blood; yet
+it was in that year the discovery was made, when Dr. William Harvey
+dedicated to Charles I. and published his _Exercitatio anatomica de motu
+cordis et sanguinis_.
+
+
+
+
+No. CIX.
+
+
+Quackery may be found, in every vocation, from the humblest, to the
+holiest.
+
+_If the dead rise not at all_, says St. Paul, _what shall they do, who are
+baptized for the dead_! Nine different opinions are set forth, by Bosius,
+in regard to the true meaning of this passage. Scaliger and Grotius, who
+were men of common sense, conclude, that St. Paul referred to a practice,
+existing at the time; and St. Chrysostom tells a frolicsome story of this
+vicarious baptism; that a living sponsor was concealed under the bed of
+the defunct, and answered all the questions, put by the sagacious priest,
+to the corpse, about to be baptized.
+
+The dead have been, occasionally, through inadvertence, summoned to give
+evidence, in courts of justice. But, fortunately for quacks, in every
+department, dead men are mute upon the stand.
+
+Saul, if we may believe the singing women, who came out to meet him, after
+the fall of Goliath, hath slain his thousands; and, could dead men
+testify, it would, doubtless, appear, that quacks have slain their tens of
+thousands. When we consider the overbearing influence of that ignorant,
+impudent, and plausible jabber, which the quack has always at command, it
+must be admitted, that these, his fatal victories, are achieved, with the
+very same weapon, employed by Samson, in his destruction of the
+Philistines.
+
+There is nothing marvellous, in the existence of quackery, if we recognize
+the maxim of M. Sorbiere, in his _Relation d'une Voiage en Angleterre_, p.
+155, _homo est animal credulum et mendax_--man is a credulous and lying
+animal. David said, that all men were liars; but, as this is found in one
+of his lyrics, and he admits, that he uttered it in haste, it may be
+fairly carried to the account of _poetica licentia_. With no more,
+however, than a moderate allowance, for man's notorious diathesis towards
+lying, for pleasure or profit, it is truly wonderful, that credulity
+should preserve its relative level, as it does, and ever has done, since
+the world began. Many, who will not go an inch with the Almighty, without
+a sign, will deliver their noses, for safe keeping, into the hands of a
+charlatan, and be led by him, blindfold, to the charnel-house. Take away
+credulity, and the world would speedily prove an exhausted receiver, for
+all manner of quackery.
+
+At the close of the seventeenth century, there was a famous impostor in
+France, whom the royal family, on account of his marvellous powers,
+invited to Paris. His name was James Aymar. I shall speak of him more
+fully hereafter; and refer to him, at present, in connection with a remark
+of Leibnitz. Aymar's imposture had no relation to the healing art, but the
+remark of Leibnitz is not, on that account, the less applicable. That
+great man wrote a letter, in 1694, which may be found in the Journal of
+Tenzelius, in which he refers to Aymar's fraud, and to his subsequent
+confession, before the Prince of Conde. Aymar said, according to Leibnitz,
+that he was led on, _non tam propria audacia, quam aliena credulitate
+hominum, falli volentium, et velut obtrudentium sibi_--not so much by his
+own audacity, as by the credulity of others, who were not only willing to
+be cheated, but actually thrust themselves upon him. All Paris was
+occupied, in attempting to explain the mystery of Aymar's performances,
+with his wonderful wand: and Leibnitz says--
+
+_Nuper scripsi Parisios, utilius et examine dignius, mihi videri problema
+morale vel logicum, quomodo tot viri insignes Lugduni in fraudem ducti
+fuerint, quam illud pseudo-physicum, quomodo virga coryllacea tot miracula
+operetur_--I wrote lately to the Parisians, that a solution of the moral
+or logical problem, how it happened, that so many distinguished persons,
+in Lyons, came to be taken in, seemed to me of much greater utility, and
+far more worthy of investigation, than how this fellow performed miracles,
+with his hazel wand.
+
+It is worth noting, perhaps, that Leibnitz himself, according to the
+statement of the Abbe Conti, in the _Gazzette Litteraire_, for 1765, fell
+a victim to a quack medicine, given him by a Jesuit, for the gout.
+
+Ignorance is the hotbed of credulity. This axiom is not the less
+respectable, because the greatest philosophers, occasionally, place
+confidence in the veriest fools, and do their bidding. Wise and learned
+men, beyond the pale of their professional pursuits, or peculiar studies,
+are, very frequently, the simplest of simple folk--_non omnia possumus
+omnes_. Ignorance must be very common; for a vast majority of the human
+race have not proceeded so far, in the great volume of wisdom and
+knowledge, as that profitable but humiliating chapter, whose perusal is
+likely to stimulate their energies, by convincing them, that they are of
+yesterday and know nothing. Credulity must therefore be very common.
+
+Credulity has very little scope, for its fantastical operations among the
+exact sciences. Who does not foresee the fate of a geometrical quack, who
+should maintain, that the square of the hypothenuse, in a right-angled
+triangle, is either greater or less than the sum of the squares of the
+sides; or of the quack arithmetician, who would persuade our housewives,
+that of two and two pounds of Muscovado sugar, he had actually discovered
+the art of making five?
+
+The healing art--the science of medicine, cannot be placed, in the exact
+category.
+
+It is a popular saying, that _there is a glorious uncertainty in the law_.
+This opinion has been ably considered, by that most amiable and learned
+man, the late John Pickering, in his lecture, on the alleged uncertainty
+of the law--before the Society for the Diffusion of Useful Knowledge, in
+1834. The credulity of the client, to which Mr. Pickering does not refer,
+must, in some cases, be of extraordinary strength and quality. After
+presenting a case to his counsel, as favorably to himself as he can, and
+carefully suppressing much, that is material and adverse, he fondly
+believes, that his advocate will be able to mesmerise the court and jury,
+and procure a verdict, in opposition to the facts, apparent at the trial.
+He is disappointed of course; and then he complains of the uncertainty of
+the law, instead of the uncertainty of the facts.
+
+In a dissertation, before the Medical Society, in June, 1828, Dr. George
+Cheyne Shattuck, after setting forth a melancholy catalogue of the
+troubles and perplexities of the medical profession, concludes by saying,
+that "all these trials, to which the physician is subjected, do not equal
+that, which proceeds from the _uncertainty_ of the healing art." When we
+contrast this candid avowal, from an accomplished and experienced
+physician, with the splendid promises, and infallible assurances of
+empirics--with their balms of Gilead, panaceas, and elixirs of everlasting
+life--we cannot marvel, that the larger part of all the invalids, in this
+uncertain and credulous world, fly from those conservative professors, who
+promise nothing, to such as will assure them of a perfect relief, from
+their maladies, no matter how complicated, or chronic, they may be--with
+four words of inspiriting import--NO CURE NO PAY.
+
+I am no physician; my opinion therefore is not presented _ex cathedra_:
+but the averment of Dr. Shattuck is, I presume, to be viewed in no other
+light, than as the opinion of an honorable man, who would rather claim too
+little, than too much, for his own profession: who would rather perform
+more, than he has promised, than promise more, than he can perform. If the
+regularly bred and educated physician complains of uncertainty, none but a
+madman would seek for its opposite, in the palace, or the kennel, of a
+quack; for the charlatan may occasionally be found in either.
+
+The first thing to be done, I suppose, by the regular doctor, is to
+ascertain what the disease is. This, I believe, is the very last thing,
+thought of by the charlatan. He is spared the labor of all pathological
+inquiry, for all his medicines are, fortunately, panaceas. Thus, he
+administers a medicine, for the gout; the patient does not happen to have
+the gout, but the gravel; it is the same thing; for the physic, like our
+almanacs, was calculated, for different meridians.
+
+These gentlemen sometimes limit their practice to particular diseases,
+cancers, fistulas, fevers, &c. A memorial was presented, some few years
+since, to the legislature of Alabama, for the establishment of a medical
+college, to be devoted, exclusively, to vegetable practice. A shrewd, old
+member of the assembly rose, and spoke, much after this fashion--I shall
+support this measure, Mr. Speaker, on one condition, that a neighbor of
+mine shall be appointed president of this college. It is proper,
+therefore, that you should know how far he is qualified. He was a
+travelling merchant; dealt chiefly in apple-trade and other notions, and
+failed. He had once taken an old book, on fevers, in exchange for
+essences. This he got by heart. Fevers are common with us. He was a man of
+some tact; and, a week after he failed, he put up his sign, "BELA BODKIN,
+FEVER DOCTOR--ROOTS AND HERBS--F. R. S.--L. L. D.--M. D. No charge to the
+poor or the reverend clergy."--When asked, what he meant by adding those
+capital letters to his name, he said the alphabet was common property;
+that F. R. S. stood for Feverfew, Ragwort, and Slippery Elm--L. L. D. for
+Liverwort, Lichens, and Dill--and M. D. for Milk Diet.
+
+The thing took--his garret was crowded, from morning till night, and the
+regular doctor was driven out of that town. Those, who got well,
+proclaimed Dr. Bodkin's praises--those, who died, were a very silent
+majority. Everybody declared, of the dead, 'twas a pity they had applied
+too late. Bodkin was once called to a farmer's wife. He entered the house,
+with his book under his arm, saying FEVER! with a loud voice, as he
+crossed the threshhold. This evidence of his skill was astonishing.
+Without more than a glance at the patient, he asked the farmer, if he had
+a sorrel sheep; and, being told, that he had never heard of such a thing,
+he inquired, if he had a sorrel horse. The farmer replied, that he had,
+and a very valuable one. Dr. Bodkin assured him the horse must be killed
+immediately, and a broth made of the _in'ards_ for the sick wife. The
+farmer hesitated; the wife groaned; the doctor opened the book, and showed
+his authority--there it was--readable enough--"_sheep sorrel, horse
+sorrel, good in fevers_." The farmer smiled--the doctor departed in anger,
+saying, as he went, "you may decide which you will sacrifice, your wife or
+your nag." The woman died, and, shortly after, the horse. The neighbors
+considered the farmer a hard-hearted man--the wife a victim to the
+husband's selfishness--the sudden death of the horse a particular
+providence--and Dr. Bodkin the most skilful of physicians.
+
+
+
+
+No. CX.
+
+
+No class of men, not even the professors of the wrangling art, are, and
+ever have been, more universally used and abused, than the members of the
+medical profession. It has always appeared to me, that this abuse has been
+occasioned, in some degree, by the pompous air and Papal pretensions of
+certain members of the faculty; for the irritation of disappointment is,
+in the ratio of encouragement and hope; and the tongue of experience can
+have little to say of the infallibility of the medical art. The candid
+admission of its uncertainty, by Dr. Shattuck, in his dissertation, to
+which I have referred, is the true mode of erecting a barrier, between
+honorable and intelligent practitioners, and charlatans.
+
+The opinion of Cato and of Pliny, in regard to the art is, of course, to
+be construed, with an allowance, for its humble condition, in their day.
+With the exception of the superstitious, and even magical, employment of
+roots and herbs, it consisted, essentially, in externals. There was
+nothing like a systematic nosology. The [Greek: iatroi] of Athens, and the
+_medici_ of Rome were _vulnerarii_, or surgeons. Cato, who died at the age
+of 85, U. C. 605, is reported, by Pliny, lib. xxix. cap. 7, to have said
+of the doctors, in a letter to his son Marcus--_Jurarunt inter se,
+barbaros, necare omnes, medicina_. They have sworn among themselves,
+barbarians as they are, to kill us all with their physic. In cap. 5 of the
+same book, he thus expresses his opinion--_mutatur ars quotidie, toties
+interpolis, et ingeniorum Greciae flatu impellimur: palamque est, ut
+quisque inter istos loquendo polleat, imperatorem illico vitae nostrae
+necisque fieri: ceu vero non millia gentium sine medicis degant_. The art
+is varying, from day to day: as often as a change takes place, we are
+driven along, by some new wind of doctrine from Greece. When it becomes
+manifest, that one of these doctors gains the ascendency, by his
+harangues, he becomes, upon the spot, the arbiter of our life and death;
+as though there were not thousands of the nations, who got along without
+doctors. In the same passage he says, the art was not practised, among the
+Romans, until the sixth hundredth year, from the building of the city.
+
+The healing art seems to have been carried on, in those days, with fire
+and sword, that is, with the knife and the cautery. In cap. 6, of the same
+book, Pliny tells us, that, U. C. 535, _Romam venisse--vulnerarium--mireque
+gratum adventum ejus initio: mox a saevitia secandi urendique transisse
+nomen in carnificem, et in taedium artem_--there came to Rome a surgeon,
+who was, at first, cordially received, but, shortly, on account of his
+cuttings and burnings, they called him a butcher, and his art a nuisance.
+
+A professional wrestler, who was unsuccessful, in his profession, met
+Diogenes, the cynic, as we are told, by Diog. Laertius, in Vita, lib. vi.
+p. 60, and told him, that he had given up wrestling, and taken to
+physic--"_Well done_," said the philosopher, "_now thou wilt be able to
+throw those, who have thrown thee_."
+
+The revolutions, which took place, in the practice of the healing art,
+previously to the period, when Pliny composed his Natural History, are
+certainly remarkable. Chrysippus, as far as he was able, overthrew the
+system of Hippocrates; Erasistratus overthrew the system of Chrysippus;
+the Empirics, or experimentalists, overthrew, to the best of their
+ability, the system of Erasistratus; Herophilus did the very same thing,
+for the Empirics; Asclepiades turned the tables, upon Herophilus; Vexius
+Valens next came into vogue, as the leader of a sect; then Thessalus, in
+Nero's age, opposed all previous systems; the system of Thessalus was
+overthrown by Crinas of Marseilles; and so on, to the end of the
+chapter--which chapter, by the way, somewhat resembles the first chapter
+of Matthew, substituting the word _overthrew_ for the word _begat_.
+
+Water doctors certainly existed, in those ancient days. After Crinas, says
+Pliny, cap. 5, of the same book, there came along one--_damnatis non solum
+prioribus medicis, verum, et balineis; frigidaque etiam hibernis algoribus
+lavari persuasit. Mergit aegros in lacus. Videbamus senes consulares usque
+in ostentationem rigentes. Qua de re exstat etiam Annaei Senecae stipulatio.
+Nec dubium est omnes istos famam novitate aliqua aucupantes anima statim
+nostra negotiari._ Condemning not only all former physicians, but the
+baths, then in use, he persuaded his patients to use cold water, during
+the rigors of winter. He plunged sick folks in ponds. We have seen certain
+aged, consular gentlemen, freezing themselves, from sheer ostentation. We
+have the personal statement of Annaeus Seneca, in proof of this practice.
+Nor can it be doubted, that those quacks, greedily seeking fame, by the
+production of some novelty, would readily bargain away any man's life, for
+lucre. The statement of Seneca, to which Pliny refers, may be found in
+Seneca's letters, 53, and 83, both to Lucilius; in which he tells his
+friend, that, according to his old usage, he bathed in the Eurypus, upon
+the Kalends of January.
+
+It would be easy to fill a volume, with the railings of such peevish
+philosophers, as Michael De Montaigne, against all sorts of physic and
+physicians. We are very apt to treat doctors and deities, in the same
+way--to scoff at them, in health, and fly to them, in sickness.
+
+That was a pertinent question of Cicero's, lib. i. de Divinatione, 14. _An
+Medicina, ars non putanda est, quam tamen multa fallunt? * * * num
+imperatorum scientia nihil est, quia summus imperator nuper fugit, amisso
+exercitu? Aut num propterea nulla est reipublicae gerendae ratio atque,
+prudentia, quia multa Cn. Pompeium, quaedam Catonem, nonnulla etiam te
+ipsum fe fellerunt?_ As to medicine shall it be accounted not an art,
+because of the great uncertainty therein? What, then, is there no such
+thing as military skill, because a great commander lately fled, and lost
+his army? Can there be no such thing as a wise and prudent government,
+because Pompey has been often mistaken, even Cato sometimes, and yourself,
+now and then?
+
+If much more than all, that has been proclaimed, were true, in regard to
+the uncertainty of the healing art, still the practice of seeking some
+kind of counsel and assistance, whenever a screw gets loose, in our
+tabernacle of the flesh, is not likely to go out of fashion. What shall we
+do? Follow the tetotum doctor, and swallow a purge, if P. come uppermost?
+This is good evidence of our faith, in the doctrine of uncertainty. Or
+shall we go for the doctor, who works the cheapest? There is no reason,
+why we should not cheapen our physic, if we cheapen our salvation; for
+pack horses of all sorts, lay and clerical, are accounted the better
+workers, when they are rather low in flesh. Or shall we follow the example
+of the mutual admiration society, and get up a mutual physicking
+association? Most men are pathologists, by intuition. I have been
+perfectly astonished to find how many persons, especially females and root
+doctors, know just what ails their neighbors, upon the very first hint of
+their being out of order, without even seeing them.
+
+It is a curious fact, that, while men of honor, thoroughly educated, and
+who have devoted their whole lives, to the study and practice of the
+healing art, candidly admit its uncertainty, the ignorant and unprincipled
+of the earth alone, who have impudently resorted to the vocation,
+suddenly, and as an antidote to absolute starvation, boast of their
+infallibility, and deal in nothing, but panaceas. The fools, in this
+pleasant world, are such a respectable and wealthy minority, that the
+charlatan will not cease from among us, until the last of mortals shall
+have put on immortality: and then, like the fellow, who entered Charon's
+boat, with his commodities, he will try to smuggle some of his patent
+medicines, or _leetil doshes_, into the other world.
+
+A curious illustration of the popular notion, that no man is guilty of any
+presumptuous sin, merely because, after lying down, at night, a notorious
+_pedler_ or _tinker_, he rises, in the morning, a _physician_, may be
+found, in the fact, that a watchmaker, who would laugh at a tailor, should
+he offer to repair a timekeeper, will readily confide in him, as a
+physician, for himself, his wife, or his child.
+
+The most delicate female will sometimes submit her person, to the rubbings
+and manipulations of a blacksmith, in preference to following the
+prescriptions of a regular physician. A respectable citizen, with a pimple
+on the end of his nose, resembling, upon the testimony of a dozen old
+ladies, in the neighborhood, the identical cancer, of which every one of
+them was cured, by the famous Indian doctress, in Puzzlepot Alley, will,
+now and then, give his confidence to a lying, ignorant, half-drunken
+squaw, rather than to the most experienced member of the medical
+profession.
+
+Suffer me to close this imperfect sketch, with the words of Lord Bacon,
+vol. i. page 120, Lond. 1824. "We see the weakness and credulity of men is
+such, as they will often prefer a mountebank or witch, before a learned
+physician. And therefore the poets were clear-sighted, in discerning this
+extreme folly, when they made AEsculapius and Circe brother and sister.
+For, in all times, in the opinion of the multitude, witches, and old
+women, and impostors have had a competition with physicians. And what
+followeth? Even this, that physicians say, to themselves, as Solomon
+expresseth it, upon a higher occasion, _If it befall to me, as befalleth
+to the fools, why should I labor to be more wise?_"
+
+
+
+
+No. CXI.
+
+
+Van Butchell, the fistula-doctor, in London, some forty years ago, had a
+white horse, and he painted the animal, with many colored spots. He also
+wore an enormous beard. These tricks were useful, in attracting notice. In
+the Harleian Miscellany, vol. viii. page 135, Lond. 1810, there is a
+clever article on quackery, published in 1678, from which I will extract a
+passage or two, for the benefit of the fraternity: "Any sexton will
+furnish you with a skull, in hope of your custom; over which hang up the
+skeleton of a monkey, to proclaim your skill in anatomy. Let your table be
+never without some old musty Greek or Arabic author, and the fourth book
+of Cornelius Agrippa's Occult Philosophy, wide open, with half a dozen
+gilt shillings, as so many guineas, received, that morning for fees. Fail
+not to oblige neighboring ale-houses to recommend you to inquirers; and
+hold correspondence with all the nurses and midwives near you, to applaud
+your skill at gossippings. The admiring patient shall cry you up for a
+scholar, provided always your nonsense be fluent, and mixed with a
+disparagement of the college, graduated doctors, and book-learned
+physicians. Pretend to the cure of all diseases, especially those, that
+are incurable."
+
+There are gentlemen of the medical and surgical professions, whose high
+reputation, for science and skill, is perfectly established, and who have
+humanely associated their honorable names with certain benevolent
+societies. Such is the fact, in regard to Dr. John Collins Warren, who, by
+his adoption of the broad ground of total abstinence from all intoxicating
+liquors, as a beverage, by men in health, and by his consistent practice
+and example, has become entitled to the grateful respect of every
+well-wisher of the temperance cause. To the best of my ability, I have
+long endeavored to do, for the sextons, the very thing, which that
+distinguished man would accomplish for the doctors, and other classes.
+Never did mortal more certainly oppose his own interest, than a physician,
+or a sexton, who advocates the temperance reform.
+
+There are, however, personages, in the medical profession, regulars, as
+well as volunteers, who cling to certain societies, with the paralyzing
+grasp of death--holding on to their very skirts, as boys cling behind our
+vehicles, _to get a cast_. The patronage and advocacy of some of these
+individuals are absolutely fatal. It may be surely affirmed of more than
+one of their number, _nihil tetigit quod non damnavit_.
+
+I have long been satisfied, that, without a great increase of societies,
+it will be utterly impossible to satisfy the innumerable aspirants, for
+the offices of President, Vice President, &c., in our ambitious community.
+A sagacious, medical friend of mine, whose whole heart is devoted to the
+public service, and I am sorry to say it, to the injury of his wife and
+children, has handed me a list of several societies, for the want of
+which, he assures me, the citizens of Boston are actually suffering, at
+the present moment. For myself, I cannot pretend to judge of such
+matters. A publication of the list may interest the benevolent, and,
+possibly, promote the cause of humanity. I give it entire:--
+
+A society, for soothing the feelings and relieving the apprehensions of
+criminals, especially midnight assassins.
+
+A mutual relief society, in case of flatulent colic.
+
+A society, for the diffusion of buttermilk, with funds to enable the
+visiting committee to place a full jug, in the hands of every man, woman
+and child, in the United States, upon the first Monday of every month.
+
+A friendly cockroach-trap society.
+
+A society, composed exclusively of medical men, without practice, for the
+destruction of sowbugs and pismires, throughout the Commonwealth.
+
+A society, for the promotion of domestic happiness, with power to send for
+persons and papers.
+
+A society, for elevating the standard of education, by introducing
+trigonometry into infant schools.
+
+An association, for the gratuitous administration, to the poorer classes,
+by steam power, of anodyne clysters.
+
+Let us return to the faculty. I am in favor of some peculiarity, in the
+dress and equipage of medical men. With the exception of certain stated
+hours, they cannot be found at home; and the case may be one of emergency.
+Van Butchell's spotted horse was readily distinguished, from Charing Cross
+to Temple Bar. This was very convenient for those, who were in quest of
+that remarkable leech. A small mast, abaft the vehicle, whether sulky,
+buggy, chariot, or phaeton, bearing the owner's private signal, would
+afford great public accommodation. There is nothing more nautical in such
+an arrangement, than in the use of the _killeck_, or small anchor, which
+many of the faculty regularly cast, when they are about to board a
+patient, and as regularly weigh, when they are about to take a new
+departure.
+
+The bright yellow chariot of Dr. Benjamin Rush was universally known in
+Philadelphia, and its environs; and his peculiar features are not likely
+to escape from the memory of any man, who ever beheld them. These striking
+points were seized, by that arch villain, Cobbett, when he published his
+pictured libel, representing that eminent physician, looking out of his
+chariot window, with a label, proceeding from his mouth--_Bleed and purge
+all Kensington!_ Upon Cobbett's trial for this libel, Dr. Rush swore,
+that, by making him ridiculous, it had seriously affected his practice.
+
+Dr. James Lloyd was easily discovered, by his large bay horse--take him
+for all in all--the finest harness gelding of his day, in Boston. With the
+eyes of a Swedenborgian, I see the good, old doctor now; and I hear the
+tramp of those highly polished, white topped boots; and I almost feel the
+lash of his horsewhip, around my boyish legs, rather too harshly
+administered, for mild practice however--but he was an able physician, and
+a gentleman--_factus ad unguem_. His remarkable courtliness of manner,
+arose, doubtless, in some degree, from his relation to the nobility.
+During the siege, General Howe and Lord Percy were his intimate friends;
+the latter was his tenant in 1775, occupying the Vassal estate, for which
+Dr. Lloyd was the agent, and which afterwards became the residence of the
+late Gardner Greene.
+
+Dr. Danforth, who resided, in 1789, near the residence of Dr. Lloyd, on
+Pemberton's Hill, nearly opposite Concert Hall, and, subsequently, in
+Green Street, might be recognized, by the broad top of his chaise, and the
+unvarying moderation of the pace, at which he drove. He was tall and thin.
+His features were perfectly Brunonian. There seemed to be nothing
+antiphlogistic about him. When pleased, he was very gentlemanly, in his
+manner and carriage. He ever placed himself, with remarkable exactitude,
+in the very centre of his vehicle, bolt upright; and, with his stern
+expression, wrinkled features, remarkably aquiline nose, prominent chin,
+and broad-brimmed hat, appeared, even some fifty years ago, like a remnant
+of a by-gone age. He had been a royalist. His manners were occasionally
+rough and overbearing.
+
+I remember to have told my mother, when a boy, that I should not like to
+take Dr. Danforth's physic. The character of his practice is, doubtless,
+well remembered, by those, who have taken his _divers_, as they were
+called, and lived to tell of it. The late Dr. Benjamin Waterhouse being
+interrogated, by some aged spinsters, as to the difference, between the
+practice of Dr. Danforth and his opponents, replied, that there were two
+ways of putting a disordered clock in tolerable condition--the first, by
+taking it apart, cleaning its various members of their dust and dirt,
+applying a little oil to the pivots, and attaching no other than its
+former weight; "and then," said he, "it will go very well, for a
+considerable time; and this we call the anti-Brunonian system."
+
+The second method he described, as follows: "You are to take no pains
+about examining the parts; let the dust and dirt remain, by all means;
+apply no oil to the pivots; but hitch on three or four times the original
+weight, and you will be able to drag it along, after a fashion; and this
+is the Brunonian system." In this, the reader will recognize one of the
+pleasantries of Dr. Waterhouse, rather than an impartial illustration.
+
+Dr. Isaac Rand, the son of Dr. Isaac Rand, of Charlestown, lived, in 1789,
+some sixty years ago, in Middle Street, just below Cross: in after years,
+he resided, till his death, in 1822, in Atkinson Street. He was a pupil of
+Dr. Lloyd. His liberalities to the poor became a proverb. The chaise, in
+which he practised, in his latter days, was a notable object. The width of
+it, though not equal to that of Solomon's temple, was several cubits. It
+became the property of the late Sheriff Badlam, who filled it to
+admiration. The mantle of Elijah was not a closer fit, upon the shoulders
+of Elisha.
+
+Dr. Rand was an able physician, and a truly good man. He made rather a
+more liberal use of the learned terms of his profession, than was the
+practice of other physicians. With him, this arose from habit, and a
+desire to speak with accuracy, and not from affectation. Charles Austin
+was shot dead, in State Street, by Thomas O. Selfridge, August 4, 1806, in
+self-defence. Dr. Rand was a witness, at the trial; and his long and
+learned, professional terms, so completely confounded the stenographers,
+that they were obliged to beat the _chamade_, and humbly beg for plainer
+English.
+
+I have more to say of these interesting matters, but am too near the
+boundary wall of my paper, to enter upon their consideration, at present.
+
+
+
+
+No. CXII.
+
+
+In my last number, I referred to three eminent physicians, of the olden
+time, Drs. Lloyd, Danforth, and Rand. Some sixty years ago, there were
+three and twenty physicians, in this city, exclusive of quacks. The
+residences of the three I have already stated. Dr. James Pecker resided,
+at the corner of Hanover and Friend Street--Thomas Bulfinch, in Bowdoin
+Square--Charles Jarvis, in Common Street--Lemuel Hayward, opposite the
+sign of the White Horse, in Newbury Street--Thomas Kast, in Fish Street,
+near the North Square--David Townsend, in Southack's Court--John Warren,
+next door to Cromwell's Head, in South Latin School Street, then kept by
+Joshua Brackett--Thomas Welsh, in Sudbury Street, near Concert
+Hall--William Eustis, in Sudbury Street, near the Mill Pond--John Homans,
+No. 6 Marlborough Street--John Sprague, in Federal Street--Nathaniel W.
+Appleton, in South Latin School Street, near the Stone Chapel--Joseph
+Whipple, in Orange Street--Aaron Dexter, in Milk Street, opposite the
+lower end of the rope walks, that were burnt, in the great fire, July 30,
+1794--Abijah Cheever, in Hanover Street--William Spooner, in Cambridge
+Street--John Fleet, in Milk Street--Amos Winship, in Hanover
+Street--Robert Rogerson, in Ship Street--Alexander A. Peters, in
+Marlborough Street--John Jeffries, who, in 1776, went to Halifax, with the
+British garrison, did not return and resume practice in Boston, till 1790.
+
+Ten years after, in 1799, the number had increased to twenty-nine, of whom
+nineteen were of the old guard of 1789.
+
+In 1816, the number had risen to forty-three, of whom eight only were of
+1789. In 1830, the number was seventy-five, two only surviving of
+1789--Drs. William Spooner and Thomas Welsh.
+
+In 1840, we had, in Boston, one hundred and twenty-two physicians,
+surgeons, and dentists, and a population of 93,383. There are now, in this
+physicky metropolis, according to the Directory, for 1848-9, physicians,
+of all sorts, not including those for the soul, but doctors, surgeons,
+dentists, regulars and quacks, of all colors and both sexes, 362. THREE
+HUNDRED AND SIXTY-TWO: an increase of two hundred and forty, in eight
+years. This is certainly encouraging. If 122 doctors are quite as many, as
+93,383 Athenians ought to bear, 362 require about 280,000 patients, and
+such should be our population. Let us arrange this formidable host. At the
+very _tete d'armee_, marching left in front, we have seven _Female
+Physicians_, preceded by an _Indian doctress_--next in order, come the
+surgeon _Dentists_, seventy in number--then the main body, to whom the
+publisher of the Directory courteously and indiscriminately applies the
+title of _Physicians_, two hundred and fifty-seven, rank and file;--seven
+and twenty _Botanic Doctors_ bring up the rear! How appropriate, in the
+hand of the very last of this enormous _cortege_, would be a banner,
+inscribed with those well known words--GOD SAVE THE COMMONWEALTH OF
+MASSACHUSETTS!
+
+I shall devote this paper to comparative statistics. In 1789, with
+twenty-three physicians in Boston, four less, than the present number of
+_botanic doctors_ alone, and three hundred and thirty-nine less, than the
+present number of regulars and pretenders, there were nine only of _our_
+profession, regularly enrolled, as F. U., funeral undertakers, and placed
+upon a footing with the Roman _designatores_, or _domini funerum_. There
+were several others, who bore to our profession the same relation, which
+bachelors of medicine bear to theirs, and who were entitled to subscribe
+themselves D. G., diggers of graves. Yet in 1840, the year, which I take,
+as a _point d'appui_ for my calculations, there were only twenty, enrolled
+as F. U., with 362 medical operatives, busily at work, day and night, upon
+the insides and outsides of our fellow-citizens! Here is matter for
+marvel! How was it done? Did the dead bury the dead? I presume the
+solution lies, in the fact, that there existed an unrecorded number of
+those, who were D. G. only.
+
+There were few dentists, _eo nomine_, some sixty years ago. Our ancestors
+appear to have gotten along pretty comfortably, in spite of their teeth.
+Many of those, who practised the "_dental art_," had so little employment,
+that it became convenient to unite their dental practice, with some other
+occupation. Thus John Templeman, was a _broker and dentist_, at the
+northeast corner of the Old State House. Whitlock was, doubtless,
+frequently called out, from a rehearsal, at the play house, to pull a
+refractory grinder. Isaac Greenwood advertises, in the Columbian Sentinel
+of June 1, 1785, not only his desire to wait upon all, who may require his
+services, at their houses, in the dental line; but a variety of umbrellas,
+canes, silk caps for bathing, dice, chess men, and cane for hoops and
+bonnets, by the dozen, or single stick. In the Boston Mercury of Jan. 6,
+1797, W. P. Greenwood combines, with his dental profession, the sale of
+piano-fortes and guitars. In 1799, the registered dentists were three
+only, Messrs. Isaac and Wm. P. Greenwood, and Josiah Flagg. In 1816, there
+were three only, Wm. P. Greenwood, Thomas Parsons, and Thomas Barnes.
+
+It would appear somewhat extravagant, perhaps, to state, that, including
+doctors of all sorts, there is a fraction more than two doctors to every
+one merchant, _eo nomine_, excluding commission merchants, of course, in
+the city of Boston. Such, nevertheless, appears to be the fact, unless Mr.
+Adams has made some important error, which I do not suspect, in his
+valuable Directory, for 1848-9.
+
+It will not be utterly worthless, to contemplate the quartermaster's
+department of this portentous army; and compare it with the corresponding
+establishment of other times. In 1789, there were fifteen druggists and
+apothecaries, in the town of Boston. Examples were exceedingly rare, in
+those days, of wholesale establishments, exclusively dealing in drugs and
+medicines. At present, we have, in this city, eighty-nine apothecaries,
+doing business, in as many different places--drugs and medicines are also
+sold, at wholesale, in forty-four establishments--there are fourteen
+special depots, for the sale of patent medicines, Gordak's drugs, Indian
+purgatives, Holman's restorative, Brandreth's pills, Sherry wine bitters,
+and pectoral balsam, Graefenberg's medicines, and many other kinds of
+nastiness--eighteen dealers exclusively in botanic medicines--ninety-seven
+nurses--twenty-eight undertakers--and eight warehouses for the sale of
+coffins!
+
+It is amusing, if nothing worse, to compare the relative increase, in the
+number of persons, who are, in various ways, employed about the sick, the
+dying, and the dead, in killing, or curing, or comforting, or burying,
+with the increase in some other crafts and callings. In 1789, there were
+thirty-one bakers, in Boston: there are now fifty-seven. The number has
+not doubled in sixty years. The number of doctors then, as I have stated,
+was twenty-three: now, charlatans included, it falls short, only six, of
+sixteen times that number.
+
+There were then sixty-seven tailors' shops; there are now one hundred and
+forty-eight such establishments. There were then thirty-six barbers,
+hair-dressers, and wig-makers: there are now ninety-one. There were then
+one hundred and five cabinet-makers and carpenters: there are now three
+hundred and fifty. This ratio of comparison will, by no means, hold, in
+some other callings. There were then nine auctioneers: there are now
+fifty-two. There were then seven brokers, of all sorts: there are now two
+hundred and ten. The source from which I draw my information, is the
+Directory of 1789, "printed and sold by John Norman, at Oliver's Dock,"
+and of which the writer speaks, in his preface, as "_this first attempt_."
+For want of sufficient designation, it is impossible, in this primitive
+work, to pick out the members of the legal profession. Compared with the
+present fraternity, whose name is legion, they were very few. There are
+more than three hundred and fifty practitioners of the law, in this city.
+In this, as in the medical profession, there are, and ever will be, _ex
+necessitate rei_, infernal scoundrels, and highly intelligent and
+honorable men--blind guides and safe counsellors. Not very long ago, a day
+of purification was appointed--some plan seemed to be excogitating, for
+the ventilation of the brotherhood. For once, they were gathered together,
+brothers, looking upon the features of brothers, and knowing them not.
+This was an occasion of mutual interest, and the arena was common
+ground--they came, some of them, doubtless, from strange quarters, lofty
+attics and lowly places--
+
+  "From all their dens the one-eyed race repair,
+  From rifted rocks, and mountains high in air."
+
+When doctors, lawyers, and brokers are greatly upon the increase, it is
+very clear, that we are getting into the way of submitting our bodies and
+estates, to be frequently, and extensively, tinkered.
+
+I cannot doubt, that in 1789, there were quacks, about town, who could not
+contrive to get their names inserted, in the same page, with the regular
+physicians. I cannot believe, however, that they bore any proportion to
+the unprincipled and ignorant impostors, at the present time. In the
+"Massachusetts Centinel," of Sept. 21, 1785, is the following
+advertisement--"_John Pope, who, for eighteen years past, has been noted
+for curing Cancers, schrophulous Tumours, fetid and phagedenic Ulcers,
+&c., has removed into a house, the north corner of Orange and Hollis
+Street, South End, Boston, where he proposes to open a school, for
+Reading, Writing, Arithmetick, &c._"
+
+In 1789 there were twenty-two distillers of rum in Boston: there are nine
+only, named in the Directory of 1848-9. The increase of doctors and all
+the appliances of sickness and death have not probably arisen from the
+falling off, among distillers. In 1789, there were about twenty
+innholders: there are now eighty-eight public houses, hotels, or
+taverns--ninety-two restaurants--thirty-five confectionery
+establishments--thirty-nine stores, under the caption of "liquors and
+wines"--sixty-nine places, for the sale of oysters, which are not always
+the _spiritless_ things they appear to be--one hundred and forty-three
+wholesale dealers, in West India goods and groceries--three hundred and
+seventy-three retailers of such articles: I speak not of those, who fall
+below the dignity of history; whose operations are entirely subterraneous;
+and whose entire stock in trade might be carried, in a wheelbarrow. We
+have also one hundred and fifty-two provision dealers. We live well in
+this city. It would be very pleasant, to walk over it, with old Captain
+Keayne, who died here, March 23, 1656, and who left a sum of money to the
+town, to erect a granary or storehouse, for the poor, in case of famine!
+
+
+
+
+No. CXIII.
+
+
+The Quack is commonly accounted a spurious leech--a false
+doctor--clinging, like a vicious barnacle, to the very bottom of the
+medical profession. But impostors exist, in every craft, calling, and
+profession, under the names of quacks, empirics, charmers, magicians,
+professors, sciolists, plagiaries, enchanters, charlatans, pretenders,
+judicial astrologers, quacksalvers, muffs, mountebanks, medicasters,
+barrators, cheats, puffs, champertors, cuckoos, diviners, jugglers, and
+verifiers of suggestions.
+
+Butler, in his Hudibras, says, of medical quacks, they
+
+  Seek out for plants, with signatures,
+  To quack of universal cures.
+
+In the Spectator, Addison has this observation--"At the first appearance,
+that a French quack made in Paris, a boy walked before him, publishing,
+with a shrill voice, '_my father cures all sorts of distempers_;' to which
+the doctor added, in a grave manner, '_what the boy says is true_.'"
+
+The imposture of James Aymar, to which I have alluded, was of a different
+kind. Aymar was an ignorant peasant of Dauphine. He finally confessed
+himself to be an impostor, before the Prince of Conde; and the whole
+affair is narrated, by the apothecary of the prince, in a _Lettre a M.
+L'Abbe, D. L., sur les veritables effets de la baguette de Jaques Aymar
+par P. Buissiere; chez Louis Lucas, a Paris, 1694_.
+
+The power of this fellow's wand was not limited, to the discovery of
+hidden treasures, or springs of water; nor were his only dupes the lowly
+and the ignorant. As I have said, he was detected, and made a full
+confession, before the Prince of Conde. The magistrates published an
+official account of the imposture; yet such is the energy of the credulous
+principle, that M. Vallemont, a man of note, published a treatise "_on the
+occult philosophy of the divining wand_;" in which he tries to show, that
+Aymar, notwithstanding his mistakes, before the Prince, was really
+possessed of all the wonderful power he claimed, of divining with his
+wand. The measure of this popular credulity will be better understood,
+after perusing the following translation of an extract from the _Mercure
+Historique_, for April, 1697, page 440.--"The Prior of the Carthusians
+passed through Villeneuve with Aymar, to discover, by the aid of his wand,
+some landmarks, that were lost. Just before, a foundling had been left on
+the steps of the monastery. Aymar was employed, by the Superior, to find
+out the father. Followed by a great crowd, and guided by the indications
+of his wand, he went to the village of Comaret, in the County of
+Venaissin, and thence to a cottage, where he affirmed the child was born."
+
+Bayle says, on the authority of another letter from M. Buissiere, in 1698,
+that Aymar's apparent simplicity, and rustic dialect, and the rapid motion
+of his wand went far, to complete the delusion. He was also exceedingly
+devout, and never absent from mass, or confession. While he was at Paris,
+and before his exposure, the Pythoness, herself, would not have been more
+frequently, and zealously consulted, than was this crafty and ignorant
+boor, by the Parisians. Fees showered in from all quarters; and he was
+summoned, in all directions, to detect thieves; recover lost property;
+settle the question of genuine identity, among the relics of _prima facie_
+saints, in different churches; and, in truth, no limit was set, by his
+innumerable dupes, to the power of his miraculous wand. "I myself," says
+M. Buissiere, "saw a simple, young fellow, a silk weaver, who was engaged
+to a girl, give Aymar a couple of crowns, to know if she were a virgin."
+
+Joseph Francis Borri flourished, about the middle of the seventeenth
+century, and a most complicated scoundrel he was--heresiarch, traitor,
+alchymist, and empiric. He had spiritual revelations, of course. He was an
+intelligent and audacious liar, and converts came in apace. At his
+suggestion, his followers took upon themselves an oath of poverty, and
+placed all they possessed in the hands of Borri, who told them he would
+take care it should never again interfere with their devotions, but would
+be spent in prayers and masses, for their ulcerated souls. The bloodhounds
+of the Inquisition were soon upon his track, at the moment he was about to
+raise the standard of insurrection in Milan.
+
+He fled to Amsterdam--made capital of his persecution by the Inquisition;
+and won the reputation of a great chemist, and wonderful physician. He
+then went to Hamburg, and persuaded Queen Christina, to advance him a
+large sum of money, to be reimbursed, from the avails of the philosopher's
+stone, which Borri was to discover. This trick was clearly worth
+repeating. So thought Borri; and he tried it, with still better success,
+on his Majesty of Denmark. Still the stone remained undiscovered; and the
+thought occurred to Signor Borri, that it might not be amiss, to look for
+it, in Turkey. He accordingly removed; but was arrested at Vienna, by the
+Pope's agents; and consigned to the prisons of the Inquisition, for life.
+His fame, however, had become so omnipotent, that, upon the earnest
+application of the Duke d'Etree, he was let loose, to prescribe for that
+nobleman, whom the regular physicians had given over. The Duke got well,
+and the world gave Borri the credit of the cure. When a poor suffering
+mortal is given over, in other words, _let alone_, by half a dozen
+doctors--I am speaking now of the regulars, not less than of the
+volunteers--he, occasionally, gets well.
+
+A wit replied to a French physician, who was marvelling how a certain Abbe
+came to die, since he himself and three other physicians were unremitting,
+in their attentions--"_My dear doctor, how could the poor abbe sustain
+himself, against you all four?_" The doctors do much as they did of old.
+Pliny, lib. xxix. 5, says, of consultations--"_Hinc illae circa aegros
+miserae sententiarum concertationes, nullo idem censente ne videatur
+accessio alterius. Hinc illa infelicis monumenti inscriptio_, TURBA SE
+MEDICORUM PERIISSE." Hence those contemptible consultations, round the
+beds of the sick--no one assenting to the opinion of another, lest he
+should be deemed his subaltern. Hence the monumental inscription, over the
+poor fellow, who was destroyed in this way--KILLED BY A MOB OF DOCTORS!
+
+Who has not seen a fire rekindle, _sua sponte_, after the officious
+bellows have, apparently, extinguished the last spark? So, now and then,
+the vital spark, stimulated by the _vis medicatrix naturae_ will rekindle
+into life and action, after having been well nigh smothered, by all sorts
+of complicated efforts to restore it.
+
+This is the _punctum instans_, the very nick of time, for the charlatan:
+in he comes, looking insufferably wise, and brim full of sympathetic
+indignation. All has been done wrong, of course. While he affects to be
+doing everything, he does exactly nothing--stirs up an invisible,
+impalpable, infinitessimal, incomprehensible particle, in a little water,
+which the patient can neither see, feel, taste, nor smell. Down it goes.
+The patient's faith, as to the size of it, rather resembles a cocoanut
+than a grain of mustard seed. His confidence in the _new_ doctor is as
+gigantic, and as blind, as Polyphemus, after he had been _gouged_, by him
+of Ithaca. He plants his galvanic grasp, upon the wrist of the little
+doctor, much in the manner of a drowning man, clutching at a full grown
+straw. He is absolutely better already. The wife and the little ones look
+upon the mountebank, as their preserver from widowhood and orphanage.
+"_Dere ish noting_," he says, "_like de leetil doshes_;" and he takes his
+leave, regretting, as he closes the door, that his sleeve is not large
+enough, to hold the sum total of his laughter. Yet some of these quacks
+become _honest men_; and, however surprised at the result, they are
+finally unable, to resist the force of the popular outcry, in their own
+favor. They almost forget their days of duplicity, and small things--they
+arrive, somehow or other, at the conclusion, that, however unexpectedly,
+they are great men, and their wild tactics a system. They use longer
+words, move into larger houses, and talk of first principles: and all the
+practice of a neighborhood finally falls into the hands of Dr. Ninkempaup
+or Dr. Pauketpeeker.
+
+Francis Joseph Borri died, in prison, in 1695. Sorbiere in his _Voiage en
+Angleterre_, page 158, describes him thus--"He is a cunning blade; a
+lusty, dark-complexioned, good-looking fellow, well dressed, and lives at
+considerable expense, though not at such a rate, as some suppose; for
+eight or ten thousand livres will go a great way at Amsterdam. But a
+house, worth 15,000 crowns, in a fine location, five or six footmen, a
+French suit of clothes, a treat or two to the ladies, the occasional
+refusal of fees, five or six rix dollars distributed, at the proper time
+and place among the poor, a spice of insolence in discourse, and sundry
+other artifices have made some credulous persons say, that he gave away
+handfulls of diamonds, that he had discovered the philosophers stone, and
+the universal medicine." When he was in Amsterdam, he appeared in a
+splendid equipage, was accosted, by the title of "_your excellence_," and
+they talked of marrying him to one of the greatest fortunes.
+
+I have no taste for unsocial pleasures. Will the reader go with me to
+Franklin Place--let us take our station near No. 2, and turn our eyes to
+the opposite side--let us put back the hand of the world's timekeeper,
+some thirty years. A showy chariot, very peculiar, very yellow, and
+abundantly supplied with glass, with two tall bay horses, gaudily
+harnessed, is driven to the door of the mansion, by a coachman, in livery;
+and there it stands; till, after the expiration of an hour, perhaps, the
+house door is flung open, and there appears, upon the steps, a tall, dark
+visaged, portly personage, in black, who, looking slowly up and down the
+avenue, proceeds, with great deliberation, to draw on his yellow, buckskin
+gloves. Rings glitter upon his fingers; seals, keys, and safety chain,
+upon his person. His beaver, of an unusual form, is exquisitely glossy,
+surpassed, by nothing but the polish of his tall suwarrows, surmounted
+with black, silk tassels.
+
+He descends to the vehicle--the door is opened, with a bow of profound
+reverence, which is scarcely acknowledged, and in he gets, the very fac
+simile of a Spanish grandee. The chariot moves off, so very slowly, that
+we can easily follow it, on foot--on it goes, up Franklin, and down
+Washington, up Court, into Tremont, down School, into Washington, along
+Washington, up Winter, and through Park to Beacon Street, where it halts,
+before the mansion of some respectable citizen. The occupant alights, and,
+leaving his chariot there, proceeds, through obscure and winding ways, to
+visit his patients, on foot, in the purlieus of _La Montagne_.
+
+This was no other than the celebrated patentee of the famous bug liquid;
+who was forever putting the community on its guard, by admonishing the
+pill-taking public, that they _could not be too particular_, for _none
+were genuine, unless signed W. T. Conway_.
+
+
+
+
+No. CXIV.
+
+
+Charity began at home--I speak of Charity Shaw, the famous root and herb
+doctress, who was a great blessing to all undertakers, in this city, for
+many years--her practice was, at first, purely domestic--she began at
+home, in her own household; and, had she ended there, it had fared better,
+doubtless, with many, who have received the final attentions of our craft.
+The mischief of quackery is negative, as well as positive. Charity could
+not be fairly classed with those reckless empirics, who, rather than lose
+the sale of a nostrum, will send you directly to the devil, for a dollar:
+Charity was kind, though she vaunted herself a little in the newspapers.
+She was, now and then, rather severely handled, but she bore all things,
+and endured all things, and hoped all things; for, to do her justice, she
+was desirous, that her patients should recover: and, if she believed not
+all things, her patients did; and therein consisted the negative
+mischief--in that stupid credulity, which led them to follow this poor,
+ignorant, old woman, and thus prevented them, from applying for relief,
+where, if anywhere, in this uncertain world, it may be found--at the
+fountains of knowledge and experience. In Charity's day, there were
+several root and herb practitioners; but the greatest of these was
+Charity.
+
+Herb doctors have, for some two thousand years, attempted to turn back the
+tables, upon the faculty--they are a species of _garde mobile_, who have
+an old grudge against the _corps regulier_: for they have not forgotten,
+that, some two thousand years ago, herb doctors had all things pretty much
+in their own way. Two entire books, the twenty-sixth and twenty-seventh of
+Pliny's Natural History, are devoted to a consideration of the medicinal
+properties of herbs--the twentieth treats of the medicinal properties of
+vegetables--the twenty-third and twenty-fourth of the medicinal properties
+of roots and barks. Thus, we see, of what importance these simples were
+accounted, in the healing art, in that early age. Herbs, barks, and roots
+were, and, for ages, had been, the principal _materia medica_, and were
+employed, by the different sects--by the Rationalists, of whom Pliny, lib.
+xxvi. cap. 6, considers Herophilus the head, though this honor is
+ascribed, by Galen, to Hippocrates--the Empirics, or experimentalists--and
+the Methodics, who avoided all actions, for _mala praxis_, by adhering to
+the rules. Pliny manifestly inclined to herb doctoring. In the chapter,
+just now referred to, after alluding to the _verba, garrulitatemque_ of
+certain lecturers, he intimates, that they and their pupils had an easy
+time of it--_sedere namque his in scholis auditioni operatos gratius erat,
+quam ire in solitudines, et quoerere herbas alias aliis diebus anni_--for
+it was pleasanter to sit, listening in the lecture-rooms, than to run
+about in the fields and woods, culling certain simples, on certain days in
+the year.
+
+Herb doctors were destined to be overthrown; and the account, given by
+Pliny, in chapters 7, 8 and 9, book xxvi. of the sudden and complete
+revolution, in the practice of the healing art, is curious and
+interesting.
+
+Asclepiades, of Prusa, in Bythinia, came to Rome, in the time of Pompey
+the Great, about one hundred years before Christ, to teach rhetoric; and,
+like an impudent hussy, who came to this city, as a cook, from Vermont,
+some years ago, and, not succeeding, in that capacity, but hearing, that
+wet nurses obtained high wages here, prepared herself, for that lucrative
+occupation--so Asclepiades, not succeeding, as a rhetorician, prepared
+himself for a doctor. He was ignorant of the whole matter; but a man of
+genius; and, as he knew nothing of root and herb practice, he determined
+to cut up the whole system root and branch, and substitute one of his
+own--_torrenti ac meditata quotidie oratione blandiens omnia abdicavit:
+totamque medicinam ad causam revocando, conjecturae fecit_. By the power of
+his forcible and preconcerted orations, pronounced from day to day, in a
+smooth and persuasive manner, he overthrew the whole; and, bringing back
+the science of medicine to cause and effect, he constructed a system of
+inference or conjecture. Pliny is not disposed to be altogether pleased
+with Asclepiades, though he recounts his merits fairly. He says of
+him--_Id solum possumus indignari, unum hominem, e levissima gente, sine
+ullis opibus orsum, vectigalis sua causa, repente leges salutis humano
+genere dedisse, quas tamen postea abrogavere multi_--at least, we may feel
+rather indignant, that one, born among a people, remarkable for their
+levity, born also in poverty, toiling for his daily support, should thus
+suddenly lay down, for the human race, the laws of health, which,
+nevertheless, many rejected afterwards.
+
+Now it seems to me, that Asclepiades was a very clever fellow; and I
+think, upon Pliny's own showing, there was more reason, for indignation,
+against a people, who had so long tolerated the marvellous absurdities of
+the herb system, such as it then was, than against a man, who had the good
+sense to perceive, and the courage and perseverance to explode, them. What
+there was in the poverty of Asclepiades, or in the character of his
+countrymen, to rouse Pliny's indignation, I cannot conceive. Pliny says,
+lib. xxvi. cap. 9, after naming several things, which promoted this great
+change, in the practice of Physic--_Super omnia adjuvere eum magicae
+vanitates, in tantum erectae, ut abrogare herbis fidem cunctis possent_. He
+was especially assisted in his efforts, by the excesses, to which the
+magical absurdities had been carried, in respect to herbs, so that they
+alone were enough to destroy all confidence, in such things.
+
+Pliny proceeds to narrate some of these magical absurdities--the plant
+AEthiops, thrown into lakes and rivers, would dry them up--the touch of it
+would open everything, that was shut. The Achaemenis, cast among the enemy,
+would cause immediate flight. The Latace would ensure plenty. Josephus
+also, De Bell, Ind. lib. vii. cap. 25--speaks of an excellent root for
+driving out devils.
+
+Pliny says, Asclepiades laid down five important
+particulars--_abstinentiam cibi_, _alias vini_, _fricationem corporis_,
+_ambulationem_, _gestationes_--abstinence from meat, and, at other times,
+from wine, friction of the body, walking, and various kinds of gestation,
+on horseback, and otherwise. There were some things, in the old practice,
+_nimis anxia et rudia_, too troublesome and coarse, whose rejection
+favored the new doctor greatly, _obruendi agros veste sudoresque omni modo
+ciendi; nunc corpora ad ignes torrendi_, etc.--smothering the sick in
+blankets, and exciting perspiration, by all possible means--roasting them
+before fires, &c. Like every other ingenious physician, he had something
+pleasant, of his own contriving, to propose--_tum primum pensili
+balinearum usu ad infinitum blandientem_--then first came up the
+employment of hanging baths, to the infinite delight of the public. These
+hanging baths, which Pliny says, lib. ix. 79, were really the invention of
+Sergius Orata, were rather supported than suspended--fires were kindled
+below--there were different _ahena_, or caldrons, the _caldarium_, and
+_frigidarium_. The _corrivatio_ was simply the running together of the
+cold and hot water. Annexed was the _laconicum_, or sweating room. The
+curious reader may compare the Roman baths with those at Constantinople,
+described by Miss Pardoe.
+
+_Alia quoque blandimenta_, says Pliny, _excogitabat, jam suspendendo
+lectulos, quorum jactatu aut morbos extenuaret, aut somnos alliceret_. He
+excogitated other delights, such as suspended beds, whose motion soothed
+the patient, or put him to sleep. The principle here seems pretty
+universal, lying at the bottom of all those simple contrivances,
+rocking-chairs, cribs, and cradles, swings, hammocks, &c. This is truly
+Indian practice--
+
+  Rock-a-bye baby upon the tree top,
+  And, when the wind blows, the cradle will rock.
+
+_Praeterea in quibusdam morbis medendi cruciatus detraxit, ut in anginis
+quas curabant in fauces organo demisso. Damnavit merito et vomitiones,
+tunc supra modum frequentes._ He also greatly diminished the severity of
+former practice, in certain diseases, in quinsies for example, which they
+used to cure, with an instrument, introduced into the fauces. He very
+properly condemned those vomitings, then frequent, beyond all account.
+This refers to the Roman usage, which is almost incomprehensible by us.
+Celsus, De Med. lib. i. 3, refers to it, as the practice _eorum, qui
+quotidie ejiciendo, vorandi facultatem moliuntur_--of those, who, by
+vomiting daily, acquired the faculty of gormandizing. Suetonius says of
+the imperial brute, Vitellius, sec. xiii. that he regularly dined, at
+three places daily, _facile omnibus sufficiens, vomitandi
+consuetudine_--easily enabled to do so, by his custom of vomiting.
+
+Pliny's reflection, upon the success of the new doctor, is very
+natural--_quae quum unusquisque semetipsum sibi praestare posse
+intelligeret, faventibus cunctis, ut essent vera quae facillima erant,
+universum prope humanum genus circumegit in se, non alio modo quam si
+coelo emissus advenisset_. When every one saw, that he could apply the
+rules for himself, all agreeing that things, which were so very simple,
+must certainly be true, he gathered all mankind around him, precisely as
+though he had been one, sent from Heaven.
+
+In the following passage, Pliny employs the word, _artificium_, in an
+oblique sense. _Trahebat praeterea mentes artifcio mirabili, vinum
+promittendo aegris._ He attracted men's minds, by the remarkable _artifice_
+of allowing wine to the sick.
+
+During the temperance movement, some eminent physicians have asserted,
+that wine was unnecessary, in every case--others have extended their
+practice, and increased their popularity, by making their patients as
+comfortable, as possible--_while they continued in the flesh_. A German,
+who had been very intemperate, joined a total abstinence society, by the
+advice of a temperance physician. In a little time the _tormina_ of his
+stomach became unbearable. Instead of calling his temperance physician,
+who would, probably, have eased the irritation, with a little wormwood, or
+opium, he sent for the popular doctor, who told him, at once, that he
+wanted brandy--"How much may I take?" inquired the German. "An ounce,
+during the forenoon;" replied the doctor. After he had gone, the German
+said to his son, "Harman, go, get de measure pook, and zee how mooch be
+won ounz." The boy brought the book, and read aloud, eight drachms make
+one ounce--the patient sprang half out of bed; and, rubbing his hands,
+exclaimed--"dat ish de toctor vor me; I never took more nor voor trams in
+a morning, in all my porn days--dat ish de trouble--I zee it now."
+
+
+
+
+No. CXV.
+
+
+Miss Bungs is dead. It is well to state this fact, lest I should be
+suspected of some covert allusion to the living. She firmly believed in
+the XXXIX. articles, and in a fortieth--namely--that man is a
+fortune-hunter, from his cradle. She often declared, that, sooner than wed
+a fortune-hunter, she would die a cruel death--she would die a maid--she
+did so, in the full possession of her senses, to the last.
+
+Her entire estate, consisting of sundry shares, in fancy stocks, two
+parrots, a monkey, a silver snuff-box, and her paraphernalia, she directed
+to be sold; and the avails employed, for the promotion of celibacy, among
+the heathen.
+
+Yet it was the opinion of those, who knew her intimately, that Miss Bungs
+was, at heart, sufficiently disposed to enter into the holy state of
+matrimony, could she have found one pure, disinterested spirit; but,
+unfortunately, she was fully persuaded, that every man, who smiled upon
+her, and inquired after her health, was "_after her money_." Miss Bungs
+was not unwilling to encourage the impression, that she was an object of
+particular regard, in certain quarters; and, if a gentleman picked up her
+glove, or escorted her across a gutter, she was in the habit of
+instituting particular inquiries, among her acquaintances--in strict
+confidence of course--in regard to his moral character--ejaculating with a
+sigh, that men were so mercenary now-a-days, it was difficult to know who
+could be trusted.
+
+Now, this was very wrong, in Miss Bungs. By the English law, if a man or a
+woman pretends, falsely, that he or she is married to any person, that
+person may libel, in the spiritual court, and obtain an injunction of
+silence; and this offence, in the language of the law, is called
+_jactitation of marriage_. I can see no reason why an injunction in cases
+of _jactitation of courtship_, should not be allowed; for serious evils
+may frequently arise, from such unauthorized pretences.
+
+After grave reflection, I am of opinion, that Miss Bungs carried her
+opposition to fortune-hunters, beyond the bounds of reason. Let us define
+our terms. The party, who marries, only for money, intending, from the
+very commencement, to make use of it, for the selfish gratification of
+vain, or vicious, propensities--is a fortune-hunter of the very worst
+kind. But let us not forget, as we go along, that this field is occupied
+by huntresses, as well as by hunters; and that, upon such voyages of
+discovery, the cap may be set, as effectually, as the compass.
+
+There is another class, with whom the degree of personal attachment, which
+really exists, is too feeble, to resist the combined influence of
+selfishness and pride. Such also, I suppose, may be placed in the category
+of fortune-hunters. We find an illustration of this, in the case of Mr.
+Mewins. After a liberal arrangement had been made, for the young lady, by
+her father; Mr. Mewins, having taken a particular fancy to a little, brown
+mare, demanded, that it should be thrown into the bargain; and, upon a
+positive refusal, the match was broken off. After a couple of years, the
+parties accidentally met, at a country ball--Mr. Mewins was quite willing
+to renew the engagement--the lady appeared not to have the slightest
+recollection of him. "Surely you have not forgotten me," said he--"What
+name, sir?" she inquired--"Mewins," he replied; "I had the honor of paying
+my addresses to you, about two years ago."--"I remember a person of that
+name," she rejoined, "who paid his addresses to my father's brown mare."
+
+In matrimony, wealth is, of course, a very comforting accessory. It
+renders an agreeable partner still more so--and it often goes, not a
+little way, to balance an unequal bargain. Time and talent may as wisely
+be wasted, in pursuit of the philosopher's stone, as of an unmixed good or
+evil, on this side the grave. Temper may be mistaken, or it may change;
+beauty may fade; but L60,000, well managed, will enable the _happy man or
+woman_, to bear up, with tolerable complacency, under the severest trials
+of domestic life. What a blessed thing it is, to fall back upon, when one
+is compelled to mourn, over the infirmities of the living, or the absence,
+of the dead! What a solace!
+
+It was therefore wrong, in Miss Bungs, to designate, as fortune-hunters,
+those, of either sex, who have come to the rational conclusion, that money
+is essential to the happiness of married life. No man or woman of common
+sense, who is poor, will, now-a-days, commit the indiscretion of _falling
+in love_, unless with some person of ample possessions.
+
+What, then, is to become of the penniless, and the unpretty! We must adopt
+the custom of the ancient Babylonians, introduced about 1433 B. C., by
+Atossa, the daughter of Belochus. At a certain season of the year, the
+most lovely damsels were assembled, and put up, singly, at auction, to be
+purchased, by the _highest_ bidder. The wealthy swains of Babylon poured
+forth their wealth, like water; and rivals settled the question, not by
+the length of their rapiers, but of their purses. The money, thus
+obtained, became the dowry of those, whose personal attractions were not
+likely to obtain them husbands. They also were put up, and sold to the
+_lowest_ bidder, as the poor were formerly disposed of, in our villages.
+Every unattractive maiden, young, old, and of no particular age, was put
+up, at a _maximum_, and bestowed on him, who would take her, with the
+smallest amount of dowry. It is quite possible, that certain lots may have
+been withdrawn.
+
+I rather prefer this practice to that of the Spartans, which prevailed,
+about 884 B. C. At an appointed time, the marriageable damsels were
+collected, in a hall, perfectly dark; and the young men were sent into the
+apartment; walking, evidently, neither by faith nor by sight, but,
+literally, feeling their way, and thus selected their helpmates. This is
+in perfect keeping with the principle, that love is blind.
+
+The ancient Greeks lived, and multiplied, without marriage. Eusebius, in
+the preface to his Chronicon, states, that marriage ceremonies were first
+introduced among them, by Cecrops, about 1554 B. C. The Athenians provided
+by law, that no unmarried man should be entrusted with public affairs, and
+the Lacedemomans passed severe laws against those, who unreasonably
+deferred their marriage. It is not easy to reconcile the general policy of
+promoting marriages, with the statute, 8 William III., 1695, by which they
+were taxed; as they were again, in 1784.
+
+The earliest celebration of marriages, in churches, was ordained by Pope
+Innocent III., A. D. 1199. Marriages were forbidden in Lent, A. D. 364,
+conforming, perhaps, to the rule of abstinence from flesh.
+
+Fortune-hunting has not always been unaccompanied with violence. Stealing
+an heiress was made felony, by 3 Henry VII. 1487, and benefit of clergy
+denied, in such cases, by 39 Eliz. 1596. In the first year of George IV.
+1820, this offence was made punishable by transportation. In the reign of
+William III., Captain Campbell forcibly married Miss Wharton, an heiress.
+The marriage was annulled, by act of Parliament, and Sir John Johnston was
+hanged, for abetting. In 1827, two brothers and a sister, Edward, William,
+and Frances Wakefield, were tried and convicted, for the felonious
+abduction of Miss Turner, an heiress, whose marriage with Edward Wakefield
+was annulled, by act of Parliament.
+
+No species of fortune-hunter appears so entirely contemptible, as the
+wretch, who marries for money, intending to employ it, not for the joint
+comfort of the parties, but for the payment of his own arrearages; and who
+resorts to the expedient of marriage, not to obtain a wife, but to avoid a
+jail. And the exultation is pretty universal, when such a vagabond falls,
+himself, into the snare, which he had so deliberately prepared, for
+another.
+
+In the fifth volume of the Diary of Samuel Pepys, pages 323, 329 and 330,
+Lord Braybrooke has recorded three letters to Pepys, from an extraordinary
+scoundrel of this description. The first letter from this man, Sir Samuel
+Morland, who seems to have had some employment in the navy, bears date
+"Saturday, 19 February, 1686-7." After communicating certain information,
+respecting naval affairs, he proceeds, as follows:--
+
+"I would have wayted on you with this account myself, but I presume you
+have, ere this time, heard what an unfortunate and fatall accident has
+lately befallen me, of which I shall give you an abreviat."
+
+"About three weeks or a month since, being in very great perplexities, and
+almost distracted for want of moneys, my private creditors tormenting me
+from morning to night, and some of them threatening me with a prison, and
+having no positive answer from his Majesty, about the L1300 which the late
+Lord Treasurer cutt off from my pension so severely, which left a debt
+upon me, which I was utterly unable to pay, there came a certain person to
+me, whom I had relieved in a starving condition, and for whom I had done a
+thousand kindnesses; who pretended, in gratitude to help me to a wife, who
+was a very vertuous, pious, and sweet disposition'd lady, and an heiress,
+who had L500 per ann. in land and inheritance, and L4000 in ready money,
+with the interest since nine years, besides a mortgage upon L300 per ann.
+more, with plate, jewels, &c. The devil himself could not contrive more
+probable circumstances than were layd before me; and when I had often a
+mind to enquire into the truth, I had no power, believing for certain
+reasons, that there were certain charms or witchcraft used upon me; and,
+withall, believing it utterly impossible that a person so obliged should
+ever be guilty of so black a deed as to betray me in so barbarous a
+manner. Besides that, I really believ'd it a blessing from Heaven for my
+charity to that person: and I was, about a fortnight since, led as a fool
+to the stocks, and married a coachman's daughter not worth a shilling, and
+one who, about nine months since, was brought to bed of a bastard; and
+thus I am both absolutely ruined, in my fortune and reputation, and must
+become a derision to all the world."
+
+"My case is at present in the Spiritual Court, and I presume, that one
+word from his Majesty to his Proctor, and Advocate, and Judge, would
+procure me speedy justice; if either our old acquaintance or Christian
+pity move you, I beg you to put in a kind word for me, and to deliver the
+enclosed into the King's own hands, with all convenient speed; for a
+criminal bound and going to execution is not in greater agonies than has
+been my poor, active soul since this befell me: and I earnestly beg you to
+leave in three lines for me with your porter, what answer the King gives
+you, and my man shall call for it. A flood of tears blind my eyes, and I
+can write no more, but that I am your most humble and poor distressed
+servant,
+
+  S. MORLAND."
+
+All that befell Sir Samuel and _Lady_ Morland, after his application to
+Pepys and the King, will be found fully set forth, by this prince of
+fortune-hunters, in the two remaining letters to which I have referred,
+and which I purpose to lay before the reader in the ensuing number.
+
+
+
+
+No. CXVI.
+
+
+The reader will remember, that we left Sir Samuel Morland, in deep
+distress, his eyes, to use his own words, in the letter to Pepys, _blinded
+by a flood of tears_. Of all fortune-hunters he was the most unfortunate,
+who have recorded, with their own hands, the history of their own most
+wretched adventures. Instead of marrying a "_vertuous, pious, and sweet
+disposition'd lady, with L500 per ann. in land, and L4000 in ready money,
+with plate, jewels, &c._," he found himself in silken bonds, with a
+coachman's daughter, "not worth a shilling," who, nine months before, had
+been introduced to a new code of sensations, by giving birth to a child,
+whose father was of that problematical species, which the law terms
+_putative_.
+
+I have promised to lay before the reader two additional letters, from Sir
+Samuel Morland, to Pepys, on the subject of his difficulties with Lady
+Morland. Here they are: the first will be found, in Pepys' Diary, vol. v.
+page 329.
+
+"17 May, 1688. Sir: Being of late unable to go abroad, by reason of my
+lame hip"--no wonder he was hipped--"which gives me great pain, besides
+that it would not be safe for me, at present, because of that
+strumpet's"--_Lady Morland's_--"debts, I take the boldness to entreat you,
+that, according to your wonted favors, of the same kind, you will be
+pleased, at the next opportunity, to give the King this following
+account."
+
+"A little before Christmas last, being informed, that she was willing, for
+a sum of money, to confess in open court a precontract with Mr. Cheek, and
+being at the same time assured, both by hir and my own lawyers, that such
+a confession would be sufficient for a sentence of nullity, I did deposit
+the money, and accordingly a day of tryall was appoynted; but after the
+cause had been pleaded, I was privately assured, that the Judge was not
+at all satisfyd with such a confession of hers, as to be sufficient ground
+for him to null the marriage, and so that design came to nothing."
+
+"Then I was advised to treat with her, and give her a present sum and a
+future maintenance, she giving me sufficient security never to trouble mee
+more; but her demands were so high, I could not consent to them."
+
+"After this she sent me a very submissive letter, by her own advocate. I
+was advised, both by several private friends, and some eminent divines, to
+take her home, and a day of treaty was appoynted for an accommodation."
+
+"In the interim, a certain gentleman came on purpose, to my house, to
+assure me that I was taking a snake into my bosome, forasmuch as she had
+for six months last past, to his certain knowledge, been kept by, and
+cohabited with Sir Gilb. Gerrard, as his wife, &c. Upon which making
+further enquiry, that gentleman furnishing me with some witnesses, and I
+having found out others, I am this term endeavoring to prove adultery
+against her, and so to obteyn a divorce, which is the present condition of
+your most humble and faithful servant,
+
+  SAMUEL MORLAND."
+
+It was fortunate, that Sir Samuel, whose _naivete_ and rascality are most
+amusingly mingled, did not take the "_snake into his bosome_,"
+notwithstanding the advice of those "_eminent divines_," whose counsel is
+almost ever too celestial, for the practical occasions of the present
+world.
+
+The issue of Sir Samuel's fatal plunge into the abyss of matrimony, in
+pursuit of "L500 per annum in land and L4000 in ready money," and of all
+that befell the Lady Morland, until she lost her title, is recorded, in
+the third and last letter to Pepys, in vol. v., page 330.
+
+"19 July, 1688. Sir: I once more begg you to give yourself the trouble of
+acquainting His Majesty that upon Munday last, after many hott disputes
+between the Doctors of the Civil Law, the sentence of divorce was solemnly
+pronounced in open Court against that strumpet"--_Lady Morland_--"for
+living in adultery with Sir Gilbert Gerrard, for six months last past; so
+that now, unless shee appeal, for which the law allows her 15 days, I am
+freed from her for life, and all that I have to do, for the future, will
+bee to gett clear of her debts, which she has contracted from the day of
+marriage to the time of sentence, which is like to give me no small
+trouble, besides the charge, for severall months in the Chancery. And
+till I gett cleared of these debts, I shall bee little better than a
+prisoner in my own house. Sir, believing it my duty to give His Majesty
+this account of myselfe and of my proceedings, and having no other friend
+to do it for mee, I hope you will forgive the trouble thus given you, by,
+yours, &c.,
+
+  S. MORLAND."
+
+This must have interested His Majesty, very deeply. Poor James had then
+enough of care. If he had possessed the hands of Briareus, they would have
+been full already. In less than four months, after the date of this
+letter, William of Orange had landed at Torbay, Nov. 5, 1688, and the last
+days of the last of the Stuarts were at hand.
+
+If Miss Bungs were living, even that inexorable hater of all
+fortune-hunters would admit, that the punishment of Sir Samuel Morland was
+sufficient for his crimes. Few will pretend, that his sufferings were more
+than he deserved. A more exact retribution cannot well be imagined. It was
+his intention to apply "_L4000 ready money_," belonging to "_a very
+vertuous, pious, and sweet disposition'd lady_," to the payment of his
+pre-contracted debts. Instead of effecting this honorable purpose, he
+becomes the husband of a low-born strumpet, who is not worth a shilling,
+and for whose debts, contracted before, as well as after marriage, he is
+liable; for the law decrees, that a man takes his wife and her
+circumstances together.
+
+There are few individuals, of either sex, however constitutionally grave,
+who have not a little merriment to spare, for such happy contingencies as
+these. Retributive justice seldom descends, more gracefully, or more
+deservedly, or more to universal acceptance, upon the crafty heads of
+unprincipled projectors. For all, that may befall him, the fortune-hunter
+has little to expect, from male or female sympathy. The scolding
+tongue--those bewitching tresses, nocturnally deposited on the
+bedpost--those teeth of pearly brilliancy, which Keep or Tucker could so
+readily identify--the perpetual look of distrust--the espionage of
+jealousy--these and all other _tormina domestica_ are the allotments of
+the fortune-hunter, by immemorial prescription, and without the slightest
+sympathy, from man or woman.
+
+The case of Sir Samuel Morland is a valuable precedent, on account of his
+station in society, and the auto-biographical character of the narrative.
+But there are very few of us, who have not the record of some similar
+catastrophe, within the compass of our knowledge, though, probably, of a
+less aggravated type.
+
+There is a pleasant legend, in the humbler relations of life, to which I
+have listened, in earlier days, and which illustrates the principle,
+involved in these remarks. Molly Moodey was an excellent cook, in the
+family of an avaricious old widower, whose god was mammon, and who had
+been deterred, by the expensiveness of the proceeding, from taking a
+second goddess.
+
+The only sentiment, in any way resembling the tender passion, which had
+ever been awakened, in the bosom of Molly Moodey, was a passion for
+lotteries.
+
+She gave such of her waking hours, as were not devoted to roasting and
+boiling, to the calculation of chances, and her sleeping hours to the
+dreaming of dreams, about L20,000: and by certain combinations, she had
+come to the conclusion, that No. 26,666 was the fortunate number, in the
+great scheme, then presented to the public.
+
+Molly avowed her purpose, and demanded her wages, which, after severely
+berating her, for her folly, were handed over, and the identical ticket
+was bought. With the hope of being the first to inform her, after the
+drawing, that her ticket was a blank, her old master noted down the
+number, in his tablets.
+
+In about seven weeks after this occurrence, the old gentleman, while
+reading the newspaper, in one of the public offices, came upon the
+following notice--"HIGHEST PRIZE! L20,000. No. 26,666 the fortunate
+number, sold at our fortunate office, in one entire ticket, SKINNER,
+KETCHUM, & CLUTCH, and will be paid to the lucky proprietor, after the
+27th current."
+
+The old gentleman took out his tablets; compared the numbers; wiped his
+spectacles; collated the numbers again; resorted to the lottery office;
+and, upon inquiry there, became satisfied, that Molly Moodey had actually
+drawn L20,000.
+
+A new code of sensations came over the spirit of his dreams. He hastened
+home, oppressed by the heat and his emotions. He bade Molly lay aside her
+mop, and attend him in the parlor, as he had something of importance to
+communicate.--"Molly," said he, after closing the doors--"I find a partner
+absolutely necessary to my happiness. Let me be brief. I am not the man to
+make a fool of myself, by marrying a young flirt. I have known you, Molly,
+for many years. You have what I prize above all things in a wife, solid,
+substantial qualifications. Will you have me?"
+
+Taken thus by surprise, she gave a striking evidence of her
+self-possession, by requesting leave of absence, for a moment, to remove a
+kettle of fat, which she was trying out, lest it should boil over. She
+soon came back, and turned her eye--she had but one--with great respect,
+upon her old master--said something of the difference of their
+stations--and consented.
+
+The old gentleman's attachment for Molly appeared to be very
+extraordinary. Until the wedding-day, which was an unusually early one, he
+would not suffer her to be out of his sight. The day came--they were
+married. On their way from church--"Molly," said the bridegroom,
+"whereabouts is your ticket, with that fortunate number?"--"Oh," she
+replied, "when I came to think of it, I saw, that you were right. I
+thought, 'twas quite likely it would draw a blank. Crust, the baker,
+offered me what I gave for it, and a sheet of bunns, to boot, and I let
+him have it, three weeks ago."--"Good God," exclaimed the poor old
+gentleman--"L20,000 for a sheet of bunns!"
+
+The shock was too much for his reason; and, in less than six weeks, Molly
+was a widow. She attended him, with great fidelity, to the last moment;
+and his dying words were engraven upon her heart--"_Twenty thousand pounds
+for a sheet of bunns!_"
+
+How true to reality are the gay words of Tom Moore--
+
+  "In wedlock a species of lottery lies,
+  Where in blanks and in prizes we deal."
+
+
+
+
+No. CXVII.
+
+
+The Archbishop of Cambray, the amiable Fenelon, has remarked, that God
+shows us the high value he sets upon time, by giving us, in absolute
+possession, one instant only, leaving us, in utter uncertainty, if we
+shall ever have another. And yet, so little are we disturbed, by this
+truly momentous consideration, that, long before the breath is fairly out
+of the old year's body, we are found busily occupied, in gathering
+chaplets, for the brows of the new one.
+
+The early Christians were opposed to New Year's Gifts, as fixedly, as some
+of the latter Christians are opposed to the song and the dance. But I am
+inclined to believe the rising generation will take steps, very like their
+fathers--that light fantastic tongues and toes, will continue to wag, to
+all eternity--and that the unmusical and rheumatic will deplore over such
+heterodox and ungodly proceedings, till the world shall be no more.
+
+The New Year's gifts of the Romans were, originally, exceedingly simple.
+Sprigs of vervain, gathered in a wood, consecrated to Strenia, the goddess
+of Strength, somehow or other, came into favor, and were accounted of good
+omen. A custom arose of sending these sprigs about the neighborhood, as
+tokens of friendship, on New Year's day; and these trifling remembrancers
+obtained the name of _Strenae_. These sprigs of vervain, ere long, wore out
+their welcome; and were followed, in after years, by presents of dates,
+figs and honey. Clients thus complimented their patrons; and, before many
+anniversaries, the coin of Rome began to mingle with the donative,
+whatever it might be; and, very soon, the advantage of the receiver came
+less to be consulted, than the reputation of him, who gave.
+
+When I contemplate those ample storehouses of all, that is gorgeous and
+glittering--those receptacles of useless finery, which nobody actually
+wants--and, at the same time, reflect upon all that I know, and much that
+I conjecture, of the necessities and distresses of mankind, I am not
+certain, that it may not be wise to resume the earlier custom of the
+Romans, and embody, in certain cases, our annual tokens of friendship and
+good will, in such useful materials, as _figs, dates and honey_.
+
+Are there not individuals, who, upon the reception of some gaudy and
+expensive bagatelle, are ready to exclaim, with the cock in AEsop--"_I had
+rather have one grain of dear, delicious, barley, than all the jewels
+under the sun!_"
+
+I am not so utopian, as to anticipate any immediate or very extensive
+reformation, in this practice, which, excellent as it is, when restrained
+within reasonable bounds, is, unquestionably, under certain circumstances,
+productive of evil. It is not to be expected, that expensive _bijoux_, for
+new year's gifts, will speedily give place to _sugar and molasses_. But
+there are cases, not a few, when, upon a new year's day, the wealthy
+giver, without paining the recipient, may convert the annual compliment,
+into something better than a worthless toy--a fantastical token of
+ostentatious remembrance.
+
+The Christian world has settled down, at last, upon the first of January,
+as New Year's day. It was not always thus; and, even now, no little
+difficulty occurs, in our attempts to refer historical events to
+particular years. We can do no better, perhaps, than to devote this number
+to a brief exposition of this difficulty.
+
+Every schoolboy knows, that Romulus divided the year into ten months. The
+first was March, and, from March to December, they have retained their
+original names, for some six and twenty centuries, excepting the fifth and
+sixth month, which, from _Quintilis_ and _Sextilis_, have been changed, in
+honor of _Julius_ and _Augustus_.
+
+Numa added two months, _Januarius_ and _Februarius_. Numa's year consisted
+therefore of twelve months, according to the moon's course. But Numa's
+lunar year did not agree with the course of the sun, and he therefore
+introduced, every other year, an _intercalary_ month, between the 23d and
+24th of February. The length of this month was decided by the priests, who
+lengthened or shortened the year, to suit their convenience. Cicero, in a
+letter to Atticus, x. 17, writes, in strong disfavor, of Numa's calendar.
+
+Julius Caesar, with the aid of Sosigenes of Alexandria, adjusted this
+astronomical account. To bring matters into order, Suetonius, in his life
+of Julius Caesar, 40, says, they were constrained to make one final year of
+fifteen months, to close the confusion.
+
+Hence arose the Julian or Solar year, the year of the Christian world. The
+"_alteration of the style_" is only an amendment of the Julian calendar,
+in one particular, by Pope Gregory, in 1582. In 325, A. D., the vernal
+equinox occurred March 21, and in 1582 it occurred March 10. He called the
+astronomers to council, and, by their advice, obliterated ten days from
+the current year, between October 4, and 15.
+
+These ten days make the difference, from 1582 to February 29, 1700. From
+March 1, 1700, to February 29, 1800, eleven days were required, and from
+March 1, 1800, to February 29, 1900, twelve days. In all Roman Catholic
+countries, this alteration of the style was instantly adopted; but not in
+Great Britain, till 1752. The Greeks and Russians have never adopted the
+Gregorian alteration of the style.
+
+The commencement of the year has been assigned to very different periods.
+In some of the Italian states, as recently as 1745, the year has been
+taken to commence, at the Annunciation, March 25. Writers of the sixth
+century have, occasionally, like the Romans, considered March 1 as New
+Year's day. Charles IX. by a special edict, in 1563, decreed, that the
+year should be considered to commence, on the first of January. In
+Germany, about the eleventh century, the year commenced at Christmas. Such
+was the practice, in modern Rome, and other Italian cities, as late as the
+fifteenth century.
+
+Gervais of Canterbury, who lived early in the thirteenth century, states,
+that all writers of his country considered Christmas the true beginning of
+the year. In Great Britain, from the twelfth century, till the alteration
+of the style in 1752, the Annunciation, or March 25, was commonly
+considered the first day of the year. After this, the year was taken to
+commence, on the first of January.
+
+The Chaldaean and Egyptian years commenced with the Autumnal equinox. The
+Japanese and the Chinese date their year from the new moon, nearest the
+Winter solstice.
+
+As Diemschid, king of Persia, entered Persepolis, the sun happened to be
+entering into Aries. In commemoration of this coincidence, he decreed,
+that the year should change front, and commence, forever more, in the
+Vernal, instead of the Autumnal equinox. The Swedish year, of old, began,
+most happily, at the Winter solstice, or at the time of the sun's
+reaeppearance in the horizon, after the usual _quarantine_, or absence of
+forty days. The Turks and Arabs date the advent of their year, upon the
+sixteenth of July.
+
+In our own country, the year, in former times, commenced in March. In the
+Mass. Hist. Coll., vol. xvii. p. 136, may be found certain votes, passed
+in Boston, Nov. 30, 1635, among which is the following--"_that all such as
+have allotments for habitations allotted unto them, shall build thereon,
+before the first of the first month next, called March_." In Johnson's
+Wonder-working Providence, ch. 27, the writer says of the Boston pilgrims,
+in 1633: "Thus this poor people, having now tasted liberally of the
+salvation of the Lord, &c. &c., set apart the 16 day of October, which
+they call the _eighth Moneth_, not out of any pevish humor of singularity,
+as some are ready to censor them with, but of purpose to prevent the
+Heathenish and Popish observation of Dayes, Moneths, and Yeares, that they
+may be forgotten, among the people of the Lord." If October was their
+_eighth_ month, March was necessarily their _first_. Whatever the
+practice may have been, in this respect, it was by no means universal, in
+New England, during a considerable period, before the alteration of the
+style in 1752.
+
+A reference to the record will show, that, until 1752, the old style was
+adhered to, by the courts, in this country, and the 25th of March was
+considered to be New Year's day. But it was not so with the public
+journals. Thus the Boston News Letter, the Boston Gazette, the New England
+Courant and other journals, existing here, before the adoption of the new
+style, in Great Britain, in 1752, considered the year, as commencing on
+the first of January.
+
+Private individuals very frequently did the same thing. At this moment, a
+letter from Peter Faneuil is lying at my elbow, addressed to Messrs. Lane
+and Smethurst of London, bearing date January 1, 1739, at the close of
+which he wishes his correspondents _a happy new year_, showing, that the
+first of January, for ordinary purposes, and in common parlance, was
+accounted New Year's day.
+
+The little people, of both sexes, would, doubtless, have voted for the
+adoption of the old style and of the new; in other words, for having two
+new year's days, in every year. They would have been as much delighted
+with the conceit, as was Rousseau, with the pleasant fancy of St. Pierre,
+who wrote, from the Isle of France, to a friend in Paris, that he had
+enjoyed two summers in one year; the perusal of which letter induced
+Rousseau, to seek the acquaintance of the author of Paul and Virginia.
+
+
+
+
+No. CXVIII.
+
+
+Dion remarks, while speaking of Trajan--_he that lies in a golden urn,
+eminently above the earth, is not likely to rest in peace_. The same thing
+may be affirmed of him, who has raised himself, eminently above his peers,
+wherever he may lie. During the Roman Catholic rage for relics, the graves
+were ransacked, and numberless sinners, to supply the demand, were dug up
+for saints. Sooner or later, the finger of curiosity, under some plausible
+pretext, will lift the coffin lid; or the foot of political sacrilege will
+trample upon the ashes of him, whom a former generation had delighted to
+honor; or the motiveless spirit of mischief will violate the sanctity of
+the tomb.
+
+When Charles I. was buried, in the same vault with Henry VIII. and Anne
+Boleyn, a soldier, as Wood relates, in his Athenae Oxonienses, vol. iv. p.
+39, Lond. 1820, attempted to steal a royal bone, which was afterwards
+found upon his person, and, which he said, upon examination, he had
+designed, for a handle to his knife.
+
+John Milton died, according to the respective accounts of Mitford,
+Johnson, and Hayley, on the 8th--about the 10th--or on the 15th of
+November, 1674. He was buried, in the chancel of St. Giles, Cripplegate.
+In the London Monthly Magazine, for August, 1833, there appeared an
+extract from the diary of General Murray, giving a particular account of
+the desecration of Milton's remains. The account was given to General
+Murray, at a dinner party, Aug. 23, 1790, by Mr. Thornton, who received
+it, from an eye-witness of the transaction. The church of St. Giles
+requiring repairs, the occasion was thought a proper one, to place a
+monument, over the body of Milton. Messieurs Strong, Cole, and others, of
+that parish, sought for, and discovered, the leaden coffin, the outer
+coffin of wood having mouldered away. Having settled the question of
+identity, these persons replaced the coffin, and ordered the workmen to
+fill up the grave. The execution of this order was postponed, for several
+days. In the interim, some of the parish, whose names are given, by
+General Murray, having dined together, and become partially drunk,
+resolved to examine the body; and proceeded, with lights, to the church.
+With a mallet and chisel, they cut open the coffin, rolled back the lead,
+and gazed upon the bones of John Milton! General Murray's diary shall
+relate the residue of a proceeding, which might call the rouge to the
+cheeks of a Vandal:--
+
+"The hair was in an astonishingly perfect state; its color a light brown,
+its length six inches and a half, and, although somewhat clotted, it
+appeared, after having been well washed, as strong as the hair of a living
+being. Fountain said he was determined to have two of his teeth; but as
+they resisted the pressure of his fingers, he struck the jaw, with a
+paving stone, and several teeth then fell out. There were only five in the
+upper jaw, and these were taken by Fountain; the four, that were in the
+lower jaw, were seized upon, by Taylor, Hawkesworth, and the sexton's man.
+The hair, which had been carefully combed, and tied together, before the
+interment, was forcibly pulled off the skull, by Taylor and another; but
+Ellis, the player, who had now joined the party, told the former, that
+being a good hair-worker, if he would let him have it, he would pay a
+guinea-bowl of punch. Ellis, therefore, became possessed of all the hair:
+he likewise took a part of the shroud, and a bit of the skin of the skull:
+indeed, he was only prevented from carrying off the head, by the sextons,
+Hoppy and Grant, who said, that they intended to exhibit the remains,
+which was afterwards done, each person paying sixpence to view the body.
+These fellows, I am told, gained near one hundred pounds, by the
+exhibition. Laming put one of the leg-bones in his pocket."
+
+After reading this short, shameless record, one half inclines to
+cremation; even if, instead of being enshrined or inurned, our dust be
+given, in fee simple, to the winds. How forcibly the words of Sir Thomas
+ring in our ears--"_To be gnawed out of our graves, to have our skulls
+made drinking bowls, and our bones turned into pipes, to delight and sport
+our enemies, are tragical abominations, escaped in burning burials_." The
+account from General Murray's diary, and at greater length, may be found
+also, in the appendix to Mitford's life of Milton, in the octavo edition
+of his poetical works, Cambridge, Mass., 1839.
+
+Great indignation has lately been excited, in England, against a vampyre
+of a fellow, named Blore, who is said to have destroyed one half of
+Dryden's monument, and defaced Ben Jonson's, and Cowley's, in Westminster
+Abbey. Inquiring after motive, in such cases, is much like raking the
+ashes, after a conflagration, to find the originating spark. There is a
+motive, doubtless, in some by-corner of the brain; whether a man burns the
+temple, at Ephesus; or spears the elephant of Judas Maccabaeus, with
+certain death to himself; or destroys the Barberrini vase. The motive was
+avowed, on the trial, in a similar case, by a young man, who, some years
+ago, shot a menagerie elephant, while passing through a village, in the
+State of Maine, to be a wish "_to see how a fellow would feel, who killed
+an elephant_."
+
+Dryden's, and Cowley's monuments are on the left of Ben Jonson's, and
+before you, as you approach the Poet's Corner. Dryden's monument is a
+lofty affair, with an arch and a bust, and is thus inscribed: "J. Dryden,
+born 1632, died May 1, 1700.--John Sheffield, Duke of Buckingham, erected
+this monument, 1720." It is not commonly known, that the original bust was
+changed, by the Duchess, for one of very superior workmanship, which, of
+course, is the one mutilated by Blore. The monument, erected by George,
+Duke of Buckingham, to Cowley, is a pedestal, bearing an urn, decorated
+with laurel, and with a pompous and unmeaning epitaph, in Latin
+hexameters. If Blore understood the language, perhaps he considered these
+words, upon the tablet, a challenge--
+
+      --------Quis temerarius ausit--
+  Sacrilega turbare manu venerabile bustum.
+
+The monument of Ben Jonson is an elegant tablet, with a festoon of masks,
+and the inscription--_Oh rare Ben Jonson!_ It stands before you, when
+Dryden's and Cowley's are upon your left, and is next to that of Samuel
+Butler. In the north aisle of the nave, there is a stone, about eighteen
+inches square, bearing the same inscription. In the "History of
+Westminster Abbey," 4to ed Lond. 1812, vol. ii. p. 95, note, it is stated,
+that "Dart says one Young, afterwards a Knight in the time of Charles II.,
+of Great Milton, in Oxfordshire, placed a stone over the grave of Ben
+Jonson, which cost eighteen pence, with the above inscription:" but it is
+not stated, that the stone, now there, is the same.
+
+Dr. Johnson, in his Life of Dryden, recites what he terms "_a wild story,
+relating to some vexatious events, that happened, at his funeral_."
+Dryden's widow, and his son, Charles, had accepted the offer of Lord
+Halifax, to pay the expenses of the funeral, and five hundred pounds, for
+a monument. The company came--the corpse was placed in a velvet
+hearse--eighteen coaches were in attendance, filled with mourners.--As
+they were about to move, the young Lord Jeffries, son of the Chancellor,
+with a band of rakes, coming by, and learning that the funeral was
+Dryden's, said the ornament of the nation should not so be buried, and
+proceeded, accompanied by his associates, in a body, to wait upon the
+widow, and beg her to permit him to bear the expense of the interment, and
+to pay one thousand pounds, for a monument, in the Abbey.
+
+The gentlemen in the coaches, being ignorant of the liberal offers of the
+Dean and Lord Halifax, readily descended from their carriages, and
+attended Lord Jeffries and his party to the bedside of the lady, who was
+sick, where he repeated his offers; and, upon her positive refusal, got
+upon his knees, as did the whole party; and he there swore that he would
+not rise, till his entreaty was granted. At length, affecting to
+understand some word of the lady's, as giving permission, he rushed out,
+followed by the rest, proclaiming her consent, and ordered the corpse to
+be left at Russell's, an undertaker's, in Cheapside, till he gave orders
+for its embalmment. During this proceeding, the Abbey having been lighted
+up, Lord Halifax and the Dean, who was also Bishop of Rochester, to use
+the tea-table phrase, waited and waited, and waited. The ground was
+opened, the choir attending, and an anthem set. When Mr. Dryden went, next
+day, to offer excuses, neither Lord Halifax, nor the Dean, would accept of
+any apology. After waiting three days for orders, the undertaker called on
+Lord Jeffries, who said he knew nothing about it, and that it was only a
+tipsy frolic, and that the undertaker might do what he pleased with the
+corpse. The undertaker threatened to set the corpse before the widow's
+door. She begged a day's respite. Mr. Charles Dryden wrote to Lord
+Jeffries, who replied, that he knew nothing about it. He then addressed
+the Dean and Lord Halifax, who refused to have anything to do with it. He
+then challenged Lord Jeffries, who refused to fight. He went himself, and
+was refused admittance. He then resolved to horsewhip his Lordship; upon
+notice of which design, the latter left town. In the midst of this misery,
+Dr. Garth sent for the body, to be brought to the college of physicians;
+proposed a subscription; and set a noble example. The body was finally
+buried, about three weeks after the decease, and Dr. Garth pronounced a
+fine Latin oration. At the close of the narrative, which, as repeated by
+Dr. Johnson, covers more than three octavo pages of Murphy's edition, the
+Doctor remarks, that he once intended to omit it entirely, and that he had
+met with no confirmation, but in a letter of Farquhar's.
+
+The tale is simply alluded to, by Gorton, and told, at some length, by
+Chalmers. Both, however, consider it a fabrication, by Mrs. Thomas, the
+authoress, whom Dryden styled _Corinna_, and whom Pope lampooned, in his
+comatose and vicious performance, the Dunciad, probably because she
+provoked his wrath, by publishing his letters to H. Cromwell.
+
+In the earlier editions of the Encyclopaedia Britannica, the tale is told,
+as sober matter of fact: in the last, Napier's, of 1842, it is wholly
+omitted. Malone, in his Life of Dryden, page 347, ascribes the whole to
+Mrs. Thomas.
+
+Dryden died, in 1700. The first four volumes of Johnson's Lives of the
+Poets, containing Dryden's, went to the press in 1779. Considering the
+nature of this outrage; the eminence, not only of the dead, but of some of
+the living, whose names are involved; its alleged publicity; and its
+occurrence in the very city, where all the parties flourished; it is
+remarkable, that this "_wild story_," as Johnson fitly calls it, should
+have obtained any credit, and survived for nine-and-seventy years.
+
+
+
+
+No. CXIX.
+
+
+Deeply to be commiserated are all those, who have not read, from beginning
+to end, the writings of the immortal Oliver--a repast, _ab ovo usque ad
+mala_, to be swallowed, and inwardly digested, while our intellectual
+stomachs are young and vigorous, and to be regurgitated, and chewed over,
+a thousand times, when the almond tree begins to flourish, and even the
+grasshopper becomes a burden. Who does not remember his story of the
+Chinese matron--the widow with the great fan!
+
+The original of this pleasant tale is not generally known. The brief
+legend, related by Goldsmith, is an imperfect epitome of an interesting
+story, illustrating the power of magic, among the followers of Laou-keun,
+the founder of a religious sect, in China, resembling that of Epicurus.
+
+The original tale was translated from the Chinese, by Pere Dentrecolles,
+who was at the head of the French missionaries, in China, and died at
+Pekin, in 1741. The following liberal version, from the French, which may,
+perhaps, be better called a paraphrase, will not fail, I think, to
+interest the reader.
+
+Wealth, and all the blessings it can procure, for man, are brief and
+visionary. Honors, glory, fame are gaudy clouds, that flit by, and are
+gone. The ties of blood are easily broken; affection is a dream. The most
+deadly hate may occupy the heart, which held the warmest love. A yoke is
+not worth wearing, though wrought of gold. Chains are burdensome, though
+adorned with jewels. Let us purge our minds; calm our passions; curb our
+wishes; and set not our hearts upon a vain world. Let our highest aim be
+liberty--pleasure.
+
+Chuang-tsze took unto himself a wife, whose youth and beauty seduced him
+from the busy world. He retired, among the delightful scenery of Soong,
+his native province, and gave himself up, entirely, to the delights of
+philosophy and love. A sovereign, who had become acquainted with the fame
+of Chuang-tsze, for superior wisdom, invited him to become his wuzzeer, or
+prime minister. Chuang-tsze declined, in the language of parable--"A
+heifer," said he, "pampered for the sacrifice, and decked with ornaments,
+marched triumphantly along, looking, as she passed, with mingled pride and
+contempt, upon some humble oxen, that were yoked to the plough. She
+proudly entered the temple--but when she beheld the knife, and
+comprehended that she was a victim, how gladly would she have exchanged
+conditions with the humblest of those, upon whom she had so lately looked
+down with pity and contempt."
+
+Chuang-tsze walked by the skirts of the mountain, absorbed in thought--he
+suddenly came among many tombs--the city of the dead. "Here then," he
+exclaimed, "all are upon a level--caste is unknown--the philosopher and
+the fool sleep, side by side. This is eternity! From the sepulchre there
+is no return!"
+
+He strolled among the tombs; and, erelong, perceived a grave, that had
+been recently made. The mound of moistened clay was not yet thoroughly
+dry. By the side of that grave sat a young woman, clad in the deepest
+mourning. With a white fan, of large proportions, she was engaged, in
+fanning the earth, which covered this newly made grave. Chuang-tsze was
+amazed; and, drawing near, respectfully inquired, who was the occupant of
+that grave, and why this mourning lady was so strangely employed. Tears
+dropped from her eyes, as she uttered a few inaudible words, without
+rising, or ceasing to fan the grave. The curiosity of Chuang-tsze was
+greatly excited--he ascribed her manner, not to fear, but to some inward
+sense of shame--and earnestly besought her to explain her motives, for an
+act, so perfectly novel and mysterious.
+
+After a little embarrassment, she replied, as follows: "Sir, you behold a
+lone woman--death has deprived me of my beloved husband--this grave
+contains his precious remains. Our love was very great for each other. In
+the hour of death, his agony, at the thought of parting from me, was
+immoderate. These were his dying words--'My beloved, should you ever think
+of a second marriage, it is my dying request, that you remain a widow, at
+least till my grave is thoroughly dry; then you have my permission to
+marry whomsoever you will.' And now, as the earth, which is quite damp
+still, will take a long time to dry, I thought I would fan it a little, to
+dissipate the moisture."
+
+Chuang-tsze made great efforts, to suppress a strong disposition to laugh
+outright, in the woman's face. "She is in a feverish haste," thought he.
+"What a hypocrite, to talk of their mutual affection! If such be love,
+what a time there would have been, had they hated each other."
+
+"Madam," said the philosopher, "you are desirous, that this grave should
+dry, as soon as possible; but, with your feeble strength, it will require
+a long time, to accomplish it; let me assist you." She expressed her deep
+sense of the obligation, and rising, with a profound courtesy, handed the
+philosopher a spare fan, which she had brought with her. Chuang-tsze, who
+possessed the power of magic, struck the ground with the fan repeatedly;
+and it soon became perfectly dry. The widow appeared greatly surprised,
+and delighted, and presented the philosopher with the fan, and a silver
+bodkin, which she drew from her tresses. He accepted the fan only; and the
+lady retired, highly gratified, with the speedy accomplishment of her
+object.
+
+Chuang-tsze remained, for a brief space, absorbed in thought; and, at
+length, returned slowly homeward, meditating, by the way, upon this
+extraordinary adventure. He sat down in his apartment, and, for some time,
+gazed, in silence, upon the fan. At length, he exclaimed--"Who, after
+having witnessed this occurrence, can hesitate to draw the inference, that
+marriage is one of the modes, by which the doctrine of the metempsychosis
+is carried out. People, who have hated each other heartily, in some prior
+condition of being, are made man and wife, for the purpose of mutual
+vexation--that is it, undoubtedly."
+
+The wife of the philosopher had approached him, unobserved; and, hearing
+his last words, and noticing the fan, which he was still earnestly gazing
+upon--"Pray, be so good, as to inform me," said she, "what is the meaning
+of all this; and where, I should like to know, did you obtain that fine
+fan, which appears to interest you so much?" Chuang-tsze, very faithfully,
+narrated to his wife the story of the young widow, and all the
+circumstances, which had taken place, at the tomb.
+
+As soon as the philosopher had finished the narrative, his wife, her
+countenance inflamed with the severest indignation, broke forth, with a
+torrent of contemptuous expressions, and unmeasured abuse, against the
+abominable, young widow. She considered her a scandal to her sex. "Aye,"
+she exclaimed, "this vile widow must be a perfect monster, devoid of every
+particle of feeling."
+
+"Alas," said the philosopher, "while the husband is in the flesh, there is
+no wife, that is not ready to flatter and caress him--but no sooner is the
+breath out of his body, than she seizes her fan, and forthwith proceeds to
+dry up his grave."
+
+This greatly excited the ire of his wife--"How dare you talk in this
+outrageous manner," said she, "of the whole sex? You confound the virtuous
+with such vile wretches, as this unprincipled widow, who deserves to be
+annihilated. Are you not ashamed of yourself, to talk in this cruel way? I
+should think you might be restrained, by the dread of future punishment."
+
+"Why give way," said Chuang-tsze, "to all this passionate outcry? Be
+candid--you are young, and extremely beautiful--should I die, this day--do
+you pretend, that, with your attractions, you would suffer much time to be
+lost, before you accepted the services of another husband?"
+
+"Good God," cried the lady, "how you talk! Who ever heard of a truly
+faithful wuzzeer, that, after the death of his master, served another
+prince? A widow _indeed_ never accepts a second partner. Did you ever know
+a case, in which such a wife as I have been--a woman of my qualities and
+station, after having lost her tenderly beloved, forsook his memory, and
+gave herself to the embraces of a second husband! Such an act, in my
+opinion, would be infamous. Should you be taken from me, today, be
+assured, that I should follow you, with my imperishable love, and die, at
+last, your disconsolate widow."
+
+"It is easy to promise, but not always so easy to perform," replied the
+philosopher. At this speech, the lady was exasperated--"I would have you
+to know," said she, "that women are to be found, without much inquiry,
+quite as noble-hearted and constant, as _you_ have ever been. What a
+pattern of constancy you have been! Dear me! Only think of it! When your
+first wife died, you soon repaired your loss: and, becoming weary of your
+second, you obtained a divorce from her, and then married me! What a
+constant creature you have been! No wonder you think so lightly of women!"
+Saying this, she snatched the fan out of her husband's hand, and tore it
+into innumerable pieces; by which act she appeared to have obtained very
+considerable relief; and, in a somewhat gentler tone, she told her
+husband, that he was in excellent health, and likely to live, for very
+many years; and that she could not, for the soul of her, see what could
+induce him to torment her to death, by talking in this manner.
+
+"Compose yourself, my dear," said Chuang-tsze, "I confess that your
+indignation delights me. I rejoice to see you exhibit so much feeling and
+fire, upon such a theme." The wife of the philosopher recovered her
+composure; and their conversation turned upon ordinary affairs.
+
+Before many days, Chuang-tsze became suddenly and severely attacked, by
+some unaccountable disease. The symptoms
+
+
+
+
+No. CXX.
+
+
+Let us continue the story of Chuang-tsze, the great master of magic.
+
+Before many days, as I have stated, Chuang-tsze became suddenly and
+severely attacked, by some unaccountable disease. The symptoms were full
+of evil. His devoted wife was ever near her sick husband, sobbing
+bitterly, and bathing him in tears. "It is but too plain," said the
+philosopher, "that I cannot survive--I am upon the bed of death--this very
+night, perhaps--at farthest, tomorrow--we shall part forever--what a pity,
+that you should have destroyed that fan--it would have answered so well,
+for the purpose of drying the earth upon my tomb!"
+
+"For heaven's sake," exclaimed the weeping wife, "do not, weak and feeble
+as you are, harrass yourself, with these horrible fancies. You do me great
+wrong. Our books I have carefully perused. I know my duties well. You have
+received my troth--it shall never be another's. Can you doubt my
+sincerity! Let me prove it, by dying first. I am ready." "Enough," said
+the philosopher--"I now die in peace--I am satisfied of your constancy.
+But the world is fading away--the cold hand of death is upon me." The head
+of Chuang-tsze fell back--the breath had stopped--the pulse had ceased to
+beat--he was already with the dead.
+
+If the piercing cries of a despairing, shrieking widow could have raised
+the dead, Chuang-tsze would have arisen, on the spot. She sprang upon the
+corpse, and held it long, in her fond embrace. She then arrayed her person
+in the deepest mourning, a robe of seamless white, and made the air
+resound with her cries of anguish and despair. She abjured food; abstained
+from slumber; and refused to be comforted.
+
+Chuang-tsze had the wide-spread fame of an eminent sage--crowds gathered
+to his obsequies. After their performance, and when the vast assemblage
+had all, well nigh, departed--a youth of comely face, and elegantly
+arrayed, was observed, lingering near the spot. He proclaimed himself to
+be of most honorable descent, and that he had, long before, declared to
+Chuang-tsze his design of becoming the pupil of that great philosopher.
+"For that end," said he, "and that alone, I have come to this place--and
+behold Chuang-tsze is no more. Great is my misfortune!"
+
+This splendid youth cast off his colored garments, and assumed the robes
+of lamentation--he bowed himself to the earth, before the coffin of the
+defunct--four times, he touched the ground with his forehead; and, with an
+utterance choked by sobs, he exclaimed--"Oh Chuang-tsze, learned and wise,
+your ill-fated disciple cannot receive wisdom and knowledge from your
+lips; but he will signify his reverence for your memory, by abiding here
+an hundred days, to mourn, for one he so truly revered." He then again
+bent his forehead, four times, to the earth, and moistened it with his
+tears.
+
+The youthful disciple, after a few days, desired permission to offer his
+condolence to the widow, which she, at first declined: but, upon his
+reference to the ancient rites, which allow a widow to receive the visits
+of her late husband's friends, and especially of his disciples, she
+finally consented. She moved with slow and solemn steps to the hall of
+reception, where the young gentleman acquitted himself, with infinite
+grace and propriety, and tendered the usual expressions of consolation.
+
+The elegant address and fine person of this young disciple were not lost
+upon the widow of Chuang-tsze. She was fascinated. A sentiment of
+tenderness began to rise in her bosom, whose presence she had scarcely the
+courage to recognize. She ventured, in a right melancholy way, to suggest
+a hope, that it was not his purpose immediately to leave the valley of
+Soong. "I have endured much in the loss of my great master," he replied.
+"Precious forever be his memory. It will be grateful to my heart to seek
+here a brief home, wherein I may pass those hundred days of mourning,
+which our rites prescribe, and then to take part in the obsequies, which
+will follow. I may also solace myself the while, by perusing the works of
+my great master, of whose living instructions I am so unhappily deprived."
+
+"We shall feel ourselves highly honored, by your presence, under our
+roof," replied the lady; "it seems to me entirely proper, that you should
+take up your abode here, rather than elsewhere." She immediately directed
+some refreshments to be brought, and caused the works of Chuang-tsze to be
+exhibited, on a large table, together with a copy of the learned
+Taou-te-King, which had been a present to her late husband, from Laou-keun
+himself.
+
+The coffin of Chuang-tsze was deposited, in a large hall; and, on one
+side, was a suite of apartments, opening into it, which was assigned to
+the visitor. This devoted widow came, very frequently, to weep over the
+remains of her honored husband; and failed not to say a civil word to the
+youth, who, notified of her presence, by her audible sobs, never omitted
+to come forth, and mingle his lamentations with hers. Mutual glances were
+exchanged, upon such occasions. In short, each, already, was effectually
+smitten with the other.
+
+One day, the pretty, little widow sent privately for the old domestic, who
+attended upon the young man, in the capacity of body servant, and
+inquired, all in a seemingly casual way, if his master was married. "Not
+yet"--he replied.--"He is very fastidious, I suppose"--said the lady, with
+an inquiring look.--"It is even so, madam," replied the servant--"my
+master is, indeed, not easily suited, in such a matter. His standard is
+very high. I have heard him say, that he should, probably, never be
+married, as he despaired of ever finding a female resembling yourself, in
+every particular."--"Did he say so?" exclaimed the widow, as the warm
+blood rushed into her cheeks.--"He certainly did," replied the other, "and
+much more, which I do not feel at liberty to repeat."--"Dear me," said the
+widow, "what a bewitching young man he is! go to him, and if he really
+loves me, as you say, tell him he may open the subject, without fear, for
+his passion is amply returned, by one, who is willing, if he so wishes, to
+become his wife."
+
+The young widow, from day to day, threw herself repeatedly, and as if by
+accident, into the old servant's way; and began, at last, to feel
+surprised, and somewhat nettled, that he brought her no message from his
+master. At length, she became exceedingly impatient, and asked him
+directly, if he had spoken to his master on the subject. "Yes, madam," the
+old man replied.--"And pray," asked the widow, eagerly, "what said
+he?"--"He said, madam, that such an union would place him upon the
+pinnacle of human happiness; but that there was one fatal
+objection."--"And do, for pity's sake, tell me," said she, hastily
+interrupting the old man, "what that objection can be."--"He said,"
+rejoined the old domestic, "that, being a disciple of your late husband,
+such a marriage, he feared, would be considered scandalous."--"But," said
+she, briskly, "there is just nothing in that. He was never a disciple of
+Chuang-tsze--he only proposed to become one, which is an entirely
+different thing. If any other frivolous objections arise, I beg you to
+remove them; and you may count upon being handsomely rewarded."
+
+Her anxiety caused her to become exceedingly restless. She made frequent
+visits to the hall, and, when she approached the coffin, her sobs became
+more audible than ever--but the young disciple came not forth, as usual.
+Upon one occasion, after dark, as she was standing near the coffin, she
+was startled, by an unusual noise. "Gracious Heaven!" she exclaimed, "can
+it be so! Is the old philosopher coming back to life!" The cold sweat came
+upon her lovely brow, as she started to procure a light. When she
+returned, the mystery was readily explained. In front of the coffin there
+was a table, designed as an altar, for the reception of such emblems and
+presents, as were placed there by visitors. The old servant, had become
+tipsy, and finding no more convenient place, in which to bestow himself,
+while waiting his master's bidding, he had thrown himself, at full length,
+upon this altar; and, in turning over, had occasioned the noise, which had
+so much alarmed the young widow. Under other circumstances, the act would
+have been accounted sacrilegious, and the fellow would have been subjected
+to the bastinado. But, as matters stood, the widow passed it by, and even
+suffered the sot to remain undisturbed.
+
+On the morning of the following day, the widow encountered the old
+domestic, who was passing her, with as much apparent indifference, as
+though she had never entrusted him, with any important commission.
+Surprised by his behavior, she called him to her private
+apartment--"Well," said she, "have you executed the business, which I gave
+you in charge?"--"Oh," said he, with an air of provoking indifference,
+"that is all over, I believe."--"How so," inquired the widow--"did you
+deliver my message correctly?"--"In your own words," he replied--"my
+master would make any sacrifice to make you his wife; and is entirely
+persuaded, by your arguments, to give up the objection he stated, in
+regard to his being the disciple of Chuang-tsze; but there are three other
+objections, which it will be impossible to overcome; and which his sense
+of delicacy forbids him to exhibit before you."--"Poh, poh," said the
+widow, "let me hear what they are, and we shall then see, whether they are
+insurmountable or not."--"Well, madam," said the old man, "since you
+command me, I will state them, as nearly as I can, in the words of my
+young master. The first of these three objections is this----"
+
+
+
+
+No. CXXI.
+
+
+We were about to exhibit those three objections of the young disciple, to
+his marriage, with the widow of Chuang-tsze, when we were summoned away,
+by professional duties. Let us proceed--"The first of my master's
+objections," said the old domestic, "is this--the coffin of Chuang-tsze is
+still in the hall of ceremony. A sight, so sad and solemnizing, is
+absolutely inconsistent with the nuptial celebration. The world would cry
+out upon such inconsistency. In the second place, the fame of your late
+husband was so great--his love for you so devoted--yours for him so ardent
+and sincere, and founded, so obviously, upon his learning and wisdom--that
+my master fears it will be impossible for him, to supply the place of so
+good, and so great, a man; and that you will, ere long, despise him, for
+his inferiority; and that your affections will be entirely and
+unchangeably fixed, on the memory of the great defunct. The third and
+last objection, named by my master, whose passion for you knows no
+bounds, is serious indeed. Though of lofty pedigree, he is very poor. He
+has neither money nor lands; and has not the means of purchasing those
+marriage gifts, which custom requires him to offer."
+
+"And are these the only objections?" said she. "There are no others," he
+replied; "if it were not for these insurmountable objections, the
+happiness of my master would be complete, and he would openly manifest
+that passion, by which he is now secretly consumed."
+
+"They are, by no means, insurmountable," said the young widow, with
+animation. "As for the coffin, what is it? A mere shell, containing the
+remains of poor Chuang-tsze. It is not absolutely necessary, that it
+should remain in the hall, during these one hundred days. At the farther
+end of my garden is an ancient smoke-house. It is quite dilapidated, and
+no longer in use. Some of my people shall carry the coffin thither,
+without farther delay. So you may inform your sweet, young master, that
+his first objection will be instantly removed. And why should he distress
+himself so needlessly, in regard to the second? Chuang-tsze certainly
+passed, with the world, for a great philosopher, and a wonderful man. The
+world sees from a distance. A sort of haze or mist impedes its vision.
+Minute particulars escape its observation. That, which is smooth and fair,
+seen from afar, may appear full of inequalities to one, who is near at
+hand. God forbid, that I should undervalue the dead; but it is well known,
+that Chuang-tsze repudiated his second wife, because she did not precisely
+suit his humor, and then married me. His great reputation induced a
+certain sovereign, to appoint him his chief minister. But the philosopher
+was not deficient in shrewdness--he knew his incapacity, and resolved to
+hide himself, in that solitude, where we have vegetated, so long."
+
+"About a month ago, he encountered a young widow, who, with a large fan,
+was endeavoring to dry up her husband's grave, because she could not marry
+again, under the condition her husband had imposed upon her, until this
+was done. Chuang-tsze, if you will believe it, made the acquaintance of
+this shameless woman; and actually assisted her, in drying up her
+husband's grave. She gave him a fan, as a keepsake; and he valued it
+highly. I got possession of it however, and tore it to tatters. You see
+how great my obligations are to this wonderful philosopher; and you may
+judge of the real affection, which I must feel, for the memory of such a
+man."
+
+"The last objection," continued the widow, "is easily disposed of. I will
+furnish your master with all the means he can desire. Chuang-tsze, to do
+the man justice, has left me the absolute mistress of an ample
+fortune--here, present these twenty taels to your master, from me, with
+such expressions of devotion, as may befit the lips of one, whose heart is
+all his own; and say to him, unless he himself is desirous of a longer
+delay, that, as the whole of life is not too long for love, I shall be
+happy, if he desires it, to become his bride, this very day."
+
+Thus far the course of true love, in despite of the proverb, certainly ran
+smooth.
+
+"Here," said the young disciple, upon sight of the twenty taels, as he
+turned them over, "is something substantial--run back immediately to the
+widow, and tell her my passion will endure the curb no longer. I am
+entirely at her disposal." The widow was quite beside herself, upon
+receiving these tidings; and, casting off her garments of heaviness, she
+began to embellish her fine person. The coffin of Chuang-tsze, by her
+directions, was immediately transferred to the old smoke-house.
+
+The hall was made ready, for the approaching nuptials. If murmurs
+occasionally arose, among the old, faithful domestics of Chuang-tsze, the
+widow's passion was more blind than moonless midnight, and deafer than the
+time-stricken adder. A gorgeous feast was made ready. The shades of
+evening drew on apace--the lanterns were lighted up, in all
+directions--the nuptial torch cast forth its bright beams from an elevated
+table.
+
+At the appointed signal, the bridegroom entered, most skilfully and
+splendidly arrayed,--so that his fine, manly figure was exhibited, to the
+greatest advantage. The young widow soon appeared, her countenance the
+very tabernacle of pleasure, and her bewitching form, adorned in the most
+costly silks, and splendid embroidery. They placed themselves, side by
+side, in front of the hymeneal taper, arrayed in pearls, and diamonds, and
+tissue of gold. Those salutations, which custom demands, having been duly
+performed, and the bride and bridegroom having wished each other eternal
+felicity, in that manner, which the marriage rites prescribe, the
+bridegroom holding the hand of the bride, they proceeded to the festal
+hall; and having drunk from the goblet of mutual fidelity, they took their
+places, at the banqueting board.
+
+The repast went joyously forward--the darkest cloud--how suddenly will it
+come over the smiling face of the bewitching moon! The festival had not
+yet passed, when the bridegroom fell to the floor, in horrible
+convulsions. With eyes turned upward, and mouth frightfully distorted, he
+became an object of horror. The bride, whose passion for the young
+disciple was ardent and sincere, screamed aloud. She threw herself, in all
+her bridal array, upon the floor, by his side; clasped him in her arms;
+covered him with kisses; and implored him, to say what she could do, to
+afford him relief. Miserable youth! He was unable to reply, and seemed
+about to expire.
+
+The old domestic rushed into the apartment, upon hearing the noise, and
+taking his master from the floor, proceeded to shake him with violence.
+"My God," cried the lady, "has this ever happened before?" "Yes, Madam,"
+he replied, "he has a return of it about once, in every year." "And, for
+Heaven's sake, tell me what remedies do you employ?" she eagerly inquired.
+"There is one sovereign remedy," the old man replied; "his physician
+considers it a specific." "And what is it? tell me, in the name of
+Confucius," she passionately exclaimed, for the convulsions were growing
+more violent. "Nothing will restore him, but the brains of a man, recently
+dead, taken in warm wine. His father, who was governor of a province, when
+his son was last attacked, in this way, caused a criminal to be executed,
+that his brains might be thus employed." "Good God!" exclaimed the
+agonizing bride, for the convulsions, after a short remission, were
+returning, with redoubled violence, and the bridegroom was foaming
+terribly, at the mouth. "Tell me instantly, will the brains of a man who
+died a natural death answer as well?" "Undoubtedly," the old servant
+replied. "Well then," said she, in a tone somewhat subdued--"there is
+Chuang-tsze in the smoke-house." "Ah, Madam," said the old domestic, "I am
+aware of it--it occurred to me--but I feared to suggest it." "And of what
+possible use," she exclaimed, "can the brains of old Chuang-tsze be to him
+now, I should like to know?"
+
+At this moment, the convulsions became absolutely terrific. "These
+returns," said the old man, "will become more and more violent, till they
+destroy my poor master. There is no time to be lost." The wretched bride
+rushed from the apartment, and, seizing a hatchet, which happened to be
+lying in the outer passage, she hastily made her way to the old
+smoke-house. Elevating the hatchet above her head, she struck a violent
+blow, on the lid of the coffin.
+
+If the whole force of the blow had descended upon a secret spring, the lid
+could not have risen more suddenly. It seemed like the power of magic. The
+bride turned her eyes upon the closed lids of the corpse--they gradually
+opened; and the balls were slowly turned, and steadily fixed, upon her. In
+an instant Chuang-tsze sat, bolt upright, in his coffin! She sent forth a
+shriek of terror--the hatchet fell from her paralyzed hand--the cold sweat
+of confusion gathered thickly upon her brow.
+
+"My beloved wife," said the philosopher, with perfect calmness, "be so
+obliging as to lend me your hand, that I may get out.--I have had a
+charming nap," continued he, as he took the lamp from her hand, and
+advanced towards the hall. She followed, trembling at every step, and
+dreading the meeting, between the old philosopher and the young disciple.
+
+Though the air of unwonted festivity, under the light of the waning
+tapers, still hung over the apartment, fortunately the youth and the old
+servant seemed to have departed. Upon this, her courage, in some measure,
+revived, and, turning a look of inexpressible tenderness upon
+Chuang-tsze--"Dearest husband," said she, "how I have cherished your
+memory! My day thoughts and dreams have been all of you. I have often
+heard, that the apparent dead were revived, especially if not confined
+within closed apartments. I therefore caused your precious coffin to be
+removed, where the cool, refreshing air could blow over it. How I have
+watched, and listened, for some evidence of returning life! And how my
+heart leaped into my mouth, when my vigilance was at last rewarded. I flew
+with a hatchet to open the coffin; and, when I saw your dear eyes turned
+upon me, I thought I should"--"I can never repay your devotion," said the
+philosopher, interrupting her, with an expression of ineffable tenderness,
+"but why are you thus gaily apparelled--why these robes--these jewels--my
+love?"
+
+"It seemed to me, my dear husband," she readily replied, "that some
+invisible power assured me of your return to life. How, thought I, can I
+meet my beloved Chuang-tsze, in the garments of heaviness? No; it will be
+like a return of our wedding day; and thus, you see, I have resumed my
+bridal array, and the jewels you gave me, during our honeymoon."--"Ah,"
+said the philosopher, "how considerate you are--you always had your
+thoughts about you." He then drew near the table. The wedding taper, which
+was then burning low in its socket, cast its equivocal rays upon the
+gorgeous bowls and dishes, which covered the festal board. Chuang-tsze
+surveyed them attentively, in silence; and, calling for warm wine,
+deliberately drained the goblet, while the lady stood near him, trembling
+with confusion and terror.
+
+At length, setting down the goblet, and pointing his finger--"Look behind
+you!" he exclaimed. She turned her head, and beheld the young disciple, in
+his wedding finery, with his attendant--a second glance, and they were
+gone. Such was the power of this mighty master of magic. The wife slunk to
+her apartment; and, resolving not to survive her shame and disappointment,
+unloosened her wedding girdle, and ascending to the garret, hung herself
+therewith, to one of the cross-beams, until she was dead. Tidings were
+soon brought to Chuang-tsze, who, deliberately feeling her pulse, and
+ascertaining that she was certainly dead, cut her down, and placed her
+precious remains, in the coffin, in the old smoke-house.
+
+He then proceeded to indulge his philosophical humor. He sat down, among
+the flickering lamps, at the solitary board, and struck up a dirge,
+accompanying his voice, by knocking with the chopsticks, and whatever else
+was convenient to his purpose, upon the porcelain bowls and dishes, which
+he finally broke into a thousand pieces, and setting fire to his mansion,
+he consumed it to ashes, together with the smoke-house, and all its
+valuable contents.
+
+He then, abandoning all thoughts of taking another wife, travelled into
+the recesses of Latinguin, in pursuit of his old master, Laoukeun, whom,
+at length, he discovered. There he acquired the reputation of a profound
+philosopher; and lay down, at last, in the peaceful grave, where wicked
+widows cease from troubling, and weary widowers are at rest.
+
+
+
+
+No. CXXII.
+
+
+A grasshopper was not the crest of Peter Faneuil's arms. I formerly
+supposed it was; for a gilded grasshopper, as half the world knows, is the
+vane upon the cupola of Faneuil Hall; and a gilded grasshopper, as many of
+us well remember, whirled about, of yore, upon the little spire, that rose
+above the summer-house, appurtenant to the mansion, where Peter Faneuil
+lived, and died. That house was built, and occupied, by his uncle, Andrew;
+and he had some seven acres, for his garden thereabouts. It was upon the
+westerly side of old _Treamount_ Street, and became the residence of the
+late William Phillips, whose political relations to the people of
+Massachusetts, as their Lieutenant Governor, could not preserve him from
+the sobriquet of _Billy_.
+
+I thought it not unlikely, that Peter's crest was a grasshopper, and that,
+on that account, he had become partial to this emblem. But I am duly
+certified, that it was not so. The selection of a grasshopper, for a vane,
+was made, in imitation of their example, who placed the very same thing,
+upon the pinnacle of the Royal Exchange, in London. The arms of the
+Faneuils I have seen, upon the silver castors, which once were Peter's
+own; and, upon his decease, became the property of his brother, Benjamin,
+from whom they descended to his only daughter, Mary Faneuil, who became,
+October 13, 1754, the wife of George Bethune, now deceased; and was the
+mother of George Bethune, Esquire, who will complete his eighty-second
+year, in April, 1851. From this gentleman, whose grand-uncle Peter Faneuil
+was, and from other descendants of old Benjamin Faneuil, of Rochelle, I
+have received some facts and documents--interesting to me--possibly to
+others.
+
+In conversation with an antiquarian friend, not long ago, we agreed, that
+very much less was generally known of Peter Faneuil, than of almost any
+other great, public benefactor. His name, nevertheless, is inseparably
+associated, with the cradle of American liberty. Drs. Eliot and Allen, in
+their Biographical Dictionaries, have passed him over, very slightingly,
+the former finishing up this noble-hearted Huguenot, with fifteen lines;
+and the latter, with eight; while not a few of their pages have been
+devoted, to the very dullest doctors of the drowsiest theology, and to--
+
+  "Names ignoble, born to be forgot."
+
+Mr. Farmer, in his Genealogical Register, does not seem to be aware, that
+the name of Faneuil existed, for he has not even found a niche for it
+there. His Register, I am aware, purports to be a register of the "_First
+Settlers_." But he has found room for the Baudouins (Bowdoins) and their
+descendants. They also were Huguenots; and came hither, with the Faneuils,
+after 1685. One of that family, as will be more fully shown, Claude
+Baudoin, presented Peter Faneuil in baptism. Yet, such was the public
+sense of Peter's favors, _when they were green_, that John Lovell--that
+same Master Lovell, who retired with the British army, in 1776--delivered,
+under an appointment of the town, an oration, to commemorate the virtues,
+and laud the munificence of Peter Faneuil. Such, in truth, was the very
+first occasion, upon which the citizens were summoned to listen to the
+voice of an orator, in Faneuil Hall; and then, in honor of him, who
+perfected the noble work, at his own proper cost, and whose death so
+speedily followed its completion--for a noble work assuredly it was,
+relatively to the times, in which it was wrought.
+
+The Faneuils were Huguenots. The original pronunciation of this patronymic
+must have been somewhat different from the present: there was an excusable
+_naivete_, in the inquiry of a rural visitant of the city--if a well known
+mechanical establishment, with a tall, tubular chimney, were not _Funnel_
+Hall?
+
+After the revocation of the edict of Nantes, by Louis XIV., in 1685, the
+Faneuils, in common with many other Huguenots of France,--the Baudouins,
+the Bernons, the Sigourneys, the Boudinots, the Pringles, the Hugers, the
+Boutineaus, the Jays, the Laurenses, the Manigaults, the Marions, the
+Prioleaus, and many others, came to these North American shores--as our
+pilgrim fathers came--to worship God, in security, and according to their
+consciences. Many of these persecuted men conferred, upon their adopted
+home, those blessings, which the exercise of their talents, and the
+influence of their characters, and of the talents and characters of their
+descendants have confirmed to our common country, for many generations.
+
+They came, by instalments, and arrived at different points. Thirty
+families of these expatriated Protestants came hither, and settled upon a
+tract, eight miles square, in the "Nipmug country," where now stands the
+town of Oxford, in the County of Worcester. This settlement commenced, in
+Gov. Dudley's time, and under his particular auspices; but continued only
+till 1696, when it was broken up, by the inroads of the savages. In the
+overthrow of this settlement, rum was a material agent, and occasioned,
+though upon a very small scale, a second massacre of some of these
+Huguenots. There is a letter to Gov. Dudley, from M. Bondet, the Huguenot
+clergyman, dated July 6, 1691, complaining bitterly of the unrestricted
+sale, among the Indians, of this fatal fire water; and giving a graphic
+account of the uproar and outrage it produced.
+
+After the failure of this attempt, many of the scattered planters
+collected, in Boston. For several years, they gathered, for devotional
+purposes, in one of the larger school-houses. Jan. 4, 1704, they purchased
+a piece of land, in South School Street, of John Mears, a hatter, for
+"L110 current silver money of New England;" but, for several years, the
+selectmen, for some cause, unknown to us, refused their consent, that
+these worthy French Protestants should build their church thereon. About
+twelve years after the purchase of the land, the little church--the
+visible temple--went up. It was of brick, and very small. Monsieur Pierre
+Daille was their first pastor, Andre Le Mercier the second; and, if there
+be any truth, in tradition, these Huguenot shepherds were pure and holy
+men. Daille died testate, May 20, 1715. His will bears date May 15, of
+that year. He directs his body to be interred, at the discretion of his
+executor, James Bowdoin, "_with this restriction, that there be no wine at
+my funeral, and that none of my wife's relations have mourning cloaths_."
+He empowers his executor to give them gloves; and scarfs and gloves to all
+the ministers of Boston. To his wife, Martha, he gives L350, Province
+bills, and his negro man, Kuffy. His Latin and French books he gives to
+the French Church, as _the nucleus of a library_. L100 to be put at
+interest for the use of the minister. L10 to be improved by the elders,
+for the use of the church, and should a meeting-house be built, then in
+aid of that object. To John Rawlins the French schoolmaster, L5. He then
+makes his brother Paul, of Armsfort, in Holland, residuary legatee. His
+"_books and arms_" were appraised at L2. 10. The whole estate at L274. 10.
+sterling.
+
+Le Mercier dedicated his book, on Detraction, to his people. Therein he
+says, "You have not despised my youth, when I first came among you; you
+have since excused my infirmities; and, as I did the same, in respect to
+yours, it has pleased our Saviour, the head of his church, to favor us
+with an uninterrupted peace and union in our church, for the almost
+eighteen years that I have preached the word of salvation to you." His
+book was published in 1733. He therefore became their pastor between 1715,
+when Daille died, and 1716. He died March 31, 1764, aged 71. He was
+therefore born in 1693, and ordained about the age of 22.
+
+Le Mercier's will is dated, at Dorchester, Nov. 7, 1761. A codicil was
+added, at Boston, Feb. 3, 1764. He left his estate to his four children,
+"_Andrew, Margaret, Jane, and my son Bartholomew, if living_." He enjoins
+upon his heirs the payment of Bartholomew's debt to Thomas Hancock, for
+which he had become responsible, and which he had partly paid. By his
+will, he appointed Jane and Margaret to execute his will. In the codicil,
+he refers to the disordered state of Margaret's mind, and appoints
+Zachariah Johonnot, in her stead, requesting him to be her guardian. The
+whole estate was appraised at L232. 18. 6. sterling.
+
+Years rolled on: juxtaposition and intermarriage were Americanising these
+Huguenots, from month to month; and, ere long, they felt, less and less,
+the necessity of any separate place of worship. On the 7th of May, 1748,
+"Stephen Boutineau, the only surviving elder," and others, among whom we
+recognize the Huguenot names of Johonnot, Packinett, Boudoin, and
+Sigourney, conveyed their church and land to Thomas Fillebrown, Thomas
+Handyside Peck, and others, trustees for the "new congregational church,
+whereof Mr. Andrew Croswell is pastor." After a while, this church became
+the property of the Roman Catholics; and mass was first celebrated there,
+Nov. 2, 1788. The Catholics, in 1803, having removed to Franklin Place,
+the old Huguenot church was taken down; and, upon the site of it, a temple
+was erected, by the Universalists; showing incontrovertibly, thank God,
+that the soil was most happily adapted to toleration.
+
+The reader fancies, perhaps, that I have forgotten Peter Faneuil. Not so:
+but I must linger a little longer with these Huguenots, who attempted a
+settlement in the Nipmug country. In the southwesterly part of Oxford,
+there rises a lofty hill, whose summit affords an extensive and delightful
+prospect. Beneath, at the distance of a mile, or more, lies the village
+of Oxford; and the scenery, beyond, is exceedingly picturesque. Upon this
+eminence, which now bears the name of Mayo's Hill, are the well-defined
+remains of an ancient fort. Its construction is perfectly regular. The
+bastions are clearly marked; and the old well, constructed within the
+barrier, still remains. As recently, as 1819, says the Rev. Dr. Holmes, in
+his able and interesting account of the Huguenots, "grapevines were
+growing luxuriantly, along the line of this fort; and these, together with
+currant bushes, roses, and other shrubbery, nearly formed a hedge around
+it. There were some remains of an apple orchard. The currant and asparagus
+were still growing there."
+
+Such were the vestiges of these thirty families, who, in 1696, fled from a
+foe, not more savage and relentless, though less enlightened, than the
+murderers of Coligny, in 1572.
+
+The Faneuils formed no part of these thirty families; but, not many years
+after the little Oxford colony was broken up, and the fugitive survivors
+had found their way to Boston, the Faneuils, one after another, seem to
+have been attracted hither, from those points of our country, where they
+first arrived, after the revocation of the edict of Nantes, in 1685, or
+from other, intermediate stations, to which they had removed.
+
+There are not elements enough, I fear, for a very interesting memoir of
+Peter Faneuil. The materials, even for a brief account, are marvellously
+few, and far between; and the very best result, to be anticipated, is a
+warp and woof of shreds and patches.
+
+But, if I am not much mistaken, I know more of Peter Faneuil, than Master
+Lovell ever wot of, though he delivered the funeral oration; and, albeit
+the sum total is very small, it seems but meet and right, that it should
+be given to the world. I think it would so be decided, by the citizens, if
+the vote were taken, this very day--in _Faneuil Hall_.
+
+Our _neighbors_, all over the United States have heard of _Faneuil Hall_;
+and, though, of late years, since we have had a race, or breed, of mayors,
+every one of whom has endeavored to be _worthier_ or more _conceding_ than
+his predecessor, Faneuil Hall has been converted into a sort of omnibus
+without wheels; yet the glory of its earlier, and of some, among its
+latter days, is made, thank God, of that unchangeable stuff, that will
+never shrink, and cannot fade.
+
+No man has ever heard of Faneuil Hall, who will not be pleased to hear
+somewhat of that noble-minded, whole-souled descendant of the primitive
+Huguenots--and such indeed he was--who came, as a stranger and sojourner
+here, and built that hall, at his own proper cost and charge, and gave
+it--the gift of a cheerful giver--to those, among whom he had come to
+dwell--and all this, in the midst of his days, in the very prime of his
+life, not waiting for the almond tree to flourish, and for desire to fail,
+and for the infirmities of age to admonish the rich man, that he must set
+his house in order, and could carry nothing with him, to those regions
+beyond.
+
+Faneuil Hall has been called the _Cradle of Liberty_, so long and so
+often, that it may seem to savor of political heresy, to quarrel with the
+name--but, for the soul of me, I cannot help it. If it be intended to say,
+that Faneuil Hall is the _birth place_ of Liberty, I am not aware of a
+single instance, on record, of a baby, _born in a cradle_. The proverbial
+use of the cradle has ever been to rock the baby to sleep; and Heaven
+knows our old fathers made no such use of Faneuil Hall, in their early
+management of the bantling; for it was an ever-wakeful child, from the
+very moment of its first, sharp, shrill, life cry.
+
+
+
+
+No. CXXIII.
+
+
+General Jackson has been reported--how justly I know not--upon some
+occasion, in a company of ladies, to have given a brief, but spirited,
+description of all his predecessors, in the Presidential chair, till he
+came down to the time of President Tyler, when, seizing his hat, he
+proceeded to bow himself out of the room. The ladies, however, insisted
+upon his completing the catalogue--_"Well, ladies," said he, "it is matter
+of history, and may therefore be spoken--President Tyler, ladies,
+was--pretty much nothing."_
+
+A very felicitous description; and not of very limited application to men
+and things. I cannot find a better, for Master John Lovell's funeral
+oration, upon Peter Faneuil. This affair, which Dr. Snow, in his history
+of Boston, calls "_a precious relic_," is certainly a wonderfully
+flatulent performance. A time-stained copy of the original edition of
+1743 lies under my eye. I hoped, not unreasonably, that it would be a lamp
+to my path, in searching after the historical assets of Peter Faneuil. But
+not one ray of light has it afforded me; and, with one or two exceptions,
+in relation to the _Hall_, and the general beneficence of its founder, it
+is, in no sense, more of a funeral oration, upon Peter Faneuil, than upon
+Peter Smink. In their vote of thanks to Master Lovell, passed on the day
+of its delivery, the committee speak of "_his oration_," very judiciously
+abstaining from all unwarrantable expletives. From this oration we can
+discover nothing of Faneuil's birth-place, nor parentage, nor when, nor
+whence, nor wherefore he came hither; nor of the day of his birth, nor of
+the day of his death, nor of the disease of which he died; nor of his
+habits of life, nor of the manner, in which he acquired his large estate;
+nor of his religious opinions, nor of his ancestors.
+
+We collect, however, from these meagre pages, that Mr. Faneuil meditated
+other benefactions to the town--that his death was sudden--that votes of
+thanks had been passed, for his donation of the Hall, "a few months
+before"--that the meeting, at which the oration was pronounced, March 14,
+1742, was the very first annual meeting, in Faneuil Hall--that Peter
+Faneuil was the owner of "a large and plentiful estate"--that "no man
+managed his affairs with greater prudence and industry"--that "he fed the
+hungry and clothed the naked; comforted the fatherless and the widows, in
+their affliction, and his bounty visited the prisoner."
+
+Master Lovell, not inelegantly, observes of Faneuil's intended
+benefactions, which were prevented by his death--"_His intended charities,
+though they are lost to us, will not be lost to him. Designs of goodness
+and mercy, prevented as these were, will meet with the reward of
+actions_." This passage appears to have found favor, in the eyes of the
+late Dr. Boyle, who has, accordingly, on page 21, of his memoir of the
+Boston Episcopal Charitable Society, when speaking of Faneuil, made a very
+free and familiar appropriation of it, with a slight verbal variation.
+
+Master Lovell's fervent aspirations, in regard to Faneuil Hall, one
+hundred and nine years ago, have not been fulfilled, to the letter. The
+gods have granted the orator's prayer--"_May Liberty always spread its
+joyful wings over this place_"--but not with Master Lovell's conditions
+annexed; for he adds--"_May_ LOYALTY _to a_ KING, _under whom we enjoy
+that Liberty, ever remain our character_."
+
+In this particular, Master Lovell was not to be indulged. Yet he steadily
+adhered to his tory principles; and, like many other conscientious and
+honorable men, whom it is much less the fashion to abuse, at present, than
+it was, of yore, adhered to his royal master; and relinquished his own
+sceptre, as monarch of the South Grammar School, with all the honors and
+emoluments thereof, choosing rather to suffer affliction, with his
+thwarted and mortified master, than to enjoy the pleasures of rebellion,
+for a season. He retired to Halifax, with the British army, in 1776, and
+died there, in 1778.
+
+Original copies of Master Lovell's oration are exceedingly rare; though
+the "_precious relic_" has been reprinted, by Dr. Snow, in his history of
+Boston. The title may be worth preserving--"A funeral oration, delivered
+at the opening of the annual meeting of the town, March 14th, 1742. In
+Faneuil Hall, in Boston. Occasioned by the death of the founder, Peter
+Faneuil Esq. By John Lovell, A. M., Master of the South Grammar School, in
+Boston. _Sui memores alios fecere merendo._ Boston, printed by Green,
+Bushell & Allen, for S. Kneeland & T. Green, in Queen Street, 1743."
+
+As an eminent historian conceived it to be a matter of indifference, at
+which end he commenced his history, I shall not adhere to any
+chronological arrangement, in the presentation of the few facts, which I
+have collected, relating to Peter Faneuil and his family. On the contrary,
+I shall begin at the latter end, and, first, endeavor to clear up a little
+confusion, that has arisen, as to the time of his death. Allen, in his
+Biog. Dic., says, that Peter Faneuil died, March 3, 1743. I am sorry to
+say, that, in several instances, President Allen's _dates_ resemble
+Jeremiah's _figs_, in the second basket; though, upon the present
+occasion, he is right, on a certain hypothesis. In a note to the "Memoir
+of the French Protestants," also, M. H. C. vol. xxii. p. 55, Peter Faneuil
+is said to have died, March 3, 1743. Pemberton, in his "Description of
+Boston," Ibid. v. 3, p. 253, by stating that the funeral oration was
+delivered, March 14, 1742, makes 1742 the year of Faneuil's death. The
+title page of the oration itself, quoted above, fixes the death, in 1742.
+Dr. Eliot, in his Biog. Dic., says 1742. The Probate records of Suffolk
+show administration granted, on Peter Faneuil's estate, March 18, 1742.
+His _obiit_, on a mourning ring, that I have seen, is 1742.
+
+Now, if all dealers in dates, of the olden time, would discriminate,
+between the old style and the new, we should be spared a vast deal of
+vexation; and the good people of Boston, notional as they proverbially
+are, would not appear, in their creditable zeal to do honor to a public
+benefactor, to have given him a funeral oration, a twelve month before he
+was dead. If the year be taken to begin, on the first of January, then Dr.
+Allen is right; and Peter Faneuil died March 3, 1743. But if it did not
+begin, till the twenty-fifth of March, and, legally, it certainly did not,
+before 1752, when the new style was adopted, in Great Britain, and the
+Provinces, then Eliot, and Pemberton, and the title page of the oration,
+and the records of the court, and the mourning ring are right, and Peter
+Faneuil died, in 1742.
+
+An illustration of this principle may be found, on the title page of the
+oration itself. It is stated to have been delivered, March 14, 1742, and
+printed in 1743. Having been delivered near the close of the year 1742, it
+was printed, doubtless, soon after March 25, which was New Year's day for
+1743.
+
+The public journals, nevertheless, seem to have adopted, and adhered to
+the idea, that January 1, was the first day of the historical year, long
+before the style was altered; and thus, in the Weekly News Letter,
+published in Boston, Faneuil is stated to have died, in 1743. This journal
+contains an obituary notice. A few imperfect numbers of this paper are all
+that remain, and its extreme rarity leads me to copy the obituary here:--
+
+"Thursday, March 10, 1743. On Thursday last, dyed at his seat in this
+Town, PETER FANEUIL, Esq., whose remains, we hear, are to be enterred this
+afternoon; a gentleman, possessed of a very ample fortune, and a most
+generous spirit, whose noble benefaction to this town, and constant
+employment of a great number of tradesmen, artificers and labourers, to
+whom he was a liberal paymaster; whose hospitality to all, and secret
+unbounded chirity to the poor--made his life a public blessing, and his
+death a general loss to, and universally regretted by, the inhabitants;
+who had been so sensible of their obligations to him, for the sumptuous
+edifice, which he raised at his private expence, for their Market house
+and Town Hall, that, at a general town meeting, as a testimony of their
+gratitude, they voted, that the place of their future consultations should
+be called by his name forever: in doing which they perpetuated their own
+honor as much as his memory; for, by this record posterity will know the
+most publick spirited man, in all regards, that ever yet appeared on the
+Northern continent of America, was a member of their community."
+
+In the Boston Evening Post of March 7, 1743, in a brief notice of Peter
+Faneuil's death, the disease of which he died is said to have been
+"_dropsey_."
+
+Now that we have established the period of Peter's death, it may be well,
+to establish the period of his birth; and this we can do, with certainty,
+even to an hour, from authentic documents. In addition to other means, for
+ascertaining dates, and various particulars, respecting Peter Faneuil, and
+the members of his family--through the kindness of the Genealogical
+Society, I have, before me, a folio volume of his commercial
+correspondence: mutilated, indeed it is, by some thoughtless hand, but
+furnishes some curious and interesting matter. Many of his letters are
+written in French; and those, which are in English, are well composed. I
+have found but a single instance, in which he writes our language, like a
+Frenchman. Upon that occasion, he was in a passion with a certain judge of
+the admiralty, complained of his ill usage, and charged him with
+"_capporice_."
+
+
+
+
+No. CXXIV.
+
+
+I am indebted to Mr. Charles Faneuil Jones, a grandson of Mary Ann Jones,
+Peter Faneuil's sister, for the use of some ancient papers, and family
+relics; and to George Bethune, Esquire, of Boston, the grandson of
+_Benjamin Faneuil_, Peter's brother, for the loan of a venerable
+document--time worn, torn, and sallow--the record of the birth of Peter
+Faneuil, and of his brothers and sisters. This document, from its manifest
+antiquity, the masculine character of the hand writing, and the constant
+use of the parental expressions--_notre fils_--_notre fille_--I, at first,
+supposed to be the original autograph of _Benjamin_, the father of Peter.
+This conjecture was, of course, demolished, by the last entry, on the
+record, which is of old _Benjamin's_ decease, but in the same peculiar
+hand.
+
+The document is in French; and, after a careful
+comparison--_literatim_--with the volume of Peter's commercial
+correspondence, now in my possession--I have very little doubt, that this
+record was copied, by Peter, from the paternal original, with the
+additional entry, by himself, of the date of his father's death. At the
+bottom, and beneath a line of separation, and by another hand, with a
+fresher ink, is the following entry--"_Le 6 D'Aout 1725, M. Gillam
+Phillips de Boston a epousee ma Fille Marie Faneuil agee de dix sept et
+quatre mois_." The 6th of August, 1725, Mr. Gillam Phillips, of Boston,
+married my daughter, Marie, aged seventeen and four months. The expression
+_ma file_, shows this entry to have been made by Peter's mother, then the
+widow of _Benjamin_, who appears, by this record, to have died, at New
+York, March 31, 1718-9, aged 50 years and 8 months.
+
+This unusual praenomen, _Gillam_, I, at first, supposed to be a corruption
+of _Guillaume_. But there was a merchant, of that day, in Boston, bearing
+the name of _Gillam Phillips_. In the Registry of Deeds, for Suffolk, lib.
+43, fol. 13, there is recorded a deed, from "_Wentworth Paxton, and Faith,
+his wife, formerly Faith Gillam_," in which, reference is made to Faith's
+father, _Benjamin Gillam_. Mr. Gillam Phillips is thus named, in the will
+of his wife's uncle, Andrew Faneuil, to which I shall have occasion to
+refer. Jan 22, 1738, Peter, in a letter to Lane & Smethurst, of London,
+speaks of his brother-in-law, _Mr. Gillam Phillips_.
+
+This gentleman was the elder brother of _Mr. Henry Phillips_, who was
+indicted, for killing Mr. Benjamin Woodbridge, in a duel, fought with
+swords, and without seconds, on Boston Common, upon the evening of July 3,
+1728. This extremely interesting affair cannot be introduced, as an
+episode here, on account of the space it must necessarily occupy. The
+original documents, relating to this encounter, which terminated in the
+immediate death of Mr. Woodbridge, have fallen into my possession; and, as
+Peter Faneuil personally assisted, in the escape of the survivor, who
+found a city of refuge, in Rochelle, and a friend and protector, in
+Peter's uncle, _Jean Faneuil_; it seems, in some degree, related to the
+history of Peter and his kinsfolk. I may, possibly, refer to it hereafter.
+
+In 1685, the period of the revocation of the edict of Nantes, there were
+living, in or near Rochelle, in France, three brothers and two sisters of
+the Faneuil family. One of these, _Benjamin_, became the father of _our_
+Peter Faneuil--the others, his uncles and aunts, when the persecution
+commenced, so ably and touchingly described, by James Saurin, fled for
+safety to foreign lands. Andrew, the elder brother, escaped into Holland,
+and took up his abode in Amsterdam; where he married that preeminently
+beautiful lady, whose portrait is now in the possession of Col. Benjamin
+Hunt, whose mother was Jane Bethune, a daughter of Mary Faneuil, the neice
+of Peter.
+
+_Andrew Faneuil_, before many years, came to this country--precisely when,
+I cannot say. That he was here, as early as 1709, is evident, from the
+proposals of Oliver Noyes and others, to build a wharf from the bottom of
+King Street, to low-water mark, "of the width of King Street, between Mr.
+East Apthorp's and Mr. Andrew Faneuil's." These proposals are dated Feb.
+20, 1709, and are inserted in Dr. Snow's History of Boston, p. 209.
+
+In Holland, doubtless, Andrew acquired that passion, for flowers, which he
+gratified, in his seven-acre Eden, on the westerly side of Treamount
+Street, where he is said to have erected the first hothouse, that ever
+existed in New England. His warehouse, the same, by him devised, for the
+support of the minister of the French Church, was at the lower end of King
+Street, near Merchant's Row, from which Butler's Wharf then extended, as
+laid down, by John Bonner, in 1722. This warehouse, under the will of
+Andrew, reverted, to his heirs, upon the extinction of the French Church.
+It was then, just where we find it, in the New England Weekly Journal, of
+Jan. 13, 1729. "_Good New York Flower. To be sold, at Mr. Andrew Faneuil's
+Warehouse, at the lower end of King Street, at 35s per Hundred, as also
+good chocolate, just imported._" He was engaged in commerce; and, for
+those days of small things, acquired a large estate, which his forecast
+taught him to distribute, among the public funds of France, England, and
+Holland. His warehouse was purchased of one of his descendants, by the
+late John Parker.
+
+_Jean Faneuil_, another of Peter's uncles, held fast to the faith of his
+fathers; and lived, and died, a Roman Catholic. He died in Rochelle, of
+apoplexy, June 24, 1737, about four months after the decease of his
+brother Andrew, as appears by Peter's letter of Sept. 8, 1737.
+
+_Susannah Faneuil_ also continued, in the Roman Catholic faith, and
+remained in Rochelle; where she became the wife, and the widow, of Abraham
+de la Croix. She survived her brother Andrew, the date of whose decease is
+clearly shown to have been Feb. 13, 1737, by Peter's letter to S. & W.
+Baker, of London, giving them the inscription, "_for the handsomest
+mourning rings_."
+
+_Jane Faneuil_ was a Huguenot. She became the wife of Pierre Cossart, and
+took refuge, with her husband, in Ireland, where she died.
+
+_Benjamin Faneuil_, the father of _our_ Peter, was closely associated with
+that little band of Huguenots, who clustered about the town of
+Narragansett, otherwise called Kingstown, and the region round about, at
+the very close of the seventeenth century. In that village, in 1699, he
+married a French lady, whose name was Anne Bureau. The record, in Peter's
+transcript from his father's original, is now upon my table--"_Le 28 de
+Juillet 1699. Benjamin Faneuil et Anne Bureau ont ete marie a
+Narragansett, en nouvelle Angleterre, en la maison de Mons. Pierre Ayross,
+par Mons. Pierre Daille ministre de L'Eglise francoise de Boston_." The
+28th of July, 1699, Benjamin Faneuil and Ann Bureau were married at
+Narragansett, in New England, at the house of Mr. Peter Ayross, by Mr.
+Peter Daille, minister of the French Church in Boston. Three years before,
+in 1696, Sept. 4, the name of this Benjamin Faneuil will be found, M. H.
+C., xxii. 60, attached to a certificate, in favor of Gabriel Bernon,
+referring to the massacre of John Johnson and his three children, at New
+Oxford. Johnson had married the sister of old _Andre Sigournay_.
+
+This _Benjamin Faneuil_, the praepositus, or stirps, became the father of
+eleven children, by his wife, _Anne Bureau_, who were all born in New
+Rochelle, in the State of New York, and of whom _our_ Peter was the first
+born. Their names, in the order of birth, are these--_Peter_, _Benjamin_,
+_Francis_, _Anne_, _Anne_, _Marie_, _John_, _Anne_, _Susannah_, _Mary
+Anne_, and _Catherine_. The two first Annes, John, and Catherine, died in
+infancy.
+
+The birth of our Peter is thus chronicled, in the family record--"_Le 20
+de Juin, 1700, Estant Jeudy a 6 heures du soir est ne nostre fils Pierre
+Faneuil, et a ete baptise le 14 Juillet, par M. Peyret, ministre de
+l'Eglisse francoise de la Nouvelle York, presente au Bapteme par M. Claude
+Baudoin et par Sa Mere_." The 20th of June, 1700, being Thursday, at 6
+o'clock in the evening, was born our son, Peter Faneuil, and he was
+baptized the 14th of July, by Mr. Peyret, minister of the French Church,
+in New York; presented in baptism, by Mr. Claude Bowdoin and its mother.
+
+_Benjamin_, _our_ Peter's brother, was born Dec. 29, 1701. He was a
+merchant in Boston, about the time of his uncle Andrew's death, in 1737.
+Shortly after that event, he went to England, and France, and returned,
+about two years before the death of his brother Peter, in 1742-3, upon
+whose estate he administered. His nephew, Edward Jones, in a letter to his
+mother, June 23, 1783, informs her, that "_Uncle Faneuil seems to be
+growing very low; I think he will not continue long_." He was then in his
+eighty-second year. He died in October, 1785.
+
+After Peter's death, Benjamin resided in Brighton, then Cambridge, in the
+street, which now bears the family name, where he erected an expensive
+mansion, successively occupied, after his decease, by Messieurs Bethune,
+English, Parkman, and Bigelow. By his wife, Mary Cutler, he had three
+children, Benjamin, Mary, and Peter.
+
+_This_ Benjamin, nephew of _our_ Peter, is the "_Benjamin Faneuil,
+junior_," whose name appears, among the signers of the "_Loyall Address_"
+to Gov. Gage on his departure Oct. 6, 1775. He left Boston for Halifax,
+with the British army, in March, 1776. He is the person, referred to, by
+Ward, in his Memoirs of Curwen--"_the merchant of Boston, and with Joshua
+Winslow, consignee of one third of the East India Company's tea, destroyed
+in 1773, a refugee to Halifax, afterwards in England_." He married Jane,
+daughter of Addington Davenport, by his first wife, Jane, who was the
+daughter of Grove Hirst, and sister of the Lady Mary Pepperell; and, with
+his wife, lived many years, abroad, chiefly in Bristol, England, which
+became the favorite resort of many refugees, and where he died. I have, in
+my possession, several of his letters, written to his relatives, during
+his exile. These letters are spiritedly written; and, to the very last, in
+the most perfect assurance, that the colonies must submit.
+
+_Mary_, _our_ Peter's niece, became the wife of George Bethune, Oct. 13,
+1754, and died in 1797. A portrait, by Blackburn, of this beautiful woman,
+is in the possession of her son, George Bethune, Esquire, of Boston. After
+a very careful inspection of this portrait, not long ago, I went directly
+to the rooms of the Historical Society, to compare it with the portrait
+there of her uncle Peter, to which it seems to me to bear a strong family
+resemblance. This portrait of Peter was presented to the Society, by Miss
+Jones, the grand niece of _our_ Peter, now the wife of Dr. Cutter of
+Pepperell. It has been erroneously ascribed to Copley. If its manifest
+inferiority to the works of that eminent master were not sufficiently
+germaine to this question--Copley was born in 1738, and not quite five
+years old, when Peter Faneuil died.
+
+_Peter_, the youngest child of Benjamin, and, of course, the nephew of
+_our_ Faneuil Hall Peter, who may be otherwise distinguished, as Peter the
+Great--was baptized, in Trinity Church, in Boston, in 1738, and entered
+the Latin School, in 1746. He entered into trade--went to
+Montreal--failed--resorted to the West Indies--and, after his father's
+death, returned to Boston.
+
+
+
+
+No. CXXV.
+
+
+Let us conclude our post mortem examination of the brothers and sisters of
+Peter Faneuil.
+
+_Francis_, the third son of _Benjamin_, the old Rocheller, Peter's father,
+was born Aug. 21, 1703, of whom I know nothing, beyond the fact, that he
+was baptized, by M. Peyret, minister of the French church in New York, and
+presented "_par son grand pere, Francois Bureau, et Mad'selle Anne
+Delancey_."
+
+_Mary_, the eldest sister of _our_ Peter, that came to maturity, was born
+April 16, 1708, and is the _Marie_, to whom I have already referred, as
+having married Mr. Gillam Phillips, Aug. 6, 1725. Their abode, before the
+revolution, was in the mansion, more recently occupied by Abiel Smith, at
+the corner of State and Devonshire Streets; or, as they are called, on
+Bonner's plan of 1722, King Street and Pudding Lane. Her husband was a
+refugee. After his death, she resided in Cambridge, Mass., where she died,
+in April, 1778.
+
+_Anne_, the next, in order of time, was born Oct. 9, 1710, and married
+Addington Davenport. This fact is stated, by Peter, in a letter, of Sept.
+26, 1738. This is the same gentleman, undoubtedly, to whom the ancient
+record of King's Chapel refers: "_Oct. 11, 1733. Voted, that the brass
+stand for the hourglass be lent to the church at Scituate, as also three
+Diaper napkins, provided the Rev. Mr. Addington Davenport, their minister,
+gives his note to return the same_," &c. He was, afterwards, promoted, to
+be assistant minister of King's Chapel, in 1737, and Rector of Trinity
+Church, in 1740, and was, probably, the son of Addington Davenport, who
+was the Register of Deeds, for Suffolk, in 1706.
+
+_Susannah_, the third sister of _our_ Peter, in the order of birth, was
+born March 14, 1712, and became the wife of James Boutineau, the son of
+Stephen Boutineau, that "_only surviving elder_," who joined in the
+conveyance of the French Church, in 1748. James was a royalist; and,
+according to Ward's Curwen, died in exile. This marriage is also referred
+to, by Peter, in his letter of Sept. 26, 1738. Mr. James Boutineau was a
+lawyer, in Boston; and occupied the "_old Dorr house_," so called, in Milk
+Street.
+
+Mr. Sabine, in his "American Loyalists," says _his fate is unknown, but he
+was in England, in 1777_. An original letter from his widow, "_Susanna
+Boutineau_," now before me, is dated _Bristol, Eng., Feb. 20, 1784_, and
+refers to the recent decease of her husband there.
+
+_Mary Ann_ was the last of Peter's sisters, that survived her infancy. She
+was born April 6, 1715, and died October, 1790. She became the wife of
+John Jones, who died at Roxbury, in 1767, and whose son, Edward, died in
+Boston, in 1835, at the age of 83. _She_ was a refugee; and resided, for
+some time, in Windsor, Nova Scotia. She is omitted by Mr. Sabine, in his
+list of refugees; but named by Ward, page 444. A letter, from her son,
+Edward, dated at Boston, June 23, 1783, advises her, if desirous of
+returning, not to come directly to Boston, as the law was still in force;
+but first, to some other State, and thence to Boston.
+
+Such were Peter Faneuil's brothers and sisters; with whom, so far as I
+have been able to ascertain, from his correspondence, and from all other
+sources, he appears to have maintained an amiable and becoming relation,
+as the file leader of the flock--the elder brother of the house: and it
+speaks a folio volume, in favor of Benjamin's equanimity, that he
+continued to fraternize, as the correspondence abundantly proves, that he
+did, in the most cordial and affectionate manner, with his brother Peter,
+to whom uncle Andrew had, with the exception of a few legacies, willed the
+whole of his "_large and plentiful estate_," as Master Lovell calls
+it--while five vindictive shillings were all, that were found, after the
+death of this unforgiving, old gentleman, in the mouth of poor Benjamin's
+sack.
+
+Uncle Andrew's testamentary phraseology, though not so anathematical, as
+that of some other obstinate, old uncles, is sufficiently uncivil, and
+even bitter, in relation to his "loving sister, Susannah," and his nephew,
+Benjamin.
+
+But, of the will of Andrew Faneuil, and his motive--an exceedingly
+preposterous motive, to be sure, for cutting his adopted nephew off, with
+five shillings--in other words, of the cause, manner, and instrument,
+whereby Benjamin was put in the ablative, I shall treat, more fully,
+hereafter.
+
+There were collaterals of the Boston Faneuils, residing in St. Domingo, in
+1738. There was then, in that island, a Benjamin Faneuil, to whom Peter
+addressed a letter of mere friendship, in the French language, informing
+him, that Peter's brother Benjamin was then in Europe. It was probably a
+son of the St. Domingo Benjamin, the "_Monsieur Fanneuil_," of whom
+Washington writes to the President of Congress, Feb. 20, 1777, Sparks, iv.
+327, as having memorialized, for leave to raise and command troops. The
+application failed, principally, on the ground of his entire ignorance of
+the English language.
+
+We have seen, that Peter Faneuil died, at the early age of forty-two. His
+premature decease becomes the more remarkable, when contrasted with the
+longevity of all his brothers and sisters, who lived beyond the period of
+infancy. Marie attained the age of seventy--Susannah was living, in
+Bristol, at seventy-two--Mary Ann died at seventy-five--Benjamin died, in
+October, 1735, being two months less than eighty-four years old.
+
+This veteran had been a generous liver, all his days. He was not a man,
+whose devotion was abdominal--whose God was his belly. He was no
+anchorite, but an advocate for social worship--he was preeminently
+hospitable. For more than forty years, from the period, when Peter's death
+afforded him the means, his hospitality had been a proverb--a by-word--but
+never a reproach. There was a refinement about it--it was precisely such
+hospitality, as Apicius would have practised, had Apicius been a bishop.
+
+His appetite never forsook him. He died suddenly--ate a cheerful dinner,
+on the day of his death--and went not to his account, on an empty stomach.
+A post mortem examination, under the autopsy of that eminently shrewd, and
+most pleasant, gentleman, Dr. Marshall Spring of Watertown, exhibited the
+whole gastric apparatus, in admirable working order, for a much longer
+campaign. A nephritic malady occasioned his decease.
+
+The death of Benjamin Faneuil, _the elder_, in 1718, and the previous
+adoption of his son Benjamin, Peter's brother, by Andrew, the wealthy
+Boston uncle, naturally turned the thoughts of the family, in this
+direction. Their interest in Boston was necessarily increased, by the
+marriage of sister Marie with Mr. Gillam Phillips, and her consequent
+removal hither. The entry of the marriage--"_ma fille_"--on the family
+record, shows, that her mother was then living. The time of her death I
+have not ascertained, but suppose it to have occurred within a year or two
+after, for all the daughters were wending hither, and I find no mention of
+the mother. Peter was here, as early, as 1728, in which year, his name is
+associated, with the duel, in which Woodbridge was killed. Anne had
+married Mr. Davenport, and Susannah Mr. Boutineau, before uncle Andrew's
+death, in 1737. His will was dated, in 1734. From that document, it is
+evident, that Mary Ann was here then.
+
+The elder Benjamin having died, in 1718,--Andrew, his brother, in
+1737,--and Peter, in 1742-3, there were living Peter's brother and
+sisters, Benjamin, Anne, Susannah, Marie, and Marianne. They were living,
+during the revolution. So were their husbands, excepting Mr. Addington
+Davenport, who died Sept. 8, 1746. Their children also were living. The
+object of this particular statement is to invite the reader's attention to
+the extraordinary fact, that, while a religious persecution, in 1685,
+drove the Huguenot ancestors of these very individuals hither, for
+security--in 1776, a political persecution here drove many of their
+descendants into exile, and confiscated their estates.
+
+That very many of those refugees, during the phrensy of political
+excitement, were just as truly persecuted, for conscience' sake, as were
+the Huguenots, in 1685, is a simple truth, which the calm, impartial voice
+of an after-age has been willing to concede. Among those refugees, the
+Huguenot and the old Anglo-Saxon patronymics are blended together. The
+Boutineaus and the Bethunes, the Faneuils and the Johonnots are mingled
+with the Sewalls and the Hutchinsons, the Hollowells and the Paxtons.
+
+While perusing the letters of Samuel Curwen--and a most kind-hearted,
+conscientious, old gentleman was he--the veriest saint in crape cannot
+restrain a smile, as he contemplates the conflict, in Curwen's mind,
+between the loyal and the patriotic--_his most gracious majesty, and his
+poor bleeding country_! Mr. Curwen met frequently with Mr. Benjamin
+Faneuil, Peter's nephew, at Bristol. Thus, on page 240, of the Journal,
+under date, April 28, 1780--"_Afternoon and evening at Judge Sewall's;
+company, Mrs. Long, of Ireland, Mr. and Mrs. Faneuil, Mr. Oxnard, with
+young Inman and his wife, a son of Ralph's, in the military line, and Miss
+Inman_."
+
+The more intelligent of the refugees, who resorted to Bristol, hovered
+about the former Attorney General of Massachusetts, Jonathan Sewall, as
+their _Magnus Apollo_. Of all the New England tories he was the most
+illustrious. He was a man of eminent talents, and easy eloquence. His
+opinions were the opinions of the rest. As crowed the great tory cock, so
+crowed the bantams, the Faneuils, the Boutineaus, and the others, around
+the Attorney General's hospitable board, at Bristol. I mean not to
+intimate, that this worthy gentleman maintained, at this period, anything,
+beyond the most frugal hospitality. He and his associates were mainly
+dependent upon the British government, for their daily bread.
+
+One or two extracts from the letters of "_Benjamin Faneuil junior_,"
+Peter's nephew, while they establish this fact, may serve to exhibit the
+confidence, in the entire subjugation of the colonies,
+entertained--_cherished_, perhaps--by him and his companions.
+
+March 9, 1777, he writes to his aunt, Mary Ann Jones, at Halifax, thus--"I
+cannot say I am very sorry, for your disappointment, in missing your
+passage for England, for unless you could bring a barrel of guineas, you
+are much better anywhere than here." * * * * "As soon as the Christmas
+holidays were over, we presented a petition to the Lords of the Treasury,
+setting forth our suffering, and praying for a support, till the affairs
+in America are settled. This method was taken, by the council, and indeed
+by all the refugees. Within these few days, the Lords of the Treasury have
+agreed to allow, for the present, Chief Justice Oliver L400 a year, Lieut.
+Governor Oliver and Mr. Flucker L300. The council (Mr. Boutineau among
+the rest) L200, the refugees in general L100, some only L50. Our affair is
+not yet absolutely determined, on account of Lord North's sickness; but we
+are told we shall be tuckt in, between the council and the refugees, and
+be allowed L150 a year. This is a very poor affair, and we can by no means
+live upon it: but there are such a confounded parcel of us, to be provided
+for, that I am told no more will be allowed." * * * * "Should there be any
+opportunity of writing to Boston, I should take it kind, if cousin Betsey
+would write to my father and let him know what I now write, and give our
+loves to Mr. Bethune's family, and my aunt Phillips. I do not mention my
+poor mother, as, from the accounts I have received, I doubt, whether she
+be alive at this time." She died in October, 1777.
+
+"When we shall be able to return to Boston I cannot say; but hope and
+believe it will not exceed one year more; for, sooner or later, America
+will be conquered, and on that they may depend."
+
+May 14, 1777. He writes from London thus--"We were promised, three months
+ago, that some provision should be made for us; and, about ten days since,
+we were assured, at the Treasury, that, in a very few days, something
+should be done for us. As soon as there is, we propose to set out for
+Bristol, and fix ourselves there, or, at least, in that part of the
+country, till the American affairs are settled, which, from the last
+advice from New York, we flatter ourselves will not be longer than this
+year; though I am not without my doubts, at least as to the time: but
+submit they must, sooner or later. Mr. Boutineau and my aunt were very
+well, at their lodging, at Bristol, a few days ago. Mr. Robinson has
+bought himself a new post chaise, horses, &c., and sets out for Wales, in
+five or six days; where, I suppose, they will remain, till the American
+affairs are brought to a conclusion."
+
+This Mr. Robinson was James Boutineau's son-in-law, the officer of the
+customs, who inflicted that fatal blow, upon James Otis, which is said to
+have affected his brain, and compelled him to retire from public life. The
+issue of that affair is not generally known. Mr. Sabine, in his "American
+Loyalists," p. 169, says--"the jury assessed L2000 sterling, damages.
+Boutineau appeared, as attorney, for Robinson, and, in his name, signed a
+submission, asking the pardon of Otis, who, thereupon, executed a free
+release for the L2000." The same statement may be found in Allen, and
+elsewhere.
+
+Mr. Benjamin Faneuil, junior, continues thus--"Mrs. Faneuil received a
+letter, a few days since, from Mrs. Erving (at Bristol). She sends her the
+prices of provisions, which are much the same they were in Boston, before
+the troubles came on. * * * * Miss Peggy Hutchinson has been at death's
+door. * * * * All the rest of us Yankees are well, but growl at each other
+most confoundedly, for want of money." * * * * "We hope to see you in
+Boston, in the course of another year." * * * * "Mrs. Faneuil is sitting
+by me, trying to transmography an old gown. No money to buy new."
+
+
+
+
+No. CXXVI.
+
+
+To some persons it has appeared a mystery, how Peter Faneuil, having had
+but a short lease of life, some two and forty years, should have acquired
+the "_large and plentiful estate_," that Master Lovell speaks of, in his
+funeral oration. This mystery is readily explained. He had, for several
+years, before the death of his uncle, Andrew, been engaged in commerce. As
+Master Lovell justly observes--"No man managed his affairs with greater
+prudence and industry." His commercial correspondence proves that his
+relations were extensive and diversified, though it must be admitted, that
+_rum, fish, sugar and molasses_, are the chorus, or burden, of the song.
+It will also appear, that the _large and plentiful estate_, was, probably
+overrated.
+
+Though he had a high sense of commercial honor, no man had a sharper eye
+for the main chance, as it is called, by money getting men. Let me
+illustrate both these positions, by extracts--not from "_Peter's letters
+to his kinsfolks_," but from Peter's letters to his correspondents. He
+repeatedly scolds Signor Miguel Pacheco de Silva, and Monsieur Sigal,
+severely, for inattention to his drafts. To S. & W. Baker, of London, who,
+by reason of the informality of a power to transfer stock, were unsupplied
+with funds, to meet his drafts, yet paid them, for the honor of the
+drawer; he writes a letter of cordial thanks, Sept. 7, 1737, in which he
+says--"_I would not for L500 you had not accepted all those drafts; for,
+if you had not, it would have been a slur to my character, which I value
+more than all the money upon earth_."
+
+January 22, 1738, he requests Mr. Peter Baynton to advise him, on several
+points--"_also what good French brandy is worth, and if it be possible to
+cloak it so, as to ship it for rum_." On the 13th of March, in the same
+year, he writes Mr. Peter Baynton, that he has sent him four hogsheads of
+brandy, and adds--"_Pray be as cautious as possible, in taking them on
+shore, by reason the man has signed bills of lading, for four hogsheads
+rum, not knowing the contents, which it is not convenient he should_."
+
+What a goodly number will openly pronounce Peter a very bad fellow, who,
+if they have not done this identical thing, have done things, quite as
+exceptionable, or more so, and who are willing to--
+
+  "Compound for sins they are inclined to,
+  By damning those they have no mind to."
+
+Merchant princes, if I am rightly instructed, do not place the offence of
+cheating the Government, in the category of cardinal, or unpardonable,
+sins. And, notwithstanding all, that we so frequently hear, of commercial
+integrity, and the chivalry of trade; I rather doubt, upon the whole, if
+traffic is really the "_ne plus ultra strap_," upon which the very finest
+possible edge can be given to the moral sense. Exceptions there are, but
+they only establish, more fully, the general rule: and, in accordance with
+the spirit of the old, prudential legend, we are rather too much in the
+habit of postponing prayers, till we have sanded the sugar, and watered
+the molasses. I have long entertained the opinion, that a cheap _vade
+mecum_ edition of Dr. Chalmers' Commercial Discourses, for New Year's
+gifts, might be very beneficially distributed.
+
+Exceptions certainly there are. I have one, within my own memory. The
+collector of a Southern port--a Huguenot withal--of whom my personal
+recollections are exceedingly agreeable, and whose integrity was a
+proverb, was surprised one day, upon his return, at the dinner hour, by
+the display of a costly service of plate, which his lady had procured from
+London. A few inquiries developed the fact, that, by the agency of a
+gentleman, a friend of the family, it had been gotten over, with _his_
+baggage, duty free--in other words, _smuggled_. In an instant, the old
+gentleman ordered his wife's whole service of silver to the public stores;
+and seized it for the government. Such cases, I apprehend, are not of
+frequent occurrence.
+
+If Peter Faneuil made not broad his phylactery, he made broad that mantle
+of charity, which covereth a multitude of sins. If such had not been the
+fact, and notoriously so, Master Lovell would not have ventured to
+proclaim, in Faneuil Hall, one hundred and eight years ago, and before a
+scanty population, as cognizant, as the population of a village, of all
+the shortcomings of their neighbors that--
+
+"_Peter's acts of charity were so secret and unbounded, that none but they
+who were the objects of it could compute the sums, which he annually
+distributed_"--that "_his alms flowed, like a fruitful river_"--that "_he
+fed the hungry, clothed the naked, comforted the fatherless, and the
+widows in their affliction, and his bounty visited the prisoner. So that
+Almighty God, in giving riches to this man, seems to have scattered
+blessings all abroad among the people_"--that the building "_erected by
+him at an immense charge, for the convenience and ornament of the town, is
+incomparably the greatest benefaction ever yet known to our Western
+shoar_"--that this act of munificence, however great, "_is but the first
+fruits of his generosity, a pledge of what his heart, always devising
+liberal things, would have done for us, had his life been spared_." To all
+this good Master Lovell adds the assertion--"_I am well assured from
+those, who were acquainted with his purposes, that he had many more
+blessings in store for us, had Heaven prolonged his days_."
+
+These statements, publicly pronounced, one hundred and eight years ago,
+have never been gainsayed, nor even qualified. They must therefore be
+viewed, in the light of an ancient deposition, read before the grand
+inquest of the whole people, before whom Peter Faneuil was tried, shortly
+after his decease, according to the fashion of the Egyptians, while
+dealing with their departed kings.
+
+I, by no means, approve of Peter's conduct, in jostling the Government,
+out of the excise, on a few casks of brandy; but, in full view of all
+these public and private charities, there seems to be something about it,
+like the gallantry of Robin Hood, whose agrarian philosophy taught him to
+rob the rich, and feed the poor. And, when the trial comes on, in the
+Higher Court, about the duties upon these four hogsheads of brandy; and
+Peter Baynton is summoned to testify; and, upon his evidence, Peter
+Faneuil is convicted; most truly, do I believe, that some good natured
+angel, will slyly draw, over the record, a corner of that broad mantle of
+gold and tissue--that mantle of charity--whose warp and woof were formed
+of private alms and public benefactions, and which good Peter Faneuil
+spent so many of his hours, in weaving, in this lower world.
+
+If Peter Faneuil was otherwise an offender, I am sorry for it; having a
+passion for rarities, I should like to behold the _tabula immaculata_--the
+unsullied sheet of one human being! I am not aware of anything, in the
+life of Peter Faneuil, which that mantle will not abundantly cover.
+
+It may be otherwise. If the schoolmaster is not always abroad, the
+antiquarian is--the moral virtuoso--who delights, metaphorically speaking,
+to find spots on snow, and specks in amber. This species of antiquarian,
+male or female, may be found in every city and village. It is a curious
+creature, and, in the cabinet of a malicious memory, has stowed carefully
+away the weak points, and the peccadilloes of the living and the dead. In
+its contracted receptacle, there is no room for public or private
+charities, nor for merits of any kind: it is capable of holding nothing
+but delinquencies.
+
+Nothing is more refreshing to this species of antiquarian, than any fair
+pretence, for opening his cabinet, and showing his precious collection.
+Nollikens, among his _terra cottas_, was not more adroit, in fitting the
+heads and members of Priapi to the trunks of fauns and satyrs, than is the
+ingenious character, of whom I speak, in adapting the legendary gossip,
+which has been told, till it is stale, of one individual, to the person of
+another. Such personages are, characteristically, selfish and ungenerous.
+It would not be a very notable miracle, if some person, of this
+description, pained and offended, by the trying contrast, between the
+munificent and charitable career of Peter Faneuil, and the extremely dry
+and unprofitable character of his own existence, should ransack the
+charnel-house of his memory, for some offensive offset, against Master
+Lovell's laudation of Peter.
+
+For this I can truly vouch, excepting that affair of the brandy, the
+commercial correspondence of Peter Faneuil--and I have read the whole
+volume, that remains, French and English--is highly honorable to the head
+and the heart of the writer.
+
+The charity of Peter Faneuil was not that clap-trap munificence, examples
+of which are frequently heralded, among us, in demi-stipendiary
+journals--it did not so truly _spring_--it _oozed_ from Peter's warm
+heart, continually, and constitutionally. He required no impressive hints,
+to be charitable--he _felt_ for the poor and needy, habitually. His letter
+of Sept. 19, 1738, is before me, to one of his commercial correspondents,
+to whom he has just then made a shipment, Mons. Thomas Bayeaux--"Inclosed
+you have Madame Guinneau's account, by which you are indebted to that poor
+widow L16, which you will do well to pay her, it being for money she
+advanced, for the board of you and your family. One would have thought you
+should have paid that, before you left the country, and not to have served
+the poor widow as you did."
+
+However direct, and even severe, while addressing delinquents, his French
+politeness never forsakes him. Such letters always conclude--"_Sir, I
+salute you_," or "_I kiss your hand_."
+
+April 24, 1740, he writes thus to Peter Baynton--"This accompanies Capt.
+Burgess Hall, who carries with him to your parts two unfortunate Palatine
+women, that were some time ago shipwrecked, in their voyage from Europe to
+your place, who, being objects of charity, which the providence of God has
+thrown in our way, I take leave to recommend to you, as such, not doubting
+you will so far commisserate their condition, as to direct them the
+nearest way, to get among their friends, with such other relief as you may
+think necessary."
+
+Though Peter Faneuil had acquired property, before the death of his uncle
+Andrew; yet, as we shall presently see, by far the larger part of his
+"_large and plentiful estate_" came to him, by that uncle's will.
+
+
+
+
+No. CXXVII.
+
+
+Peter Faneuil was thirty and seven years old, when he began to reign--that
+is, when his uncle, Andrew, died, Feb. 13, 1737, according to Peter, in
+his letter to the Bakers, of London, or 1738, agreeably to the historical
+style, adopted by the public journals. In the News Letter of February "16,
+to 23," we have the following account of the funeral.--"Last Monday the
+Corpse of _Andrew Faneuil_ Esquire, whose death we mentioned in our last,
+was honorably interr'd here; above 1100 Persons, of all Ranks, besides the
+Mourners, following the Corpse, also a vast number of Spectators were
+gathered together on the Occasion, at which time the half-minute guns,
+from on board several vessels, were discharged. And 'tis suppos'd that as
+this Gentleman's Fortune was the greatest of any among us, so his funeral
+was as generous and expensive as any that has been known here."
+
+Peter was appointed executor sole of Andrew's will, and residuary legatee.
+He appears to have proceeded with great propriety. He immediately
+announced his uncle's death to foreign correspondents; and furnished
+those, who had been custodiers of his property, with duly authenticated
+copies of the will; and took prompt measures, for the procurement of "_the
+handsomest mourning rings_."
+
+John, Archbishop of Canterbury, as was usual then, sent his commission to
+Judge Willard, from the Prerogative Court, to swear Peter, to render a
+true inventory, &c.; and Peter responded to John, that, although he was
+not bound so to do, by the laws of the Province, yet, for his "_own
+satisfaction_," he should. Peter probably changed his mind, for no
+inventory of Andrew's estate appears, among the ancient records of the
+Probate Court, in Suffolk. It is not, therefore, possible, to estimate the
+value of that "_large and plentiful estate_," which came to Peter, from
+his uncle. That it was very considerable, for the times, there cannot be a
+doubt; but the times--one hundred and fourteen years ago--were the days of
+small things.
+
+It has been observed, by an eminent man, that prayer and almsgiving are
+the pathways to Paradise. Andrew Faneuil commences his will, with a
+supplication, for the _perfecting of his charities_--"_I commit my soul to
+God, the Father, Son, and Holy Ghost, humbly begging the pardon of my
+sins, the perfecting of my charities, and everlasting life above_." This
+will was made, Sept. 12, 1734, and witnessed, by John Read, William Price
+and Charles Morris; and a codicil was added, Jan. 23, 1737; and both were
+proved, Feb. 15, 1737, two days after the testator's death.
+
+Wills have ever been accounted an interesting department of _belles
+lettres_; and I shall therefore furnish the reader with an abstract of
+Uncle Andrew's.
+
+_First._ He gives his warehouse in Boston, in trust, to the minister of
+the French Church, in Boston, and his successors; two thirds of the income
+for the minister's support, and one third to the elders, to create a fund
+for repairing the warehouse; and after the creation of such fund, the
+whole income to the minister; and, should the French church cease to be,
+then said warehouse to revert to his heirs--"_excluding Benjamin Faneuil,
+of Boston, and the heirs of his body forever_."
+
+_Secondly._ To said French Church, three pieces of plate, of the value of
+L36 sterling, "_a flaggon for the communion table, a plate for the bread,
+and a bason to christen the children, with the coat of arms and name of
+the donor, engraven upon each of them_." On the 27th of February, fourteen
+days after his uncle's death, Peter sent a copy of the will to Claude
+Fonnereau, in France, requesting him to purchase the plate, and
+added--"_of the best fashion, and get engraved, agreeably to his orders,
+for which end you have his coat of arms in wax herewith, and if it should
+cost some small matter more, be pleased to charge the same_."
+
+_Thirdly._ L100, in Province Bills, to be paid to the elders, for the poor
+of the French Church.
+
+_Fourthly._ L50, in Province bills, and "_a suit of mourning throughout_,"
+to the French minister.
+
+_Fifthly._ L100, in Province bills, to the overseers, for the poor of
+Boston.
+
+_Sixthly._ To the Rev. Benjamin Colman, "_a suit of mourning throughout_."
+
+_Seventhly._ "To my loving brother, John Faneuil, of Rochelle, L100,
+sterling."
+
+_Eighthly._ "To my loving brother-in-law, Peter Cossart, of Cork, in
+Ireland, and his sister Susannah Cossart, of Amsterdam, L50 each to buy
+mourning."
+
+_Ninthly._ "To Benjamin Faneuil of Boston, son of my brother, Benjamin
+Faneuil, deceased, _five shillings and no more_."
+
+_Tenthly._ To his executor, in trust, 8000 ounces of silver, or pieces of
+eight, to purchase an estate of inheritance, at his discretion, within one
+year after the testator's death, for his loving niece, Mary, wife of
+Gillam Phillips, and the heirs of her body, remainder to her right heirs.
+Peter, in correspondence with S. & W. Baker, refers to this purchase, and
+directs them to sell stocks of his late uncles, to meet the drafts.
+
+_Eleventhly_. To her son, Andrew, 500 ounces of silver, or pieces of
+eight, to be put at interest, till majority--to his mother, in case of his
+death before--and, in case of _her_ death and _his_ before--to her other
+children.
+
+_Twelfthly, thirteenthly, and fourteenthly._ To his nieces, Anne,
+Susannah, and Marian, L2000 sterling, each; the two first to be paid six
+months, after his death, and the last, at majority, or marriage; four per
+cent. to be allowed her, per annum, ad interim, and she to be maintained
+by the executor, till she attained full age, or married. These legacies
+were paid from the funds of Uncle Andrew, in the hands of S. & W. Baker,
+of London.
+
+_Fifteenthly._ To his loving sister, Susannah F., widow of Abraham de la
+Croix, of Rochelle, L1000 sterling.
+
+_Sixteenthly._ To his servant maid, _Hendrine Boyltins_, who probably
+came, with the family, from Holland, "_a suit of mourning throughout_,"
+and 500 ounces of silver, in pieces of eight, or the value, in Province
+bills, at her election.
+
+_Seventeenthly._ To Henry Johnson, her son, who became the confidential
+clerk of Peter Faneuil, 150 ounces, in pieces of eight, to be paid, at
+majority.
+
+_Eighteenthly._ "I give, bequeath, and devise all the rest of my estate,
+both real and personal, whatsoever and wheresoever 'tis, in New England,
+Great Britain, France, Holland, or any other part of the world, to my
+loving nephew, PETER FANEUIL, eldest son of my late brother, Benjamin
+Faneuil, to hold to him and his heirs forever."
+
+He then appoints Peter, sole executor.
+
+The codicil revokes the legacy to his _loving_ sister, the widow Susannah
+de la Croix, of Rochelle--"my mind and my will is, that my said sister,
+Susannah F., shall not have the said thousand pounds, _nor any part of
+it_."
+
+The severity of these five last words--and the phrase, in relation to his
+nephew--"_excluding Benjamin Faneuil of Boston, and the heirs of his body
+forever_;" and those final words of the ninth clause, by which the
+testator cuts off poor Benjamin, with "_five shillings and no more_," are
+sufficiently piquant. Well may such an _avunculus Hector_ commence his
+last will, with a fervent supplication to "God, the Father, Son, and Holy
+Ghost," for _the perfecting of his charities_.
+
+How the widow, Susannah, came to lose her thousand pounds I do not know.
+Something, that she said or did, or did not say or do, was wafted, all the
+way over the water, from Rochelle, no doubt, and came to the old
+gentleman's irritable ears, and roused his ire.
+
+But I well comprehend the occasion, upon which he came to disinherit his
+nephew, Benjamin Faneuil. My female readers have already arrived at the
+conclusion, doubtless, that Benjamin so far forgot himself, and his duty
+to his opulent, old uncle, as to fall in love without asking his
+permission. Well: they are perfectly right--such was the fact. Benjamin
+fell in love. He was determined not to be found, like tinkling brass, even
+at the hazard of losing the good will, and the gold of his uncle
+Andrew--so he fell in love. And, if the girl of his heart resembled her
+daughter, _Mary Faneuil_, as she is represented by Blackburn, how the poor
+fellow could have helped it, God only knows.
+
+There is nothing, in all Amboyna, more spicy, than this little incident,
+in the history of the Faneuils; and, having spoilt it, perhaps, by this
+_avant courier_, I will now venture to tell the story; premising, that it
+was far better told, by the lady, who related it to me, and who is a
+lineal descendant of Benjamin, himself.
+
+To give proper effect to this little episode, I must take the reader to a
+pretty village, as it was just then beginning to be, one hundred and fifty
+years ago, on the banks of the Hudson, some twenty miles, only, from the
+city of New York. There, the persecuted Huguenots gathered together, and
+planted their new home, their _New Rochelle_. Almost immediately after his
+marriage with Anne Bureau, in 1699, at Narragansett, Benjamin Faneuil
+rejoined his Huguenot friends, and fellow-townsmen, in _New Rochelle_; and
+there his children were born. _New Rochelle_, as I have stated, was the
+birth-place of PETER FANEUIL.
+
+Andrew, having arrived in Boston from Holland, very soon after the
+beginning of the eighteenth century; having buried his wife; and being
+childless, selected Benjamin, the second son of his brother, Benjamin
+Faneuil, as an object of particular regard. The boy, was, accordingly,
+transferred from New Rochelle to Boston. He was educated, and brought up,
+under his patron's eye; and was considered, by the world, as the heir
+apparent of his opulent uncle. As he grew up, towards man's estate, it
+would have been an unheard of circumstance, if the dowagers of Shawmut,
+with their marriageable daughters, had not fixed their hopeful eyes, upon
+young Benjamin, if it were only for the sake of whatever might be found,
+sooner or later, in the mouth of his sack. It would have been a miracle,
+if their exhibitions of regard, for the young man, had not visibly
+increased; and their fears had not been frequently and feelingly
+expressed, lest that excellent, old gentleman, Andrew Faneuil Esquire, had
+taken cold.
+
+A patron is rather too prone to look upon a _protege_, as a puppet. The
+idea, that Benjamin could be led astray, however tempting the provocation,
+to commit the crime of matrimony, however lawful and right, however
+accomplished, and virtuous, and lovely the object, without leave, first
+had and obtained, from him, at whose board he ate his daily bread, never
+occurred to Uncle Andrew, for an instant. He supposed, of course, that he
+had the key to Benjamin's soul. It never occurred to the old gentleman,
+whose courtship was carried on, in Holland, that falling in love was
+precisely as much of an accident, as falling into the fire, or into the
+water.
+
+Well: Benjamin was an intelligent young man; and he was admirably posted
+up, upon the subject of his uncle's opinions, and prejudices.
+Nevertheless, he fell in love, very emphatically; and with a girl, as
+pretty, doubtless, as she was poor. He knew, that his uncle would never
+consent to such a marriage. But he knew, that he had plighted his troth;
+and he clearly saw, since he must run the hazard of breaking _one_ heart,
+or _two_, that it would be rather more equitable to risk the old
+gentleman's, instead of the girl's and his own.
+
+Accordingly, Benjamin secretly took unto himself a lawful wife; and, for a
+while, though Benjamin was, doubtless, much the happier, Uncle Andrew was
+nothing the wiser. However strange it may appear, though there were no
+giants, there were mischievous women, in those days. One of this category,
+in an evil hour, like a toad, as she was, whispered the secret, into the
+ear of Uncle Andrew.
+
+The old Huguenot was not of the melting mood. The conduct of his nephew
+produced not grief, but anger. It reached no tender spot, in the recesses
+of his heart, but chafed the old man's pericardium, till it drew a blister
+there. He bottled up his wrath, and corked it well; that the offender
+might have the full benefit of the fermentation, when the old gentleman
+came to pour the contents of the vial, on the devoted head of his
+unsuspecting nephew.
+
+The following morning, they met, at the breakfast table. The meal passed,
+as usual. But with what feelings must that old man have contemplated the
+poor fellow, the boy of his adoption, whom he was about to prostrate, as
+he finished the last mouthful he was ever to partake at that board! The
+repast was finished.--A brief colloquy ensued--"_I hear you are
+married_"--"_Yes, uncle, I am_"--"_Then you will leave my house_." The
+young man instantly took his departure. They never met again, until years
+had passed away,--and then, in that place, where there is no work nor
+device. There they lie, in the Faneuil tomb, in the Granary Ground; the
+unforgiving uncle and the disinherited nephew, side by side. Benjamin
+Faneuil died, at his residence in Brighton, in October, 1785, and was
+buried, in the family vault.
+
+
+
+
+No. CXXVIII.
+
+
+Notwithstanding the "_large and plentiful estate_," which Peter Faneuil
+derived from his uncle's will, it is my opinion, that his munificence, his
+unbounded charities, his hospitalities, his social, genial temperament
+were such, that, had he lived a much longer life, he would have died a
+much poorer man. Almost immediately, upon the death of his uncle, it is
+manifest, from his letters, that certain magnificent fancies came over the
+spirit of his waking dreams. And it is equally certain, that,
+subsequently, he had occasional misgivings, as to the just relation
+between his means and his prospective arrangements, which, for the times,
+and upon our little peninsula, were sufficiently expanded.
+
+Feb. 27, 1737, fourteen days after his uncle's death, he announced that
+event to his commercial friends, Messrs. S. & W. Baker of London;
+prescribed the arrangement of funds, for the payment of legacies; and
+instructed them to honor his draft, in favor of James Pope & Company, of
+Madeira, in payment for five pipes of wine.
+
+Four days after, on the first of March, he writes Pope & Company
+thus--"Send me, by the very first opportunity, for this place, five pipes
+of your very best Madeira wine, of an amber color, of the same sort, which
+you sent to our good friend, De Lancey, of New York."
+
+He directs them to draw on the Bakers of London, and adds--"As this wine
+is for the use of my house, I hope you will be careful, that I have the
+best. I am not over fond of the strongest. I am to inform you, that my
+uncle, Mr. Andrew Faneuil, departed this life, the 13 current, and was
+interred the 20, for which God prepare all his friends. I shall expect to
+hear from you, by the first opportunity."
+
+Feb. 27, 1737, the same day, on which he writes the Bakers, he addresses
+Lane & Smethurst, of London, as follows--"Be so good as to send me a
+handsome chariot with two sets of harness, with the arms, as enclosed, on
+the same, in the handsomest manner, that you shall judge proper, but at
+the same time nothing gaudy: and send me also, well recommended, two sober
+men, the one, for a coachman the other a gardener; and agree with the
+same, to be paid either in London, quarterly, or here, allowing for the
+exchange of the money, which they shall choose. And, as most servants from
+Europe, when here, are too apt to be debauched with strong drink, rum,
+&c., being very plenty, I pray your particular care in this article."
+
+On the 6th of March, he writes Gulian Verplanck, of New York--"Send me the
+pipe of wine, having none good to drink." Again, March 20--"By the first
+good opportunity the best pipe of wine you can purchase." On the 25th of
+April, he acknowledges the receipt of the wine from Verplanck--"The wine I
+hope will prove good--comes in very good time, there being none good in
+town."
+
+On the 22d of May, he writes the Bakers, for a bountiful supply of glass
+and China, and for "enough of the best scarlet cloth to trim a cloak:"
+and, in September of that year, for silver spoons and "silver forks with
+three prongs, with my arms cut upon them: let them be made very neat and
+handsome." Shortly after, he writes for several pairs of silver
+candlesticks, "with my arms engraved thereon," and sends out a piece of
+wax candle, as a pattern of the size.
+
+On the 1st of January, 1738, he writes Lane & Smethurst, to send him a
+pair of spectacles, "for a person of 50 years, as also, for the use of my
+kitchen, the latest, best book of the several sorts of cookery, which pray
+let be of the largest character, for the benefit of the maid's reading."
+As Peter then was not quite thirty-eight years of age, the spectacles were
+probably for "the maid," to enable her to master "the _best book_ of the
+several sorts of cookery."
+
+Dec. 20, 1738, he writes for "four stone horses." On the 18th of September
+of that year, he writes Thomas Kilby--"Pray don't forget the larding pins,
+wine, and sweetmeats, which I have wrote you about before." He frequently
+writes to his friend Verplanck, for "Albany horses."
+
+In a brief sketch of Brighton, published in 1850, it is stated that
+Peter's "_large and heavy silver punch bowl_" is in the possession of
+George Bethune, Esquire, of this city. This is an error. Peter's punch
+bowl came into the possession of James Lovell, who married a
+grand-daughter of Benjamin Faneuil, a sister of Mr. Bethune; and it is now
+in the possession of Mr. Lovell's descendants.
+
+Oh, if that "_large and heavy silver punch bowl_" could speak out, in good
+French or English, what glorious tales it would tell of Peter, in all his
+glory, enjoying, as Master Lovell says, "_that divine satisfaction, which
+results from communicating happiness to others_"--around that preeminently
+hospitable board, where, in the language of the writer of the obituary, in
+the News Letter of March 10, 1743--
+
+  "Divites ac parvi gustarunt dulcia mensae."
+
+Peter's punch bowl was not at all like Oliver's "_broken teacups, wisely
+kept for show_." June 22, 1741, some twenty months before his death, he
+writes Lane & Smethurst, to send him "_six gross of the very best London
+King Henry's Cards, and six half chests of lemons, for my house winter
+supply_."
+
+Let not the reader surmise, for all this, that Peter had denied his Lord,
+or was exclusively absorbed in his care for creature comforts. March 5,
+1738, he writes the Bakers, to send him "four handsome, large, octavo,
+Common Prayer Books, of a good letter and well bound, with one of the
+same, in French, for my own use."
+
+March 13, 1738, he writes John Depuister, to send him "six of the largest
+bearskins, and two large, fine, well painted beaver coats, to use in a
+slay."
+
+It is, in no sense, discreditable to Peter Faneuil, that his
+correspondence shows him to have been exceedingly partial to sweetmeats
+and citron water. Nor does it lower him, in my humble esteem, that his
+letters clearly indicate his temperament to have been somewhat irritable
+and fiery. I have found such to be the case, almost ever, when generosity,
+frankheartedness, and a noble spirit are blended together, as closely as
+they were, in the character of Peter Faneuil. The converse of this
+position, to be sure, it is not easy to maintain.
+
+It is quite amusing, to contemplate, now and then, in men, whose brains
+are brim full of magnificent purposes, and whose habitual dealings are
+with tens and hundreds of thousands--a remarkable concentration of thought
+and care, upon some one insignificant item of property, which is in
+jeopardy of falling into naught. It is, doubtless, the spirit of the
+woman, who lighted her candle and swept the house, and called her
+neighbors together, to rejoice with her, over the recovery of that one
+piece of silver.
+
+A brief episode will exhibit this trait, in Peter's character, and show,
+at the same time, that his spirit was perfectly placable. Some time before
+his death, Uncle Andrew, being aware, that pulmonic affections were
+benefited, by the air of the tropics, consigned a broken-winded horse to
+Mr. Joseph Ward, of Barbadoes, for sale. No account having been rendered,
+the fate of the old horse appears to have become a subject of exciting
+interest, with the residuary legatee. Before he writes to Ward, he
+addresses three letters of inquiry, in other directions. He then opens
+upon Mr. Joseph Ward, Jan. 12, 1738. I give the entire letter, as
+illustrative of Peter's character--"I have been very much surprised, that,
+ever since the death of Captain Allen, you have not advised me of the sale
+of a horse, belonging to my deceased uncle, left in your hands by him,
+which I am informed you sold for a very good price, and I am now to
+request the favor you would send me the net proceeds, with a fair and just
+account for the same, in sweetmeats and citron water; your compliance with
+which will stop me from giving some of my friends the trouble of calling
+you to an account there. I shall be glad to know, if Captain Allen did not
+leave a silver watch and some fish, belonging to a servant of mine, with
+some person of your island, and with who. I expect your speedy answer."
+
+Mr. Ward appears to have responded, more calmly, than tropical gentlemen
+commonly do, when accosted in this piquant style. He sent his account, and
+Peter was manifestly mollified, by a box of sweetmeats. Mr. Ward,
+however, complained of Peter's want of grace. March 24, 1738, Peter wrote
+to Mr. Ward--"Yours of 7 February, with the account sales of a horse, left
+by Captain Allen, accompanying a box sweetmeats I received, in which I
+observe you refer to my former, which you are pleased to look upon as in
+too unhandsome a stile. I must own it was not in so soft terms, as I
+sometimes make use of; but, at that time, I really thought the state of
+the case required it, not having heard anything to be depended upon,
+concerning the horse in dispute, either if he was dead, sold, or run away;
+upon either of which, I presumed the common complaisance, if not honor,
+among merchants, might have entitled either my uncle, in his lifetime, or
+myself, after his decease, to some advice at least. I had indeed
+transiently heard here you had kept him, for your own use, but had
+undervalued him, which, in some measure prest my writing you on that head,
+&c. I thank you for your speedy answer, and am, with return of your own
+compliment, as much as you are mine," &c.
+
+March 6, 1737.--Peter informs M. Isaac Beauchamp, that, he, Peter, has
+been empowered, by his Excellency, M. Brouillan, Governor of Cape Breton,
+to call him to account and says--"I am now to let you know, that out of
+honor and of the regards I have ever had to that gentleman, I am obliged
+to see some honorable issue made to that affair, for which reason I shall
+be glad you will advise me, after what manner you propose to satisfye the
+gentleman or me, without forcing violente means." This affair was
+occasioned, by a dispute, about tobacco, and ended in smoke.
+
+One brief illustration more. April 6, 1738, he complains to Captain
+Greenou of certain ill usage and says--"You may see what handsome parcell
+of protested bills I must pay. If this be the honor of you Ragon men, God
+deliver me from them, for the future. I would not take their word for a
+groat &c. These pretended gentlemen think I will tamely sit down by their
+unhandsome usage, but they will find themselves very much mistaken," &c.
+
+Many years ago, while standing by the artist, as he was working up, from
+the old portrait, belonging to the Historical Society, the lineaments of
+Peter, as he is represented, in Faneuil Hall, we agreed, that his
+temperament must have been choleric. He had that conformation of body,
+which hints of apoplexy. John, his uncle, the Rocheller, died of that
+disease; and Peter, as Master Lovell inform us, died _suddenly_. He
+belonged not to any total abstinence society. And though there is no
+evidence, nor the slightest suspicion, that he fell below that standard of
+gentlemanly temperance, which was in vogue, among those, who were given to
+hospitality, in our peninsula, one hundred years ago--yet I have not any
+reasonable doubt, that Peter would have lived longer, had it been the
+pleasure of his uncle Andrew to have disinherited _him_, instead of _his
+brother Benjamin_.
+
+
+
+
+No. CXXIX.
+
+
+Peter Faneuil was an affectionate brother. I have it from the lips of
+Benjamin's lineal descendants, who have preserved the tradition, that,
+after he had sacrificed his hopes of the inheritance, not for a mess of
+pottage, but for a lovely wife; and Peter had been called from New
+Rochelle, to supply his place, as the heir apparent; uncle Andrew,
+probably, without exacting an absolute promise, enjoined it upon Peter, to
+abstain from assisting Benjamin; to which injunction Peter paid no
+practical regard whatever; but, like a Christian brother, remembered, that
+old Benjamin Faneuil and Anne Bureau had been the father and the mother of
+them both. The commercial correspondence shows, that Peter gave Benjamin
+his confidence and affection. The relation between them plainly
+demonstrates, that there was no deficiency of kind and generous offices.
+
+The ease and intimacy of their friendship will be perceived, by the
+following note, which I copy literally from the original, in my
+possession. There was a difference of eighteen months only, in their ages.
+In this note, which was written, after Benjamin's return from Europe,
+Peter addresses him, by a cant name. "Boston the 18 August, 1741. Dear
+Cockey: The Occasion of my not Sending my Chase for you was on Account of
+Mr. Shirley's receiving of his Majties Commission Last Thursday appointing
+him Govr of this Province wh. was read the Next day, upon which Occasion
+he ask't me to Loane of my Charrot wh. I granted him till Last Night, so
+that I presume will plede my xcuse. I now Send you up the Chase, to bring
+you home, and have deliver'd ye Coachman Some Boild Beef, a dozen of
+brown biskett 6 bottles of Madera and 2 of Frontinan with a dozen of
+Lemmons. Your relations and friends are all well, and desire their Love
+and service may be made acceptable to you. Pray my Compliments to the
+Gentn and Ladys with you--and give me Leave to assure you that I am, Dear
+Cockey, Your Affectionate Brother, Peter Faneuil."
+
+The superscription of this note is torn off, but to Benjamin alone can it
+apply. Mr. Jones was not married, till after Peter's death. His relation
+to Phillips was rather formal; and still more so with Boutineau; and he
+never would have thought of calling his brother Addington Davenport, the
+Rector of Trinity, his _dear cockey_. His letters also record the
+evidences of his kindness to his sisters, and his attention to their most
+trifling wishes. Nov. 24, 1736, he writes Lynch and Blake--"My youngest
+sister desires, that you wont forget to send her the Canary birds, which
+you promised her, when you was here." May 16, 1736, he writes Lane and
+Smethurst of London--"My sisters have received their things, in good order
+and to their liking, except the stockings: for the Hosier put up white
+worsted, instead of thread, although the patern was sent. I have sent them
+back to you to be changed, in the ship Union, John Homans, master. Be
+pleased to send them, by the first opportunity: viz, for Mrs. Anne
+Faneuil, 3 pairs thread hose, with worsted clogs, and a pair of
+Galoushoes. Mrs. Susannah Faneuil, 2 pairs thread ditto. Mrs. Mary Anne
+Faneuil, 4 pairs thread stockings, and 3 pairs clogs." It is of small
+moment, at this late day, whether these ladies wore thread or worsted
+stockings, one hundred and fourteen years ago; but this ancient example of
+brotherly regard may not be altogether lost, upon the race of brothers,
+that has sprung up, during the present century. It is remarkable, that
+Peter, though he applies the title, _Mrs._ to each of his sisters, gives
+them the maiden name. The two, first named, were then the wives of
+Addington Davenport and James Boutineau; the last, Mary Ann, afterwards
+the wife of John Jones, was then single.
+
+At that early day, the moral sense of the people of the North appears to
+have been thoroughly asleep, on the subject of slavery. The reverend
+clergy were no exception from the general rule. After the decease of
+Parson Moorhead, in 1774, a slave was sold, among his effects, "at his
+late residence, near _Liberty Tree_." Jonny Moorhead was a cotemporary of
+Peter Faneuil, having assumed the charge of the Presbyterian Church, as it
+then was, in 1730. The reader will not be startled, therefore, when he
+comes to be informed, as, in good time he will be, at how many pounds, old
+tenor, each of Peter Faneuil's five slaves were appraised, after his
+decease. Slavery was not uncommon then, in the Province of Massachusetts
+Bay. Douglass, in his Summary, vol. i. page 351, states, that in 1735,
+about seven years before Peter's death, the whole number of whites, of 16
+years and upwards, in the Province, was 35,427; and of negroes, 2600.
+
+Feb. 3, 1738. Peter Faneuil writes thus, to Peter Buckley--"Herewith you
+have invoice of six hogsheads fish and eight barrells of alewives,
+amounting to L75.9.2, which, when you arrive at Antigua, be pleased to
+sell, for my best advantage, and, with the nett produce of the same,
+purchase, for me, for the use of my house, as likely a strait negro lad as
+possibly you can, about the age of from 12 to 15 years; and, if to be
+done, one that has had the small-pox, who being for my own service, I must
+request the favor, you would let him be one of as tractable a disposition
+as you can find, which I leave to your prudent care and management,
+desiring, after you have purchased him, you would send him to me, by the
+first good opportunity, recommending him to a particular care, from the
+captain." I have no doubt, that Peter was a kind, considerate master; and,
+though I have an unconquerable aversion to being the slave of anybody, I
+had rather have been Peter's _born thrall_ than his _uncle Andrew_. What a
+glorious kitchen Peter's must have been!
+
+My female readers will scarcely find it in their eyelids to be weary, or
+in their hearts to blame me, for giving them one or two passages more,
+from Peter Faneuil's letters; when they are told, that those passages
+relate to a love affair, in which Peter, though not a principal, performed
+an important part.
+
+The Faneuils and the Jekylls were intimate--so much so, at least, as to
+bring the Jekylls within the circle of those, who, upon Uncle Andrew's
+death, were accounted the legitimate recipients of mourning rings. In a
+letter to Mr. Joseph Jekyll, of Jan. 22, 1738, Peter alludes to Miss
+Jekyll's extraordinary conduct; and, most happily and truthfully, remarks,
+that "_there is no accounting for the sex, in affairs of love_." On the
+same day, he writes Mr. Richard Blacket Jekyll--"Doubtless, you'll be
+surprised to find, that, by this opportunity, only your sister, Mrs.
+Hannah, of the family, who I hope will arrive safe to you, has the
+pleasure of seeing you, and her other brothers, in England. I am sorry
+Mrs. Mary does not consult her own interest, so much, as I could wish,
+whose conduct I should say nothing of, were it not out of regard to the
+family in general. It is now only one month past, since she suffered
+herself to be published to one Mr. Linnington, of St. Christophers,
+formerly known here, by the name of My Lord Linnington, or My Lord, whose
+character, if you remember the man, I need not trouble you with a
+description of it; but, if you do not, I can only say, that he is a
+worthless pretender to a great deal of money and wit, without, according
+to the best account I can learn, any of either: with whom she would,
+inevitably have been married, had not some other friends joined forces
+with me, and interposed."
+
+"Inclosed I send you my letter to her, on that head, and her answer, for
+your more private satisfaction. That affair being tolerably well over, and
+Captain Homan's state-room hired for the two young ladies, and their maid,
+I had supplied them, according to your desire, with what money they might
+have occasion for, to fit them out for the voyage, and paid the captain,
+for their laying in, and tomorrow being the appointed time to go aboard, I
+was, in the morning, advised Mrs. Mary had changed her mind, on account of
+some new proposals of matrimony, made her, by Col. Saltonstall of
+Haverhill, which sudden alteration I find to be, on examination, from a
+visit or two, within these two or three days last past, at farthest, but,
+however, concluded upon and determined, so that she does not come to you,"
+&c., &c.
+
+Peter proceeds to comment, with great discretion, upon the absence of any
+reasonable interval, for the heart of Miss Mary Jekyll to recover its due
+tone and tension, after its first expansion towards _My Lord Linnington_,
+and before the second spasm. But, truly, in the language of the anatomist,
+the heart is a "wonderful muscle."
+
+I had surmised a relation of consanguinity between Peter Faneuil and the
+late Peter Chardon Brooks, from the fact, that, on the 29th of March,
+1737, Peter Faneuil writes to the executors of Isaac Chardon, in South
+Carolina, whom he calls his cousin; and, in that letter, speaks of his
+cousin, _Peter Chardon_. But, from the best authority, I have learned,
+that the name of Peter Chardon was bestowed, by the Rev. Edward Brooks,
+formerly of North Yarmouth, and more recently of Medford, upon his son,
+_causa amicitiae_; the Rev. Mr. Brooks and Peter Chardon, having been
+classmates, of the year 1757. It was, probably, the father of this Peter
+Chardon, whom Peter Faneuil calls his cousin, in 1737, and the same Peter
+Chardon, who is named, on the record, as one of the appraisers of Peter
+Faneuil's estate, in 1742-3. The name is rare; it occurs once only, on the
+Cambridge Catalogue; and, from its rarity, it may not be unreasonable, to
+look for the _stirps_, on the pages of Charlevoix, iii. 392, who speaks of
+_Peter Chardon_, the Jesuit, a missionary, among the Indians, bordering
+upon Lake Michigan, at the very close of the seventeenth century. _Our_
+Peter Chardon, the cousin of Faneuil, resided in Bowdoin Square, near the
+street, that bears his name.
+
+After the death of his uncle Andrew, Peter Faneuil, by the power of
+wealth, in addition to his other qualities, intelligence, industry, and
+courtesy, necessarily became an influential character; and the use, which
+he immediately began to make of his wealth, his public spirit, his private
+benevolence, all conspired to make him an object of very general interest.
+His hospitalities were unbounded. He associated himself with the Episcopal
+Church. He subscribed L2000 old tenor, L200 sterling for the rebuilding of
+King's Chapel, in 1740, and was chosen treasurer of the building fund. His
+death, in 1742-3, put a stop to the project. No money had ever been
+collected, for that object. In 1747, the project was revived. New
+subscriptions were solicited, and the old ones demanded, "_at the end of
+this year 1748_." Peter Faneuil died March 3, 1742-3, and had therefore
+been dead, between five and six years. "For the subscription of Peter
+Faneuil," says Mr. Greenwood, in his history of the Chapel, "they were
+unfortunately obliged to sue his brother, and executor, Benjamin Faneuil,
+from whom, after a disagreeable lawsuit, they at last recovered it." Mr.
+Greenwood erred, in the supposition, that Peter left a will. He died
+intestate, and administration was granted to Benjamin, March 18, 1742, old
+style. The estate, of course, had been settled, doubtless, some years
+before the demand on the administrator, "_at the end of 1748_." Having
+other heirs to consult, he very properly resisted this tardy and
+unexpected claim; and cast the responsibility upon the court.
+
+For several years, Peter Faneuil worshipped in Trinity Church, of which
+his brother-in-law, Addington Davenport, became rector, in 1740. Peter's
+pew, in Old Trinity, was No. 40. He was an active and liberal member of
+the Episcopal Charitable Society. "Mr. Faneuil," says the late Dr. Boyle,
+"was one of the earliest members of the society. He was a liberal
+subscriber to its funds, and acted, as a trustee of the institution."
+
+Peter Faneuil's heart was proverbially warm, and sensitive to the
+necessities and distresses of his _neighbor_; and he seems to have
+cherished the true scriptural construction of that _ubiquitary_ word. The
+accession of wealth, upon his uncle's death, hardened not his heart, but
+gave it a deeper, fuller, and stronger pulse, upon every call of charity.
+To him, as to other men, who admit their motives to be human, upon common
+occasions, the applause of the _wise_ and _good_ was exceedingly
+agreeable. Whatever the prominency of higher and holier considerations, he
+turned a willing and a grateful ear to the approbation of the judicious
+and upright. Not contented with the opportunities of doing good, on a
+small scale, which were, doubtless, frequently presented, before a man,
+whose wealth and warmheartedness were equally notorious; he coveted some
+fair occasion, for pouring forth of his abundance, in a more magnificent
+manner--pleased--naturally and justifiably pleased--with the thought, that
+his name and his memory would be associated with the deed, in after times.
+
+
+
+
+No. CXXX.
+
+
+One may, as successfully, search for that identical peck of pickled
+peppers, that Peter Piper picked, as for the original Hall, that Peter
+Faneuil built. Like Rachel's first born, _it is not_. After all the
+reparations, and changes, and hard hammerings she has undergone, we may as
+well search, within the walls of Old Ironsides, for those very ribs of
+live oak, which, some fifty years ago, were launched, in the body of the
+frigate Constitution.
+
+In the olden time, the market men, like the mourners, went "about the
+streets." The inhabitants were served, at their doors. As early as 1634,
+Gov. Winthrop, in his journal, speaks of a market, which was kept in
+Boston, "on Thursday, the fifth day of the week." This weekly market on
+the fifth day is mentioned, by Douglass, as of 1639, vol. i. p. 434. This,
+I think, refers only to a gathering of sellers and buyers, at one spot,
+and not to any "visible temple," for storage and shelter. Citizens
+differed, as to the best method of getting their _provant_; some preferred
+the old mode, as it was supposed to save time; others were in favor of
+having a common point, with a covered building. Parties were formed; the
+citizens waxed wroth; and quarrelled about their meat, like angry dogs.
+Those, who were in favor of market-houses, prevailed. Three were erected;
+one, at the Old North Square--one, where Faneuil Hall now stands--and one,
+near Liberty Tree. People were no longer supplied, at their houses.
+
+It seems very strange, that this sensible arrangement should have led to
+violent outrage. The malcontents assembled together, in the night,
+"disguised like clergymen"--the devil, sometimes assumes this
+exterior--and "totally demolished the centre market-house." This occurred,
+about the year 1736-7, or about the time of Andrew Faneuil's death. Such
+is the account of good old Thomas Pemberton. M. H. C. iii. 255.
+
+The popular sentiment prevented the reconstruction of the centre
+market-house, till, in 1740, July 14, a town meeting was held to consider
+a petition, for this object, from Thomas Palmer and 340 others. At this
+meeting, it was stated, that Peter Faneuil had offered, at his own cost,
+to build a market-house, on the town's land, in Dock Square, for the use
+of the town, if the citizens, would legally empower him so to do; place
+the same under proper regulations; and maintain it, for that use.
+
+An impression has, somewhat extensively, prevailed, that Mr. Faneuil's
+proposal was not courteously received, by his fellow-citizens, and that a
+majority of seven only were in favor of it.
+
+On the contrary, Mr. Faneuil's proposal was received, with the most ample
+demonstrations of grateful respect. There were two questions before the
+meeting--first: shall a vote of thanks be passed to Peter Faneuil, for his
+liberal offer? Secondly: shall we give up the itinerant system, and have a
+market-house, on _any_ conditions? Upon the first question, there was but
+_one_ mind--on the second, there were _two_. A vote of thanks to Mr.
+Faneuil was instantly passed, without a dissentient. But the second
+question was the vexed question, revived, and excited the passions of the
+people. Of 727 persons present, 367 only voted in favor of granting the
+petition of Palmer and others, giving a majority of seven only.
+
+Accordingly, the work was commenced; and it was completed, Sept. 10, 1742,
+"on which day," says Dr. Snow, "Mr. Samuel Ruggles, who was employed, in
+building the market house, waited on the selectmen, by order of P.
+Faneuil, Esq., and delivered them the key of said house."
+
+Peter was a magnificent fellow. An antiquarian friend, to whom the fancy
+has lineally descended, through a line of highly respectable, antiquarian
+ancestors, informs me, that his father handed down to him a tradition,
+which is certainly plausible. It runs thus: while the market-house was in
+progress--probably on paper--it was suggested to Peter, that, with very
+little additional expense, a splendid town hall might be constructed over
+it. Peter's heart was quite as _roomy_ as the market-house, and town hall
+together, and he cheerfully embraced the suggestion. The tradition goes a
+little farther--when the cost was summed up, Peter scolded--a little. Very
+likely. Mr. Peter Faneuil was not an exception, I presume, to the common
+rule.
+
+The keys, as I have stated, were presented to the town, Sept. 10, 1742,
+with all that courtesy, doubtless, for which he was remarkable. Peter's
+relatives and connections are somewhat numerous. The descendants of
+Benjamin his brother are scattered over the country. It will be equally
+grateful to them, and honorable to our forefathers, to exhibit a portion
+of the record.
+
+Sept. 13, 1742, at a meeting, in the new hall, a vote of thanks was moved,
+by the Hon. John Jeffries, uncle of the late Dr. John Jeffries. In this
+vote, it is stated, that, whereas Peter Faneuil has, "at a very great
+expense, erected a noble structure, far exceeding his first proposal,
+inasmuch, as it contains, not only a large and sufficient accommodation
+for a market place, but a spacious and most beautiful town hall over it,
+and several other convenient rooms, which may prove very beneficial to the
+town, for offices or otherwise. And the said building being now finished,
+he has delivered possession thereof to the selectmen for the use of the
+town; it is therefore voted, that the town do, with the utmost gratitude,
+receive and accept this most generous and noble benefaction, for the use
+and intentions it is designed for; and do appoint the Hon. Thomas Cushing
+Esquire, the moderator of this meeting, the Hon. Adam Winthrop, Edward
+Hutchinson, Ezekiel Lewis, and Samuel Waldo, Esquires, Thomas Hutchinson,
+Esq. the selectmen and representatives of the town of Boston, the Hon.
+Jacob Wendell, James Bowdoin, Esq., Andrew Oliver, Esq., Captain Nathaniel
+Cunningham, Peter Chardon, Esq., and Mr. Charles Apthorp, to wait upon
+Peter Faneuil, Esq., and in the name of the town, to render him their most
+hearty thanks, for so bountiful a gift, with their prayers, that this and
+other expressions of his bounty and charity may be abundantly recompensed
+with the divine blessing."
+
+In addition to this vote, the citizens passed another, that the hall
+should be called Faneuil Hall, forever; and that the portrait of Faneuil
+should be painted, at full length, and placed therein. On the 14th of
+March, 1744, a vote was passed "to purchase the Faneuil arms, carved and
+gilt, by Moses Deshon, to be fixed in the hall."
+
+Pemberton says--"Previous to the Revolution, the portraits of Mr. Faneuil,
+General Conway, and Colonel Barre were procured by the town, and hung up
+in the hall. It is supposed they were carried off by the British." The
+portrait of Faneuil at present, in the hall, was painted by Henry Sargent,
+from the portrait, presented to the Massachusetts Historical Society, by
+Miss Jones, a grandchild of Peter's sister, Mary Ann.
+
+The original building was but half the width of the present, and but two
+stories high. The hall could contain but 1000 persons. In the memorable
+fire of Tuesday, Jan. 13, 1761, Faneuil Hall was destroyed, and nothing
+left standing but the walls. On the 23d of the following March, the town
+voted to rebuild, and the State authorized a lottery, to meet the expense.
+There were several classes. A ticket, of the seventh class, lies before
+me, bearing date March, 1767, with the spacious autograph of John Hancock,
+at the bottom.
+
+The building retained its primitive proportions, till 1806, when, the
+occasions of the public requiring its enlargement, its width was
+increased, from 40 to 80 feet, and a third story added. A very simple rule
+may be furnished, for those, who would compare the size of the present
+building, with that of the genuine Peter Faneuil Hall. Take a northeast
+view of the Hall--there are seven windows before you, in each story--run a
+perpendicular line, from the ground, through the centre of the middle
+window to the top of the belt, at the bottom of the third story--carry a
+straight line from that point nearly to the top of the second window, on
+the right, in the third story. That point is the apex of the old pediment.
+From that point, draw the corresponding roof line down to the belt, at the
+corner; and you have a profile of the ancient structure; all which is well
+exhibited by Dr. Snow, on the plan, in his History of Boston.
+
+Small as the original structure may appear, when compared with the
+present, it was a magnificent donation, for the times. It may well be
+considered a munificent gift, from a single individual, in 1742, when we
+consider, that its repairs, in 1761, were accomplished, by the aid of the
+Commonwealth, and the creation of a lottery, which continued to curse the
+community, for several years.
+
+Peter Faneuil was then in all his glory. How readily, by the power of
+Imagination, I raise him from the dead, bolt upright; with his over portly
+form, and features full of _bon homie_; speaking volumes, about those five
+pipes of amber-colored Madeira, such as his friend Delancey had; and that
+best book of all sorts of cookery, of a large character, for the maid's
+reading! There he is, at the door of his English chariot, "handsome, but
+nothing gaudy," with his arms thereon, and his English coachman, and his
+English horses, and that "strait negro lad" perched behind. I see him now,
+helping in Miss Mary Anne, his youngest maiden sister; and, as he ascends
+the steps, wrapping his cloak around him, trimmed with that identical
+"_scarlet cloth of the very best quality_."
+
+The vanity of man's anticipations, the occasional suddenness of his
+summons away--seldom find a more graphic illustration, than in the case of
+this noble hearted, and most hospitable gentleman. When he received the
+grateful salutations of the magnates of the town, who came to thank him,
+for his munificence, what could have been so little in his thoughts, or in
+theirs, as the idea, that he was so soon to die!
+
+In about five years--five, short, luxurious years--after the death of
+Andrew Faneuil, Peter, his favorite nephew, was committed to the ground,
+March 10, 1742, old style. The event, from its suddenness, and from the
+amiable and benevolent character of the individual, produced a deep
+sensation, in the _village_, for Boston was nothing but a seashore village
+then. In 1728, some fourteen years before, we learn from Douglass, i. 531,
+that there were but 3000 rateable polls, on the peninsula. This event was
+unexpected, by the living, and had been equally unexpected, by the dead.
+Death came to Peter, like a thief in the stilly night. He had not looked
+for this unwelcome visitor. He had made no will. By this event, Benjamin
+came into possession; and old Andrew is supposed to have turned over,
+indignantly, in his coffin.
+
+
+
+
+No. CXXXI.
+
+
+To such of my readers, as the Lord has abundantly blessed, in their basket
+and their store, and who have loaned him very little, on his simple
+promise, to be repaid, in Paradise; and who are, peradventure, at this
+very moment, excogitating revengeful wills; the issue of uncle Andrew's
+vindictive, posthumous arrangements may prove a profitable lesson, for
+their learning. Verily, God's ways are not as our ways, nor God's will as
+Uncle Andrew's.
+
+It may be remembered, that, in the devise of his warehouse, in trust, for
+the benefit of the French Church, Andrew Faneuil provided, that, in the
+event of the extinction of that church, the estate should revert to his
+_right heirs--excluding Benjamin Faneuil, of Boston, and the heirs of his
+body forever_, whom he cuts off, as the popular phrase runs, with "_five
+shillings, and no more_." In passing along, it may not be amiss to notice
+this popular error. The law has, at no time, required the bequest of a
+farthing, to one, near of kin, whom the testator intends to cut off. It is
+enough, if it be manifest, that the testator has _not forgotten him_; and,
+to leave no possible doubt upon the subject, a churlish curmudgeon, as in
+the present case, will transmit, in this offensive manner, the record of
+his vindictiveness and folly, to future generations.
+
+When Andrew Faneuil makes Peter his residuary legatee, there is no
+provision, for the exclusion of Benjamin, in the event of Peter's death,
+without heirs of his body. Prepared, as this amiable, old gentleman was,
+to believe, in the possible extinction of the French Church, he seems to
+have looked upon Peter, an inveterate old bachelor, as immortal. Yet, in
+regard to Peter, the issue hung, by a single hair. There was no child,
+with the cup in his hand, to catch the ball, and prevent it from lapsing
+directly into Benjamin's sack, who, with his sisters, stood close at hand,
+the next of kin to Peter, and heirs at law.
+
+Well: as I have said, God's will was not as Uncle Andrew's. After a few
+flying years, during which Peter executed the intentions of the testator,
+with remarkable fidelity; and lived, as magnificently, as a nobleman, and
+as hospitably, as a bishop, and, as charitably, as an apostle--suddenly,
+the silver cord was loosed, and the golden bowl was broken, and Peter
+dropped into the grave. The title of Benjamin and his sisters to all
+Peter's estate, and to all Andrew's estate, that remained, as the heirs at
+law of Peter, passed into them, through the atmosphere, at once; and
+Andrew's will, by the act of God, was set aside, in the _upper_ Court.
+
+Administration was granted to Benjamin, March 18, 1742, O. S., who
+returned an inventory, April 21, 1744. The appraisers of the estate were
+William Price, Joseph Dowse, and Peter Chardon; and the sum total of their
+valuation was L44,451.15.7. This, certainly, will incline the reader to
+Master Lovell's idea, of "_a large and plentiful estate_," until I add
+those words of withering import--_Old Tenor_. Sterling decimates old tenor
+with a vengeance--_ten_ pounds, old tenor, were but _one_ pound, sterling.
+The valuation, therefore, amounted to about L4,445 sterling, or, in
+dollars, at five to the pound, to $22,225. It may seem rather surprising,
+that the balance, which fell to Peter, from his uncle, under the will, and
+his own accumulations, should amount to no more. But a few reflections may
+tend to moderate our surprise.
+
+The estate of his uncle had been seriously diminished, by the payment of
+legacies, L2,000 stg. to each of his three nieces, $30,000--more than
+$8,000 to his niece, Marie Phillips; and about $2,000, in smaller
+legacies, raising the amount of legacies to $40,000. He had also given his
+warehouse, in King Street, to the French Church. These legacies Peter had
+paid. He had also built and presented the Market-house and the Hall to the
+town. But there is another important consideration. Funds still remained,
+in other countries, part and parcel of Andrew's property. This is evident,
+from an original document before me, the marriage settlement of Peter's
+sister, Mary Anne with John Jones, bearing date March 15, 1742, the very
+month of Peter's death. This document recites, that one part of her
+estate, as one of the heirs of Peter Faneuil, "_is in Public Funds, such
+as the Bank of England_." As this does not figure in Benjamin's inventory
+here, it is impossible to say what was the amount of foreign funds, which
+Peter owned, at the time of his death. For some five years, while he had
+been living, in a style of unbounded hospitality, he had also enjoyed the
+luxury of doing good, and paid, most liberally, for that enjoyment. From
+his commercial correspondence, I infer, that his enterprise suffered no
+material abatement, after his uncle's decease.
+
+I cannot doubt, that his free expenditure of money, for his personal
+enjoyment, the gratification of his pride, and the pleasure of ministering
+to the wants of the poor and needy, had lessened, and was lessening, from
+month to month, the amount of his estate. There is yet another
+consideration, which belongs to this account, the great disparity, between
+the value of money, then, and at the present day.
+
+The items, or particular heads, of the inventory, are one hundred and
+fifty-eight; and cover near four folio pages of the record. Some of them
+may not be wholly uninteresting to the reader. The mansion-house, the
+same, as I have stated, in which Lieutenant Governor Billy Phillips lived
+and died, and Isaiah Doane before him, the extensive garden, outhouses and
+yard were appraised, one hundred and eight years ago, at L12,375, or
+L1,237 stg., about $6,185, at five dollars to the pound. Fourteen hundred
+ounces of plate, at L2,122 10. This plate was divided into five parts, for
+the brother, and four sisters of the deceased. A memorandum lies upon my
+table, labelled, in the original hand of Gillam Phillips--"An account of
+my proportion of plate, belonging to the estate of Peter Faneuil, Esq.,
+deceased." This document contains a list of "_Gillam Phillips' Lot_," and
+side by side--"_a coffee pot_--_a large, handsome chamber pot_." They made
+a free use of the precious metals, in those days.
+
+A parcel of jewels are appraised, at L1,490--1 white horse, L15--2 Albany
+horses, L100--2 English horses, L250--2 other English horses, L300--4 old
+and 4 new harnesses, L120--2 pairs runners, L15--1 four-wheel chaise,
+L150--1 two-wheel chaise, L50--a coach, L100--1 chariot, L400--5 negroes,
+L150--130--120--120--100. Then follows a variety of articles--fowling
+pieces--fishing tackle--silver-hilted sword--pistols--china, glass,
+hangings, carpets, and culinary articles, in profusion--lignum vitae coffee
+cups, lined with silver--silver snuff-boxes--gold sleeve-buttons and
+rings--195 dozen of wine--arrack--beer--Cheshire and Gloucester cheeses.
+Indeed, Peter's establishment appears to have been a variorum edition of
+all manner of elegancies, luxuries, and creature comforts. The inventory
+comprehends eight tenements, in Cornhill, and King Street; a number of
+vessels, and parts of vessels; and various other items of property.
+
+The remains of this noble-spirited descendant of the Huguenots of Rochelle
+were deposited, in the Faneuil tomb, in the westerly corner of the Granary
+Ground. This tomb is of dark freestone, with a freestone slab. Upon the
+easterly end of the tomb, there is a tablet of slate, upon which are
+sculptured, with manifest care and skill, the family arms; while, upon the
+freestone slab, are inscribed, at the top, M. M.--_memento mori_, of
+course,--and, at the bottom of the slab--a cruel apology for the old
+Huguenot patronymic--"PETER FUNEL. 1742," and nothing more.
+
+The explanation, which arises, in my mind, of this striking inconsistency,
+is this: I believe this tomb, whose aspect is simple, solid, and antique,
+to have been built by Andrew Faneuil, who was a wealthy merchant here as
+early as 1709: and I think it is quite certain, that the lady, whom he
+married, in Holland, and whose beauty is traditional, among her
+descendants, made the great exchange--beauty for ashes--in this very
+sepulchre. In this tomb, Andrew was buried, by Peter, Feb. 20, 1737, and
+Peter, by his brother, Benjamin, March 10, 1742, old style, and here
+Benjamin himself, was laid, after an interval of two-and-forty years,
+where there is neither work, nor device, nor will, nor codicil.
+
+The arms of Peter Faneuil--I have them before me, at this moment, on his
+massive, silver pepper-pot--he found a place for them, on many of his
+possessions, though I cannot say, if on all the articles which came into
+the possession of Gillam Phillips,--were a field argent--no chevron--a
+large heart, truly a suitable emblem, in the centre, gules--seven stars
+equidistant from each other, and from the margin of the escutcheon,
+extending from the sinister chief to the dexter base--in the sinister base
+a cross molin, within an annulet--no scroll--no supporters; crest, a
+martlet.
+
+The arms upon the tomb, though generally like these, and like the arms, on
+other articles, once Peter's, and still extant, differ in some important
+particulars; and seem to have been quartered with those of another family,
+as the arms of Andrew, being a collateral, might have been. A helmet,
+beneath the martlet, especially, is wholly different from Peter's crest.
+Such precisely are the arms, on the seal of wax, upon Andrew's will, in
+the Registry. Hence I infer, that Uncle Andrew built this ancient
+sepulchre. Arms, in days of old, and still, where a titled nobility
+exists, are deemed, for the popular eye, sufficient evidence of ownership,
+without a name. So thought Uncle Andrew; and he left the freestone tablet,
+without any inscription.
+
+Some five years after the testator's burial, the tomb was again opened, to
+let in the residuary legatee. Peter's was a grand funeral. The Evening
+Post, of March 3, 1742-3, foretold, that it would be such; but the papers,
+which, doubtless, gave an account of it, are lost--the files are
+imperfect, of all those primitive journals. At first, and for years, the
+resting place of Peter's remains was well enough known. But the rust of
+time began to gather upon men's memories. The Faneuil arms, ere long,
+became unintelligible, to such, as strolled among the tombs. That
+"_handsome chariot, but nothing gaudy_," with Peter's armorial bearings
+upon its panels, no longer rolled along Treamount, and Queen Streets, and
+Cornhill, and drew up, of a Sabbath morning, before Trinity Church, that
+brother Peter and the ladies might sit upon their cushions, in No. 40,
+while brother Addington Davenport gave them a sermon, upon the Apostolical
+succession. The good people had therefore forgotten all about the Faneuil
+arms; and, before a great many years had rolled away, the inquiry
+naturally arose, in popular phraseology--"_Whereabouts was it, that Peter
+Faneuil was buried?_"
+
+Some worthy old citizen--God bless him--who knew rather more of this
+matter than his neighbors, and was well aware, that the arms would be but
+a dead letter to posterity, resolved to serve the public, and remedy the
+defect. Up he goes into the Granary Ground, in the very spirit of Old
+Mortality, and, with all his orthography in his ear, inscribes P. FUNEL
+upon the tablet!
+
+
+
+
+No. CXXXII.
+
+
+"_But Simon's wife's mother lay sick of a fever._" Mark i. 30. From this
+text, a clergyman--_of the old school_--had preached just as many,
+consecutive sermons, as I have already published articles, concerning
+Peter Faneuil and his family. A day or two after the last discourse, the
+bell of the village church was tolled, for a funeral; and a long-suffering
+parishioner, being asked, whose funeral it was, replied, that he had no
+doubt it was Simon's wife's mother's; for she had been sick of a fever,
+for nine weeks, to his certain knowledge. Let the reader possess himself
+in patience--our dealings with the Faneuils cannot last forever.
+
+We have stated, that Peter's death was sudden, the very death, from which,
+as a churchman, he had prayed to be delivered. But let us not forget, that
+no death is sudden, in the sense of the good man's prayers, however
+instantaneously the golden bowl may be broken, to him, whose life has been
+well spent, and who is prepared to die.
+
+In this connection, two interesting questions arise--how Peter Faneuil
+came to be a churchman--and if his life was a well-spent life, affording
+him reasonable assurance of admission into Paradise.
+
+The old Huguenots styled themselves "THE REFORMERS," and embraced the
+doctrines of Calvin, in full. Oppression commonly teaches even intolerant
+men the value of toleration. Our Puritan fathers, it is true, who fled
+from Episcopal, as the Huguenots from Roman Catholic tyranny, profited
+very little, by the lesson they had learned; and turned upon the Catholics
+and Quakers, in the spirit of preposterous cruelty. The government of
+Massachusetts, according to Hazard, received a profitable lesson of
+moderation, from that of Rhode Island.
+
+The Huguenots soon began to abate somewhat of that exorbitant severity and
+punctiliousness, in their religion, which, in no slight degree, had
+brought upon them that persecution, which was gathering, and impending
+over them, in 1684, a twelvemonth before the revocation of the edict of
+Nantes; compelling many of them, thus early, to fly from their homes, into
+other lands. The teachings of James Saurin, the great Huguenot preacher of
+the refugees, at the Hague, in 1705, and in subsequent years, were of a
+milder type. He was "_a moderate Calvinist_." Such, also, were Daille and
+Le Mercier, the ministers of the French Church, in Boston.
+
+Peter Faneuil, undoubtedly, worshipped in this church, during a certain
+period. We have seen the liberal arrangement of his uncle, in 1734, for
+the support of its minister, and the testator's provision for its poor.
+Even then, he evidently anticipated, that it might cease to be; and shaped
+his testamentary provisions accordingly. Natural causes were in operation;
+I have referred to them--intermarriage, with our English people--merging
+the language of the few, in that of the many--juxtaposition--all tending
+to diminish the necessity for maintaining a separate church.
+
+There was no dissolution of the society, at first, by any formal vote. The
+attendance became irregular and scanty--the members went elsewhere--Le
+Mercier, "a worthy character," says the Rev. Dr. Holmes, ceased to
+officiate, and the church broke up. For years, there were no services,
+within the little temple; and, in 1748, it was sold, as I have stated, to
+the members of another denomination.
+
+It became a question with these Huguenots, the Faneuils, the Boutineaus,
+the Johonnots, the Oliviers, the Sigourneys, and their associates, where
+they should worship God. In 1740-41, the preachers, in Boston, were
+Charles Chauncey, at the Old Brick--at the Old North, Increase Mather,
+supplying the place of his brother Samuel, who, though ordained, in 1732,
+preached but one winter, and parted--at the Old South, Joseph Sewall, and
+Thomas Prince--at the Baptist, in Back Street, Jeremy Condy--at King's
+Chapel, Stephen Roe--at Brattle Street, William Cooper--at the Quaker
+meeting-house, in Leverett's Lane, whoever was moved by the Spirit--at the
+New North, John Webb--at the New South, Samuel Checkley--at the New Brick,
+Ellis Gray--at Christ Church, Timothy Cutler--at Long Lane, Jonny
+Moorhead--at Hollis Street, Mather Byles--at Trinity, Addington
+Davenport--at Lynde Street, William Hooper.
+
+Several of the descendants of the Huguenots, not at all deterred, by the
+resemblance, whatever that might be, between the forms of Episcopalian
+worship, and those of their religious persecutors, the Roman Catholics,
+mingled with the Episcopalians. Thus they clung to the common element, the
+doctrine of the Trinity; and escaped, like Saurin, from the
+super-sulphuretted vapors of primitive Calvinism.
+
+It is not very surprising, that the Faneuils should have settled down,
+upon the new and fashionable temple--Trinity had been erected but a few
+years before; and the new rector was Peter's brother-in-law, Mr. Addington
+Davenport.
+
+Peter therefore became, _pro tanto_, an Episcopalian--a liberal subscriber
+to the Charitable, Episcopal fund, and to the fund for the rebuilding of
+King's Chapel; and identified himself with the Episcopal interest.
+
+The religious character of Peter Faneuil, and the present whereabouts of
+this public benefactor, will be determined, by different individuals,
+according to the respective indications of their spiritual thermometers.
+
+I have already ventured an opinion, that the mantle of charity, which
+covereth a multitude of sins, should be extended, for Peter's behoof, over
+that little affair with Peter Baynton, touching the duties, on those four
+hogsheads of brandy. But there is another matter, over which, I am aware,
+that some very worthy people will doubt, if the mantle of charity, can be
+stretched, without serious danger of lesion--I refer to the importation,
+about the same time with the prayer books, of that enormous quantity--six
+gross--of "the very best King Henry's cards." I have often marvelled, how
+the name of the Defender of the Faith ever came to be connected, with such
+pestilent things.
+
+I am well aware, how closely, in the opinions of some learned divines,
+cards are associated with the idea of eternal damnation. If it be so; and
+a single pack is enough to send the proprietor to the bottomless pit, it
+is truly grievous to reflect how much deeper Peter, our great public
+benefactor, has gone, with the oppressive weight of six gross of the very
+best, upon his soul. Now-a-days, there seem to be very few, the Romanists
+excepted, who believe in purgatory; and it is pretty generally agreed,
+that all, who attempt the bridge of _Al Sirat_, will surely arrive, either
+at Paradise, or Pandemonium.
+
+How delightful it would be, to have the opinion of good old Andre Le
+Mercier, in a case like this. Though Peter no longer waited upon Le
+Mercier's ministrations; but, for several years, before the dissolution of
+the French Church, had settled down, under brother Addington Davenport,
+first, as the assistant at King's Chapel, and, afterwards, as the Rector
+of Trinity; yet Le Mercier could not forget the nephew of his benefactor,
+Andrew Faneuil. He was, doubtless, at Peter's funeral, who died one and
+twenty years, before the holy man was summoned to his account, in 1764.
+Yes, he was there.
+
+I have heard of a man, who accounted, for the dryness of his eyes, when
+all around him wept, at a pathetic discourse, on the ground, that he
+belonged to another parish. I have known Christian ministers--_very_--not
+many, thank heaven--who were influenced, to such a degree, by that spirit,
+which may be supposed to govern the proprietors of opposition omnibuses,
+as to consider the chord of human sympathy cut, through and through, and
+forever, between themselves, and a parishioner, who, for any cause,
+elected to receive his spiritual treasures out of some other earthen
+vessel, albeit of the very same denomination of crockery ware.
+
+Poverty, and disease, and death, and misery, in every type, might stalk
+in, and upon, and over that homestead, and hearth, where these Christian
+ministers had been warmed, and refreshed, and fostered--but it was no
+longer a concern of theirs. No visit of condolence--no kind inquiry--not
+one, cheap word of consolation had they, for such, as had ceased to
+receive their ideas of damnation from them--enough--these individuals had
+sold their pews--"_crimen difficile expiandum_"--they belonged to another
+parish!
+
+Andre Le Mercier, was not a man of this description. He was not a holy
+huckster of spiritual things, having not one crumb of comfort, for any,
+but his regular customers. Andre was a man, whose neighbor's ubiquity was
+a proverb.
+
+But what he would say, about these six gross of King Henry's cards, I am
+by no means, certain. He was a man of a tolerant spirit; but on certain
+points, the most tolerant are, occasionally, found to be imbued, with
+unalterable prejudices. On page 85, of his Church History of Geneva, which
+I have read with pleasure, he quotes approvingly, the maxim of "a doctor
+of the church." "_In necessariis rebus sit unitas, in dubiis libertas, in
+omnibus charitas._" This breathes the spirit of toleration:--what are
+_dubia_, what _necessaria_ are not quite so readily settled, however.
+
+On page 100, I find a passage, not quite so favorable for Peter, in this
+matter of the six gross. Referring to Calvin's return to Geneva, in 1536,
+after his banishment, Le Mercier says--"And then _Balls and Dances_ and
+profane songs were forbidden, by the magistrates. And that form of
+Discipline remains entire, to the present Time, notwithstanding the
+repeated Attempts, that have been made by wicked People to overset it.
+King Henry's cards, I fear, even of the very best quality, would,
+undoubtedly, fall into this category, of things Calvinized on earth, in
+the opinion of Andre Le Mercier."
+
+The meaning of the words, "_profane songs_," may not be universally
+intelligible. It undoubtedly meant, as used by the Council, _all songs not
+sacred_. Calvin, undoubtedly, adopted the commendation of Scripture, to
+such, as were merry, to sing psalms. It appears, however, that certain
+persons entertained conservative notions, in those early days; even beyond
+the dictum of holy writ; for, on page 101, Le Mercier states, that
+Sebastian Castalio, a preacher, and professor, in the College of Geneva,
+"_condemned Solomon's Songs, as being profane and immodest_;" the very
+charge, as the reader is aware, which has been so often urged, against the
+songs of Tom Moore. Moore, at last, betook himself to sacred melodies.
+Solomon, had his life been spared, would, probably, have done the same
+thing, to the entire satisfaction of Sebastian Castalio.
+
+I see wisdom, and mercy, and truth, in a part of the maxim, quoted by
+Andre Le Mercier--_in dubiis libertas_. I have long suspected there were
+some angels in Heaven, who were damned by Calvin, on earth. I verily
+believe, that Peter Faneuil is in Paradise.
+
+
+
+
+No. CXXXIII.
+
+
+Some of my readers, I doubt not, have involuntarily clenched their fists,
+and set their teeth hard, while conning over the details of that merciless
+and bloody duel, so long, and so deliberately projected, and furiously
+fought, at last, near Bergen op Zoom, by the Lord Bruce, and Sir Edward
+Sackville, with rapiers, and in their shirts. Gentle reader, if you have
+never met with this morceau, literally dripping with blood, and are born
+with a relish for such rare provant--for I fear the appetite is
+congenital--you will find an ample account of the affair, in numbers 129
+and 133 of the Guardian.
+
+This wrathful fight is of an early date, having taken place, in 1613. Who
+could measure the popular excitement, if tomorrow's dawn should bring the
+tidings of a duel, fought the night before, on Boston Common, by two
+young gentlemen, with rapiers, not, perhaps, quite so brutal, in its
+minute details, but quite as deliberately planned, and quite as fatal, in
+its result! What then must have been the effect of such an announcement,
+on the morning of the fourth of July, 1728, one hundred and twenty-three
+years ago, when Boston was a seaport village, just six years, after the
+"_perlustration_" of Mr. Salter had rated the population, at 10,670 souls.
+
+It is matter of sober history, that such a duel was actually fought, then
+and there, on the evening of the third of July, 1728, near the
+powder-house, which is indicated, on Bonner's plan of 1722. This was a
+very different affair from the powder-house, erected at West Boston, in
+1774, with walls of seven feet in thickness.
+
+The parties, engaged, in this fatal affair were two young gentlemen, whose
+connections were highly respectable, whose lives had been amiable, whose
+characters were of good report, and whose friends were numerous and
+powerful. The names of Peter Faneuil and of his uncle, Jean Faneuil, of
+Rochelle, are associated with this transaction.
+
+The parties were very young; the survivor twenty-two, and the victim but
+little more. The survivor, Henry Phillips, was the brother of Gillam
+Phillips, who, the reader of the preceding articles will remember, married
+Marie, the sister of Peter Faneuil. Peter was then just twenty-eight; and,
+doubtless, if there were dandies in those days, one of the foremost, on
+the peninsula. The natural interest he felt, in the brother of his
+sister's husband, engaged his efforts, to spirit the wretched survivor
+away. He was consigned to the uncle of Peter, beyond the sea--to whom
+Marie, his niece, very probably, wrote a few lines, bespeaking kind
+offices, for the unfortunate brother of her husband. It is not impossible,
+that old Andre added a prudential word or two, by way of postscript,
+confirming brother Jean, as to the safety of the operation. Be this as it
+may, Henry Phillips escaped from his pursuers, who were speedily put upon
+the scent, by Governor Dummer. Henry Phillips arrived safely in Rochelle.
+What befel him, in the strange land, is not the least interesting portion
+of the narrative.
+
+Benjamin Woodbridge--such was the name of the individual, who was the
+victim, in this fatal encounter--was a young merchant, in partnership with
+Mr. Jonathan Sewall. Of his particular origin I am not entirely
+satisfied. The name, among us, is of the olden time. Benjamin Woodbridge
+was the very earliest alumnus of Harvard College: born in England in 1622,
+and graduated here in 1642.
+
+The originating cause of this duel, like that, which produced the terrible
+conflict, between the Lord Bruce and Sir Edward Sackville, is unknown.
+
+That the reader may walk along with me, confidingly, upon this occasion,
+it may be well to indicate the sources, from which I derive my knowledge
+of a transaction, so exciting at the time, so fatal in its results, and so
+almost universally unknown, to those, who daily pass over the very spot,
+on our Common, upon which these young gentlemen met, and where young
+Woodbridge fell.
+
+I have alluded to the subsequent relation of Peter Faneuil, and of his
+uncle, Jean, of Rochelle, to this affair. In my investigation into the
+history of Peter and his relatives, I have been aided by Mr. Charles
+Faneuil Jones, the grandson of Peter's sister, Mary Ann. Among the
+documents, loaned me, by that gentleman, are sundry papers, which belonged
+to Gillam Phillips, the brother of Henry, the survivor in the duel.
+
+Among these papers, are original documents, in Jean Faneuil's handwriting,
+relative to the fate of the miserable wanderer, after his arrival in
+Rochelle--accounts of disbursements--regularly authenticated copies of the
+testimony, relative to the duel, and to the finding of the dead body of
+Woodbridge, and to the cooeperation of Peter Faneuil and others, in
+concealing the survivor, on board the Sheerness, British man of war, and
+of his indictment, the "_Billa Vera_," in August, 1728, by the grand jury
+of Suffolk, for murder. In addition to these documents, I have found a
+certified copy of a statement, highly favorable to the character of Henry
+Phillips, the survivor, and manifestly intended to have an influence upon
+the public mind. This statement is subscribed, by eighty-eight prominent
+citizens, several of them holding high official stations, and among the
+number, are four ministers of the Gospel, with the Rev. Timothy Cutler, of
+Christ Church, at their head. Appended is the certificate of Governor
+Burnett, who, in that very month, succeeded Governor Dummer, stating the
+official, professional and social position of the signers of this
+document, with which it was clearly intended to fortify an application to
+George II. for a pardon of the offender.
+
+The discovery of these papers, affording, as they do, some account of a
+transaction, so very remarkable, for the time and place of its occurrence,
+and of which I had never heard nor read before, excited my curiosity, and
+led me to search for additional information.
+
+If my reader is of the fancy, he will readily comprehend my chagrin, when,
+upon turning over the leaves of Green's "_Boston Weekly News Letter_"--the
+imperfect files--all that time has left us--preserved in the library of
+the Massachusetts Historical Society--the very paper, that next ensued,
+after July 3, 1728, the date of the duel, and which, doubtless, referred
+to an occurrence, so very extraordinary, was among the "_things lost upon
+earth_." I was not less unfortunate with the files of the old "Boston
+Gazette," of that early day. I then took up Kneeland's "New England Weekly
+Journal," but with very little confidence of success. The file, however,
+was there--No. 68--July 8, 1728, and my eyes soon fell, as the reader's
+fall at this moment, upon Governor Dummer's proclamation:--
+
+"Whereas a barbarous murder was last night committed, on the body of
+Benjamin Woodbridge, a young gentleman, resident in the town of Boston;
+and Henry Phillips, of said town, is suspected to be the author of said
+murder, and is now fled from justice; I have therefore thought proper to
+issue this proclamation, hereby commanding all justices, sheriffs,
+constables, and all other officers, within this Province, and requiring
+all others, in his Majesty's name, to use their utmost endeavors, that the
+said Henry Phillips may be apprehended and brought to justice; and all
+persons, whosoever, are commanded, at their utmost peril, not to harbor
+nor conceal him. The said Henry Phillips is a fair young man, about the
+age of twenty-two years, well set, and well dressed; and has a wound in
+one of his hands. Given at Boston, the 4th of July, 1728, in the second
+year of the reign of our Sovereign Lord and King, George II." This
+proclamation bears the signature of his Excellency, William Dummer.
+
+The editor of the journal, which contains the proclamation, expresses
+himself as follows--"On Thursday last, the 4th current, about 3 in the
+morning, after some hour's search, was found dead, near the Powder House,
+the body of Mr. Benjamin Woodbridge, a young gentleman, merchant of this
+place. He had a small stab, under the right arm; but what proved fatal to
+him was a thrust he received, under his right breast, which came out, at
+the small of his back. The fore-finger of his left hand was almost cut
+off, at the uppermost joint, supposed to be done, by grasping a naked
+sword. The coroner's inquest immediately set upon the body; and, after the
+best information and evidence they could obtain, upon their oaths say,
+that 'the said Benjamin Woodbridge was killed, with a sword, run through
+his body, by the hands of Henry Phillips, of Boston, merchant, on the
+Common, in said Boston, on the third of this instant, as appears to us, by
+sundry evidences.' The body was carried to the house of Mr. Jonathan
+Sewall, (his partner,) and, on Saturday last, was decently and handsomely
+interred, his funeral being attended, by the Commander-in-Chief, several
+of the Council, and most of the merchants and gentlemen of the town. There
+are many and various reports respecting this tragic scene, which makes us
+cautious of relating any of them. But the above, being plain matters of
+fact, we thought it not improper to give the public an account thereof.
+The unhappy gentleman, who is supposed to have committed the act, is not
+as yet found. This new and almost unknown case has put almost the whole
+town into great surprise."
+
+A sermon, upon this occasion, of uncommon length, was delivered July 18,
+1728, by the Rev. Dr. Joseph Sewall, of the Old South, at the Public
+Lecture, and published, with a preface, by the "_United Ministers_" of
+Boston. To give dignity to this discourse, it is adorned with a Latin
+prefix--"_Duellum est damnandum, tam in acceptante quam in provocante;
+quamvis major sit culpa provocantis_." This discourse is singularly barren
+of all allusion to the cause and circumstances of this event; and appears,
+like our almanacs, adapted to any meridian.
+
+At his Majesty's Court of Assize and General Gaol Delivery, on the second
+Tuesday of August, 1728, the grand jurors, under the Attorney General
+Hiller's instructions, found a "_Vera Billa_" against Henry Phillips, for
+the murder of Benjamin Woodbridge. Phillips was then far beyond the
+influence and effect of the _vera billa_--on the high sea--upon his voyage
+of expatriation. For some cause, which I am entirely unable to comprehend,
+and can barely conjecture, a sympathy existed, for this young man,
+extending far beyond the circle of his personal friends and relatives, and
+engaging, on his behalf, the disinterested efforts, not only of several
+persons in high official stations, but in holy orders, who cannot be
+supposed to have undervalued the crime, of which he was unquestionably
+guilty, before God and man. The reader, as we proceed, may possibly be
+more successful than I have been, in discovering the occasion of this
+extraordinary sympathy.
+
+
+
+
+No. CXXXIV.
+
+
+That strong sympathy, exhibited for Henry Phillips, by whose sword a
+fellow creature had so recently fallen, in a duel, must have sprung, if I
+am not greatly mistaken, from a knowledge of facts, connected with the
+origin of that duel, and of which the present generation is entirely
+ignorant.
+
+Truth lies not, more proverbially, at the bottom of a well, than, in a
+great majority of instances, a woman lurks at the bottom of a duel. If
+Phillips, unless sorely provoked, had been the challenger, I cannot think
+the gentlemen, who signed the certificate, in his behalf, would have
+spoken of him thus:--
+
+"These may certify to all whom it may concern, that we, the subscribers,
+well knew and esteemed Mr. Henry Phillips of Boston, in New England, to be
+a youth of a very affable, courteous, and peaceable behavior and
+disposition, and never heard he was addicted to quarrelling, he being
+soberly brought up, in the prosecution of his studies, and living chiefly
+an academical life; and verily believe him slow to anger, and with
+difficulty moved to resentment."
+
+Among the eighty-eight signers of this certificate, the names of Peter and
+Benjamin Faneuil, and of their uncle, Andrew, occur, almost as a matter of
+course. They were family connections. Who the others were, appears, by the
+Governor's certificate, under the seal of the Province:--
+
+"By his Excellency, William Burnet, &c. &c. These may certify whom it may
+concern, that John Wentworth Esquire is Lieut. Governor of the Province of
+New Hampshire; that William Tailor Esquire was formerly Lieut. Governor of
+the Province of the Massachusetts Bay, and is now a member of his
+Majesty's Council for said Province; that James Stevens is Surveyor
+General of the Customs, for the Northern district, in America; that Thomas
+Lechmere Esquire was late Surveyor General of the same; that John Jekyll
+Esquire is Collector of the Customs, for the port of Boston; that Thomas
+Steele is Justice of the Peace; that William Lambert Esquire is Controller
+of the Customs, at Boston; that J. Minzies Esquire was Judge of the Vice
+Admiralty; that Messieurs Timothy Cutler, Henry Harris, George Pigot, and
+Ebenezer Miller are ministers of the Gospel; and that the other
+subscribers to the certificate on the other side, are, some of them
+merchants and others gentlemen of the town of Boston." This certificate,
+bearing the signature of Gov. Burnet, is dated Oct. 21, 1728.
+
+Of the origin of this affair, I have discovered nothing. Immediately after
+its consummation, Phillips manifested deep distress, at the result. About
+midnight, of July 3, 1728, with the assistance of his brother, Gillam,
+Peter Faneuil, and several other persons, Henry Phillips was removed to a
+place of safety. He was first conducted, by Peter Faneuil, to the house of
+Col. Estis Hatch, and there concealed. His brother, Gillam, in the
+meanwhile, applied to Captain John Winslow, of "_the Pink, Molly_," for a
+boat, to carry Henry, on board the British man of war, then lying between
+the Castle and Spectacle Island. Gillam and the Captain repaired to
+Hatch's, and had an interview with Peter and Henry, in the yard. It was
+then concluded, that Henry should go to Gibbs' Wharf, probably as the most
+retired wharf, for embarkation. The reader, who loves to localize--this
+word will do--will find this little wharf, on Bonner's plan, of 1722, at
+the southeastern margin of Fort Hill, about half way between Whitehorn's
+Wharf and South Battery. It lay directly northeast, and not far distant
+from the lower end of Gibbs' Lane, now Belmont Street.
+
+Henry Phillips, with Peter Faneuil, accordingly proceeded, as quietly as
+possible, to Gibbs' Wharf. I see them now, stealing through Hatch's back
+gate, and looking stealthily behind them, as they take the darker side of
+Belcher's Lane. I trust there was no moon, that night. It was very foggy.
+The reader will soon be sure, that I am right, in that particular.
+
+Gillam and Captain Winslow had gone to the Long Wharf, where the Molly's
+boat lay; and, as the distance was very considerable to the man-of-war,
+they went first to the Pink, Molly--named, doubtless, for the Captain's
+lady. There they took on board, four of the Pink's crew.
+
+How heavily the moments passed that night! That "_fair young man_," as
+Governor Dummer calls him, in the _lettres de cachet_--too young, it may
+seem, at twenty-two, to commence a pilgrimage, like Cain's--how sublimated
+his misery must have been! What sacrifice would he not have made, to break
+the dead man's slumber! There he lay; as yet unfound, stark, and stiff,
+and with eyes unclosed--
+
+  "Cut off, ev'n in the blossoms of my sin,
+  Unhousel'd, unanointed, unanneal'd."
+
+Bootless sorrow! He had made his bloody bed--and therein must he lie
+o'nights, and in no other. There were no hops in that pillow, for his
+burning brain. The undying memory of a murdered victim--what an
+everlasting agrypnic it must be!
+
+Time, to this wretched boy, seemed very like eternity, that night--but the
+sound of the splashing oar was audible at last--the boat touched the
+wharf--for the last time he shook the hand of his friend, Peter Faneuil,
+and left the land of his birth, which he was destined never to revisit.
+
+The boat was turned from the shore, and the rowers gave way. But so
+intense was the fog, that night, that they got on shore, at Dorchester
+Neck; and, not until long after midnight, reached the Sheerness, man of
+war. They were received on board. Captain Conrad and Lieutenant Pritchard
+were very naturally disposed to sympathize with "_a fair young man_," in a
+predicament, like this--it was all in their line. Gillam, the elder
+brother, related the occurrence; and, before day, parted from Henry, whom
+he was destined to meet no more. Early, on the following morning, the
+events of the preceding night had been whispered, from man to man; for the
+pleasure of being among the earliest, to communicate the intelligence of a
+bloody murder, was precisely the same, in 1728, as it is, at the present
+day. Mrs. Winslow, the lady of the Captain of the Molly, had learned all
+the details, doubtless, before the morning watch. The surgeons, who
+dressed the wounds of Henry Phillips, for he also was wounded, felt
+themselves under no obligation to be silent. The sailors of the Molly, who
+had overheard the conversation of several of the party, were under no
+injunction of secrecy. Indeed, long before the dawn of the fourth of
+July--not then the glorious Fourth--the intelligence had spread, far and
+wide; and parties were scouring the Common, in quest of the murdered man.
+At an early hour, Governor Dummer's proclamation was in the hands of some
+trusty compositor, in the office of Samuel Kneeland, in Queen Street; and
+soon the handbills were upon all the town pumps, and chief corners,
+according to the usage of those days.
+
+There is a pleasure, somewhat difficult of analysis, undoubtedly, in
+gazing for hours upon the stuffed skin of a beast, that, when in the
+flesh, has devoured a respectable citizen. When good Mr. Bowen--not the
+professor--kept his museum in the mansion, occupied, before the
+Revolution, by the Rev. Dr. Caner, and upon whose site the Savings Bank,
+and Historical Society have their apartments, at present, nothing in all
+his collection--not even the Salem Beauty--nor Marat and Charlotte
+Corde--interested me so much, as a broken sword, with a label annexed,
+certifying, that, during the horrors of St. Domingo, seven and twenty of
+the white inhabitants had fallen, beneath that sword, in the hands of a
+gigantic negro! How long, one of the fancy will linger--"_patiens pulveris
+atque solis_" for the luxury of looking upon nothing more picturesque than
+the iron bars of a murderer's cell!
+
+It had, most naturally, spread abroad, that young Philips was concealed,
+on board the man of war. Hundreds may be supposed to have gathered, in
+groups, straining their eyes, to get a glimpse of the Sheerness; and the
+officer, who, in obedience to the warrant, proceeded, on that foggy
+morning, to arrest the offender, found more difficulty, in discovering the
+man of war, than was encountered, on the preceding evening, by those, who
+had sought for the body of Woodbridge, upon the Common. At length, the fog
+fled before the sun--the vista was opened between the Castle and Spectacle
+Island--but the Sheerness was no longer there--literally, the places that
+had known her, knew her no more.
+
+Some of our worthy fathers, more curious than the rest, betook themselves,
+I dare say, to the cupola of the _old_ townhouse--how few of us are aware,
+that the present is the third, that has occupied that spot. There, with
+their glasses, they swept the eastern horizon, to find the truant
+ship--and enjoyed the same measure of satisfaction, that Mr. Irving
+represents the lodger to have enjoyed, who was so solicitous to get a
+glimpse of the "Stout Gentleman."
+
+Over the waters she went, heavily laden, with as much misery, as could be
+pent up, in the bosom of a single individual.
+
+He was stricken with that malady, which knows no remedy from man--a mind
+diseased. In one brief hour, he had disfranchised himself for ever, and
+become a miserable exile.
+
+Among the officers of the Sheerness, he must have been accounted a young
+lion. His _gallantry_, in the estimation of the gentlemen of the wardroom,
+must have furnished a ready passport to their hearts--_he had killed his
+man_!--with the _civilized_, not less than with the _savage_, this is the
+proudest mark of excellence! How little must he have relished the
+approbation of the thoughtless, for an act, which had made him the
+wretched young man, that he was! How paltry the compensation for the
+anguish he had inflicted upon others--the mourning relatives of him, whom
+he had, that night, destroyed--his own connections--_his mother_--he was
+too young, at twenty-two, to be insensible to the sufferings of that
+mother! God knows, she had not forgotten her poor, misguided boy; as we
+shall presently see she crossed the ocean, to hold the aching head, and
+bind up the broken heart of her expatriated son--and arrived, only in
+season, to weep upon his grave, while it was yet green.
+
+
+
+
+No. CXXXV.
+
+
+It is known, that _old_ Chief Justice Sewall, who died Jan. 1, 1730, kept
+a diary, which is in the possession of the Rev. Samuel Sewall, of
+Burlington, Mass., the son of the _late_ Chief Justice Sewall. As the
+death of the _old_ Chief Justice occurred, about eighteen months after the
+time, when the duel was fought, between Phillips and Woodbridge, it
+occurred to me, that some allusion to it, might be found, in the diary.
+
+The Rev. Samuel Sewall has, very kindly, informed me, that the diary of
+the Chief Justice does not refer to the duel; but that the event was
+noticed by him, in his interleaved almanac, and by the Rev. Joseph Sewall,
+who preached the occasional sermon, to which I have referred--in _his_
+diary: and the Rev. Mr. Sewall, of Burlington, has obligingly furnished me
+with such extracts, as seem to have a bearing on the subject, and with
+some suggestions, in relation to the parties.
+
+On the 4th of July, 1728, Judge Sewall, in his interleaved almanac,
+writes thus--"_Poor Mr. Benjam. Woodbridge is found dead in the Comon this
+morning, below the Powder-house, with a Sword-thrust through him, and his
+own Sword undrawn. Henry Phillips is suspected. The town is amazed!_" This
+wears the aspect of what is commonly called foul play; and the impression
+might exist, that Phillips had run his antagonist through, _before he had
+drawn his sword_.
+
+It is quite likely, that Judge Sewall himself had that impression, when he
+made his entry, on the fourth of July: the reader will observe, he does
+not say _sheathed_ but _undrawn_. If there existed no evidence to rebut
+this presumption, it would seem, not that there had been murder, in a
+duel, but a case of the _most atrocious_ murder; for nothing would be more
+unlikely to happen, than that a man, after having received his death
+wound, in this manner, should have sheathed his own sword. The wound was
+under the right pap; he was run through; the sword had come out, at the
+small of his back. How strongly, in this case, the presumptive evidence
+would bear against Phillips, not that he killed Woodbridge, for of this
+there is no doubt; but that he killed him, before he had drawn his own
+sword.
+
+When the reader shall have read the authenticated testimony, which now
+lies before me, he will see, not only that the swords of both were
+drawn--but that both were wounded--that, after Woodbridge was wounded, he
+either dropped his sword, or was disarmed--and, that, when he had become
+helpless, and had walked some little distance from the spot, Phillips
+picked up the sword of his antagonist, and returned it to the scabbard.
+The proof of this, by an eye-witness, is clear, direct, and conclusive.
+
+The next extract, in order of time, is from the diary of the Rev. Joseph
+Sewall, under date July, 1728--_"N. B. On ye 4th (wch was kept, as a Day
+of Prayr upon ye account of ye Drought) we were surpris'd wth ye sad
+Tidings yt Mr. Henry Phillips and Mr Woodbridge fought a duel in wch ye
+latter was slain. O Ld Preserve ye Tow. and Land from the guilt of
+Blood".----"In ye Eveng. I visited Mrs. Ph. O Ld Sanctify thine awful
+judgt to her. Give her Son a thorow Rcpentce."_
+
+These extracts are of interest, not simply because they are historical,
+but as illustrative of the times.
+
+"_1728, July 18. I preached ye Lecture from yese words, Ps. 119, 115,
+Depart from me ye evil Doers, &c. Endeavd to shew ye evill and danger of
+wicked Company.--Condemned Duelling as a bloody crime, &c. O Lord, Bless
+my poor labours._"
+
+"_1728-9, January 22. Mr. Thacher, Mr. Prince, and I met at Mrs.
+Phillips, and Pray'd for her son. I hope G. graciously assisted. Ld Pardon
+the hainous Sins of yt young man, convert and Heal his soul._"
+
+Writing to a London correspondent, June 2, 1729, Chief Justice Sewall
+says--"_Richard put the Letter on board Capt. Thomas Lithered, who saild
+this day; in who went Madam Hannah Phillips_." In his interleaved almanac
+is the following entry--"_1729, Sept. 27, Saturday Madam Phillips arrives;
+mane_." The explanation of these two last entries is at hand. Jean Faneuil
+of Rochelle had, doubtless, written, either to his brother Andre, in
+Boston, or to his nephew, by marriage, Gillam Phillips, giving an account
+of the wanderer, Gillam's brother. At length, the tidings came hither,
+that he was sick; and, probably, in May, 1729, intelligence arrived, that
+he was _dangerously ill_. The mother's heart was stirred within her. By
+the first vessel she embarked for London, on her way to Rochelle. The eyes
+of that unhappy young man were not destined to behold again the face of
+her, whose daylight he had turned into darkness, and whose heart he had
+broken.
+
+He died about the twentieth of May, 1729, as I infer from the documents
+before me. The first of these is the account, rendered by Jean Faneuil, to
+Gillam Phillips, in Jean's own hand--"_Deboursement fait par Jean faneuil
+pour feu Monsieur heny Phillipe de Boston_," &c. He charges in this
+account, for amount paid the physician, "_pendant sa maladie_." The
+doctor's bill is sent as a voucher, and is also before me. Dr. "_Girard De
+Villars, Aggrege au College Royal des Medicins de la Rochelle_"
+acknowledges to have received payment in full _pour l'honoraire des
+consultes de mes confreres et moy a Monsieur Henry Phillipe Anglois_, from
+the fourth of April, to the twentieth of May.
+
+The apothecary's bill of Monsieur Guinot, covering three folio pages, is
+an interesting document, for something of the nature of the malady may be
+inferred, from the _materia medica_ employed--_potion anodine_--_baume
+tranquille sant_--_cordial somnifere_. How effectually the visions, the
+graphic recollections of this miserable young man must have _murdered
+sleep_!
+
+The Rev. Mr. Sewall of Burlington suggests, that Mr. Benjamin Woodbridge,
+who fell in this duel, was, very probably, the grandson of the Rev. John
+Woodbridge of Andover, and he adds, that his partner, Jonathan Sewall, to
+whose house the body was conveyed, was a nephew of the _old_ Chief
+Justice, and, in 1717, was in business with an elder brother, Major Samuel
+Sewall, with whom he resided. In 1726, Major Sewall "lived in a house,
+once occupied by Madam Usher, near the Common;" whither the body of
+Woodbridge might have been conveyed, without much trouble.
+
+The General Court, which assembled, on the 28th of that month, in which
+this encounter took place, enacted a more stringent law, than had existed
+before, on the subject of duelling.
+
+I shall now present the testimony, as it lies before me, certified by
+Elisha Cook, J. P., before whom the examination was had, on the morning
+after the duel:--
+
+"Suffolk, ss. Memorandum. Boston, July 4, 1728. Messrs. Robert Handy,
+George Stewart and others being convented on examination, concerning the
+murther of Benja. Woodbridge last night, Mr. Handy examined saith--that
+sometime before night Mr. Benja. Woodbridge come to me at the White
+horse[3] and desired me to lett him (have) his own sword. I asked ye
+reason: he replied he had business called him into the Country. I was
+jealous he made an excuse. I urged him to tell me plainly what occasion he
+had for a sword, fearing it was to meet with Mr. Henry Phillips, who had
+lately fell out. He still persisted in his first story, upon which I gave
+him his sword and belt,[4] and then he left the Compy, Mr. Thomas Barton
+being in Company, I immediately followed, and went into the Common, found
+said Woodbridge walking the Common by the Powder house, his sword by his
+side. I saw no person save him. I againe urged the occasion of his being
+there. He denied informing. In some short time, I saw Mr. Henry Phillips
+walking towards us, with his Sword by his side and Cloke on. Before he
+came nere us I told them I feared there was a Quarrel and what would be
+the events. They both denied it.
+
+"Mr. Phillips replied again Mr. Woodbridge and he had some particular
+business that concerned them two onley and desired I would go about my
+business. I still persuaded them to let me know their design, and if any
+quarrel they would make it up. Mr. Phillips used me in such a manner with
+slites (slights) that I went of and left them by the powder house, this
+was about eight in the evening. I went up the Common. They walked down.
+After some short space I returned, being justly fearful of their designe,
+in order to prevent their fiteing with Swords. I mett with them about the
+Powder House. I first saw Mr. Woodbridge making up to me, holding his left
+hand below his right breast. I discovered blood upon his coat, asked the
+meaning of it. He told me Mr. Phillips had wounded him. Having no Sword I
+enquired where it was. He said Mr. Phillips had it. Mr. Phillips
+immediately came up, with Woodbridge's sword in his hand naked, his own by
+his side. I told them I was surprized they should quarrel to this degree.
+I told Mr. Phillips he had wounded Mr. Woodbridge. He replied yes so he
+had and Mr. Woodbridge had also wounded me, but in the fleshy part onley,
+shewing me his cut fingers. Mr. Phillips took Mr. Woodbridge's scabbard,
+sheathed the Sword, and either laid it down by him, or gave it to him.
+
+"Mr. Woodbridge beginning to faint satt down, and begged that surgeons
+might be sent for. I immediately went away, leaving these two together.
+Phillips presently followed, told me for God's sake to go back to
+Woodbridge, and take care of him, till he returned with a surgeon. I
+prayed him to hasten, but did not care to returne. Mr. Phillips went away
+as fast as he could and went down the lane by the Pound.[5] I returned to
+the White Horse. I found Mr. Barton and Geoe Reason together. I told Mr.
+Barton Phillips and Woodbridge having quarreled, Woodbridge was much
+wounded. I asked Barton to go and see how it was it with Woodbridge. We
+went a little way from the house, with a designe to go, but Barton,
+hearing Phillips was gone for a Chirurgeon, concluded Phillips would
+procure a Chirurgeon, and so declined going, and went to Mr. Blin's house
+where we ware invited to supper. I have not seen Mr. Hy Phillips or
+(heard) any from him, since I left him going for a Chirurgeon."
+
+Such is the testimony of Robert Handy; and the reader will agree with me,
+that, if he and Barton had been choked with their supper at Mr. Blin's, it
+would have been a "Providence." It would be difficult to find the record
+of more cruel neglect, towards a dying man. When urged to go back and
+sustain Woodbridge, till a surgeon could be procured, he "_did not care to
+returne_." And Barton preferred going to his supper. The principle, which
+governed these fellows, was a grossly selfish and cowardly fear of
+personal implication. Upon an occasion of minor importance, a similar
+principle actuated a couple of Yorkshire lads, who refused to assist, in
+righting the carriage of a member of parliament, which had been
+overturned, because their father had cautioned them never to meddle with
+state affairs.
+
+I shall present the remaining testimony, in the following number.
+
+
+
+
+No. CXXXVI.
+
+
+Let us proceed with the examination, before Justice Elisha Cook, on the
+fourth of July, 1728.
+
+"John Cutler, of Boston, Chirurgeon, examined upon oath, saith, that, last
+evening, about seven, Dr. George Pemberton came to me, at Mrs. Mears's,
+and informed, that an unhappy quarrel hapned betwene Mr. Henry Phillips
+and Benja. Woodbridge, and it was to be feared Mr. Woodbridge was
+desperately wounded. We went out. We soon mett Mr. Henry Phillips, who
+told us he feared he had killed Mr. Woodbridge, or mortally wounded him;
+that he left him at the bottom of the Common, and begged us to repaire
+there and see if any relief might be given him. Doct. Pemberton and I
+went, in compy with Mr. Henry Phillips, in search of said Woodbridge, but
+could not find him, nor make any discovery of the affair. Mr. Phillips
+left us. I bid him walk in Bromfield's lane. We went to Mr. Woodbridge's
+lodgings, and severall other houses, but heard nothing of him. Upon our
+return Mr. H. Phillips was at my house. I dresed his wound, which was
+across his belly and his fingers. Mr. Phillips shew a great concern and
+fear of having killed Mr. Woodbridge. I endeavored to appease him, and
+hope better things; but he said, could he think he was alive, he should
+think himself a happy man."
+
+"Doct. George Pemberton, sworn, saith that last evening about seven or
+eight o'clock Mr. Henry Phillips came to the Sun Tavern and informed me,
+first desiring me to go out wch I did and went to my house, where said
+Phillips shew me some wounds, and that he had wounded Mr. Benjamin
+Woodbridge, and feared they would prove mortal--begged of me to repair to
+the Comon. Accompanied with Dr. Cutler and said Phillips, in quest of said
+Woodbridge, we went to the Powder house, and searched the ground there,
+but could make no discovery. Mr. Phillips then left us, and walked towards
+Mr. Bromfield's lane. Dr. Cutler and I went to Mr. Woodbridge's lodging,
+and several other places, but could hear nothing of him. We returned and
+found Henry Phillips, at Dr. Cutler's, who was very greatly concerned;
+fearing he had killed Mr. Woodbridge. We dressed Mr. Phillips' wounds
+which were small."
+
+"Capt. John Winslow examined saith that last night being at Mr. Doring's
+house, Mr. Gillam Phillips, about eleven in the evening, came to me and
+told me he wanted my boat to carry off his brother Henry, who had wounded
+or killed a man. I went, by appointment, to Mr. Vardy's where I soon mett
+Gillam Phillips. I asked him where his brother was--who he had been
+fiteing with. He made answer I should see him presently. Went down to
+Colo. Estis Hatche's where Mr. Gillam Phillips was to meet me. I gott
+there first, knocked at Mr. Hatche's door. No answer. From Mr. Hatche's
+house Mr. Peter Faneuil and Henry Phillips came into Mr. Hatche's
+yard--Mr. Gillam Phillips immediately after with Mr. Adam Tuck. I heard no
+discourse about the man who was wounded. They concluded, and sent Mr.
+Henry Phillips to Gibb's wharf. Then Gillam Phillips with me to the long
+wharf. I took boat there, and went on board my ship, lying in the harbor.
+Mr. Phillips (Gillam) being in the bote, I took four of the Ship's crew,
+and rowed to Gibb's Wharf, where we mett with Mr. Henry Phillips, Peter
+Faneuil, and Adam Tuck. I came on shore. Henry Phillips and Tuck entred
+the boat. I understood by discourse with Gillam Phillips, they designed on
+board his Majestys Ship-Sheerness, Captain James Conrad Comdr. This was
+about twelve and one of the Clock."
+
+"Adam Tuck of Boston farier, examined upon oath saith, that, about eleven
+of the clock, last evening, being at Luke Vardy's I understood there had
+bin a quarril betwene Henry Phillips and Benja. Woodbridge, and that
+Phillips had killed or mortally wounded Woodbridge. Gillam Phillips Esq.
+being there, I walked with him towards Colo. Hatches, where we came up
+with Capt. Jno. Winslow, and Henry Phillips, and Peter Faneuil. We all
+went to Gibb's wharf, when we, that is Mr. Gillam and Henry Phillips, with
+the examinant went on board Capt. John Winslow's boat. We designed, as I
+understood, to go on board his Majesie's ship Sheerness, in order to leave
+Mr. Henry Phillips on board the man of War, who, as he told me, had, he
+feared, wounded a man, that evening on the Comon, near the water side. The
+person's name I understood was Woodbridge. Soon after our being on board
+Lt. Pritchard caried us into his apartment, where Gillam Phillips related
+to the Leut. the rancounter that hapned betwene his brother Henry and
+Benja. Woodbridge. I took the intent of their going on board the man of
+War was to conceale Mr. Henry Phillips. We stayed on board about an hour
+and a half. We left Mr. Henry Phillips on board the Man of War and came up
+to Boston."
+
+"John Underwood, at present residing in Boston, mariner, belonging to the
+Pink Molle, John Winslow Comdr. now lying in the harbour of Boston, being
+examined upon oath, concerning the death or murther of Mr. Benjamin
+Woodbridge, saith, that about twelve o'clock last night, his Captn John
+Winslow, with another person, unknown to him came on board. The Captn
+ordered the boat with four of our hands, I being one, to go to a Wharf at
+the South end of the Town, where we went, and there the Capt. went on
+Shore, and two other persons came into the Boat without the Captn. We put
+of and by the discourse we were designed to go on board the Man of Whar,
+but by reason of the fogg or thick weather we gott on shore at Dorchester
+neck, went up to a house and stayed there about an hour and half, then
+returned to our boat, took in the three persons affore-named, as I
+suppose, with our crew, and went on board the Man of War, now lying
+betwene the Castle & Specta Island. We all went on board with the men we
+took in at the Wharf, stayed there for the space of an hour, and then came
+up to Boston, leaving one of the three onley on board, and landed by
+Oliver's Dock."
+
+"Wm. Pavice of Boston, one of the Pink Molly's crew, examined upon oath,
+saith as above declared by John Underwood."
+
+"James Wood and John Brown, mariners, belonging to the Pink Molly, being
+examined upon oath, declare as above. John Brown cannot say, or knows not
+how many persons they took from the shore, at Gibb's wharf, but is
+positive but two returned to Boston. They both say they cant be sure
+whether the Capt. went in the boat from the ship to the shoar."
+
+"Mr. Peter Faneuil examined saith, that, last evening, about twelve, he
+was with Gillam Phillips, Henry Phillips and Adam Tuck at Gibb's wharf,
+and understood by Gillam Phillips, that his brother Henry had killed or
+mortally wounded Mr. Benja. Woodbridge this evening, that Henry Phillips
+went into Capt'n Winslow's boat, with his brother and Adam Tuck with the
+Boat's crew, where they went he knows not."
+
+Such was the evidence, presented before the examining justice, on the
+fourth of July, 1728, in relation to this painful, and extraordinary
+occurrence.
+
+I believe I have well nigh completed my operation, upon Peter Faneuil: but
+before I throw aside my professional apron, let me cast about, and see, if
+there are no small arteries which I have not taken up. I perceive there
+are.
+
+The late Rev. Dr. Gray, of Jamaica Plains, on page 8 of his half century
+sermon, published in 1842, has the following passage--"_The third or
+Jamaica Plain Parish, in Roxbury, had its origin in the piety of an
+amiable female. I refer to Mrs. Susanna, wife of Benjamin Pemberton. She
+was the daughter of Peter Faneuil, who, in 1740 erected and gave to the
+Town of Boston the far-famed Hall, which still bears his name; and who
+built also the dwelling house, now standing here, recently known, as late
+Dr. John Warren's Country seat._"
+
+Nothing could have been farther from the meaning of the amiable Mr. Gray,
+than a design to cast a reproach, upon the unimpeachable pedigree of this
+excellent lady. But Peter Faneuil was, unfortunately, never married. He
+was a bachelor; and is styled "_Bachelour_," in the commission, from John,
+Archbishop of Canterbury, to Judge Willard, to administer the oath to
+Benjamin Faneuil, as administrator, on Peter's estate. Peter's estate was
+divided, among his brother, Benjamin, and his four sisters, Anne
+Davenport, Susanna Boutineau, Mary Phillips, and Mary Ann Jones. This fact
+is established, by the original indenture of marriage settlement, now
+before me, between John Jones and Mary Ann Faneuil, dated the very month
+of Peter's decease. He had no daughter to inherit. Mrs. Susanna Pemberton
+had not a drop of the Faneuil blood, in her veins. Her nearest
+approximation consisted in the fact, that George Bethune, her own brother,
+married, as I have already stated, Mary Faneuil, Peter's niece, and the
+daughter of Benjamin. Benjamin occupied that cottage, before he removed to
+Brighton. He had also a town residence, in rear of the Old Brick
+Meeting-house, which stood where Joy's buildings now stand.
+
+Thomas Kilby was the commercial agent of Peter Faneuil, at Canso, Nova
+Scotia, in 1737, 8 and 9. He was a gentleman of education; graduated at
+Harvard, in 1723, and died in 1740, and according to Pemberton, published
+essays, in prose and verse. Not long ago, a gentleman inquired of me, if I
+had ever heard, that Peter Faneuil had a wooden leg; and related the
+following amusing story, which he received from his collateral ancestor,
+John Page, who graduated at Harvard, in 1765, and died in 1825, aged 81.
+
+Thomas Kilby was an unthrifty, and rather whimsical, gentleman. Being
+without property and employment, he retired, either into Maine, or Nova
+Scotia. There he made a will, for his amusement, having, in reality,
+nothing to bequeath. He left liberal sums to a number of religious,
+philanthropic, and literary institutions--his eyes, which were very good,
+to a blind relative--his body to a surgeon of his acquaintance, "excepting
+as hereinafter excepted"--his sins he bequeathed to a worthy clergyman, as
+he appeared not to have any--and the choice of his legs to Peter Faneuil.
+
+Upon inquiry of the oldest surviving relative of Peter, I found, that
+nothing was known of the wooden leg.
+
+A day or two after, a highly respectable and aged citizen, attracted by
+the articles, in the Transcript, informed me, that his father, born in
+1727, told him, that he had seen Peter Faneuil, in his garden, and that,
+on one foot, he wore a very high-heeled shoe. This, probably, gave
+occasion to the considerate bequest of Thomas Kilby.
+
+The will, as my informant states, upon the authority of Mr. John Page,
+coming to the knowledge of Peter, he was so much pleased with the humor of
+it, that, probably, having a knowledge of the _testator_ before, he sent
+for him, and made him his agent, at Canso.
+
+Peter was a kind-hearted man. The gentleman who gave me the fact,
+concerning the high-heeled shoe, informed me, upon his father's authority,
+that old Andrew Faneuil--the same, who, in his will, prays God, for "_the
+perfecting of his charities_"--put a poor, old, schoolmaster, named
+Walker, into jail, for debt. Imprisonment then, for debt, was a serious
+and lingering affair. Peter, in the flesh--not his angel--privately paid
+the poor man's debt, and set the prisoner free.
+
+
+
+
+No. CXXXVII.
+
+
+Those words of Horace were the words of soberness and truth--_Oh
+imitatores, vulgum pecus!_--I loathe imitators and imitations of all
+sorts. How cheap must that man feel, who awakens _hesterno vitio_, from
+yesterday's debauch, on _imitation_ gin or brandy! Let no reader of the
+Transcript suppose, that I am so far behind the times, as to question the
+respectability of being drunk, on the real, original Scheidam or Cogniac,
+whether at funerals, weddings, or ordinations. But I consider _imitation_
+gin or brandy, at a funeral, a point blank insult to the corpse.
+
+Everybody knows, that old oaks, old friendships, and old mocha must
+grow--they cannot be made. My horse is frightened, nearly out of his
+harness, almost every day of his life, by the hissing and jetting of the
+steam, and the clatter of the machinery, as I pass a manufactory, or
+grindery, of _imitation_ coffee. _Imitation_ coffee! What would my old
+friend, Melli Melli, the Tunisian ambassador, with whom--long, long ago--I
+have taken a cup of his own particular, once and again, at Chapotin's
+Hotel, in Summer Street, say to such a thing as this!
+
+This grindery is located, in an Irish neighborhood, and there used to be a
+great number of Irish children thereabouts. The number has greatly
+diminished of late. I know not why, but, as I passed, the other day, the
+story that Dickens tells of the poor sausage-maker, whose broken buttons,
+among the sausage meat, revealed his unlucky destiny, came forcibly to
+mind. By the smell, I presume, there is a roastery, connected with the
+establishment; and, now I think of it, the atmosphere, round about, is
+filled with the odor of roast pig--a little overdone.
+
+Good things, of all sorts, have stimulated the imitative powers of man,
+from the diamond to the nutmeg. Even death--and death is a good thing to
+him, whose armor of righteousness is on, _cap-a-pie_--death has been
+occasionally imitated; and really, now and then, the thing has been very
+cleverly done. I refer not to cases of catalepsy or trance, nor to cases
+of total suspension of sensibility and voluntary motion, for a time, under
+the agency of sulphuric ether, or chloroform.
+
+In 1843, at the request of her Majesty's principal Secretary of State, for
+the Home Department, Mr. Edwin Chadwick, Barrister at Law, made "_a report
+on the results of a special inquiry into the practice of interment in
+towns_." This report is very severe upon our fraternity; but, I must
+confess, it is a most able and interesting performance, and full of
+curious detail. The demands of the English undertaker, it appears, are so
+oppressive upon the poor, that burial societies have been formed, upon the
+mutual principle. It is asserted by Mr. Chadwick, that parents, under the
+gripings of poverty, have actually poisoned their children, to obtain the
+burial money. At the Chester assizes, several trials, for infanticide,
+have occurred, on these grounds. "_That child will not live, it is in the
+burial club_," is a cant and common phrase, among the Manchester paupers.
+
+Some very clever impositions, have been practised, to obtain the burial
+allowance. A man, living in Manchester, resolved to play corpse, for this
+laudable object. His wife was privy to the plot, of course,--and gave
+notice, in proper form, of her bereavement. The agent of the society made
+the customary domiciliary visit. There the body lay--stiff and stark--and
+a very straight and proper corpse it was--the jaw decently tied up. The
+visitor, well convinced, and quite touched by the widow's anguish, was
+turning on his heel to depart, when a slight motion of the dead man's
+eyelid arrested his attention: he began to smell--not of the body, like
+the bear in AEsop--but a rat. Upon feeling the pulse, he begged the chief
+mourner to be comforted; there was strong ground for hope! More obstinate
+than Rachel, she not only would not be comforted, but abused the visitor,
+in good Gaelic, for questioning her veracity. Had she not laid out the
+daar man, her own daar Tooly Mashee, with her own hands! and didn't she
+know better than to be after laying him out, while the brith was in his
+daar buddy! and would she be guilty of so cruel a thing to her own good
+man! The doctor was called; and, after feeling the pulse, threw a bucket
+of water, in the face of the defunct, which resulted in immediate
+resurrection.
+
+The most extraordinary case of imitation death on record, and which, under
+the acknowledged rules of evidence, it is quite impossible to disbelieve,
+is that of the East India Fakeer, who was buried alive at Lahore, in 1837,
+and at the end of forty days, disinterred, and resuscitated. This tale is,
+_prima facie_, highly improbable: let us examine the evidence. It is
+introduced, in the last English edition of Sharon Turner's Sacred History
+of the World, vol. iii., in a note upon Letter 25. The witness is Sir
+Claude M. Wade, who, at the time of the Fakeer's burial, and disinterment,
+was political resident, at Loodianah, and principal agent of the English
+government, at the court of Runjeet Singh. The character of this witness
+is entirely above suspicion; and the reader will observe, in his
+testimony, anything but the marks and numbers of a credulous witness, or a
+dealer in the marvellous. Mr. Wade addressed a letter to the editor of
+Turner's History, from which the following extracts are made:--
+
+"I was present, at the court of Runjeet Singh, at Lahore, in 1837, when
+the Fakeer, mentioned by the Hon. Capt. Osborne, was buried alive, for six
+weeks; and, though I arrived, a few hours after his interment, I had the
+testimony of Runjeet Singh, himself, and others, the most credible
+witnesses of his court, to the truth of the Fakeer having been so buried
+before them; and from having been present myself, when he was disinterred,
+and restored to a state of perfect vitality, in a position so close to
+him, as to render any deception impossible, it is my firm belief that
+there was no collusion, in producing the extraordinary fact, that I have
+related."
+
+Mr. Wade proceeds to give an account of the disinterment. "On the approach
+of the appointed time, according to invitation, I accompanied Runjeet
+Singh to the spot, where the Fakeer had been buried. It was a square
+building, called, in the language of the country, _Barra Durree_, in the
+midst of one of the gardens, adjoining the palace at Lahore, with an open
+verandah all around, having an enclosed room in the centre. On arriving
+there, Runjeet Singh, who was attended on the occasion, by the whole of
+his court, dismounting from his elephant, asked me to join him, in
+examining the building, to satisfy himself that it was closed, as he had
+left it. We did so. There had been an open door, on each of the four sides
+of the room, three of which were perfectly closed with brick and mortar.
+The fourth had a strong door, also closed with mud, up to the padlock,
+which was sealed with the private seal of Runjeet Singh, in his own
+presence, when the Fakeer was interred. In fact, the exterior of the
+building presented no aperture whatever, by which air could be admitted,
+nor any communication held, by which food could possibly be conveyed to
+the Fakeer; and I may also add, that the walls, closing the doorways, bore
+no marks of having been recently disturbed or removed."
+
+"Runjeet Singh recognized the impression of the seal, as the one, which he
+had affixed: and, as he was as skeptical, as any European could be, of the
+successful result of such an enterprise, to guard, as far as possible,
+against any collusion, he had placed two companies, from his own personal
+escort, near the building, from which four sentries were furnished, and
+relieved, every two hours, night and day, to guard the building from
+intrusion. At the same time, he ordered one of the principal officers of
+his court to visit the place occasionally, and report the result of his
+inspection to him; while he himself, or his minister, kept the seal which
+closed the hole of the padlock, and the latter received the reports of the
+officers on guard, morning and evening."
+
+"After our examination, and we had seated ourselves in the verandah,
+opposite the door, some of Runjeet's people dug away the mud wall, and one
+of his officers broke the seal, and opened the padlock."
+
+"On the door being thrown open, nothing but a dark room was to be seen.
+Runjeet Singh and myself then entered it, in company with the servant of
+the Fakeer. A light was brought, and we descended about three feet below
+the floor of the room, into a sort of cell, in which a wooden box, about
+four feet long, by three broad, with a square sloping roof, containing the
+Fakeer, was placed upright, the door of which had also a padlock and seal,
+similar to that on the outside. On opening it, we saw"--
+
+But I am reminded, by observing the point I have reached, upon my sheet of
+paper, that it is time to pause. There are others, who have something to
+say to the public, of more importance, about rum, sugar and molasses,
+turtle soup and patent medicine, children, that are lost, and puppies,
+that are found.
+
+
+
+
+No. CXXXVIII.
+
+
+Sir Claude M. Wade, the reader may remember, was proceeding thus--"On
+opening it," (the box containing the Fakeer) "we saw a figure, enclosed in
+a bag of white linen, drawn together, and fastened by a string over the
+head; on the exposure of which a grand salute was fired, and the
+surrounding multitude came crowding to the door to see the spectacle.
+After they had gratified their curiosity, the Fakeer's servant, putting
+his arms into the box, took the figure of his master out; and, closing the
+door, placed it, with his back against the door, exactly as he had been
+squatted, like a Hindoo idol, in the box itself. Runjeet Singh and I then
+descended into the cell, which was so small, that we were only able to sit
+on the ground in front, and so close to the body, as to touch it with our
+hands and knees. The servant then began pouring warm water over the
+figure, but, as my object was to watch if any fraudulent practice could be
+detected, I proposed to Runjeet Singh, to tear open the bag, and have a
+perfect view of the body, before any means of resuscitation were
+attempted. I accordingly did so; and may here remark, that the bag, when
+first seen by us, looked mildewed, as if it had been buried for some time.
+The legs and arms of the body were shrivelled and stiff, the face full, as
+in life, and the head reclining on the shoulder, like that of a corpse."
+
+"I then called to the medical gentleman, who was attending me, to come
+down and inspect the body, which he did, but could discover no pulsation,
+in the heart, temples or the arms. There was however, a heat, about the
+region of the brain, which no other part of the body exhibited. The
+servant then commenced bathing him with hot water, and gradually relaxing
+his arms and legs from the rigid state, in which they were contracted;
+Runjeet Singh taking his right and left leg, to aid by friction in
+restoring them to their proper action, during which time the servant
+placed a hot wheaten cake, about an inch thick, on the top of the head--a
+process, which he twice or thrice repeated. He then took out of his
+nostrils and ears the wax and cotton plugs, with which they were stopped,
+and after great exertion, opened his mouth, by inserting the point of a
+knife between the teeth, and while holding his jaws open, with his left
+hand, drew the tongue forward, with the forefinger of the right, in the
+course of which the tongue flew back, several times, to its curved
+position upwards, that in which it had originally been placed, so as to
+close the gullet. He then rubbed his eyelids with ghee (clarified butter)
+for some time, till he succeeded in opening them, when the eye appeared
+quite motionless and glazed. After the cake had been applied for the third
+time, to the top of the head, the body was convulsively heaved, the
+nostrils became violently inflated, respiration ensued, and the limbs
+began to assume a natural fulness. The servant then put some ghee on his
+tongue, and made him swallow it. A few minutes afterwards, the eyeballs
+became slowly dilated, recovered their natural color, and the Fakeer,
+recognizing Runjeet Singh, sitting close by him, articulated, in a low
+sepulchral tone, scarcely audible--'_Do you believe me now?_'"
+
+"Runjeet Singh replied in the affirmative; and then began investing the
+Fakeer with a pearl necklace, a superb pair of gold bracelets, shawls, and
+pieces of silk and muslin, forming what is called a _khilet_, such as is
+usually conferred, by the princes of India, on persons of distinction.
+From the time of the box being opened to the recovery of the voice, not
+more than half an hour could have elapsed; and, in another half an hour,
+the Fakeer talked with himself and those about him freely, though feebly,
+like a sick person, and we then left him, convinced that there had been no
+fraud or collusion, in the exhibition, which we had witnessed."
+
+The Hon. Captain Osborne, who was attached to the mission of Sir William
+Macnaughten, in the following year, 1838, sought to persuade the Fakeer to
+repeat the experiment, and to suffer the keys of the vault to remain in
+Captain Osborne's custody. At this the Fakeer became alarmed, though he
+afterwards consented, and, at the request of Runjeet Singh, he came to
+Lahore for the purpose; but, as he expressed a strong apprehension, that
+Captain Osborne intended to destroy him, and as Sir William Macnaughten
+and his suite were about to depart, the matter was given up. This is
+related by Captain Osborne, in his "Court and Camp of Runjeet Singh."
+
+After avowing his entire belief in all the facts, set forth in the
+previous narrative, Sir Claude M. Wade remarks--"I took some pains to
+inquire into the mode, by which such a result was effected; and was
+informed, that it rested on a doctrine of the Hindoo physiologists, that
+heat constitutes the self existent principle of life; and, that, if the
+functions are so far destroyed, as to leave that one, in perfect purity,
+life could be sustained for considerable lengths of time, independently of
+air, food, or any other means of sustenance. To produce such a state, the
+patients are obliged to go through a severe preparation. How far such
+means are calculated to produce such effects physiologists will be better
+able to judge than I can pretend to do. I only state what I saw, and
+heard, and think."
+
+This narrative certainly belongs to the very first part of the very first
+book of very wonderful things. But this marvellous book is no longer a
+closed volume. Millions of ingenious fingers have, for fifty years, been
+busily employed, in breaking its mysterious seals, one after another.
+Demonstration has trampled upon doubt, and the world is rapidly coming to
+my shrewd old grandmother's conclusion, that nothing is so truly
+wonderful, as that we wonder at all. There is nothing more difficult, than
+to exonerate the mind from the weight of its present consciousness, and to
+wonder by rule. We readily lose the recollection of our doubt and
+derision, upon former occasions, when matters, apparently quite as absurd
+and impossible, are presented for contemplation, _de novo_.
+
+If putrefaction can be kept off, mere animal life, the vital principle,
+may be preserved, for a prodigious length of time, in the lower ranks of
+animal creation, while in a state of torpidity. Dr. Gillies relates, that
+he bottled up some _cerastes_, a species of small snakes, and kept them
+corked tight, with nothing in the bottle, but a little sand, for several
+years; and, when the bottle was uncorked, they came forth, revived by the
+air, and immediately acquired their original activity.
+
+More than fifty years ago, having read Dr. Franklin's account of the
+flies, which he discovered, drowned, in a bottle of old wine, and which he
+restored to life, by exposure to the sun's rays; I bottled up a dozen
+flies, in a small phial of Madeira--took them out, at the expiration of a
+month--and placed them under a glass tumbler, in a sunny window. Within
+half an hour, nine revived; got up; walked about, wiped their faces with
+their fore legs; trimmed their wings, with their hinder ones; and began to
+knock their heads, against the tumbler, to escape. After waiting a couple
+of hours, to give the remaining three a fair chance, but to no purpose,
+and expecting nothing from the humane society, for what I had already
+accomplished, I returned the nine to their wine bath, in the phial. After
+rather more than three months, I repeated the experiment of resuscitation.
+After several hours, two gave evidence of revival, got upon their legs,
+reeled against each other, and showed some symptoms of _mania a potu_. At
+length they were fairly on their trotters. I lifted the tumbler; they took
+the hint, and flew to the window glass. It was fly time. I watched one of
+those, who had profited by the revival--he got four or five flies about
+him, who really seemed to be listening to the account of his experience.
+
+"Ants, bees, and wasps," says Sharon Turner, in his Sacred History, vol.
+i. ch. 17, "especially the smallest of these, the ants, do things, and
+exercise sensibilities, and combine for purposes, and achieve ends, that
+bring them nearer to mankind, than any other class of animated nature."
+Aye, I know, myself, some of our fellow-citizens, who make quite a stir,
+in their little circles, petty politicians, who extort responses from
+great men, and show them, _in confidence_, to all they meet--overgrown
+boys, in bands and cassocks, who, for mere exercise, edit religious
+newspapers, and scribble _treason_, under the name of _ethics_--who, in
+respect to all the qualities, enumerated by Sharon Turner, are decidedly
+inferior to pismires.
+
+The hybernation of various animals furnishes analogous examples of the
+matter, under consideration. A suspension of faculties and functions, for
+a considerable time, followed by a periodical restoration of their use,
+forms a part of the natural history of certain animals.
+
+Those forty days--that wonderful quarantine of the Fakeer, in the tomb,
+and his subsequent restoration, are marvels. I have presented the facts,
+upon the evidence of Sir Claude M. Wade. Every reader will philosophize,
+upon this interesting matter, for himself. If such experiments can be
+made, for forty days, it is not easy to comprehend the necessity of such a
+limit. If trustees were appointed, and gave bonds to keep the tomb
+comfortable, and free from rats, and to knock up a corpse, at the time
+appointed, forty years, or an hundred, might answer quite as well. What
+visions are thus opened to the mind. An author might go to sleep, and wake
+up in the midst of posterity, and find himself an entire stranger. Weary
+partners might find a temporary respite, in the grave, and leave
+directions, to be called, in season to attend the funeral. The heir
+expectant of some tenacious ancestor might thus dispose of the drowsy and
+unprofitable interval. The gentleman of _petite fortune_ might suffer it
+to accumulate, in the hands of trustees, and wake up, after twenty or
+thirty years, a man of affluence. Instead of making up a party for the
+pyramids, half a dozen merry fellows might be buried together, with the
+pleasant prospect of rising again in 1949. No use whatever being made of
+the time thus relinquished, and the powers of life being husbanded in the
+interim, years would pass uncounted, of course; and he, who was buried, at
+twenty-one, would be just of age when he awoke. I should like, extremely,
+to have the opinion of the Fakeer, upon these interesting points.
+
+
+
+
+No. CXXXIX.
+
+  "And much more honest to be hir'd, and stand
+  With auctionary hammer in thy hand,
+  Provoking to give more, and knocking thrice,
+  For the old household stuff or picture's price."
+                                          DRYDEN.
+
+
+Old customs, dead and buried, long ago, do certainly come round again,
+like old comets; but, whether in their appointed seasons, or not, I cannot
+tell. Whether old usages, and old chairs, and old teapots revolve in their
+orbits, or not, I leave to the astronomers. It would be very pleasant to
+be able to calculate the return of hoops, cocked hats, and cork rumpers,
+buffets, pillions, links, pillories, and sedans.
+
+I noticed the following paragraph, in the Evening Transcript, not long
+ago, and it led me to turn over some heaps of old relics, in my
+possession--
+
+"A substitute for the everlasting 'going, going, gone,' was introduced at
+a recent auction in New York. The auctioneer held up a sand-glass, through
+which the sand occupied fourteen seconds in passing. If a person made a
+bid, the glass was held up in view of all, and if no person advanced on
+the bid before the sand passed through, the sale was made. This idea is a
+novel one, though we believe it has long been practised in Europe."
+
+It was formerly the custom in England, to sell goods, at auction, "by
+inch of candle." An inch of candle was lighted, and the company proceeded
+to bid, the last crier or bidder, before the candle went out, was declared
+the purchaser. Samuel Pepys, who was Secretary of the Admiralty, in the
+reigns of the two last Stuarts, repeatedly refers to the practice, in his
+Diary. Thus, in Braybrook's edition, of 1848, he says, vol. i. page 151,
+under date Nov. 6, 1660--"To our office, where we met all, for the sale of
+two ships, by an inch of candle, (the first time that I saw any of this
+kind,) where I observed how they do invite one another, and at last how
+they all do cry; and we have much to do to tell who did cry last."
+
+Again, Ibid., vol. ii. page 29, Sept. 3, 1662--"After dinner, we met and
+sold the Weymouth, Successe, and Fellowship hulkes, where pleasant to see
+how backward men are at first to bid; and yet, when the candle is going
+out, how they bawl, and dispute afterwards who bid the most first. And
+here I observed one man cunninger than the rest, that was sure to bid the
+last man, and carry it; and, inquiring the reason, he told me, that, just
+as the flame goes out, the smoke descends, which is a thing I never
+observed before, and, by that he do know the instant when to bid last."
+Again, Ibid., vol. iv. page 4, Ap. 3, 1667, he refers to certain prize
+goods, "bought lately at the candle."
+
+Haydn says this species of auction, by inch of candle is derived from a
+practice, in the Roman Catholic Church. Where there is an excommunication,
+by inch of candle, and the sinner is allowed to come to repentance, while
+yet the candle burns. The sinner is supposed, of course, to be
+_going--going--gone_--unless he avails of the opportunity to bid, as it
+were, for his salvation. This naturally reminds the reader of the
+spiritual distich--
+
+  "For while the lamp holds out to burn,
+  The vilest sinner may return."
+
+Where the bids are, from a maximum, downward, the term--_auction_--is
+still commonly, though improperly employed, and in the very teeth of all
+etymology. When I was a boy, the poor, in many of our country towns, were
+disposed of, in this manner. The question was, who would take Daddy
+Osgood, one of the town's poor, for the smallest weekly sum, to be paid by
+the town. The old man was started, at four shillings, and bid down to a
+minimum. There was yet a little work in his old bones; and I well remember
+one of these auctions, in 1798, in the town of Billerica, at which Dr.
+William Bowers bid off Daddy Osgood, for two and sixpence.
+
+The Dutch have a method of selling fresh fish, which is somewhat analogous
+to this, and very simple and ingenious. An account of it may be found, in
+Dodsley's Annual Register, for 1760, vol. iii. page 170. The salesman is
+called the Affslager. The fish are brought in, in the morning, and placed
+on the ground, near the fish stalls of the retailers. At ten, precisely,
+the Affslager rings his bell, which may be heard, for half a mile.
+Retailers, and individual consumers collect, and the Affslager--the
+auctioneer--puts up a lot, at a maximum price. No one offers a less sum,
+but the mynheers stand round, sucking at their pipes, and puffing away,
+and saying nothing. When the Affslager becomes satisfied, that nobody will
+buy the lot, at the price named, he gradually lowers it, until one of the
+mynheers takes his pipe from his mouth and cries "_mine!_" in High Dutch.
+He is, of course, the purchaser; and the Affslager proceeds to the sale of
+another lot.
+
+It will be seen, from one of the citations from Pepys, that some of _the
+auctions_ of his time were called _the candles_; precisely as the
+auctions, at Rome, were called _hastae_; a spear or _hasta_, instead of a
+flag, being the customary signal for the sale. The proper word, however,
+was _auctio_, and the auctioneer was called _auctor_. Notice of the sale
+was given, by the crier, _a praecone praedicari_, Plaut. Men., v. 9, 94, or,
+by writing on tables. Such is the import of _tabulum proscripsit_, in
+Cicero's letter to his brother Quintus, ii. 6.
+
+In the year 1824, passing through the streets of Natchez, I saw a slave,
+walking along, and ringing a bell, as he went; the bell very much
+resembled our cowbells, in size and form. Upon a signal from a citizen,
+the slave stopped ringing, and walked over to him, and stood before him,
+till he had read the advertisement of a sale at auction, placarded on the
+breast of the slave, who then went forward, ringing his bell, as before.
+The Romans made their bids, by lifting the finger; and the auctioneer
+added as many _sesterces_, as he thought amounted to a reasonable bid.
+
+Cicero uses this expression in his fine oration against Verres, i
+54--_digitum tollit Junius patruus--Junius, his paternal uncle, raised his
+finger_, that is, he made a bid.
+
+The employment of a spear, as the signal of an auction sale, is supposed
+to have arisen from the fact, that the only articles, originally sold, in
+this manner, were the spoils of war. Subsequently, the spear--_hasta_--came
+to be universally used, to signify a _sale at auction_. The auction of
+Pompey's goods, by Caesar, is repeatedly alluded to, by Cicero, with great
+severity, as the _hasta Caesaris_. A passage may be found, in his treatise,
+_De Officiis_, ii. 8, and another, in his eighth Philippic, sec.
+3--"Invitus dico, sed dicendum est. Hasta Caesaris, Patres Conscripti,
+multis improbis spem affert, et audaciam. Viderunt enim, ex mendicis fieri
+repente divites: itaque hastam semper videre cupiunt ii, qui nostris bonis
+imminent; quibus omnia pollicetur Antonius." I say it reluctantly, but it
+must be said--Caesar's auction, Conscript Fathers, inflames the hopes and
+the insolence of many bad men. For they see how immediately, the merest
+beggars are converted into men of wealth. Therefore it is that those, who
+are hankering after our goods and chattels, and to whom Antony has
+promised all things, are ever longing to behold such another auction, as
+that.
+
+The auctioneer's bell, in use, at the Hague, in 1760, was introduced into
+Boston, seventy-seven years ago, by Mr. Bicker, whose auction-room was
+near the Market. Having given some offence to the public, he inserted the
+following notice, in the Boston Gazette and Country Journal, Monday, April
+18, 1774--"As the method, lately practised by the Subscriber, in having a
+Person at his Door, to invite Gentlemen and others to his public
+Sales--has given Dissatisfaction to some (Gentlemen Shopkeepers in
+particular) to avoid giving Offence for the future, he shall desist from
+that Practice, and pursue one (as follows) which he flatters himself
+cannot fail giving universal Satisfaction, as he sincerely wishes so to
+do. The Public are most earnestly requested to remember (_for their own
+advantage_) that, for the future, Notice will be given, by sounding a
+Bell, which he has purchased for that Purpose, which is erected over the
+Auction Room Door, near the Market, Boston, where constant Attendance is
+given both early and late, to receive the favors of all such who are
+pleased to confer on their _Much obliged, Most Obedient, and very humble
+Servant_, M. Bicker."
+
+Albeit there is no less bickering or dickering here now, than of yore, yet
+Bicker and his bell have gone, long ago, to the "receptacle of things lost
+upon earth." The very name is no more.
+
+Haydn says, the first auction in Britain was about 1700, by Elisha Yale,
+a Governor of Fort George, in the East Indies, of the goods he had brought
+home with him. That Mr. Haydn must be mistaken is manifest, from the
+citation from Pepys, who speaks of auctions, by inch of candle, as early
+as 1660; and not then as a novelty, but the first of the kind that he had
+witnessed.
+
+Fosbroke says, in his Antiquities, page 412--"In the middle age, the goods
+were cried and sold to the highest bidder, and the sound of a trumpet
+added with a very loud noise. The use of the spear was retained, the
+auctions being called _Subhastationes_; and the _Subhastator_, or
+auctioneer, was sworn to sell the goods faithfully. In Nares, we have,
+_sold at a pike or spear_, i. e. by public auction or outcry; and auctions
+called _port sales_, because originally, perhaps, sales made in ports--the
+crier stood under the spear, as in the Roman aera, and was, in the
+thirteenth century, called _cursor_."
+
+Of late, _mock auctions_, as they are termed, have become a very serious
+evil, especially in the city of New York. In 1813 petitions, in regard to
+these public impositions, were sent to the Lords of the Treasury, from
+many of the principal cities of Great Britain. In 1818 a select committee
+reported, very fully, upon this subject, to the British Parliament. This
+committee, after long and critical investigation, reported, that great
+frauds were constantly committed on the public, by _mock_ or fraudulent
+_auctions_. The committee set forth several examples of this species of
+knavery. Goods are sold, as the furniture of gentlemen, going abroad. For
+this purpose, empty houses are hired for a few days, and filled with
+comparatively worthless furniture. Articles of the most inferior
+manufacture are made for the express purpose of being put into such sales,
+as the property of individuals of known character and respectability. To
+impose, more effectually, on the public, the names of the most respectable
+auctioneers have been used, with the variation of a letter. This bears
+some analogy to the legislative change of name, in this city, for the
+purpose of facilitating the sale of inferior pianos. Respectable
+auctioneers have been compelled, in self-defence, to appear at such mock
+auctions, and disclaim all connection therewith. Great masses of cutlery
+and plated ware of base manufacture, with London makers' names, and
+advertised, as made in London, are constantly sold, at these auctions;
+forcing the London makers to appear at the sales rooms, and expose the
+fraud.
+
+The committee say that no imposition is more common than the sale of
+ordinary wine, in bottles, as the _bonne bouche_ of some respectable
+Amphitryon deceased.
+
+They farther state, that daring men are known to combine, attend real
+sales, and by various means, drive respectable purchasers away, purchase
+at their own price, and afterwards privately sell, under a form of public
+sale, among themselves, at _Knock Out_ auctions, as they are called.
+
+The committee recommended an entire revision of the auction laws--an
+increase of the license--heavier penalties for violation--no sale, without
+previous exposure of the goods for twenty-four hours, or printed
+catalogue--name and address of the auctioneer to be published--severe
+penalty, for using a fictitious name, &c.
+
+The whole advertising system of mock auctions, like that, connected with
+the kindred impostures of quackery and patent medicines, furnishes a vast
+amount of curious and entertaining reading; and affords abundant scope,
+for the exercise of a vicious ingenuity. I have heard of a horse, that
+could not be compelled, by whip or spur, to cross a bridge, which lay in
+the way to his owner's country residence--the horse was advertised to be
+sold at auction for no fault but that his owner was _desirous of going out
+of the city_.
+
+
+
+
+No. CXL.
+
+
+Few things are more difficult, than shaving a cold corpse, and making,
+what the _artistes_ call _a good job of it_. I heard Robert New say so,
+forty years ago, who kept his shop, at the north--easterly corner of
+Scollay's buildings. He said the barber ought to be called, as soon, as
+the breath was out of the body, and a little before, if it was a clear
+case, and you wished the corpse "_to look wholesome_." I think he was
+right. Pope's Narcissa said--
+
+  "One need not sure be ugly, though one's dead."
+
+There is considerable mystery, in shaving a living corpse. I find it so;
+and yet I have always shaved myself; for I have never been able to
+overcome a strong, hereditary prejudice, against being taken by the nose.
+
+My razor is very capricious; so, I suppose, is everybody's razor. There is
+a deep and mystical philosophy, about the edge of a razor, which seems to
+have baffled the most scientific; and is next of kin to witchcraft. A
+tract, by Cotton Mather, upon this subject, would be invaluable. The
+scholar will smile, at any comparison, between Pliny the elder and Cotton
+Mather. So far, as respects the scope of knowledge, and power of
+intellect, and inexhaustible treasures, displayed in Pliny's thirty-seven
+books of Natural History, one might as well compare Hyperion to a mummy. I
+allude to nothing but the _Magnalia_ or _Improbabilia_; and, upon this
+point of comparison, Mather, witchcraft and all fairly fade out of sight,
+before the marvels and fantastical stories of Pliny. In lib. xxviii. 23,
+Pliny assigns a very strange cause, why _aciem in cultris tonsorum
+hebetescere_--why the edge of a barber's razor is sometimes blunted. The
+reader may look it up, if he will--it is better in a work, _sub sigillo
+latinitatis_, than in an English journal.
+
+I have often put my razor down, regretting, that my beard did not spread
+over a larger area; so keenly and agreeably has the instrument performed
+its work. It really seemed, that I might have shaved a sleeping mouse,
+without disturbing his repose. After twelve hours, that very razor,
+untouched the while, has come forth, no better than a pot-sherd. The very
+reverse of all this has also befallen me. I once heard Revaillon, our old
+French barber, say, that a razor could not be strapped with too light a
+hand; and the English proverb was always in his mouth--"a good lather is
+half the shave."
+
+Some persons suppose the razor to be an instrument, of comparatively
+modern invention, and barbers to have sprung up, at farthest, within the
+Christian era. It is written, in Isaiah vii. 20, "In the same day shall
+the Lord shave with a razor, that is hired," &c. Ezekiel began to
+prophecy, according to Calmet, 590 years before Christ: in the first verse
+of ch. v. he says--"take thee a sharp knife, take thee a barber's razor,
+and cause it to pass upon thy head and upon thy beard." To cause a razor
+_to pass upon the beard_ seems to mean something very different from
+_shaving_, in the common sense of that word. Doubtless, it does: the
+_culter_ or _novacula_, that is, _the razor_, of the ancients, was
+employed, for _shearing_ or _shortening_, as well as for _shaving_ the
+beard. Barbers were first known, among the Romans A. U. C. 454, i. e. 298
+years before Christ. Pliny says, vii. 59--Sequens gentium consensus in
+tonsoribus fuit, sed Romanis tardior. In Italiam ex Sicilia venere post
+Romam conditam anno quadringentessimo quinquagessimo quarto, adducente P.
+Ticinio Mena, ut auctor est Varro: antea intonsi fuere. Primus omnium radi
+quotidie instituit Africanus sequens: Divus Augustus cultris semper usus
+est. Then barbers came into use, among the nations, but more slowly among
+the Romans. In the year of the city 454, according to Varro, P. Ticinius
+Mena introduced barbers into Italy from Sicily: until that time, men wore
+their beards. The latter Africanus first set the example of being shaven
+daily. Augustus constantly used razors. The passage of Varro, referred to
+by Pliny, showing, that, before A. U. C. 454, men wore their beards,
+states the fact to be established, by the long beards, on all the old male
+statues. That _passing of the sharp knife or razor, upon the beard_,
+spoken of, by Ezekiel, I take to be the latter of the two modes, employed
+by the Romans--"vel strictim, hoc est, ad cutem usque; vel paulo longius a
+cute, interposito pectine"--either close to the skin, or with a comb
+interposed. That both modes were in use is clear from the lines of Plautus
+in his play of the Captives, Act ii. sc. 2, v. 16--
+
+  Nunc senex est in tonstrina; nunc jam cultros adtinet;
+  Sed utrum strictimne adtonsurum dicam esse, an per pectinem,
+  Nescio.
+
+Now the old man is in the barber's shop and under the razor; but whether
+to be close shaved, or clipped with the comb, I know not.
+
+Pliny, as we have seen, states, that the practice came from Sicily. There
+it had been long in use. There is a curious reference to the custom in
+Cicero's Tusculan Questions, v. 20. Speaking of the tyrant, Dionysius he
+says--Quin etiam ne tonsori collum committeret, tondere suas filias
+docuit. Ita sordido ancillarique artificio regiae virgines, ut tonstriculae
+tondebant barbam et capillum patris. For, not liking to trust his throat
+to a barber, he taught his daughters to shave him, and thus these royal
+virgins, descending to this coarse, servile vocation, became little, she
+barbers, and clipped their father's beard and hair.
+
+There is a curious passage in Pliny which not only proves, that barbers'
+shops were common in his time, but shows the very ancient employment of
+cobweb, as a styptic. In lib. xxix. 36, he says--Fracto capiti aranei tela
+ex oleo et aceto imposita, non nisi vulnere sanato, abscedit. Haec et
+vulneribus tonstrinarum sanguinem sistit. Spiders' web, with oil and
+vinegar, applied to a broken head, adheres, till the wound heals. This
+also stops the bleeding from cuts, in barbers' shops.
+
+Razors were sharpened, some two thousand years ago, very much as they are
+at present. Pliny devotes sec. 47, lib. xxxvi. to hones and whetstones,
+oil stones and water stones--quarta ratio--he says--est saliva hominis
+proficientium in torstrinarum officinis--the fourth kind is such as are
+used in the barbers' shops, and which the man softens with his saliva.
+
+Most common, proverbial sayings are, doubtless, of great antiquity.
+Chopping-blocks with a razor is a common illustration of the employment of
+a subtle ingenuity, upon coarse and uninteresting topics. Thus Goldsmith,
+in his Retaliation, says of Burke--
+
+  In short, 'twas his fate, unemploy'd, or in place, sir,
+  To eat mutton cold, and chop blocks with a razor.
+
+The latter illustration is as old as Livy--_novacula cotem discindere_.
+
+The Romans made a prodigious fuss, about their beards. The first crop,
+called _prima barba_, and sometimes _lanugo_, was, according to Petronius,
+consecrated to some god. Suetonius says, in his Life of Nero, 12--Gymnico
+quod in septis edebat, inter buthysiae apparatum, barbam primam posuit,
+conditamque in auream pyxidem, et pretiosissimis margaritis adornatam,
+capitolio consecravit.--During the games, which he had given in the
+enclosures, and in the very midst of the splendor of the sacrifice, for
+the first time, he laid down his beard, and having placed it in a golden
+box, adorned with precious stones, he made a sacred deposit thereof, in
+the capitol.
+
+After the custom of shaving had been introduced, by Mena, A. U. C. 454, it
+went out, for a short time, in Rome, during the time of Adrian, who as
+Spartianus relates, in his Life of that Emperor, having some ugly
+excrescences on his chin, suffered his beard to grow to conceal them--of
+course the courtiers followed the example of the emperor--the people, that
+of the courtiers. The grave concealed those excrescences, more
+effectually, A. D. 139, and the _navacula_ again came into use, among the
+Romans: Marcus Antoninus, his successor, had no excrescences on his chin.
+
+The day, upon which a young Roman was said _ponere barbam_, that is, to
+shave for the first time, was accounted a holiday; and Juvenal says, iii.
+187, he received presents from his friends.
+
+Ovid, Trist. iv. 10, 67, dates his earliest literary exhibitions, before
+the people, by his first or second shave, or clip--
+
+  Carmina quum primum populo juvenilia legi,
+  Barba resecta mihi bisve semelve fuit.
+
+Which may be thus translated--
+
+  When first in public I began
+    To read my boyish rhymes,
+  I scarcely could be call'd a man,
+    And had not shav'd three times.
+
+Caesar says of the Britons, B. G. V. 14--omni parte corporis rasa, praeter
+caput et labrum superius--they shave entirely, excepting the head and
+upper lip.
+
+Half-shaving was accounted, in the days of Samuel, I suppose, as reducing
+the party to a state of semi-_barbarism_: thus, in Samuel II. x.
+4--"Wherefore Hanan took David's servants, and shaved off the one half of
+their beards."
+
+To be denied the privilege of shaving was accounted dishonorable, among
+the Catti, a German nation, in the days of Tacitus; for he says, De
+Moribus Germanae, 31--Apud Cattos in consensum vertit, ut primum
+adoleverint, crinem barbamque submittere, nec, nisi hoste caeso--It was
+settled among the Catti, that no young man should cut his hair, or shave
+his beard, till he had killed his man.
+
+Seneca, Cons. Polyb. xxxvi. 5, blames Caius, for refusing to shave,
+because he had lost his sister--Idem ille Caius furiosa in constantia,
+modo barbam capillumque submittens--There is that Caius, clinging so
+absurdly to his sorrow, and suffering his hair and beard to grow on
+account of it.
+
+There is an admirable letter, from Seneca to Lucillus, Ep. 114, which
+shows, that the dandies, in old Rome, were much like our own. He is
+speaking of those--qui vellunt barbam, aut intervellunt; qui labra
+pressius tondent et abradunt, servata et submissa caetera parte--who pull
+out the beard, by the roots, or particular parts of it--who clip and shave
+the hair, either more closely, or leave it growing, on some parts of their
+lips.
+
+Juvenal, ii. 99, and Martial, vi. 64, 4, laugh at such, as use a mirror
+while shaving. Knives and razors of _brass_, are of great antiquity,
+according to the Archaeological AEliana, p. 39.--Fosbroke, p. 351, says,
+that razors are mentioned by Homer. But I am going to a funeral, this
+afternoon, as an amateur, and it is time for me to shave--not with a razor
+of brass, however--Pradier is too light for me--I use the Chinese.
+Hutchinson, i. 153, says, that Leverett was the first Governor of
+Massachusetts, who is painted without a beard, and that he laid it aside,
+in Cromwell's court.
+
+China is the paradise of barbers. There, according to Mr. Davis, they
+abound. No man shaves himself, the part, to be shorn, being out of his
+reach. There would be no difficulty in removing the scanty hair upon their
+chins; but the exact tonsure of the crown, without removing one hair from
+the Chinaman's long tail, that reaches to his heels, is a delicate affair.
+Their razors are very heavy, but superlatively keen.
+
+
+
+
+No. CXLI.
+
+
+Barbers were chiefly peripatetics, when I was a boy. They ran about town,
+and shaved at their customers' houses. There were fewer shops. This was
+the genteel mode in Rome. The wealthy had their domestic barbers, as the
+planters have now, among their slaves. I am really surprised, that we hear
+of so few throats cut at the South. Some evidence of this custom--not of
+cutting throats--may be found, in one of the neatest epitaphs, that ever
+was written; the subject of which, a very young and accomplished
+slave-barber, has already taken a nap of eighteen hundred years. I refer
+to Martial's _epitaphium_, on Pantagathus, a word, which, by the way,
+signifies one, who is good at everything, or, as we say--a man of all
+works. It is the fifty-second, of Book VI. Its title is _Epitaphium
+Pantagathi, Tonsoris_:
+
+  Hoc jacet in tumulo raptus puerilibus annis
+    Pantagathus, domini cura, dolorque sui,
+  Vix tangente vagos ferro resecare capillos
+    Doctus, et hirsutas excoluisse genas.
+  Sic, licet, ut debes, Tellus placata, levisque;
+    Artificis levior non potes esse manu.
+
+In attempting a version of this, I feel, as if I were about to disfigure a
+pretty spinster, with a mob-cap.
+
+  Here lies Pantagathus, the slave,
+    Petted he liv'd, and died lamented;
+  No youth, like him could clip and shave,
+    Since shears and razors were invented.
+
+  So light his touch, you could not feel
+    The razor, while your cheeks were smoothing;
+  And sat, unconscious of the steel,
+    The operation was so soothing.
+
+  Oh, mother Earth, appeas'd, since thou
+    Back to thy grasping arms hast won him,
+  Soft be thy hand, like his, and now
+    Lie thou, in mercy, lightly on him.
+
+Rochester was right; few things were ever benefited, by translation, but a
+bishop.
+
+The _Tonstrinae_, or barbers' shops, in Rome, were seldom visited by any,
+but the humbler classes. They were sometimes called the _Shades_. Horace,
+Ep. i. 7, 50, describes Philippus, an eminent lawyer, as struck with
+sudden envy, upon seeing Vulteius Mena, the beadle, sitting very much at
+ease, in one of these shades, after having been shaved, and leisurely
+cleaning his own nails, an office commonly performed by the barbers:--
+
+  Adrasum quendam vacua tonsoris in umbra,
+  Cultello proprios purgantem leniter ungues.
+
+There were she-barbers, in Rome, residing in the _Saburra_ and
+_Argiletum_, very much such localities, as "_the Hill_," formerly in
+Boston, or _Anthony Street_, in New York. Martial describes one of these
+_tonstrices_, ii. 17--
+
+  Tonstrix Saburrae fancibus sedet primis, etc.
+
+Some there were, of a better order. Plautus, Terence, and Theophrastus
+have many allusions to the barbers' shops. They have ever been the same
+"_otiosorum conciliabula_," that they were, when Terence wrote--resorts of
+the idle and garrulous. In old times--very--not now, of course--not now, a
+dressmaker, who was mistress of her business, knew that she was expected
+to turn out so much work, and so much _slander_. That day has fortunately
+gone by. But the "barber's tale" is the very thing that it was, in the
+days of Oliver Goldsmith, and it was then the very thing, that it was, as
+I verily believe, in the days of Ezekiel. There are many, who think, that
+a good story, not less than a good lather, is half the shave.
+
+It is quite _in rerum natura_, that much time should be consumed, in
+waiting, at the _tonstrinae_--the barbers' shops; and to make it pass
+agreeably, the craft have always been remarkable, for the employment of
+sundry appliances--amusing pictures around the walls--images and
+mechanical contrivances--the daily journals--poodles, monkeys, squirrels,
+canaries, and parrots. In the older countries, a barber's boy was greatly
+in request, who could play upon the _citterne_, or some other musical
+instrument.
+
+If there had not been a curious assemblage of _materiel_, in an old Roman
+_tonstrina_, it would not have been selected as an object for the pencil.
+That it was so selected, however, appears from a passage in Pliny, XXXV.
+37. He is writing of Pureicus--arte paucis postferendus: proposito, nescio
+an destruxerit se: quoniam humilia quidem sequutus, humilitatis tamen
+summam adeptus est gloriam. Tonstrinas, sutrinasque pinxit, et asellos, et
+obsonia, ac similia--He had few superiors in his art: I know not if the
+plan he adopted was fatal to his fame; for, though his subjects were
+humble, yet, in their representation, he attained the highest excellence.
+He painted barbers' and shoemakers' shops, asses, eatables, and the like.
+
+A rude sketch of Heemskerck's picture of a barber's shop lies now upon my
+table. Here is the poodle, with a cape and fool's cap, walking on his hind
+legs--the suspended bleeding basin, and other et caetera of the profession.
+
+Little is generally known, as to the origin and import of the barber's
+pole. At the beginning of the sixteenth century, surgery was in such low
+repute, that farriers, barbers, sow-spayers, and surgeons were much upon a
+level. The truth of this, in respect to surgeons and barbers, has been
+established by law: and, for about two hundred years, both in London and
+Paris, they were incorporated, as one company. I remember a case, reported
+by Espinasse--not having the book at hand, I cannot indicate the volume
+and page--which shows the judicial estimate of surgery then, compared with
+the practice of physic. A physician's fees, in England, were accounted
+_quiddam honorarium_, and not _matter of lucre_, and therefore could not
+be recovered, in an action at law. Upon an action brought for surgical
+services, the fees were recoverable, because surgeons, upon the testimony
+of Dr. Mead, were of a lower grade, having nothing to do with the
+pathology of diseases, and never prescribing; but simply performing
+certain mechanical acts; and being, like all other artificers and
+operatives, worthy of their hire.
+
+Nothing can more clearly exhibit the low state of this noble science, at
+the time, and the humble estimation of it, by the public. Chirurgery
+seemed destined to grovel, in etymological bondage, [Greek: cheir ergon],
+a mere _handicraft_. Barbers and surgeons were incorporated, as one
+company, in the fifteenth century, in the reign of Edward IV., and were
+called barber-surgeons. At the close of the sixteenth century, Ambrose
+Pare, the greatest surgeon of his time in France, did not reject the
+appellation of _barber-surgeon_. Henry VIII. dissolved this union, and
+gave a new charter in 1540, when it was enacted, that "_no person, using
+any shaving or barbery in London, shall occupy any surgery, letting of
+blood, or other matter, excepting only the drawing of teeth_." The
+_barber-surgeon_ was thus reduced to the _barber-dentist_, which seems not
+so agreeable to the practitioner, at present, as the loftier appellation
+of _surgeon-dentist_. Sterne was right: there is something in a name. The
+British surgeons obtained a new charter, in 1745, and another, in 1800,
+and various acts have been subsequently passed, on their behalf. July 17,
+1797, Lord Thurlow, in the House of Peers, opposed a new bill, which the
+surgeons desired to have passed. Thurlow was a man of morose temperament,
+and uncertain humor.
+
+He averred, that so much of the old law was in force, that, to use his own
+words, "the barbers and surgeons were each to use a pole, the barbers were
+to have theirs blue and white, striped, with no other appendage; but the
+surgeons', which was the same, in other respects, was likewise to have a
+gallipot and a red rag, to denote the particular nature of their
+vocation."
+
+Brand, in his Popular Antiquities, says, that the barber's pole, used in
+bleeding, is represented, in an illuminated missal, of the time of Edward
+I., Longshanks, whose reign began in 1272. Fosbroke, in his Encyc. of
+Antiquities, page 414, says--"A staff, bound by a riband, was held, by
+persons being bled, and the pole was intended to denote the practice of
+phlebotomy." According to Lord Thurlow's statement, in the House of Peers,
+the pole was required, by the statute, to be used, as a sign. The first
+statute, incorporating the barber-surgeons, was that of Edward IV., as I
+have stated. The missal of Edward I., referred to by Brand, shows, that
+the usage was older than the law, and, doubtless, that the popular emblem
+was adopted, in the statute, to which Lord Thurlow refers, as still in
+force, in 1797.
+
+In Brand's Newcastle, I find, that "it is ordered, Dec. 11, 1711, that
+periwig-making be considered part and branch of the Company of
+Barber-_Chirurgeons_."
+
+The history of the pole is this: A staff about three feet high, with a
+ball on the top, and inserted, at the bottom, in a small cross-piece, was
+very convenient for the person to hold, who extended his arm, as he sat
+down, to be bled; and a fillet, or tape, was equally convenient for the
+ligature. These things the barber-surgeons kept, in a corner of their
+shops; and, when not in use, the tape or fillet was wound or twirled round
+the staff. When the lawgivers called for a sign, no apter sign could be
+given unto them, than this identical staff and fillet; much larger of
+course, and to be seen of men much farther.
+
+
+
+
+No. CXLII.
+
+
+Ancient plays abound with allusions to the barber's _citterne_, or lute,
+upon which not only he himself, and his apprentices were accustomed to
+play, but all the loiterers in the _tonstrina_. Much of all this may be
+found, in the Glossary of Archdeacon Nares, under the article CITTERNE,
+and in Fosbroke's Antiquities.
+
+The commonness of its use gave rise to a proverb. In the Silent Woman, Act
+II., scene 2, Ben Jonson avails of it. Morose had married a woman,
+recommended by his barber, and whose fidelity he suspected, and the
+following passage occurs, between Morose and Truewit. Lond., 1816, iii.
+411.
+
+    _Morose._ That cursed barber!
+
+    _Truewit._ Yes, faith, a cursed wretch indeed, sir.
+
+    _Morose._ I have married his _cittern_, that's common to all men.
+
+Upon this passage is the following note--"It appears from innumerable
+passages, in our old writers, that barbers' shops were furnished with some
+musical instrument, commonly a cittern or guitar, for the amusement of
+such customers as chose to strum upon it, while waiting for their turn to
+be shaved, &c. It should be recollected, that the patience of customers,
+if the shop was at all popular, must, in those tedious days of love-locks,
+and beards of most fantastical cuts, have been frequently put to very
+severe trials. Some kind of amusement therefore was necessary, to beguile
+the time."
+
+In old times, in old England, barbers were in the habit of making a
+variety of noises, with their fingers and their shears, which noises were
+supposed to be agreeable to their customers. Fosbroke, p. 414, refers to
+Lily's old play of Mydas, iii. 2, as showing the existence of the custom,
+in his time. Lily was born about 1553. There were some, who preferred to
+be shaved and dressed quietly. Nares, in his Glossary, refers to Plutarch,
+De Garrulitate, for an anecdote of King Archelaus, who stipulated with his
+barber to shave him in silence. This barbers' trick was called the "_knack
+with the fingers_;" and was extremely disagreeable to Morose, in Ben
+Jonson's play, to which I have referred. Thus, in i. 2, Clerimont,
+speaking of the partiality of Morose for Cutbeard, the barber, says--"The
+fellow trims him silently, and has not the knack with his shears or his
+fingers: and that continence in a barber he thinks so eminent a virtue, as
+it has made him chief of his counsel."
+
+As barbers were brought first into Rome, from Sicily, so the best razors,
+according to Nares and Fosbroke, before the English began to excel in
+cutlery, were obtained in Palermo. Their form was unlike those now in use,
+and seems more perfectly to correspond with one of the Roman names,
+signifying a razor, i. e. _culter_. The blade, like that of a pruning
+knife, or sickle, curved slightly inward, the reverse of which is the
+modern form.
+
+Smith, in his Ancient Topography of London, says--"The flying barber is a
+character now no more to be seen in London, though he still remains in
+some of our country villages: he was provided with a napkin, soap, and
+pewter basin, the form of which may be seen, in many of the illustrative
+prints of Don Quixote. His chafer was a deep leaden vessel, something like
+a chocolate pot, with a large ring or handle, at the top; this pot held
+about a quart of water, boiling hot; and, thus equipped, he flew about to
+his customers."
+
+Old Randle Holme says, "_perawickes_" were very common in his time, about
+1668, though unused before "contrary to our forefathers, who wore their
+own hair." A barber, in Paris, to recommend his bag wigs, hung over his
+door the sign of Absalom. Hone, i. 1262, states that a periwig-maker, to
+recommend his wares, turned the reason into rhyme:
+
+  "Oh, Absalom, oh Absalom,
+    Oh Absalom, my son,
+  If thou hadst worn a periwig,
+    Thou hadst not been undone."
+
+Hutchinson, i. 152, says periwigs were an eyesore in New England, for
+thirty years after the Restoration of Charles II.
+
+Among the Romans, after Mena introduced the practice of shaving, those,
+who professed philosophy, still maintained their dignity, and their
+beards, as an _ecce signum_. Hence the expression of Horace, Sat. ii. 3,
+35, _sapientem pascere barbam_: and of Persius, iv. 1, when speaking of
+Socrates:
+
+    barbatum haec crede magistrum
+  Dicere, sorbitio tollit quem dira cicutae.
+
+Of those, who wear beards, at the present day, it has been computed, that,
+for one philosopher, there are five hundred fools, at the very lowest
+estimate. Manage them as you will, they are troublesome appendages; of
+very questionable cleanliness; and mightily in the way of such, as are
+much addicted to gravy and spoon victual. Like the burden of our sins, the
+postprandial odor of them must be sometimes intolerable.
+
+What an infinite variety of colors we have now-a-days! Bottom, in
+Midsummer Night's Dream, i. 2, is in doubt, what beard he shall play
+Pyramus in, and, at last, he says--"I will discharge it in either your
+straw-colored beard, your orange tawny beard, your purple ingrain beard,
+or your French crown-colour beard, your perfect yellow." Now I can
+honestly aver, that every fifth dandy I meet, looks precisely like Bottom,
+performing Pyramus. Now and then, I meet a fine, full, black beard; but,
+even then, it seems to me, that the proud satisfaction the fortunate
+proprietor must feel, in going about town with it, must be, in some
+degree, counterbalanced, by the necessity of sleeping in it, during the
+summer solstice.
+
+The fancy colors, proposed by Bottom, refer to the dyes, in use, at the
+period, when Bottom flourished. Indeed, dyeing the beard is of the highest
+antiquity. I have no authority that Aaron dyed his. In 1653, John Bulwer
+published his "Anthropo-Metamorphosis," or Artificial Changeling, a very
+able and curious production. For the antiquity of the silly practice of
+dyeing the beard, he refers to Strabo. Old John Bulwer, ch. ix., comments,
+with just severity, upon the conduct of those ancient fools, who adopt the
+practice--"_In every haire of these old coxcombs, you shall meet with
+three divers and sundry colors; white at the roots, yellow in the middle,
+and black at the point, like unto one of your parrat's feathers_." What a
+graphic description of this nasty appendage! It has ever been to me a
+matter of infinite surprise, how any mortal can presume to say his
+prayers, with one of these pied abominations on his chin; giving the lie
+direct to the volume of inspiration, which avers that he cannot make one
+hair black nor white.
+
+Another mystery--how can any man's better half become reconciled to a
+husband, dyed thus, in the wool! The colors are not all fast colors, I
+believe; and are liable to be rubbed off, by attrition.
+
+Beards were cultivated, to such an excess, in Elizabeth's time, as to
+require and receive a check from the legislature. "The growth of beards,"
+says Nares, in his Glossary, "was regulated by statute, at Lincoln's Inn,
+in the time of Eliz.--Primo Eliz. it was ordered, that no fellow of that
+house should wear a beard above a fortnight's growth. Transgression was
+punished with fine, loss of commons, and finally expulsion. But fashion
+prevailed, and in November, the following year, all previous orders,
+touching beards, were repealed."
+
+It was formerly calculated, by Lord Stanhope, that the sum, expended upon
+snuff, and the value of the time, consumed in taking it, and the cost of
+snuff-boxes, handkerchiefs, &c., if duly invested, would pay off the
+national debt. I have a proposal to offer, and I offer it, timidly and
+respectfully, for the consideration of those amiable females, who go
+about, so incessantly, doing good. Perhaps I may not be able to awaken
+their interest, more effectually, than by suggesting the idea, that here
+is a very fair opportunity, for the formation of another female auxiliary
+society. I take it for granted, that there are some of these bearded
+gentlemen, from whom contributions in money, could not easily be obtained,
+for any benevolent object. There are some, whose whole estate, real,
+personal, and mixed, comprehends very little, beyond a costly malacca
+joint, a set of valuable shirtstuds, and a safety chain. Still if we
+cudgel the doctrine of political economy, we may get some small
+contributions, even from them.
+
+Cortez found, in the treasury of Montezuma, a multitude of little bags,
+which were, at last, discovered to be filled with dead lice. The Emperor,
+to keep the Mexican beggars out of mischief, had levied this species of
+tax. I am well aware, that the power of levying taxes is not vested in
+young ladies. They have certain, natural, inherent rights, however, and,
+among them, the right and the power of persuasion. Let them organize,
+throughout the Union, and establish committees of correspondence. Let them
+address a circular to every individual, who wears a beard; and, if their
+applications succeed, they will enjoy the luxury of supplying a
+comfortable hair mattrass, to every poor widow, and aged single woman in
+the United States.
+
+
+
+
+No. CXLIII.
+
+
+The barber's brush is a luxury of more modern times. Stubbe, in his
+"Anatomy of Abuses," says--"When they come to washing, oh, how gingerly
+they behave themselves therein. For then shall your mouths be bossed with
+the lather or some that rinseth of the balles, (for they have their sweete
+balles, wherewith all they use to washe) your eyes closed must be anointed
+therewith also. Then snap go the fingers, ful bravely, God wot. Thus, this
+tragedy ended; comes the warme clothes to wipe and dry him with all."
+Stubbe wrote, about 1550.
+
+Not very long ago, a writer in the Gentleman's Magazine, observed--"I am
+old enough to remember when the operation of shaving in this kingdom, was
+almost exclusively performed by the _barbers_: what I speak of is some
+threescore years ago, at which time gentlemen shavers were unknown.
+Expedition was then a prime quality in a barber, who smeared the lather
+over his customer's face with his hand; for the delicate refinement of the
+brush had not been introduced. The lathering of the beard being finished,
+the operator threw off the lather, adhering to his hand, by a peculiar
+jerk of his arm, which caused the joints of his fingers to crack, this
+being a more expeditious mode of clearing the hand, than using a towel for
+that purpose; and, the more audible the crack, the higher the shaver
+stood, in his own opinion, and in that of the fraternity. This I presume
+is the custom alluded to by Stubbe."
+
+The Romans, when bald, wore wigs. Some of the emperors wore miserable
+periwigs. Curly locks, however becoming in a male child, are somewhat
+ridiculous, trained with manifest care, and descending upon the shoulders
+of a full grown boy of forty. In addition to the pole, a peruke was
+frequently employed, as the barber's sign. There was the short bob, and
+the full bottom; the "hie perrawycke" and the scratch; the top piece, and
+the periwig with the pole lock; the curled wig with a dildo, and the
+travelling wig, with curled foretop and bobs; the campain wig, with a
+dildo on each side, and the toupet, a la mode.
+
+It may seem a paradox to some, that the most _barbarous_ nations should
+suffer the hair and beard to grow longest. The management of the hair has
+furnished an abundant subject matter for grave attention, in every age and
+nation. Cleansing, combing, crimping, and curling, clipping, and
+consecrating their locks gave ample occupation to the ladies and gentlemen
+of Greece and Rome. At the time of adolescence, and after shipwreck, the
+hair was cut off and sacrificed to the divinities. It was sometimes cut
+off, at funerals, and cast upon the pile. Curling irons were in use, at
+Rome. Girls wore the hair fastened upon the top of the head; matrons
+falling on the neck. Shaving the crown was a part of the punishment of
+conspirators and thieves. We know nothing, at present, in regard to the
+hair, which was unknown at Rome--our _frizzing_ was their _capillorum
+tortura_. They had an instrument, called _tressorium_, for plaiting the
+hair. In the time of Edward the Confessor, the hair was worn, universally,
+long, the laws of England not compelling all, but the nobility, as in
+France, to cut the hair short, in that age.
+
+The Romans are said, occasionally to have worn wigs of an enormous size,
+which gave occasion to the term, in Martial's epigram, _caput calceatum_.
+We have no exact record of the size of those Roman wigs--but I sincerely
+wish, that Augustus Caesar or--
+
+  "Maecenas, whose high lineage springs,
+  From fair Etruria's ancient kings,"
+
+could have seen the Rev. Dr. Lathrop's! In Mr. Ward's journal of Samuel
+Curwen, that venerable and truly respectable, and amiable, old tory is
+represented, with precisely such a wig, but of much smaller diameter. Dr.
+John Lathrop died, Jan. 4, 1816, at the age of 75. He published a
+considerable number of sermons on various occasions, no one of which is
+remarkable for extraordinary talent, or learning. It was, by some
+intelligent persons, supposed, that the wig was a great help to him. In
+his latter days, he found himself unable, any longer, to bear up, under
+such a portentous superstructure, which really appeared to "_overhang_,"
+contrary to the statute, and he laid it aside. His influence certainly
+appeared to diminish, in some measure, probably, from the increasing
+infirmities of age; but, doubtless, in some degree, from the deposition of
+the wig. I honestly confess, that I never felt for Dr. Lathrop the same
+awful reverence, after he had laid aside this emblem of wisdom. A "wig
+full of learning" is an ancient saying, and Cowper makes use of it, in one
+of his lighter poems.
+
+I have always looked upon barbers, as an honorable race of men, quite as
+much so, as brokers; the barbers seldom fail to shave more gently, and
+commonly dismiss an old customer, without drawing blood, or taking off the
+skin. We owe them a debt of gratitude withal, on other scores. How very
+easily they might cut our throats!
+
+In this goodly city, at the present time, there are more than one hundred
+and ten gentlemen, who practice the art of barbery, beside their
+respective servants and apprentices. When I was a small boy--very--some
+sixty years ago, there were but twenty-nine, and many of them were most
+respectable and careful operators--an honor to their profession, and a
+blessing to the community.
+
+There was Charles Gavett, in Devonshire Street, the Pudding Lane of our
+ancestors. Gavett was a brisk, little fellow; his _tonstrina_ was small,
+and rather dark, but always full.
+
+In Brattle Square, just behind the church, John Green kept a shop, for
+several years. But John became unsteady, and cut General Winslow, and some
+other of his customers, and scalded several others, and lost his business.
+
+In Fish Street, which had then, but recently, ceased to be the court end
+of the town, there were several clever barbers--there was Thomas Grubb,
+and Zebulon Silvester, and James Adams, and Abraham Florence. I never
+heard a syllable against them, or their lather.
+
+At No. 33, Marlborough Street, William Whipple kept a first rate
+establishment, and had a high name, among the dandies, as an accomplished
+haircutter.
+
+Jonathan Edes kept a small shop, in Ann Street, and had a fair run of
+transient custom. He had always a keen edge and a delicate hand. He was
+greatly urged to take a larger establishment, in a more fashionable part
+of the town, near Cow Lane, but Mr. Edes was not ambitious, and turned a
+wiry edge to all such suggestions.
+
+William Mock kept a shop, in Newbury Street, an excellent shaver, but
+slow; his shop was not far from the White Horse. He was a peripatetic. I
+suspect, but am not certain, that he shaved Dr. Lemuel Hayward.
+
+At the corner of Essex Street, old Auchmuty's Lane, George Gideon kept a
+fine stand, clean towels, keen edge, and hot lather; but he had a rough,
+coarse hand. He had been one of the sons of liberty, and his shop being
+near the old site of Liberty tree, he was rather apt to take liberties
+with his customers' noses, especially the noses of the disaffected.
+
+There were two professed wig-makers, in Boston, at that time, who
+performed the ordinary functions of barbers beside, William Haslet, in
+Adams Street, and John Bosson, in Orange Street. Mr. Bosson was very
+famous, in his line, and in great request, among the ladies.
+
+In Marshall's Lane, Edward Hill was an admirable shaver; but, in the
+department of hair cutting, inferior to Anthony Howe, whose exceedingly
+neat and comfortable establishment was in South Latin School Street. An
+excellent hotel was then kept, by Joshua Bracket, at the sign of
+Cromwell's Head, on the very spot, where Palmer keeps his fruit shop, and
+the very next door below the residence of Dr. John Warren. Bracket
+patronized Howe's shop, and sent him many customers. Captain John Boyle,
+whose house and bookstore were at No. 18 Marlborough Street, patronized
+Anthony Howe.
+
+Samuel Jepson kept his _barbery_, as the shop was sometimes called, in
+Temple Street, between the two bakeries of William Breed and Matthew
+Bayley.
+
+James Tate was established in Purchase Street. He would have been a good
+barber, had he not been a poor poet. He was proud of his descent from
+Nahum Tate, the psalmodist, the copartner of Brady. Richard Fox kept also
+in Purchase Street, and had a large custom.
+
+A much frequented barber's shop was kept, by William Pierce, near the
+Boston Stone. Jonathan Farnham was an excellent barber, in Back Street. He
+unluckily had an ominous squint, which was inconvenient, as it impressed
+new comers, now and then, with a fear lest he might cut their throats.
+Joseph Alexander shaved in Orange Street, and Theodore Dehon, on the north
+side of the Old State House.
+
+Joseph Eckley was one of the best shavers and hair cutters in town, some
+sixty years ago. His shop was in Wing's Lane. Daniel Crosby, who was also
+a wig maker, in Newbury Street, was clerk of Trinity Church.
+
+Augustine Raillion, whose name was often written Revaillion kept his
+stand, at No. 48 Newbury Street. He was much given to dogs, ponies, and
+other divertisements.
+
+State Street was famous, for four accomplished barbers, sixty years
+ago--Stephen Francis, John Gould, John M. Lane, and Robert Smallpiece. The
+last was the father of Robert Smallpiece, who flourished here, some thirty
+years ago or more, and kept his shop, in Milk Street, opposite the Old
+South Church.
+
+It is well known, that the late Robert Treat Paine wrote an ode, upon the
+occasion of the Spanish successes, to which he gave the title of "_Spain,
+Commerce and Freedom, a National Ode_." It bore unquestionable marks of
+genius; but some of the ideas and much of the phraseology were altogether
+extravagant. It commenced finely--
+
+  "Sound the trumpet of fame! Strike that paean again!
+  Religion a war against tyranny wages;
+  From her seat springs, in armor, regenerate Spain,
+  Like a giant, refresh'd by the slumber of ages.
+          From the place, where she lay,
+          She leaps in array,
+  Like Ajax, to die in the face of the day."
+
+The ode contained some strange expressions--"redintegrant war"--"though
+the dismemberd earth effervesce and regender," and so many more, that the
+ode, though evidently the work of a man of genius, was accounted
+bombastic. A wag of that day, published a parody, of which this Robert
+Smallpiece was the hero. It was called, if I mistake not--"Soap, Razors,
+and Hot Water, a Tonsorial Ode." The first stanza ran thus--
+
+  "Strap that razor so keen! Strap that razor again!
+  And Smallpiece will shave 'em, if he can come at 'em;
+  From his stool, clad in aprons, he springs up amain,
+  Like a barber, refresh'd by the smell of pomatum.
+          From the place, where he lay,
+          He leaps in array,
+  To lather and shave, in the face of the day.
+  He has sworn from pollution our faces to clean,
+  Our cheeks, necks, and upper lips, whiskers and chin."
+
+"Paullo majora canamus."
+
+
+
+
+No. CXLIV.
+
+
+In 1784, Mr. Thomas Percival, an eminent physician, of Manchester, in
+England, published a work, against duelling, and sent a copy to Dr.
+Franklin. Dr. Franklin replied to Mr. Percival, from Passy, July 17, 1784,
+and his reply contains the following observations--"Formerly, when duels
+were used to determine lawsuits, from an opinion, that Providence would in
+every instance, favor truth and right, with victory, they were excusable.
+At present, they decide nothing. A man says something, which another tells
+him is a lie. They fight; but whichever is killed, the point in dispute
+remains unsettled. To this purpose, they have a pleasant little story
+here. A gentleman, in a coffee-house, desired another to sit further from
+him. 'Why so?'--'Because, sir, you stink.'--'That is an affront, and you
+must fight me.'--'I will fight you, if you insist upon it; but I do not
+see how that will mend the matter. For if you kill me, I shall stink too;
+and, if I kill you, you will stink, if possible, worse than you do at
+present.'"
+
+This is certainly germain to the matter. So far from perceiving any moral
+courage, in those, who fight duels, nothing seems more apparent, than the
+triumph of one fear, over four other fears--the fear of shame, over the
+fear of bringing misery upon parents, wives and children--the fear of the
+law--the fear of God--and the fear of death. Many a man will _brave_
+death, who fears it.
+
+Death is the king of terrors, and all men stand in awe of him, saving the
+Christian, with his armor of righteousness about him, _cap-a-pie_; and
+even he, perhaps, is slightly pricked, by that fear, now and then, in
+articulo, between the joints of the harness. I must honestly confess, that
+I once knew a man, who had a terrible vixen of a wife, and, when about to
+die, he replied to his clergyman's inquiry, if he was not afraid to meet
+the king of terrors, that he was not, for he had lived with the queen, for
+thirty years.
+
+I do not suppose there is a more hypocritical fellow, upon earth, than a
+duellist. Mandeville, in his Fable of the Bees, in the second dialogue,
+part ii., puts these words into the mouth of Cleomenes, when speaking to
+Horatio, on the subject of his duel: "I saw you, that very morning, and
+you seemed to be sedate and void of passion: you could have no concern."
+Horatio replies--"It is silly to show any, at such times; but I know best
+what I felt; the struggle I had within was unspeakable: it is a terrible
+thing. I would then have given a considerable part of my estate, that the
+thing which forced me into it, had not happened; and yet, upon less
+provocation, I would act the same part again, tomorrow." Such is human
+nature, and many, who sit down quietly, to write in opposition to this
+silly, senseless, selfish practice, would be quite apt enough, upon the
+emergency, to throw aside the pacific steel, wherewith they indite, and
+take up the cruel rapier. When I was a young man, a Mr. Ogilvie gave
+lectures, in Boston, on various subjects. He was the son of Mr. Ogilvie,
+to whose praises of the prospects in Scotland, Dr. Johnson replied, by
+telling him, that "the noblest prospect, which a Scotchman ever sees, is
+the high road, that leads him to England."
+
+The son of this gentleman gave his lectures, in the old Exchange Coffee
+House, where I heard him, several times. Under the influence of opium,
+which he used very freely, he was, occasionally, quite eloquent. He
+lectured, one evening, with considerable power, against duelling. On his
+way to his lodgings, some person repeated to him, several piquant and
+cutting things, which a gentleman had said of his lecture. Ogilvie was
+exceedingly incensed, and swore he would call him out, the very next day.
+
+This law of honor is written nowhere, unless, in letters of blood, in the
+volume of pride, envy, hatred, malice, and all uncharitableness. "What,"
+says Cleomenes, in the work I have just now referred to--"What makes so
+just and prudent a man, that has the good of society so much at heart, act
+knowingly against the laws of his country?"--"The strict obedience," says
+Horatio, "he pays to the laws of honor, which are superior to all
+others."--"If men of honor," says Cleomenes, "would act consistently, they
+ought all to be Roman Catholics."--"Why so?"--"Because," he rejoins, "they
+prefer oral tradition, to all written laws; for nobody can tell, when, in
+what king's or emperor's reign, in what country, or by what authority,
+these laws of honor were first enacted: it is very strange they should be
+of such force."
+
+It is certainly very strange, that their authority should have been
+acknowledged, in some cases, not only by professing Christians, but even
+by the ministers of religion. Four individuals, of this holy calling,
+stand enrolled, as duellists, on the blood-guilty register of England. In
+1764, the Rev. Mr. Hill was killed in a duel, by Cornet Gardner. On the
+18th of June, 1782, the Rev. Mr. Allen killed Mr. Lloyd Dulany, in a duel.
+In August, 1827, Mr. Grady was wounded in a duel, by the Rev. Mr. Hodson.
+The Rev. Mr. Bate fought two duels--was subsequently made Baronet--fought
+a third duel, and was made Dean. If such atrocities were not preeminently
+horrible, how ridiculous they would be!
+
+It would not be agreeable to be placed in that category, in which a worthy
+bishop placed those, who, after Dr. Johnson's death, began to assail his
+reputation. "_The old lion is dead_," said the bishop, "_and now every ass
+will be kicking at his hide_." Better and safer, however, to be there,
+than to bide with those, who receive all the coarse, crude, mental
+eructations of this truly good and great man, for _dicta perennia_. A
+volume of outrageously false teachings might readily be selected, from the
+recorded outpourings of this great literary whale, whenever Boswell, by a
+little tickling, caused his Leviathan to spout. Too much tea, or none at
+all, too much dinner, or too little certainly affected his qualifications,
+as a great moral instructor; and, under the teazle of contradiction, the
+nap of his great spirit fairly stood on end; and, at such times, he sought
+victory too often, rather than the truth. It has always seemed to me, that
+dinner-table philosophy, especially _apres_, is often of very questionable
+value.
+
+Dr. Johnson has frequently been quoted, on the subject of duelling. Some
+of his opinions were delivered, on this subject, suddenly, and seem
+entirely unworthy of his majestic powers. At a dinner party, at Gen.
+Oglethorpe's--I refer to Boswell's Johnson, in ten volumes, Lond. 1835,
+vol. iii. page 216--Boswell brought up the subject of duelling. Gen.
+Oglethorpe, _the host_, "fired at this, and said, with a lofty air,
+'undoubtedly a man has a right to defend his honor.'"
+
+Dr. Johnson, the _principal guest_, did the civil thing, and took the same
+side, and is reported, by Boswell, to have said substantially--"Sir, as
+men become in a high degree refined, various causes of offence arise;
+which are considered to be of such importance, that life must be staked to
+atone for them; though, in reality, they are not so. A body, that has
+received a very fine polish, may be easily hurt. Before men arrive at
+this artificial refinement, if one tells his neighbor he lies--his
+neighbor tells him he lies--if one gives his neighbor a blow, his neighbor
+gives him a blow: but, in a state of highly polished society, an affront
+is held to be a serious injury. It must therefore be resented, or rather a
+duel must be fought upon it; as men have agreed to banish, from society,
+one, who puts up with an affront, without fighting a duel. Now, sir, it is
+never unlawful to fight, in self-defence. He, then, who fights a duel,
+does not fight from passion against his antagonist, but out of
+self-defence, to avert the stigma of the world, and to prevent himself
+from being driven out of society. I could wish there was not that
+superfluity of refinement; but, while such notions prevail, no doubt a man
+may lawfully fight a duel." I must have another witness, besides Mr.
+Boswell, before I believe, that Dr. Johnson uttered these words. Dr.
+Johnson could never have maintained, that the _lawfulness_ of an act
+depended upon the existence of certain popular _notions_. Nor is it true,
+nor was it then true, that _men have agreed to banish, from society, one,
+who puts up with an affront, without fighting a duel_.
+
+Dr. Johnson seems to have made no distinction, between military men and
+the rest of the world. It is impossible to doubt, that the Doctor was
+graciously disposed to favor Gen. Oglethorpe's _notions_, and that he
+would have taken the opposite side, had he been the guest of the
+Archbishop of Canterbury. "_It is not unlawful to fight, in
+self-defence_:" the law, by punishing all killing, in a duel, as murder,
+in the very first degree, shows clearly enough, that duelling is never
+looked upon, as fighting, in self-defence. It is remarkable, that Mr.
+Boswell, himself a lawyer, should have thought this paragraph worthy of
+preservation.
+
+On page 268, of the same volume, Mr. Boswell has the following
+record--"April 19, 1773, he again defended duelling, and put his argument
+upon what I have ever thought the most solid basis; that, if public war be
+allowed to be consistent with morality, private war must be equally so."
+And this, in Mr. Boswell's opinion, was _the most solid basis_! It is
+difficult to perceive what is stubble, if this is not. Whither does this
+argument carry us all, but back to the state of nature--of uncovenanted
+man--of man, who has surrendered none of his natural rights, as a
+consideration for the blessings of government and law? A state of nature
+and a state of society are very different things. Who will doubt, that, if
+Dr. Johnson really uttered these things, he would have talked more warily,
+could he have imagined, that Bozzy would have transmitted them to distant
+ages?
+
+It is, nevertheless, perfectly clear, that Dr. Johnson, upon both these
+occasions, had talked, only for the pride and pleasure of talking; for Mr.
+Boswell records a very different opinion, vol. iv. page 249. Sept. 19,
+1773.--Dr. Johnson then had thoroughly digested General Oglethorpe's
+dinner; and Mr. Boswell's record runs thus--"_He fairly owned he could not
+explain the rationality of duelling_."
+
+Poor Mr. Boswell! It is not unreasonable, to suppose, that he had
+inculcated his notions, upon the subject of duelling, in his own family,
+and repeated, for the edification of his sons, the valuable sentiments of
+Dr. Johnson. Mr. Boswell died, May 19, 1795. Seven and twenty years after
+his death, his son, Sir Alexander Boswell, was killed, in a duel, at
+Auchterpool, by Mr. James Stuart, March 26, 1822. Upon the trial of
+Stuart, for murder, Mr. Jeffrey, who defended him, quoted the very
+passage, in which Dr. Johnson had justified, to the father, that fatal sin
+and folly, which had brought the son to an untimely grave!
+
+
+
+
+No. CXLV.
+
+
+Dr. Franklin, in his letter to Mr. Percival, referred to, in my last
+number, observes, that, "formerly, when duels were used, to determine
+lawsuits, from an opinion, that Providence would, in every instance, favor
+truth and right with victory, they were excusable." Dr. Johnson did not
+think this species of duel so absurd, as it is commonly supposed to be:
+"it was only allowed," said he, "when the question was in equilibrio, and
+they had a notion that Providence would interfere in favor of him, who was
+in the right." Bos., vol. iv. page 14. The lawfulness of a thing may
+excuse it: but there are some laws, so very absurd, that one stares at
+them, in the statute book, as he looks at flies in amber, and marvels
+"_how the devil they got there_." There was, I am gravely assured, in the
+city of New Orleans, not very long ago, a practitioner of the healing art,
+who was called _the Tetotum doctor_--he felt no pulse--he examined no
+tongue--he asked no questions for conscience' sake, nor for any other--his
+tetotum was marked with various letters, on its sides--he sat down, in
+front of the patient, and spun his tetotum--if B. came uppermost, he bled
+immediately--if P., he gave a purge--if E., an emetic--if C., a clyster,
+and so on. If there be less wisdom, in this new mode of practice, than in
+the old wager of Battel, I perceive it not.
+
+Both Drs. Franklin and Johnson refer to it, as an _ancient_ practice. It
+was supposed, doubtless, to have become obsolete, and a dead letter,
+extinguished by the mere progress of civilization. Much surprise,
+therefore, was excited, when, at a period, as late as 1818, an attempt was
+made to revive it, in the case of Ashford _vs._ Thornton, tried before the
+King's Bench, in April of that year. This was a case of appeal of murder,
+under the law of England. Thornton had violated, and murdered the sister
+of Ashford; and, as a last resort, claimed his right to _wager of battel_.
+The court, after full consideration, felt themselves obliged to admit the
+claim, under the unrepealed statute of 9, William II., passed A. D. 1096.
+Ashford, the appellant, and brother of the unfortunate victim, declined to
+accept the challenge, and the murderer was accordingly discharged. This
+occurred, in the 58th year of George III., and a statute was passed, in
+1819, putting an end to this terrible absurdity. Had the appellant, the
+brother, accepted this legalized challenge, what a barbarous exhibition
+would have been presented to the world, at this late day, through the
+inadvertence of Parliament, in omitting to repeal this preposterous law!
+
+In a former number, I quoted a sentiment, attributed, by Boswell, to Dr.
+Johnson, and which, I suppose, was no deliberate conviction of his, but
+uttered, in the course of his dinner-table talk, for the gratification of
+Gen. Oglethorpe, "_Men have agreed to banish from society, a man, who puts
+up with an affront without fighting a duel_." This is not asserted, as an
+independent averment, but assumed or taken for granted, as the basis of
+the argument, such as it was. Is this a fact? Cannot cases innumerable be
+stated, to prove, that it is not? The words, ascribed to Dr. Johnson, are
+not confined to any class or profession, but are of universal
+application. Have men agreed to banish from society every man, who refuses
+to fight a duel, when summoned to that refreshing amusement? Let us
+examine a few cases. General Jackson did not lose caste, because he
+omitted to challenge Randolph, for pulling his nose. Josiah Quincy was not
+banished from society, for refusing the challenge of a Southern Hotspur. I
+believe, that Judge Thacher, of Maine, would have been much less
+respected, had he gone out to be shot, when invited, than he ever has
+been, for the very sensible answer to his antagonist, that he would talk
+to Mrs. Thacher about it, and be guided by her opinion. Nobody ever
+supposed, that Judge Breckenridge suffered, in character or standing,
+because he told his challenger, that he _wouldn't come_; but, that he
+might sketch his, the Judge's, figure, on a board, and fire at that, till
+he was weary, at any distance he pleased; and if he hit it, upon a
+certificate of the fact, the Judge would agree to it.
+
+Had Hamilton refused the challenge of Burr, his _deliberate murderer_, his
+fame would have remained untarnished--his countrymen would never have
+forgotten the 14th of October, 1781--the charge of that advanced
+corps--the fall of Yorktown! On his death-bed, Hamilton expressed his
+abhorrence of the practice; and solemnly declared, should he survive,
+never to be engaged in another duel. "_Pendleton knows_," said he, in a
+dying hour, referring to Burr, and addressing Dr. Hossack, "_that I did
+not intend to fire at him_." How different from the blood-thirsty purposes
+of his assassin! In vol. x. of Jeremy Bentham's works, pages 432-3, the
+reader will find a letter from Dumont to Bentham, in which the Frenchman
+says, referring to a conversation with Burr, in 1808, four years after the
+duel--"_His duel with Hamilton was a savage affair_:" and Bentham
+adds--"_He gave me an account of his duel with Hamilton; he was sure of
+being able to kill him, so I thought it little better than murder_."
+
+In England, _politics_ seem to have given occasion to very many affairs of
+this nature--the duels of the Duke of Hamilton and Lord Mohun, in 1712,
+fatal to both--Mr. Martin and Mr. Wilkes, in 1763--the Lords Townshend and
+Bellamont, in 1773--C. J. Fox and Mr. Adam, in 1779--Capt. Fullerton and
+Lord Shelburne, in 1780--Lord Macartney and Major General Stuart, in
+1786--the Duke of York and Colonel Lenox, in 1789--Mr. Curran and Major
+Hobart, in 1790--Earl of Lonsdale and Capt. Cuthbert, in 1792--Lord
+Valentia and Mr. Gawler, in 1796--William Pitt and George Tierney, in
+1798--Sir Francis Burdett and Mr. Paull, in 1807--Lord Castlereagh and Mr.
+Canning, in 1809--Mr. O'Connell and Mr. D'Esterre, in 1815--Mr. Grattan
+and the Earl of Clare, in 1820--Sir A. Boswell and James Stuart, in
+1822--Mr. Long Wellesly and Mr. Crespigny, in 1828--the Duke of Wellington
+and the Earl of Winchelsea, in 1829--Lord Alvanley and Morgan O'Connell,
+in 1835--Sir Colquhon Grant and Lord Seymour, in 1835--Mr. Roebuck and Mr.
+Black, in 1835--Mr. Ruthven and Mr. Scott, in 1836--the Earl of Cardigan
+and Mr. Tuckett, in 1840.
+
+Sir J. Barrington says, that, during his grand climacteric, two hundred
+and twenty-seven duels were fought. In different ages and nations, various
+preventives have been employed. Killing in a duel, here and in England, is
+murder, in the surviving principal, and seconds. To add effect to the law,
+it was proclaimed, by 30, Charles II., 1679, to be _an unpardonable
+offence_.
+
+Disqualification from holding office, and dismissal from the army and navy
+have, at different times, been held up, in terrorem. In England, eighteen
+survivors have suffered the penalty, provided against duelling. Major
+Campbell was hung, in 1808, for having killed Capt. Boyd, in a duel.
+
+In 1813, Lieutenant Blundell was killed in a duel at Carisbroke Castle:
+the survivor and both seconds were tried, and convicted of murder; and,
+though subsequently pardoned, dismissed the service. "Duels," says Sir
+George Mackenzie, "are but illustrious murders." Mr. Addison recommends
+the pillory. The councils of Valentia and Trent excommunicated such
+combatants; but a man, who has made up his mind to fight a duel, cares
+little for the church.
+
+During the first eighteen years of the reign of Henry IV., four thousand
+persons were slain, in duels, in France. He published his famous edict of
+Blois, against duels, in 1602: and, in 1609, added, to the existing
+penalties, punishment by death, confiscations, fines, and imprisonment,
+respectively, for all, concerned in fighting or abetting, even as
+spectators, or as casual passers, who did not interpose. All this,
+however, was the work of Sully: for this consistent king, at this very
+time, gave Crequi leave to fight the Duke of Savoy, and even told him,
+that he would be his second, were he not a king.
+
+Duels were so frequent, in the reign of his successor, Louis XIII., that
+Lord Herbert, who was then ambassador, at the court of France, used to
+say, there was not a Frenchman, worth looking at, who had not killed his
+man. "_Who fought yesterday?_" was the mode of inquiring after the news of
+the morning. The most famous duellist of the age was Montmorenci, Count de
+Bouttville. He and the Marquis de Beuoron, setting their faces against all
+authority, and, persisting in this amusement, it was found necessary to
+take their stubborn heads off. They were tried, convicted, and beheaded. A
+check was, at length, put to these excesses, by Louis XIV. A particular
+account of all this will be found in Larrey, _Histoire de France, sons le
+Regne de Louis XIV._, tom. ii. p. 208. Matters, during the minority of
+Louis XIV., had come to a terrible pass. The Dukes de Beaufort and Nemours
+had fought a duel, with four seconds each, and converted it into a _Welch
+main_, as the cock-fighters term a _melee_. They fought, five to five,
+with swords and pistols. Beaufort killed Nemours--the Marquis de Villars
+killed D'Henricourt, and D'Uzerches killed De Ris. In 1663, another affair
+took place, four to four. The king finally published his famous edict of
+1679. The marshals of France and the nobility entered into a solemn league
+and covenant, never to fight a duel, on any pretence whatever; and Louis
+le Grand adhered to his oath, and resolutely refused pardon to every
+offender. This greatly checked the evil, for a time.
+
+Kings will die, and their worthy purposes are not always inherited by
+their successors; soon after the death of the great monarch, the practice
+of duelling revived in France.
+
+The only radical and permanent preventive, of this equally barbarous, and
+foolish custom, lies, in the moral and religious education of the people.
+The infrequency of the practice, in New England, arises entirely from the
+fact, that the moral and religious training of the community has taught
+them to look upon a duellist, as an exceedingly unfashionable personage.
+
+New Englanders are a calculating race. They _calculate_, that it is
+infinitely better to mind their business, and die quietly in their beds,
+than to go out and be shot, by the very fellow, who has not the decency to
+say he is sorry, for treading on their toes, when he was drunk--and they
+are a fearful race, for they fear the reprehension of the wise and good,
+and the commands of God, more than they fear the decisions of a lawless
+tribunal, where fools sit in judgment, and whose absurd decrees are
+written on the sand.
+
+
+
+
+No. CXLVI.
+
+
+Some nine and thirty years ago, I was in the habit, occasionally, when I
+had no call, in my line, of strolling over to the Navy Yard, at
+Charlestown, and spending an evening, in the cabin of a long, dismantled,
+old hulk, that was lying there. Once in a while, we had a very pleasant
+dinner party, on board that old craft. That cabin was the head-quarters of
+my host. It was the cabin of that ill-fated frigate, the Chesapeake. My
+friend had been one of her deeply mortified officers, when she was
+surrendered, by James Barron, to the British frigate Leopard, without
+firing a gun, June 23, 1807.
+
+A sore subject this, for my brave, old friend. I well remember to have
+dined, in that cabin, one fourth of July, with some very pleasant
+associates--there were ten of us--we were very noisy then--all, but
+myself, are still enough now--they are all in their graves. I recollect,
+that, towards the close of the entertainment, some allusion to the old
+frigate, in which we were assembled, revived the recollection of the day,
+when those stars and stripes came down. We sat in silence, listening to
+the narrative of our host, whose feelings were feverishly and painfully
+excited--"It would have been a thousand times better," said he, "if the
+old hulk had gone to bottom and every man on board. The country might
+then, possibly, have been spared the war; for our honor would have been
+saved, and there would have been less to fight for. Unprepared as we were,
+for such an attack, at a time of profound peace, we ought to have gone
+down, like little Mudge, who, while his frigate was sinking, thanked God
+the Blanche was not destined to wear French colors!"
+
+When he paused, and, with the back of his hand, brushed away the tears
+from his eyes, we were all of his mind, and wished he had been in command,
+that day, instead of James Barron; for this old friend of mine was a very,
+very clever fellow--a warmer heart never beat in a braver bosom. There was
+one thing, however, that I could never break him of, and yet I had some
+little influence with him, in those days--I mean the _habit_ of fighting
+duels. He would not harm a fly, but he would shoot a man, in an honorable
+way, at the shortest notice, and the shortest distance. He fought a duel,
+on one occasion, when, being challenged, and having the choice of
+distance, he insisted on three paces, saying he was so near-sighted, he
+could not hit a barn door, at ten. He was apt to be, not affectedly, but
+naturally, jocular, on such occasions.
+
+Another old friend of mine, in by-gone days, the elder son of the late
+Governor Brooks, was second, in one of these duels, to the friend, of whom
+I am speaking. Major Brooks had, occasionally, indulged himself, in the
+publication of poetical effusions. When the parties and their seconds came
+upon the ground, he found, that he had brought no leather, to envelop the
+ball, as usual, in loading; and, drawing a newspaper from his pocket, tore
+off the corner, on which some verses were printed: at this moment, his
+principal drawing near, said, in an under tone, "_I hope that isn't one of
+your fugitive pieces, Alek_."
+
+Though our lines were, of late years, cast far apart, I always rejoiced in
+his good fortune. After having occupied a very elevated position, for some
+time, in the naval department, he fell--poor fellow--not in a duel--but in
+a moment, doubtless, of temporary, mental derangement, by his own hand.
+The news of my old friend's death reached me, just before dinner--I
+postponed it till the next day--went home--sat alone--and had that old
+dinner, in the cabin of the Chesapeake, warmed over, upon the coals of the
+imagination, and seated around me every guest, who was there that day,
+just as fresh, as if he had never been buried.
+
+James Barron was an unlucky dog, to say the least of it. Striking the
+stars and stripes, without firing a gun, was enough for one life. For this
+he was tried, found guilty, and suspended from duty, for five years, from
+Feb. 8, 1808, and deprived of his pay. He went abroad; and, during his
+absence, war was declared, which continued about two years, after the
+termination of his suspension. He returned, at last, and sought
+employment; Decatur officially opposed his claims; and thereupon he
+challenged, and killed Decatur, the pride of the American navy; and, after
+this, he received employment from the government. The services of James
+Barron are not likely to be undervalued. Decatur's offence consisted, in
+his declaration of opinion, that Barron did not return to the service of
+his country, as in duty bound. The duel took place March 22, 1820. After
+this, Barron demanded a Court of Inquiry, to settle this point. The Court
+consisted of Commodores Stewart and Morris and Captain Evans, and
+convened May 10, 1821, and the conclusion of the sentence is this--"It is
+therefore the opinion of the court, that his (Barron's) absence from the
+United States, without the permission of the government, was contrary to
+his duty, as an officer, in the navy of the United States."
+
+Here then was another silly and senseless duel. Mr. Allen, in his
+Biographical Dictionary remarks--"The correspondence issued in a challenge
+from Barron, though he considered duelling '_a barbarous practice, which
+ought to be exploded from civilized society_.' And the challenge was
+accepted by Decatur, though he '_had long since discovered, that fighting
+duels is not even an unerring criterion of personal courage_.'"
+
+They fired at the same instant; Barron fell immediately, wounded in the
+hip, where Decatur had mercifully declared his intention to wound him;
+Decatur stood erect, for a moment--put his hand to his right side--and
+fell, mortally wounded. He was raised, and supported, a few steps, and
+sunk down, exhausted, near Barron. Captain Mackenzie, in his Life of
+Decatur, page 322, gives his opinion, that this duel could have been
+gracefully prevented, on the ground; and such will be the judgment,
+doubtless, of posterity. Capt. Jesse D. Elliot was the second of
+Barron--Com. Bainbridge of Decatur. After they had taken their stands,
+Barron said to Decatur, that he hoped, "_on meeting, in another world,
+they would be better friends, than they had been in this_."
+
+To this Decatur replied, "_I have never been your enemy, sir_." "Why,"
+says Captain Mackenzie, "could not this aspiration for peace, between
+them, in the next world, on one part, and this comprehensive disclaimer of
+all enmity, on the other, have been seized by the friends, for the
+purposes of reconciliation?" A pertinent question truly--but of very ready
+solution. These seconds, like most others, acted, like military
+undertakers; their office consists, as they seem to suppose, in seeing the
+bodies duly cared for; and all consideration for the chief mourners, and
+such the very principals often are, is out of the question. With all his
+excellent qualities, Commodore Bainbridge, as every one, who knew him
+well, will readily admit, was not possessed of that happy mixture of
+qualities, to avail of this pacific _prestige_. It was an overture--such
+Barron afterwards avowed it to have been. On the 10th of October, 1818,
+Decatur had been the second of Com. Perry, in his duel with Captain Heath,
+which was terminated, after the first fire, by Decatur's declaration,
+that Com. Perry had avowed his purpose, not to fire at Capt Heath. Had
+Perry lived, and been at hand, it is highly probable, that Decatur would
+not have fallen, for Perry would, doubtless, have been his second, and
+readily availed of the expressions of the parties, on the ground.
+
+Had Charles Morris, whose gallantry and discretion have mingled into a
+proverb--had he been the second of his old commander, by whose side, he
+stood, on the Philadelphia's deck, in that night of peril, February, 1804,
+who can doubt, the pacific issue of this most miserable adventure!
+Seconds, too frequently, are themselves the instigators and supporters of
+these combats. True or false, the tale is a fair one, of two friends, who
+had disputed over their cups; and, by the exciting expressions of some
+common acquaintances, were urged into a duel. They met early the next
+morning--the influence of the liquor had departed--the seconds loaded the
+pistols, and placed their principals--but, before the word was given, one
+of them, rubbing his eyes, and looking about him, exclaims--"there is some
+mistake, there can be no enmity between us two, my old friend; these
+fellows, who have brought us here, upon this foolish errand, are our
+enemies, let us fire at them." The proposition was highly relished, by the
+other party, and the seconds took to their heels.
+
+Well: we left Decatur and Barron, lying side by side, and weltering in
+their blood. The strife was past, and they came to a sort of friendly
+understanding. Barron, supposing his wound to be fatal, said all things
+had been conducted honorably, and that he forgave Decatur, from the bottom
+of his heart. Mackenzie, in a note, on page 325, refers to a conversation
+between them, as they lay upon the ground, until the means of
+transportation arrived. He does not give the details, but says they would
+be "creditable to the parties, and soothing to the feelings of the
+humane." I understood, at the time, from a naval officer of high rank, and
+have heard it often, repeated, that Decatur said, "Barron, why didn't you
+come home and fight your country's battles?" that Barron replied, "I was
+too poor to pay my debts, and couldn't get away,"--and that Decatur
+rejoined, "If I had known that, we should not be lying here." Strip this
+matter of its honorable epidermis, and there is something quite ridiculous
+in the idea of doing such an unpleasant thing, and all for nothing!
+
+These changes, from hostility to amity, are often extremely sudden. I have
+read, that Rapin, the historian, when young, fought a duel, late in the
+evening, with small swords. His sword broke near the hilt--he did not
+perceive it, and continued to fence with the hilt alone. His antagonist
+paused and gave him notice; and, like the two girls, in the Antijacobin,
+they flew into each other's arms, and "swore perpetual amity."
+
+
+
+
+No. CXLVII.
+
+
+M. De Vassor wrote with a faulty pen, when he asserted, in his history,
+that the only good thing Louis XIV. did, in his long reign of fifty-six
+years, consisted in his vigorous attempts, to suppress the practice of
+duelling. Cardinal Richelieu admits, however, in his _Political
+Testament_, that his own previous efforts had been ineffectual, although
+he caused Messieurs de Chappelle and Bouteville to be executed, for the
+crime, in disregard of the earnest importunities of their numerous and
+powerful friends. No public man ever did more, for the suppression of the
+practice, than Lord Bacon, while he was attorney general. His celebrated
+charge, upon an information in the star chamber, against Priest & Wright,
+vol. iv. page 399, Lond. 1824, was ordered to be printed, by the Lords of
+Council; and was vastly learned and powerful, in its way. It is rather
+amusing, upon looking at the decree, which followed, dated Jan. 26, 2
+James I., to see how such matters were then managed; the information,
+against Priest, was, "_for writing and sending a letter of challenge
+together with a stick, which should be the length of the weapon_."
+
+Such measures are surely well enough, as far as they go; but can be of no
+lasting influence, unless certain processes are simultaneously carried on,
+to meliorate the moral tone, in society. Without the continual employment
+of moral and religious alteratives--laws, homilies, charges, decrees,
+ridicule, menances of disinherison here, and damnation hereafter will be
+of very little use. They are outward applications--temporary repellants,
+which serve no other purpose, than to drive back the distemper, for a
+brief space, but reach not the seat of the disorder. As was stated, in a
+former number, nothing will put an end to this practice, but
+indoctrination--the mild, antiphlogistic system of the Gospel. Wherever
+its gentle spirit prevails, combined with intellectual and moral culture,
+there will be no duels. Temperance forms, necessarily, an important part
+of that antiphlogistic system--for a careful examination will show, that,
+in a very great number of cases, duels have originated over the table--we
+import them, corked up in bottles, which turn out, now and then, to be
+vials of wrath.
+
+One of the most ferocious duels, upon record, is that, between Lord Bruce
+and Sir Edward Sackville, of which the survivor, Sir Edward, wrote an
+account from Louvain, Sept. 8, 1613. These fellows appear to have been
+royal tigers, untameable even by Herr Driesbach. This brutal and bloody
+fight took place, at Bergen op Zoom, near Antwerp. The _cause_ of this
+terrible duel has never been fully ascertained, but the _manner and
+instrument_, by which these blood-thirsty gentlemen were put in the
+ablative, are indicated in the letter--they fought with _rapiers and in
+their shirts_. I have neither room nor taste for the details: by the
+curious in such matters, some account may be gathered, in Collins's
+Peerage, which refers to the correspondence, preserved in manuscript, in
+Queen's College library, Oxford. These, with Sir Edward's letter, may be
+found in Wood's Athenae Oxonienses also, vol. iii. page 314, Lond. 1817.
+Wood says--"_he (Sackville) entered into a fatal quarrel, upon a subject
+very unwarrantable, with a young Scottish nobleman, the Lord Bruce_."
+Sackville was afterward Earl of Dorset. A more accessible authority, for
+the reader, probably, is the Guardian, vol. iii. No. 133, though the
+former is more full, and taken from the original manuscript, in the
+Ashmole Museum, with the ancient spelling.
+
+The duel, with swords, between the Lords Mohun and Hamilton, in Hyde Park,
+Nov. 15, 1712, was nearly as brutal. Both were killed. Richard Brinsley
+Sheridan's duel with Matthews--the second I mean, for they had two
+duels--was a very doglike thing indeed. They fought, first, with pistols,
+and, not killing each other, as speedily as they wished, resorted to their
+swords. They cut and pricked each other, at a terrible rate; and, losing
+all patience and temper, closed, rough and tumble, went heels over head,
+rolled, and puffed, and tussled, in the dust and dirt, till, at last, they
+were literally pulled apart, like two dogs, by their tails, and a part of
+Matthews' sword was found sticking in Sheridan's ear. Gentlemanly
+satisfaction this! It has sometimes occurred, that advantages, unduly
+taken, on the ground, such as firing out of order, for example, have
+converted the killing into murder, in the eyes even of the seconds, which
+it ever is, at all such meetings, in the eye of the law. Such was the case
+in the duels, between M'Keon and Reynolds, Jan. 31, 1788, and between
+Campbell and Boyd, June 23, 1808.
+
+Doubtless, there are men of wonderfully well balanced minds, who go about
+their business, with great apparent composure, after they have killed
+their antagonists in duels. Now and then, there is one, who takes things
+more gravely--_nervously_, perhaps. Poor fellow, he feels rather
+unpleasantly, when he chances to go by the husbandless mansion--or passes
+that woman, whom he has made a widow--or sees, hand in hand, those little
+children, in their sober garments, whom the accursed cunning of his red,
+right hand has rendered orphans! Such feeble spirits there are--the heart
+of a duellist should be made of sterner stuff.
+
+June 8, 1807, Mr. Colclough was killed in a duel, by Mr. Alcock, who
+immediately lost his reason, and was carried from the ground to the
+madhouse. Some years ago, I visited the Lunatic Hospital in Philadelphia;
+and there saw, among its inmates, a well known gentleman, who had killed
+_his friend_, in a duel. He had referred, while conversing, to his hair,
+which had grown very gray, since I last saw him. A bystander said, in a
+mild way--gray hairs are honorable--"_Aye_," he replied, "_honor made my
+hairs gray_."
+
+I know, very well, that the common, lawless duel is supposed, by many
+persons, to have sprung from the old _wager of battel_, defined, by Fleta,
+in his law Latin, _singularis pugnus inter duos ad probandum litem, et qui
+vicit probasse intelligitur_. The first time we hear of the _wager of
+Battel_, as a written judicial rule, is A. D. 501, in the reign of
+Gundibald, king of Burgundy; and it was in use, among the Germans, Danes,
+and Franks. The practice or usage was common, however, to all the Celtic
+nations. It came into England, with William the Conqueror. It happens,
+however, that men have ever been disposed to settle their disputes, by
+fighting about them, since the world began.
+
+If the classical reader will open his Velleius Paterculus, lib. ii., and
+read the first sentence of section 118, he will see, that, when Quintilius
+Varus endeavored to persuade the rude Germans, to adopt the laws and
+usages of Rome, in the adjustment of their disputes, between man and man,
+they laughed at his simplicity, and told him they had a summary mode of
+settling these matters, among themselves, by the arm of flesh. This
+occurred, shortly after the birth of Christ, or about 500 years _before_
+the time of Gundibald. Instead of attempting to trace the origin of modern
+duelling to the legalized _wager of battel_, we may as well look for its
+moving cause, in the heart of man.
+
+Duels are of very ancient origin. Abel was a noncombatant. Had it been
+otherwise, the affair, between him and Cain, would have been the first
+affair of honor; and his death would not have been _murder_, but _killing
+in a duel_! One thousand and fifty-eight years, according to the
+chronology of Calmet, before the birth of Christ, the very first duel was
+fought, near a place called _Shochoh_, which certainly sounds as roughly,
+on the ear, as _Hoboken_. There seems not to have been, upon that
+occasion, any of the ceremony, practised, now-a-days--there were no
+regular seconds--no surgeons--no marking off the ground--and each party
+had the right, to use whatever weapons he pleased.
+
+Two armies were drawn up, in the face of each other. A man, of unusually
+large proportions, stepped between them, and proposed an adjustment of
+their national differences, by single combat, and challenged any man of
+his opponents, to fight a duel with him. He was certainly a fine looking
+fellow, and armed to the teeth. He came, without any second or friend, to
+adjust the preliminaries; and no one was with him, but an armor bearer,
+who carried his shield. The audacity of this unexpected challenge, and the
+tremendous limbs of the challenger, for a time, produced a sort of panic,
+in the opposite army--no man seemed inclined to break a spear with the
+tall champion. At last, after he had strutted up and down, for some time,
+there came along a smart little fellow, a sort of cowboy or sheep-herd,
+who was sent to the army by his father, with some provisions, for his
+three brothers, who had enlisted, and a few fine cheeses, for the colonel
+of their regiment, the father thinking, very naturally, doubtless, that a
+present of this kind might pave the way for their promotion. The old
+gentleman's name was Jesse--an ancestor, doubtless, of John Heneage Jesse,
+whose memoirs of George Selwyn we have all read, with so much pleasure.
+The young fellow arrived with his cheeses, at the very time, when this
+huge braggart was going about, strutting and defying. Hearing, that the
+King had offered his daughter in marriage, with a handsome dowry, to any
+one, who would kill this great bugbear out of the way, this stripling
+offered to do it.
+
+When he was brought into the royal presence, the King, struck by his youth
+and slender figure, told him, without ceremony, that the proposition was
+perfect nonsense, and that he would certainly get his brains knocked out,
+by such a terrible fellow. But the young man seemed nothing daunted, and
+respectfully informed his majesty, that, upon one occasion, he had had an
+affair with a lion, and, upon another, with a bear, and that he had taken
+the lion by the beard, and slain him.
+
+The King finally consented, and proceeded to put armor on the boy, who
+told his majesty, that he was very much obliged to him, but had much
+rather go without it. The challenge was duly accepted. But, when they came
+together, on the ground, all the modern notions of etiquette appear to
+have been set entirely at defiance. Contrary to all the rules of
+propriety, the principals commenced an angry conversation. When the
+challenger first saw the little fellow, coming towards him, with a stick
+and a sling, he really supposed they were hoaxing him. He felt somewhat,
+perhaps, like Mr. Crofts, when he was challenged, in 1664, by Humphrey
+Judson, the dwarf; who, nevertheless, killed him, at the first fire.
+
+When the youngster marched up to him, the challenger was very indignant,
+and asked if he took him for a dog, that he came out to him, with a stick;
+and, in a very ungentlemanly way, hinted something about making mince meat
+of his little antagonist, for the crows. The little fellow was not to be
+outdone, in this preparatory skirmish of words; for he threatened to take
+off the giant's head in a jiffy, and told him the ravens should have an
+alderman's meal, upon his carcass.
+
+Such bandying of rough words is entirely out of order, on such occasions.
+At it they went; and, at the very first fire, down came the bully upon his
+face, struck, upon the frontal sinus, with a smooth stone from a sling.
+The youngster, I am sorry to say, contrary to all the rules of duelling,
+ran up to him, after he was down, and chopped off his head, with his own
+sword; for, as I have already stated, there were no seconds, and there was
+no surgeon at hand, to attend to the mutilated gentleman, after he was
+satisfied.
+
+The survivor, who seems to have been the founder of his own
+fortune--_novus homo_--became eminently distinguished for his fine
+poetical talents, and composed a volume of lyrics, which have passed
+through innumerable editions. The one hundred and forty-fourth of the
+series is supposed, by the critics, to have been commemorative of this
+very affair of honor--_Blessed be the Lord, my strength, who teacheth my
+hands to war, and my fingers to fight_.
+
+
+
+
+No. CXLVIII.
+
+
+The duel, between David and Goliath, bears a striking resemblance to that,
+between Titus Manlius and the Gaul, so finely described, by Livy, lib.
+vii. cap. 10. In both cases, the circumstances, at the commencement, were
+precisely alike. The armies of the Hernici and of the Romans were drawn
+up, on the opposite banks of the Anio--those of the Israelites and of the
+Philistines, on two mountains, on the opposite sides of the valley of
+Elah. "Tum eximia corporis magnitudine in vacuum pontem Gallus processit,
+et quantum maxima voce potuit, _quem nunc_ inquit _Roma virum fortissimum
+habet, procedat, agedum, ad pugnam, ut noster duorum eventus ostendat,
+utra gens bello sit melior_." Then, a Gaul of enormous size, came down
+upon the unoccupied bridge, and cried out, as loud as he could, let the
+bravest of the Romans come forth--let him come on--and let the issue of
+our single combat decide, which nation is superior in war.--And there went
+out a champion out of the camp of the Philistines, named Goliath of Gath,
+whose height was six cubits and a span. * * * * And he stood, and cried
+unto the armies of Israel, and said unto them, why are ye come out to set
+your battle in array? Am not I a Philistine, and ye servants of Saul?
+Choose you a man for you, and let him come down to me. If he be able to
+fight with me and to kill me, then will we be your servants; but if I
+prevail against him and kill him, then shall ye be our servants, and serve
+us.
+
+The next point, is the effect upon the two armies: "Diu inter primores
+juvenum Romanorum silentium fuit, quum et abnuere certamen vererentur, et
+praecipuam sortem periculi petere nollent." There was a long silence, upon
+this, among the chiefs of the young Romans; for, while they were afraid to
+refuse the challenge, they were reluctant to encounter this peculiar kind
+of peril.--When Saul and all Israel heard those words of the Philistine,
+they were dismayed and greatly afraid.
+
+After Titus Manlius had accepted the challenge, he seems desirous of
+giving his commander a proof of his confidence in himself, and the
+reasons, or grounds, of that confidence: "Si tu permittis, volo ego illi
+belluae ostendere, quando adeo ferox praesultat hostium signis, me ex ea
+familia ortum, quae Gallorum agmen ex rupe Tarpeia dejecit." If you will
+permit me, I will show this brute, after he has vaunted a little longer,
+in this braggart style, before the banners of the enemy, that I am sprung
+from the family, that hurled the whole host of Gauls from the Tarpeian
+rock.--And David said to Saul, let no man's heart fail because of him, thy
+servant will go and fight with this Philistine. * * * * Thy servant kept
+his father's sheep, and there came a lion and a bear, and took a lamb out
+of the flock. And I went out after him, and delivered it out of his mouth;
+and when he arose against me, I caught him, by his beard, and smote him
+and slew him. Thy servant slew both the lion and the bear, and this
+uncircumcised Philistine shall be as one of them.
+
+The difference in their port and appearance may also be considered.
+"Nequaquam visu ac specie aestimantibus pares. Corpus alteri magnitudine
+eximium, versicolori veste, pictisque et auro caelatis refulgens armis;
+media in altero militaris statura, modicaque in armis habilibus magis quam
+decoris species." In size and appearance, there was no resemblance. The
+frame of the Gaul was enormous. He wore a vest whose color was changeable,
+and his refulgent arms were highly ornamented and studded with gold. The
+Roman was of middle military stature, and his simple weapons were
+calculated for service and not for show. Of Goliath we read--He had a
+helmet of brass upon his head, and he was armed with a coat of mail. * * *
+And he had greaves of brass upon his legs, and a target of brass between
+his shoulders, and the staff of his spear was like a weaver's beam; and
+David took his staff in his hand, and chose him five smooth stones out of
+the brook, and put them in a shepherd's bag which he had, even in a scrip,
+and his sling was in his hand. The General's consent is given to Titus
+Manlius, in these words--"Perge et nomen Romanum invictum, juvantibus
+diis, praesta." Go, and have a care, the gods assisting thee, that the
+Roman name remains unconquered. And Saul said unto David, Go, and the
+Lord be with thee. The Philistine and the Gaul were both speedily killed,
+and here the parallel ends; for David hewed off the Philistine's head. The
+Roman was more generous than the child of Israel--"Jacentis inde corpus,
+ab omni alia vexatione intactum, uno torque spoliavit; quem, respersum
+cruore, collo circumdedit suo." He despoiled the body of his fallen foe,
+in no otherwise insulted, of a chain, which, bloody, as it was, he placed
+around his own neck. I cannot turn from this gallant story, without
+remarking, that this Titus Manlius must have been a terrible wag: Livy
+says, that his young companions having prepared him for the duel--"armatum
+adornatumque adversus Gallum stolide laetum, et (quoniam id quoque memoria
+dignum antiquis visum est) linguam, etiam ab irrisu exscrentem,
+producunt"--they brought him forward, armed and prepared for his conflict
+with the Gaul, childishly delighted, and (since the ancients have thought
+it worth repeating) waggishly thrusting his tongue out of his mouth, in
+derision of his antagonist.
+
+Doubtless, the challenge of Charles V. by Francis I., in which affair,
+Charles, in the opinion of some folks, showed a little, if the cant phrase
+be allowable, of the white feather, gave an impetus to the practice of
+duelling. Doubtless, the _wager of battel_ supplied something of the form
+and ceremony, the use of seconds, and measuring the lists, the signal of
+onset, &c. of modern duels: but the principle was in the bosom of Adam,
+and the practice is of the highest antiquity.
+
+Woman, in some way or other, has been, very often, at the bottom of these
+duels. Helen, as the chief occasion of the Trojan war, was, of course, the
+cause of Hector's duel with Ajax, which duel, as the reader will see, by
+turning to his Iliad, lib. viii. v. 279, was stopped, by the police, at
+the very moment, when both gentlemen, having thrown their lances aside,
+were drawing their long knives. Lavinia set Turnus and AEneas by the cars.
+Turnus challenged him twice. Upon the first occasion, AEneas was unwell;
+but, upon the second, they had a meeting, and he killed his man. David
+would not have accepted Goliath's challenge, had not his heart been set
+upon Saul's daughter, _and the shekels_. I find nothing of this, in the
+commentators; but the reader may find it, in the Book of Nature, _passim_.
+For one so young, David practised, with all the wariness of an old
+bachelor. When he first arrived in camp, some one asked him, if he had
+seen Goliath, and added, _and it shall be that the man who killeth him
+the King will enrich him with great riches, and will give him his
+daughter_. David had no idea of going upon a fool's errand; and, to make
+matters sure, he turned to those about him, and inquired, clearly for
+confirmation, _what shall be done to the man that killeth this
+Philistine?_ And they repeated what he had heard before. David was a
+discreet youth, for one of his time, the titman, as he was, of Jesse's
+eight children--and, to avoid all chance of mistake, he walks off to
+another person, near at hand, and repeats his inquiry, and receives a
+similar answer. Sam. I. xvii. 30. A wide difference there is, between the
+motives of Titus Manlius, in accepting the challenge of the Gaul, and
+those of David, in accepting that of the Philistine--the love of country
+and of glory in the first--in the last, the desire of possessing Saul's
+daughter _and the shekels_.
+
+Duels have been occasioned, by other Helens than her of Troy. A pleasant
+tale is told, by Valvasor, in his work, _La Gloire de Duche de Carniole_,
+Liv. ii. p. 634--of Andrew Eberhard Rauber, a German Knight, and Lord of
+the fortress of Petronel. Maximilian II., Emperor of Germany, had a
+natural daughter, Helen Scharseginn, of exquisite beauty, who had a brace
+of gallant admirers, of whom Rauber was one--the other was a Spanish
+gentleman, of high rank. Both were at the court of Maximilian, and in such
+high favor, that the Emperor was extremely unwilling to disoblige either.
+Upon the lifting of a finger, these gallants were ready to fight a score
+of duels, for the lady's favor, in the most approved fashion of the day.
+To this the Emperor was decidedly opposed; and, had they resorted to such
+extremities, neither would have taken anything, by his motion. The Emperor
+secretly preferred the German alliance, but was unwilling to offend the
+Spaniard. He was young and of larger proportions, than his German rival;
+but Rauber's prodigious strength had become a proverb, through the land.
+He had the power of breaking horse-shoes with his thumbs and fingers; and,
+upon one occasion, at Gratz, in the presence of the Archduke Charles,
+according to Valvasor's account, he seized an insolent Jew, by his long
+beard, and actually pulled his jaw off. He was a terrible antagonist, of
+course.
+
+Maximilian, heartily wearied with their incessant strife and importunity,
+finally consented, that the question should be settled, by a duel, in
+presence of the whole court. The hour was appointed, and the parties duly
+notified. The terms of the conflict were to be announced, by the Emperor.
+The day arrived. The Lords and Ladies of the Court were assembled, to
+witness the combat; and the rivals presented themselves, with their
+weapons, prepared to struggle manfully, for life and love.
+
+The Emperor commanded the combatants to lay their rapiers aside, and each
+was presented with a large bag or sack; and they were told, that whichever
+should succeed, in putting the other into the sack, should be entitled to
+the hand of the fair Helen Scharseginn.
+
+Though, doubtless, greatly surprised, by this extraordinary announcement,
+there appeared to be no alternative, and at it they went. After a
+protracted struggle, amid shouts of laughter from the spectators, Rauber,
+Lord of the fortress of Petronel, obtained the victory, bagged his bird,
+and encased the haughty Spaniard in the sack, who, shortly after, departed
+from the court of Maximilian.
+
+Would to God, that all duels were as harmless, in their consequences. It
+is not precisely so. When the gentleman, that does the murder, and the two
+or more gentlemen, who aid and abet, have finished their handiwork, the
+end is not yet--mother, wife, sisters, brothers, children are involuntary
+parties--the iron, or the lead, which pierced that selfish heart, must
+enter their very souls.
+
+Where these encounters have proved fatal, the survivors, as I have stated,
+have, occasionally, gone mad. It is not very common, to be sure, for duels
+to produce such melancholy consequences, as those, which occurred, after
+that, between Cameron and McLean, in 1722. McLean was killed. Upon
+receiving the intelligence, his aged mother lost her reason, and closed
+her days in a mad-house. The lady, to whom he was betrothed, expired in
+convulsions, upon the third day, after the event--_n'importe!_
+
+
+
+
+No. CXLIX.
+
+
+It is quite unpleasant, after having diligently read a volume of memoirs,
+or voyages, or travels, and carefully transferred a goodly number of
+interesting items to one's common-place book--to discover, that the work,
+_ab ovo usque ad mala_, is an ingenious tissue of deliberate lies. It is
+no slight aggravation of this species of affliction, to reflect, that one
+has highly commended the work, to some of his acquaintances, who are no
+way remarkable, for their bowels of compassion, and whose intelligible
+smile he is certain to encounter, when they first meet again, after the
+_eclaircissement_.
+
+There is very little of the _haec olim meminisse juvabit_, in store, for
+those, who have been thus misled. If there had been, absolutely, no
+foundation for the story, in the credulity of certain members of the Royal
+Society, Butler would not, probably, have produced his pleasant account of
+"_the elephant in the moon_." There were some very grave gentlemen, of
+lawful age, who were inclined to receive, for sober truth, that
+incomparable hoax, of which Sir John Herschell was represented, as the
+hero.
+
+Damberger's travels, in Africa, and his personal adventures there gave me
+great pleasure, when I was a boy; and I remember to have felt excessively
+indignant, when I discovered, that the work was written, in a garret, in
+the city of Amsterdam, by a fellow who had never quitted Europe.
+
+I never derived much pleasure or instruction, from Wraxall's memoirs of
+the Kings of France of the race of Valois, nor from his tour through the
+Southern Provinces, published in 1777. But his Historical memoirs of his
+own time, prepared, somewhat after the manner of De Thou, and Bishop
+Burnet, and extending from 1772 to 1784, I well remember to have read,
+with very considerable pleasure, in 1816; and was pained to find them cut
+up, however unmercifully, with so much irresistible justice, in the
+Edinburgh and Quarterly Reviews, and the British Critic. Mr. Wraxall made
+matters immeasurably worse, by his defence. There could be no adequate
+defence, for a man, who had asserted, that Lord Dorset told him an
+anecdote, touching an event, _which event did not happen, till Lord Dorset
+was dead_. A single instance of this kind, in a writer of common accuracy,
+might be carried, in charity, to the debit of chance, or forgetfulness;
+but the catalogue, presented by the reviewers, is truly overpowering. To
+close the account, Sir N. W. Wraxall was, in May, 1816, convicted of a
+libel, in these very memoirs, upon Count Woronzow, the Russian minister;
+and Mr. Wraxall was imprisoned in Newgate, for that offence.
+
+After this disqualification of my witness, I am, nevertheless, about to
+vouch in Mr. Wraxall, by reciting one of his stories, in illustration of a
+principle. I quote from memory--I have not the work--the reviewers
+prevented me from buying it. June 16, 1743, the battle of Dettingen was
+fought, and won, by George II. in person, and the Earl of Stair, against
+the Marechal de Noailles and the Duke de Grammont. Mr. Wraxall
+relates--_me memoria mea non fallente_--the following incident. After the
+battle, the Earl gave a dinner, at his quarters; and, among the guests,
+were several of the French prisoners of war. Of course, the Earl of Stair
+presided, at one end of the table--at the other sat a gentleman, of very
+common-place appearance, of small stature, thin and pale, evidently an
+invalid, and who, unless addressed, scarcely opened his lips, during the
+entertainment. This unobtrusive, and rather unprepossessing, young man was
+the Lord Mark Kerr, the nephew, and the aid-de-camp of the Earl. After the
+removal of the cloth, the gentlemen discussed the subject of the battle,
+and the manoeuvres, by which the victory had been achieved. A difference
+of opinion arose, between the Earl and one of the French Colonels, as to
+the time of a particular movement. The latter became highly excited, and
+very confident he was right. The Earl referred to Lord Mark Kerr, whose
+position, at the time of that movement, rendered his decision conclusive.
+Lord Mark politely assured the French Colonel, that he was mistaken; upon
+which the Frenchman instantly insulted him, without saying a word, but in
+that felicitous manner, which enables a Frenchman to convey an insult,
+even by his mode of taking snuff. Soon after, the party broke up, and the
+Earl of Stair was left alone. In about half an hour, Lord Mark Kerr
+returned, and found his uncle very much disturbed.
+
+"Nephew," said he, "you know my strong dislike of duelling. In our
+situation we are sometimes, perhaps, unable to avoid it. The French
+Colonel insulted you, at table; others noticed it, besides myself. I fear,
+my dear nephew, you will have to ask him to apologize."
+
+"I noticed it myself, my Lord," replied the Lord Mark; "you need have no
+trouble, on that account--we have already met--I ran him through the body;
+and they are now burying him, in the outer court."
+
+Duels are often produced, by a foolish, and fatal misestimate, which one
+man makes of another's temperament. The diminutive frame, the pale cheek,
+and small voice, modest carriage, youth, and inexperience, afford no
+certain indicia: _nimium ne crede colori_. Men of small stature, are
+sometimes the more _brusque_, and more on the _qui vive_, from this very
+circumstance.
+
+  Ingentes animos angusto in pectore volvunt.
+
+That a man will not fight, like a dragon, simply because he has neither
+the stature of Falstaff, nor the lungs of Bottom, is a well authenticated
+_non sequitur_.
+
+A well told, and well substantiated illustration of all this, may be
+found, in Mackenzie's Life of Decatur, page 55. I refer to the case of
+Joseph Bainbridge, who, in 1803, when a midshipman, and an inexperienced
+boy, was purposely and wantonly insulted, at Malta, by a professed
+duellist, the Secretary of Sir Alexander Ball, the Governor. No one can
+read Mackenzie's Narrative, without a conviction, that Bainbridge owed the
+preservation of his life, to the address of Decatur. They met--fired
+twice, at four paces; and, at the second fire, the English duellist fell,
+mortally wounded in the head: Bainbridge was untouched.
+
+When I was a school boy, more than fifty years ago, I remember to have
+read, in an English journal, whose name I have now forgotten, a story,
+which may have been a fiction; but which was very naturally told, and made
+a deep impression upon me then. I will endeavor to draw it forth from the
+locker of my memory; and engage, beforehand, to be very much indebted to
+any one, who will indicate its original source.
+
+Three young gentlemen, who had finished the most substantial part of their
+repast, were lingering over their fruit and wine, at an eating-house, in
+London; when a man, of middle age, and middle stature, entered the public
+room, where they were sitting; seated himself, at one end of a small,
+unoccupied table; and, calling the waiter, ordered a simple mutton chop,
+and a glass of ale. His appearance, at first view, was not likely to
+arrest the attention of any one. His hair was getting to be thin and gray;
+the expression of his countenance was sedate, with a slight touch,
+perhaps, of melancholy; and he wore a gray surtout, with a standing
+collar, which, manifestly, had seen service, if the wearer had not--just
+such a thing, as an officer would bestow upon his serving man. He might be
+taken for a country magistrate, or an attorney, of limited practice, or a
+schoolmaster.
+
+He continued to masticate his chop, and sip his ale, in silence, without
+lifting his eyes from the table, until a melon seed, sportively snapped,
+from between the thumb and finger of one of the gentlemen, at the opposite
+table, struck him upon the right ear. His eye was instantly upon the
+aggressor; and his ready intelligence gathered, from the illy suppressed
+merriment of the party, that this petty impertinence was intentional.
+
+The stranger stooped, and picked up the melon seed, and a scarcely
+perceptible smile passed over his features, as he carefully wrapped up the
+seed, in a piece of paper, and placed it in his pocket. This singular
+procedure, with their preconceived impressions of their customer, somewhat
+elevated, as they were, by the wine they had partaken, capsized their
+gravity entirely, and a burst of irresistible laughter proceeded from the
+group.
+
+Unmoved by this rudeness, the stranger continued to finish his frugal
+repast, in quiet, until another melon seed, from the same hand, struck
+him, upon the right elbow. This also, to the infinite amusement of the
+other party, he picked from the floor, and carefully deposited with the
+first.
+
+Amidst shouts of laughter, a third melon seed was, soon after, discharged,
+which hit him, upon the left breast. This also he, very deliberately took
+from the floor, and deposited with the other two.
+
+As he rose, and was engaged in paying for his repast, the gayety of these
+sporting gentlemen became slightly subdued. It was not easy to account for
+this. Lavater would not have been able to detect the slightest evidence of
+irritation or resentment, upon the features of the stranger. He seemed a
+little taller, to be sure, and the carriage of his head might have
+appeared to them rather more erect. He walked to the table, at which they
+were sitting, and with that air of dignified calmness, which is a thousand
+times more terrible than wrath, drew a card from his pocket, and presented
+it, with perfect civility, to the offender, who could do no less than
+offer his own, in return. While the stranger unclosed his surtout, to take
+the card from his pocket, they had a glance at the undress coat of a
+military man. The card disclosed his rank, and a brief inquiry at the bar
+was sufficient for the rest. He was a captain, whom ill health and long
+service had entitled to half pay. In earlier life he had been engaged in
+several affairs of honor, and, in the dialect of the fancy, was a dead
+shot.
+
+The next morning a note arrived at the aggressor's residence, containing a
+challenge, in form, and one only of the melon seeds. The truth then
+flashed before the challenged party--it was the challenger's intention to
+make three bites at this cherry, three separate affairs out of this
+unwarrantable frolic! The challenge was accepted, and the challenged
+party, in deference to the challenger's reputed skill with the pistol, had
+half decided upon the small sword; but his friends, who were on the alert,
+soon discovered, that the captain, who had risen by his merit, had, in the
+earlier days of his necessity, gained his bread, as an accomplished
+instructor, in the use of that very weapon. They met and fired,
+alternately, by lot; the young man had elected this mode, thinking he
+might win the first fire--he did--fired, and missed his opponent. The
+captain levelled his pistol and fired--the ball passed through the flap of
+the right ear, and grazed the bone; and, as the wounded man involuntarily
+put his hand to the place, he remembered that it was on the right ear of
+his antagonist, that the first melon seed had fallen. Here ended the first
+lesson. A month had passed. His friends cherished the hope, that he would
+hear nothing more from the captain, when another note--a challenge of
+course--and another of those accursed melon seeds arrived, with the
+captain's apology, on the score of ill-health, for not sending it before.
+
+Again they met--fired simultaneously, and the captain, who was unhurt,
+shattered the right elbow of his antagonist--the very point upon which he
+had been struck by the second melon seed: and here ended the second
+lesson. There was something awfully impressive, in the _modus operandi_,
+and exquisite skill of this antagonist. The third melon seed was still in
+his possession, and the aggressor had not forgotten, that it had struck
+the unoffending gentleman, upon the left breast! A month had
+past--another--and another, of terrible suspense; but nothing was heard
+from the captain. Intelligence had been received, that he was confined to
+his lodgings, by illness. At length, the gentleman who had been his
+second, in the former duels, once more presented himself, and tendered
+another note, which, as the recipient perceived, on taking it, contained
+the last of the melon seeds. The note was superscribed in the captain's
+well known hand, but it was the writing evidently of one, who wrote
+_deficiente manu_. There was an unusual solemnity also, in the manner of
+him, who delivered it. The seal was broken, and there was the melon seed,
+in a blank envelope--"And what, sir, am I to understand by this?"--"You
+will understand, sir, that my friend forgives you--he is dead."
+
+
+
+
+No. CL.
+
+
+A curious story of vicarious hanging is referred to, by several of the
+earlier historians, of New England. The readers of Hudibras will remember
+the following passage, Part ii. 407--
+
+  "Justice gives sentence, many times,
+  On one man for another's crimes.
+  Our brethren of New England use
+  Choice malefactors to excuse,
+  And hang the guiltless in their stead,
+  Of whom the churches have less need:
+  As lately 't happen'd:--in a town
+  There liv'd a cobbler, and but one,
+  That out of doctrine could cut use,
+  And mend men's lives, as well as shoes.
+  This precious brother having slain,
+  In times of peace, an Indian,
+  Not out of malice, but mere zeal,
+  Because he was an infidel;
+  The mighty Tottipottymoy
+  Sent to our ciders an envoy;
+  Complaining sorely of the breach
+  Of league, held forth by brother Patch,
+  Against the articles in force
+  Between both churches, his and ours,
+  For which he crav'd the saints to render
+  Into his hands, or hang th' offender:
+  But they, maturely having weigh'd
+  They had no more but him o' the trade,
+  A man that served them, in a double
+  Capacity, to teach and cobble,
+  Resolved to spare him; yet to do
+  The Indian Hoghan Moghan too
+  Impartial Justice, in his stead did
+  Hang an old weaver, that was bedrid."
+
+This is not altogether the sheer _poetica licentia_, that common readers
+may suppose it to be. Hubbard, Mass. Hist. Coll. xv. 77, gives the
+following version, after having spoken of the theft--"the company, as some
+report pretended, in way of satisfaction, to punish him, that did the
+theft, but in his stead, hanged a poor, decrepit, old man, that was
+unserviceable to the company, and burthensome to keep alive, which was
+the ground of the story, with which the merry gentleman, that wrote the
+poem, called Hudibras, did, in his poetical fancy, make so much sport. Yet
+the inhabitants of Plymouth tell the story much otherwise, as if the
+person hanged was really guilty of stealing, as may be were many of the
+rest, and if they were driven by necessity to content the Indians, at that
+time to do justice, there were some of Mr. Weston's company living, it is
+possible it might be executed not on him that most deserved, but on him
+that could be best spared, or was not likely to live long, if let alone."
+
+Morton published his English Canaan, in 1637, and relates the story Part
+iii. ch. iv. p. 108, but he states, that it was a proposal only, which was
+very well received, but being opposed by one person, "they hanged up the
+real offender."
+
+As the condemned draw nigh unto death--the scaffold--the gibbet--it would
+be natural to suppose, that every avenue to the heart would be effectually
+closed, against the entrance of all impressions, but those of terrible
+solemnity; yet no common truth is more clearly established, than that
+ill-timed levity, vanity, pride, and an almost inexplicable pleasure,
+arising from a consciousness of being the observed of all observers, have
+been exhibited, by men, on their way to the scaffold, and even with the
+halter about their necks.
+
+The story is well worn out, of the wretched man, who, observing the crowd
+eagerly rushing before him, on his way to the gallows, exclaimed,
+"gentlemen, why so fast--there can be no sport, till I come!"
+
+In Jesse's memoirs of George Selwyn, i. 345, it is stated, that John
+Wisket, who committed a most atrocious burglary, in 1763, the evidence of
+which was perfectly clear and conclusive, insisted upon wearing a large
+white cockade, on the scaffold, as a token of his innocence, and was swung
+off, bearing that significant appendage.
+
+In the same volume, page 117, it is said of the famous Lord Lovat, that,
+in Scotland, a story is current, that, when upon his way to the Tower,
+after his condemnation, an old woman thrust her head into the window of
+the coach, which conveyed him, and exclaimed--"_You old rascal, I begin to
+think you will be hung at last_." To which he instantly replied--"_You old
+b----h, I begin to think I shall_."
+
+In Walpole's letters to Mann, 163, a very interesting and curious account
+may be found, of the execution of the Lords Kilmarnock, and Balmarino.
+These Lords, with the Lord Cromartie, who was pardoned, were engaged, on
+the side of the Pretender, in the rebellion of 1745. "Just before they
+came out of the Tower, Lord Balmarino drank a bumper to King James's
+health. As the clock struck ten, they came forth, on foot, Lord Kilmarnock
+all in black, his hair unpowdered, in a bag, supported by Forster, the
+great Presbyterian, and by Mr. Home, a young clergyman, his friend. Lord
+Balmarino followed, alone, in a blue coat, turned up with red, _his
+rebellious regimentals_, a flannel waistcoat, and his shroud beneath, the
+hearses following. They were conducted to a house near the scaffold; the
+room forwards had benches for the spectators; in the second was Lord
+Kilmarnock; and in the third backwards Lord Balmarino--all three chambers
+hung with black. Here they parted! Balmarino embraced the other, and
+said--'My lord, I wish I could suffer for both.'"
+
+When Kilmarnock came to the scaffold, continues Walpole,--"He then took
+off his bag, coat, and waistcoat, with great composure, and, after some
+trouble, put on a napkin cap, and then several times tried the block, the
+executioner, who was in white, with a white apron, out of tenderness
+concealing the axe behind himself. At last the Earl knelt down, with a
+visible unwillingness to depart, and, after five minutes, dropped his
+handkerchief, the signal, and his head was cut off at once, only hanging
+by a bit of skin, and was received in a scarlet cloth, by four
+undertakers' men kneeling, who wrapped it up, and put it into the coffin
+with the body; orders having been given not to expose the heads, as used
+to be the custom. The scaffold was immediately new strewed with sawdust,
+the block new covered, the executioner new dressed, and a new axe brought.
+Then came old Balmarino, treading with the air of a general. As soon as he
+mounted the scaffold, he read the inscription on his coffin, as he did
+again afterwards: he then surveyed the spectators, who were in amazing
+numbers, even upon masts of ships in the river; and, pulling out his
+spectacles, read a treasonable speech, which he delivered to the sheriff,
+and said the young Pretender was so sweet a prince, that flesh and blood
+could not resist following him; and, lying down to try the block, he
+said--'if I had a thousand lives I would lay them all down here in the
+same cause.' He said, if he had not taken the sacrament the day before,
+he would have knocked down Williamson, the Lieutenant of the Tower, for
+his ill usage of him. He took the axe and felt of it, and asked the
+headsman how many blows he had given Lord Kilmarnock, and gave him two
+guineas. Then he went to the corner of the scaffold, and called very loud
+to the Warder, to give him his periwig, which he took off, and put on a
+night cap of Scotch plaid, and then pulled off his coat and waistcoat and
+lay down; but being told he was on the wrong side, vaulted round, and
+immediately gave the sign, by tossing up his arm, as if he were giving the
+signal for battle. He received three blows, but the first certainly took
+away sensation. As he was on his way to the place of execution, seeing
+every window open, and the roofs covered with spectators--'Look, look,' he
+cried, 'see how they are piled up like rotten oranges!'"
+
+Following the English custom, the clergymen of Boston were in the habit,
+formerly, of preaching to those, who were under sentence of death. I have
+before me, while I write, the following manuscript memoranda of Dr. Andrew
+Eliot--"1746, July 24. Thursday lecture preached by Dr. Sewall to three
+poor malefactors, who were executed P. M." "1747, Oct. 8. Went to
+Cambridge to attend Eliza Wakefield, this day executed. Mr. Grady began
+with prayer. Mr. Appleton preached and prayed." There is a printed sermon,
+preached by Dr. Andrew Eliot, on the Lords' day before the execution of
+Levi Ames, who was hung for burglary Oct. 21, 1773. Ames was present, and
+the sermon was preached, by his particular request. The desire of
+distinction dies hard, even in the hearts of malefactors.
+
+Dr. Andrew Eliot was a man of excellent sense, and disapproved of the
+practice, then in vogue, of lionizing burglars and murderers, of which,
+few, at the present day, I believe, have any just conception. For their
+edification I subjoin a portion of a manuscript note, in the hand writing
+of the late Dr. Ephraim Eliot, appended to the last page of the sermon,
+delivered by his father. "Levi Ames was a noted offender--though a young
+man, he had gone through all the routine of punishment; and there was now
+another indictment against him, where there was positive proof, in
+addition to his own confession. He was tried and condemned, for breaking
+into the house of Martin Bicker, in Dock Square. His condemnation excited
+extraordinary sympathy. _He was every Sabbath carried through the streets
+with chains about his ankles and handcuffed, in custody of the Sheriff's
+officers and constables, to some public meeting, attended by an
+innumerable company of boys, women and men._ Nothing was talked of but
+Levi Ames. The ministers were successively employed in delivering
+occasional discourses. Stillman improved the opportunity several times,
+and absolutely persuaded the fellow, that he was to step from the cart
+into Heaven."
+
+It is quite surprising, that our fathers should have suffered this
+interesting burglar--"_misguided_" of course--to be hung by the neck, till
+he was dead. When an individual, as sanguine, as Dr. Stillman appears to
+have been, in regard to Levi Ames, remarked of a notorious burglar, a few
+days after his execution, that he had certainly been _born again_, an
+incredulous bystander observed, that he was sorry to hear it, for some
+dwelling-house or store would surely be broken open before morning.
+
+
+
+
+No. CLI.
+
+
+We are sufficiently acquainted with the Catholic practice of roasting
+heretics--that of boiling thieves and other offenders is less generally
+known. _Caldariis decoquere_, to boil them in cauldrons, was a punishment,
+inflicted in the middle ages, on thieves, false coiners, and others. In
+1532, seventeen persons, in the family of the Bishop of Rochester, were
+poisoned by Rouse, a cook; the offence was, in consequence, made treason,
+by 23 Henry VIII., punishable, by boiling to death. Margaret Davie was
+boiled to death, for the like crime, in 1541. Quite a number of Roman
+ladies, in the year 331 B. C., formed a poisoning society, or club; and
+adopted this quiet mode of divorcing themselves from their husbands:
+seventy of the sisterhood were denounced, by a slave, to the consul,
+Fabius Maximus, who ordered them to be executed. None of these ladies were
+boiled.
+
+Boiling the dead has been very customary, after beheading or hanging, and
+drawing, and quartering, whenever the criminal was sentenced to be hung
+afterwards, in chains. Thus father Strype--"1554.--Sir Thomas Wyatt's
+fatal day was come, being the 11th of April, when, between nine and ten of
+the clock, aforenoon, on Tower Hill, he was beheaded; and, by eleven of
+the clock, he was quartered on the scaffold, and his bowels and members
+burnt beside the scaffold; and, a car and basket being at hand, the four
+quarters and the head were put into the basket, and conveyed to Newgate,
+to be parboiled." One more quotation from Strype--"1557.--May 28th, was
+Thomas Stafford beheaded on Tower Hill, by nine of the clock, Mr. Wode
+being his ghostly father; and, after, three more, viz., Stowel, Proctor,
+and Bradford were drawn from the Tower, through London, unto Tyburn, and
+there hanged and quartered: and, the morrow after, was Stafford quartered,
+and his quarters hanged on a car, and carried to Newgate to boil."
+
+How very ingenious we have been, since the days of Cain, in torturing one
+another! Boiling and roasting are not to be thought of. The Turkish
+bowstring will never be adopted here, nor the Chinese drop, nor their mode
+of capital punishment, in which the criminal, having been stripped naked,
+is so confined, that he can scarcely move a muscle, and, being smeared
+with honey, is exposed to myriads of insects, and thus left to perish.
+Crucifixion will never be popular in Massachusetts, though quite common
+among the Syrians, Egyptians, Persians, Africans, Greeks, Romans, and
+Jews. Starving to death, sawing in twain, and rending asunder, by strong
+horses, have all been tried, but are not much approved of, by the moderns.
+The rack may answer well enough, in Catholic countries, but, in this
+quarter, there is a strong prejudice against it. Exposure to wild beasts
+is objectionable, for two reasons; one of these reasons resembles the
+first of twenty-four, offered to the Queen of Hungary, for not ringing the
+bells upon her arrival,--there were no bells in the village--we have no
+wild beasts. The second reason is quite germain--man is savage enough,
+without any foreign assistance. Burying alive, though it has been
+employed, as a punishment, in other countries, is, literally, too much for
+flesh and blood; and, I am happy to say, there is not a sexton in this
+city, who would, knowingly, be a party to such a barbarous proceeding.
+
+Death has been produced, by preventing sleep, as a mode of punishment.
+Impaling, and flaying alive, tearing to pieces with red hot pincers,
+casting headlong from high rocks, eviscerating the bowels, firing the
+criminals from the mouths of canons, and pressing them slowly to death, by
+weights, gradually increased, upon the breast, the _peine forte et dure_,
+are very much out of fashion; though one and all have been frequently
+employed, in other times. There is a wheel of fashion, as well as a wheel
+of fortune, in the course of whose revolutions, some of these obsolete
+modes of capital punishment may come round again, like polygon porcelain,
+and antiquated chair-backs. Should our legislature think proper to revive
+the practice, in capital cases, of heading up the criminal in a barrel,
+filled with nails, driven inward, a sort of inverted _cheval de frize_,
+and rolling him down hill, I have often thought the more elevated corner
+of our Common would be an admirable spot for the commencement of the
+execution, were it not for interrupting the practice of coasting, during
+the winter; by which several innocent persons, in no way parties to the
+process, have been very nearly executed already.
+
+Shooting is apt to be performed, in a bungling manner. Hanging by the
+heels, till the criminal is dead, is very objectionable, and requires too
+much time. The mode adopted here and in England, and also in some other
+countries, of hanging by the neck, is, in no respect agreeable, even if
+the operator be a skilful man; and, if not, it is highly offensive. The
+rope is sometimes too long, and the victim touches the ground--it is too
+frail, and breaks, and the odious act must be performed again--or the
+noose is unskilfully adjusted, the neck is not broken, and the struggles
+are terrible.
+
+The sword, in a Turkish hand, performs the work well. It was used in
+France. Charles Henry Sanson, the hereditary executioner, on the third of
+March, 1792, presented a memorial to the Constituent Assembly, in which he
+objected to decollation, and stated that he had but two swords; that they
+became dull immediately; and were wholly insufficient, when there were
+many to be executed, at one time. Monsieur Sanson knew nothing then of
+that delightful instrument, which, not long afterward, became a mere
+plaything, in his hands.
+
+Stoning to death and flaying alive have been employed, occasionally, since
+the days of Stephen and Bartholomew. The axe, so much in vogue, formerly,
+in England, was a ruffianly instrument, often mangling the victim, in a
+horrible manner.
+
+After all, there is nothing like the guillotine; and, should it ever be
+thought expedient to erect one here, I should recommend, for a location,
+the knoll, near the fountain, on our Common, which would enable a very
+large concourse of men, women, and children, to witness the performances
+of both, at the same moment.
+
+The very best account of the guillotine, that I have ever met with, is
+contained in the London Quarterly Review, vol. lxxiii. page 235. It is
+commonly supposed, that this instrument was invented by Dr. Guillotin,
+whose name it bears. It has been frequently asserted, that Dr. Guillotin
+was one of the earliest, who fell victims to its terrible agency. It has
+been still more generally believed, that this awfully efficient machine
+was conceived in sin and begotten in iniquity, or in other words, that its
+original contrivers were moved, by the spirit of cruelty. All these
+conjectures are unfounded.
+
+The guillotine, before its employment, in France, was well known in
+England, under the name of the Halifax gibbet. A copy of a print, by John
+Doyle, bearing date 1650, and representing the instrument, may be found,
+in the work, to which I have, just now, referred. Pennant, in his Tour,
+vol. iii. page 365, affirms, that he saw one of the same kind, "in a room,
+under the Parliament house, at Edinburgh, where it was introduced by the
+Regent, Morton, who took a model of it, as he passed through Halifax, and,
+at length, suffered by it, himself."
+
+The writer in the London Quarterly, puts the question of invention at
+rest, by exhibiting, on page 258, a copy of an engraving, by Henry
+Aldgrave, bearing date 1553, representing the death of Titus Manlius,
+under the operation of "an instrument, identical with the guillotine."
+
+During the revolution, Dr. Guillotin was committed to prison, from which
+he was released, after a tedious confinement. He died in his bed, at
+Paris, an obscure and inoffensive, old man; deeply deploring, to the day
+of his decease, the association of his name, with this terrible
+instrument--an instrument, which he attempted to introduce, in good faith,
+and with a merciful design, but which had been employed by the devils
+incarnate of the revolution, for the purposes of reckless and
+indiscriminating carnage.
+
+Dr. Guillotin was a weak, consequential, well-meaning man, willing to
+mount any hobby, that would lift him from the ground. He is described, in
+the _Portraits des Personnes celebres_, 1796, as a simple busybody,
+meddling with everything, _a tort et a travers_, and being both
+mischievous and ridiculous.
+
+He had sundry benevolent visions, in regard to capital punishment, and the
+suppression, _by legal enactment_, of the _sentiment_ of prejudice,
+against the families of persons, executed for crime! Among the members of
+the faculty, in every large city, there are commonly two or three, at
+least, exhibiting striking points of resemblance to Dr. Guillotin. In
+urging the merits of this machine, upon merciful considerations, his
+integrity was unimpeachable. He considered hanging a barbarous and cruel
+punishment; and, by the zeal and simplicity of his arguments, produced,
+even upon so grave a topic, universal laughter, in the constituent
+assembly--having represented hanging, as a tedious and painful process, he
+exclaimed, "Now, with my machine, _Je vous sauter le tete_, I strike off
+your head, in the twinkling of an eye, and you never feel it."
+
+
+
+
+No. CLII.
+
+
+The Sansons, hereditary executioners, in Paris, were gentlemen. In 1684,
+Carlier, executioner of Paris, was dismissed. His successor was Charles
+Sanson a lieutenant in the army, born in Abbeville, in Picardy, and a
+relative of Nicholas Sanson, the celebrated geographer. Charles Sanson
+married the daughter of the executioner of Normandy, and hence a long line
+of illustrious executioners. Charles died in 1695; and was succeeded by
+his son Charles.
+
+Charles Sanson, the second, was succeeded by his son, Charles John
+Baptiste, who died Aug. 4, 1778, when his son Charles Henry was appointed
+in his place; and, in 1795, retired on a pension. By his hand, with the
+assistance of two of his brothers, the King, Louis XVI. was guillotined.
+This Charles Henry had two sons. His eldest, the heir-apparent to the
+guillotine, was killed, by a fall from the scaffold, while holding forth
+the head of a man, executed for the forgery of assignats. Henry, the
+younger son of Charles Henry, therefore became his successor, at the time
+of his retirement, in 1795. To fill this office, he gave up his military
+rank, as captain of artillery. He died Aug. 18, 1840. He was an elector,
+and had a taste for music and literature. He was succeeded by his son,
+Henry Clement, Dec. 1, 1840. These particulars will be found on page 27 of
+_Recherches Historiques et Physiologiques, sur la Guillotine, &c._, par M.
+Louis du Bois. Paris, 1843. Monsieur du Bois informs us, that all these
+Sansons were very worthy men, and that the present official possesses a
+fine figure, features stamped with nobility, and an expression sweet and
+attractive. How very little all this quadrates with our popular
+impressions of the common hangman!
+
+The objection to the guillotine, which was called, for a time, _Louison_,
+after M. Louis, Secretary of the College of Surgeons, that it would make
+men familiar with the sight of blood, was urged by the Abbe Maury, and
+afterwards, by A. M. La Cheze. The Duke de Liancourt, inclined to _mercy_,
+that is, to the employment of the guillotine. He contended, that it was
+necessary to efface all recollections of hanging, which, he gravely
+remarked, had recently been so _irregularly applied_, referring to the
+summary process of lynching, as we term it--_a la lanterne_.
+
+It is curious to note the doubt and apprehension, which existed, as to the
+result of the first experiment of decollation. March 3, 1792, the
+minister, Duport du Tertre, writes thus to the Legislative Assembly--"It
+appears, by the communications, made to me, by the executioners
+themselves, that, without some precautions, the act of decollation will be
+horrible to the spectators. It will either prove them to be monsters, if
+they are able to bear such a spectacle; or the executioner, himself,
+alarmed, will fall before the wrath of the people."
+
+The matter being referred to Louis, then Secretary of the Academy of
+Surgeons, he made his report, March 7, 1792. The new law required, that
+the criminal should be decapitated--_aura la tete tranchee_; and that the
+punishment should be inflicted _without torture_. Louis shows how
+difficult the execution of such a law must be--"We should recollect," says
+he, "the occurrences at M. de Lally's execution. He was upon his knees,
+with his eyes covered--the executioner struck him, on the back of his
+neck--the blow was insufficient. He fell upon his face, and three or four
+cuts of the sabre severed the head. Such _hacherie_ excited a feeling of
+horror." To such a polite and gentle nation, this must have been highly
+offensive.
+
+April 25, 1798. Roederer, Procureur General, wrote a letter to Lafayette,
+telling him, that a public trial of the new instrument would take place,
+that day, in the _Place de Greve_, and would, doubtless, draw a great
+crowd, and begging him not to withdraw the gens d'armes, till the
+apparatus had been removed. In the Courrier Extraordinaire, of April 27,
+1792, is the following notice--"They made yesterday (meaning the 25th) the
+first trial of the _little Louison_, and cut off a head, one Pelletier. I
+never in my life could bear to see a man hanged; but I own I feel a
+greater aversion to this species of execution. The preparations make me
+shudder, and increase the moral suffering. The people seemed to wish, that
+M. Sanson had his old gallows."
+
+After the _Louison_, or guillotine, had been in operation rather more than
+a year, the following interesting letter was sent, by the Procureur
+General, Roederer, to citizen Guideu. "13 May, 1793. I enclose, citizen,
+the copy of a letter from citizen Chaumette, solicitor to the commune of
+Paris, by which you will perceive, that complaints are made, that, after
+these public executions, the blood of the criminals remains in pools, upon
+the _Place de Greve_, that dogs came to drink it, and that crowds of men
+feed their eyes with this spectacle, which naturally instigates their
+hearts to ferocity and blood. I request you therefore to take the earliest
+and most convenient opportunity, to remove from the eyes of men a sight so
+afflicting to humanity."
+
+Voltaire, who thought very gravely, before he delivered the sentiment to
+the world, has stated of his countrymen, that they were a mixture of the
+monkey and the tiger. Undoubtedly he knew. In the revolution of 1793, and
+in every other, that has occurred in France--those excepted which may have
+taken place, since the arrival of the last steamer--the tiger has had the
+upper hand. Prudhomme, the prince of pamphleteers, having published
+fifteen hundred, on political subjects, and author of the General History
+of the crimes, committed, during the revolution, writing of the execution
+of Louis XVI. remarks--"Some individuals steeped their handkerchiefs in
+his blood. A number of armed volunteers crowded also to dip in the blood
+of the despot their pikes, their bayonets, and their sabres. Several
+officers of the Marseillais battalion, and others, dipped the covers of
+letters in this impure blood, and carried them, on the points of their
+swords, at the head of their companies, exclaiming 'this is the blood of a
+tyrant.' One citizen got up to the guillotine itself, and plunging his
+whole arm into the blood of Capet, of which a great quantity remained; he
+took up handsful of the clotted gore, and sprinkled it over the crowd
+below, which pressed round the scaffold, each anxious to receive a drop on
+his forehead. 'Friends,' said this citizen in sprinkling them, 'we were
+threatened, that the blood of Louis should be on our heads, and so you see
+it is.'" Rev. de Paris, No. 185, p. 205.
+
+Upon the earnest request of the inhabitants of several streets, through
+which the gangs of criminals were carried, the guillotine was removed,
+June 8, 1794, from the _Place de la Revolution_ to the _Place St.
+Antoine_, in front of the ruins of the Bastile; where it remained five
+days only, during which time, it took off ninety-six heads. The proximity
+of this terrible revolutionary plaything annoyed the shopkeepers. The
+purchasers of finery were too forcibly reminded of the uncertainty of
+life, and the brief occasion they might have, for all such things,
+especially for neckerchiefs and collars. Once again then, the guillotine,
+after five days' labor, was removed; and took its station still farther
+off, at the _Barriere du Trone_. There it stood, from June 9 till the
+overthrow of Robespierre, July 27, 1794: and, during those forty-nine
+days, twelve hundred and seventy heads dropped into its voracious basket.
+July 28, it was returned to the _Place de la Revolution_.
+
+Sanson, Charles Henry, the executioner of Louis XVI. had not a little
+_bonhomie_ in his composition--his infernal profession seems not to have
+completely ossified his heart. He reminds me, not a little, of Sir Thomas
+Erpingham, who, George Colman, the younger, says, carried on his wars, in
+France, in a benevolent spirit, and went about, I suppose, like dear, old
+General Taylor, in Mexico, "pitying and killing." On the day, when
+Robespierre fell, forty-nine victims were ascending the carts, to proceed
+to the guillotine, about three in the afternoon. Sanson, at the moment,
+met that incomparable bloodhound, the _Accusateur Public_, Fouquier de
+Tinville, going to dinner. Sanson suggested the propriety of delaying the
+execution, as a new order of things might cause the lives of the condemned
+to be spared. Fouquier briefly replied, "the law must take its course;"
+and went to dine--the forty-nine to die; and, shortly after, their fate
+was his.
+
+The guillotine, viewed as an instrument of justice, in cases of execution,
+for capital offences, is certainly a most merciful contrivance, liable,
+undoubtedly, during a period of intense excitement, to be converted into a
+terrible toy.
+
+During the reign of terror, matters of extreme insignificancy, brought
+men, women, and children to the guillotine. The record is, occasionally,
+awfully ridiculous. A few examples may suffice--Jean Julian, wagoner,
+sentenced to twelve years' imprisonment, took it into his head, on the
+way--_s'avisa_--to cry--_Vive le Roi_; executed September, 1792.--Jean
+Baptiste Henry sawed a tree of liberty; executed Sept. 6, 1793.--M.
+Baulny, ex-noble, assisted his son to emigrate; executed Jan. 31,
+1794.--La veuve Marbeuf _hoped_ the Austrians would come; executed Feb. 5,
+1794.--Francis Bertrand, publican, sold sour wine; executed May 15,
+1793.--Marie Angelique Plaisant, sempstress, exclaimed--"a fig for the
+nation;" executed July 19, 1794.
+
+
+
+
+No. CLIII.
+
+
+An interesting, physiological question arose, in 1796, whether death, by
+decollation, under the guillotine, were instantaneous or not. Men of
+science and talent, and among them Dr. Sue, and a number of German
+physicians, maintained, that, in the brain, after decapitation, there was
+a certain degree--_un reste_--of thought, and, in the nerves, a measure of
+sensibility. An opposite opinion seems to have prevailed. The controversy,
+which was extremely interesting, acquired additional interest and
+activity, from an incident, which occurred, on the scaffold, immediately
+after the execution of Marie Anne Charlotte de Corday d'Armont--commonly
+known, under the imperishable name of _Charlotte Corday_. A brute,
+Francois Le Gros, one of the assistant executioners, held up the beautiful
+and bleeding head, and slapped the cheek with his hand. A blush was
+instantly visible to the spectators. In connection with the physiological
+question, to which I have referred, a careful inquiry was instituted, and
+it was proved, very satisfactorily, that the color--the blush--appeared on
+_both_ cheeks, after the blow was given. Dr. Sue's account of this matter
+runs thus--"The countenance of Charlotte Corday expressed the most
+unequivocal marks of indignation. Let us look back to the facts--the
+executioner held the head, suspended in one hand; the face was then pale,
+but had no sooner received the slap, which the sanguinary wretch
+inflicted, than both cheeks visibly reddened. Every spectator was struck,
+by the change of color, and with loud murmurs cried out for vengeance, on
+this cowardly and atrocious barbarity. It can not be said, that the
+redness was caused by the blow--for we all know, that no blows will recall
+anything like color to the cheeks of a corpse; besides this blow was
+given on one cheek, and the other equally reddened." _Sue; Opinion sur le
+supplice de la guillotine, p. 9._
+
+Sir Thomas Browne, in his Religio Medici, remarked, that he had never
+known a religion, in which there were impossibilities enough to give full
+exercise to an active faith. This remark greatly delighted Sir Kenelm
+Digby, who was an ultra Catholic. The faith of Browne, in regard to things
+spiritual, was not an overmatch for his credulity, in regard to things
+temporal, which is the more remarkable, as he gave so much time to his
+Pseudodoxia, or exposition of vulgar errors? He was a believer in the
+existence of invisible beings, holding rank between men and angels--in
+apparitions; and affirmed, _from his own knowledge_, the certainty of
+witchcraft. Hutchinson, in his essay on witchcraft, repeats the testimony
+of Dr. Browne, in the case of Amy Duny and Rose Cullender, who were tried,
+before Sir Matthew Hale, in 1664; and executed, at St. Edmunds Bury, as
+witches. Sir Thomas stated in court, "_that the fits were natural, but
+heightened, by the devil's cooeperating with the malice of the witches, at
+whose instance he did the villanies_." He added that "a great discovery
+had lately been made, in Denmark, of witches, who used the very same way
+of afflicting persons, by conveying pins into them." Now it would be
+curious to know what Sir Thomas thought of the famous and apposite story
+of Sir Everard Digby, the father of Sir Kenelm, and if the faith of Sir
+Thomas were strong enough, to credit that extraordinary tale.
+
+Charlotte Corday was _beheaded_, and Sir Everard Digby was _hanged_. The
+difference must be borne in mind, while considering this interesting
+subject. Sir Everard, who was an amiable young man, was led astray, and
+executed Jan. 30, 1606, for the part he bore, in the gunpowder plot. Wood,
+in his "Athenae Oxonienses," vol. iii. p. 693, Lond. 1817, has the
+following passage--"Sir Everard Digby, father to Sir Kenelme, was a goodly
+gentleman, and the handsomest man of his time, but much pitied, for that
+it was his ill fate to suffer for the powder plot, in 1605, aged 24, at
+which time, when the executioner pluck'd out the heart, when the body was
+to be quartered, and, according to the manner, held it up, saying, _here
+is the heart of a traytor_, Sir Everard made answer, _thou liest_. This a
+most famous author mentions, but tells us not his name, in his _Historia
+Vitae et Mortis_." This most famous author is Lord Bacon--Hist. Vit. et
+Mort., vol. viii. p. 446, Lond. 1824. The passage is so curious, that I
+give it entire--"Anguillae, serpentes et insecta diu moventur singulis
+partibus, post concisionem. Etiam aves, capitibus avulsis, ad tempus
+subsultant: quin et corda animalium avulsa diu palpitant. Equidem
+meminimus ipsi vidisse hominis cor, qui evisceratus erat (supplicii genere
+apud nos versus proditores recepto) quod in ignem, de more, injectum,
+saltabat in altum, primo ad sesquipedem, et deinde gradatim ad minus;
+durante spatio (ut meminimus) septem aut octo minutarum. Etiam vetus et
+fide digna traditio est, de bove sub evisceratione mugiente. At magis
+certa de homine, qui co supplicii genere (quod diximus) evisceratus,
+postquam cor avulsum penitus esset, et in carnificis manu, tria aut
+quatuor verba precum auditus est proferre"--which may be Englished
+thus--Snakes, serpents, and insects move, a long time, after they have
+been cut into parts. Birds also hop about, for a time, after their heads
+have been wrung off. Even the hearts of animals, after they have been torn
+out, continue long to palpitate. Indeed, we ourselves remember to have
+seen the heart of a man, who had been drawn, or eviscerated, in that kind
+of punishment, which we employ against traitors, and which, when cast upon
+the fire, according to custom, leapt on high, at first, a foot and a half,
+and gradually less and less, during the space, if we justly remember, of
+seven or eight minutes. There is also an ancient tradition, well entitled
+to credit, of a cow, that bellowed, under the process of evisceration. And
+more certain is the story of the man, who was eviscerated, according to
+the mode of punishment we have referred to, who, when his heart was
+actually torn out, and in the hands of the executioner, was heard to utter
+three or four words of imprecation. Sir Everard was executed, as I have
+stated, in 1605. Lord Bacon was born Jan. 22, 1561, and died April 9,
+1626, twenty-one years only after Digby's execution, and at the age of 65.
+Lord Bacon was therefore 44 years old, when Digby's execution took place,
+which fact has some bearing upon the authenticity of this extraordinary
+story. Lord Bacon speaks confidently of the fact; and his suppression of
+the name was very natural, as the family of Sir Everard were then upon the
+stage.
+
+A writer in the London Quarterly Review remarks, in a note on page 274,
+vol. 73, comparing the case of Charlotte Corday with that of Sir Everard
+Digby--"This" (Sir Everard's) "was a case of _evisceration_, and not of
+_decapitation_, which makes the whole difference, as to the credibility of
+the story."
+
+Chalmers relates the anecdote, and refers to Wood's Athenae, and Lord
+Bacon's Historia Vitae et Mortis, but speaks of the tale, as "_a story,
+which will scarcely now obtain belief_." In the Harleian Miscellany, vol.
+iii. page 5, Lond. 1809, there is an account of the discovery of the
+gunpowder plot, imprinted at London, by Robert Barker, 1605. On page 47, a
+very brief cotemporaneous account is given of Digby's execution, in St.
+Paul's churchyard, which contains no allusion whatever to the
+circumstance, stated by Wood, and so very confidently, by Lord Bacon.
+
+I suppose few will really believe, that any man's conversational abilities
+can be worth much, after his head is off, or his heart is out. From the
+expression of the Quarterly reviewer, it may be inferred, that he did not
+consider the story of Sir Everard Digby utterly impossible and incredible.
+For my own part, I am very much inclined to hand over this extraordinary
+legend to Judaeus Appella. Every man, who has not, by long experience, like
+George Selwyn, acquired great self-possession, while enjoying an
+execution, inclines to the marvellous. Sir Everard, before the work of
+evisceration began, it must be remembered, had been hanged, the usual
+length of time; and the words--"_thou liest_"--are stated to have been
+uttered, at the moment, when the heart, having been plucked out, was held
+up by the executioner. It is more easy of belief, that some guttural
+noise, like that, spasmodically uttered by certain birds, after their
+heads have been chopped off, may have sounded to the gaping bystanders,
+who looked and listened, _auribus arrectis_, not very unlike the words in
+question. The belief, that Digby spoke these words, seems to be analogous
+to the belief, that, in _hydrophobia_, the sufferers bark like dogs,
+simply because, oppressed with phlegm, and nearly strangled, their
+terrific efforts, to clear the breathing passages, are accompanied with a
+variety of unintelligible, and horrible sounds.
+
+There are some curious cases, on record, which may have something to do
+with our reasoning, upon this subject. A similar species of death,
+attended by spasms or convulsions, is said to have been produced, by the
+bite of other animals. Dr. Fothergill relates cases of death, from the
+bite of a cat. Thiermayer recites two cases, both terminating fatally,
+from the bite of a goose, and a hen. Le Cat, Receuil Periodique, ii. page
+90, presents a similar case, from the bite of a duck. But we are not
+informed, that, the patient, in either of these cases, during the spasms,
+mewed, quacked, cackled, or hissed; and yet there seems to be no rational
+apology for a patient's _barking_, simply because he has been bitten, by a
+cat, or a duck, a goose, or a hen.
+
+Spasmodic or convulsive motion, in a human body, which has been hung, or
+shot, or eviscerated, is a very different thing, from an intelligent
+exercise of the will, over the organs of speech, producing the utterance
+even of a word or syllable.
+
+In the cases of persons, who have been shot through the heart, violent
+spasmodic action is no unusual phenomenon. When I was a boy, the duel took
+place, between Rand and Millar, at Dorchester Point, then a locality as
+solitary, as Hoboken, or the Hebrides. The movements of the parties were
+observed, and their purposes readily surmised, by the officers, on Castle
+William; and a barge was immediately despatched, from the fort. Shots were
+exchanged, between the combatants, while the barge was passing over. Rand
+fell, wounded through the heart; and, after lying motionless, for a very
+brief space, was seen to leap into the air several feet, and fall again,
+upon the earth.
+
+
+
+
+No. CLIV.
+
+
+We are living and learning, forever. Life is a court of cassation, where
+truth sits, as chancellor, daily reversing the most incomparably beautiful
+decrees of theoretical philosophy.
+
+It is not unlikely, that a very interesting volume of 600 pages, folio,
+might be prepared, to be called the _Mistakes of Science_. The elephant in
+the moon, and the weighing of the fish have furnished amusement, in their
+day. Even in our own times, philosophers, of considerable note, have
+seriously _doubted_ the truth of that incomparable hoax, concerning Sir
+John Herschell's lunar discoveries.
+
+Savans were completely deceived, for a considerable period, by the
+electrical beatifications of Mr. Bose. One of the most amusing
+occurrences, upon record, on which occasion, the philosopher, unlike Mr.
+Bose, was a perfectly honest man, befell the famous mathematical
+instrument-maker, Mr. Troughton. He became fully possessed, by the idea,
+that certain persons, a select few, were capable of exerting a magnetic
+influence, over the needle, by advancing their faces towards it. So far
+from being common, this power was limited to a very small number. The
+statements of Mr. Troughton, and his well-established reputation, for
+integrity, caused the subject to be gravely discussed, by members of the
+Royal Society.
+
+Every individual of the very small number, who possessed this remarkable
+power--every _medium_--was carefully examined. Collusion seemed utterly
+impossible. A new theory appeared to be established. Amazement ran through
+the learned assembly. A careful inquiry was instituted, in relation to the
+manner of life of these _mediums_, from their youth upwards, their
+occupations, diet, &c., and some very learned papers would, erelong, have
+been read, before the Royal Society, if Mr. Troughton himself had not
+previously made a most fortunate discovery--he discovered, that he wore a
+wig, constructed with _steel_ springs--such, also, was the case with every
+other _medium_!
+
+The tendency to predicate certainty, of things, manifestly doubtful, is
+exceedingly common. I fell, recently, into the society of some very
+intelligent gentlemen, who were _certain_, that Sir John Franklin was
+lost, irrecoverably lost.
+
+There are some--perhaps their name is not Legion--whose faith is of
+superior dimensions to the mustard seed, and who believe, that Sir John
+Franklin is not destroyed; that he yet lives; and, that, sooner or later,
+he will come back to his friends and the world, with a world of wonders to
+relate, of all that he has seen and suffered. God, all merciful, grant it
+may be so. To all human observation, after a careful balancing of
+probabilities, there is certainly nothing particularly flattering in the
+prospect. Yet, on the other hand, absolute, unqualified despair is
+irrational, and unjustifiable.
+
+The present existence of Sir John Franklin is certainly _possible_. No
+one, I presume, will say it is _probable_. Some half a dozen good,
+substantial words are greatly needed, to mark shades between these two,
+and to designate what is more than _possible_, and less than _probable_.
+
+A careful consideration of the narrative of Sir John Ross, the narrative,
+I mean, of his second voyage, in quest of a northwest passage, and of his
+abode in the Arctic regions, and of the opinion, very generally
+entertained, for a great length of time, that he was lost, will strengthen
+the impression, that Sir John Franklin also may be yet alive, _somewhere_!
+Even then, a question may arise, in connection with the force of certain
+currents, referred to, by those, who have lately returned, from an
+unsuccessful search for Sir John Franklin, whether it may be possible to
+return, against those currents, with such means and appliances, as he
+possessed; and whether, even on this side the grave, there may not be a
+bourne, from which no presumptuous voyager ever shall return.
+
+The residence of Sir John Ross, in the Arctic regions, continued, through
+five consecutive years, 1829, '30, '31, '32, '33. To such, as imagine
+there is any effective summer, in those regions, and who have been
+accustomed to associate spring and summer, with flowers and fruits, it may
+not be amiss, by way of corrective, to administer a brief passage, from
+the journal of Sir John Ross, in August, 1832--"But to see, to have seen,
+ice and snow, to have felt snow and ice forever, and nothing forever but
+snow and ice, during all the months of a year; to have seen and felt but
+uninterrupted and unceasing ice and snow, during all the months of four
+years, this it is, that has made the sight of those most chilling and
+wearisome objects an evil, which is still one in recollection, as if the
+remembrance would never cease."
+
+At this period, August, 1832, very little hope was entertained, that Sir
+John Ross and his companions were living. Even a year before, they were
+generally supposed to be lost.
+
+The abandonment of their ship, which had been locked fast in the ice, for
+years, and their almost inconceivable toil, while crossing, with their
+boats, on sledges, to the confluence of Regent's Inlet, and Barrow's
+Strait, are fully presented in the narrative. Their hour of deliverance
+came at last, and the event cannot be better described, than in the words
+of Sir John Ross himself. As they were standing along the southern shore
+of Harrow's Strait, in their boats, on the 26th of August, a sail, to
+their inexpressible joy, hove in sight. After a period of great anxiety,
+lest she should not observe their signals of distress, their deep delight
+may be imagined, even by an unpractised landsman, when they first became
+assured, that they had attracted the notice of the crew, in one of the
+ship's boats. The reader will be better satisfied with an account from
+the lips of the [Greek: polytropos os malla polla], himself.
+
+"She was soon along side, when the mate in command addressed us, by
+presuming, that we had met with some misfortune and lost our ship. This
+being answered in the affirmative, I requested to know the name of his
+vessel, and expressed our wish to be taken on board. I was answered, that
+it was the 'Isabella, of Hull, once commanded by Captain Ross;' on which I
+stated, that I was the identical man in question, and my people the crew
+of the Victory. That the mate, who commanded this boat, was as much
+astonished, as he appeared to be, I do not doubt; while, with the usual
+blunderheadedness of men, on such occasions, he assured me, that I had
+been dead two years. I easily convinced him, however, that what ought to
+have been true, according to his estimate, was a somewhat premature
+conclusion; as the bear-like form of the whole set of us, might have shown
+him, had he taken time to consider, that we were certainly not whaling
+gentlemen, and that we carried tolerable evidence of our being 'true men
+and no imposters,' on our backs, and in our starved and unshaven
+countenances."
+
+However close the resemblance, between Sir John Ross and his comrades to
+_bears_, they soon become _lions_ on board the Isabella. Sir John
+continues thus--
+
+"A hearty congratulation followed, of course, in the true seaman style,
+and, after a few natural inquiries, he added, that the Isabella was
+commanded by Captain Humphreys; when he immediately went off in his boat
+to communicate his information on board; repeating, that we had long been
+given up as lost, not by them alone, but by all England."
+
+In this precedent, there is kindling stuff for hope, if not substantial
+fuel. After reading this account, the hearts of the strong-hearted cannot
+fail to be strengthened the more. A scientific and elaborate comparison of
+all the facts and circumstances, in the respective cases of Ross and
+Franklin, may lead to dissipate our hope. But hope is a vivacious
+principle, like the polypus, from the minutest particle remaining, growing
+up to be the integral thing, that it was. Science, philosophy, perched
+upon theoretical stilts, occasionally walk confidently into the mire. Sir
+John Franklin may yet be among the living, notwithstanding those negative
+demonstrations, in which many so very plausibly indulge themselves.
+
+Let us follow Sir John Ross and his companions on board the Isabella.--"As
+we approached slowly after him (the mate of the Isabella) he jumped up the
+side, and, in a minute, the rigging was manned; while we were saluted with
+three cheers, as we came within cable's length, and were not long in
+getting on board my old vessel, where we were all received, by Captain
+Humphreys, with a hearty seaman's welcome. Though we had not been
+supported by our names and characters, we should not the less have
+claimed, from charity, the attentions we received; for never was seen a
+more miserable looking set of wretches. If to be poor, wretchedly poor, as
+far as all our present property was concerned, were to have a claim on
+charity, none could well deserve it more; but, if to look so, be to
+frighten away the so called charitable, no beggar, that wanders in
+Ireland, could have outdone us, in exciting the repugnance of those, who
+know not what poverty can be. Unshaven, since I know not when, dirty,
+dressed in the rags of wild beasts, instead of the tatters of
+civilization, and starved to the very bones, our gaunt and grim looks,
+when contrasted with those of the well dressed and well fed men around us,
+made us all feel, I believe, for the first time, what we really were, as
+well as what we seemed to others."
+
+Very considerable training must, doubtless, be required, to reconcile a
+Mohawk Indian to a feather bed. A short passage from the Journal of Sir
+John Ross forcibly illustrates the truth, that we are the creatures of
+habit. "Long accustomed, however, to a cold bed, on the hard snow or the
+bare rock, few could sleep, amid the comforts of our new accommodations. I
+was myself compelled to leave the bed, which had been kindly assigned me,
+and take my abode in a chair for the night, nor did it fare much better
+with the rest. It was for time to reconcile us to this sudden and violent
+change, to break through what had become habit, and to inure us, once
+more, to the usages of our former days."
+
+
+
+
+No. CLV.
+
+
+Good, old Sir William Dugdale was certainly the prince of antiquaries. His
+labors and their products were greater, than could have been anticipated,
+even from his long and ever busy life. He was born, Sept. 12, 1605, and
+died, in his eighty-first year, while sitting quietly, in his antiquarian
+chair, Feb. 6, 1686.
+
+It seemed not to have occurred, so impressively, to other men, how very
+important was the diligent study of ancient wills, not only to the
+antiquarian, but to the historian, of any age or nation. Dugdale's
+annotations, upon the royal and noble wills of England, are eminently
+useful and curious. A collection of "royal wills" was published, by Mr.
+John Nicholls, the historian of Leicestershire, and the "Testamenta
+Vetusta," by Mr. Nicolas. These works are in very few hands, and some of
+them almost as rarely to be met with, as those of Du Cange, Charpentiere,
+Spelman, or Lacombe.
+
+There is no small amount of information and amusement, to be gathered from
+these ancient declarations of the purposes of men, contemplating death, at
+a distance, or about to die; though it cannot be denied, that the wills of
+our immediate ancestors, especially, if they have amassed great wealth,
+and, after a few unimportant legacies to others, have made us their
+residuary legatees, furnish a far more interesting species of reading, to
+the rising generation.
+
+There are worthy persons, who entertain a superstitious horror, upon the
+subject of making a will: they seem to have an actual fear, that the
+execution of a will is very much in the nature of a dying speech; that it
+is an expression of their willingness to go; and that the King of Terrors
+may possibly take them, at their word.
+
+There are others, who are so far from being oppressed, by any
+apprehension, of this nature, that one of their most common amusements
+consists in the making, and mending of their wills.
+
+"Who," says the compiler of the Testamenta Vetusta, "would have the
+hardihood to stain with those evil passions, which actuate mankind, in
+this world, that deed, which cannot take effect, until he is before the
+Supreme Judge, and consequently immediately responsible for his conduct?"
+To this grave inquiry I, unhesitatingly answer--_thousands_! The secret
+motives of men, upon such occasions, if fairly brought to light, would
+present a very curious record. That record would, by no means, sustain the
+sentiment, implied, in the preceding interrogatory. Malice and caprice,
+notoriously, have governed the testator's pen, upon numberless occasions.
+The old phrase--_cutting off with a shilling_--has been reduced to
+practice, in a multitude of instances, for considerations of mere hatred
+and revenge, or of pique and displeasure. The malevolent testator, who
+would be heartily ashamed, to avow what he had done, on this side the
+grave, is regardless of his reputation, on the other.
+
+Goldsmith places in the mouth of one of his characters, a declaration,
+that he was disinherited, for liking gravy. This, however it may have been
+intended as a pleasantry, by the author, is, by no means, beyond the
+region of probability. Considerations, equally absurd and frivolous, have,
+occasionally, operated upon the minds of passionate and capricious people,
+especially in the decline of life; and, though they are sensible of the
+Bible truth, that they can carry nothing with them, they may, yet a little
+while, enjoy the prospective disappointment of another.
+
+The Testamenta Vetusta contain abstracts of numerous wills of the English
+kings, and of the nobility, and gentry, for several centuries, from the
+time of Henry second, who began to reign, in 1154. The work, as I have
+stated, is rare; and I am mistaken, if the general reader, any more than
+he, who has an antiquarian diathesis, will complain of the exhumation I
+propose to make of some, among the "reliques of thae antient dayes."
+
+It is almost impossible, to glance over one of these venerable testaments
+of the old English nobility, without perceiving, that the testator's
+thoughts were pretty equally divided, between beds, masses, and wax
+tapers. Beds, with the gorgeous trappings, appurtenant thereto, form a
+common subject of bequest, and of entailment, as heir-looms.
+
+Edward, the Black Prince, son of Edward III., died June 8, 1376. In his
+will, dated the day before his death, he bequeaths "To our son Richard,[6]
+the bed, which the King our father gave us. To Sir Roger de Clarendon,[7]
+a silk bed. To Sir Robert de Walsham, our confessor, a large bed of red
+camora, with our arms embroidered at each corner; also embroidered with
+the arms of Hereford. To Monsr. Allayne Cheyne our bed of camora, powdered
+with blue eagles. And we bequeath all our goods and chattels, jewels, &c.,
+for the payment of our funeral and debts; after which we will, that our
+executors pay certain legacies to our poor servants. All annuities, which
+we have given to our Knights, Esquires, and other, our followers, we
+desire to be fully paid. And we charge our son Richard, on our blessing,
+that he fulfil our bequests to them. And we appoint our very dear and
+beloved brother of Spain, Duke of Lancaster,[8] &c., &c., executors," &c.
+
+Joan, Princess of Wales, was daughter of Edmund Plantagenet. From her
+extreme beauty, she was styled the "_Fair Maid of Kent_." I find the
+following record in regard to Joan--"She entered into a contract of
+marriage with Thomas Montacute, Earl of Salisbury; but Sir Thomas Holland,
+H. G., on a petition to Pope Clement VI. alleged a precontract, _consensus
+et concubitus_, but that, he being abroad, the Earl of Salisbury unjustly
+kept her from him; and his Holiness gave her to Sir Thomas."
+
+Joan seems to have been a wilful body, and the reader may like to know
+what sort of a will she made, four hundred and sixty-six years ago. She
+finally became the wife of Edward, the Black Prince, and, by him, the
+mother of Richard II. An abstract of her will runs thus--"In the year of
+our Lord, 1385, and of the reign of my dear son, Richard, King of England
+and France, the 9th at my castle of Walyngford, in the Diocese of
+Salisbury, the 7th of August, I, Joan, Princess of Wales, Duchess of
+Cornwall, Countess of Chester, and Lady Wake. My body to be buried, in my
+chapel, at Stanford, near the monument of our late lord and father, the
+Earl of Kent. To my dear son, the King, my new bed of red velvet,
+embroidered with ostrich feathers of silver, and heads of leopards of
+gold, with boughs and leaves issuing out of their mouths. To my dear son,
+Thomas, Earl of Kent, my bed of red camak, paied with red and rays of
+gold. To my dear son, John Holland, a bed of red camak."
+
+Katherine of Arragon wills, _inter alia_--"I supplicate, that my body be
+buried in a convent of Observant Friars. Item, that for my soul be said C.
+masses. Item, that some personage go to our Lady of Walsingham, in
+pilgrimage, and in going by the way, dole XX nobles. Item, I ordain that
+the collar of gold, that I brought out of Spain be to my daughter. * * *
+Item, if it may please the King, my good Lord, that the house ornaments of
+the church be made of my gowns, which he holdeth, for to serve the
+convent thereat I shall be buried. And the furs of the same I give for my
+daughter."
+
+William de Longspee, Earl of Salisbury, was a natural son of Henry II., by
+Fair Rosamond, daughter of Walter de Clifford, and distinguished himself
+in the Holy Land. He bequeaths to the Monastery of the Carthusians--"A cup
+of gold, set with emeralds and rubies; also a pix of gold with XLII. s.
+and two goblets of silver, one of which is gilt; likewise a chesible and
+cope of red silk; a tunicle and dalmatick of yellow cendal; an alba,
+amice, and stole; also a favon and towel, and all my reliques; likewise a
+thousand sheep, three hundred muttons, forty-eight oxen, and fifteen
+bulls."
+
+It was not unusual, in the thirteenth and fourteenth centuries, to
+dedicate children, at the hour of their baptism, to the _military_ service
+of _God_, in Palestine. An example of this may be found, in the will of
+William de Beauchamp, who was the father of the first Earl of Warwick, and
+died before 1269--"My body to be buried in the Church of Friars Minors at
+Worcester. I will, that a horse, completely harnessed with all military
+caparisons, precede my corpse: to a priest to sing mass daily, in my
+chapel without the city of Worcester, near unto that house of Friars,
+which I gave for the health of my soul, and for the soul of Isabel my
+wife, Isabel de Mortimer, and all the faithful deceased, all my rent of
+the fee of Richard Bruli, in Wiche and Winchester, with supply of what
+should be short, out of my own proper goods. * * * To William, my oldest
+son, the cup and horns of St. Hugh. * * * To Isabel, my wife, ten
+marks[9]: to the Church and nuns of Westwood one mark: to the Church and
+nuns without Worcester one mark: to every Anchorite in Worcester and the
+parts adjacent four shillings: to the Church of Salewarp, a house and
+garden, near the parsonage, to find a lamp to burn continually therein to
+the honor of God, the blessed Virgins St. Katherine, and St. Margaret."
+
+The will of his son, the Earl of Warwick, is full of the spirit of the
+age. He died in 1298--"My heart to be buried wheresoever the Countess, my
+dear consort, may, herself, resolve to be interred: to the place, where I
+may be buried two great horses, viz., those which shall carry my armor at
+my funeral, for the solemnizing of which, I bequeath two hundred pounds:
+to the maintenance of two soldiers in the Holy Land one hundred pounds:
+to Maud, my wife, all my silver vessels, with the cross, wherein is
+contained part of the wood of the very cross, on which our Saviour died. *
+* * To my said wife a cup, which the Bishop of Worcester gave me, and all
+my other cups, with my lesser sort of jewels and rings, to distribute for
+the health of my soul, where she may think best: to my two daughters, nuns
+at Shouldham, fifty marks."
+
+Elizabeth De Burgh, Lady of Clare, was the daughter of Gilbert de Clare,
+Earl of Gloucester, by Joan D'Acres, daughter of Edward I. She was thrice
+married. Her will is a curious affair, and bears date Sept. 25, 1355. She
+leaves legacies to her "servants" numbering, about one hundred and forty,
+and among whom are several knights and "peres."--"My body to be buried in
+the Sisters Minories, beyond Aldgate. I devise c. c. lb. of wax, to burn
+round my corpse. I will that my body be not buried for fifteen days after
+my decease. * * * For masses to be sung for the souls of Monsr. John de
+Bourg, Monsr. Theobaud de Verdon, and Monsr. Roger Dammory, my lords, my
+soul, and for the souls of all my good and loyal servants, who have died
+or may die in my service CXL., li.: To find five men for the Holy Land C.
+marks, to be spent, in the service of God and destruction of his enemies,
+if any general voyage be made within seven years after my decease: To my
+daughter Bardoff my bed of green velvet."
+
+Elizabeth, Countess of Northampton, wife of William de Bohnn, made her
+will, in 1356. To the Church of the Friars Preachers, in London, she
+bequeaths: "C. marks sterling, and also the cross, made of the very wood
+of our Saviour's cross which I was wont to carry about me, and wherein is
+contained one of the thorns of his crown; and I bequeath to the said
+Church two fair altar cloths of one suit, two of cloth of gold, one
+chalice, one missal, one graille,[10] and one silver bell; likewise
+thirty-one ells of linen cloth for making of albes, one pulpitory, one
+portfory,[11] and a holy water pot of silver." She also wills, that "one
+hundred and fifty marks be distributed to several other convents of Friars
+Preachers, in such manner as Friar David de Stirrington shall think best,
+for my soul's health: To the Grey Friars, in London five marks: To the
+Carmelites five marks: and to the Augustines five marks * * * to Elizabeth
+my daughter a bed of red worsted embroidered: To my sister, the Countess
+of Oxford a black horse and a nonche.[12]"
+
+Believers in the doctrine of transubstantation must extend their faith to
+the very cross; for, to comprehend all the wood, in possession of the
+faithful, it must have consisted of many cords of substantial timber.
+
+
+
+
+No. CLVI.
+
+
+The testamentary recognition of bastards, _eo nomine_, was very common, in
+the olden time. There were some, to whom funereal extravagance and pomp
+were offensive. Sir Ottro De Grandison says, in his will, dated Sept. 18,
+1358--"I entreat, that no armed horse or armed man be allowed to go before
+my body, on my burial day, nor that my body be covered with any cloth,
+painted, or gilt, or signed with my arms; but that it be only of white
+cloth, marked with a red cross; and I give for the charges thereof XX_l._
+and X. quarters of wheat: to a priest to celebrate divine service, in the
+church at Chellesfield for three years after my decease, XV_l._: to
+Thomas, my son, all my armor, four horses, twelve oxen, and two hundred
+ewe sheep. * * * * To my bastard son," &c.
+
+Henry, Duke of Lancaster, 1360, wills, "that our body be not buried for
+three weeks after the departure of our soul."
+
+Humphrey De Bohun, Earl of Hereford, 1361, bequeaths to his nephew
+Humphrey--"a nonche[13] of gold, surrounded with large pearls, with a ruby
+between four pearls, three diamonds, and a pair of gold paternosters of
+fifty pieces, with ornaments, together with a cross of gold, in which is a
+piece of the true cross of our Lord: to Elizabeth, our niece of
+Northampton, a bed with the arms of England. * * * * We will also that a
+chaplain of good condition be sent to Jerusalem, principally for my Lady
+my mother, my Lord my father, and for us; and that the chaplain be charged
+to say masses by the way, at all times that he can conveniently, for the
+souls."
+
+Agnes, Countess of Pembroke, daughter of Roger Mortimer, Earl of March,
+wills, in 1367, that her body be buried, "within two days after my death,
+without any other cost than a blue cloth and two tapers of ten pound
+weight."
+
+Robert, Earl of Suffolk, 1368--"I will, that five square tapers and four
+mortars,[14] besides torches, shall burn about my corpse, at my funeral:
+To William my oldest son my sword, which the King gave me, in name of the
+Earldom, also my bed with the eagle, and my summer vestment, powdered with
+leopards."
+
+Roger, Lord de Warre, personally took John, King of France, prisoner, at
+the battle of Poictiers, and obtained the crampet or chape of his sword,
+as a memorial of his chivalry. His will bears date 1368--"My body to be
+buried without pomp, and I will that, on my funeral day, twenty-four
+torches be placed about my corpse, and two tapers, one at my head and one
+at my feet, and also that my best horse shall be my principal, without any
+armour or man armed, according to the custom of mean people." He orders
+his estate to be divided into three parts--"one to be disposed of for the
+health of my soul."
+
+Joan, Lady Cobham, 1369--"I will that VII. thousand masses be said for my
+soul by the canons of Tunbrugge and Tanfugge and the four orders of Friars
+in London, viz. the Friars Preachers, Minors, Augustines, and Carmelites,
+who, for so doing shall have XXIX_l._ III_s._ IV_d._ Also I will that, on
+my funeral day, twelve poor persons, clothed in black gowns and hoods,
+shall carry twelve torches."
+
+Sir Walter Manney, 1371--"My body to be buried at God's pleasure * * * but
+without any great pomp * * * twenty masses to be said for my soul, and
+that every poor person coming to my funeral shall have a penny to pray for
+me, and for the remission of my sins. * * * To my two bastard daughters,
+nuns, viz., Mailosel and Malplesant, the one cc. franks, the other c.
+franks. * * * To Margaret Mareschall, my dear wife, my plate, which I
+bought of Robert Francis; also a girdle of gold, and a hook for a mantle,
+and likewise a garter of gold, with all my girdles and knives, and all my
+beds and clossers in my wardrobe, excepting my folding bed, paly of blue
+and red, which I bequeath to my daughter of Pembroke."
+
+Thomas, Earl of Oxford, 1371--"For my funeral expenses CXXXIII_l._ To Maud
+my wife all my reliques now in my own keeping, and a cross made of the
+very wood of Christ's cross. To Sir Alberic de Vere, my brother, a coat of
+mail, which Sir William de Wingfield gave me, also a new helmet and a
+pair of gauntlets."
+
+Anne, Lady Maltravers, 1374--"No cloth of gold to be put upon my corpse,
+nor any more than five tapers, each weighing five pounds, be put about
+it."
+
+Edward, Lord Despencer, 1375--"To the Abbot and Convent of Tewksbury one
+whole suit of my best vestments, also two gilt chalices, one gilt hanap,
+likewise a ewer, wherein to put the body of Christ, on Corpus Christi day,
+which was given to me by the King of France. To Elizabeth, my wife, my
+great bed of blue camaka with griffins; also another bed of camaka,
+striped with white and black, with all the furniture, thereto belonging."
+
+Mary, Countess of Pembroke, 1376--"To the Abbey of Westminster a cross
+with a foot of gold and emeralds, which Sir William de Valence, Kt.,
+brought from the Holy Land."
+
+Philipa, Countess of March, 1378--"To Edmond, my son, a bed, &c. Also a
+gold ring, with a piece of the true cross, with this writing, _In nomine
+Patris, et Filii, el Spiritus Sancti, Amen_. Which I charge him, on my
+blessing to keep."
+
+Sir John Northwood, Knight, 1378--"I will that two Pilgrims be sent to
+visit the shadow of St. Peter, Paul, and James, in Gallacia."
+
+Sir Roger Beauchamp, Kt., 1379--"My body to be buried in the church of the
+Friars Preachers, near to the grave, where Sybil, my wife resteth. And I
+desire, that, at my funeral, there be a _placebo_ and _dirige_ with note,
+and, on the morrow after, two masses, one of our Lady, and another of
+Requiem. And whereas I am bound to do a service on the Infidels, by devise
+of my grandsire, Sir Walter Beauchamp, to the expense of two hundred
+marks, I will, that Roger, son to Roger, my son, shall perform the same,
+when he comes of age. To my Chauntrey of Bletnesho one hundred pounds, for
+the maintenance of one priest, to sing there perpetually, for my soul, and
+also for the soul of Sybil, late my wife, and for all Christian souls."
+
+William, Lord Latimer, 1380--"I will that my house in the parish of St.
+Mary's be sold, to found prayers for King Edward's soul."
+
+Guichard, Earl of Huntington, 1380--"I will that my heart be taken out of
+my body and preserved with spices, and deposited in the said church of
+Engle. I will that the expenses of my funeral, if celebrated with pomp,
+be bestowed in masses for my soul."
+
+Edmond, Earl of March, was a man of great note. His will is dated May 1,
+1380--"To the Abbey of Wigmore a large cross of gold, set with stones with
+a relique of the cross of our Lord, a bone of St. Richard the Confessor,
+Bishop of Chicester, and a finger of St. Thomas de Cantelowe, Bishop of
+Hereford, and the reliques of St. Thomas, Bishop of Canterbury. To Roger,
+our son and heir, the cup of gold with a cover called _Benesonne_, and our
+sword, garnished with gold, which belonged to the good King Edward, with
+God's blessing and ours. * * * Also our large bed of black satin,
+embroidered with white lions and gold roses."
+
+William, Earl of Suffolk, 1381--"I will that, on the eve and day of my
+funeral, there shall be five square tapers of the height, which my nearest
+of kin shall think fit, and four morters; also forty-eight torches borne
+by forty-eight poor men, clothed in white. * * * I will that a picture of
+a horse and man, armed with my arms, be made in silver, and offered to the
+altar of our Lady of Walsingham; and another the like be made and offered
+at Bromeholme."
+
+One of the most interesting, among the olden wills, is that of John, Duke
+of Lancaster--the famous John of Gaunt. He died in February, 1399. His
+will bears date Feb. 3, 1397--"My body to be buried, in the Cathedral
+church of St. Paul of London, near the principal altar, beside my most
+dear wife, Blanch, who is there interred. If I die out of London, I desire
+that the night my body arrives there, it be carried direct to the Friars
+Carmelites, in Fleet Street, and the next day taken strait to St. Paul's,
+and that it be not buried for forty days, during which I charge my
+executors, that there be no cering or embalming my corpse. * * * I desire
+that chauntries and obits be founded for the souls of my late dear wives
+Blanch and Constance, whom God pardon; to the altar of St. Paul's my
+vestment of satin embroidered, which I bought of Courtnay, embroider of
+London. * * * To my most dear wife, Katherine, my two best nonches, which
+I have, excepting that, which I have allowed to my Lord and nephew, the
+King, and my large cup of gold, which the Earl of Wilts gave to the King,
+my Lord, upon my going into Guienne, together with all the buckles, rings,
+diamonds, rubies and other things, that will be found, in a little box of
+cypress wood, of which I carry the key myself, and all the robes, which I
+bought of my dear cousin, the Duchess of Norfolk;[15] also my large bed of
+black velvet, embroidered with a circle of fetter locks[16] and garters,
+all the beds, made for my body, called trussing beds, my best stay with a
+good ruby, my best collar, all which my said wife had before her marriage
+with me, also all the goods and jewels, which I have given her, since my
+marriage. To my Lord and nephew, the king,[17] the best nonche, which I
+have, on the day of my death, my best cup of gold, which my dear wife
+Katherine gave me, on New Year's day last, my gold salt-cellar with a
+garter, and the piece of arras, which the Duke of Burgoyne gave me, when I
+was in Calais." This is a mere extract. The will bequeaths numerous
+legacies of nonches, beds, and cups of gold; and abundantly provides for
+chauntries, masses, and obits.
+
+Eleanor, Duchess of Gloucester, 1399--"To the Abbess and Convent of the
+Sisters Minoresses, near London, without Aldgate, VI_l._ XIII_s._ IIII_d._
+and a tonel of good wine. * * * To my Lady and mother, the Countess of
+Hereford, a pair of paternosters of coral."
+
+Thomas Mussenden, 1402--"I will, that all my arms, swords, bastard,[18]
+and dagger be sold, and disposed of, for my soul."
+
+William Heron, Lord Say, 1404--"Whereas I have been a soldier, and taken
+wages from King Richard and the Realm, as well by land as by water, and
+peradventure received more than my desert, I will that my Executor pay six
+score marks to the most needful men, unto whom King Richard was debtor, in
+discharge of his soul."
+
+Sir Lewis Clifford, Kt.--"I, Lewis Clifford, false and traitor to my Lord
+God, and to all the blessed company of Heaven, and unworthy to be called a
+Christian man, make and ordaine my testament and my last will the 17th of
+September, 1404. At the beginning, I, most unworthy and God's traitor,
+recommend my wretched and sinful soul to the grace and to the mercy of the
+blissful Trinity, and my wretched carrion to be buried in the furthest
+corner of the churchyard, in which parish my wretched soul departeth from
+my body. And I pray and charge my executors, as they will answer before
+God, that on my stinking carrion be neither laid cloth of gold nor of
+silk, but a black cloth, and a taper at my head and another at my feet;
+no stone nor other thing, whereby any man may know where my stinking
+carrion lieth." In the original, this word is written _careyne_.
+
+The reader will be amused to know the cause of all this humility. Sir
+Lewis had joined the Lollards, who rejected the doctrines of the mass,
+penance for sins, extreme unction, &c.; but was brought back to the church
+of Rome; and thus records his penitence.
+
+
+
+
+No. CLVII.
+
+  "Tell thou the Earl his divination lies." SHAKSPEARE.
+
+
+An impertinent desire to pry into the future, by unnatural means--to
+penetrate the hidden purposes of God--is coeval with the earliest
+development of man's finite powers. It is Titanic insolence--and resembles
+the audacity of the giants, who piled Pelion upon Ossa, to be upon a level
+with the gods.
+
+Divination, however old it may be, seems not to wear out its welcome with
+a credulous world, nor to grow bald with time. It has been longer upon the
+earth, than from the time, when Joseph's silver cup, "whereby he
+divineth," was deposited, in Benjamin's sack, to the days of Moll Pitcher
+of Lynn, whose divining cup was of crockery ware.
+
+"_Mediums_" are mentioned in the Acts of the Apostles--"_And it came to
+pass, as we went to prayer, a certain damsel, possessed with a spirit of
+divination, met us, which brought her masters much gain, by soothsaying_."
+Paul cast out the evil spirit; an example worthy of consideration, by
+those, to whom the power is given, in the statute, to commit "_all
+persons, who use any juggling_," to the house of correction, unless their
+exhibitions are licensed, according to law.
+
+All manner of rogues and roguery has immemorially delighted in _aliases_.
+So has it been with that species of imposture, which assumes, that man's
+_finite_ powers are sufficient, for _infinite_ purposes. The black art,
+magic, fortune telling, sorcery, divination, soothsaying, augury, oracular
+responses, witchcraft, judicial astrology, palmistry, which is the same
+thing as chiromancy, or divination, by the lines of the hand or palm,
+horoscopy, which is a part of judicial astrology, haruspicy, or
+divination, from an inspection of entrails, aeromancy, the art of divining
+by the air, pyromancy, by flame or fire, hydromancy, by water, geomancy,
+by cracks or clefts in the earth, hepatoscopy, by the liver, stareomancy,
+by the elements, theomancy, by the spirit, demonomancy, by the revelation
+of genii or devils, idolomancy, by images, psychomancy, by the will or
+inward movement of the soul, antinopomancy, by the viscera of animals,
+theriomancy, by beasts, ornithomancy, by birds, icthyomancy, by fishes,
+botanomancy, by herbs, lithomancy, by stones, cleromancy, by lots,
+oneiromancy, by dreams, onomancy, by names, arithmancy, by numbers,
+logarithmancy, by logarithms, sternomancy, by the chest, gastromancy, by
+abdominal sounds, omphelomancy, by the signs of the navel, pedomancy, by
+the feet, onychomancy, by the nails, cephaleonomancy, by the marks of the
+head, tuphramancy, by ashes, capnomancy, by smoke, livanomancy, by the
+burning of frankincense, carromancy, by the burning of wax, lecanomancy,
+by basins of water, catoxtromancy, by mirrors, chartomancy, by certain
+writings on paper, machanomancy, by knives, chrystallomancy, by glasses,
+dactylomancy, by rings, coseinomancy, by seives, axinomancy, by saws,
+cattobomancy, by brazen chalices, roadomancy, by stars, spatalamancy, by
+bones and skins, sciomancy, by shadows, astragalomancy, by dice,
+oinomancy, by wine, sycomancy, by figs, typomancy, by the coagulation of
+cheese, alphitomancy, by flour or bran, crithomancy, by grain or corn,
+alectromancy, by cocks and hens, gyromancy, by rounds and circles,
+lampadomancy, by candles and lamps, nagomancy, or necromancy, by
+consulting, or divining with, by, or from the dead.
+
+The reader must bear in mind, that this list of absurdities is brief and
+imperfect. All these _mancies_, and many more may be found in Gaule's
+Mag-Astro-Mancer, page 165, and many of them are described in the Fabricii
+Bibliographia Antiquaria.
+
+These mischievous follies have prevailed, in a greater or less degree, in
+every age, and among every people. During the very days of auguries,
+nevertheless, individuals have appeared, whose rough, common sense tore
+itself forcibly away, from the prevailing delusions of the age. A pleasant
+tale is related, by Claude Millot, of an old Roman Admiral. He was in
+pursuit of the Carthagenian fleet; and, as he gained upon the enemy, and a
+battle seemed to be unavoidable, the haruspex, or priest, who, as usual,
+accompanied the expedition, with the birds of omen, and who had probably
+become alarmed, for his personal safety, came suddenly on deck,
+exclaiming, that the sacred pullets _would not eat_, and that, under such
+circumstances, it would be unsafe to engage. The old Roman tar ordered the
+sacred pullets, then in their cage, to be brought before him, and, kicking
+them overboard, exclaimed, "_let them drink then_."
+
+The etymology of the word necromancy, [Greek: nekros mantis], shows its
+direct application to the scandalous orgies, which are matters of weekly
+exhibition, in many of our villages and cities, under the name of
+_spiritual knockings_. Though Sir Thomas Browne could mark, learn, and
+inwardly digest a witch, a _necromancer_ was beyond his powers; and in
+Book I., Chap. X. of his Pseudodoxia, he speaks, with deep contempt, of
+such as "can believe in the real resurrection of Samuel, or that there is
+anything but delusion, in the practice of _necromancy_, and popular
+raising of ghosts."
+
+_Necromancers_ are those, who pretend to a power of communing with the
+dead, that is, conjuring up spirits, and of consulting them, in regard to
+the affairs of this or the other world. In the strictest sense, the Fishes
+and the Foxes and their numerous imitators are _necromancers_, of course.
+
+This impious and eminently pernicious practice has been condemned, in
+every age, and by every civilized nation. It was condemned, by the law of
+Moses--"There shall not be found among you any one, that maketh his son or
+his daughter to pass through the fire, or that useth divination, or an
+observer of times, or an enchanter, or a witch, or a charmer, or a
+consulter with familiar spirits, or a wizard or a necromancer. For all
+that do these things are an abomination unto the Lord." Deut. xviii. 10,
+11, 12.
+
+Conjurers may justly be accounted disturbers of the public peace; and such
+undoubtedly they are, most effectually, by unsettling the minds of
+credulous people, murdering sleep, and, occasionally, as in repeated
+instances, during the progress of the present delusion, by driving their
+infatuated victims to despair, insanity, and suicide. Severe laws have
+often been enacted, against these pestilent impostors. Conjuration was
+made felony by statute 1, James I., 1603. This was repealed by 9 Geo. II.,
+1763. This repeal was in keeping with the ascendancy of common sense,
+which decreed, that all conjuration was an absurdity: but, at the same
+time, all _pretensions_ to exercise this or any similar art was made
+punishable, as a misdemeanor. All laws, against witchcraft and sorcery,
+founded on the presumption of their possibility, are now justly accounted
+cruel and absurd. Laws, for the punishment of such, as disturb the public
+repose, by pretending to exercise these unnatural agencies, are no less
+judicious; though they have not always been effectual, against the
+prejudices of the people. The _Genethliaci_, who erected their horoscopes
+in Rome, for the purpose of foretelling future events, by judicial
+astrology, were expelled, by a formal decree of the senate; yet they long
+retained their hold, upon the affections of a credulous people.
+
+This species of divination, by the heavenly bodies, commenced with the
+Chaldeans, and, from them, passed to the Egyptians, Greeks, and Romans.
+Henault informs us, that it was much in vogue, in France, during the days
+of Catherine de Medicis. Roger Bacon was greatly devoted to the practice
+of Judicial Astrology. Cecil, Lord Burleigh, is known, gravely and
+elaborately to have calculated the nativity of Queen Elizabeth, who was
+feverishly addicted to magic. The judicial astrologers of the middle ages
+were a formidable body, and their conjuring cups and glasses were in high
+esteem. In Sweden, judicial astrology was in the greatest favor, with
+kings and commoners. A particular influence was ascribed to the conjuring
+cup of Erricus, king of Sweden. The Swedes firmly believed, that
+Herlicius, their famous astrologer, had truly predicted the death of the
+monarch, Gustavus Adolphus, in 1632, at the battle of Lutzengen, or
+Lippstadt.
+
+In the reigns of Henry III. and Henry IV. of France, this absurd delusion
+was in such repute, that judicial astrologers were consulted, upon the
+most trivial occasions; and their daily predictions were the theme of
+grave and constant conversation, with every class of society. It was no
+uncommon thing, even in England, for those, who were desirous of
+communicating with the dead, to make a previous arrangement with some
+favorite astrologer, and _bespeak a spirit_, as we bespeak a coach, for
+some particular hour.
+
+In the Autobiography of William Lilly, the famous astrologer, in the time
+of the Stuarts, a curious account is given of Alexander Hart, an
+astrologer, living in Houndsditch, about the year 1632. It seems, that
+Hart had entered into a contract with a countryman, who had paid him
+twenty or thirty pounds, to arrange a meeting between this countryman and
+a particular spirit, at an appointed time. But, either Hart's powers of
+raising the dead were unequal to the task, or the spirit had no
+inclination to keep up the countryman's acquaintance; certain it is, the
+spirit was unpunctual; and, the patience of the countryman becoming
+exhausted, he caused the astrologer to be indicted, for a cheat. He was
+convicted, and about to be set in the pillory, when John Taylor, the water
+poet, persuaded Chief Justice Richardson to bail him, and Hart was fairly
+spirited away. He then fled into Holland, where, a few years after, he
+gave up the spirit, in reality.
+
+Its unintelligible quality is the very essence of delusion. Nothing can be
+more unreasonable, therefore, than to mistake our inability to explain a
+mystery, for conclusive evidence of its reality and truth. That it is
+unintelligible or inexplicable surely affords less evidence of its
+reality, and truth, than is furnished of its falsehood, by its manifest
+inconsistency with all known natural laws. Bruce informs us, that the
+inhabitants of the western coasts of Africa pretend to hold a direct
+communication with the devil; and the evidence of the thing they assert is
+so very curious and imposing, that he and other travellers are entirely at
+fault, in their attempts to explain the mystery. Yet no one, for a moment,
+supposes, that Bruce had the slightest confidence in these absurdities.
+
+And yet, so great, so profound, was the belief of Friar Bacon, in this
+preposterous delusion, that, in his Opus Majus, page 65, he exclaims--"Oh,
+how happy had it been for the church of God, and how many mischiefs would
+it have prevented, if the aspects and qualities of the Heavenly bodies had
+been predicted, by learned men, and known to the princes and prelates of
+those times! There would not then have been so great a slaughter of
+Christians, nor would so many miserable souls have been sent to hell."
+
+This eminently learned man, Roger Bacon, refers, in this remarkable
+passage, to the various calamities, which existed, in England, Spain, and
+Italy, during the year 1264.
+
+The word, mathematician, seems to have been applied, in that age,
+exclusively to astrologers. Peter de Blois, one of the most learned
+writers of his time, who died A. D. 1200, says, in the folio edition of
+his works, by Gussanville, page 596--"Mathematicians are those, who, from
+the position of the stars, the aspect of the firmament, and the motion of
+the planets, discover things, that are to come."
+
+"These prognosticators," says Henry, in his History of Great Britain, vol.
+vi. page 109, "were so much admired and credited, that there was hardly a
+prince, or even an earl, or great baron, in Europe, who did not keep one
+or more of them, in his family, to cast the horoscopes of his children,
+discover the success of his designs, and the public events, that were to
+happen."
+
+
+
+
+No. CLVIII.
+
+
+There are sundry precepts, delivered by Heathen poets, some eighteen
+hundred years ago, which modern philosophy may not disregard with
+impunity. If it be true, and doubtless it is true, that a certain
+blindness to the future is given, in mercy, to man, how utterly unwise are
+all our efforts to rend the veil, and how preposterous withal!
+
+The wiser, even among those, who were not confirmed in the belief, that
+there was absolutely nothing, in the doctrines of auguries, and omens, and
+judicial astrology, have discountenanced all attempts to pry into the
+future, by a resort to such mystical agencies. The counsel of Horace to
+Leuconoe is fresh in the memory of every classical reader:--
+
+  "Tu ne quaesieris, scire nefas, quem mihi, quem tibi
+  Finem Di dederint, Leuconoe, neu Babylonios
+  Tentaris numeros. Ut melius, quidquid erit pati!
+  Seu plures hyemes, seu tribuit Jupiter ultimam,
+  Quae nunc oppositis debilitat pumicibus mare
+  Tyrrhenum"----
+
+The version of Francis, however imperfect, may not be unwelcome to the
+English reader:--
+
+  "Strive not, Leuconoe, to pry
+    Into the secret will of fate;
+  Nor impious magic vainly try
+    To know our live's uncertain date.
+
+  Whether th' indulgent Power divine
+    Hath many seasons yet in store,
+  Or this the latest winter thine,
+    Which breaks its waves against the shore."
+
+This passage from Horace is not required, to establish the fact, that
+magical arts were practised, among the Babylonians. A certain measure of
+superstition seems to belong to the nature of man; and to grow greater or
+less, in proportion to the exercise, or neglect, of his reasoning
+faculties. From this general rule history has furnished us with eminent
+exceptions. Cunning, and cupidity, and credulity are destined to be ever
+present: it is therefore to be expected, that, from age to age, the most
+egregious absurdities will pass, upon a portion of the community, for
+sober truths.
+
+The fact, that popular absurdities have won the patient, if not the
+respectful, consideration of certain distinguished individuals, who have
+spoken, and written, doubtingly, if not precisely, in their favor, goes
+but a very little way, in their behalf. There was a time, when all the
+world believed, that the sun revolved around the earth, and that the blood
+was a stagnant pool, in the human body. There are none, I presume, of all,
+who give their confidence to any marvel of modern times, who are more
+learned or more wise, than Sir Matthew Hale, or Sir Thomas Browne. Yet
+both these wise and learned men were firm believers, in witchcraft; and
+two miserable people, Cullender and Duny, were given over to be hung, by
+Sir Matthew, partly upon the testimony of Sir Thomas.
+
+Though nobody, whose sense is of the common kind, believes in witchcraft,
+at the present day, there was formerly no lack of believers, in any rank,
+or profession, in society. The matter was taken for a fixed and
+incontrovertible fact. The evidence was clear and conclusive, in the
+opinion of some, among the most eminent judges. If to doubt was not
+exactly to be damned, it often brought the audacious unbeliever, in danger
+of being hanged. Competent witnesses gravely swore, that pins and needles
+were run into their bodies, by persons, at the distance of a mile or more.
+For this offence, the witches were sentenced to be hanged; and, upon the
+gallows, confessed, with tears in their eyes, that they did really stick
+those identical pins, into the bodies of their accusers, being at the
+time, at the distance of a mile or more; and were swung off; having thus
+made their peace with God. Witnesses actually swore, that their houses
+were rocked, by old women, apparently too feeble to rock an infant's
+cradle, and that tables and chairs were turned topsy turvy; and the old
+ladies confessed, that they had actually rocked two-story houses and
+upset those tables, and seemed to be pleased with the distinction of being
+hanged, for the achievement.
+
+Whoever doubted these miracles was called upon to _explain_, or _believe_;
+and, if he could not indicate clearly the mode, in which this jugglery was
+effected, he was required to believe in a thing, which was manifestly not
+_in rerum natura_. In this dilemma, he might suggest an example of
+legerdemain, familiar to us all--a juggler puts an egg into an ordinary
+hat, and, apparently, in an instant, the egg is converted into a pancake.
+If the beholder cannot demonstrate how this is done, he, of course, must
+believe in the actual conversion, that is in transubstantiation. I have
+seen this little miracle performed, and confess I do not understand it;
+and yet I exceedingly doubt, if an egg can be so instantly converted into
+a pancake.
+
+The witch of Endor pretended to conjure up the dead. The effigy was
+supposed to be made manifest to the eye. Our modern witches and wizards
+conjure, up or down, whichever it may be, invisible spirits. These spirits
+have no power of audible speech; thus far, at least, they seem not to have
+recovered the use of their tongues. To be sure, spirit without matter
+cannot be supposed to emit sounds; but such is not the case here, for they
+convey their responses, audibly, by knockings. This is rather a circuitous
+mode of conveying intelligence, with their fingers and toes, which might
+be more easily conveyed by the voice.
+
+The difference, between our Blitzes and Samees, and the Fishes and the
+Foxes, consists in this--the former never, for a moment, pretend, that
+eggs are in reality pancakes, or that they actually perform the pretty
+miracles, which they seem to perform--the latter gravely contend, as it
+was contended, in the days of witchcraft, those days, that tried old
+women's souls, that their achievements are realities.
+
+So long as these matters are merely harmless, even though they consume
+much valuable time, that might be more worthily employed, and transfer the
+illy-spared coin of the credulous poor, from their own pockets, to the
+pockets of unprincipled jugglers and impostors, perhaps it may be well to
+suffer the evil to correct itself, and die even a lingering death. But,
+when it is manifestly spreading, broadcast, over the land, and even
+receiving a dash of something like grave importance from the pen,
+occasionally, of some professional gentleman, whose very doubt may dignify
+delusion; the matter seems really to demand some little consideration, at
+least: not that the doubts, even of a respectable physician, elaborately
+uttered, in a journal of fair repute, can do more to establish the power
+of mother Fish or mother Fox, to raise the dead, than was achieved, by the
+opinion of Lord Chief Justice Hale, in favor of witchcraft. That has
+fallen, as, in due time, this will fall, into merited contempt. But the
+expression of doubts, from a respectable quarter, upon an occasion like
+the present, tends, obviously, to strengthen those hands, which probably
+deserve to be paralyzed.
+
+So long, as a matter, like this, is confined to speculation, it may be
+suffered to flit by, like the folly of a day. But the pestilent thing, of
+which I am speaking, has, long ago, assumed an entirely different, and a
+severer, type. At this very time, individuals, who are strictly entitled
+to the name of vagabonds, male and female, are getting their bread, by
+cheating the curious and the credulous, in a great number of our towns and
+villages, by the performance of these frightful antics. This term is
+altogether too feeble, to express the meaning, which I would gladly fix,
+in the public mind. By these infernal agencies, children are imbued with a
+superstitious fear, which tends to enfeeble their intellects, and has a
+mischievous influence, upon life and conduct, to the end of their
+days--upon children of a larger growth, especially upon those of nervous
+temperament, and feeble health, the pernicious effect is incalculable. The
+fact is perfectly well known, and thoroughly established, that these
+diabolical orgies, and mystical teachings have not only inflicted the
+deepest misery on many minds, but have induced several infatuated persons,
+to commit self murder; and driven others to despair; deprived them of
+their reason; and caused them to be placed, in asylums for the insane.
+
+It is no longer therefore the part of wisdom to treat this evil, with
+sheer contempt. The conflagration has advanced too far, for us to hope it
+will go out, erelong, of its own accord. What is then the part of wisdom?
+
+There are individuals, whose opinions are certainly entitled to respect,
+and who conceive, that these mysteries deserve a full and formal
+examination, by a committee of wise and learned men, that the world may be
+guided by their decision. I am fearful, that such a course would result in
+nothing better than disappointment, if in nothing worse.
+
+These mysteries are Protean, in their character--
+
+  "Verum, ubi correptum manibus vinclisque tenebis,
+  Turn variae eludent species atque ora ferarum."
+
+If the members of the learned inquisition should furnish an explanation of
+one, or more, of these _mirabilia_, a new series of perplexing novelties
+would speedily arise, and demand their attention;--so that the _savans_
+would, necessarily, become a standing committee, on modern miracles. The
+incomparable Blitz, if the process were discovered, by which he appears,
+instantaneously, to convert an egg into a pancake, would challenge you to
+explain another, by which he rapidly deduces some thirty yards of ribbon
+from the nose of a bystander. And, if we cannot explain this mystery, he
+may as reasonably demand of us to believe it a reality, as goody Fox or
+goody Fish may require her _customers_--for raising the dead is a
+trade--to believe in her power, to conjure up spirits, because we may not
+be able to discover the process, by which the rappings are produced.
+
+But, even if an investigation were made, by the most competent
+physiologists, and the decree should go forth, _ex cathedra_; it would,
+probably, produce a very slight impression upon the whole community. That
+same self-conceit, which often fills an old woman to the brim, with the
+belief, that she is a more skilful leech, than AEsculapius ever was, will
+continue to stand the credulous instead; and the rappings will go on, in
+spite of the decree of the _savans_; the spirits of the dead will continue
+to be raised, as they are, at present, at fifty cents apiece; men, women,
+and children will insist upon their inalienable right to believe, that
+eggs are pancakes, and that, in violation of all the established laws of
+nature, ghosts may be conjured up, at the shortest notice; and examples
+will continue to occur, of distressing nervous excitement, domestic
+misery, self-murder, and madness.
+
+The question recurs--what shall be done, for the correction of this
+increasing evil? Some suggestions have been made, sufficiently germain to
+several of the extraordinary pretensions of the present day. Thus, in
+respect to _clairvoyance_, a standing offer of several thousand francs has
+been made, by certain persons, in Paris, to any individual, who will prove
+his ability to see through a pine plank. In regard also to the assumption
+of knowledge, obtained, through a pretended communication with spirits, a
+purse of gold has been offered to any person, who, with the aid of all
+the spirits he can conjure up to his assistance, will truly declare the
+amount it contains, with a moderate forfeit, in case of failure.
+
+This whole matter of conjuration, and spiritual rapping has become an
+insufferable evil. It is a crying nuisance, and should be dealt with
+accordingly. It is, by no means, necessary, before we proceed to abate a
+nuisance, to inquire, in what manner it is produced. It is not possible to
+distinguish, between the _chevaliers d'industrie_, who swindle the
+credulous out of their money, by the exhibition of these highly pernicious
+orgies, from conjurors and jugglers. If this construction be correct, and
+I perceive nothing to the contrary, then these mischief-makers come within
+the fifth section of chapter 143 of the Revised Statutes of Massachusetts.
+Any police court or justice of the peace, has power to send to the house
+of correction, "_all persons who use any juggling_." It would be a public
+service to apply this wholesome law to goody Fox, or goody Fish, or any
+other goody, of either sex, holding these conjurations within our
+precinct. Upon a complaint, the question would necessarily arise if the
+offence charged were "_juggling_" or not; and the rule of evidence,
+_cuique in sua arte_, would bring out the opinions of men, learned in
+their profession. I am aware of no other mode, by which those persons are
+likely to be gratified, who believe these proceedings entitled to serious
+examination. Let us not drop this interesting subject here.
+
+
+
+
+No. CLIX.
+
+
+In the olden time, almanacs were exclusively the work of judicial
+astrologers. The calendar, in addition to the registration of remarkable
+events, and times, and tides, and predictions, in relation to the weather,
+presumed to foretell the affairs of mankind, and the prospective changes,
+in the condition of the world; not by any processes of reasoning, but by a
+careful contemplation of the heavenly bodies.
+
+On most occasions, these predictions were sufficiently vague, for the
+soothsayer's security; quite as much so, as our more modern
+foreshadowings, in relation to the weather, whose admonitions, to _expect
+a change_, _about these times_, are frequently extended from the beginning
+to the end of the calendar month. An example of this wariness appears, in
+a letter of John of Salisbury, written in 1170. "The astrologers," says
+he, "call this year the wonderful year, from the singular situation of the
+planets and constellations; and say, that, in the course of it, the
+councils of kings will be changed, wars will be frequent, and the world
+will be troubled with seditions; that learned men will be discouraged;
+but, towards the end of the year, they will be exalted."
+
+Emboldened, by the almost universal deference, paid to their predictions,
+the astrologers soon began to venture, on a measure of precision, which
+was somewhat hazardous.
+
+In the commencement of the year 1186, the most distinguished judicial
+astrologers, not only in England, but upon the continent, proclaimed, that
+there existed an unprecedented conjunction of the planets, in the sign
+Libra. Hence they predicted, that, on Tuesday, the sixteenth day of
+September, at three o'clock in the morning, a storm would arise, such as
+the world had never known before. They asserted, with an amazing
+confidence, that, not only individual structures would be destroyed, by
+this terrible storm, but that great cities would be swept away, before its
+fury. This tempest, according to their predictions, would be followed, by
+a far spreading pestilence, and by wars of unexampled severity. A
+particular account of these remarkable predictions may be found, on page
+356 of the annals of Roger de Hoveden.
+
+No more conclusive evidence is necessary of the implicit, and universal
+confidence, which then prevailed, in the teachings of judicial astrology,
+than the wide spread dismay and consternation, produced by these bold and
+positive predictions. It is not possible to calculate the sum of human
+misery, inflicted upon society, by the terrible anticipations of these
+coming events. As the fatal day drew near, extraordinary preparations were
+everywhere made, to secure property, from the devastating effects of the
+approaching tempest. Baldwin, Archbishop of Canterbury, commanded a solemn
+fast of three days' continuance, throughout his precinct. On the night of
+the fifteenth of September, very many persons sat up, in solemn
+expectation of the coming tempest.
+
+It has been cruelly observed of medical men, that, to some of their
+number, the death of a patient would, on the whole, be rather more
+agreeable, than that he should falsify their prediction, by the recovery
+of his health. How powerfully a sentiment, similar to this, must have
+exercised the spirits of these astrologers, as the appointed hour drew
+nigh! It came at last--bright and cloudless--followed by a day of unusual
+serenity. The season was one of extraordinary mildness; the harvest and
+vintage were abundant; and the general health of the people was a subject
+of universal observation. Old Gervase, of Tilbury, in his Chronicles,
+alluding to the Archbishop's fears and fastings, remarks, that there were
+no storms, during the whole year, other than such, as the Archbishop
+himself raised in the church, by his own absurdity and violence.
+
+The astrologers hung their heads, for very shame, and lost caste, for a
+time, with the people.
+
+Divination was, of old, emphatically, a royal folly; and kings have been
+its dupes and votaries, from the earliest ages of the world. The secret
+manner, in which Saul betook himself to the witch of Endor, arose, partly,
+from his knowledge, that such orgies were a violation of divine and human
+laws. The evils, resulting from such absurdities, had become so apparent,
+that Saul, himself, had already banished all the soothsayers and magicians
+from his kingdom. It is manifest, from the experience of Saul, that it is
+unwise to consult a witch, upon an empty stomach--"_Then Saul fell
+straightway all along on the earth, and was sore afraid, because of the
+words of Samuel: and there was no strength in him; for he had eaten no
+bread all the day, nor all the night_."
+
+Lucan, lib. vi. v. 570, et seq., represents young Pompey, just before the
+battle of Pharsalia, as paying a nocturnal visit, to a sorceress of
+Thessaly, of whom he inquires, in relation to the issue of the combat.
+With the ordinary preliminaries, charms, and incantations, the necromancer
+conjures up the ghost of a soldier, who had recently fallen in battle. At
+length, she pronounces a denunciation, between which and the prediction of
+the witch of Endor, delivered to Saul, the resemblance is certainly
+remarkable.
+
+The laws of France, in the time of Louis XIV., were extremely rigorous,
+against sorcery and divination, inflicting the severest penalties, upon
+all, who pretended to exercise their skill, in these worse than
+unprofitable mysteries. Nevertheless, an extraordinary story is related,
+in the autobiography of Madame Du Barri, as communicated to her, by Louis
+XV., of several visits stealthily paid, by Louis XIV., and Madame de
+Maintenon, to a celebrated judicial astrologer, in Paris. This narrative
+may be found recorded, at length, in the first volume of Madame Du Barri's
+Memoirs, commencing on page 286.
+
+The age of Louis XIV. was an age of superstition. An Italian priest, a
+secret professor of the art of necromancy, was induced, upon the King's
+promise of protection, against the parliament, in the event of a
+discovery, to satisfy the royal curiosity, and open the book of fate. At
+the hour appointed, being midnight, Madame de Maintenon and the _Duc de
+Noailles_ were conveyed to a house in Sevres, where they met the sorcerer,
+who had celebrated the mass alone, and consecrated several wafers. After
+performing a variety of ceremonies, he drew the horoscope of the King, and
+Madame de Maintenon. He promised the King, that he should succeed, in all
+his undertakings. He then gave his Majesty a parcel, wrapped in new
+parchment, and carefully sealed, saying to the King--"the day, in which
+you form the fatal resolution of acquainting yourself with the contents of
+this package, will be the last of your prosperity; but, if you desire to
+carry your good fortune to the highest pitch, be careful, upon every great
+festival, Easter, Whitsunday, the Assumption, and Christmas, to pierce
+this talisman with a pin; do this, and be happy."
+
+Certain events confirmed the sorcerer's predictions--others gave them the
+lie direct. The royal confidence was shaken.
+
+Upon one occasion, the Bishop of Meaux, the great Bossuet, chanced to be
+at the apartments of Madame de Maintenon; and the subject of magic and
+sorcery being introduced, the good Bishop expressed himself, with such
+abhorrence of the profanation, as effectually to stir up a sentiment of
+compunction, in the bosom of the King and Madame. At length, they
+disclosed the secret to their confessors, to whom the most effectual means
+of breaking the charm appeared to be, to break open the talismanic
+package; and this was accordingly imposed, as a penance, on the King.
+
+His sacred Majesty was thus painfully placed, _inter cornua_, or, as we
+trivially say, between hawk and buzzard--between the priest and the
+sorcerer. His good sense, if not his devotion, prevailed. The package was
+torn open, in the presence of Madame de Maintenon, and father la Chaise.
+It contained a consecrated wafer, pierced with as many holes, as there had
+been saints' days in the calendar, since it had been in the King's
+possession. That consternation fell upon the King, which becomes a good
+Catholic, when he believes, that he has committed sacrilege. He was long
+disordered, by the recollection, and all, that masses and starvation could
+avail, to purge the offence, was cheerfully submitted to, by the King.
+Louis XV. closes this farcical account, with a grave averment, that his
+ancestor, after this, lost as many male descendants, in the right line, as
+he had stuck pins, in the holy wafer. There may, possibly, be some little
+consolation, in the reflection, that, if the private history of Louis le
+Grand be entitled to any credit, like Charles the Second of England, he
+could well afford the sacrifice--of whom Butler pleasantly remarks--
+
+  "Go on, brave Charles, and if thy back,
+  As well as purse, but hold thee tack,
+  Most of thy realm, in time, the rather
+  Than call thee king, shall call thee father."
+
+The Millennarians of the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries--and these
+enthusiasts are, by no means, of modern origin--may be said to have
+hunted, in company with the judicial astrologers. Herlicius and the
+Millennarians solemnly predicted the destruction of the Turkish Empire, in
+1665, the one relying upon the aspect of the stars, and the other upon
+their fantastical interpretation of the Scriptures; and both, in all
+likelihood, chiefly, upon the good sword and stubborn will of the Emperor;
+who, to their infinite disappointment and mortification, finally made
+peace with the Ottomans. Yet David Herlicius was no impostor, or if so,
+there was no greater dupe to his astrological doctrines than himself. He
+was a learned, pious, and honest man.
+
+There is, probably, no more extensively popular error, than that a
+deceiver must possess, on all occasions, a greater measure of knowledge
+than the deceived. Herlicius was an eminent physician; and Bayle says of
+him, vol. vi. page 137--"One can hardly imagine why a man, who had so much
+business, in the practice of physic, and who never had any children,
+should fear to want bread in his old age, unless he drew horoscopes."
+
+This eminent man had doubtless some little misgivings, as to the
+infallibility of the art, after the failure of his prediction, in relation
+to the Ottomans. Bayle recites an extract of a letter, from Herlicius to a
+friend, in which the writer says: "Oh that fortune would look kindly upon
+me! that, without meddling with those astrological trifles, I might make
+provision for old age, which threatens me with blindness; and I would
+never draw any horoscope. In the mean time, when a great many persons
+inquire for, and desire to know more things, than are within the compass
+of our art, or more than it can explain, I choose rather to act with
+conscience, than to disgrace, and, as it were, to defile, our sacred
+Astrology, and to cast a blemish upon it. For our art abounds with a great
+number of Chaldean superstitions, which several of our countrymen are
+still obstinately fond of. A great many ask me what color of clothes and
+horses will be lucky for them? Sometimes I laugh heartily, at these and
+other such absurd questions, but I do also often abhor them. For I am
+enamored with the virgin state of our art, nor can I suffer that it should
+be so abominably defiled, as to give the enemies of astrology an
+opportunity to object to us those abuses, to the contempt of the art
+itself."
+
+At the period, when Herlicius unfortunately predicted the destruction of
+the Ottoman power, Judicial Astrology was in the highest favor in England.
+The date of the prediction, 1665, was the sixth year of Charles the
+Second. Whatever space remained, unoccupied by other follies, during the
+reign of the Stuarts, and even during the interregnum, was filled by the
+preposterous doctrines of Judicial Astrology. It is perfectly well
+established, that Charles the First, when meditating his escape from
+Carisbrook castle, in 1647, consulted the famous astrologer, Sir William
+Lilly.
+
+
+
+
+No. CLX.
+
+
+Isabel, Countess of Warwick, 1439--"My body is to be buried, in the Abbey
+of Tewksbury; and I desire, that my great Templys[19] with the Baleys[20]
+be sold to the utmost, and delivered to the monks of that house, so that
+they grutched not my burial there. Also I will that my statue be made, all
+naked, with my hair cast backwards, according to the design and model,
+which Thomas Porchalion[21] has, for that purpose, with Mary Magdalen
+laying her hand across, and St. John the Evangelist on the right side, and
+St. Anthony on the left." The singularity of this provision would lead one
+to believe that the testatrix made her will, under the influence of St.
+Anthony's fire.
+
+John, Lord Fanhope, 1443--"To John, my bastard son, now at Ampthill, ccc.
+marks; and, in case he should die, before he attain the age of twenty-one,
+I will that Thomas, my other bastard son, shall have the said ccc. marks."
+
+Henry Beaufort was the second son of John of Gaunt, Duke of Lancaster, by
+Katherine Swinford, a bastard born, but with his brothers and sister,
+legitimated by act of Parliament, 20 Rich. II., became Bishop of Lincoln
+1397--translated to Winchester, 1404, and made a Cardinal. He was
+remarkable, for his immense wealth, prudence, and frugality. He was four
+times Chancellor of England. He is reported to have clung to life with a
+remarkable tenacity. Rapin says, he died for grief, that wealth could not
+save him from death. The death bed of this Cardinal is admirably described
+by Shakspeare, in the second part of King Henry VI., Act III., Scene III.:
+
+  _K. Henry._  How fares my lord? Speak Beaufort to thy Sovereign.
+
+  _Cardinal._  If thou be'st Death, I'll give thee England's treasure,
+               Enough to purchase such another island,
+               So thou wilt let me live, and feel no pain.
+
+         *       *       *       *       *
+
+  _Warwick._   See how the pangs of death do make him grin.
+
+  _Salisbury._ Disturb him not, let him pass peaceably.
+
+  _K. Henry._  Peace to his soul, if God's good pleasure be!
+               Lord Cardinal, if think'st on Heaven's bliss,
+               Hold up thy hand, make signal of thy hope.
+               He dies, and makes no sign; Oh God forgive him!
+
+  _Warwick._   So bad a death argues a monstrous life.
+
+  _K. Henry._  Forbear to judge, for we are sinners all--
+               Close up his eyes, and draw the curtains close.
+
+The Cardinal's will, though without date, was made about 1443.--"I will
+that ten thousand masses be said for my soul, as soon as possible after
+my decease, three thousand of requiem, three thousand of _de rorate coeli
+desuper_, three thousand of the Holy Ghost, and one thousand of the
+Trinity. * * * * Item, I bequeath to my Lord, King Henry, a tablet with
+reliques, which is called the tablet of Bourbon, and a cup of gold with a
+ewer, which belonged to the illustrious prince, his father, and offered by
+him on Easter Eve, and out of which cup he usually drunk, and for the last
+time drank. * * * * Item, I bequeath to my Lord the King, my dish or plate
+of gold for spices, and my cup of gold, enamelled with images."
+
+In two codicils to this will, Cardinal Beaufort refers to certain crown
+jewels, and vessels of silver and gold, pledged to him by the King and
+Parliament, for certain sums lent. When the King went into France and
+Normandy, and upon other subsequent occasions, the Cardinal had loaned the
+King L22,306 18_s._ 8_d._ It appears in Rymer, vol. x. page 502, that the
+King redeemed the sword of Spain and sundry jewels, pledged to the
+Cardinal, for L493 6_s._ 8_d._
+
+John, Duke of Exeter, 1447--"I will that four honest and cunning priests
+be provided, to pray perpetually every year, for my soul." He then conveys
+certain manors to his son Henry, "provided always, that an annuity of
+XL_l._ be reserved for my two bastard sons, William and Thomas."
+
+William Burges, garter King of Arms, 1449, bequeaths to the church of St.
+George at Staunford--"to the seyd chirch for ther solempne feste dayes to
+stand upon the high awter 11 grete basque of silver, and 11 high
+candlesticks of sylver, 1 coupe of sylver, in the whych is one litel box
+of yvory, to put in the blessid sacrament." He also gives to said church
+"two greter candelstykkes, and for eiche of these candelstykkes to be
+ordayned a taper of waxe of 1 pound wight, and so served, to be lighted
+atte dyvyne servyce at pryncipal fest dayes, and al other solempne festes,
+as, at matyns, pryme, masse, and the yeven songs."
+
+John, Lord Scrope, 1451--"To the altar, in the chapel of St. Mary, at
+York, a jewel, with a bone of St. Margaret, and XL_s._ for ringing their
+bells, at my funeral."
+
+Ann, Duchess of Exeter, 1457--"I forbid my executors to make any great
+feast, or to have a solemn hearse, or any costly lights, or largess of
+liveries according to the glory or vain pomp of the world, at my funeral,
+but only to the worship of God, after the discretion of Mr. John
+Pynchebeke, Doctor of Divinity."
+
+Edmund Brudenell, 1457--"To Agmondesham Church; to the Provosts of the
+Church for the maintenance of the great light before the cross XX_s._ To
+the maintenance of the light before St. Katherine's Cross, III_s._ IV_d._"
+
+John Younge, 1458--"To the fabrick of the Church of Herne, viz., to make
+seats, called puyinge, X. marks."
+
+John Sprot, Clerk, 1461--"To each of my parishioners XL_d._"
+
+The passion for books, merely because of their antique rarity, and not for
+their intrinsic value, is not less dangerous, for the pursuer, than that,
+for collecting rare animals, and forming a private menagerie, at vast
+expense. Even the entomologist has been known to diminish the comforts of
+his family, by investing his ready money in rare and valuable bugs. It has
+been pleasantly said of him,
+
+  "He leaves his children, when he dies,
+  The richest cabinet of flies."
+
+There is no doubt, that, in those superstitious days, the traffic in
+relics must have been a source of very great profit to the priests; equal,
+at least, to the traffic in _ancient terra cottas_, in the days of
+Nollekens. The sleeves of those crafty friars could not have been large
+enough, to hold their laughter, at the expense of the faithful. The heir
+apparent, whose grief, for the death of his ancestor, was sufficiently
+subdued, by his refreshing anticipations of some thousands of marks in
+ready money, must have been somewhat startled, upon the reading of the
+will, to find himself residuary legatee, _for life_, of the testator's
+"reliques, remainder over to the Carthusian Friars!"
+
+Such, and similar, things were of actual occurrence. William Haute,
+Esquire, made his will, May 9, 1462, of course, in the reign of Edward the
+Fourth. This worthy gentleman ordains--"My body to be buried, in the
+Church of the Augustine Friars, before the image of St. Catherine, between
+my wives. * * * * I bequeath one piece of that stone, on which the
+Archangel Gabriel descended, when he saluted the Blessed Virgin Mary, to
+the image of the Blessed Virgin Mary of the Church of Bourne, the same to
+stand under the foot of the said image. I bequeath one piece of the bone
+of St. Bartholomew to the Church of Waltham. One piece of the hair cloth
+of St. Catherine, the Virgin, and a piece of the bone of St. Nicholas, to
+the Church of the Augustine Friars aforesaid. I bequeath all the remainder
+of my relicks to my son William, _for life_, with remainder to the
+Augustine Friars forever."
+
+Humphrey, Earl of Devon, 1463--"I will, that Mr. Nicholas Goss and Mr.
+Watts, Warden of the Grey Friars, at Exeter, shall, for the salvation of
+my soul, go to every Parish Church, in the Counties of Dorset, Somerset,
+Wilts, Devon, and Cornwall, and say a sermon, in every Church, town, or
+other; and as I cannot recompense such as I have offended, I desire them
+to forgive my poor soul, that it be not endangered."
+
+William, Earl of Pembroke, 1469--"In nomine Jesu, &c. And wyfe, that ye
+remember your promise to me, that ye take the ordre of widowhood, as ye
+may the better mayster your owne * * * * Wyfe pray for me, and take the
+said ordre, that ye promised me, as ye had, in my lyfe, my hert and love."
+This lady, who was the daughter of Sir Walter Devereux, observed her vow,
+and died the widow of the Earl; which is the more remarkable, as these
+injunctions have often produced an opposite effect, and abbreviated the
+term of continency.
+
+Sir Harry Stafford, Kt., 1471--"To my son-in-law, the Earl of Richmond, a
+trappur, four new horse harness of velvet; to my brother, John, Earl of
+Wiltshire, my bay courser; to Reynold Bray, my Receiver General, my
+grizzled horse."
+
+Cecilia Lady Kirriel, 1472--"In my pure widowhood, &c. To John Kirriel,
+bastard, &c."
+
+It is not unusual for the consciences of men, in a dying hour, to clutch,
+for security, at the veriest straws. It is instructive to consider the
+evidences, exhibited in these ancient testaments, of superfluous
+compunction. Sir Walter Moyle, Knt., 1479, directs his feoffees "to make
+an estate, in two acres of land, more or less, lying in the parish of
+Estwell, in a field called Calinglond, and deliver the same, in fee
+simple, to three or four honest men, to the use and behoof of the Church
+of Estwell aforesaid, in recompense of a certain annual rent of L2 of wax,
+by me wrested and detained from the said Church, against my conscience."
+
+It was not unusual, to appoint overseers, to have an eye upon executors; a
+provision, which may not be without its advantages, occasionally, even in
+these days of more perfect morality, and higher law. Sir Ralph Verney,
+Knt., 1478, appoints four executors, and "my trewe lover, John Browne,
+Alderman of London, to be one of the _overseers_ of this my present
+testament, and to have a remembrance upon my soul, one of my cups,
+covered with silver gilt."
+
+Monks and Friars were pleasant fellows in the olden time, and Nuns are not
+supposed to have been without their holy comforts. Landseer's fine picture
+of Bolton Abbey is a faithful illustration. The fat of the land, when
+offered to idols, has commonly been eaten up by deputy. However shadowy
+and attenuated the souls of their humble and confiding tributaries, the
+carcasses of abbots are commonly represented as superlatively fat and
+rubicund.
+
+Bequests and devises to Lights and Altars were very common. Eustace
+Greville, Esquire, 1479, bequeaths "to the Light of the Blessed Mary, in
+the said Church of Wolton, three pounds of wax in candles and two torches;
+to the Altar of the Blessed Mary in the said church, one bushel of wheat
+and as much of barley; and to the Lights of the Holy Cross there one
+bushel of barley and as much of beans; and the same to the Light of St.
+Katherine there."
+
+
+FINIS.
+
+
+
+
+DUST TO DUST.
+
+
+In utter disregard of all precedent, I have placed this dedication at the
+end of the volume, deeming it meet and right, that the corpse should go
+before.
+
+How very often the publication of a ponderous tome has been found to
+resemble the interment of a portly corpse! How truly, ere long, it may be
+equally affirmed, of both--the places, that knew them, shall know them no
+more!
+
+Maecenas was the friend and privy counsellor of Augustus Caesar; and,
+accordingly, became, in some measure, the dispenser of executive
+patronage. The name of Maecenas has been employed, ever since, to signify a
+patron of letters and the arts. Dedications are said to have been coeval
+with the days of his power.
+
+In almost every case, a dedication is neither more nor less, than an
+application for convoy, from the literary mariner, who is scarcely willing
+to venture, with his fragile bark, "_in mare Creticum_" or _criticum_,
+unaided and alone. He solicits permission to dedicate his work to some
+distinguished individual--in other words, to place his influential name,
+upon the very front of the volume, as an amulet--a sort of passover--to
+keep evil spirits and critics, at a distance. If the permission be
+granted, of which the public is sure to be informed, the presumption, that
+the patron has read and approved the work, amounts to a sanction, of
+course, to the extent of his credit and authority. In some cases, however,
+I have reason to believe, that the only part of the work, which the patron
+ever reads, is the dedication itself. That most amiable and excellent man,
+and high-minded bibliopolist, the late Mr. JAMES BROWN, informed me, that
+an author once requested permission, to dedicate his work, to a certain
+professor, in the State of New York, tendering the manuscript, for his
+perusal; and that the professor declined reading the work, as superfluous;
+but readily accepted the dedication, observing, that he usually received
+five dollars, on such occasions.
+
+There was one, to whom it would afford me real pleasure to dedicate this
+volume, were he here, in the flesh; but he has gone to his account.
+GROSSMAN is numbered with the dead!
+
+READER--if you can lay your hand upon your heart, and honestly say, that
+you have read these pages, or any considerable portion of them, with
+pleasure--that they have afforded you instruction, or amusement--I
+dedicate this volume--with your permission, of course--most respectfully,
+to you; having conceived the most exalted opinion of your taste and
+judgment.
+
+  L. M. SARGENT,
+  ROCK HILL, DECEMBER, 1855.
+
+
+
+
+GENERAL INDEX.
+
+
+The figures refer to the numbers--not to the pages.
+
+  A.
+
+  ABNER, cautioned by his father, as to his behavior to aged people, 1.
+
+  ADAMS, John, anecdote of, 45:
+    --lines written under his name, in a lady's album, 46.
+
+  AIRS, national, authorship of, 106.
+
+  ALMSGIVING, 56.
+
+  AMBASSADORS, from U. S. A. to G. B. 73.
+
+  ANCESTRY, pride of, 97.
+
+  ANTIQUARIES, sometimes malicious, 126.
+
+  APOTHECARIES, in Boston--some notice of, 112.
+
+  ARISTOCRACY, of Boston--examples of, 90:
+    --among the dead, 1.
+
+  ARMS, reversed, at military funerals, of great antiquity, 30.
+
+  ARNOLD, Benedict, what made him a traitor, 87.
+
+  ARUNDINES CAMI, 92.
+
+  ASCLEPIADES, of Prusa, his medical practice, 114.
+
+  ASTROLOGERS, Judicial, formerly part of a nobleman's household, 157.
+    --False prediction of, in 1186. Ibid.
+    --Consulted by Louis XIV. and Madame de Maintenon, 159.
+
+  ASTROLOGY, Judicial, Q. Elizabeth addicted to.--Much practised, in the
+        middle ages, 157, 159.
+
+  AVARICE, 31.
+
+  AVERY, steals three negroes:--attempts to sell them:--their rescue, 47.
+
+  AYMAR, James, a famous impostor, 113.
+
+  AUCTIONS, various modes of:--by inch of candle:--by sand glass:--of fish
+        among the Dutch:--various modes of notifying, and bidding at, 139.
+
+  AUCTIONEER'S BELL, used at the Hague:--formerly in Boston, 139.
+
+
+  B.
+
+  BABYLONIANS, their mode of obtaining husbands, for homely women, 115.
+
+  BACHELORS punished by the Lacedemonians for their celibacy:--not trusted
+        with affairs of state at Athens, 115.
+
+  BARBERS, 140, 141, 142, 143:
+    --their antiquity, 140:
+    --formerly peripatetics, 141:
+    --their shops and poles, 141:
+    --female, 141:
+    --their citternes and "knack with the fingers," 142.
+
+  BAPTISM, vicarious, 109.
+
+  BATHS, ancient, 114.
+
+  BATTEL, wager of, 145.
+
+  BEARDS, habits of the ancients, respecting, 140:
+    --modern, 142:
+    --dyeing them an ancient practice, 142.
+
+  BELKNAP, Jeremy, Rev. 47:
+    --his desire for a sudden death, 75:
+    --regard for historical truth, 75:
+    --error, as to Gosnold, 75.
+
+  BELLS, and bell ringing:--weight of several:--a terror to "evill
+        spirytes," 37.
+
+  BENEVOLENCE, remarkable example of, 55.
+
+  BENTHAM, Jeremy, dissected by his own request, 8.
+
+  "BLEED AND PURGE all Kensington," 111.
+
+  BODIES, posthumous preservation of, 20.
+
+  BODKIN, the famous root and herb doctor, 109.
+
+  BOILING TO DEATH, a mode of punishment, 151.
+
+  BOODLE, William, his self-conceit, 49.
+
+  BOORN, Stephen and Jesse, remarkable case of erroneous conviction, on
+        circumstantial evidence, 79 to 85, both inclusive.
+
+  BORRI, Joseph Francis, a famous impostor, 113.
+
+  BRADFORD, Sheriff, anecdote of, 5.
+
+  BROCKLEBANK, Parson, anecdote of, 49.
+
+  BURIAL, joint stock companies, 58:
+    --their profits enormous, 58:
+    --of weapons, by the slaves, at Charleston, 34.
+
+  "BRING OUT YOUR DEAD," 27.
+
+  BUCHANAN, James, his errors, in relation to Major Andre, corrected, 19.
+
+  BURKE AND BISHOP, executed, for murder, with intent to sell the bodies,
+        7.
+
+  BURYING THE DEAD, manner of, commended, 21:
+    --in cities and under churches, objections to, 10, 11, 60, 61:
+    --manner of, and practices, connected therewith, in different ages and
+        nations, 2, 3, 4, 5, 8, 21, 30, 38, 96, 101:
+    --premature, 15, 91, 95:
+    --means for preventing, 91, 95.
+
+  BULL JOHN, and brother Jonathan, 104:
+    --John, the musician, author of "God save the King," 106.
+
+  BYLES, Mather, anecdotes of, 93, 94.
+
+
+  C.
+
+  CADES, sexton, how he lost his office, 44.
+
+  CALIFORNIA fever, 31.
+
+  CAMPBELL, hung for killing Boyd in a duel, 145.
+
+  CAMPBELL, Captain, steals an heiress, 115.
+
+  CANDLES, burnt in the day, at a church, in Nantucket, 24:
+    --of wax, at Popish funerals, in old times, 2.
+    --by inch of, ancient mode of selling at auction, 139.
+
+  CANER, Rev. Dr., some notice of, 78.
+
+  CAPITAL PUNISHMENT, 50, 51, 53, 54, 57, 89.
+
+  CAPITAL OFFENCES, in Massachusetts, in 1618, 62.
+
+  CARTER, sexton, insulted by a chirurgeon, 43.
+
+  CATACOMBS, 10:
+    --of Paris, 12, 13.
+
+  CATAFALQUE, its import, 103.
+
+  CHADWICK, Edwin, his report on interments, to the British Parliament, 58.
+
+  CHAPEL, King's, some account of, 78.
+
+  CHARLES I. funeral of, 39:
+    --his body discovered, in 1813, 40:
+    --V. legend of his mock funeral, denied, 99.
+
+  CHILDREN, female, destruction of, in China, and elsewhere, 29.
+
+  CHINESE, habits of the, 101.
+
+  CHUANG-TSZE, story of, 119, 120.
+
+  CLARENDON, in error, as to the burial place of King Charles I. 40.
+
+  CLARKE, Barnabas, anecdote of, 90.
+
+  CLARK, Alvan, his versatility of talent, 46.
+
+  CLAY, Henry, his frequent leavetakings, 99.
+
+  COBBETT, William, his letter to Lord Liverpool, on the American
+        triumphs, 104.
+
+  CONGRESS, American, Lord Chatham's opinion of, 104.
+
+  COURAGE, personal, externals no sure criterion of--two remarkable
+        examples, 149.
+
+  CONSCIENCE PARTIES, 29.
+
+  CORDAY, CHARLOTTE de, an interesting question, connected with her
+        decapitation, 153.
+
+  CREMATION, cost of--least expensive mode, excepting the urns, 74:
+    --of Henry Laurens, 95:
+    --of Cranmer, Latimer, and Ridley:--their diet in prison, 74.
+
+  CRIMINALS, how to dispose of, 89:
+    --bodies of, delivered for dissection, 7:
+    --number waiting to be hung, 51.
+
+  CROMWELL, Oliver, various estimates of his character:--views and handles
+    the dead body of Charles I.:--his funeral:--his body dug up, and hung,
+    at Tyburn, 39.
+
+  CRUCIFIXION, 151.
+
+
+  D.
+
+  DADDY OSGOOD, sold at auction, 139.
+
+  DANFORTH, Dr. Samuel, notice of, 111.
+
+  DEACONS, their dispute about a tomb, 11.
+
+  DEAD SEA, some account of, 35, 36.
+
+  DEATH, certain evidence of, 91:
+    --condition of the soul, after, 96:
+    --imitation of, 137:
+    --by shipwreck, 102.
+
+  DENTISTS, in Boston, some notice of, 112.
+
+  DESECRATION, of the dead, 14, 21, 23.
+
+  DICKSON, provost of Dundee, his epitaph, 9.
+
+  DIEDRICK VAN PRONK'S widow, anecdote of, 7.
+
+  DIGBY, Everard, account of his having spoken, after the removal of his
+        heart, 153.
+
+  DINAH FURBUSH, her corpse insulted, 77.
+
+  DIOGENES, anecdote of, 4.
+
+  DISTILLERS, in Boston, number of, 112.
+
+  DIVINATION, some account of, 157, 158.
+
+  DIVINING ROD, of James Aymar, 113.
+
+  "DON'T GO too near that hedge," 91.
+
+  DREAMS, of Martin Smith and King's Chapel, by the Old Sexton, 76, 77, 78.
+
+  DRUNKENNESS, at ordinations, 37.
+
+  DRYDEN, John, disturbance at his funeral, 118.
+
+  DUELS, between Benjamin Woodbridge and Henry Phillips, on Boston Common,
+        133 to 136, both inclusive:
+    --various, 144 to 149, both inclusive:
+    --punishment of, 145:
+    --number killed in, 145:
+    --Decatur and Barron, 146:
+    --Lord Bruce and Sir Edward Sackville, 147:
+    --Lords Mohun and Hamilton, 147:
+    --Sheridan and Matthews, 147:
+    --M'keon and Reynolds, 147:
+    --Campbell and Boyd, 147:
+    --Colclough and Alcock, 147:
+    --David and Goliath, 147:
+    --Titus Manlius and the Gaul, 148:
+    --Hector and Ajax, 148:
+    --Turnus and AEneas, 148:
+    --Rauber and a Spanish gentleman, 148:
+    --Cameron, and McLean, 148:
+    --Lord Mark Kerr and a French Colonel, 149:
+    --Joseph Bainbridge and the Secretary of Sir Alexander Ball, 149:
+    --Rand and Millar, 153.
+
+  DUGDALE, Sir William, the antiquary, 155.
+
+  DYONISIUS, to save his throat, taught his daughters to shave, 140.
+
+
+  E.
+
+  EFFIGIES of the dead, made of cinnamon, and carried in the procession,
+        30.
+
+  EGYPTIANS, trials of their kings, after death, 5:
+    --every Egyptian a doctor, 107.
+
+  ELI, the sexton, his hallucinations, 55.
+
+  ELIOT, Rev. Andrew, gloves and rings, given him at funerals, and the
+        sale of, 28.
+
+  EMBALMING, process of, 4.
+
+  EMPIRICS, 109, 110, 111, 113, 114.
+
+  EPITAPHS, 5, 9.
+
+  ESTIMATE OF AMERICANS by the English people, in 1775 and 1812, 104.
+
+  EVIDENCE, circumstantial, remarkable examples of, 79 to 85, both
+        inclusive:
+    --Webster's case, 86.
+
+  EXECUTION, in Ballyconnel, 54.
+
+
+  F.
+
+  FAKEER, East India, account of his apparent death, and resurrection,
+        137, 138.
+
+  FAMINE, Keayne's granary in case of, 112.
+
+  FANEUIL HALL, origin of:--burnt:--rebuilt and enlarged, 130, 131.
+
+  FANEUIL PETER, and his relatives, some account of, 122 to 132, both
+        inclusive:
+    --aids Henry Phillips, to escape, after his fatal duel, with
+        Woodbridge, 134.
+
+  FOOD for ghosts, 25.
+
+  FORTUNE-HUNTERS, remarkable disappointment of one, 115, 116.
+
+  FRANKLIN, Benjamin, his account of the resurrection of flies, drowned in
+        wine, 138:
+    --his letter to Thomas Percival, on duelling, 144:
+      --Sir John, probably lost, 154.
+
+  FREEMAN, Dr., manner of his ordination, 78.
+
+  FRIENDSHIPS, rarely lifelong:--examples of, 59:
+    --Cicero's first law of, 59.
+
+  FRIZZELL'S BELL, 37.
+
+  FUNERALS, invitations to, 8:
+    --baked meats at:--games, and festivals at, 25.
+
+
+  G.
+
+  GIFTS, New Year's, 117.
+
+  GLOVES and rings, at funerals, 28.
+
+  GOSNOLD, Bartholomew, his abode, at Cuttyhunk, 75.
+
+  GOVERNOR of Mass., anecdote of a, 52.
+
+  GRANNY, anecdote of skinning, 58.
+
+  GROSSMAN threatened to be shot, 13.
+
+  GUILLOTIN, Dr. 151:
+    --the instrument that bears his name, 151, 152.
+
+
+  H.
+
+  HAIR, management of the, 143.
+
+  HALLEY, Thomas, great pomp, and much guzzling, at his funeral, 25.
+
+  HALIFAX GIBBET and the guillotine identical, 151.
+
+  HANDEL, rivalry, between him, and Senesino, and Buononeini, 105:
+    --Swift's epigram, on their squabbles, 105.
+
+  HANGING, sensations produced by, 95:
+    --vicarious, 150:
+    --persons differently moved, in prospect of, 150.
+
+  HANWAY, Sir Jonas, his account of the practice of giving vales, 28.
+
+  HAPPINESS, 48.
+
+  HASTAE, why auctions were so called, at Rome, 139.
+
+  HAWES, Dr. William, his work on premature interment, 95.
+
+  HEIRESS, stealing an, made felony:--remarkable examples of, 115.
+
+  HENRY VIII. bone stolen from his corpse, 39:
+    --some account of his funeral, 103.
+
+  HERSE, ancient import of the word, 103.
+
+  HOOK, Theodore, anecdote of, 24.
+
+  "HOW could the poor Abbe sustain himself against you all four?" 113.
+
+  HOWLERS, at funerals, ancient and modern, 32, 38.
+
+  HUGUENOTS, in Boston:--their early settlement, in Oxford, Mass. 122:
+    --their church in Boston, 122, 123.
+
+
+  I.
+
+  IDLENESS, effects of, 22.
+
+  INFANTICIDE, 29.
+
+  INNHOLDERS, in Boston, number of, 112.
+
+  INTOLERANCE, in Massachusetts, 62.
+
+
+  J.
+
+  JAMES II., his gallantry, when Duke of York, in a sea-fight, 66.
+
+  JEWS usurious, 15,000 banished, 52.
+
+  JE vous sauter le tete, 151.
+
+
+  L.
+
+  LACERATION, of the cheeks and hair, at funerals, in Greece, Rome, and
+        elsewhere, 30, 32, 38.
+
+  LARGESSES at funerals, 25.
+
+  LAURENS, Henry, his body burnt, after death, by his request, 95.
+
+  LAWYERS, in Boston, their number at different periods, 112.
+
+  LE MERCIER, Andre, minister of the Huguenots, in Boston, 132.
+
+  LEVI, M. de, his pride of ancestry, 97.
+
+  LIBERTY TREE, 41, 42.
+    Philip Billes devises his estate, on condition of being buried under
+        that tree, 42.
+
+  LICINIUS, P., games, &c., at his funeral, 25.
+
+  LILLY, Sir William, the astrologer, notice of, 157.
+
+  LIND, Jenny, some account of, 105.
+
+  LLOYD, Dr. James, his appearance, 111.
+
+  LOCALITIES, certain interesting, 7.
+
+  LONGEVITY, some examples of, 45.
+
+  LOT'S WIFE, pillar of salt, &c., 35, 36:
+    --seen by Irenaeuis and others, after she was salted, 36.
+
+  LOUIS XVI., brutal behaviour of the French people, at his execution, 152.
+
+  LOVAT, Lord, his repartee, on his way to be hung, 150.
+
+  LUDII, HISTRIONES, SCURRAE, 30.
+
+  LUXURY, ever injurious, and often fatal, to Republics, 87, 88.
+
+  LYMAN, Theodore, notice of him, and his public and private charities, 56.
+
+
+  M.
+
+  MARCUS FLAVIUS, anecdote of, 25.
+
+  MARRIAGES, taxed:--first celebration of, in churches:--forbidden during
+        Lent, 115.
+
+  MARINER bound for Africa, reaches Norway, 48.
+
+  MARSHALL, Tommy, anecdote of, 90.
+
+  MARTYRS, cremation of:--cost of burning Cranmer, Latimer, and Ridley, 24.
+
+  MASHEE, Tooley, plays corpse, 137.
+
+  MCPHEE, widow Nelly, anecdote of, 7.
+
+  MEDICINE, origin of the practice of, 107:
+    --practice of, among the Babylonians, Greeks, Egyptians, Israelites,
+        and Hindoos, 108.
+
+  MEDIUMS, some notice of, 157.
+
+  MEXICAN BEGGARS, how employed by Montezuma, 142.
+
+  MILTON, John, his marriages, 98:
+    --writes in favor of polygamy, 98:
+    --desecration of his remains, 118.
+
+  MINGLING the ashes of dear friends, in the same urn, practice of, 21.
+
+  MINISTERS of the Gospel, in Boston, in 1740, 132.
+
+  MIRTHFULNESS, its advantages, 92.
+
+  MONEY, George Herbert's address to, 31.
+
+  MONTGOMERY, Gen. Richard, his exhumation, and reinterment, 18.
+
+  MONUMENTS, Dryden's, Ben Jonson's, and Cowley's, mutilation of, 118.
+
+  MOONCURSERS, laws for their punishment:--anecdote of, 102.
+
+  MOORHEAD, Rev. John, some notice of, 99.
+
+  MOSES, an apothecary, 107.
+
+  MOURNERS, their peculiar consolations, 32:
+    --for the year 1848, 33.
+
+  MOURNING, time allowed for:--color of the vesture, in different
+        countries, 32.
+    Irish, consists in the number of coaches and the quantity of whiskey,
+        74.
+
+  MULE, a bad one, 30.
+
+
+  N.
+
+  NAPOLEON'S last words, 31.
+
+  NEW YEAR'S DAY, when, 117, 123.
+
+  NEW NORTH CHURCH, uproar there, 37.
+
+  NORTH CHURCH, peal of bells there, 37.
+
+  NUISANCE, affecting the air, not necessary to prove it noxious, 60.
+
+
+  O.
+
+  OBSEQUIES, provisions for, by persons, while living, 7.
+
+  OTIS, James, anecdote of, 90.
+
+
+  P.
+
+  PARKMAN, Dr. George, his murder:--his peculiarities, 72.
+
+  PENN, William, reply to Macaulay's abuse of:--memoir of, 62 to 71, both
+        inclusive:
+    --death bed of his son, 71.
+
+  PERCIVAL, Thomas, his work, on duelling, 144.
+
+  PERE LA CHAISE, 11.
+
+  PESTILENCE, numbers destroyed by, 27.
+
+  PHILADELPHIANS, saved from being Welchmen, 68.
+
+  PHYSICIANS, various schools of, named by Pliny, 110, 114:
+    --number of the old Boston doctors, and their residences, 112.
+
+  PIPERS, at funerals, 8.
+
+  PIRATES, hung on Boston Common, 50.
+
+  PITCAIRN, Major, the honor of killing him, claimed by many:--the
+        remains, under Westminster Abbey, said to have been erroneously
+        selected, from under the North Church, 17.
+
+  PLAGUE, some account of the, 27.
+
+  PLINY, in favor of herb doctoring, 114.
+
+  PLANTER, funeral of an old, in St. Croix, 30.
+
+  POLHAMUS, the good Samaritan, 83.
+
+  POMPADOUR, Madame de, her remains transferred to the Catacombs, 13.
+
+  PONTRACI, the prince of undertakers, 12.
+
+  PORTLAND VASE, history of the, 20.
+
+  PRIDE AND POVERTY, excess of, dangerous, 87.
+
+  PUNISHMENT, various kinds of, 151.
+
+  PUNSTERS habitual, nuisances, 94.
+
+  PWAN YAKOO, and other Chinese, their visit to Boston:--description of
+        her golden lilies, 102.
+
+
+  Q.
+
+  QUACKS of great use to sextons, 27.
+
+  QUAKERS, persecution of, in Massachusetts, 62, 63.
+
+
+  R.
+
+  RAND, Dr. Isaac, brief notice of, 111.
+
+  RAZORS, their antiquity:--mentioned by Homer, Samuel, Ezekiel:--how
+        sharpened:--of brass, 140:
+    --the best formerly from Palermo, 142.
+
+  RECHERCHES, Historiques et Physiologiques sur la Guilotine, 152.
+
+  RELICS, traffic and jugglery in, by the priests, 17.
+
+  REPUBLICS, extravagance fatal to, 87, 88.
+
+  REVENGE Church of Christ, 37.
+
+  REVIVAL, amusing example of, on the way to the grave, 91:
+    --of a child of Henry Laurens, which caused him to order his own
+        corpse to be burnt, 95.
+
+  ROCHEFOUCAULT, maxim erroneously ascribed to, 59.
+
+  ROMAN CATHOLICS, persecution of, in Massachusetts, 29.
+
+  ROSS, Sir John, his residence, in the Arctic regions:--discovery of him
+        and his company, 154.
+
+  ROTHSCHILD, Nathan Meyer, his funeral solemnities, 3.
+
+  RUM, mainspring of the slave trade in Massachusetts, 47.
+
+  RUSH, Dr. Benjamin, alluded to:--anecdote of, 111.
+
+
+  S.
+
+  "SACRED TO THE MEMORY"! 77.
+
+  SANTA CRUZ, gross extortion there, from surviving friends, 16.
+
+  SANSONS, the hereditary executioners of Paris, 151, 152.
+
+  SAYINGS, of eminent men, in articulo, or just before death, 100.
+
+  SCOTCH WEAVER'S VANITY, 39.
+
+  SELWYN, George, seldom absent from an execution, 50.
+
+  SENECA, quotation from, 48.
+
+  SEXTONS, their office, its origin, and duties, of old:--their extortion,
+        occasionally, in the hour of affliction, 16
+    --their business much benefited by steam, 2.
+
+  SCIENCE, some curious mistakes of, 154.
+
+  SHAYS, his insurrection, 29.
+
+  SHAVING, suggestions concerning, 140.
+
+  SHELLEY, the poet, cremation of, 20.
+
+  SHIPWRECKS, their number, 102.
+
+  SLAVERY, 34:
+    --in Boston, 43, 47:
+    --early attempts to abolish, in Massachusetts, 44:
+    --how and when abolished there, 47:
+    --Slave trade, in Boston, 47.
+
+  SLAVES, example of their ingenuity, 34.
+
+  SMITH, Martin, sexton of King's Chapel, his apparition to the sexton of
+        the old school, 76, 77, 78.
+
+  SOLDIERS, their sufferings, as statesmen, 100.
+
+  SONS OF LIBERTY, some account of the, 41.
+
+  SOUTHERN STATES, liberality to Boston, in 1774, 44.
+
+  SPARTANS, their mode of selecting wives, 115.
+
+  SPIDER and chambermaid, 29.
+
+  SPIRITUAL KNOCKINGS, sometimes resulting in madness, and self-murder,
+        157, 158:
+    --remedy for, 158.
+
+  STAMP ACT, resolutions in Faneuil Hall, 58.
+
+  STEAM, of great benefit to sextons, 27.
+
+  STERNHOLD AND HOPKINS, their version of the Psalms gave place to that of
+        Tate and Brady:--motive of Sternhold little suspected, 100.
+
+  STONECUTTER, anecdote of a, 6.
+
+  STYLE, old and new, some account of, 117.
+
+  SUCCESSION, Apostolic, 78.
+
+  SUMNER, Governor, funeral of, 39.
+
+  SUMPTUARY LAWS, some account of, 88.
+
+  SURGEONS, the earliest:--limited nature of their functions, 107:
+    --among the Israelites, 108.
+
+  SUTTEES, description of, 74.
+
+  SWANS, their musical power fabulous, 105.
+
+  SWEATING SICKNESS, some account of, 27.
+
+  SWEDENBORG, his notions of Heaven:--of the soul, 96.
+
+
+  T.
+
+  TALLOW CHANDLER, retired from business, anecdote of, 22.
+
+  TASMAN'S BOWL, used for conjuration, in Tongataboo, 38.
+
+  TEA, thrown overboard, 44.
+
+  TEARS, power of shedding at will, 32.
+
+  TEMPERANCE "has done for funerals," 2.
+
+  TETOTUM DOCTOR, 111.
+
+  THATCHER, Rev. Peter, installation of, 37.
+
+  THREE CHEERS for the elephant, 39.
+
+  TOMBS, reasons for preferring graves:--outrage upon five, in Salem,
+        Massachusetts, 13, 14.
+
+  "TOO HEARTILY of nutmegs," 103.
+
+  TORIES, their faith in the royal cause, 125.
+
+  TREASURES, buried with the dead, 21.
+
+  TURENNE, singular fate of his remains, 23.
+
+
+  U.
+
+  URNS, funeral, forms, and materials of, 20:
+    --occasionally large enough to contain the mingled ashes of whole
+        families, 21.
+
+  USURY, some remarks on, 48, 52.
+
+
+  V.
+
+  VALES, practice of giving, 27.
+
+  VANITY, illustration of, 49.
+
+  VIANDS, deposited near the dead, 25.
+
+  VISCERATION among the ancients, 25.
+
+  VOLTAIRE, his description of a Frenchman, 152.
+
+
+  W.
+
+  WADE, Sir Claude M. his account of the East India Fakeer, who was
+        restored, after a suspension of consciousness, for six weeks, 137,
+        138.
+
+  WAGER OF BATTEL, the law of England, so late, as 1819, 145.
+
+  WAKES, their origin:--some account of, 91.
+
+  WARREN, Gen. Joseph, manner of discovering his remains:--the bullet, by
+        which he was killed, in possession of the Montague family, 17.
+
+  WASHINGTON, George, illustration of the reverence for his memory, in New
+        England:--opinion of, by Lords Erskine and Brougham:--national
+        neglect of his monument:--sale of some of his effects, 26.
+
+  WATERHOUSE, Dr. Benjamin, anecdote of, 111.
+
+  "WEEL THEN sing as mony as there be," 99.
+
+  WEBSTER, Dr. John White, his trial for the murder of Dr. Parkman, 72:
+    --his case stated, at the close of, 89.
+
+  WEEVER'S funeral monuments, 24.
+
+  "WHAT that boy says is true," 113.
+
+  WIDOWS, Numa severe upon:--marrying within ten months accounted
+        infamous, 32:
+    --unjustly censured, 98:
+    --"with the great fan," 119.
+
+  WIGS, scratches, bobs, and full bottomed:--their antiquity, 142, 143:
+    --periwigs in N. England, 142:
+    --Roman, 143.
+
+  WILLS, ANCIENT, 155, 156, 160:
+    --superstitious dread of making, 155:
+    --Andrew Faneuil's, 127.
+
+  WITCHES, their right to travel through the air, decided by Lord
+        Mansfield, 29.
+
+  WOODBRIDGE, Benjamin, killed in a duel on Boston Common, 133 to 137:
+        both inclusive.
+
+  WRAXALL'S MEMOIRS, inaccurate, 149.
+
+
+  Z.
+
+  ZISCA, John, anecdote of, 7.
+
+
+
+
+INDEX TO PROPER NAMES.
+
+
+The figures refer to the pages--not to the numbers.
+
+  A.
+
+  Abbeville, 635.
+
+  Abbott, 112, 204.
+
+  Abel, 429.
+
+  Aberdeen, 364.
+
+  Abner, 9, 13, 108, 172, 173, 197, 289.
+
+  Absalom, 591.
+
+  Achilles, 12, 17, 67, 107.
+
+  Adam, 70, 429, 605.
+
+  Adams, 596.
+
+  Adams, John, 142, 156, 157, 160, 275, 276, 394.
+
+  Adams, John Q., 156, 394.
+
+  Adams, Samuel, 142.
+
+  Addison, 35, 38, 454, 606.
+
+  Admetus, 12.
+
+  Adrian, 584.
+
+  AEneas, 382.
+
+  AEsculapius, 433, 436, 445, 667.
+
+  Affslager, 587.
+
+  Africa, 33, 168, 435, 622, 662.
+
+  Africans, 632.
+
+  Africanus, 583.
+
+  Agamemnon, 17, 430.
+
+  Agathias, 16.
+
+  Agrigentum, 373.
+
+  Agmondesham, 676.
+
+  Agrippa, 261.
+
+  Agrippa, Cornelius, 445.
+
+  Ahaziah, 431.
+
+  Alaricus, 65.
+
+  Albany, 38, 415.
+
+  Alcock, 614.
+
+  Aldgate, 652.
+
+  Aldgrave, 634.
+
+  Aleet Mong, 398.
+
+  Alexander, 373.
+
+  Allen, 353, 495, 502, 503, 601, 610.
+
+  Allwick, 69.
+
+  Almotanah, 123.
+
+  Almshouse, 24.
+
+  Alvanley, 606.
+
+  America, 265, 416.
+
+  Ames, 91, 630, 631.
+
+  Ammianus, 64.
+
+  Amphytrion, 217, 581.
+
+  Amoon, 398.
+
+  Amory, 94.
+
+  Amsterdam, 456, 622.
+
+  Anderson, 309.
+
+  Andover, 561.
+
+  Andre, 57 to 62, passim.
+
+  Andrews, 24, 159.
+
+  Andros, 298.
+
+  Anecy, 56.
+
+  Angouleme, 124.
+
+  Anio, 617.
+
+  Annan, 286.
+
+  Anne Boleyn, 477.
+
+  Annelly, 423.
+
+  Anne of Cleves, 78, 81, 410.
+
+  Anne, Queen, 186, 248, 262, 365, 406.
+
+  Antijacobin, 612.
+
+  Antoninus, 67.
+
+  Antony, 579.
+
+  Antwerp, 618.
+
+  Appleton, 450, 506, 538, 630.
+
+  Apthorp, 297.
+
+  Arabian Nights, 269.
+
+  Arabs, 119, 123.
+
+  Aratus, 12.
+
+  Archelaus, 102, 591.
+
+  Archimimus, 98.
+
+  Arcueil, 39, 42.
+
+  Argiletum, 587.
+
+  Aristotle, 186, 217, 218.
+
+  Arkwright, 420.
+
+  Arnaud, 419.
+
+  Arnold, 62, 228, 338, 339, 340.
+
+  Arundel, 157.
+
+  Asa, 430, 434.
+
+  Aselepiades, 358, 373, 443, 460, 461.
+
+  Ashford, 604.
+
+  Ashmole Museum, 613.
+
+  Asiatic Researches, 435.
+
+  Athenae Oxonienses, 133, 135, 136, 232, 248, 250, 425, 640, 642.
+
+  Athens, 11, 88, 343, 373, 420, 442.
+
+  Atherton, 30, 167.
+
+  Atossa, 465.
+
+  Atticus, 51, 474.
+
+  Attleborough, 31.
+
+  Auchterpool, 603.
+
+  Augustines, 652, 654, 677.
+
+  Augustus, 99, 583.
+
+  Auld Reekie, 334.
+
+  Aulus Gellius, 218.
+
+  Austin, 449.
+
+  Austria, 321.
+
+  Austrians, 539.
+
+  Auxerre, 220.
+
+  Avery, 166, 167.
+
+  Aviola, 49, 373.
+
+  Avis, 92.
+
+  Aymar, 438, 454, 455.
+
+  Azotus, 33.
+
+
+  B.
+
+  Bacon, Roger, 360, 361, 362.
+
+  Bacon, Lord, 185, 188, 375, 376, 445, 641, 642.
+
+  Babylon, 406, 422, 432, 433.
+
+  Babylonians, 664.
+
+  Baiae, 320.
+
+  Bahar Loth, 123.
+
+  Bailey, 246.
+
+  Bainbridge, 610, 624.
+
+  Balch, 269, 353.
+
+  Baldwin, 57, 181, 303, 311.
+
+  Ball, 624.
+
+  Ballyconnel, 194.
+
+  Ballymahon, 195.
+
+  Ballyshannon, 355.
+
+  Balmarino, 629.
+
+  Bancroft, 277.
+
+  Banians, 377.
+
+  Banks, 298, 424.
+
+  Barataria, 123, 265.
+
+  Barbaroux, 426.
+
+  Barbary, 88.
+
+  Barbut, 29.
+
+  Barcephas, 120.
+
+  Barclay, 252.
+
+  Barker, 642.
+
+  Barlow, 288, 361.
+
+  Barnes, 451.
+
+  Barnard, 24.
+
+  Barra Durree, 570.
+
+  Barre, 140, 145, 416.
+
+  Barrington, 606.
+
+  Barron, 608, 609.
+
+  Barrow, 398, 400, 402, 403.
+
+  Barrow's Strait, 645.
+
+  Barton, 561, 562, 563.
+
+  Bartholomew, 633.
+
+  Bartholomew's Eve, 93.
+
+  Bassorah, 88.
+
+  Bastile, 84.
+
+  Bate, 601.
+
+  Battenkill, 303.
+
+  Baulny, 639.
+
+  Baulston, 228.
+
+  Baxter, 252.
+
+  Bayard, 393.
+
+  Bayeaux, 519.
+
+  Bayle, 56, 358, 380, 388, 391, 455, 672, 673.
+
+  Bayley, 597.
+
+  Baynton, 516, 519.
+
+  Bay State, 163.
+
+  Beattie, 360.
+
+  Beauchamp, 529, 651, 655.
+
+  Beaufort, 607, 674, 675.
+
+  Beccaria, 207.
+
+  Beckford, 145.
+
+  Bedouin, 119.
+
+  Beecher, 372.
+
+  Belcher, 298.
+
+  Belfast, 389.
+
+  Belknap, 163 to 167, and 283 to 286, passim: 368.
+
+  Bellamont, 605.
+
+  Bellingham, 228, 229, 230.
+
+  Belochus, 465.
+
+  Belzoni, 33.
+
+  Bengal, 281.
+
+  Benin, 33.
+
+  Bennington, 415.
+
+  Bentham, 27, 52, 176, 605.
+
+  Benton, 159.
+
+  Bergen-op-Zoom, 549, 613.
+
+  Berlin, 89.
+
+  Bernon, 496, 508.
+
+  Berthier, 109.
+
+  Bertrand, 639.
+
+  Bethune, 495, 506, 508, 514, 567.
+
+  Beuoron, 607.
+
+  Bias, 217, 218.
+
+  Bichat, 357.
+
+  Bildad, 217.
+
+  Billes, 147.
+
+  Biographia Brittanica, 363.
+
+  Bishop, 27, 227.
+
+  Blackburn, 508, 523.
+
+  Black Prince, 649.
+
+  Blackstone, 301.
+
+  Blackwood's Mag., 243.
+
+  Blaisdell, 182, 183.
+
+  Blanche, 608.
+
+  Blin, 562.
+
+  Blitheman, 426.
+
+  Blitz, 665.
+
+  Blundell, 606.
+
+  Boccacio, 218, 422.
+
+  Bodkin, 189, 190, 192, 440, 441.
+
+  Bogle, 195.
+
+  Boies, 159.
+
+  Bolton Abbey, 678.
+
+  Bondet, 497.
+
+  Bonet, 49.
+
+  Bonner, 506, 550, 562.
+
+  Bonrepaux, 239, 240, 242.
+
+  Boodle, 171, 172, 173.
+
+  Boorn, 301 to 331, passim.
+
+  Borri, 456.
+
+  Borromeo, 220.
+
+  Bose, 643, 644.
+
+  Bosius, 437.
+
+  Bosphorus, 22.
+
+  Bosson, 597.
+
+  Bossuet, 671.
+
+  Boston, 66, 125, 151, 153, 165, 167, 179, 184, 191, 194, 210, 221, 223,
+        270, 351, 452, 497, 514, 536.
+
+  Boston Athen'm, 269, 324.
+
+  Boston Common, 549.
+
+  Boswell, 601, 602, 603, 606.
+
+  Bottom, 592, 624.
+
+  Boudinot, 496.
+
+  Bourbon, 393, 675.
+
+  Bourbon, Jeanne of, 74.
+
+  Bourdeaux, 210.
+
+  Boutineau, 496, 498, 510, 512, 514, 531, 566.
+
+  Bouttville, 607.
+
+  Bowdoin, 284, 496, 498, 508, 538.
+
+  Bowen, 557.
+
+  Bowers, 82.
+
+  Boyd, 606, 614.
+
+  Boyle, 243, 535, 597.
+
+  Brachmans, 377.
+
+  Brackett, 592.
+
+  Braddock, 394.
+
+  Bradford, 19, 301, 632.
+
+  Brady, 31, 55, 597.
+
+  Brague, 220.
+
+  Brand, 402, 589.
+
+  Brandreth, 86.
+
+  Brandywine, 415.
+
+  Branodunum, 65.
+
+  Bray, 81, 677.
+
+  Braybrooke, 577.
+
+  Breck, 270, 271.
+
+  Breckenridge, 605.
+
+  Breed, 597.
+
+  Briareus, 56, 91.
+
+  Briar's Creek, 415.
+
+  Briggs, 175.
+
+  Brighton, 508, 525, 527.
+
+  Bristol, 508.
+
+  British Critic, 622.
+
+  Britons, 585.
+
+  Brocklebank, 174.
+
+  Brockwell, 297.
+
+  Bromeholme, 656.
+
+  Bromfield, 269, 564.
+
+  Brooks, 352, 353, 553, 554, 609.
+
+  Brougham, 84, 347.
+
+  Brouillan, 529.
+
+  Brown, 580.
+
+  Browne, 42, 65, 67, 118, 122, 131, 180, 215, 227, 282, 419, 431, 478,
+        640, 660, 664, 677.
+
+  Bruce, 549, 551, 662.
+
+  Bruli, 651.
+
+  Buchanan, 58, 59, 61, 436.
+
+  Buckingham, 479.
+
+  Buckley, 532.
+
+  Buddikin, 108.
+
+  Buffon, 420.
+
+  Buissiere, 455.
+
+  Bulfinch, 450.
+
+  Bull, 414, 415, 426, 427.
+
+  Bullivant, 298.
+
+  Bulwer, 592.
+
+  Bungs, 463.
+
+  Bunker's Hill, 54, 55, 415.
+
+  Buononcini, 422.
+
+  Burdett, 606.
+
+  Bureau, 507, 530.
+
+  Burgoyne, 353, 617.
+
+  Burgundy, 614.
+
+  Burke, 27, 268, 613.
+
+  Burleigh, 76, 661.
+
+  Burnett, 33, 76, 233, 262, 551.
+
+  Burney, 427.
+
+  Burr, 332, 605.
+
+  Burritt, 177.
+
+  Burton, 26, 66.
+
+  Busching, 119.
+
+  Bute, 140, 146.
+
+  Butler, 56, 208, 361, 454, 622.
+
+  Byles, 143, also 363 to 372, passim: also 546.
+
+
+  C.
+
+  Cades, 152.
+
+  Caesar, Augustus, 29, 36, 99, 595, 679.
+
+  Caesar, Julius, 29, 474, 579, 585.
+
+  Caesars, the twelve, 67.
+
+  Caesar, the slave, 31.
+
+  Caffraria, 103.
+
+  Cain, 377, 429, 556, 615.
+
+  Cairo, 241.
+
+  Caius, 88, 585.
+
+  Calabria, 87.
+
+  Calais, 657.
+
+  Calhoun, 114.
+
+  Calcraft, 346.
+
+  California, 101.
+
+  Calinglond, 677.
+
+  Callender, 163.
+
+  Calmet, 119, 120, 187, 436, 582, 615.
+
+  Callowhill, 267.
+
+  Calvin, 548, 549.
+
+  Calypso, 420.
+
+  Cambridge, 630.
+
+  Camden, 145, 146, 383, 415.
+
+  Camerarius, 373.
+
+  Cameron, 621.
+
+  Camillus Papers, 277.
+
+  Campbell, 614.
+
+  Caner, 289 to 300, passim.
+
+  Canning, 606.
+
+  Canso, 567.
+
+  Canterbury, 520, 656, 669.
+
+  Cape Anne, 16.
+
+  Capet, 73, 81, 637.
+
+  Capulets, 351.
+
+  Cardigan, 606.
+
+  Caribs, 130.
+
+  Carisbroke Castle, 606, 673.
+
+  Carmelites, 652, 654.
+
+  Carne, 117, 119.
+
+  Carroll, 181.
+
+  Carter, 148.
+
+  Carthago, 152.
+
+  Carthusians, 651.
+
+  Cartwright, 240.
+
+  Cass, 85, 110.
+
+  Cassieres, 59.
+
+  Castalio, 549.
+
+  Castellan, 358.
+
+  Castelnau, 384.
+
+  Castlereagh, 606.
+
+  Catanea, 33.
+
+  Catholics, 535.
+
+  Catlin, 23.
+
+  Cato, 71, 431, 442, 443, 444.
+
+  Catti, 585.
+
+  Caulfield, 382.
+
+  Cavan, 193.
+
+  Cecil, 661.
+
+  Cecrops, 64.
+
+  Celsus, 429, 462.
+
+  Cemetery des Innocens, 39, 43, 65.
+
+  Cephrenes, 384.
+
+  Chace, 310 to 330, passim.
+
+  Chadsey, 80.
+
+  Chadwick, 212, 278, 320, 321, 322, 333, 569.
+
+  Chaise, Pere la, 672.
+
+  Chaldeans, 661.
+
+  Chalmers, 49, 238, 248, 249, 268, 363, 427, 480, 516, 612.
+
+  Chamberlain, 77, 80.
+
+  Chamouni, 400.
+
+  Chantilly, 419, 420.
+
+  Chapel Yard, 225.
+
+  Chapotin, 568.
+
+  Chappelle, 612.
+
+  Chardon, 533, 534, 538, 541.
+
+  Charles, Archduke, 620.
+
+  Charles I., 133, 134, 135, 137, 138, 157, 177, 248, 436, 477, 673.
+
+  Charles II., 99, 136, 159, 170, 177, 248, 249, 259, 309, 426, 479, 592,
+        606, 672, 673.
+
+  Charles V., 25, 74, 390, 392, 619.
+
+  Charles IX., 475.
+
+  Charles XII., 217.
+
+  Charleston, 112, 405.
+
+  Charlestown, 608.
+
+  Charlemagne, 37, 73.
+
+  Charlotte, Queen, 145.
+
+  Charlton, 125.
+
+  Charon, 68.
+
+  Charpentiere, 648.
+
+  Chartreuse, 162.
+
+  Chateaubriand, 117, 118, 119, 122.
+
+  Chatham, 146, 417.
+
+  Chaumette, 637.
+
+  Chauncey, 148, 546.
+
+  Chazlett, 244.
+
+  Checkley, 546.
+
+  Cheever, 450.
+
+  Chelesfield, 653.
+
+  Chenoo, 129.
+
+  Cheops, 384.
+
+  Chesapeake, 608, 609.
+
+  Chester, 239, 240, 650.
+
+  Chesterfield, 108.
+
+  Chevy Chace, 425.
+
+  Cheverus, 210, 410.
+
+  Cheyne, 649.
+
+  Chicago, 357.
+
+  Chigwell, 248.
+
+  Childe, 426.
+
+  Chilperic, 66, 67.
+
+  China, 93, 94, 106, 397, 401, 481, 586.
+
+  Chinese, 67, 632.
+
+  Chiron, 429.
+
+  Chitty, 192.
+
+  Christ Church, 143.
+
+  Christian Observer, 281.
+
+  Christianstadt, 97.
+
+  Christina, 456.
+
+  Christmas, 124, 671.
+
+  Christopherson, 228.
+
+  Chronicles, 122, 430.
+
+  Chrysippus, 442, 443.
+
+  Chrysostom, 437.
+
+  Chuang-tsze, 482 to 494, passim.
+
+  Cicero, 51, 64, 79, 97, 176, 214, 217, 218, 279, 282, 377, 381, 419,
+        443, 578, 579, 583.
+
+  Cimon, 11.
+
+  Circe, 445.
+
+  Claflin, 124.
+
+  Clarendon, 135, 136, 137, 649.
+
+  Clarissa, 320.
+
+  Clare, 606, 652.
+
+  Clarke, 121, 122, 129, 132, 159, 378.
+
+  Clarkson, 237 to 269, pas.
+
+  Claudius, 67, 99.
+
+  Claudius Pulcher, 432.
+
+  Clemens Alexandrinus, 429.
+
+  Clement, 121, 650.
+
+  Cleomenes, 590, 600.
+
+  Clerimont, 591.
+
+  Clifford, 271, 651, 657.
+
+  Clinton, 60, 62.
+
+  Clytemnestra, 11.
+
+  Cobbett, 417, 447.
+
+  Cobham, 20, 654.
+
+  Coke, 181.
+
+  Colclough, 614.
+
+  Colebrooke, 22.
+
+  Colman, 214, 638.
+
+  Columbus, 362.
+
+  Colvin, 301 to 331, passim.
+
+  Commodus, 67.
+
+  Concord, 415.
+
+  Conde, 455.
+
+  Condy, 516.
+
+  Coneyball, 299.
+
+  Confucius, 383.
+
+  Congo, 129.
+
+  Conrad, 556, 564.
+
+  Constantinople, 22, 55, 87, 88.
+
+  Constantius, 55.
+
+  Conway, 145, 458, 538.
+
+  Cook, 129, 561.
+
+  Cooley, 316.
+
+  Coolidge, 180.
+
+  Cooper, 181, 546.
+
+  Copeland, 227.
+
+  Copley, 371, 508.
+
+  Corday, 639, 640, 641.
+
+  Cornish, 237, 332.
+
+  Cornwall, 650, 676.
+
+  "Corpse Hill," 92.
+
+  Corry, 232.
+
+  Cortez, 593.
+
+  Cossart, 507.
+
+  Cotton, 229, 230.
+
+  Courland, 227.
+
+  Courrier Extraordinaire, 639.
+
+  Courtnay, 656.
+
+  Coventry, 180.
+
+  Cow Lane, 596.
+
+  Cowley, 478.
+
+  Cowper, 222, 596.
+
+  Cox, 252.
+
+  Cranmer, 279.
+
+  Crawford, 436.
+
+  Creech, 244.
+
+  Crequi, 606.
+
+  Crespigney, 606.
+
+  Creusa, 382.
+
+  Crinas, 443.
+
+  Cripplegate, 477.
+
+  Crocker, 405.
+
+  Crockett, 209.
+
+  Croese, 239, 240, 242, 262.
+
+  Crofts, 616.
+
+  Cromartic, 629.
+
+  Cromwell, 134, 135, 170, 177.
+
+  Cromwell's Head, 597.
+
+  Crosby, 598.
+
+  Croyland Abbey, 124.
+
+  Cruikshanks, 401.
+
+  Cullender, 33, 664.
+
+  Cunningham, 538.
+
+  Curran, 605.
+
+  Curwen, 513, 595.
+
+  Cushing, 537.
+
+  Cutbeard, 591.
+
+  Cuthbert, 37, 606.
+
+  Cutler, 508, 546, 551, 553, 554, 563.
+
+  Cutter, 509.
+
+  Cyclops, 430.
+
+  Cyrus, 332.
+
+
+  D.
+
+  Daddy Osgood, 578.
+
+  Dagobert, 74.
+
+  Daille, 497, 498, 507, 546.
+
+  Damberger, 622.
+
+  Dammory, 652.
+
+  Dana, 142, 190, 191, 276, 337.
+
+  Danes, 614.
+
+  Danforth, 448.
+
+  Darden, 184.
+
+  Davenport, 299, 509, 510, 512, 531, 535, 546, 547, 566.
+
+  David, 16, 221, 617, 618, 619, 620.
+
+  Davis, 397, 399, 400, 402, 586.
+
+  Dead Sea, 116, 118, 119, 121, 123.
+
+  D'Acres, 652.
+
+  D'Arblay, 105.
+
+  De Blois, 24, 662.
+
+  De Burgh, 652.
+
+  Decatur, 609, 610, 611, 624.
+
+  Dedication, 679.
+
+  Defoe, 87.
+
+  De Grandison, 653.
+
+  De Henricourt, 607.
+
+  Dehon, 597.
+
+  De Hoveden, 669.
+
+  De la Croix, 507.
+
+  Delancey, 509.
+
+  Delaware, 252.
+
+  Delia, 100.
+
+  Demades, 52.
+
+  Demarat, 58, 59.
+
+  De Medicis, 661.
+
+  Demetrius, 97.
+
+  Deming, 302, 312, 322.
+
+  Democritus, 360.
+
+  Demosthenes, 97.
+
+  Dentrecolles, 481.
+
+  Denmark, 52, 53, 88, 640.
+
+  De Pauw, 400, 402.
+
+  Deptford, 267.
+
+  De Ris, 607.
+
+  Desdemona, 82.
+
+  Deshon, 538.
+
+  Despencer, 655.
+
+  De Thou, 622.
+
+  Dettingen, 623.
+
+  De Uzerches, 607.
+
+  De Valence, 655.
+
+  De Vassor, 612.
+
+  De Verdon, 652.
+
+  Devergie, 357.
+
+  Devereux, 677.
+
+  Devon, 677.
+
+  De Warre, 654.
+
+  De Worde, 125.
+
+  Dexter, 25, 450.
+
+  Didian Law, 342.
+
+  Dido, 382.
+
+  Dickens, 568.
+
+  Dickson, 31.
+
+  Diemerbroeck, 49.
+
+  Diemschid, 475.
+
+  Digby, 640, 641, 642.
+
+  Diodorus, 18, 342.
+
+  Diogenes, 16, 17, 18, 217.
+
+  Diogenes Laertius, 373.
+
+  Dionysius, 12, 98, 583.
+
+  Dirk Hatteraick, 238.
+
+  Dodsley's Annual Register, 578.
+
+  Domitian, 67, 106, 120.
+
+  Don Quixote, 591.
+
+  Doolittle, 330.
+
+  Dorchester Neck, 575.
+
+  Dorchester Point, 643.
+
+  Doring, 564.
+
+  Dorsett, 66, 613, 622, 677.
+
+  Douglas, 425, 536.
+
+  Dover, 319.
+
+  Doyle, 634.
+
+  Dowse, 541.
+
+  Draco, 206, 207, 209, 226.
+
+  Draper, 91.
+
+  Drury, 361.
+
+  Druses, 400, 401.
+
+  Dryden, 478, 480, 481, 576.
+
+  Du Barri, 671.
+
+  Dublin, 89, 249.
+
+  Dubois, 635.
+
+  Ducange, 648.
+
+  Dudley, 181, 298, 497.
+
+  Duff, 129, 435.
+
+  Dugdale, 647, 648, 674.
+
+  Du Halde, 402.
+
+  Dulany, 601.
+
+  Dummer, 550, 551, 552, 556.
+
+  Dumont, 605.
+
+  Dundee, 31.
+
+  Dunciad, 480.
+
+  Dunmow, 124.
+
+  Duny, 331, 640, 664.
+
+  Duport, 636.
+
+  Durandus, 124.
+
+  Dutch, 578.
+
+  Dyer, 232.
+
+
+  E.
+
+  Earle, 94.
+
+  Easter Eve, 675.
+
+  Eastman, 182, 183.
+
+  Easton, 158.
+
+  Eatooa, 378.
+
+  Ecclesiastes, 111, 267.
+
+  Ecclesiasticus, 431.
+
+  Echeloot Indians, 378.
+
+  Eckley, 597.
+
+  Eden, 70.
+
+  Edes, 596.
+
+  Edessa, 57.
+
+  Edgeworth, 103.
+
+  Edinburgh, 89, 241.
+
+  Edinburgh Review, 178, 209, 346.
+
+  Edmund I., 124.
+
+  Edmund Plantagenet, 650.
+
+  Edom, 116.
+
+  Edward, I., 26, 187, 589, 652.
+
+  Edward III., 342, 406, 649.
+
+  Edward IV., 342, 589, 676.
+
+  Edward, the Confessor, 595.
+
+  Egypt, 33, 88, 106, 129, 400, 436.
+
+  Egyptians, 19, 102, 110, 111, 129, 131, 206, 377, 378, 400, 517, 632,
+        661.
+
+  Ekron, 431.
+
+  Elah, 617.
+
+  Eldon, 192, 193, 230.
+
+  El Dorado, 71, 103.
+
+  Eli, 197, 198.
+
+  Eliot, 91, 495, 502, 630.
+
+  Elliot, 610.
+
+  Eliphaz, 217.
+
+  Elizabeth, 103, 170, 407, 409, 593, 661.
+
+  Elizabeth Island, 285.
+
+  Embomma, 129, 130.
+
+  Empedocles, 373.
+
+  Encyclopaedia Britannica, 268.
+
+  Endor, 363, 480, 665, 670, 678.
+
+  England, 188, 206, 210, 229, 253, 268, 346, 407, 409, 576, 588, 591,
+        595, 599, 600, 601, 604, 605, 606, 614, 632, 633, 634.
+
+  English Canaan, 628.
+
+  English Mark, 651.
+
+  Enoch, 57.
+
+  Epicurus, 481.
+
+  Erasistratus, 442, 443.
+
+  Erasmus, 152.
+
+  Erfurth, 125.
+
+  Erpingham, 638.
+
+  Erricus, 661.
+
+  Erskine, 84.
+
+  Erving, 515.
+
+  Estwell, 677.
+
+  Espinasse, 588.
+
+  Ethiopia, 106.
+
+  Europe, 106, 131, 576, 622, 663.
+
+  Eurypus, 443.
+
+  Eusebius, 465.
+
+  Eustis, 450.
+
+  Eutaw Springs, 415.
+
+  Evans, 610.
+
+  Eve, 429.
+
+  Evelyn, 134.
+
+  Everett, 55, 204, 277.
+
+  Ewins, 159.
+
+  Exeter, 20, 204, 211, 675, 677.
+
+  Ezekiel, 582, 583, 587.
+
+
+  F.
+
+  Fabius Maximus, 631.
+
+  Fabrieii Bibliographia Antiquaria, 659.
+
+  Fagan, 193.
+
+  Fairbanks, 190, 191, 337.
+
+  Fakeer, 570, 571, 573, 576.
+
+  Fales, 190, 337.
+
+  Falmouth, 243.
+
+  Falstaff, 624.
+
+  Faneuil, 476:--495 to 563, passim.
+
+  Faneuil Hall, 211, 199, 500, 501, 535.
+
+  Fanhope, 674.
+
+  Farmer, 496.
+
+  Farnham, 597.
+
+  Farnsworth, 314, 327, 328.
+
+  Farquhar, 480.
+
+  Farraday, 103.
+
+  Farrar, 159.
+
+  Farrago, 189, 347.
+
+  Fasti, 426.
+
+  Faulconbridge, 321.
+
+  Favor, 98.
+
+  Feild, 228.
+
+  Fenelon, 472.
+
+  Fenner, 228.
+
+  Ferrari, 27.
+
+  Fielding, 272.
+
+  Fillebrown, 493.
+
+  Fire Island, 406.
+
+  Fish, 665, 666, 667.
+
+  Flaccus, 106, 337.
+
+  Flanders, 88.
+
+  Florence, 125, 596.
+
+  Fleet, 147.
+
+  Fleet Prison, 268.
+
+  Fleet Street, 656.
+
+  Fleta, 614.
+
+  Flagg, 431.
+
+  Flaherty, 196.
+
+  Flechier, 215.
+
+  Flucker, 514.
+
+  Folsom, 189.
+
+  Fontenelle, 357.
+
+  Fonnereau, 521.
+
+  Foote, 367, 371.
+
+  Ford, 25, 268, 391.
+
+  Fordyce, 27.
+
+  Forresters, 286.
+
+  Forest Hills, 68, 225.
+
+  Forster, 629.
+
+  Fosbroke, 591.
+
+  Fothergill, 642.
+
+  Fox, 597, 665, 666, 667.
+
+  Foxcroft, 298.
+
+  France, 68, 88, 188, 426, 438, 595, 606, 607, 633, 634, 637, 638, 661,
+        670, 675.
+
+  Francis I., 73, 97, 619, 654.
+
+  Francis, 598, 663.
+
+  Frankfort, 15.
+
+  Franklin, 20, 142, 574, 599, 603, 604, 644, 645, 646.
+
+  Franks, 614.
+
+  Freand, 56.
+
+  Frederick I., 28.
+
+  Freedly, 181.
+
+  Freeman, 165.
+
+  French Church, 521.
+
+  Frescati, 64.
+
+  Frizzell, 126.
+
+  Frizzles, 189.
+
+  Fuller, 66, 265, 466.
+
+  Fullerton, 605.
+
+
+  G.
+
+  Gabriel, 57, 119.
+
+  Galen, 459.
+
+  Galilee, 57.
+
+  Gannett, 92, 286.
+
+  Gardner, 299, 601.
+
+  Garth, 480.
+
+  Gates, 77, 81.
+
+  Gath, 617.
+
+  Gato, 33.
+
+  Gaul, 617, 618, 619.
+
+  Gaule, 659.
+
+  Gauls, 618.
+
+  Gaunt, 237, 656, 674.
+
+  Gavett, 596.
+
+  Gawler, 606.
+
+  Gellia, 107.
+
+  Genesis, 122, 429.
+
+  Genethliaci, 661.
+
+  Genevieve, 73, 75.
+
+  Genoa, 89.
+
+  Gentleman's Magazine, 376, 594.
+
+  George I., 28, 248, 406.
+
+  George II., 406, 407, 551, 623, 660.
+
+  George III., 59, 90, 103, 144, 145, 147, 275, 604.
+
+  George IV., 207, 209.
+
+  Gerard, 469.
+
+  Germanicus, 29.
+
+  Germans, 614.
+
+  Germantown, 415.
+
+  Germany, 88, 426, 620.
+
+  Gervais, 475, 670.
+
+  Ghizeh, 33.
+
+  Gibraltar, 88.
+
+  Gideon, 597.
+
+  Gill, 61.
+
+  Gillies, 514.
+
+  Gilpin, 74.
+
+  Girondists, 68, 74.
+
+  Glossin, 388.
+
+  Gloucester, 349, 404, 652, 657.
+
+  Goethe, 287.
+
+  Golgotha, 35.
+
+  Goliath, 437, 617, 618, 619.
+
+  Gold, 227.
+
+  Goldsmith, 24, 123, 362, 481, 584, 587, 649.
+
+  Gomorrah, 117, 119, 221.
+
+  Good, 49.
+
+  Goode, 181, 184, 338.
+
+  Gooseberry, 70.
+
+  Gordon, 62, 147, 153, 416, 417.
+
+  Gore, 277.
+
+  Gorton, 480.
+
+  Gosnold, 283.
+
+  Goss, 677.
+
+  Gould, 598.
+
+  Gracchus, 431.
+
+  Grady, 601.
+
+  Grammont, 623.
+
+  Granger, 260.
+
+  Granary, 24, 46, 48, 148, 197, 428, 525, 543.
+
+  Grant, 401, 606.
+
+  Grattan, 606.
+
+  Gratz, 620.
+
+  Graunt, 103.
+
+  Gray, 161, 162, 269, 546, 556.
+
+  Great Britain, 186, 207, 277, 347, 416, 474, 580, 663.
+
+  Great Tom, 125.
+
+  Greece, 105, 128, 204, 355, 373, 430, 595.
+
+  Greeks, 68, 106, 131, 632, 661.
+
+  Green, 596.
+
+  Greene, 62, 159, 474.
+
+  Greenlanders, 35.
+
+  Greenleaf, 192, 329, 330.
+
+  Green Mount, 38.
+
+  Greenwood, 300, 451, 534.
+
+  Gregory, Pope, 474.
+
+  Grey, 347.
+
+  Grey Friars, 652.
+
+  Greville, 678.
+
+  Gridley, 142.
+
+  Griswold, 160, 360.
+
+  Grossman, 7, 8, 18, 24, 25, 44, 50, 115, 132, 288, 680.
+
+  Grotius, 437.
+
+  Grouchy, 132.
+
+  Grozier, 397.
+
+  Grubb, 596.
+
+  Guardian, 613.
+
+  Guerriere, 417.
+
+  Guiana, 130.
+
+  Guideu, 637.
+
+  Guienne, 656.
+
+  Guilford, 415.
+
+  Guillotin, 634, 635.
+
+  Guillotine, 634, 635, 638.
+
+  Guinneau, 519.
+
+  Gundebald, 614, 615.
+
+  Gussanville, 663.
+
+  Gustavus Adolphus, 661.
+
+
+  H.
+
+  Hades, 345.
+
+  Hague, 445.
+
+  Hakin, 400.
+
+  Hale, 62, 124, 177, 188, 189, 190, 209, 220, 301, 310, 315, 324, 331,
+        332, 334, 640, 664, 666.
+
+  Halford, 134, 135, 136, 139.
+
+  Halifax, 223, 479, 480, 634.
+
+  Hall, 130.
+
+  Hallam, 361.
+
+  Haller, 157.
+
+  Halley, 81.
+
+  Hamilton, 277, 298, 605, 613.
+
+  Hammond, 180.
+
+  Hancock, 142, 143, 166, 299, 417, 498, 589.
+
+  Handel, 297, 422, 427.
+
+  Handy, 561.
+
+  Hanan, 585.
+
+  Hannibal, 45.
+
+  Hanover Square, 140.
+
+  Hanway, 90.
+
+  Harleian Miscellany, 217, 445, 642.
+
+  Harper, 227.
+
+  Harris, 555.
+
+  Harrison, 265, 395, 396.
+
+  Hart, 661, 662.
+
+  Hartop, 158.
+
+  Harvey, 157, 436.
+
+  Haslett, 597.
+
+  Hatch, 555, 564, 565.
+
+  Haute, 676.
+
+  Hawes, 375.
+
+  Hawkins, 426.
+
+  Hawles, 332.
+
+  Hawtrey, 361.
+
+  Haydn, 346, 407, 577, 579, 580.
+
+  Hayes, 301.
+
+  Hayley, 477.
+
+  Haynes, 302, 307, 310, 316, 317, 321, 322.
+
+  Hayward, 450, 561, 597.
+
+  Hazael, 431.
+
+  Hazzard, 226, 545.
+
+  Heath, 172, 610, 611.
+
+  Heber, 360.
+
+  Hebrews, 33, 431.
+
+  Hebrides, 643.
+
+  Hector, 619.
+
+  Heemskerck, 588.
+
+  Helen, 619.
+
+  Henault, 661.
+
+  Henderson, 304.
+
+  Henry II., 649, 651.
+
+  Henry III., 187, 241, 661.
+
+  Henry IV., 73, 74, 342, 352, 409, 606, 661.
+
+  Henry VI., 349, 674.
+
+  Henry VII., 87, 88, 134, 185.
+
+  Henry VIII., 78, 133, 136, 138, 139, 170, 185, 188, 342, 346, 385, 409,
+        411, 413, 477, 589, 631.
+
+  Henry, 639, 663.
+
+  Hephestion, 373.
+
+  Herbert, 104, 133, 138, 607.
+
+  Hercules, 436.
+
+  Hereford, 649, 656, 657.
+
+  Herlicius, 661, 672, 673.
+
+  Hermes, 428.
+
+  Herne, 676.
+
+  Herod, 93.
+
+  Herodotus, 18, 21, 436.
+
+  Heron, 657.
+
+  Herophylus, 443, 459.
+
+  Herr Driesbach, 613.
+
+  Herschell, 622, 643.
+
+  Hertford, 133, 135.
+
+  Highgate, 37.
+
+  Hildanus, 49, 373.
+
+  Hill, 298, 307, 308, 310, 368, 369, 597.
+
+  Hiller, 553.
+
+  Hindoos, 22, 436.
+
+  Hindostan, 93, 100.
+
+  Hippocrates, 436, 442, 459.
+
+  Hirst, 508.
+
+  Hobart, 134, 605.
+
+  Hobkirk's Hill, 415.
+
+  Hoboken, 615, 643.
+
+  Hodgson, 361.
+
+  Hodson, 601.
+
+  Hog Alley, 562.
+
+  Hogarth, 271.
+
+  Holborn, 134.
+
+  Holbrook, 408.
+
+  Holden, 124, 227.
+
+  Holinshed, 87, 424.
+
+  Holland, 88, 506, 650, 662.
+
+  Holme, 591.
+
+  Holmes, 365, 499, 546.
+
+  Holy Land, 651, 652.
+
+  Homans, 450.
+
+  Homer, 15, 17, 143, 429, 430, 585, 586.
+
+  Hone, 591.
+
+  Hook, 76, 367.
+
+  Hooper, 309, 546.
+
+  Hopkins, 221, 422, 424.
+
+  Horace, 36, 51, 97, 168, 360, 367, 404, 568, 587, 592, 663, 664.
+
+  Horatio, 599, 600.
+
+  Horne, 178.
+
+  Horstius, 373.
+
+  Hossack, 605.
+
+  Hottentots, 34.
+
+  Hough, 245, 246.
+
+  Houndsditch, 661.
+
+  Howe, 55, 597.
+
+  Hubbard, 627.
+
+  Hudibras, 260, 454, 627, 628.
+
+  Huger, 496.
+
+  Huguenots, 496 to 500, passim: also, 506, 507, 523, 545, 546.
+
+  Hull, 66, 274, 646.
+
+  Hume, 186, 241.
+
+  Humphreys, 646, 647.
+
+  Hungary, 632.
+
+  Hungerford, 233.
+
+  Hunt, 506.
+
+  Huntington, 655.
+
+  Hutchinson, 226, 228, 229, 230, 515, 538, 586, 592, 640.
+
+  Hydriotaphia, 42, 65, 131, 281.
+
+  Hydrophobia, 193.
+
+  Hyperion, 582.
+
+
+  I.
+
+  Idumea, 116.
+
+  Inman, 513.
+
+  Innocent III., 466.
+
+  Ireland, 87, 93.
+
+  Irenaeus, 171.
+
+  Ireton, 134.
+
+  Irish, 193.
+
+  Irving, 557.
+
+  Isabella, 646.
+
+  Israel, 431.
+
+  Israelites, 102.
+
+  Isis, 428.
+
+  Islip, 406.
+
+  Istampol, 186.
+
+
+  J.
+
+  Jabbok, 118.
+
+  Jackson, 55, 500, 605.
+
+  Jacobs, 312.
+
+  Jahn, 33, 432, 433, 434, 435.
+
+  Jamaica Pond, 69.
+
+  James I., 170, 612, 660.
+
+  James II., 232, 243, 248, 253, 259.
+
+  Jardin des Plantes, 75.
+
+  Jasper, 256.
+
+  Jay, 276.
+
+  Jefferson, 85, 163, 344, 392.
+
+  Jeffrey, 603.
+
+  Jeffreys, 235.
+
+  Jeffries, 450, 479, 480, 537.
+
+  Jekyll, 532, 555.
+
+  Jenkins, 157.
+
+  Jenks, 117, 118.
+
+  Jenyns, 42.
+
+  Jepson, 597.
+
+  Jeremiah, 105.
+
+  Jerusalem, 119.
+
+  Jesse, 615, 620, 628.
+
+  Jew, 620.
+
+  Jews, 106, 131, 170, 186, 188, 632.
+
+  Job, 217, 225, 430.
+
+  Jonathan, 116, 167, 414, 417.
+
+  Jones, 159, 181, 435, 510, 513, 531, 541, 551, 566.
+
+  Johnson Samuel, 31, 90, 107, 108, 183, 277, 409, 421, 477, 480, 481,
+        601, 602, 603, 604.
+
+  Johnson, 55, 305, 308, 475.
+
+  Johonnot, 493.
+
+  Jonny Armstrong, 425.
+
+  Jonson Ben, 59, 479, 591.
+
+  Jordan, 117, 118.
+
+  Joseph, 57, 429.
+
+  Josephus, 118, 120.
+
+  Josselyn, 283.
+
+  Judah, 116.
+
+  Judaeus Apella, 642.
+
+  Judd, 77.
+
+  Judea, 105, 116, 128, 355.
+
+  Judicial Astrology, 661, 673.
+
+  Judson, 616.
+
+  Julia, 67.
+
+  Junius, 525, 578.
+
+  Juno, 421.
+
+  Juvenal, 79, 585.
+
+
+  K.
+
+  Kaimes, 367.
+
+  Kamschatka, 35.
+
+  Kast, 450.
+
+  Katherine of Arragon, 650.
+
+  Keatinge, 128.
+
+  Keayne, 454.
+
+  Keith, 239.
+
+  Kensall Green, 37.
+
+  Kent, 650.
+
+  Kerr, 623.
+
+  Kidd, 285.
+
+  Kidder, 86.
+
+  Kilby, 567.
+
+  Kilmarnock, 629, 630.
+
+  King, 276.
+
+  Kings, 431.
+
+  King's Chapel, 48, 55, 288, 297, 510, 534.
+
+  Kingsmill, 227.
+
+  Kingstreet, 509.
+
+  Kingstown, 507.
+
+  Kircherus, 434.
+
+  Kirchmaun, 106.
+
+  Kirriel, 677.
+
+  Kishon, 118.
+
+  Kitchen, 231, 232.
+
+  Kittal-al-Machaid, 401.
+
+  Knox, 369.
+
+  Koran, 21.
+
+
+  L.
+
+  Lacedemonians, 12, 13, 17.
+
+  La Cheze, 636.
+
+  Lacombe, 648.
+
+  Lafayette, 62, 84, 636.
+
+  Lahore, 570.
+
+  Lally, 636.
+
+  Lamartine, 68.
+
+  Lambert, 555.
+
+  Lamia, 49, 373.
+
+  Lancashire, 420.
+
+  Lancaster, 650.
+
+  Landgrave of Hesse, 387.
+
+  Landseer, 678.
+
+  Lane, 598.
+
+  Langdon, 92, 427.
+
+  Langstaff, 92.
+
+  Lansdowne, 365.
+
+  Laou-Keun, 481.
+
+  Larassy, 179.
+
+  Lares, 64.
+
+  Larkin, 101
+
+  Larrey, 607.
+
+  Larvae, 64.
+
+  Lathrop, 595.
+
+  Latimer, 75, 279, 655.
+
+  Laurel Hill, 38.
+
+  Laurens, 374, 496.
+
+  Lavater, 625.
+
+  Lavinia, 619.
+
+  Lazarus, 56.
+
+  Leadenhall Market, 213, 220.
+
+  Le Cat, 643.
+
+  Lechemere, 554.
+
+  Lectouse, 37.
+
+  Ledea, 228.
+
+  Lee, 126, 276.
+
+  L'Etombe, 166.
+
+  Le Gros, 639.
+
+  Leibnitz, 438.
+
+  Leicestershire, 68, 648.
+
+  Le Mercier, 497, 498, 546, 547, 548, 549.
+
+  Lemures, 64.
+
+  Lenoie, 40.
+
+  Lenox, 605.
+
+  Leopard, 608.
+
+  Lepidus, 52.
+
+  Leuconoe, 663.
+
+  Levi, 382.
+
+  Leviticus, 230.
+
+  Lewis, 378.
+
+  Lewyn, 81.
+
+  Lexington, 415.
+
+  Liancourt, 636.
+
+  Libo, 99.
+
+  Licinius, 80.
+
+  Lilly, 591, 661, 673.
+
+  Lincoln, 94, 312, 674.
+
+  Lincoln's Inn, 593.
+
+  Lind, 420.
+
+  Lindsey, 133, 135.
+
+  Linnaeus, 399.
+
+  Linnington, 533.
+
+  Lippstadt, 661.
+
+  Lithered, 560.
+
+  Little Belt, 417.
+
+  Liverpool, 417.
+
+  Livingston, 276.
+
+  Livy, 52, 80, 617, 619.
+
+  Lizard, 407.
+
+  Lloyd, 35, 265, 367, 448, 449.
+
+  Lloyd's Lists, 404.
+
+  Locke, 266.
+
+  Locrian Law, 342.
+
+  Loe, 248, 249.
+
+  Lollards, 658.
+
+  Lombards, 186.
+
+  London, 37, 56, 67, 76, 87, 88, 89, 94, 118, 211, 213, 220, 237, 346,
+        421, 588, 589, 591, 624, 632, 652, 676.
+
+  London Quarterly Review, 212, 356, 357, 391, 622, 634, 641.
+
+  London Times, 358.
+
+  Long, 513.
+
+  Long Branch, 320.
+
+  Long Island, 62.
+
+  Longshanks, 187, 583.
+
+  Longspee, 651.
+
+  Lot's Wife, 116, 119, 120, 121, 122.
+
+  Loudon, 213, 214.
+
+  Louis, 636.
+
+  Louis XI., 74.
+
+  Louis XII., 73.
+
+  Louis XIII., 74, 352, 607.
+
+  Louis XIV., 38, 74, 75, 351, 607, 612, 670, 671.
+
+  Louis XV., 671, 672.
+
+  Louis XVI., 635, 637, 638.
+
+  Louison, 636, 637.
+
+  Lovat, 628.
+
+  Lovell, 159:--496 to 530, passim.
+
+  Lowell, 83.
+
+  Lucan, 670.
+
+  Lucilius, 106, 107, 168, 377, 443.
+
+  Ludlow, 226.
+
+  Lum Akum, 398.
+
+  Luther, 388.
+
+  Lutton, 123, 132.
+
+  Lutzengen, 661.
+
+  Lycurgus, 17.
+
+  Lyman, 202, 203.
+
+  Lynn, 658.
+
+  Lyon, 324.
+
+  Lyons, 438.
+
+
+  M.
+
+  Mabillon, 124.
+
+  Macabe, 195.
+
+  McAndrew, 181.
+
+  Macartney, 402, 605.
+
+  Macaulay, 231 to 269, passim:--also 361.
+
+  McDonough, 418.
+
+  McGammon, 196.
+
+  McGill, 332.
+
+  Machaon, 430.
+
+  Machiavelli, 95, 115, 220, 234.
+
+  Machyl, 82.
+
+  McKeon, 614.
+
+  Mackenzie, 606, 610, 611, 624.
+
+  Mackintosh, 207, 316.
+
+  McLean, 621.
+
+  McNamara, 197.
+
+  McNaughten, 573.
+
+  Machpelah, 299.
+
+  Maecenas, 36, 679.
+
+  Mag-Astro-Mancer, 659.
+
+  Magdalen College, 243, 244, 246.
+
+  Magdalene, 56.
+
+  Magee, 195.
+
+  Magnalia, 582.
+
+  Mahomet, 171.
+
+  Mahoney, 195.
+
+  Maillard, 73.
+
+  Mailosel, 654.
+
+  Maintenon, 671, 672.
+
+  Majoribanks, 401.
+
+  Mahnsbury, 87.
+
+  Malone, 481.
+
+  Malplesant, 654.
+
+  Malta, 33, 624.
+
+  Maltravers, 655.
+
+  Mammon, 170.
+
+  Mamre, 299.
+
+  Manchester, 303 to 325, passim.
+
+  Mandans, 23, 51.
+
+  Mandeville, 118, 344, 345, 599.
+
+  Manlius, 617, 618, 619, 634.
+
+  Manes, 64.
+
+  Manigault, 496.
+
+  Mann, 382, 629.
+
+  Mannering, 360.
+
+  Manney, 654.
+
+  Mansfield, 95, 115, 220, 234.
+
+  Mantua, 422.
+
+  Marat, 217.
+
+  Marbeuf, 639.
+
+  Marc Antony, 387.
+
+  Marcellinus, 64.
+
+  March, 653, 655, 666.
+
+  Marco Polo, 400.
+
+  Marcus Antoninus, 584.
+
+  Mareschall, 654.
+
+  Maret, 37.
+
+  Mariner, 129.
+
+  Marion, 496.
+
+  Mariti, 88.
+
+  Marius, 63.
+
+  Marseillais, 426, 637.
+
+  Marseilles, 88.
+
+  Marshall, 55, 83, 355.
+
+  Martel, 73.
+
+  Martial, 107, 419, 586, 587, 595.
+
+  Martin, 189.
+
+  Martinico, 166.
+
+  Martinique, 29.
+
+  Mary, Bloody, 75, 82, 93, 405.
+
+  Maryland, 153, 154.
+
+  Mashee, 596.
+
+  Mason, 101, 102.
+
+  Massachusetts, 84, 94, 114, 155, 156, 164, 165, 166, 176, 187, 231, 276,
+        632.
+
+  Mather, 94, 280, 327, 364, 367, 546, 582, 668.
+
+  Matthews, 180, 367, 613.
+
+  Matooara, 378.
+
+  Maury, 636.
+
+  Maverick, 163.
+
+  Maximilian II., 620, 621.
+
+  Maynard, 81.
+
+  Mazarin, 135.
+
+  Mazzei, 163.
+
+  Mead, 588.
+
+  Mears, 497, 563.
+
+  Meaux, 671.
+
+  Mediterranean, 118.
+
+  Megret, 217.
+
+  Melancthon, 388.
+
+  Melli Melli, 568.
+
+  Mena, 130, 583, 587, 592.
+
+  Menalcas, 90.
+
+  Menander, 217.
+
+  Menu, 130.
+
+  Merrick, 221.
+
+  Merrill, 313 to 325, passim.
+
+  Mewins, 464.
+
+  Mexico, 101, 638.
+
+  Michaelis, 119.
+
+  Midsummer Night's Dream, 592.
+
+  Milan, 220, 456.
+
+  Mildmay, 133.
+
+  Miletum, 342.
+
+  Milford Haven, 88.
+
+  Millar, 643.
+
+  Millenarians, 672.
+
+  Millengen, 36, 49.
+
+  Millens, 92.
+
+  Miller, 555.
+
+  Millot, 659.
+
+  Mills, 435.
+
+  Miltiades, 11.
+
+  Milton, 159, 386, 387, 477.
+
+  Minzies, 555.
+
+  Minoresses, 657.
+
+  Minors, 654.
+
+  Minshull, 386.
+
+  Mirepoix, 382.
+
+  Mirfield, 380.
+
+  Misson, 56.
+
+  Missouri, 23.
+
+  Mitford, 477.
+
+  Moab, 116.
+
+  Mock, 597.
+
+  Mohawk Indian, 647.
+
+  Mohun, 605, 613.
+
+  Momus, 368.
+
+  Monmouth, 235.
+
+  Montacute, 650.
+
+  Montaigne, 27, 104, 343, 443.
+
+  Montague, 55.
+
+  Montefiore, 15.
+
+  Monte Notte, 381.
+
+  Montesquieu, 342.
+
+  Montezuma, 63, 593.
+
+  Montmorenci, 607.
+
+  Moody, 30, 189, 471.
+
+  Moore, 472.
+
+  Moorhead, 150, 286, 389, 531, 532, 546.
+
+  Moors, 138.
+
+  Moravians, 379.
+
+  More, 359, 361.
+
+  Morin, 419, 420.
+
+  Morland, 466 to 470, passim.
+
+  Morose, 591.
+
+  Morris, 420, 609, 611.
+
+  Mortimer, 651, 653.
+
+  Morton, 628, 634.
+
+  Moses, 429, 660.
+
+  Mount Auburn, 38, 46, 68, 225.
+
+  Mounts Bay, 407.
+
+  Mount Hope, 33.
+
+  Moyle, 677.
+
+  Mudge, 608.
+
+  Mullowny, 194.
+
+  Mun Chung, 398.
+
+  Murphy, 101, 102, 107, 193.
+
+  Murray, 477.
+
+  Murullus, 106.
+
+  Muses, 421.
+
+  Muskerry, 243.
+
+  Mussenden, 657.
+
+  Mydas, 591.
+
+  Mysore, 436.
+
+  Mytelene, 12.
+
+
+  N.
+
+  Naaman, 431.
+
+  Nain, 320.
+
+  Nantasket, 408.
+
+  Nantes, 37.
+
+  Nantucket, 77.
+
+  Naples, 33, 88.
+
+  Napoleon, 105, 381, 393.
+
+  Narcissa, 22.
+
+  Nares, 580, 591, 593.
+
+  Narragansett Bay, 283, 284.
+
+  Naseby, 134, 386.
+
+  Natchez, 587.
+
+  Nau, 122.
+
+  Negoose, 189, 190, 191, 347.
+
+  Nemours, 607.
+
+  New, 581.
+
+  Newcastle, 90.
+
+  New England, 177, 221, 283, 408, 476, 607, 627.
+
+  Newgate, 179, 183, 259, 622, 632.
+
+  New London, 363.
+
+  New North Church, 125, 126.
+
+  New Orleans, 604.
+
+  New Rochelle, 523, 530.
+
+  Newton, 66.
+
+  New York, 576.
+
+  New York Evening Post, 330, 331.
+
+  New Zealand, 23, 94.
+
+  Nicholls, 193, 422, 648.
+
+  Nicolas, 648.
+
+  Ninkempaup, 456.
+
+  Niobe, 121.
+
+  Nipmug, 496.
+
+  Noah, 176.
+
+  Noailles, 623, 671.
+
+  Noble, 262.
+
+  Noddle's Island, 163.
+
+  Nollekens, 676.
+
+  Norfolk, 677.
+
+  Norman, 453.
+
+  Normandy, 635, 675.
+
+  Norris, 232.
+
+  North American Review, 330.
+
+  Norway, 88, 168.
+
+  Norwich, 346.
+
+  Notre Dame, 124.
+
+  Nova Scotia, 568.
+
+  Noyes, 506.
+
+  Numa, 69, 105, 106.
+
+  Numbers, 122.
+
+  Nunhead, 37.
+
+
+  O.
+
+  Oak Hall, 133.
+
+  O'Brien, 355.
+
+  O'Connell, 606.
+
+  Odyssey, 11.
+
+  Ogilvie, 606.
+
+  Oglethorpe, 601, 603, 604.
+
+  Ogygia, 420.
+
+  Olam Fodla, 93.
+
+  Old Brick, 123, 132, 128, 567.
+
+  Oldmixon, 268.
+
+  Oliver, 140, 141, 142, 513, 538.
+
+  Omnibus, 191, 347.
+
+  Oporto, 55.
+
+  Orde, 188.
+
+  Orfila, 219.
+
+  Origen, 436.
+
+  Orinoco, 130.
+
+  Orleans, 135.
+
+  Orrery, 250.
+
+  Osborne, 573.
+
+  Osiris, 428.
+
+  O'Shane, 194.
+
+  Ossa, 658.
+
+  Ossoli, 406.
+
+  Otis, Harrison Gray, 159.
+
+  Otis, James, 211, 354.
+
+  Ottomans, 672, 673.
+
+  Outhier, 51.
+
+  Ovid, 64, 98, 105, 106, 223, 248, 392, 413, 558.
+
+  Oxford, 87, 125, 244, 245, 248, 249, 360, 497, 498, 499, 653, 654.
+
+  Oxnard, 513.
+
+
+  P.
+
+  Packinett, 498.
+
+  Page, 566.
+
+  Paine, 598.
+
+  Palestine, 34, 121, 204, 651.
+
+  Palermo, 591.
+
+  Palinurus, 168.
+
+  Pallas, 99.
+
+  Palmer, 536, 537, 597.
+
+  Pantagathus, 586.
+
+  Parant Duchatelet, 219.
+
+  Pare, 589.
+
+  Pareicus, 588.
+
+  Parian Marbles, 382.
+
+  Paris, 37, 39, 73, 89, 249, 438, 634, 635, 637, 667, 671.
+
+  Parker, 246, 506.
+
+  Parkman, 270 to 273, passim:--also 278, 335, 336.
+
+  Parr, 157.
+
+  Parsees, 130.
+
+  Parsons, 276, 451.
+
+  Passy, 599.
+
+  Patchogue, 406.
+
+  Patroclus, 15, 67, 107.
+
+  Pauketpeeker, 457.
+
+  Paulding, 62.
+
+  Paul, 658.
+
+  Paull, 606.
+
+  Pausanias, 421.
+
+  Pavice, 565.
+
+  Paxton, 513.
+
+  Paybody, 175.
+
+  Peake, 192.
+
+  Pearson, 175, 189.
+
+  Peck, 498.
+
+  Pecker, 449.
+
+  Peel, 207, 346.
+
+  Pekin, 481.
+
+  Pelion, 658.
+
+  Pelletier, 637.
+
+  Pemberton, 536, 563, 566.
+
+  Pembroke, 653, 654, 655, 677.
+
+  Penn, 231 to 269 passim:--also 339.
+
+  Pennant, 634.
+
+  Pennsylvania, 94.
+
+  Pendleton, 605.
+
+  Pepin, 73.
+
+  Pepperell, 508.
+
+  Pepusch, 427.
+
+  Pepys, 466, 468, 577.
+
+  Percival, 599, 603.
+
+  Percy, 425.
+
+  Perry, 418, 610, 611.
+
+  Persepolis, 475.
+
+  Persia, 475.
+
+  Persians, 632.
+
+  Persius, 592.
+
+  Peters, 450.
+
+  Petre, 281.
+
+  Petronel, 620, 621.
+
+  Pew, 49.
+
+  Peyret, 508.
+
+  Pharamond, 72.
+
+  Pharsalia, 670.
+
+  Phelps, 227.
+
+  Philadelphia, 36, 38, 268, 339, 614.
+
+  Philip Augustus, 39.
+
+  Philip the Bold, 73.
+
+  Philippus, 588.
+
+  Phillips, 408, 421, 495, 505, 531, 541, 542:--also 550 to 566
+        passim:--also 568.
+
+  Philistines, 617, 618, 619.
+
+  Philomela, 42.
+
+  Picardy, 635.
+
+  Pickering, 165, 221, 439.
+
+  Pickett, 189.
+
+  Pickworth, 283.
+
+  Pierce, 597.
+
+  Pierre de Nemours, 39.
+
+  Pierson, 226.
+
+  Pigot, 555.
+
+  Pinchbeke, 675.
+
+  Pinckney, 277.
+
+  Pindar, 96.
+
+  Pineau, 49.
+
+  Pinohe, 81.
+
+  Pitcairn, 54, 223.
+
+  Pitcher, 363, 658.
+
+  Pitt, 145, 146, 606.
+
+  Pittacus, 12.
+
+  Place de Greve, 73, 636, 637.
+
+  Place de la Revolution, 638.
+
+  Place St. Antoine, 638.
+
+  Plaine de Mont Louis, 40.
+
+  Plaisant, 639.
+
+  Plaistowe, 230.
+
+  Plato, 20, 49, 373, 377, 429.
+
+  Plautus, 577, 587.
+
+  Pleydell, 360.
+
+  Plimouth, 283, 628.
+
+  Pliny, 79, 99, 117, 121, 419, 430, 442, 443, 450, 459, 461, 462, 582,
+        583, 588.
+
+  Plutarch, 105, 106, 217, 400, 591.
+
+  Pococke, 111, 118.
+
+  Podalirius, 430.
+
+  Poeon, 430.
+
+  Poictiers, 654.
+
+  Poictou, 358.
+
+  Polack, 23.
+
+  Pole, 75.
+
+  Polhamus, 319, 320, 323.
+
+  Pollard, 29.
+
+  Pompadour, 41, 43.
+
+  Pompey, 443, 444, 670.
+
+  Ponthia, 373.
+
+  Pontraci, 39, 40, 54, 89.
+
+  Popayan, 130.
+
+  Pope, 111, 334, 364, 453, 480.
+
+  Popple, 263.
+
+  Porchalion, 674.
+
+  Portland, 64, 65.
+
+  Port Mahon, 42.
+
+  Potter, 12.
+
+  Powell, 386.
+
+  Pratt, 314, 327.
+
+  Pretender, 629.
+
+  Prevot, 49.
+
+  Priam, 322.
+
+  Price, 520, 541.
+
+  Priest, 612.
+
+  Primrose, 111.
+
+  Prince of Orange, 233.
+
+  Pringle, 496.
+
+  Prioleau, 496.
+
+  Prior, 54, 233.
+
+  Pritchard, 550.
+
+  Proctor, 632.
+
+  Prudhomme, 637.
+
+  Psamatticus, 33.
+
+  Pseudodoxia, 431, 660.
+
+  Puddifant, 131, 133.
+
+  Pudding Lane, 596.
+
+  Purchase Street, 597.
+
+  Puzzlepot, 189.
+
+  Pwan Yekoo, 398.
+
+  Pyramus, 592.
+
+  Pythagoras, 377.
+
+
+  Q.
+
+  Quakers, 445.
+
+  Quincy, 43, 156, 404, 416, 605.
+
+  Quintilius Varus, 614.
+
+  Quintus, 578.
+
+
+  R.
+
+  Rachel, 569.
+
+  Radziville, 121.
+
+  Rand, 449, 643.
+
+  Randall, 228.
+
+  Randolph, 85, 605.
+
+  Ranelagh, 266.
+
+  Rapin, 87, 185, 186, 241, 349, 612, 674.
+
+  Rauber, 620, 621.
+
+  Ravaillac, 73.
+
+  Ravenscroft, 298.
+
+  Raymond, 309, 315, 326, 327.
+
+  Read, 520.
+
+  Reason, 562.
+
+  Receuil Periodique, 643.
+
+  Reese, 357.
+
+  Regent's Inlet, 645.
+
+  Religio Medici, 640.
+
+  Remus, 64.
+
+  Reuben, 116.
+
+  Revallion, 532.
+
+  Richard II., 649, 650, 657.
+
+  Richardson, 662.
+
+  Richelieu, 612.
+
+  Richmond, 133, 135, 677.
+
+  Ridley, 279, 571.
+
+  Riley, 181.
+
+  Rivet, 20.
+
+  Robertson, 241, 299, 391, 392, 393.
+
+  Robespierre, 638.
+
+  Robinson, 232, 260, 261, 514.
+
+  Robin Hood, 517.
+
+  Rochelle, 495, 506, 507, 551.
+
+  Rochester, 216, 266, 424, 480, 587, 631.
+
+  Rochefoucault, 217, 218, 338.
+
+  Rockingham, 145.
+
+  Rockport, 16.
+
+  Roebuck, 606.
+
+  Roederer, 636, 637.
+
+  Rogers, 279, 417.
+
+  Rogerson, 450.
+
+  Roma, 617.
+
+  Roman, 618, 619.
+
+  Romans, 68, 106, 131, 475, 592, 594, 595, 617, 632, 661.
+
+  Roman Catholics, 600.
+
+  Rome, 87, 89, 263, 343, 442, 460, 475, 614, 658, 661.
+
+  Romilly, 207, 346.
+
+  Romulus, 105, 474, 591, 595.
+
+  Rosamond, 651.
+
+  Roscius, 215.
+
+  Rose Cullender, 640.
+
+  Rose in Bloom, 405.
+
+  Ross, 641, 645, 646, 647.
+
+  Rothschild, 15, 54.
+
+  Rous, 227.
+
+  Rouse, 631.
+
+  Rousseau, 476.
+
+  Rowlett, 82.
+
+  Roxbury, 220, 221, 227, 566.
+
+  Royal Society, 622, 644.
+
+  Rue d'Enfer, 39, 42.
+
+  Rufus, 320.
+
+  Runjeet Singh, 570, 571, 572, 573.
+
+  Russell, 29.
+
+  Rush, 447.
+
+  Rushworth, 424.
+
+  Russia, 276.
+
+  Russians, 129, 474.
+
+  Ruthven, 606.
+
+  Rutland Herald, 318, 331.
+
+  Rymer's Foedera, 349, 675.
+
+
+  S.
+
+  St. Andrew, 55.
+
+  St. Anne, 56.
+
+  St. Augustine, 51.
+
+  St. Clara, 52.
+
+  St. Christophers, 533.
+
+  St. Croix, 11, 52, 98, 422.
+
+  St. Denis, 73, 75.
+
+  St. Edmunds Bury, 640.
+
+  St. James, 424.
+
+  St. Katherine, 651.
+
+  St. Luke, 55.
+
+  St. Margaret, 651, 675.
+
+  St. Martins, 124.
+
+  St. Mary, 655, 675.
+
+  St. Matthew, 217.
+
+  St. Michael, 57, 124.
+
+  St. Omers, 263, 426.
+
+  St. Paul, 437.
+
+  St. Paul's, 225, 642, 656.
+
+  St. Peter, 56.
+
+  St. Pierre, 476.
+
+  St. Richard, 656.
+
+  St. Saba, 122.
+
+  St. Saturnin, 37.
+
+  St. Thomas, 56, 321, 656.
+
+  Sabine, 510.
+
+  Saburra, 587.
+
+  Sackville, 145, 549, 551, 613.
+
+  Salem, 54.
+
+  Salewarp, 651.
+
+  Salisbury, 307, 650, 651, 669, 674.
+
+  Sallust, 381.
+
+  Salmon, 87.
+
+  Salter, 550.
+
+  Saltonstall, 533.
+
+  Samee, 665.
+
+  Samson, 437.
+
+  Samuel, 111, 363, 434, 585, 620, 660, 670.
+
+  Samuels, 15.
+
+  Sancho Panza, 192, 265.
+
+  Sanderson, 131.
+
+  Sanson, 633, 635, 636, 637, 638.
+
+  Sardinia, 88.
+
+  Sargent, 180, 538.
+
+  Sarsaparilla, 133.
+
+  Sarum, 363.
+
+  Saul, 16, 67, 434, 617, 618, 670.
+
+  Saulien, 37.
+
+  Saunders, 176.
+
+  Sauvages, 101.
+
+  Savage, 55.
+
+  Savoy, 606.
+
+  Scaliger, 437.
+
+  Scharsegin, 620, 621.
+
+  Schmidt, 381.
+
+  Schridieder, 356.
+
+  Scipio Africanus, 22, 216.
+
+  Scott, 49, 227, 269, 360, 375, 376, 422, 426, 606.
+
+  Scrope, 675.
+
+  Scutari, 22.
+
+  Segor, 117.
+
+  Seignelay, 239.
+
+  Seltridge, 449.
+
+  Selkirk, 171.
+
+  Selwyn, 179, 237, 615, 628, 642.
+
+  Seneca, 106, 107, 168, 169, 377, 443, 585.
+
+  Senisino, 421.
+
+  Serampore, 281.
+
+  Sergius Orator, 461.
+
+  Servius, 97, 279.
+
+  Sevres, 671.
+
+  Sewall, 142, 165, 513, 546, 553, 558, 561, 630.
+
+  Seymour, 133, 136, 608.
+
+  Shades, 587.
+
+  Shakspeare, 83, 409, 419, 658.
+
+  Shandois, 77, 82.
+
+  Sharp, 93.
+
+  Shattuck, 222, 439, 440.
+
+  Shaw, 112, 221, 459.
+
+  Shays, 94.
+
+  Shea, 54.
+
+  Sheerness, 558, 564.
+
+  Shelburne, 605.
+
+  Shelden, 261.
+
+  Sheldon, 314, 327.
+
+  Shelson, 299.
+
+  Sheridan, 613.
+
+  Shirley, 291, 297, 530.
+
+  Shochoh, 615.
+
+  Shouldham, 652.
+
+  Shrewsbury, 320.
+
+  Shute, 298.
+
+  Shylock, 171.
+
+  Siberia, 35.
+
+  Sicily, 33, 591.
+
+  Sicilies, the Two, 89.
+
+  Siddim, 117.
+
+  Sidney, 425.
+
+  Sigal, 515.
+
+  Sigourney, 496, 498.
+
+  Simmons, 130.
+
+  Skinner, 309, 331.
+
+  Smallpiece, 598.
+
+  Smith, Sidney, 367.
+
+  Smith, 24, 27, 71, 152, 164, 227, 289, 509, 591.
+
+  Smink, 101.
+
+  Smollett, 241, 243.
+
+  Snow, 537.
+
+  Socrates, 592.
+
+  Sodom, 117, 119, 120, 123, 215, 221.
+
+  Sodoma, 122.
+
+  Solomon, 192.
+
+  Solon, 209.
+
+  Somersett, 677.
+
+  Somnium Scipionis, 373.
+
+  Soo Chune, 398.
+
+  Soong, 482.
+
+  Sophia Charlotte, 28.
+
+  Sorbiere, 437, 457.
+
+  Sosigenes, 474.
+
+  Southampton, 135.
+
+  Southwick, 227.
+
+  Spain, 650, 662, 675.
+
+  Spaniards, 130.
+
+  Sparks, 62, 561.
+
+  Speed, 76, 424, 677.
+
+  Spelman, 648.
+
+  Spitalfields, 67, 256.
+
+  Spooner, 450.
+
+  Spring, 512.
+
+  Springett, 252.
+
+  Sprott, 676.
+
+  Stafford, 632.
+
+  Stair, 623.
+
+  Stanford, 650.
+
+  Stanhope, 593.
+
+  Starkie, 192.
+
+  Staunford, 675.
+
+  Steele, 555.
+
+  Stephanus, 105.
+
+  Stephens, 117, 118, 121, 122, 123.
+
+  Sterne, 37.
+
+  Sternhold, 231, 424, 425.
+
+  Steuben, 62.
+
+  Stevens, 554.
+
+  Stevenson, 232.
+
+  Stewart, 609.
+
+  Stillman, 631.
+
+  Stirling Castle, 95.
+
+  Stirrington, 652.
+
+  Stockholm, 52.
+
+  Stone Chapel, 296.
+
+  Story, 268.
+
+  Stow, 20, 67, 346, 349, 424.
+
+  Stowell, 632.
+
+  Strabo, 592.
+
+  Streatfield, 105.
+
+  Strype, 77, 81, 82, 88, 139, 279, 280, 281, 409, 410, 424, 631, 632.
+
+  Stuart, 603, 605, 606.
+
+  Stuarts, 661.
+
+  Stubbe, 594.
+
+  Sue, 639, 640.
+
+  Suetonius, 29, 67, 79, 98, 99, 107, 462.
+
+  Suffolk, 654.
+
+  Sully, 352, 606.
+
+  Sulmo, 390.
+
+  Sumner, 19, 132.
+
+  Sunderland, 89, 233.
+
+  Surinam, 351.
+
+  Sweden, 661.
+
+  Swedenborg, 378, 379.
+
+  Swedes, 661.
+
+  Swift, 32, 193, 367, 422.
+
+  Swingford, 674.
+
+  Switzerland, 394.
+
+  Sykes, 244.
+
+  Sylla, 63, 97.
+
+  Sylvester, 596.
+
+  Syracuse, 33.
+
+  Syrens, 421.
+
+  Syria, 34, 88.
+
+  Syrians, 632.
+
+
+  T.
+
+  Tacitus, 29, 99, 107.
+
+  Taheite, 378, 380.
+
+  Tailor, 554.
+
+  Tappan, 58, 60.
+
+  Tarpeian Rock, 618.
+
+  Tasman, 129.
+
+  Tate, 31, 596.
+
+  Taylor, 84, 110, 157, 215, 394, 395, 396, 397, 638, 662.
+
+  Taunton, 235.
+
+  Tees, 379.
+
+  Templeman, 451.
+
+  Terence, 587.
+
+  Tertullian, 122.
+
+  Testamenta Vetusta, 648, 649.
+
+  Tewksbury, 655, 673.
+
+  Thacher, 31, 58, 61, 126, 127, 568, 605.
+
+  Thebes, 16, 32.
+
+  Theodolphus, 37.
+
+  Theodosius, 36.
+
+  Theophrastus, 587.
+
+  Thessalus, 443.
+
+  Thessaly, 670.
+
+  Thevet, 118.
+
+  Thiermeyer, 642.
+
+  Thomas, 346, 480.
+
+  Thomas of Canterbury, 281.
+
+  Thompson, 86.
+
+  Thornton, 477, 604.
+
+  Thurlow, 589.
+
+  Tiberius, 98.
+
+  Tibullus, 100, 160.
+
+  Tierney, 606.
+
+  Tilbury, 670.
+
+  Tillotson, 178, 238, 240, 262, 266.
+
+  Timoleon, 12.
+
+  Tinville, 638.
+
+  Tonga Islands, 129.
+
+  Tongataboo, 129.
+
+  Tonstrina, 588.
+
+  Tortugas, 407.
+
+  Touchet, 380.
+
+  Tournay, 67.
+
+  Tower Hill, 631, 632.
+
+  Townshend, 145.
+
+  Trajan, 476.
+
+  Trenchard, 265.
+
+  Trent, 606.
+
+  Tresham, 77.
+
+  Treviso, 381.
+
+  Troughton, 644.
+
+  Troutbeck, 297.
+
+  Troy, 322, 430.
+
+  Trunnion, 221.
+
+  Truro, 406.
+
+  Tanfugge, 654.
+
+  Tubero, 373.
+
+  Tuck, 564, 566.
+
+  Tuckett, 606.
+
+  Tuckey, 129, 130.
+
+  Tudor, 76.
+
+  Tunbrugge, 654.
+
+  Turkey, 106.
+
+  Turkish Empire, 672.
+
+  Turks, 123.
+
+  Turenne, 73, 75.
+
+  Turner, 155, 157, 231, 570, 575.
+
+  Twiss, 230.
+
+  Tyburn, 340, 632.
+
+  Tyler, 500.
+
+
+  U.
+
+  Ucalegon, 143.
+
+  Ula-Deguisi, 123.
+
+  Ulysses, 106, 109, 420.
+
+  United States, 347, 407, 434, 610.
+
+  Usher, 561.
+
+  Uxbridge, 16.
+
+
+  V.
+
+  Val de Grace, 68.
+
+  Valentia, 606.
+
+  Valerius Maximus, 374.
+
+  Vallemont, 455.
+
+  Valois, 622.
+
+  Valvasor, 620.
+
+  Van Buren, 85, 95, 96.
+
+  Van Butchell, 445, 447.
+
+  Vandyke, 137.
+
+  Van Gelder, 59.
+
+  Van Pronk, 25.
+
+  Vans, 184.
+
+  Van Wart, 63.
+
+  Varden, 401.
+
+  Vardy, 564.
+
+  Varro, 583.
+
+  Vassal, 296.
+
+  Vaughan, 361.
+
+  Velleius Paterculus, 614.
+
+  Vere, 654.
+
+  Verney, 677.
+
+  Vermont, 114.
+
+  Veronica, 57.
+
+  Verulam, 258.
+
+  Vespasian, 29, 67, 98.
+
+  Vesuvius, 121.
+
+  Vexius Valens, 443.
+
+  Victoria, 208.
+
+  Victory, 646.
+
+  Vieq d'Azyr, 37.
+
+  Vienna, 433.
+
+  Villars, 607.
+
+  Vincent, 256, 257, 258.
+
+  Virgil, 76, 79, 97, 99, 419, 422.
+
+  Virginia, 153, 154.
+
+  Volney, 117, 119, 121.
+
+  Voltaire, 217, 637.
+
+
+  W.
+
+  Wade, 570, 572, 573, 575.
+
+  Wakefield, 359, 466.
+
+  Waldo, 90, 302.
+
+  Walpole, 382, 431, 629, 674.
+
+  Waltham, 676.
+
+  Walsingham, 65, 83, 84, 650, 656.
+
+  Ward, 281, 282, 528, 529, 595.
+
+  Ward's Curwen, 510.
+
+  Warre, 235, 236.
+
+  Warren, 55, 66, 222, 446, 450, 597.
+
+  Warwick, 651.
+
+  Washington, 62, 277, 394, 511.
+
+  Waterhouse, 448.
+
+  Waterloo, 132.
+
+  Watts, 366, 677.
+
+  Webb, 91, 126, 546.
+
+  Webster, 159, 160, 271, 280, 335, 336, 337.
+
+  Wedgewood, 64.
+
+  Weever, 76, 124.
+
+  Wellesley, 606.
+
+  Wellington, 606.
+
+  Wells, 273.
+
+  Welsh, 450.
+
+  Wendell, 538.
+
+  Wentworth, 554.
+
+  Westminster, 37, 134.
+
+  Westminster Abbey, 34, 78, 136, 290, 478.
+
+  Weston, 628.
+
+  Westwood, 651.
+
+  Wharton, 227.
+
+  Whelpley, 322.
+
+  Whipple, 450, 596.
+
+  Whiston, 120.
+
+  White, 82.
+
+  Whitehall, 134.
+
+  Whitehead, 256, 257, 258.
+
+  Whitehurst, 158.
+
+  White Plains, 351, 415.
+
+  Wiche, 651.
+
+  Wigmore, 656.
+
+  Wilkes, 145, 605.
+
+  Willard, 520, 566.
+
+  William the Conqueror, 614.
+
+  William and Mary, 248.
+
+  William III., 232, 233, 248, 253.
+
+  William IV., 37, 207, 208.
+
+  Williams, 27, 29, 63, 164, 204.
+
+  Williamson, 630.
+
+  Willis, 88, 181.
+
+  Wilts, 656.
+
+  Wiltshire, 677.
+
+  Winchelsea, 606.
+
+  Winchester, 220, 400, 651.
+
+  Windsor, 133, 135, 136.
+
+  Winkle, 281.
+
+  Winslow, 555, 564, 565, 595.
+
+  Winterbottom, 435.
+
+  Winthrop, 535, 538.
+
+  Wisigoths, 407.
+
+  Wisket, 628.
+
+  Wode, 632.
+
+  Wolton, 678.
+
+  Wood, 133, 181, 232, 248, 249, 424, 425, 426, 613, 642.
+
+  Woodbridge, 550 to 564, passim.
+
+  Woodcock, 386.
+
+  Woods, 127.
+
+  Worcester, 124, 651, 652.
+
+  Woronzow, 622.
+
+  Wraxall, 622, 623.
+
+  Wyatt, 631.
+
+
+  Y.
+
+  Yale, 580.
+
+  York, 675.
+
+  York, Duke of, 252, 256.
+
+  Yorktown, 415.
+
+  Younge, 676.
+
+
+  Z.
+
+  Zaire, 129.
+
+  Zeleucus, 342.
+
+  Zeno, 49.
+
+  Zeres, 56.
+
+  Zimmerman, 347.
+
+  Zion, 423.
+
+  Zisca, 26.
+
+  Zoar, 121.
+
+  Zophar, 217.
+
+
+
+
+FOOTNOTES:
+
+[1] Hist, of Charles V., vol. v. page 139, Oxford ed. 1825.
+
+[2] Lond. Quart. Rev., vol. lxxvi. page 161.
+
+[3] Nearly opposite the residence of Dr. Lemuel Hayward, deceased, where
+Hayward Place now is.
+
+[4] Woodbridge, I suppose, belonged to some military company, whose arms
+and accoutrements were probably kept at the White Horse tavern, under the
+charge of Robert Handy.
+
+[5] _Hog Alley._ See Bonner's plan, of 1722.
+
+[6] Afterwards Richard II.
+
+[7] His natural son.
+
+[8] John of Gaunt.
+
+[9] An English mark was two-thirds of a pound sterling, or 13s. 4d.
+
+[10] A church book.
+
+[11] Breviary.
+
+[12] A button of gold.
+
+[13] A button.
+
+[14] Round funeral tapers.
+
+[15] Margaret Plantagenet, grand-daughter of King Edward I.
+
+[16] The badge of the house of Lancaster.
+
+[17] Richard II.
+
+[18] A culverin.
+
+[19] Dugdale says these were jewels, hanging over the forehead, on
+bodkins, thrust through the hair.
+
+[20] Pale or peach-colored rubies.
+
+[21] This effigy is referred to by Walpole, in his Anecdotes of Painting,
+vol. i. p. 37.
+
+
+
+
+Transcriber's Notes:
+
+Passages in italics are indicated by _italics_.
+
+The original text includes Greek characters. For this text version these
+letters have been replaced with transliterations.
+
+No. CXIX. ends with the phrase "The symptoms" as is printed in the
+original text.
+
+
+
+
+
+
+End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of Dealings With The Dead, by
+A Sexton of the Old School
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