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+The Project Gutenberg EBook of The Idiot, by Frederick Bateman
+
+This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with
+almost no restrictions whatsoever.  You may copy it, give it away or
+re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included
+with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org/license
+
+
+Title: The Idiot
+       His Place in Creation, and His Claims on Society
+
+Author: Frederick Bateman
+
+Release Date: May 11, 2012 [EBook #39670]
+
+Language: English
+
+Character set encoding: UTF-8
+
+*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE IDIOT ***
+
+
+
+
+Produced by Jana Srna, Mark Young, Bryan Ness and the
+Online Distributed Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net
+(This file was produced from images generously made
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+
+
+    THE IDIOT;
+
+    _HIS PLACE IN CREATION_,
+      AND
+    _HIS CLAIMS ON SOCIETY_.
+
+
+
+
+
+    [Illustration: THE EASTERN COUNTIES' ASYLUM FOR IDIOTS AND
+    IMBECILES.]
+
+
+
+
+    THE IDIOT;
+
+    _HIS PLACE IN CREATION_,
+      AND
+    _HIS CLAIMS ON SOCIETY_.
+
+    BY
+
+    SIR FREDERIC BATEMAN, M.D., LL.D.,
+
+    _Fellow of the Royal College of Physicians_;
+    _Consulting Physician to the Norfolk and Norwich Hospital, and to
+      the Eastern Counties' Asylum for Idiots_;
+    _Associé et Lauréat de l'Académie de Médecine de Paris_;
+    _Citation de l'Institut de France_;
+    _Corresponding Member of the Psychiatrical Society of St. Petersburg_;
+    _Hon. Member of the New York Neurological Society_;
+    _Foreign Associate of the Medico-Psychological Society of Paris_.
+
+    _Author of "Aphasia, or Loss of Speech";
+    "Darwinism tested by Language," &c._
+
+    SECOND EDITION.
+
+    LONDON:
+    JARROLD & SONS, 10 & 11, WARWICK LANE.
+    1897.
+
+
+
+
+
+
+PREFACE
+
+TO
+
+THE SECOND EDITION.
+
+
+As stated in the preface to the first edition, the arguments contained
+in this essay formed the nucleus of an address advocating the claims
+of the Idiot upon the philanthropists of East Anglia, at a public
+meeting held in Norwich, in support of the Eastern Counties' Asylum
+for Idiots, under the presidency of His Grace the Duke of Norfolk,
+K.G., Earl Marshal of England.
+
+In acceding to the request of the Board of Directors to publish a
+second edition, I have thought it right to retain the form of a public
+oration, as requiring less modification in the phraseology of the
+appeal for help, than would otherwise have been necessary.
+
+Much additional matter has been added, especially in reference to
+Consanguine Marriages, Parental Intemperance, Overpressure in
+Education, and other factors in the causation of Idiocy.
+
+I have tried to show how the study of the Idiot is calculated to throw
+light upon the abstruse question of the connection between Matter and
+Mind, and that it is a subject fraught with interest not only to the
+Philanthropist, but to the Theologian, and to the Political Economist.
+
+Although I have endeavoured to explain my views in popular language, I
+trust it has not been at the sacrifice of strict scientific accuracy.
+
+                                                   FREDERIC BATEMAN.
+
+    _Norwich,
+    January, 1897._
+
+
+
+
+THE IDIOT;
+
+HIS PLACE IN CREATION,
+
+AND
+
+HIS CLAIMS ON SOCIETY.
+
+
+As Consulting Physician to the Eastern Counties' Asylum for Idiots, it
+is my privilege to advocate the claims of one of the most important
+charities connected with the Eastern District of England, and which,
+as such, is calculated to excite an especial interest amongst the
+philanthropists of East Anglia.
+
+The Eastern Counties' Asylum for Idiots is an institution founded
+specially for the reception of patients from Norfolk and the three
+other Eastern Counties, just in the same way as the Royal Albert
+Asylum, at Lancaster, is intended for patients from the seven northern
+counties. It is, therefore, essentially an East Anglian Charity, and I
+dwell especially on this point, because, being situated at Colchester,
+I think there is an impression in certain quarters, that this
+institution is less intimately connected with this locality than some
+other charities, the claims of which are periodically brought under
+our notice. I feel that the managing body themselves have been to
+blame for this impression, from having in the first instance adopted
+the ill-advised name of Essex Hall--a name, however, now abandoned, as
+tending to convey the impression that it was an Essex charity,
+whereas, as I have before said, it is an institution intended for the
+care and treatment of Idiots from the four Eastern Counties of
+Norfolk, Suffolk, Cambridge, and Essex.
+
+I have so often been called upon to plead the cause of this charity
+before a Norfolk audience, that I should have preferred that some
+other person had been selected to represent the Asylum at this
+meeting; for when the subject of the appeal is always the same, it is
+difficult to prevent one's thoughts from occasionally running in a
+similar channel as on former occasions; the Board of Directors having,
+however, invited me to act as one of their deputation, I acceded to
+their request with the greater readiness, as it affords me the
+opportunity, on the part of the authorities of the Asylum, of
+expressing our grateful thanks to his Grace the Duke of Norfolk for
+the honour he has done us by his presence here to-day, thus evincing
+the interest he takes in the charitable institutions of the county, by
+consenting to preside over a public meeting in the historical city of
+Norwich.
+
+In the few words that I shall address to you, I wish particularly to
+avoid falling into the error common to many speakers--that of
+exaggerating the importance of the subject they are treating. Many a
+good cause has been damaged by the indiscretion of its own advocates,
+who, in their undue zeal, endeavour to impress their audiences with
+the notion that the particular charity for which they plead is the one
+above all others that has a paramount claim on the support of a
+philanthropic public. Now, I have no desire to produce a sensational
+effect, or to create an artificial interest in my subject by indulging
+in the language of hyperbole. I have a plain unvarnished tale to tell,
+that requires no meretricious adornment to arrest your attention, for
+I am here to plead the cause of an unfortunate branch of the human
+family, who, by the very nature of their infirmity, are unable to say
+a single word for themselves, and whose mute appeal must excite
+universal sympathy.
+
+Happily, we live in an age when the spirit of philanthropy is abroad,
+and all that Christian sympathy can suggest is being done to relieve
+the sick and suffering poor. Amidst all the boasted culture of
+antiquity there existed no hospital; go to Athens and to Rome, those
+seats of early civilization, and you will find at the former the ruins
+of the Acropolis, and those of the Coliseum at the latter, but no
+trace of the remains of a hospital or asylum; whereas in the present
+day, hospitals and asylums are springing up in every locality, and
+East Anglia is certainly no exception to the rule, abounding, as it
+does, in charitable institutions of every description, the object of
+which is to improve the condition of the labouring class, and to
+lessen the ills that flesh is heir to; and it may truly be said, as
+far as this country is concerned, that--
+
+    "The quality of mercy is not strain'd;
+    It droppeth, as the gentle rain from heaven
+    Upon the place beneath; it is twice bless'd:
+    It blesseth him that gives, and him that takes."
+
+Whilst admitting all this, I maintain that there is an unfortunate
+class--that of idiots--which has not hitherto received that share of
+attention to which it is entitled. Why is this? Is it due to a
+pampered selfishness which has chosen to draw a curtain of
+indifference around this unfortunate branch of the human race? Is the
+fountain of charity frozen up in East Anglia? Nothing of the kind,
+and I think this apparent neglect is mainly due to a misconception as
+to the nature of idiocy, and as to the amount of amelioration of which
+the subjects of this unfortunate infirmity are susceptible. It is with
+the view of removing this erroneous impression, that I have been
+requested to say a few words to you about idiocy, from a scientific
+point of view, my desire being to instruct the mind of the public as
+to the nature and character of the evil to be contended with, as to
+the probability of alleviating it, and as to the means best adapted to
+the attainment of this object.
+
+In the few remarks that I shall make, I hope to show you that the
+study of idiocy is fraught with interest, not only to the man of
+science and the philanthropist, but to the political economist, the
+statesman, and the theologian. If it be asked what possible connection
+there can be between theology and idiocy, I would say, that if time
+permitted, I could show that the study of the nature and attributes of
+the idiot has a striking bearing on the much-disputed question of the
+connection between matter and mind, and also that it points to a
+conclusion directly opposed to the materialistic tendencies of the
+day.
+
+
+
+
+DEFINITION OF IDIOCY.
+
+
+Great confusion exists in the public mind as to the nature of idiocy.
+What is an idiot? Dr. Séguin, a celebrated writer on this subject, has
+described idiocy as a "specific infirmity of the cerebro-spinal
+centre," a definition which I need not say applies to a variety of
+infirmities to which flesh is heir, and such a definition only serves
+as a cloak for ignorance. Shakespeare, that wonderfully accurate
+observer of human nature, in several of his dramas has given a very
+good description of the acts of the idiot, who, he says, is "one who
+holds his bauble for his God;" and again, as "one who tells a tale
+full of sound and fury, signifying nothing." But neither he nor the
+psychologists of his day knew enough of the natural history of the
+idiot to attempt a logical definition.
+
+As I have spent a great deal of time in the investigation of obscure
+points of cerebral pathology, of course the question of the idiot has
+not escaped my attention, and I submit the following definition:--
+
+An idiot is a human being who possesses the tripartite nature of
+man--body, soul, and spirit, σωμα, ψυχη, πνευμα, but who is the
+subject of an infirmity consisting, anatomically, of a defective
+organisation and want of development of the brain, resulting in an
+inability, more or less complete, for the exercise of the
+intellectual, moral, and sensitive faculties. There are various shades
+and degrees of this want of development, from those whose mental and
+bodily deficiencies differ but slightly from the lowest of the
+so-called sound-minded, to those individuals who simply vegetate, and
+whose deficiencies are so decided as to isolate them, as it were, from
+the rest of nature.
+
+Dr. Langdon Down[1] divides Idiocy into three primary groups:
+Congenital, Developmental, and Accidental. The Congenital includes all
+cases which at the period of birth manifest signs of the defective
+mental power. The Developmental group includes cases where the child
+manifests an average intelligence through infancy, but he is born with
+a proclivity to a mental break-down during one of the developmental
+crises, such as the first dentition, the second dentition, and
+puberty; the brain and nervous power are sufficient for their early
+years, but are insufficient to carry them through evolutional stages.
+The Accidental group includes cases where the child has been born with
+a normal nervous system, when unfortunately a fall, a fright,
+epilepsy, or some other cause may lead to a mental break-down, not of
+a genetic, but of a purely accidental origin. The various forms of
+idiocy are described in minute detail by Dr. Ireland,[2] to whose
+classical work I would refer those who may desire further information
+on this subject.
+
+The first idiot that attracted the attention of scientific men was
+looked upon as a savage man, and every treatise on the subject
+contains some allusion to the so-called savage of the Aveyron, who
+excited so much curiosity, speculation, and interest among the
+psychologists of Paris in the early part of the present century.
+
+In old books on medical nomenclature idiocy was classed amongst the
+varieties of insanity, and the visitor to a lunatic asylum half a
+century ago, would find the idiot skulking in the corner of a
+courtyard chained to a staple, and lying on a litter of straw; in
+fact, he was considered and treated more like a wild beast than a
+human being. He had but little talent given, and by neglect or abuse
+that little was lost; until, growing more and more brutal, he sank
+unregetting and unregretted into an early grave, without ever being
+counted as a man. Now, idiocy is not a form of insanity, and it is
+most important that no confusion should exist in the public mind upon
+this point, as the association of idiots and insane patients in the
+same asylum is a positive disadvantage to both classes. It is always a
+painful thing to see idiot children, whose mental faculties and
+physical powers, as I shall presently show, are capable of much
+development and improvement, wandering, without object or special
+care, about the wards of a Lunatic Asylum. They cannot receive there
+the training and supervision they specially require, and they often
+seriously interfere with the comfort of the other inmates, and meet in
+return, with ridicule and unkindness; moreover, their presence is a
+serious obstacle to the complete recovery of convalescent lunatics. I
+desire especially to press this point upon the legislators of the
+country, and, as in this county, our union houses are far too large
+for the requirements of the age, I would suggest that one or more of
+them might, with advantage, be devoted to the care and treatment of
+pauper idiots.[3]
+
+Insanity is a loss more or less complete of faculties formerly
+possessed, it consists of a perturbation of the mental faculties after
+their complete development, it begins with average intelligence which
+gradually diminishes; whereas idiocy begins with a low amount of
+intelligence, which, in many instances, gradually increases; the
+difference has been thus beautifully described by a French
+psychologist, "_L'homme en démence est privé des biens dont il
+jouissait autrefois, c'est un riche devenu pauvre. L'idiot a toujours
+été dans l'infortune et la misère._" (The man that is mad is deprived
+of possessions which he formerly enjoyed, it is a rich man become
+poor; whereas the idiot has always been in misfortune and misery.) The
+distinction between the idiot and the insane is clear and marked. The
+madman suffers from abnormal development of brain, the idiot from an
+ill-developed brain--the mind of the madman is not in proper balance,
+in the idiot it is not in proper power.
+
+The poor idiot (the word being derived from the Greek ιδιοτης[4]) is
+alone in the world; isolated as it were from the rest of nature, he
+sees but does not perceive, he hears but does not understand or
+appreciate; the organs of sight and hearing may be perfect and yet
+useless; the impressions formed upon the optic and auditory nerves are
+duly transmitted to the sensorium, but no idea is there excited; he
+cares for nothing, and is alike indifferent to the grandeur as to the
+beauties of Nature; he stands unmoved at the thunder clap, the foam of
+the rushing cataract, or the roar of the mighty ocean; he heeds not
+the hum of the insect world or the song of the early lark, that winged
+chorister of the air; the star-bejewelled canopy of heaven, the
+mountain landscape lighted up with all the purple splendour of the
+setting sun, all these are nothing to him--he is a soul shut up in
+imperfect organs.
+
+FOOTNOTES:
+
+[1] See an interesting article on Idiocy, by Dr. Langdon Down,
+"Quain's Dictionary of Medicine." Vol. I., p. 926.
+
+[2] "Idiocy and Imbecility," by W.W. Ireland, M.D. P. 36.
+
+[3] I am glad to find that this question of the depletion of our
+workhouses is engaging the attention of Boards of Guardians, as shown
+by a meeting lately held in Norwich, to consider the propriety of
+reducing the number of workhouses in the district. At this conference,
+which was attended by delegates from various unions, Mr. Bartle H.T.
+Frere stated that the Aylsham workhouse, originally built for 619
+persons, had never had more than 117 inmates during the past eleven
+years; and that in other unions, not more than a quarter of the actual
+workhouse accommodation was utilized, although a complete staff of
+officials was kept in each union. Mr. Frere pointed out the folly of
+keeping up such elaborate machinery, for such totally inadequate
+results, and that an enormous saving would be effected by the
+amalgamation of two or more unions for the purpose of housing their
+pauper population.
+
+[4] This term is applied by the Greek writers to a person unpractised
+or unskilled in anything--one who has no professional knowledge,
+whether of politics or any other subject, and it seems to have
+corresponded with our word layman; thus, Thucydides, in describing the
+plague that broke out at Athens during the Peloponnesian War, in
+speaking of a physician and a layman, uses the phrase ιατρος καἱ
+ἱσιωτης; Plato also uses the word in the same sense (Legg. 933 D), and
+the same author, in contrasting a poet with a prose-writer, uses the
+phrase, "εν μéτρω ὡς ποιητης, ἡ ἁνευ μéτρου ὡς ιδιωτης" (Phaedr. 258
+D). I doubt very much the appropriateness of the word idiot as applied
+to these unfortunate creatures, and I think the American term of
+Feeble-minded more correctly represents their condition.
+
+
+
+
+CAUSES OF IDIOCY.
+
+
+It will be utterly impossible in the short time allotted to me, to
+enter at any length upon the various causes of idiocy, a study of
+which is, however, fraught with many a useful lesson. Suffice it to
+say that as the cause is always antecedent to any personal history of
+the child, idiocy is never dependent on the idiot himself, who has
+never become so through any vices of his own; he being in many
+instances the feeble expression of parental defects, and sometimes of
+parental vices, and is therefore more an object for commiseration than
+certain lunatics, who, in many instances, have become so through
+faults of their own. As to the social aspect of idiocy, it recognises
+no distinction of rank; it may occur in the homes of the affluent, or
+in the hovels of the most indigent. It is found in all civilised
+countries, but it is not an evil necessarily inherent in society, and
+is the result of the violation of natural laws, in some way or other,
+and at some time or other, and the effect may not show itself for two
+or three generations. A very large class of persons ignore the
+conditions upon which health and reason can co-exist; they pervert the
+natural appetites of the body, and the natural emotions of the mind,
+and thus bring down the awful consequences of their own ignorance upon
+the heads of their unoffending children.
+
+Idiocy may be a congenital infirmity, or may be developed in early
+infancy. In the first category, the cause must necessarily be traced
+to intra-uterine life, and must be sought for in the history of the
+parents; in the second class, the cause may sometimes depend upon
+parental defects, and sometimes is due to a cerebral affection
+occurring soon after birth, but even in this class of cases,
+hereditary predisposition must be considered as a powerful factor in
+the genesis of the disease. In fact, the development of idiocy,
+whether congenital or otherwise, is in most instances to be attributed
+to an hereditary morbid vice, and it is one of the most common and
+striking forms of the degeneration of the human species.
+
+Hereditary tendencies have much to do with the development of physical
+defects and bodily ailments, and this result is especially apparent
+in diseases of the nervous system; and there can be no doubt that
+heredity is a potent factor in the production of idiocy. Dr. Ireland
+says, "idiocy is, of all mental derangements, the most frequently
+propagated by descent;" and the statistics of Ludwig Dahl, of
+Christiana, showed that fifty per cent. of idiots had insane
+relations, those of Dr. Fletcher Beach showed a history of hereditary
+predisposition in 76 per cent., whilst those of Moreau, of Tours, give
+a proportion as high as 90 per cent.
+
+In thus expressing myself, I should be sorry that my remarks should be
+construed as intended to cast any imputation upon those who have
+unfortunately an idiot in their family; the cause of the evil may be
+in some remote progenitor, for the transmission of the infirmity is
+not always direct, and the neurotic tendency may skip a generation, or
+be traced even further back.
+
+
+_Intemperance._ One of the most fruitful causes of idiocy is the
+_abuse_--mark, I do not say the _proper use_--of alcoholic stimulants,
+which tends to bring families into a low and feeble condition, which
+thus becomes a prolific cause of idiocy in their children. From a
+report on idiocy, by Dr. Howe and other Commissioners appointed by the
+Governor of Massachusetts to ascertain the causes of this calamity in
+that State, it is stated that "out of 359 idiots, the condition of
+whose progenitors was ascertained, 99 were the children of inveterate
+drunkards;" and the report goes on to say further, "that when the
+parents were not actually habitual drunkards, yet amongst the idiots
+of the lower class, not one quarter of the parents could be considered
+as temperate persons. From a table drawn up by the late Dr. Kerlin, an
+American physician, in which the causes of the infirmity are given in
+100 cases of idiotic children, I observe that in 38 of the number,
+intemperance on the part of the parents is traced as an accessory,
+main, direct, or indirect cause.
+
+At the annual meeting of the British Medical Association, held at
+Cambridge, Dr. Fletcher Beach read a paper on the Intemperance of
+Parents as a predisposing cause of idiocy in children. In 430
+patients, he was enabled to trace a history of parental intemperance
+in 138 cases, or 31·6 per cent.; of this number, 72 were males and 66
+females."[5]
+
+Other observers lay less stress upon parental intemperance as a cause
+of idiocy. Dr. Wilbur found that out of 365 cases in the State of
+Illinois, only eight cases were assigned to the abuse of drink in the
+parents; and Dr. Shuttleworth could trace this cause in only 16·38 per
+cent. of the cases observed by himself and by Dr. Fletcher Beach;[6]
+the same writer, under the head of toxic idiocy, mentions the case of
+an idiot boy, who was said to have been brought up on porter instead
+of milk. It will therefore be seen that there exists a great
+difference of opinion about the influence of intemperance of the
+parent in the causation of idiocy; but although statistics may vary
+upon this point, there cannot be a doubt that the children of drunken
+parents inherit an unhealthy nervous system, which in many cases
+culminates in idiocy.
+
+Idiocy is especially prevalent in Norway, and Ludwig Dahl, a Norwegian
+writer, says that to the abuse of brandy, especially in the fathers,
+but also in the mothers during pregnancy, may be assigned an
+important, perhaps the most important, influence in the production of
+the large number of idiots in that country.
+
+In considering this question, we must bear in mind that intemperance
+is only a relative term; for in the early part of the century we read
+of our ancestors indulging in a bottle of port wine to each
+individual, without, it seems, incurring the charge of drunkenness.
+There cannot be a doubt, however, that the habitual use of alcohol,
+without being carried to the extent of actual intoxication, is
+calculated to cause a low and feeble condition of the body, and thus
+conduce to the production of idiocy in the offspring; for we may
+fairly assume that what too severely tries the nervous system in one
+generation will appear in their descendants.[7] Without, therefore,
+exaggerating the influence of alcohol on the genesis of idiocy, I
+think I shall not be deviating from the path of strict scientific
+accuracy, if I say that over indulgence in alcoholic beverages is
+calculated to produce a low state of vitality, and a degeneration of
+nerve tissue which may culminate in the development of idiocy in
+subsequent generations.[8]
+
+Just now that the attention of the Legislature is being prominently
+called to the treatment of habitual drunkards, it cannot be too widely
+known that their innocent offspring are but too frequently the victims
+of the brutish excesses of their parents, who, a few years ago, were
+well described by the then Secretary of State for the Home Department,
+when receiving a deputation on the subject, as not quite criminals nor
+quite lunatics, although nearly approaching both classes in many
+cases. The above statistics fully corroborate the pertinency of Lord
+Cross's remarks.
+
+I do not allude to these facts with the view of casting any reflection
+upon the poor, honest, and temperate East Anglian labourer, who may be
+afflicted with the calamity of having an idiot child; but I merely
+mention them in order that they may serve as an additional caution
+against habits of intemperance, and may strengthen the hands of that
+noble band of philanthropists who are endeavouring to check the
+torrent of this hideous vice so prevalent in the present day.
+
+_Consanguine Marriages._ There is no point connected with the
+causation of idiocy that has given rise to so much controversy as the
+marriage of near relations; formerly one of the most popular notions
+was that consanguineous marriages were among the most common causes of
+idiocy, whereas the researches of later observers have tended to
+modify, to a considerable extent, this sweeping assertion.
+
+Different observers have furnished different results, as to the
+proportion of idiots found to be the offspring of consanguine
+marriages; thus Dr. Grabham's statistics give the proportion as about
+2 per cent., Dr. Langdon Down's rather more than 5 per cent., and Dr.
+Shuttleworth's less than 5 per cent. The statistics of the Eastern
+Counties' Asylum, kindly supplied to me by Mr. Turner, the Resident
+Superintendent, show that about 6·5 per cent. were the offspring of
+cousins.
+
+Of 359 cases observed by Dr. Howe, 17 were known to be the children of
+parents nearly related in blood. The history of these 17 families, the
+heads of which being blood relatives intermarried, showed that there
+were other causes to increase the chances of an infirm offspring,
+besides that of intermarriages, as most of the parents were
+intemperate or scrofulous; some were both the one and the other. There
+were born unto them 95 children, of whom 44 were idiotic, 12 others
+were scrofulous and puny, one was deaf, and one was a dwarf! In one
+family of 8 children, 5 were idiotic.[9]
+
+Dr. Ireland, who has investigated this point with great minuteness,
+pertinently remarks that it has been the custom to collect instances
+of cousins who have married, and have had unhealthy children, as if
+this never happened to anyone else; and he adds that "the proper way
+to examine the question clearly, is to find what is the proportion of
+marriages of blood relations in a given population, and then to
+inquire if there be in the issue of such marriages a larger percentage
+of insane, idiotic, or otherwise unhealthy children."[10]
+
+There cannot be a doubt that consanguinity has hitherto been
+considered too great a factor in the production of idiocy, and that in
+weighing the evidence, we must not lose sight of the fact that in many
+cases recorded, other factors beside intermarriage of relatives have
+contributed concurrently to the development of the mental defect.[11]
+
+
+_Educational Overpressure._ There is one cause of idiocy which has
+been pointed out by Dr. Séguin, and which he says is due to the
+unsatisfactory social conditions under which women of the present day
+exist. "As soon," he says, "as women assumed the anxieties pertaining
+to both sexes, they gave birth to children whose like had hardly been
+met with thirty years ago."[12]
+
+Great prominence has lately been given to this subject by an oration
+on "Sex in Education," by Sir James Crichton Browne, at the Medical
+Society of London, in which he called attention to the "growing
+tendency to ignore intellectual distinctions between the sexes, to
+assimilate the education of girls to that of boys, and to throw men
+and women into industrial competition in every walk of life."
+Elsewhere, he adds, that "to throw women into competition with men is
+to insure to them a largely increased liability to organic nervous
+disease.... Woe betide the generation that springs from mothers
+amongst whom gross nervous degenerations abound." Sir J.C. Browne
+supports his views by showing that there are organic cerebral
+differences between men and women, and that therefore they must be
+educated in different ways, being destined to play different parts on
+the stage of human life.[13]
+
+The above views of Sir J.C. Browne have not remained unchallenged, and
+the eminent psychologist has found uncompromising opponents in Mrs.
+Garrett Anderson and others, who stoutly refuse to recognise the
+position of the "_Tacens et placens uxor_" of old-time dreams. Mrs.
+Anderson, who, I need scarcely add, writes most temperately upon this
+matter, in alluding to Sir J.C. Browne's assumption of the
+intellectual difference between men and women, remarks, "All I would
+venture to say is that, if it could be proved that an average man
+differs from an average woman as much as Newton differed from a
+cretin, it would still be well to give the cretin all the training
+which he was capable of receiving.... When we hear it said that women
+will cease to be womanly if they enter professions or occasionally
+vote in parliamentary elections, we think that those who conjure up
+these terrors should try to understand women better, and should rid
+themselves of the habit of being frightened about nothing."[14]
+
+The limits of this essay will not permit me to dwell at any great
+length on the important question under consideration. There cannot be
+a doubt that the tendency of the present age is to encourage women to
+choose careers and to accept burdens unfitted for them. In thus
+expressing myself, I distinctly deprecate any hostility to the woman's
+movement of the present day, which rests on the claim for women for an
+open career; and I should be glad to see our universities ignore the
+ancient and exploded prejudices, which led to the long subjection of
+women to hardship and inequality. They ask for the same facilities as
+are enjoyed by men, and they have amply shown that they can compete
+with men in intellectual pursuits, and all they ask is to be allowed
+to compete on equal terms. I therefore cordially welcome the gradual
+emancipation of women from comparative subjection to comparative
+freedom; but the multifarious fields of energy and usefulness open to
+modern women, have brought with them disadvantages as well as gains.
+
+Whilst, therefore, unreservedly admitting the claims of the _fin de
+siècle_ woman to freedom of action and to intellectual equality, I
+must think there are certain branches of study, described by a modern
+writer as belonging to the "gynagogue" class, which are less suited to
+women than some others; and amongst these, I would name the abstruse
+study of mathematics, for although success in this branch of knowledge
+may lead to a brilliant career as a high wrangler, I think that a
+female mathematical athlete is not suited for the duties and
+responsibilities of maternity, and that the mental endowments of her
+children are likely to be below the average.
+
+I am quite aware that I am treading on dangerous and delicate ground,
+but although I would not discourage the highest aspirations of women,
+whether of an intellectual, social, or æsthetic character, I must
+think that a word of caution is necessary against the overpressure of
+the present day in the direction above indicated.[15] With every
+desire to treat this question from a liberal point of view, I desire
+to emphasise the fact that men and women have different parts to play
+on the stage of life, and should be trained differently; but provided
+mental overpressure is guarded against, I have no fear of women
+engaging in certain occupations which custom has not hitherto
+recognised as feminine, and experience has shown us that they may be
+safely left to follow the promptings of their own powers and
+instincts.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+Amongst the various other predispositions to idiocy, I would mention
+scrofula, which, according to Dr. Ireland, is the remote cause of
+two-thirds of all cases; phthisis and epilepsy in the parents are also
+potent factors in the development of idiocy in their offspring.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+Before quitting the question of the cause of idiocy, I should like to
+say a word or two about what is technically called its histology and
+its pathological anatomy. What is there in the brain that makes one
+man a senior wrangler and another an idiot? What is it that unfits one
+person for the discharge of the ordinary duties of domestic and social
+life, and endows another with capacities adapted for a statesman, a
+mathematician, or a philosopher? Is it a defect in the quantity or in
+the quality of the nervous matter of the brain? Does it depend on a
+malformation of the cranium, on the size or shape of the head? does
+the form of a cranium illustrate the quality of the mind whose
+cerebral substratum it encloses, or can genius of a high order
+enshrine itself in a comparatively narrow and malconstructed
+tenement?[16] Does mental capacity depend on the size or weight of the
+brain, or on the degree of complexity of the cerebral convolutions, or
+on their symmetry in each hemisphere?[17] Upon this point, I am bound
+to tell you that science speaks with a somewhat uncertain sound,
+volumes having been written upon it without any definite solution or
+tangible result.
+
+An eminent Italian psychologist, Dr. Mingazzini, in a recent work on
+the study of the cerebral convolutions, shows that in men of genius,
+the brain offers no certain indications of intellectual eminence,
+either by the greater richness of the frontal or the parietal lobes;
+and in support of this opinion he cites the researches of Wagner,
+which showed that, in the development and richness of the
+convolutions, the brains of many celebrated Gottingen professors were
+inferior to those belonging to individuals of low intellectual
+capacity.[18]
+
+The average brain weight in man may be said to range from 40 to 52-1/2
+ounces, and in women from 35 to 37-1/2 ounces; the question of the
+increase in size and weight of the brain, in proportion to
+intellectual power, is by no means determined; statistics exist of the
+weight of 23 eminent men, the list being headed by Cuvier, the
+naturalist, whose brain weighed 64-1/2 ounces, whilst that of the
+orator, Gambetta, weighed only 39 ounces, being much below the average
+weight in the adult male; an imbecile died at the Montrose Asylum,
+whose brain weighed 63 ounces, and the heaviest brain on record, which
+weighed 67 ounces, was that of a bricklayer, who could neither read
+nor write; it must therefore be conceded that no definite statement
+can be made as to the relation that brain weight has to
+intelligence.[19]
+
+It was formerly supposed that idiots always presented some obvious
+malformation of the cranium or skull. This is by no means necessarily
+the case; one of the most remarkable cases of idiocy that has come
+under my notice was that of a child with a well-formed head,
+remarkably handsome face, and a well-proportioned body.
+
+Dr. Ireland says, "the principal anomalies met with in the skull of
+genetic idiots are flatness of the head behind, a rapid
+slope of the clivus, an osseous rim round the foramen magnum,
+unsymmetrical size of the cavities on each side, irregularities in the
+wings of the sphenoid, and differences in the size and shape of the
+jugular and other foramina; but these appearances are not constant,
+and often the skull is quite regular, both in structure and
+capacity."[20]
+
+One of the most noted writers on the subject, after stating that a
+number of scientific men had spent thirty years in measuring and
+weighing the heads of idiots, sums up their conclusions as follows:--
+
+1st. There is no constant relation between the development of the
+cranium and the degree of intelligence.
+
+2nd. The dimensions of the anterior part of the cranium, and
+especially of the forehead, are, at least, as great among idiots as
+others.[21]
+
+3rd. Three-fifths of idiots have larger heads than men of ordinary
+intelligence.
+
+4th. There is no constant relation between the degree of intelligence
+and the weight of the brain.[22]
+
+5th. Sometimes the brain of idiots presents no deviation in form,
+colour, and density from the normal standard; it is, in fact,
+perfectly normal.
+
+After such a statement as this, I can readily imagine that some of you
+may say, it seems to us that you doctors really know but little about
+the genesis of idiocy. I am afraid this is, to some extent, true. We
+are only on the threshold of inquiry, and science of to-day is unable
+to bridge over the gulf that separates matter from mind.
+
+Modern investigation, however, does not quite bear out the above
+sweeping statements in their integrity, although the most conflicting
+theories have been enunciated. Doubtless, attention has been too much
+concentrated on the gross morphology of the brain, without taking into
+account microscopical appearances. Dr. Shuttleworth, in giving the
+result of his long experience at the Royal Albert Asylum says, "We
+have occasionally found, when least expected, extraordinary defects in
+brain conformation;... microscopic examination will discover in many
+instances some abnormality of structure, such as the preponderance of
+simply formed braincells devoid of processes, denoting persistence of
+fœtal structures; or, on the other hand, degenerative changes
+resulting from inflammatory atrophy."[23]
+
+Professor Luys, of Paris,[24] gives the result of the examination of
+the brain of 14 idiots, the anomalies observed being want of symmetry
+in the frontal lobes, and partial atrophy of the cortical folds
+especially of the frontal convolutions.[25]
+
+Quite recently, Dr. Andriessen, at a meeting of the Leeds and West
+Riding Medico-Chirurgical Society, exhibited specimens of the brains
+of epileptic idiots, which showed conditions of microgyria with
+atrophy and sclerosis of the convolutions.
+
+In considering the pathology of idiocy, I think sufficient attention
+has not been given to the chemical constitution of the cerebral
+substance. The most extravagant notions were at one time prevalent as
+to the rôle played by phosphorus in the animal economy; the Dutch
+naturalist, Moleschott, maintaining that "without phosphorus there was
+no thought." A celebrated chemist, Couerbe, also considered
+phosphorus to be the exciting principle of the brain, and according to
+him, the brain of ordinary men contained 2-1/2 per cent. of
+phosphorus, that of the idiot 1-1/2, and that of the madman 4 to
+4-1/2; from these data he concluded, "that the absence of phosphorus
+in the brain reduced man to the condition of the brute; that a great
+excess of this element irritated the nervous system and plunged the
+individual into the frightful delirium which we call madness; and that
+a medium proportion re-established the equilibrium and produced the
+admirable harmony which is none else than the soul of the
+spiritualists."[26] Professor Janet, in criticising the above theory,
+remarks that the brain of fishes, who do not pass for great thinkers,
+contains a large amount of phosphorus, also that the statistics of M.
+Lassaigne have shown that the brain of madmen does not contain more
+phosphorus than that of sane individuals.[27]
+
+The late Bishop of Carlisle, in rebutting this phosphorus theory,
+remarks, "Why should we not go further and assert that there could be
+no thought without carbon or without any other element of which the
+human body is composed; for you can have no actual thought without a
+living creature, and no living creature without a body, and no body
+without carbon."[28]
+
+I have treated the subject of the Chemistry of the Brain at
+considerable length in my treatise on "Aphasia and the Localisation of
+Articulate Language," to which book I would refer those who desire
+further information in reference to the connection between the amount
+of phosphorus and intellectual vigour.
+
+FOOTNOTES:
+
+[5] The question of the influence of alcoholic stimulants on the
+development of mental disease formed a prominent feature in the
+proceedings of this congress, and it is also a subject which is just
+now engaging the attention of pathologists in all parts of the world.
+
+[6] "Mentally-deficient Children, their treatment and training." By
+G.E. Shuttleworth, M.D. Page 36.
+
+[7] Toussenel, a French writer, says "La plupart des idiots sont des
+enfants procréés dans l'ivresse bacchique. On sait que les enfants se
+ressentent généralement de l'influence passionelle qui a présidé à
+leur conception." At a discussion at the Obstetrical Society, Dr.
+Langdon Down is reported to have entertained similar views.
+
+[8] I would refer those who may wish to pursue the inquiry as to the
+baneful influence of alcohol on the human frame, to the celebrated
+Cantor Lectures on Alcohol, by my friend Sir B.W. Richardson, in which
+he introduces the physiological argument into the temperance cause,
+asserting that alcohol cannot be classified as a food; that
+degeneration of tissues is produced, that it neither supplies matter
+for construction nor production of heat, but, on the contrary,
+militates against both. Sir B.W. Richardson's latest views upon this
+subject are developed in the pages of the "Hospital" for February 1st
+and March 14th, of this present year.
+
+In France, M. Lunier, Inspector of Asylums, has shown that the
+departments in which the consumption of alcohol had increased most,
+were those in which there had been a corresponding increase of
+insanity, and this was shown most strikingly in regard to women, at
+the period when the natural wines of the country gave way to the
+consumption of spirits.
+
+In Sweden, Dr. Westfelt has lately made a communication to the
+Stockholm Medical Society, containing the statistics of alcoholic
+abuse and its results in Sweden. He calculates that at least from 7 to
+12 or 13 per cent. among males, and from 1 to 2 per cent. among
+females, of all cases of acquired insanity, are due to the abuse of
+alcohol; and in reference to its influence on progeny and race, he
+shows that a steady diminution of the population was coincident with a
+period when drunkenness was at its greatest height.
+
+[9] "On the Causes of Idiocy." By S.G. Howe, M.D. Page 35.
+
+[10] "Op cit," page 19.
+
+[11] That eminent clinical observer, the late Professor Trousseau, in
+treating of the influence of consanguine marriages, gives the history
+of a Neapolitan family, in which an uncle married his niece. There had
+previously been no hereditary disease in the family; of the four
+children, the issue of this marriage, the eldest daughter was very
+eccentric; the second child, a boy, was epileptic; the third child
+very intelligent; and the fourth was an idiot and epileptic. "Clinique
+Médicale de l'Hôtel-Dieu de Paris." Tome ii., page 87.
+
+[12] "New Facts and Remarks concerning Idiocy," by E. Séguin, M.D., p.
+28. Dr. Séguin has been a voluminous contributor to the literature of
+Idiocy, and for many years his writings were the only available source
+of information on the management and education of idiots.
+
+[13] Sir J.C. Browne, in speaking of the brain of men and women, says
+there can be no question of inferiority or superiority between them
+any more than there can be between a telescope and a microscope; but
+they are differentiated from each other in structure and function, and
+fitted to do different kinds of work in the world. He maintains that
+the weight of the brain is less in women than in men, that the
+specific gravity of the grey matter is less, that the distribution of
+the blood varies in the two sexes to a considerable extent, and that
+the blood going to the female brain is somewhat poorer in quality than
+that going to the male brain, and contains four millions and a half
+corpuscles to the cubic millimetre, instead of five millions in the
+case of the male.
+
+[14] It seems that one of their own sex is of a different opinion, as
+in a series of articles in the "Nineteenth Century" for 1891 and 1892,
+Mrs. Lynn Linton strongly deprecates any departure from the
+comparatively restricted area of usefulness hitherto open to women,
+and she even baldly states that it is for maternity that women
+primarily exist! She also adds, "be it pleasant or unpleasant, it is
+none the less an absolute truth--the _raison d'être_ of a woman is
+maternity ... the cradle lies across the door of the polling booth and
+bars the way to the senate."
+
+In a powerful article in the same serial, entitled "Defence of the
+so-called Wild Women," Mrs. Mona Caird severely criticises Mrs. Lynn
+Linton's views as to the restrictions she would impose upon the
+freedom of women to choose their own career.
+
+[15] Although the injurious effects of overpressure in education have
+been principally referred to in the education of girls, the same
+pernicious results may accrue in the case of boys. Dr. Wynn Westcott,
+in his work on "Suicide," states that during the last few years there
+have been several English cases of children killing themselves because
+unable to perform school tasks. He also says that child-suicide is
+increasing in England and in almost all Continental states, and that
+the cause in many cases is due to overpressure in education. Dr.
+Strahan, writing upon the same subject, in his treatise on "Suicide
+and Insanity," corroborates Dr. Westcott's views, and remarks that
+fifty years ago, child-suicide was comparatively rare; but that during
+the last quarter of a century it has steadily increased in all
+European states, and that the high-pressure system of education is
+generally considered as the cause of it.
+
+If any apology be needed for dwelling at such length on the evils of
+the educational overpressure so prevalent in our days, I would observe
+that it has an indirect bearing upon the causation of idiocy; for
+although the sinister results recorded by Drs. Westcott and Strahan
+may be comparatively rare, still, consequences of a more remote
+character may ensue, for the injury done to the nervous system is
+cumulative and transmissible from generation to generation, and a
+neurotic tendency may be engendered in the offspring of those who have
+been exposed to this evil, which may manifest itself in the appearance
+of idiocy or some lesser form of mental defect.
+
+[16] One of the most distinguished French psychologists, has thus
+expressed himself on this point--"Dans des réunions ou l'idiotisme
+étendait son triste niveau, il m'est arrivé plusieurs fois de
+rencontrer des crânes, qui dans leur partie frontale eussent fait
+honneur aux hommes les plus justement célèbres, et où l'on eût pu
+trouver avec avantage les organes de toutes les sortes d'esprit, de
+celui même qui apprend à rire des mystifications et des sots."--_Rejet
+de l'Organologie Phrénologique_, par F. Lelut, p. 196.
+
+[17] Dr. Wilmath, of the Pennsylvania Institution for Feeble-minded,
+reports that in six brains the island of Reil was exposed through
+defective development of the 3rd frontal convolution; in four cases,
+on both sides; in two cases, on one side only.--_Notes on the
+Pathology of Idiocy._
+
+[18] Il Cervello in Relazione con i Fenomeni Psichici. Studio sulla
+morfologia degli emisferi cerebrali dell'uomo, Torino, 1895. P. 89.
+
+This is a work of great merit, in which the author compares the
+structure of the brain of man with that of other primates; he then
+treats of the morphology of the brain in different races, in
+criminals, in the insane, in deaf mutes, and in microcephales. An
+extremely interesting chapter is that devoted to the assumed
+difference of the cerebral hemispheres in the two sexes, containing
+statistical tables constructed by Dr. Mingazzini himself and others.
+Although he mentions certain minor differences that have been noticed
+by different observers, he summarises his own opinion by the statement
+that, "from the numerous but incomplete observations upon this
+subject, it may be concluded with certainty that essential differences
+do not exist" (si può inferire quasi con certezza che differenze
+essenziali non esistono).
+
+[19] Further information as to brain weight and cranial capacity, will
+be found in the author's treatise on "Aphasia and the Localisation of
+Articulate Language," chapter xii. (_Prize Essay of the Academy of
+Medicine of France._)
+
+[20] Op. cit., page 64.
+
+[21] The attention of the medical profession has lately been called to
+the obstetric aspect of idiocy, and I would refer those who take an
+interest in this subject to the valuable statistics of Dr. Langdon
+Down, which contain the result of his inquiries into the history of
+2,000 cases of idiocy that have come under his observation; from which
+it would seem that primogeniture plays an important part, as no less
+than 24 per cent. of all the idiot children observed were primiparous.
+The increased difficulty of parturition seemed to be an important
+factor. In reference to the use of the forceps in delivery as an
+assigned cause of idiocy, Dr. Down says, "there is no evidence that
+instrumental interference has any injurious influence on the mental
+condition of the children, but he thinks that those who delay the use
+of the forceps incur a much greater risk from the prolongation of
+pressure, resulting in suspended animation, which condition should be
+especially avoided. Of Dr. Down's 2,000 cases, the ratio of males to
+females was 2·1 to 0·9. This was probably due to the larger size of
+the head giving rise to the prolonged and difficult parturition,
+continued pressure, and suspended animation."--_Obstetrical Journal_,
+vol. iv., p. 681.
+
+[22] Dr. Hammond, Professor of Diseases of the Nervous System at
+Bellevue College, New York, has published some interesting statistics
+in reference to the relative weight of the brain, as compared with
+that of the body, in various classes of vertebrate animals, by which
+he shows that there is no definite relation between the intelligence
+of animals and the absolute or relative size of the brain. Thus, he
+says, "the canary bird and the Arctic sparrow have brains
+proportionately larger than those of any other known animals,
+including man, and yet no one will contend that these animals stand at
+the top of the scale of mental development. Man, who certainly stands
+at the head of the class of mammals, and of all other animals, so far
+as mind is concerned, rarely has a brain more than one-fiftieth the
+weight of the body, a proportion which is much greater in several
+other mammals, and is, as we have seen, exceeded by many of the
+smaller birds."
+
+[23] Clinical Lecture on Idiocy, p. 14.
+
+[24] L'Encéphale, March 1881, p. 82.
+
+[25] At a meeting of the Medico-Psychological Society of Paris, my
+friend M. Auguste Voisin exhibited plates of the brains of idiots who
+had only begun to speak at the age of from three to five years, in
+which the frontal and first parietal convolutions were rectilinear
+without secondary folds, resembling the fœtal condition of the
+convolutions at the sixth month of intra-uterine life.
+
+[26] The imagination of certain psychologists seems to have gone
+rampant upon this subject; one writer, M. Moreau, of Tours, maintained
+that genius was a nervous disease--"le génie est une névrose"; and in
+order that there may be no mistake about his meaning, he adds that
+"the constitution of many men of genius is in reality the same as that
+of idiots!" M. Moreau's doctrine may thus be summarised in his own
+words--"Les dispositions d'esprit qui font qu'un homme se distingue
+des autres hommes par l'originalité de ses pensées et de ses
+conceptions, par son excentricité on l'énergie de ses facultés
+affectives, par la transcendance de ses facultés intellectuelles,
+prennent leur source dans les mêmes conditions organiques que les
+divers troubles moraux, dont _la folie et l'idiotie_ sont l'expression
+la plus complète."
+
+[27] Le Cerveau et la Pensée, par Paul Janet Membre de l'Institut.
+Paris, 1867, p. 58. This learned treatise contains an immense deal of
+information in reference to the mysterious connection between matter
+and mind, and I have found it of great service to me in my
+psychological researches.
+
+[28] "Nineteenth Century," March, 1880, p. 509.
+
+
+
+
+MATTER AND MIND.
+
+  "Quare frustra sudaverit, qui cœlestia religionis arcana nostræ
+  rationi adaptare conabitur." _Bacon, "De Augmentis Scientiarum."_
+
+
+I have already stated that the study of idiocy was of great interest
+to the theologian, for I can imagine no more powerful weapon for
+combating the materialistic tendencies of the day than is furnished by
+a consideration of the natural history of the idiot. This is neither
+the time nor the place for me to enter into the question of the
+mysterious connection between matter and mind, a subject which I have
+developed at some length in my published works.[29] In my various
+public appeals on behalf of the Asylum for Idiots, I have also usually
+taken the opportunity of pointing out how the experience afforded by
+the study of idiocy is utterly opposed to the extravagant dogmas of
+the materialistic school, and to the crude notions which
+pseudo-science has engendered; and I have also shown how the results
+of idiot training furnish a forcible demonstration of the dualistic
+theory of mind and matter, upon which science reposed till the times
+of Spinosa, Laplace, Haeckel, Huxley, and others.
+
+The pseudo-philosophers of our time have bewildered the public mind by
+the wild flights of their imagination; thought, the so-called
+spiritual attributes of man, are merely a function of brain
+protoplasm; the brain, say they, secretes thought, just as the liver
+secretes bile, or as oxygen and sulphur produce sulphuric acid, and
+all the varied phenomena of nature are nothing more than the molecular
+changes of matter; the operations of the mind are but the products of
+the caudate cells of the brain, and volition and consciousness are
+mere physical manifestations. They see only the physio-chemical side
+of nature, they utterly ignore any spiritual attribute in man, they
+regard metaphysics as a relic of mediæval superstition, and they
+assert that all mental operations are bodily functions, and simply the
+result of some molecular or atomic change in the brain; indeed, the
+German philosophers go so far as to say that life itself is only a
+"special and most complicated act of mechanics;"[30] that there is no
+real distinction between living and dead matter, and that vitality is
+a metaphysical ghost (_ein metaphysisches Gespenst_).[31]
+
+At the International Psychological Congress held in Paris, in 1878, at
+which it was my privilege to be present, Professor Mierzejewski, of
+St. Petersburg, laid before the congress the result of his elaborate
+experiments on the brains of idiots, his communication being
+illustrated by casts of the brains of idiots, and also of certain
+animals, and the learned Russian professor's conclusions strongly
+militated against the theories of the philosophers of whom I have been
+speaking.
+
+In order to understand the great value and import of Dr.
+Mierzejewski's investigations, I must remind you that the human brain
+is composed of two kinds of nerve structure, of an essentially
+different nature, grey matter and white matter. Examined
+microscopically, the grey matter is found to be composed of cells,
+while the white matter consists of fibres; their function also is
+different, the former being regarded as the generator of nerve force,
+while the latter simply serves as the medium by which this force is
+transmitted. As the manifestation of the intellectual powers is
+supposed to be in some way connected with the development of the grey
+matter of the cerebral convolutions, one would expect to find in
+idiots a deficiency of this element of brain tissue.[32] Dr.
+Mierzejewski maintained that this is by no means the case, and he
+mentioned an instance of an idiot in whose brain the surface of grey
+matter was enormous. So it would seem that there is no fixed relation
+between the amount of grey matter of the brain and intellectual power,
+for richness of grey substance and abundance of nerve cells may be
+accompanied by idiocy.
+
+Now, as these startling statements of the Russian professor were not
+made in a hole and corner, but were enunciated in the presence of
+leading psychologists from all parts of the world, I felt myself
+justified in telling the materialists that they must be faced, and
+either answered or admitted as correct; and as my comments upon these
+experiments were subsequently published in a leading London periodical
+and widely circulated, I am now justified in assuming that the
+inferences I then drew from these remarkable experiments cannot be
+controverted, and that the time has not yet arrived when the broad
+distinctions between mind and matter are to be obliterated, and man
+reduced to a mere automaton, a creature of a blind necessity.
+
+Without unduly exaggerating the importance of Dr. Mierzejewski's
+experiments, it must be admitted that very great interest attaches to
+them at this juncture, when attention is so widely directed to the
+mysterious connection between matter and mind. Unhappily, instead of
+solving the question, the Russian professor's researches tend to
+shroud it in a still deeper mystery, and show that what has been
+termed the "slippery force of thought--the _vis vivida animæ_"--cannot
+be weighed in the balance; and they fully justify the eloquent
+language of a recent writer when he says, "Far more transcendent than
+all the glories of the universe is the mind of man. Mind is indeed an
+enigma, the solution of which is apparently beyond the reach of this
+very mind, itself the problem, the demonstrator, the demonstration,
+and the demonstrants."
+
+Those who maintain that the brain is the organ of the mind, do not
+tell us what we are to understand by organ, brain, or mind; they seem
+to me to confound two things, the one with the other. In fact, they
+make no distinction between thought, mind, consciousness, and the
+_instrument_ by which these attributes become externally manifested.
+It is true, we have no evidence to show that the mind can operate
+independently of the nervous system; on the contrary, all
+physiological data bearing upon the question of this mutual relation,
+go to prove that where there is no nervous system there are no mental
+manifestations. Moreover, as G.H. Lewes says, "It is the man, and not
+the brain, that thinks: it is the organism as a whole, and not one
+organ, that feels and acts."[33]
+
+Every faculty manifests itself by means of matter, but it is important
+not to confound the faculty with the corporeal organ upon which the
+external manifestation of such faculty depends. The word organ is the
+name given to a part of the human frame by which we have sensation,
+and by means of which we do a certain act or work; such are the organs
+of sight, sound, smell, taste, and touch. All these organs are
+passive, and require to be operated on _ab extra_, precisely in the
+same way as the musical organ, which is an instrument constructed by
+man, requires man's interference for the production of musical sounds.
+
+When a musician sits down to a piano, the music cannot be said to be
+in the instrument, but in the soul of the performer. If the instrument
+be in good order, the inspiration of a Thalberg or of a Liszt will
+become apparent; break the cords or otherwise damage the instrument,
+and nothing but discordant strains are produced, the musical faculty
+of the performer, however, remaining unaffected. We are all familiar
+with Plato's celebrated dialogue on the Immortality of the Soul, where
+a disputant with Socrates inquires if the soul is not like the
+harmony of a lyre, more beautiful, more divine than the lyre itself,
+but yet is nothing without the lyre, vanishing when this instrument is
+broken.
+
+Let me further illustrate this point by an allusion to the electric
+telegraph, by means of which ideas and words are transmitted from mind
+to mind with a rapidity to which ordinary language cannot attain. Now,
+the electrical battery may be not inaptly compared to the brain, and
+the telegraph wires to the nerves which emanate from it. If the
+battery be out of order, or the telegraph wires be broken, this
+lightning language, by which mind speaks to mind, becomes impossible.
+In the same way, idiocy may be considered as a disease of the
+instrument rather than of the performer; the idiot's brain is damaged
+and has become an unfit instrument for the outward manifestation of
+the powers of the mind, but the lowest idiot possesses the germs of
+intellectual activity and moral responsibility; and within his
+malconstructed organism, there lies concealed in its fragile, fleshly
+casket, a precious jewel of immortality--an imperishable essence that
+is destined to live on for ever and for aye, through countless æons of
+time, when the dicta of these dreamers of whom I have been speaking,
+to use the language of one of them, "shall have melted away like
+streaks of morning cloud into the infinite azure of the past."
+
+I repeat it, we must take care not to confound the organ with the
+person who possesses this organ: the eye is not that which sees, it is
+only the organ by which we see; the ear is not that which hears, it is
+only the organ by which we hear. Precisely in the same way and in the
+same sense, the brain is the organ of mind, the organ by which our
+mental faculties become _externally_ manifested. That it cannot be
+otherwise is shewn by the results of memory. The brain is of a
+perishable nature, its atoms are constantly changing; the body is
+continually throwing off old particles and appropriating new ones,
+every breath that is drawn, and every exertion that is made, cause
+some minute change in the bodily frame-work, so that it is never
+entirely the same;[34] there is no person, therefore, who has the same
+brain that he had 20 years ago; and the vivid impressions of the past
+are utterly inexplicable on the supposition that mental activity is a
+mere function of any perishable organ like the brain, but they
+necessitate the conclusion that mind and body, spirit and matter, are
+two entirely heterogeneous substances, and that mind--the concrete
+_Ego_--is independent of the material organ by which its external
+manifestation is alone possible.[35]
+
+However tempting it might be, I feel I must not trespass any further
+by dwelling on the mysterious connection between matter and mind, a
+subject the complete comprehension of which is beyond the limits of
+our finite capacities. As Goethe philosophically remarks, "We are
+eternally in contact with problems. Man is an obscure being, he knows
+little of the world, and of himself least of all."
+
+It would seem that the great Roman orator, nearly 2,000 years ago,
+with prescient eye, foresaw the attempts that would hereafter be made
+to pry into the hidden mysteries of Nature, when he said:--
+
+"Latent ista omnia, Luculle, crassis occultata et circumfusa tenebris,
+ut nulla acies humani ingenii tanta sit, quæ penetrare in cœlum,
+terra intrare possit."
+
+These lines of Cicero would seem to be peculiarly applicable to
+certain modern philosophers, who, in their attempts to bridge over the
+gulf--the impassable gulf--which separates matter from mind,
+persistently ignore the fact that there are certain things which, from
+their very nature, are beyond the pale of precise knowledge, and which
+cannot be determined by physical investigation--which, in fact, lie
+outside the sphere of man's intellect. I believe the question I am
+discussing is one of these, and that, although we may grope with the
+taper of science into the dark caverns whence seem to issue the
+springs of humanity, we shall probably fail to understand the
+mysterious connection between matter and mind, a theme essentially
+beyond the grasp of human intelligence, and which cannot be fathomed
+by the puny plummet of human thought or touch.
+
+The study of the idiot is calculated to elucidate this overwhelmingly
+important subject, and I believe the Idiot Asylum is destined to
+become the arena and battlefield on which this great question will
+have to be fought out.
+
+FOOTNOTES:
+
+[29] "Darwinism Tested by Language," Rivington, 1877; "Aphasia or Loss
+of Speech, and the Localisation of the Faculty of Language," 2nd
+edition, Churchills, 1890. The reader is referred to these treatises,
+and especially to his work on Darwinism, for a fuller exposition of
+the author's views, here only incidentally sketched; and also for a
+more complete knowledge of the scientific facts and different
+authorities quoted in support of the position here taken in reference
+to the connection between Matter and Mind.
+
+[30] "Das Leben ist nur ein besonderer, und zwar der complicirteste
+Act der Mechanik; ein Theil der Gesammtmaterie tritt von Zeit zu Zeit
+aus dem gewöhnlichen Gange ihrer Bewegungen heraus in besondre
+organisch-chemische Verbindungen, und nachdem er eine Zeit
+lang darin verharrt hat, kehrt er weider zu den allgemeinen
+Bewegungsverhältnissen zurück."--
+
+_Gesammte Abhandlungen zu wissenschaftlicher Medicin_ s. 25.
+
+[31] One of the leaders of scientific thought in this country tells us
+that "Life is composed of ordinary matter, differing from it only in
+the manner in which its atoms are aggregated," and it has been gravely
+stated that the production of man in the chemist's retort may be
+recorded as one of the future discoveries of the age!
+
+A clever French writer, commenting on these purely hypothetical
+statements of the "mechanistic school," makes the following
+appropriate remarks--
+
+_"Quand on nous dit que l'organisme des êtres vivants n'est qu'un
+laboratoire où tout se passe en combinaisons et en compositions des
+éléments matériels primitifs, on oublie que ce laboratoire est habité
+par un hôte intime, le principe vital qui ne fait qu'un avec les
+éléments en fusion. Ici la combinaison chimique ne se fait pas toute
+seule; elle s'opère sous l'action d'une cause qui en transforme les
+éléments de façon à en faire un produit d ordre nouveau qui s'appelle
+la vie."--"La Vie et la Matière," par E. Vacherot, Revue des Deux
+Mondes,"_ 1878.
+
+[32] In an original and very remarkable essay, entitled "The Brain not
+the Sole Organ of the Mind," Dr. Hammond, of New York, says, "There is
+no exception to the law that mental development is in direct
+proportion to the amount of grey matter entering into the composition
+of the nervous system of any animal of any kind whatever; and that in
+estimating mental power, we should be influenced by the absolute and
+relative quantity of _grey nerve tissue_, in which respect we shall
+find man stands pre-eminent, although, as we have already seen, his
+brain, _as a whole_, is relatively much smaller than that of many
+other animals; and it is to this preponderance of grey matter that Man
+owes the great mental development which places him so far above all
+other living beings. As this grey tissue is not confined to the brain,
+but a large proportion of it is found in the ganglia of the
+sympathetic and some other nerves, and as an amount second only to
+that of the brain in quantity--and, indeed, in some animals larger--is
+present as an integral constituent of the spinal cord, Dr. Hammond
+infers, and he cites numerous experiments in support of this
+inference, that mental power must be conceded to the spinal cord, and
+that the brain can no longer be considered as the sole organ of the
+mind."
+
+[33] "The Physical Basis of Mind." Page 441.
+
+[34] The late Bishop of Carlisle illustrates the independence of the
+Ego, by an allusion to moral feelings. "A murderer," he says, "is
+convicted twenty years after the offence had been committed, or he
+gives himself up after so many years, because his memory and his
+conscience make his life miserable. He has no doubt as to the fact
+that the person who did the deed of darkness years ago, is the same
+person as he who feels the pangs of remorse to-day. Every material
+particle in his body may have changed since then, but there is a
+continuity in his spiritual being out of which he cannot be argued,
+even if any ingenious sophist should attempt the task."--_Nineteenth
+Century_, March, 1880, p. 510.
+
+[35] To those who may wish to pursue this subject further, I recommend
+a perusal of an essay on "Materialistic Physiology," in the _Journal
+of Psychological Medicine_ for April, 1877. In this article, the
+writer, Dr. Winn, seems to share my views as to the paramount
+importance of boldly facing this matter, when he says--
+
+"The unphilosophical and extravagant dogma, that matter can think, is
+now so loudly and confidently asserted, and so widely spread by a
+numerous class of medical men and physiologists, both in this country
+and abroad, that the time has arrived when a doctrine so fallacious,
+and so fraught with danger to the best interests of society, should be
+fairly and carefully scrutinised. It is not by mere assertion, or the
+use of obscure and pedantic language, that such a theory can be
+established; and if it can be shown that the arguments on which it is
+based are shallow and speculative, words can scarcely be found too
+strong to censure the recklessness and folly of those who promulgate
+views so subversive of all morality and religion.
+
+"The physicists have utterly failed to establish their position. They
+were asked to prove by inductive reasoning the truth of their theory,
+that the universe is the mere outcome of molecular force, and their
+defence has been clearly proved to be of the most evasive and
+inconclusive character.
+
+"The doctrines of the modern school of materialistic physiology are
+permeating all classes of society, and it is these doctrines, based on
+the assumption that mind is a mere function of the brain--an
+assumption that, if true, would reduce man to the level of the beasts
+that perish--that we are offered as a substitute for the belief in the
+immateriality of the mind."
+
+The essay from which the above quotations are taken is full of sound
+and logical reasoning, and the writer's position is not supported by
+mere _theoretical statements_, but by arguments drawn from
+_well-accredited facts_ in anatomy and physiology.
+
+
+
+
+THE PNEUMA, OR SPIRITUAL ATTRIBUTE OF THE IDIOT.
+
+    Ὁ δε νους εοικεν εγγινεσθαι ουσια
+    τις ουσα, και ου φθειρεσθαι.
+
+                                Aristot. _De Anima_, I. 4.
+
+
+Inasmuch as the instrument by which the manifestation of mind is alone
+possible is undoubtedly damaged in idiots, they were formerly supposed
+not to belong to the human family, and their place in the order of
+creation was disputed. All admitted that they had the σωμα, or
+material part of our nature; they also conceded to them the ψυχη, or
+principle of animal life, but they considered that the πνευμα, or
+spirit of immortal life--that which essentially differentiates man
+from the brute--was absent in the idiot. This idea seemed to have been
+entertained by a great theologian of the 16th century, who, on being
+asked by a father what he was to do with his idiot boy, replied that
+the child might be drowned as he possessed no soul! Times are happily
+changed. We don't admit the lawfulness of drowning idiots in these
+days, but we teach them to swim against the adverse currents to which
+they are exposed; we buoy them up on the tempestuous waves of life; we
+pilot them through the rocks and shoals of their ill-starred career
+till their chequered race is run, and they are safely landed in the
+haven of everlasting rest.
+
+Not only in the 16th century, but certain philosophers of a later date
+have questioned the idiot's place in creation, and have disputed
+his right to be classed among the human family; and some
+scientists--believers in the so-called doctrine of Evolution, as
+applied to the Descent of Man--have gone so far as to pretend that the
+brain of the microcephalic idiot is so far removed from the human
+type, as to constitute him a connecting link between man and the
+anthropoid apes! Now, the interesting results of our training
+institutions, showing _the capacity for progressive improvement_ which
+exists in the idiot, gives the lie to this absurd and purely
+sensational hypothesis.
+
+Here let me add that I strongly deprecate introducing the _odium
+theologicum_ into the discussion of this subject, being fully
+conscious of the futility of attempting to check an unwelcome or
+distasteful theory by means of ecclesiastical censures; and I further
+admit that in anything like a scientific demonstration of truth, an
+appeal to the affections would be absurdly out of place.[36] Moreover,
+I should not reject the Darwinian theory from any sensational notion
+that its adoption was derogatory to Man's dignity, and I fully echo
+the sentiment of the naturalist who said that he would prefer being
+descended from a good honest monkey, than to be obliged to avow
+himself the offspring of certain fanatical enemies of scientific
+knowledge and progress; but I do complain of the tendency of the
+present day to accept new ideas without knowing or caring how to sift
+them. Everything is hypothetical, and allowed to enter the mind
+through the ivory gate of fancy; and on purely hypothetical premises,
+an attempt is made to found conclusive arguments. Strip the assertions
+of all their vagueness and superficial varnish, and reduce them to a
+skeleton of logical statement, and we shall see how much is assumed
+and how little is proved; and we shall find that we are asked to
+accept a chain of hypotheses, as if it were an induction founded on
+ascertained and indisputable facts. In thus expressing myself, I wish
+to add that the ultimate goal of the scientist is the establishment of
+truth, and I should as soon attempt to stop the progress of the
+avalanche that has become dislodged from the mountain top, as to try
+to bar the path of scientific progress, or to extinguish the torch of
+discovery. The tide of scientific truth will continue to flow on in
+spite of the modern Canutes, who may utter from time to time their
+imperial commands to stay its course. _Magna est veritas et
+prevalebit._
+
+The supporters of evolution base their arguments upon the remarkable
+resemblance between the brain of man and that of certain other
+animals. Now, I admit this striking analogy; I admit that every chief
+fissure and fold in the brain of man has its counterpart in that of
+the gorilla and the ourang-outang; and I am not prepared to deny the
+statement, that as far as the organ of intelligence is concerned,
+there is no very striking physical difference between him who weighs
+the stars and makes the light tell its secrets as to the constitution
+of distant worlds, and the howling senseless brute, who lives merely
+to satisfy his animal appetites. All animals of the vertebrate type
+are constructed on a plan which is essentially similar, not only as
+regards their skeleton, but as regards their brain. I don't deny that
+man is an animal, and that he has the essential properties of a
+highly organised one; but what I do maintain is, that the brain, after
+all, is merely an _instrument_ by which the high psychological
+attributes peculiar to man become _externally_ manifested.[37] Thought
+is not phosphorus, as some would have us believe; the human mind is
+not the result of a mere molecular arrangement of cerebral matter.
+There is something over and above all this, and the very resemblance
+of man's physical nature to that of some members of the brute
+creation, proves beyond all doubt that his superiority to them is
+hyperphysical, and I fully endorse Mr. Froude's philosophical remarks,
+when he says, "It is nothing to me how the Maker of me has been
+pleased to construct the organised substance which I call my body. It
+is mine, but it is not I. The νους, the intellectual spirit, being an
+ουσια--an essence--I believe to be an imperishable something which has
+been engendered in me from another source." The unhappy idiot, that
+stricken member of our race, possesses the tripartite nature of
+man--for he has not only the σωμα or material part, and the ψυχη or
+principle of animal life, but he also undoubtedly possesses the πνευμα
+or principle of immortal life.
+
+The above statement could be amply borne out by a reference to cases
+which have been observed in idiot asylums. I will, however, mention
+but three:--An idiot boy has been known to retire alone, when there
+was a thunderstorm, to ask God to take care of his father, who was a
+sailor. A former superintendent of our Asylum, the late Mr. Millard,
+noticed one of the inmates praying in private, and on saying to the
+boy, "God hears prayer," he quietly observed, "Yes, and answers it,
+too." A little boy in the Massachussetts Asylum for Idiots was in
+declining health, and became, during his dying illness, an object of
+great interest to the matron and attendants. Unbidden, he said his
+prayers frequently, and putting up his little hand, he muttered, "Me
+want to go up! me want to go up!" Surely he was thinking of some sort
+of hereafter, because he added distinctly, "They'll say, here comes
+one of the boys from the Boston School for Idiots." The approach of
+death seemed to awaken his spiritual life; out of the decaying body
+appeared to rise the growing soul, for, after repeating the verse of
+a hymn, the spirit of this simple child became liberated from its
+earthly tenement--its material habitat--the connection between matter
+and mind was severed, and, to use the touching language of his
+biographer, "this poor little idiot boy bade a long adieu to his
+sorrowing friends, and doubtless there was then joy in heaven, as the
+recording angel wrote in the Book of Life the name of George
+Tobey."[38]
+
+In an interesting essay published many years ago, entitled, "A Morning
+at Essex Hall, Colchester," its author, the Rev. Edwin Sidney, in
+describing his visit to the Asylum, remarked that, "The conduct of
+those who go to Church on Sunday is very decorous. One of the most
+cheering things in connection with these objects of benevolent
+solicitude, is the capability some of them manifest in receiving and
+being comforted by religion. There are amongst them instances of high
+conscientiousness and piety, which might be examples to such as are
+gifted with unimpaired faculties."
+
+If any apology be due for pointing out how the mysterious connection
+between mind and matter may be illustrated by a study of idiocy, I
+will observe that the subject is of such absorbing interest that it is
+well that it should occasionally be removed from the heated arena of
+biological bias, into the calmer and more judicial atmosphere of the
+class of readers who may be interested in the important subject I am
+endeavouring to elucidate.
+
+FOOTNOTES:
+
+[36] I strongly deprecate, as lamentably wrong and needless, the
+violent language sometimes used by writers on both sides of this great
+controversy of the origin of man. If the _odium theologicum_ may have
+inspired some of the opponents of evolution, it is undeniable that
+there is strong evidence of an _odium antitheologicum_ amongst not a
+few of the supporters of this doctrine, who indulge in abusive
+epithets, launching into personalities of a most objectionable kind;
+for instance, we are informed that "orthodoxy is the Bourbon of the
+world of thought; it learns not, neither can it forget." Now I protest
+against the attempt to obscure argument by appeals to the passions and
+to prejudice. Science and Theology should not be regarded as two
+opposing citadels, frowning defiance upon each other, but their
+votaries should look upon each other as co-labourers in the cause of
+truth, and they should welcome light and knowledge from whatever
+quarter it may come, being fully convinced that all systems and
+theories irreconcilable with truth, are built upon the sand, and must
+ultimately be swept away.
+
+[37] One of our popular novelists, Sir Walter Besant, has
+philosophically said, "there is between the condition of Man and the
+Brute an interdependence which cannot but be recognised by every
+physician. So greatly has this connection affected some of the modern
+physicians, as to cause doubt in their minds whether there be any life
+at all hereafter; or if when the pulse ceases to beat, the whole man
+should become a dead and senseless lump of clay. In this they confuse
+the immortal soul with the perishable instruments of brain and body,
+through which in life it manifests its being and betrays its true
+nature, whether of good or evil."--_Faith and Freedom._
+
+[38] Cases like this would seem to illustrate the truth of the
+statement of that great philosopher, Sir Thomas Browne, when he says,
+"Thus it is observed that men sometimes, upon the hour of their
+departure, do speak and reason about themselves. For then the soul,
+being more freed from the ligaments of the body, begins to reason like
+herself, and to discourse in a strain above mortality."--_Religio
+Medici_, p. 208.
+
+
+
+
+TREATMENT AND RESULTS.
+
+    "Distinguish'd link in being's endless chain,
+    Midway from nothing to the Deity.
+    Though sully'd and dishonour'd, still divine,
+    An heir of glory, a frail child of dust.
+    Helpless immortal!"--_Young._
+
+
+According to the census of 1881, there were about 32,717 idiots and
+imbeciles in England and Wales; the Census Commissioners, however,
+ascertained that owing to the reticence of parents, the returns were
+far from trustworthy, and, after careful inquiry, they estimated the
+total number of idiots and imbeciles at 41,940; of these, it is
+calculated that about 3,000 cases belong to the four Eastern Counties.
+Of this number, it is estimated that, after deducting pauper and other
+cases not considered suitable for this charity, there remain at least
+1,000 idiots who need the benefits of the Eastern Counties' Asylum,
+whereas, our present accommodation is limited to 250 cases.[39]
+
+The Board of Directors being forcibly impressed with their inability
+adequately to supply the wants of the district, have recently
+instituted a Permanent Endowment Fund. As the institution is mainly
+supported by voluntary contributions, the fluctuating nature of which
+has often caused considerable anxiety, the Board has felt the
+desirability of placing a considerable portion of their resources on a
+more solid basis; and it is with the view of giving stability and
+permanence to the work of the Asylum, that the Endowment Fund has been
+started, which it is proposed shall be inalienable, the interest only
+being used for the purposes of the Institution. In the year 1891,
+H.R.H. the Prince of Wales, with the view of furthering this object,
+graciously consented to preside at a Festival Dinner, at the Hotel
+Metropole, London, which resulted in an immediate contribution of
+£6,000. This fund, started under such happy auspices, has already
+reached the sum of £25,334 12s. 8d., which it is hoped may eventually
+reach £50,000, the amount which the Directors think indispensable to
+insure the efficient maintenance of the Asylum.
+
+Now let us bring this matter home to ourselves. Where are the 3,000
+unhappy blighted individuals that claim the Eastern Counties for their
+home? It is true that some of them are in the homes of the affluent,
+but the greater number are in the cottages of the poor, where the
+trouble of providing for one such member often reduces a working
+family to pauperism; the poor child beloved by its parents, is,
+perhaps, loathed by their neighbours, is avoided by other children,
+hidden from visitors, a constant care and sorrow to the mother, a
+source of anxious foresight to the father; in fact, the poor idiot
+child is like a Upas tree, that poisons the whole atmosphere around
+it, and the burden of his presence in a poor man's family is a new
+weight added to the load that was already sinking them down. Perhaps
+you may say, we agree with you, we lament as you do, that the narrow
+home of the humble artisan should be rendered intolerable
+by the presence of these stricken members of our race; but, we have
+been given to understand, that if not absolutely incurable, but very
+little can be done for them, that they baffle the efforts of the most
+zealous educators, and are almost beyond the reach of human sympathy.
+
+Now this was the language generally used half a century ago, and a
+celebrated French authority on the subject, Esquirol, considered that
+idiots were what they must remain for the rest of their lives; that
+there was no possibility of ameliorating their condition, and that no
+means were known by which a larger amount of intelligence could be
+developed in them.[40] In fact, an effort to ameliorate the condition
+of the congenital imbecile was regarded by psychologists and
+physicians as absolutely hopeless, and the standard "Dictionnaire de
+Médecine," published in 1837, broadly stated that it was useless to
+attempt to combat idiotism; in order that the intellectual exercise
+might be established, it would be necessary to change the conformation
+of organs which are beyond the reach of all modification. So great was
+the pessimism prevalent on this subject, that it was insinuated that
+the idea of teaching an idiot could only enter the brain of one
+somewhat closely allied to that class!
+
+Now, I am happy to tell you, that in the broad daylight of the
+nineteenth century, science gives an emphatic denial to this
+statement. Yes, the results obtained at our own Asylum and elsewhere,
+show that much, very much, may be done for the unhappy idiot, who in a
+private house is an intolerable incubus, but who, under proper
+training in a suitable asylum, becomes sociable, affectionate, and
+happy. It has been shown that in the majority of cases, the idiot may
+not only cease to be a source of annoyance and danger to those around
+him, but by care and training he may be made able to contribute to his
+own sustenance; the knowledge of simple trades of a mechanical kind,
+such as that of a carpenter, shoemaker, or tailor, has been reached by
+some, and household industrial pursuits have fitted others for
+domestic usefulness.
+
+A celebrated German authority, Herr Saeger, of Berlin, has stated that
+in his establishment he had indubitable cases of idiocy, in which the
+head was small and malformed, yet in which the results of education
+were so triumphant, that they were ultimately able to mix with the
+world without being recognised as idiots. Further, he tells us that
+in one instance a young man underwent confirmation without the priest
+suspecting that he had been delivered from idiocy.
+
+Dr. Shuttleworth records the case of an inmate of the Royal Albert
+Asylum, who became, under instruction, an expert joiner, and from
+being a very imp of mischief, grew up into a well-conducted,
+self-reliant youth, and ultimately emigrated to one of our colonies,
+and when he was last heard of, he was practising his trade in a
+leading city.[41]
+
+Equally satisfactory results have been obtained in our own Asylum. A
+few years ago, a boy of eight was admitted into our Asylum, who was
+quite unmanageable at home, a terrible incubus in the household of
+which he formed part, and the constant subject of jeers and derisions
+on the part of the other juveniles of the village. After about six
+months' systematic training, one of the officials of the Asylum wrote
+to inform me that the boy had so much improved that he was afraid the
+Commissioners of Lunacy, at their next visit, would consider the boy
+no longer a fit subject for detention in the Asylum. Being on a short
+visit to his relatives, who reside near Norwich, he was brought to me
+for inspection, when I was struck with the miraculous transformation
+that had been effected; from a restless, destructive boy, he had been
+changed into a well-conducted lad, and he had actually been taught to
+write. At my request, he wrote very legibly his name and address, with
+the date, "James Smith, Colchester;" but he made a little mistake in
+the date, writing backwards, in the Chinese fashion--it being
+September 29th, he wrote "September 92nd!" This same boy was regularly
+employed as one of the gardeners to the institution, and has recently
+been discharged, and is now earning his own living as gardener in a
+private family. This case illustrates a peculiarity not infrequently
+remarked in the inmates of an idiot asylum, that is the remarkable
+propensity they have for imitation and shamming. This boy came to stay
+with his relatives in Norfolk for a few weeks, when every few days he
+would have an epileptic fit. When his holiday was over and he had
+returned to the Asylum, these fits recurred, and were, of course,
+reported to the medical attendant, who had a shrewd suspicion the boy
+was shamming. He thereupon said to the attendant: "The next time a fit
+comes on, I must apply a redhot iron to the soles of the feet, it will
+hurt him, but it will cure him." From that time the boy had no
+epileptic fits!
+
+
+_Thyroid Treatment of Idiocy._--My sketch of the treatment of Idiocy
+would be incomplete without an allusion to the injection or internal
+administration of a preparation of the thyroid gland of the sheep, a
+method of treatment brought into notoriety by Professors Kocher and
+Schiff, on the continent, and by Professor Victor Horsley, Dr. Murray,
+and others in this country. Numerous cases have been published
+claiming successful results, and the thyroid treatment has been spoken
+of as a cure for at least one of the forms of idiocy.
+
+Without quite endorsing this sweeping and enthusiastic statement,
+there cannot be a doubt that this method opens up a hopeful vista in
+the treatment of idiocy; in fact, Dr. Ireland has furnished me with
+the particulars of a girl, aged five years, treated by thyroid juice,
+in whom "the improvement was so decided that it seemed an escape from
+idiocy into normal intelligence."[42]
+
+A striking instance of the good results of thyroid treatment has
+lately occurred in the Eastern Counties' Asylum, the particulars of
+which have been kindly furnished to me by Mr. Kirkby, the Resident
+Medical Officer. Esther C., aged 19, was admitted Nov. 8th, 1894, with
+marked symptoms of Sporadic Cretinism. She was at once put on thyroid
+treatment, beginning with half a five-grain tabloid gradually
+increased to a tabloid once, twice, and sometimes three times a day,
+intermitting them for short periods. Latterly, she has been taking one
+tabloid a day. Under this treatment, she has gained 10 lbs. in weight,
+and has grown 5 inches; the features are not so coarse, the previous
+myxœdematous condition of the subcutaneous tissues has subsided, the
+outline of the features having become more defined, and the skin which
+was formerly dry and rough, has become soft and naturally moist,
+having lost a great deal of its puffiness; but the most obvious change
+in the patient is the disappearance of the two prominent elastic
+swellings (pseudo-lipomata) which formerly occupied the posterior
+triangle of the neck on each side. The mental condition has also
+improved, she takes more interest in amusements, and her voluntary
+movements are much more rapid. This patient is still under
+observation, and the results hitherto attained afford a favourable
+illustration of the beneficial effects of this mode of treatment.
+
+At a meeting of the New York Academy of Medicine of March 12th, 1896,
+Dr. Emily Lewi reported the history of a very marked case of Cretinism
+in a girl, aged 13 months, who was put on thyroid treatment;
+improvement was noted in a week, and the child grew gradually
+intelligent. At this same meeting, Dr. G.M. Hammond expressed the
+opinion, that for thyroid treatment to be effectual, it must be begun
+in early life.[43]
+
+My colleague, Dr. Burton-Fanning, has recently shown me a case of
+Cretinism under his care, at the Lind Infirmary for Children, in which
+thyroid treatment produced the most favourable results, not only of a
+physical, but of a psychical character. Although the child was four
+years old, he had not previously spoken a word, and understood
+nothing; but during the treatment, his expression became much less
+vacant, and the faculty of speech was roused into action.
+
+Several valuable contributions have lately been made to our knowledge
+of the effects of thyroid feeding, more especially in the treatment of
+insanity, not however the less valuable as a guide to its probable
+benefit in idiocy. I wish more especially to allude to the researches
+of Dr. Lewis C. Bruce, at the Royal Asylum, Edinburgh, as reported in
+the "Journal of Mental Science" for January and October, 1895. There
+is much in the above essay that I could profitably comment upon, but I
+will content myself with saying that the outcome of these researches,
+which intimately concern the treatment of idiocy, is that Dr. Bruce
+has established the fact that thyroid feeding acts as a direct
+cerebral stimulant, which he thinks "may prove advantageous in cases
+where the higher cortical cells remain in an anergic condition." Dr.
+Bruce mentions the case of a patient who had not spoken for several
+months; one day, during the administration of the thyroid extract, he
+suddenly began to talk, and soon became quite communicative.
+
+Whilst these pages are passing through the press, M. Auguste Voisin,
+Physician to La Salpêtrière, has had the courtesy to send me detailed
+particulars of a case of insanity in which the success of the thyroid
+treatment was phenomenal. The patient was a female, aged 25, and her
+mental derangement assumed the form of religious monomania, insomnia,
+and aural hallucinations; there was great emaciation, dryness of the
+skin, and cold extremities.[44]
+
+No benefit having resulted from six months' treatment, including
+hypnotism, M. Voisin determined to try the subcutaneous injection of
+sterilised thyroid juice. After a few weeks of this treatment, a
+notable amelioration was observed; shortly afterwards all her
+unfavourable symptoms disappeared, and she was discharged cured.
+
+One of the most interesting features in this case is the result of the
+analysis of the blood, as to its corpuscular richness. Before thyroid
+treatment was commenced, the number of corpuscles was only 2,225,000
+per cubic millimetre; after the cure by the thyroid juice, the number
+was more than doubled, being 4,774,000 per cubic millimetre. In Dr.
+Lewis Bruce's cases, to which I have already referred, the result was
+the reverse of that observed by M. Voisin; for in the eight
+uncomplicated cases recorded by Dr. Bruce, with one exception, there
+was in all of them a diminution in the number of red corpuscles.
+
+At the discussion on Myxœdema, at the Edinburgh Medico-Chirurgical
+Society, to which I have already alluded, Dr. Alexander Bruce showed a
+case of myxœdema under the care of Professor Fraser, in the Royal
+Infirmary, in which, as the result of thyroid feeding, a condition of
+relative anæmia had been developed. The patient had no murmurs when
+admitted, but since the administration of thyroid preparations, basal
+and mitral systolic bruits had developed themselves. It is further
+stated that the blood corpuscles had fallen from 4,600,000 to
+3,700,000, and hæmoglobin from 78 per cent. to 59 per cent.[45]
+
+Further researches would therefore seem to be necessary, before we can
+arrive at a satisfactory conclusion as to what effect the thyroid
+treatment has upon the blood.
+
+Possibly the dose of the thyroid preparation may be an important
+factor in the result, for Dr. Byrom Bramwell, in an important and
+exhaustive monograph upon this subject, says, that anæmia is apt to be
+produced by large doses of the remedy; and he mentions a case where
+the red blood corpuscles and the hæmoglobin underwent a marked
+diminution during the period of acute thyroidism, but rapidly
+increased under the subsequent administration of small doses of the
+remedy.[46]
+
+The subject of blood analysis is most important, as tending to throw
+some light upon a matter at present but little understood, namely the
+physiological effect of thyroid preparations upon the blood.
+
+Dr. Telford-Smith has reported four cases of Sporadic Cretinism
+treated by thyroid extract at the Royal Albert Asylum, Lancaster, when
+a well-marked improvement was noticed in each case. The clinical
+history of these cases is given with minute detail by Dr.
+Telford-Smith, and is well worthy of close study by those interested
+in this subject.[47]
+
+Quite recently, at the Annual Meeting of the British Medical
+Association, held at Carlisle in August of the present year,
+communications were read on the Thyroid Treatment of Cretinism and
+Imbecility, by Dr. Rushton Parker, Dr. Telford-Smith, Dr. John
+Thomson, and others. An animated discussion ensued, the tendency of
+which pointed to the undoubted advantages both physically and mentally
+of the use of this remedy.
+
+Although the physiological effects of thyroid feeding may not be
+definitely recognised and understood, there is overwhelming evidence
+to show that it produces marked psychical results, that it acts as a
+direct cerebral stimulant, and we have every reason to rely upon it as
+a valuable adjuvant to our treatment of idiocy; and it is not too much
+to say that the treatment of this infirmity, as well as of other
+mental defects, by thyroid extract or some other preparation of the
+thyroid gland, is one of the greatest triumphs of modern medicine; but
+much still remains to be learnt, as Professor Victor Horsley remarks,
+"So definite and pronounced is the cachexia thyroidectomica, that few
+subjects in the range of pathology offer a more fruitful and inviting
+field of research."[48]
+
+
+_Craniectomy._--The operation of Craniectomy (that is the cutting of
+strips of bone from the cranium) has been recommended and practised in
+cases of microcephalic idiocy, an operation suggested upon the theory
+of premature synostosis, or closure of the cranial sutures, thus
+causing an arrest in the development of the subjacent cerebral tissue.
+Although I could not omit a reference to this operation, it has not
+met with general acceptance, and one of the most recent writers on
+this subject, M. Bourneville, physician at Bicêtre, discourages it
+altogether; and from his examination of the skulls of a number of
+idiots, he affirms that "in the immense majority of cases, there was
+no premature synostosis, and that neither normal anatomy,
+pathological anatomy, or physiology, justified the operation of
+Craniectomy."[49] The late Sir George Humphry was of the same opinion,
+as, after an examination of 19 microcephalic skulls, he said, "There
+is nothing to suggest that the deficiency in the development of the
+skull was the leading feature in the deformity, or anything to give
+encouragement to the practice lately adopted in some instances of a
+removal of a part of the bony case, with the idea of affording more
+space and freedom for the growth of the brain."[50]
+
+At a recent meeting of the New York State Medical Society, Professor
+Dana read a paper on Craniectomy for Idiocy and Imbecility, and he
+gave the following result of 81 cases:--In 35, there was improvement;
+in 22, no improvement; and death ensued in 24 cases. The conclusion at
+which Professor Dana arrives is that "it is largely through its
+pedagogic influence that an improvement takes place, and that the
+operation is allied in its effect to a severe piece of castigation!"
+Dr. Dana freely admits that this view of craniectomy for idiocy and
+imbecility lends itself readily to humour, and it would seem that he
+intended to kill the operation by ridicule.[51]
+
+Of course, Dr. Ireland has something to say upon this point, and after
+a brief review of the literature of the subject, he says: "So many
+cases have been collected of microcephales with open sutures, that it
+is not likely that anyone will continue to hold that the small size of
+the brain is owing to the sutures closing in, and thus hindering their
+growth. Even in those cases where the sutures have closed in before
+birth, the question still remains whether the brain ceased to grow
+because the sutures are closed, or whether the sutures closed in
+because the brain ceased to grow; or, lastly, whether both the brain
+and its coverings ceased to grow under a common cause."[52]
+
+The benefits to be derived in apparently hopeless cases of idiocy,
+from the systematic and persevering use of all the modern adjuvants
+and appliances now available for treatment, are now so universally
+recognised, that it would be superfluous to dwell further on this
+point. Science has done much for the idiot, and she will do more, for
+her motto is "Excelsior," and her votaries are not content to linger
+with complacency on the heights already attained, but they look for
+the period when, by the powerful lever of an enlightened philanthropy,
+this benighted race shall be raised from the grovelling level of the
+brute, to the highest attainable pitch of bodily perfection.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+I trust that I have said enough to justify an earnest appeal for
+sympathy with this unfortunate branch of the human family. I have
+endeavoured to show that a great social evil exists amongst us, and
+that duty and interest should alike concur to induce us to face this
+evil and to master it. I have endeavoured to point out how the care
+and training of the idiot has become one of the recognised obligations
+of a philanthropic public. At the Eastern Counties' Asylum, we are
+trying to mitigate as far as we can this great social calamity, and
+our efforts have hitherto been crowned with unlooked-for success. We
+are doing a grand and glorious work, and I ask you to come and help
+us; the Board of Directors, a noble band of philanthropists, who
+devote a considerable amount of time to the objects of this charity,
+ask you to come and help us; nay, more, from the cottage homes in East
+Anglia rendered miserable by the presence of these unhappy beings, a
+thousand voices cry to you with trumpet tongue, "Come and help us."
+
+We have in the Eastern Counties' Asylum an institution admirably
+adapted for the care and treatment of the idiot; standing in its own
+grounds of seven acres, it is furnished with all the machinery
+necessary to grapple with this great social calamity, and by the
+judicious combination of medical, physical, moral, and intellectual
+agencies, we are enabled to develop and regulate the bodily functions
+of the idiot, to arouse his observation, to quicken his power of
+thought, and thus develop the sensitive and perceptive faculties; and
+we have not only succeeded in raising these poor creatures from a
+state of hopeless degradation to a state of comfort and usefulness,
+but we have, in many instances, succeeded in kindling up in their
+dark and twilight minds some dim anticipations of a brighter world;
+the veil which obscured their intellect has been rendered transparent,
+and to use the language of the bard of Avon, we have been privileged
+to observe that--
+
+    "As the morning steals upon the night,
+    Melting the darkness, so their rising senses
+    Begin to chase the ignorant fumes that mantle
+    Their clearer reason."
+
+In addition to the Asylum proper, the Board has lately purchased a
+farm-house with 32 acres of land, immediately adjoining the main
+building. By means of this welcome acquisition, increased
+accommodation is afforded, and facilities are given for drafting off
+some of the most tractable patients who require less supervision than
+the majority of the inmates; moreover, farm work has proved very
+useful in training some of the patients who come from agricultural
+districts.
+
+
+_Crossley House._--Our area of usefulness has recently been extended
+by the munificent gift of Sir Savile Crossley, Bart., of a
+Convalescent Home, at Clacton-on-Sea. The building has accommodation
+for twenty patients; it stands facing the sea, in its own grounds of
+nearly an acre, and its privacy is secured by a walled-in garden, in
+which the inmates are able to take ample exercise. As a large number
+of our patients suffer from scrofula, or from some tubercular disease,
+the want has been long felt of a seaside adjunct, where such patients
+could be treated in the initial stage. Thanks to Sir Savile Crossley's
+princely gift, we now possess this valuable addition to our medical
+resources, the advantages of which cannot be too highly estimated.
+
+
+_The Ladies' Association._--The valuable additions that have recently
+been made to the Asylum, thus largely increasing the accommodation for
+patients, have necessarily entailed a largely increased expenditure,
+which could not have been met by the current income, had not the
+ladies of East Anglia come forward with great earnestness to help the
+objects of this Asylum by individual and energetic efforts; and one of
+the most interesting events of the last few years has been the
+formation of a Ladies' Association, the establishment of which is
+entirely due to the earnest and devoted efforts of the Marchioness of
+Bristol. Its object is to disseminate information respecting the
+working of the Asylum, to secure admission for necessitous cases, and
+to organise and carry out annually house to house collections for its
+funds. H.R.H. the Princess of Wales has given her countenance to this
+movement by graciously accepting the office of Patroness, several
+influential ladies have consented to act as presidents over the
+various districts into which the four counties have been divided, and
+as many as 1,400 ladies are engaged in this philanthropic work.
+
+[Illustration: CROSSLEY HOUSE, CLACTON-ON-SEA.]
+
+The success attending this movement has been phenomenal. During the
+first year of its operation, the substantial sum of £1,868 6s. 10d.
+was handed over to the general fund, this amount having been obtained
+from upwards of 20,000 contributors, who had thus the opportunity of
+joining in this good work, and whose aid could not have been secured
+in any other way. The efforts of these charitable ladies have been
+crowned with such signal success, that the large sum of £9,473 5s. 9d.
+has been added to the funds of the Asylum.[53] This substantial help
+is very gratifying to the Directors of the Institution, who now rely
+upon the Ladies' Association for nearly a fourth part of their income;
+and it is not too much to say that the future success of the Asylum is
+intimately connected with the continuance of the efforts of these
+philanthropic ladies, who seem to me to be influenced by the noble
+sentiments lately expressed by one of their number, that "The simple
+obligation of all thoughtful women, is that of making the world within
+our reach the better for our being, and gladder for our human speech.
+It is a work such as this that I am sure stirs us up to feel that we
+must also give our help, our sympathy, our lives for other people, and
+in this work lies the elements of unselfishness."[54]
+
+All honour to these ladies, who, having learnt the elementary truth
+that privileges involve responsibilities, instead of hiding their
+talents in the napkin of selfishness, prefer to go forth as messengers
+of mercy, to try and flash the electric fire of philanthropy into the
+slumbering hearts of others, and to induce them to join in their
+grand and good work. They thus become a force and a factor of
+influence with all around them, and their reward will be the
+satisfaction of feeling that they are contributing their part in the
+great work of elevating these stricken members of our race, from their
+present unhappy and degraded condition to a higher position in the
+scale of created intelligence.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+I trust I have said enough to show that the idiot ought and must be
+cared for; and in asking for your support, I will also ask you whether
+anything can be more gratifying than, as the result of scientific
+treatment, to see the idiot standing erect, asserting his birthright,
+and claiming brotherhood with the rest of the human family.
+
+True philanthropy never stops short of the remotest boundary of human
+want, and in urging upon you the claims of the Eastern Counties'
+Asylum for Idiots, I would have you remember that I am pleading for a
+class who cannot plead for themselves, and whose very silence is
+eloquent with an appeal for your merciful aid.
+
+Remember that these poor stricken individuals are members of the human
+family. They are heirs with us of all that human beings may hope for
+from the hands of a common Father. They possess the rudiments of all
+human attributes, especially the distinctive attribute of educability
+and of progressive improvement; their bodies are the vehicles which
+carry souls never destined to perish, through the series of ages, and
+when the walls of the cottages of clay in which their better part has
+sojourned collapse, and they mingle with their kindred dust, the freed
+inhabitants shall wing their way to brighter regions and to a more
+enduring home, and will thus illustrate the beautiful sentiment of one
+of our modern poets, when he said:
+
+    "In death's unrobing room we strip from round us
+      This garment of mortality and earth,
+    And breaking from the embryo-state which bound us,
+      Our day of dying is our day of birth."
+
+Each person here belongs to one of two classes. Either you have one of
+these unhappy beings in your own immediate circle, or you have not. If
+you have, you can feel all the more for those who are similarly
+afflicted with yourselves, but have not your means for mitigating
+their dire distress, and you will think of the narrow home of the
+humble artisan or labourer, rendered intolerable by the constant
+presence of one of these afflicted members of our race. If, on the
+other hand, you have been spared this overwhelming calamity in your
+own family, and have had the joy of watching the dawn of infant
+intelligence, and have experienced the delight of seeing the
+capacities shown in the early life of your own children gradually
+ripen and develop into the intelligence of manhood, you will look with
+an eye of pity on the numerous households rendered miserable by the
+intolerable incubus of the presence in their midst of an idiot child,
+and will, I am sure, consider any assistance you can render to so good
+a cause in the light of a thank-offering.
+
+The wear and tear of an excitable idiot child has wrecked many a
+family and reduced it to pauperism, for not only is such child a dead
+weight on the material prosperity of the family, but the hands of
+those who have to work for their livelihood, are sadly tied and
+hampered, when such an inmate has to be constantly looked after in the
+home; the labour by which the household is supported is often
+interrupted by one who can contribute nothing to the common stock, and
+the time which is so precious to hard-working people must, in part at
+all events, be occupied in caring for the one, who, if uncared for
+and neglected, must sink lower in the social scale and fall into a
+still more degraded condition. The care and treatment of the idiot,
+therefore, becomes a vital question of Political Economy; for by
+relieving a household of the burden and anxiety incident to the care
+of the afflicted child, the parents are enabled to devote all their
+energies to the support of their family. Moreover, there is often a
+moral aspect corresponding with the mental aspect of this question,
+and the presence of an idiot often becomes a source of real danger.
+Our able superintendent, Mr. Turner, in his interesting report for the
+year 1895, has illustrated the terrible anxiety caused by the presence
+of an idiot child in the homes of the poor, by the history of an
+inmate of our Asylum, who, when at home, being left to mind the baby,
+blacked its face all over with soot, so that when his mother returned,
+she might think she had a black baby. On another occasion, his little
+sister wanted some water, and he told her to drink out of the kettle
+on the fire, by which she nearly lost her life. This boy, who was
+evidently a type of the mischievous class of idiots, was once turned
+out of the Parish Church during service, for pricking another boy with
+a pin, so that he yelled out and disturbed the whole congregation. Two
+cases of murder by idiots have been recorded in a report of the
+Commissioners on Idiocy to the General Assembly of Connecticut; an
+idiot girl, being left alone with an infant, killed it by striking it
+on the head with a flat iron; and another vicious idiot killed a man
+who was working with him, by striking him on the head with a shovel.
+Esquirol also records the case of an idiot in the Salzburg Hospital,
+who killed a man by severing his head from his body with a hatchet,
+and then calmly seated himself by the side of the dead body.[55]
+
+Philanthropists of the Eastern Counties of England, many of you have
+been long accustomed to sympathise with suffering and want; here is
+another outlet for your charitable efforts. The most illustrious
+landowner in East Anglia has recently extended his Royal patronage to
+this institution, especially established for the care of idiots from
+the four counties of Norfolk, Suffolk, Essex, and Cambridgeshire; and
+his Royal Consort the Princess of Wales has most graciously consented
+to accept the position of Patroness of the Ladies' Association, thus
+showing the deep interest that is felt by their Royal Highnesses in
+this important Eastern Counties' Charity. I ask you to follow their
+noble example; I ask you to come and help us in our attempts to rescue
+a large section of the human family from the worse than Cimmerian
+darkness in which they have been hitherto enshrouded; come and help us
+to awaken faculties hitherto dormant, to restore lost minds, to arouse
+these unhappy beings from a moral death to a new birth of perception
+and feeling; come and help us in arousing the slumbering power to
+utterance, and you shall hear the once silent tongue eloquent with the
+outgushings of a liberated spirit.
+
+In conclusion, I wish to reiterate and to emphasise the statement,
+that these unfortunate members of the human family possess the
+tripartite nature of man--body, soul, and spirit--σωμα, ψυχη, πνευμα;
+they have the _germ_ of intellectual activity and of moral
+responsibility, and this germ, cherished and nourished by the genial
+warmth of human kindness, fenced round and protected from the blasts
+and buffetings of the world by the cords of true philanthropy, watered
+by the dew of human sympathy, although possibly only permitted to bud
+here, is destined hereafter to expand into a perfect flower, and
+flourish perennially in another and a better state of being.
+
+    "Eternal process moving on,
+    From state to state the spirit walks.
+    All these are but the shattered stalks
+    Or ruined chrysalis of one."
+
+FOOTNOTES:
+
+[39] A society has lately been formed under the name of "The National
+Association for promoting the welfare of the Feeble-minded," the
+object of which is to establish homes for defective and feeble-minded
+children of a class more highly-endowed with intelligence than those
+who would be received into an ordinary idiot asylum; statistics having
+shown that ignorance and mental dulness tend to crime in various
+forms. Without expressing any very decided opinion upon the above
+project, it seems to me that the unnecessary multiplication of
+charitable institutions is itself an evil, and is not calculated to
+promote efficiency or economy; and if special provision is made for
+those just above the highest class of idiots, as is proposed, the
+present Idiot Asylums must necessarily suffer. Without, therefore, in
+any way disparaging the above scheme, I would suggest great caution in
+reference to it, as it is impolitic and unwise to make fresh demands
+upon a philanthropic public, unless the need for it is clearly
+established, as the result must inevitably be the diversion of funds
+from existing institutions already doing a good and charitable work.
+
+[40] Maladies Mentales, Tome ii., p. 76, par E. Esquirol, médecin en
+chef de la maison royale des aliénés de Charenton. "Les idiots sont ce
+qu'ils doivent être pendant tout le cours de leur vie. On ne conçoit
+pas la possibilité de changer cet état. Rien ne saurait donner aux
+malheureux idiots, même pour quelques instants, plus de raison, plus
+d'intelligence."
+
+[41] "Mentally deficient children," page 110.
+
+[42] This painstaking observer has investigated this subject in an
+interesting communication on Sporadic Cretinism in the "Edinburgh
+Medical Journal" for May, 1893. Dr. Ireland considers Sporadic
+Cretinism to be a congenital or infantile form of myxœdema, and
+bearing in mind the increasing mental torpor which has followed the
+ablation of the thyroid gland performed by Kocher, and the cretinoid
+condition induced in monkeys by the removal of the thyroid by Horsley,
+he is drawn to the conclusion that this gland secretes and pours
+something into the blood which has a powerful effect upon the
+nutrition and function of the brain, and of the whole organism, and
+these views receive a certain amount of confirmation from the fact
+that in most cases of Sporadic Cretinism the thyroid gland is totally
+wanting. Dr. Ireland also expresses the opinion, in which I fully
+concur, that there is too much solidism in our pathology, and that the
+vital powers of the blood have been too much overlooked.
+
+Although the effect of thyroid treatment in the idiot is still _sub
+judice,_ there is overwhelming testimony of its value in Myxœdema, an
+allied affection; and I would refer those who desire further
+information upon this matter to an important discussion at the
+Edinburgh Medico-Chirurgical Society, in February, 1893, arising out
+of papers read by Professor Greenfield, Dr. Byrom Bramwell, Dr.
+Lundie, Dr. Dunlop, and Dr. John Thomson, when important additions
+were made to the literature of this affection by Dr. Affleck, Dr.
+George Murray, and others, whose matured views will form a valuable
+contribution to our knowledge of this somewhat obscure subject.
+
+[43] "Pediatrics," May, 1896, p. 460.
+
+[44] I give M. Voisin's description of the symptoms in his own words.
+"Elle est arrivée dans mon service en état d'extase mystique,
+exécutant continuellement des mouvements de ses deux mains, surtout de
+la droite, semblables à ceux d'une personne en prière; elle porte
+souvent les mains à son front comme pour faire le signe de la croix.
+Elle murmure des mots, entre autres, _Ave Maria_. La physiognomie
+exprime la douleur mêlée d'extase."
+
+[45] "Edinburgh Medical Journal," May, 1893, p. 1053.
+
+[46] "Edinburgh Hospital Reports," Vol. 3, 1895, p. 245. "This is the
+most complete monograph on thyroid treatment that has come under my
+notice. Dr. Bramwell has recorded, in minute detail, the clinical
+history of twenty-three cases of myxœdema, and five cases of sporadic
+cretinism."
+
+[47] "Journal of Mental Science," April, 1895, p. 280.
+
+[48] "British Medical Journal," Jan. 30th, and Feb. 6th, 1892,
+"Remarks on the Function of the Thyroid Gland." I recommend a careful
+perusal of this important and exhaustive essay of Professor Horsley to
+all those who desire to acquaint themselves with what is known about
+the structure and functions of the thyroid gland; for it will be
+remembered that it is to the experiments on animals by this learned
+and accomplished scientist, that we are principally indebted for our
+knowledge of the connection between myxœdema and loss of function of
+the thyroid gland.
+
+[49] "Traitement et Education des Enfants Idiots et Dégénérés," p.
+241, par M. Bourneville, Médecin de Bicêtre, Paris, 1895. The author
+of the above treatise is one of the most prolific French writers on
+Idiocy, and I desire to call especial attention to that part of the
+work which embraces the Medico-Pedagogic Treatment of Idiocy. In this
+section, M. Bourneville describes in minute detail the gymnastic and
+physical training adopted at Bicêtre, the description being copiously
+illustrated by plates, which cannot fail to interest those engaged in
+the treatment of idiocy.
+
+[50] "Journal of Anatomy and Physiology," January, 1895, p. 304.
+
+[51] "Pediatrics," March, 1896, p. 243.
+
+[52] "On Idiocy and Imbecility," page 91.
+
+[53] As showing the result of individual effort, I may mention that in
+the year 1894, as much as £155 0s. 7d. was collected in the N. Walsham
+District, £89 12s. 9d. in the Norwich District, and £80 15s. 6d. in
+the Diss District, under the presidentship respectively of Mrs. Petre,
+Lady Lade, and Mrs. Sancroft Holmes.
+
+[54] The Countess of Warwick, at the "Young Helpers' League."
+
+[55] Des Maladies Mentales, Tome ii., p. 103.
+
+
+
+
+INDEX.
+
+
+  Affleck, Dr., 93
+
+  Alcoholic stimulants as a factor in the genesis of idiocy, 26
+    abuse of, in Sweden, 29
+    effects of, in France, 31
+    Sir B.W. Richardson on, 30
+
+  Anæmia, as the result of thyroid feeding, 97
+
+  Anderson, Mrs. Garrett, on Sex in Education, 37
+
+  Andriessen, on the cerebral convolutions of idiots, 51
+
+  Animals, relation between
+    their intelligence and the
+    size of their brain, 49
+
+  Association of idiots with
+    the insane, a disadvantage
+    to both classes, 19
+
+  Aveyron, the savage of the, 18
+
+
+  Beach, Fletcher, 25, 27, 28
+
+  Besant, Sir Walter, 76
+
+  Birth, injuries of the head at, 48
+
+  Blood, analysis of, in
+    thyroid feeding, 96
+    supply of, varies in the two sexes, 37
+
+  Bourneville, on Craniectomy, 101
+
+  Brain, average weight of, in men and women, 46
+    chemistry of the, 52
+    difference between that of a senior wrangler and that of an idiot, 43
+    difference in the two sexes, 37
+    microscopical appearance of, in idiots, 51
+    of gorilla and ourang-outang, 75
+    size and weight, in proportion to intellectual power, 43
+    structure of, in men of genius, 44
+
+  Bramwell, Byrom, 93, 98
+
+  Browne, Sir J. Crichton, on Sex in Education, 36
+
+  Browne, Sir Thomas, 79
+
+  Bruce, Lewis C., on thyroid feeding, 95
+
+  Burton-Fanning, 94
+
+
+  Caird, Mrs. Mona, 39
+
+  Causes of idiocy, 23
+
+  Cicero, 69
+
+  Classification, 17
+
+  Consanguine marriages, 32
+
+  Convolutions of the brain
+    in men of genius, and in those of low culture, 45
+    in idiots, 51
+
+  Couerbe, on the rôle of phosphorus in the brain, 52
+
+  Craniectomy, 101
+    statistics of, 103
+
+  Cranium, early closure of the sutures of, 101
+
+  Cranium, form of the, and
+    its connection with
+    idiocy, 43
+
+  Cross, Lord, on habitual
+    drunkards, 31
+
+  Crossley House, 107
+
+  Cuvier, brain of, 46
+
+
+  Dahl, Ludwig, 25, 29
+
+  Dana, on Craniectomy, 102
+
+  Definition of idiocy, 15
+
+  Dunlop, 93
+
+
+  Edinburgh Medico-Chirurgical
+    Society, discussion at, 92
+
+  Educational Overpressure, on, 35
+    has induced suicide in children, 41
+
+  Esquirol, 85, 118
+
+
+  Faculty a, must not be
+    confounded with its
+    material organ, 63
+
+  Forceps, use of, as a cause
+    of idiocy, 48
+
+  Fraser, Professor, anæmia
+    following thyroid feeding, 97
+
+  Frere, Bartle, 20
+
+  Froude, 77
+
+
+  Gambetta, the brain of, 46
+
+  Genius, a neurosis, 53
+    its relation to cerebral structure, 44
+
+  Goethe, 69
+
+  Greenfield, Professor, 93
+
+  Gynagogues, 40
+
+
+  Hammond, G.M., 93
+
+  Hammond, Prof. W.A., 49, 60
+
+  Heredity, its rôle in idiocy, 25
+
+  Horsley, Victor, Prof., 90, 100
+
+  Howe, 26, 33
+
+  Humphry, Sir George, on
+    Craniectomy, 102
+
+
+  Idiocy, causes of, 23
+    classification of, 17
+    definition of, 15
+    its bearing on Evolution, 72
+    moral aspect of, 117
+    pathological anatomy of, 43
+    should not be confounded with insanity, 19
+    social aspect of, 116
+
+  Idiot, the, description of, 22
+    his association with the insane a disadvantage, 19
+    his claims on society, 12, 114
+    phosphorus in the brain of, 52
+    possesses the tripartite nature of man, 120
+
+  Intellectual differences
+    between men and women, 36
+
+  Intemperance of parents,
+    a factor in idiocy, 26
+
+  Ireland, W.W., 18, 25, 34, 42, 47, 90, 103
+
+
+  Janet, Paul, on phosphorus
+    in the brain, 53
+
+
+  Kerlin, 27
+
+  Kirkby, 91
+
+  Kocher, 90
+
+
+  Ladies' Association, 108
+
+  Langdon-Down, 17, 30, 33, 48
+
+  Lassaigne, 53
+
+  Lelut, on the cranium of
+    idiots, 44
+
+  Lewes, G.H., 63
+
+  Lewi, 93
+
+  Lunatic Asylums, not
+    adapted for idiots, 19
+
+  Lundie, 93
+
+  Lunier, 31
+
+  Luys, on the brain of idiots, 51
+
+  Lynn Linton, Mrs., on
+    women's sphere of usefulness, 38
+
+
+  Massachussetts report on idiocy, 26
+
+  Matter and mind, 55
+
+  Mierzejewski, on the brain of idiots, 58
+
+  Millard, W., 78
+
+  Mind, independent of its material organ, 66
+
+  Mingazzini, on the cerebral convolutions, 44
+
+  Moleschott, 52
+
+  Moreau, on hereditary predisposition, 25
+    his ideas on genius, 53
+
+  Murray, G., 90, 93
+
+
+  New York Academy of Medicine, discussion at, 93
+
+  Norway, prevalence of idiocy in, 28
+
+
+  Odium theologicum, 73
+
+
+  Parental intemperance, 27
+
+  Parker, Rushton, 99
+
+  Pathological anatomy of idiocy, 43
+
+  Permanent Endowment Fund, 82
+
+  Phosphorus, its relation to intellectual vigour, 52
+
+  Plato, 22, 64
+
+  Pneuma, an attribute of the idiot, 71
+
+  Psychological Congress in Paris, 58
+
+  Richardson, Sir B.W., on the effects of alcohol, 30
+
+
+  Saeger, 87
+
+  Schiff, 90
+
+  Science and Theology should not be antagonistic, 74
+
+  Séguin, 15, 35
+
+  Sex in Education, on, 36
+
+  Shakespeare, his definition of idiocy, 15
+
+  Shuttleworth, 28, 33, 50, 87
+
+  Sidney, 80
+
+  Strahan, 41
+
+  Sweden, alcoholic abuse in, 31
+
+
+  Telford-Smith, on sporadic cretinism, 99
+
+  Thomson, J., 93, 99
+
+  Thucidides, 21
+
+  Thyroid feeding, 90
+    psychical effects of, 100
+
+  Toussenel, 29
+
+  Toxic idiocy, 28
+
+  Treatment of idiocy, 81
+    medico-pedagogic, 102
+    satisfactory results of, at the Eastern Counties' Asylum, 88
+
+  Trousseau, on consanguine marriages, 35
+
+  Turner, J.J. C., 33, 117
+
+
+  Vacherot, 58
+
+  Voisin, Auguste, 51, 95
+
+
+  Wagner, 45
+
+  Westcott, 41
+
+  Westfelt, on the influence of alcohol on progeny and race, 31
+
+  Wilbur, 28
+
+  Wilmath, 44
+
+  Winn, 67
+
+
+
+
+EASTERN COUNTIES'
+
+ASYLUM FOR IDIOTS,
+
+COLCHESTER.
+
+_Instituted 1st February, 1859._
+
+
+Patron:
+
+H.R.H. THE PRINCE OF WALES, K.G.
+
+
+Presidents:
+
+    THE MOST NOBLE THE DUKE OF NORFOLK, E.M., K.G.
+    THE MOST HON. THE MARQUIS OF LOTHIAN, K.T.
+    THE MOST HON. THE MARQUIS OF BRISTOL.
+    THE RIGHT HON. THE EARL OF WARWICK.
+    THE RIGHT HON. THE EARL CADOGAN, K.G.
+    THE RIGHT REV. THE LORD BISHOP OF ST. ALBANS.
+    THE RIGHT REV. THE LORD BISHOP OF NORWICH.
+    THE RIGHT HON. LORD WALSINGHAM.
+    THE RIGHT HON. LORD BRAYBROOKE.
+    THE RIGHT HON. LORD GWYDYR.
+    THE RIGHT HON. LORD HENNIKER.
+    THE RIGHT HON. LORD RENDLESHAM.
+    THE RIGHT HON. LORD RAYLEIGH.
+    THE RIGHT HON. LORD DE SAUMAREZ.
+    THE RIGHT HON. LORD CARLINGFORD.
+    THE RIGHT HON. LORD TOLLEMACHE.
+    THE HON. AND REV. CANON NEVILLE.
+    THE LORD LIEUTENANT OF CAMBRIDGESHIRE.
+    WILLIAM BIRKBECK, ESQ.
+
+
+Vice-Presidents:
+
+    The Hon. W.F. D. Smith, M.P.
+    The Rev. Sir W. Hyde Parker, Bart.
+    Sir Reginald P. Beauchamp, Bart.
+    Sir Alfred Sherlock Gooch, Bart.
+    Sir Charles C. Smith, Bart.
+    Sir Brydges Powell Henniker, Bart.
+    Sir Francis G.M. Boileau, Bart.
+    Sir Fowell Buxden, Bart., K.C.M.G.
+    Sir Savile B. Crossley, Bart.
+    Sir Edward Green, Bart.
+    Sir Walter Gilbey, Bart.
+    Sir Weetman Pearson, Bart., M.P.
+    The Very Rev. Dean Goulburn.
+    The Very Rev. the Dean of Norwich.
+    The Very Rev. the Dean of Ely.
+    Charles H. Berners, Esq.
+    Lieut-Colonel Bramston
+    Henry E. Buxton, Esq.
+    Professor Duncan, F.R.S.
+    Robert T. Gurdon, Esq.
+    Colonel Lockwood, M.P.
+    Rev. Charles John Martyn, M.A.
+    Captain Pretyman, M.P.
+    Arthur Pryor, Esq.
+    W. Cuthbert Quilter, Esq., M.P.
+    Hector John Gurdon Rebow, Esq.
+    H.C. Wells, Esq.
+
+
+Board of Directors:
+
+_Chairman_--THE MOST HON. THE MARQUIS OF BRISTOL.
+
+_Vice-Chairman_--ADMIRAL W.G. LUARD, C.B.
+
+_Treasurer_--HORACE G. EGERTON GREEN, ESQ.
+
+    ALEXANDER, WILLIAM, ESQ.
+    BACK, PHILIP, ESQ.
+    BARNARD, WILLIAM, ESQ.
+    BARNARDISTON, COLONEL
+    BATEMAN, SIR F., M.D., LL.D.
+    BATEMAN, JOHN, ESQ.
+    BEVAN, BECKFORD, ESQ.
+    BULLARD, SIR HARRY, M.P.
+    BURKE, LIEUT.-COLONEL
+    BURTON, SAMUEL C., ESQ.
+    CADGE, W., ESQ.
+    CHAMBERLIN, A. R., ESQ.
+    CHANCELLOR, F., ESQ.
+    COLMAN, J.J., ESQ.
+    COURTAULD, GEORGE, ESQ.
+    DAKIN, W. H, ESQ.
+    DUCKETT, REV. CANON, D.D.
+    EDWARDS, H.W. B., ESQ.
+    EGERTON-GREEN, CLAUDE, ESQ.
+    GARRETT, HENRY N., ESQ.
+    GODFREY, CHARLES, ESQ.
+    GREENE, E. WALTER, ESQ.
+    HARVEY, E.K., ESQ.
+    HOARE, CHARLES R.G., ESQ.
+    HUNT, E.A., ESQ.
+    IMAGE, W.E., ESQ.
+    IND, CAPTAIN
+    KELSO, CAPTAIN, R.N.
+    MACANDREW, W., ESQ.
+    MARTYN, REV. C.J.
+    MERRIMAN, W., COLONEL, C.I.E.
+    MONTAGU, GENERAL., C.B., R.E.
+    PACKARD, EDWARD, ESQ.
+    PAPILLON, PHILIP O., ESQ.
+    PATTESON, H.S., ESQ.
+    PAXMAN, JAMES, ESQ.
+    ROWLEY, SIR JOSHUA T., BART.
+    RUCK-KEENE, REV. B.
+    RUGGLES-BRISE, A.W., ESQ.
+    SAVILL-ONLEY, C.A. O., ESQ.
+    STRADBROKE, THE EARL OF
+    SYMMONS, R.F., ESQ.
+    TOWER, CHRISTOPHER J.H., ESQ.
+    TRACY, N., ESQ.
+    TUFNELL, W.M., ESQ.
+    WELLS, F., ESQ.
+    WINTER, J.J., ESQ.
+    WOOD, CHARLES PAGE, ESQ.
+
+
+_Hon. Consulting Physicians_--
+
+    SIR FREDERIC BATEMAN, M.D., LL.D., F.R.C.P.
+      Consulting Physician to the Norfolk and Norwich Hospital.
+
+    T. CLIFFORD ALLBUTT, M.D., LL.D., F.R.S., F.R.C.P.
+      Regius Professor of Physic, University of Cambridge.
+
+
+_Hon. Consulting Surgeons_--
+
+    R.F. SYMMONS, ESQ., Consulting Surgeon to Essex & Colchester Hospital.
+    E.A. HUNT, ESQ., Surgeon to Essex and Colchester Hospital.
+
+    _Hon. Ophthalmic Surgeon_--DR. S. JOHNSON TAYLOR, Norwich.
+
+    _Hon. Medical Officer, Crossley House, Clacton-on-Sea_--
+
+    WALTER MAINE, ESQ.
+
+    _Hon. Dentist_--N. TRACY, ESQ.
+    _Hon. Solicitor_--A.M. WHITE, ESQ.
+    _Hon. Architect_--F. CHANCELLOR, ESQ.
+    _Auditor_--MR. ROBERT L. IMPEY (Chartered Accountant).
+
+    _Resident Medical Attendant_--
+
+    R.C. KIRKBY, M.R.C.S., Eng., L.R.C.P., Lond.
+
+    _Resident Superintendent and Secretary_--JOHN J.C. TURNER.
+
+    _Bankers_--MESSRS. BARCLAY & CO., Limited.
+
+
+
+
+LADIES' ASSOCIATION.
+
+
+Patroness:
+
+HER ROYAL HIGHNESS THE PRINCESS OF WALES.
+
+
+Vice-Patroness:
+
+THE MARCHIONESS OF BRISTOL.
+
+
+Presidents:
+
+    THE COUNTESS OF ALBEMARLE.
+    THE COUNTESS OF WARWICK.
+    THE COUNTESS CADOGAN.
+    THE COUNTESS OF STRADBROKE.
+    LADY EVELYN COBBOLD.
+    LADY FLORENCE BARNARDISTON.
+    LADY IDA LEIGH HARE.
+    LADY SUSAN BYNG.
+    THE LADY RAYLEIGH.
+    THE LADY BATEMAN.
+    THE LADY AMHERST OF HACKNEY.
+    THE HON. LADY ROWLEY.
+    THE HON. ETHEL HENNIKER.
+    THE HON. MRS. PRETYMAN.
+    LADY FFOLKES.
+    LADY AFFLECK.
+    LADY DURRANT.
+    LADY RICH.
+    LADY THORNHILL.
+    THE MAYORESS OF NORWICH.
+    THE MAYORESS OF KING'S LYNN.
+    THE MAYORESS OF BURY ST. EDMUND'S.
+    MRS. ADEANE.
+    MRS. ARKWRIGHT.
+    MRS. AUSTEN-LEIGH.
+    MISS BUXTON.
+    MRS. CATOR.
+    MRS. RUSSELL COLMAN.
+    MRS. CRAWLEY.
+    MRS. CROWFOOT.
+    MRS. DE CHAIR.
+    MRS. DOWSETT.
+    MRS. EGERTON-GREEN.
+    MISS FARRER.
+    MISS E. BLANCHE HAMMOND.
+    MRS. SANCROFT HOLMES.
+    MRS. INGLEBY.
+    MRS. JOHNSON.
+    MRS. SIDNEY LACON.
+    MRS. LOCKER-LAMPSON.
+    MRS. LE STRANGE.
+    MRS. LITTLEWOOD.
+    MRS. LOCKWOOD.
+    MISS MABEL LOWTHER.
+    MRS. BERKELEY MANSEL.
+    MRS. MCINTOSH.
+    MRS. EDWARD PACKARD, JUN.
+    MRS. VICTOR PALEY.
+    MISS OXLEY PARKER.
+    MRS. PETRE.
+    MRS. HOWELL PRICE.
+    MRS. ERNEST RANSOM.
+    MRS. ROUND.
+    MISS ROUND.
+    MISS FLORENCE RUGGLES-BRISE.
+    MRS. HENRY SHARPE.
+    MRS. STANLEY.
+    MRS. TOWNLEY.
+    MRS. VAIZEY.
+    MISS MARGARET WATERS.
+    MRS. WEDD.
+    MISS WOOD.
+    MRS. FRANK WORTHINGTON.
+
+
+     The Eastern Counties' Asylum has been established for the care,
+     education, and training of Idiots and Imbeciles of all classes
+     residing in the Counties of Norfolk, Suffolk, Essex, and
+     Cambridge.
+
+In these Counties there are upwards of 3,000 cases of Idiocy and
+Imbecility, and the Asylum at Colchester is _the only one_ in the
+District. It stands in its own grounds of six acres, near the Railway
+Station, and is supported by voluntary contributions. There is a small
+Farm attached to the Asylum and a Sea-side Branch at Clacton-on-Sea,
+and there is accommodation for 250 patients. Those whose friends are
+unable to pay for their care and maintenance, are elected to the
+benefits of the Asylum by the votes of the Subscribers, and, subject
+to the rules and regulations, are admitted for five years. It is
+expected, however, that some contribution should be made if possible.
+After residence in the Asylum for 3-1/2 years, and if it is found that
+patients are unable to be taught wholly or partly to maintain
+themselves, they may be re-elected for additional terms of five years,
+and a small proportion are allowed to be re-elected for life. Insane
+persons, and cases suffering from confirmed Epilepsy, are not eligible
+for admission. Paying Patients are admitted by the Board of Directors,
+without election, at any time, the charges varying according to the
+circumstances of the friends and their requirements. Separate sitting
+and bedroom accommodation, with the advantage of a special Attendant
+or Nurse, is provided when wished, such an arrangement combining the
+quietude and comfort of a private residence with the hygienic,
+educational, and training resources of a Public Institution. The
+Asylum is under the personal charge of Mr. and Mrs. J.J. C. Turner,
+Superintendent and Matron, and there is likewise a Resident Medical
+Attendant.
+
+The Elections occur in the Spring and Autumn, and are held in the
+principal towns of the Eastern Counties. Donors of Five Guineas are
+entitled to a Life Vote, and Annual Subscribers of Half-a-Guinea to
+two votes annually, the right of Voting as regards higher sums being
+increased in the same proportion. Contributors may individually
+exercise the right of Voting, or transfer the same to the House
+Committee of the Asylum or to any Local Committee.
+
+Reports, Forms of Application for Admission, and any other information
+will be supplied by the Secretary, Mr. John J.C. Turner, Asylum,
+Colchester.
+
+The Board of Directors earnestly appeal for Annual Subscriptions and
+Donations to enable them to carry on this important work. Since 1884
+the Annual Subscriptions have been reduced, owing to deaths and
+discontinuance, by upwards of £1,000. The applications for admission
+are numerous and urgent, and the present expenditure exceeds £7,000
+annually, towards which only £800 is forthcoming from invested
+Capital. Only those who are brought into close contact with mental
+affliction can adequately realise the sad trial and immense anxiety of
+having an Idiot child, and where this affliction has not been
+experienced, it is hoped that some sum, however small, will be given
+as a thank-offering.
+
+    JOHN J.C. TURNER,
+    _Secretary_.
+
+
+
+
+By the Same Author. Demy 8vo, 16/- Second Edition, Greatly Enlarged.
+
+_Prize Essay of the Academy of Medicine of France._
+
+ON
+
+APHASIA,
+
+OR
+
+Loss of Speech,
+
+AND
+
+THE LOCALISATION OF THE FACULTY OF ARTICULATE LANGUAGE.
+
+_Ouvrage couronné par l'Académie de Médecine de France (Prix
+Alvarenga, 1891)._
+
+
+OPINIONS OF THE PRESS.
+
+From the _British Medical Journal_.
+
+"We feel quite sure the profession will gladly welcome the second
+edition of Dr. Bateman's well-known and valuable work. It teems with
+illustrative cases, and is essentially one for the student of Aphasia
+always to have by him, in order that he may readily refer to it from
+time to time; any case he may have under his care will indeed be rare
+if he cannot find an allusion to a parallel one in Dr. Bateman's book.
+
+"We think that the author was very well advised in extending chapter
+xii., for there are grouped together a number of interesting facts on
+important topics, such as the difference between the convolutions of
+criminals and of intellectual men, the difference in the microscopic
+structure of the brain, the cranial capacity, and other subjects of
+which it is usually difficult to find any mention."
+
+    From the _London Medical Recorder_.
+
+"The numerous clinical cases form a valuable feature in this book.
+These illustrative records have been gathered from a wide range of
+reading and experience, and hardly any case of importance bearing on
+the subject appears to have escaped notice. As a work of reference,
+then, this volume will be indispensable to all who are interested in
+the study of nervous diseases."
+
+    From _Nature_.
+
+"A useful part of this work is a chapter on the Medical Jurisprudence
+of Aphasia. This is a subject which we believe has not been touched
+upon in any previous English text-book, and it is of the greatest
+importance. To summarise briefly, we may say that Dr. Bateman's work
+is one that should be read by everyone interested in the faculty of
+language, or in diseases of the nervous system. It contains an
+enormous amount of valuable material, which has been put together by
+great labour, and is written by one who has devoted many long years to
+his subject."
+
+    From the _Solicitor's Journal_.
+
+"This book is a second and greatly-enlarged edition of a treatise
+published some years since by Dr. Bateman. It gained a prize, on the
+recommendation of the French Academy of Medicine, in 1891, and its
+author has recently received the honour of knighthood, in recognition
+of his distinguished labours.
+
+"While the whole work possesses great scientific interest, chapters v.
+and x. are of peculiar value to general and legal readers. In the
+latter, the Jurisprudence of Aphasia is dealt with. This question has
+not hitherto been treated by any British author, although it involves
+issues of such frequent occurrence and general importance as the
+capacity of speechless persons to make a will and to manage their
+affairs, and their civil and criminal responsibility. Having examined
+this part of Dr. Bateman's treatise with the utmost care, we have no
+hesitation in commending it heartily to our readers as an able
+exposition of a difficult subject, enriched by illustrations from
+Continental Jurisprudence."
+
+    From the _Norfolk Chronicle_.
+
+"In the goodly volume of over 400 pages before us, we have substantial
+proof of the perfection that may be attained by Theory and Practice,
+walking and working hand in hand. An eminent physician, whose great
+energies and rare knowledge of therapeutics are apparently absorbed in
+the everyday exercise of his noble profession, has yet found time for
+deep research and original speculation in one of the most fascinating
+regions in the whole range of Neuro-pathology. The result is such as
+only the well-directed devotion of a life-time could have produced.
+Here, in one, we have a student's text-book, a scientist's guide and
+companion, and, lastly, a psychological treatise certain to attract a
+large share of attention at the hands of the intelligent general
+reader. For the medical profession it possesses, without doubt, a
+primary interest--yet, withal, it is replete with interest to the
+general reader."
+
+
+CONTINENTAL NOTICES.
+
+_Les Archives de Neurologie_, Vol. xx.
+
+"Ce livre est la deuxième édition considérablement augmentée du traité
+publié il y a vingt ans et bien connu de nos lecteurs.
+
+"N.B.--Ce livre est parfaitement au courant de la science actuelle."
+
+    _La Revue de l'Hypnotisme._
+
+"L'ouvrage du docteur Bateman a déjà reçu un accueil favorable de
+l'Académie des sciences et de l'Académie de médecine de Paris. En le
+présentant à la Société de Biologie, le Président, M. Brown-Séquard, a
+fait un éloge mérité de ce remarquable ouvrage aussi savant
+qu'original.
+
+"Le livre du docteur Bateman apporte une contribution précieuse à la
+médecine psychologique. M. Bateman a compulsé toute la littérature
+scientifique de l'Europe et de l'Amérique sur le sujet qu'il a traité,
+et ses études faites pendant plus de vingt années sur les cas qu'il a
+rencontrés à l'hôpital de Norwich et dans sa clientèle privée, lui ont
+permis d'arriver a des conclusions véritablement pratiques."
+
+    _Annales d'Hygiène Publique et de Médecine Légale_,
+    Tome xxvi., p. 583.
+
+"La première édition du traité de M. Bateman avait été très
+favorablement accueillie du public médical. La seconde édition,
+augmentée d'observations nouvelles, tenue au courant des progrès de la
+science, n'aura pas moins de succès.
+
+"Les premiers chapitres du volume sont consacrés a l'historique de
+l'aphasie et de la localisation de la faculté du langage articulé:
+l'auteur y rend pleine justice aux auteurs français, Broca, Trousseau,
+Charcot, &c., qui ont les premiers soulevé cette question délicate. Le
+chapitre iv. contient les observations personnelles de M. Bateman dont
+beaucoup ont été recueillies dans son service à l'hôpital de Norfolk
+et Norwich. Dans le chapitre suivant M. Bateman étudie et analyse la
+faculté de parler, la parole articulée, résume les opinions de Max
+Muller, de Whitney, de Parchappe, &c. La parole est un acte
+physico-psychique, composé de deux éléments, l'un somatique et
+matériel, le mouvement, l'autre psychique, la parole interne, le
+λογος. Le langage est donc une fonction à la fois impressive
+et expressive. La fonction impressive nécessite l'action de l'ouïe, de
+la vue ou d'un des sens, c'est la fonction sensorielle du langage;
+l'autre résulte d'une action musculaire, et constitue la fonction
+motrice. Le langage articulé est l'apanage de l'homme seul.
+
+"L'auteur décrit ensuite le mécanisme du langage, les organes de la
+voix, le larynx; il étudie plus loin les différents types de langage;
+il montre que le langage articulé n'est pas le seul moyen que l'homme
+ait d'exprimer sa pensée, il oppose le langage naturel au langage
+artificiel ou acquis, &c.
+
+"Avec les chapitres suivants nous entrons dans la pathologie; M.
+Bateman y décrit l'agraphie, l'aphasie dans toutes ses formes et
+variétés. Il étudie ses causes, son diagnostic, son pronostic, son
+traitement, son importance en médecine légale; enfin dans les derniers
+chapitres, M. Bateman s'occupe plus généralement de la localisation de
+la parole, et il résume les opinions des physiologistes les plus
+célèbres depuis Gall jusqu'à Barnard Davis, Flower, Broca, &c."
+
+    _Comptes Rendus de la Société de Biologie_, Tome ii., No. 30.
+
+"Au nom de l'auteur, le Dr. Frédéric Bateman, je présente à la Société
+un exemplaire de la seconde édition de son célèbre ouvrage sur
+l'aphasie. Les progrès considérables de nos connaissances, durant les
+vingt dernières années, sur les diverses espèces d'aphasie, sont
+exposés avec une grande clarté dans ce remarquable ouvrage aussi
+savant qu'original, le plus complet qui existe sur la matière dont il
+traite. L'auteur lui a consacré toute sa vie, déjà longue, de penseur
+et de praticien."
+
+    "LE PROFESSEUR BROWN-SÉQUARD,
+    "_Président de la Société de Biologie_."
+
+    _Gazzetta Degli Ospitali, Milano._
+
+"È una monographia importante su questa affezione tanto studiata ai
+nostri tempi. L'A conosce tutto ciò che fu scritto in proposito e lo
+sottopone ad una critica sensata e profonda. Egli raccolse un gran
+numero di casi, e, avendo cosi avuto a sua disposizione un vasto
+materiale, ha potuto studiare accuratamente la malattia.
+
+"Il quarto capitolo contiene le esperienze cliniche dell'A, in una
+serie di X Casi dettagliati alcuni dei quali furono da lui osservati
+come medico del Norfolk and Norwich Hospital. Interessante quello di
+una afasia puerperale in una signora il cui vocabolario era limitato
+ad una frase: the other day--l'altro giorno."
+
+    _Neurologisches Centralblatt._
+
+"Im 1.--3, Kapitel wird die Litteratur und Bibliographie der Aphasie
+ausführlich berichtet, indem die betreffenden Arbeiten aller Länder in
+gleichem Maasse gewürdigt werden. Im 4. Kapitel finden wir einige
+eigene Beobachtungen des Autors. Kapitel 5 bringt die Definition der
+Aphasie und die Entwickelungsgeschichte der Sprache. In Kapitel 6 und
+7 wird die Klassification der Sprache abgehandelt. Mitunter fehlen dem
+Sprechenden nur die Substantiva, oder ganz bestimmte Worte, oder eine
+bestimmte Landessprache; in anderen Fällen von Aphasie werden nur
+bestimmte Phrasen beständig wiederholt etc. Auch die Schriftstörungen
+und die Anomalien der Mimik und Zeichensprache bei der Aphasie werden
+besprochen; ferner die Affectausdrücke, Bedeutung der Injectionen, der
+hysterische Mutismus u. s. w. Im 8. Kapitel werden die ätiologischen
+Factoren der Aphasie hervorgehoben: Angeborene Stummheit,
+Sprachstörungen der Idioten; Aphasie in Folge von Exostosen der
+Schädelknochen; Thrombose, Embolie der Gehirnarterien; ischämische
+Erweichung, etc. Kapitel 9 behandelt die Diagnose, Prognose, Therapie,
+während im folgenden Kapitel die Rechtsfragen der Aphasischen erörtert
+werden. In den letzten Kapiteln 11 und 12 geht der Verf., soweit die
+betreffenden Gegenstände zur Aphasie in Beziehung treten, auf den
+Hypnotismus ein, den anatomischen Sitz, die mikroskopischen Befunde,
+auf die Physiologie und Psychologie der Sprache, die experimentelle
+Pathologie, die allgemeine Anthropologie, auf die Hirnchemie etc."
+
+
+AMERICAN & COLONIAL NOTICES.
+
+From the _Montreal Medical Journal_.
+
+"The learned author of this work was the first to publish in English a
+treatise on Aphasia. Not the least interesting part of the work is
+that referring to the author's own contributions. The subject of
+Aphasia is treated in all its relations, and in all its forms and
+modifications.
+
+"There is certainly no work in the English language which gives such a
+full and accurate account of this abstruse subject. The author is to
+be congratulated on having produced a work that will be a standard
+authority on loss of speech."
+
+    From the _American Journal of Insanity_.
+
+"Perhaps the most remarkable thing about this book of Dr. Bateman's is
+the singular spirit of scientific fairness that characterizes its
+every utterance, so conspicuous and so anomalous is this, that it is
+worthy of special mention.
+
+"It is a book which no student of medicine, of language, or of
+psychology can afford to be without."
+
+    From the _New York Medico-Legal Journal_.
+
+"This is a book which will interest all neurologists, and reflects
+great credit on its author, for the research and care, as well as
+fairness of the discussion, which is raised between the several
+schools of thought.
+
+"That part of the work most interesting to us is the chapter on the
+Medical Jurisprudence of Aphasia, the hints on criminal Anthropology,
+the Chemistry of the Brain, and the question of Localisation of the
+Faculty of Speech.
+
+"The work on the whole is a very valuable contribution to the
+literature of Aphasia, and will be welcomed by all Neurologists."
+
+    From the _Alienist and Neurologist_.
+
+"This is a valuable contribution to the history and literature of the
+subject, a subject not yet too old to have lost its interest to either
+professional or lay reader.
+
+"No library of the literature of Aphasia, however, would be complete
+without this book. The author is elaborate without complexity."
+
+
+_London: Jarrold and Sons, 10 and 11, Warwick Lane, E.C._
+
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+
+
+Transcriber's Notes
+
+
+  Obvious punctuation and spelling errors repaired.
+
+  Italic text is denoted by _underscore_ and bold text by =equal signs=.
+
+  Inconsistent hyphenation has been repaired.
+
+  The oe and ae ligatures in the text has been left as it appears in the
+  original book.
+
+    On page 47 "genetous" replaced with  "genetic".
+    On page 59 "demostand" replaced with "demonstrants".
+    On page 81 "artizan" replaced with "artisan".
+
+  Greek translations:
+
+    sôma, psychê, pneuma
+    σωμα, ψυχη, πνευμα
+
+    idiotês
+    ιδιοτης
+
+    iatros kaì ìdiôtês
+    ιατρος καì ìδιωτης
+
+    Ho de nous eoiken enginesthai ousia tis ousa, kai ou phtheiresthai.
+    Ὁ δε νους εοικεν εγγινεσθαι ουσια τις ουσα, και ου φθειρεσθαι.
+
+    nous
+    νους
+
+    ousia
+    ουσια
+
+    logos
+    λογος
+
+    en métrô hôs poiêtês, hê haneu métrou hôs idiôtês
+    εν μéτρω ὡς ποιητης, ἡ ἁνευ μéτρου ὡς ιδιωτης
+
+    iatros kahi hisiôtês
+    ιατρος καἱ ἱσιωτης
+
+  In ambiguous cases, the text has been left as it appears in the
+  original book. In particular, many mismatched quotation marks have
+  not been changed.
+
+  The following numerous errors were left as is:
+    endquote missing punctuation
+    wrong spaced quotes
+    long line errors appear only with Greek lettering
+
+
+
+
+
+
+End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of The Idiot, by Frederick Bateman
+
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