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diff --git a/39663-h/39663-h.htm b/39663-h/39663-h.htm new file mode 100644 index 0000000..1ee4558 --- /dev/null +++ b/39663-h/39663-h.htm @@ -0,0 +1,9205 @@ +<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Strict//EN" + "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-strict.dtd"> +<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"> +<head> +<meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=ISO-8859-1" /> +<title>The Project Gutenberg eBook of Home Occupations for Boys and Girls, by Bertha Johnston</title> + <style type="text/css"> + +body { + margin-left: 15%; + margin-right: 15%; +} + + h1,h2,h3,h4,h5,h6 { + text-align: center; /* all headings centered */ + clear: both; +} + +h1 { + font-size: 180%; + font-weight: normal; +} + +h2 { + font-size: 120%; +} + +h3 { + font-size: 90%; + margin-top: 2em; +} + +.notes { + background-color: #eeeeee; + color: #000; + padding-top: 2em; padding-bottom: 2em; + padding-left: 2em; padding-right: 1em; + margin-left: 5%; margin-right: 5%; +} + +p { + margin-top: .75em; + text-align: justify; + margin-bottom: .75em; +} + + +.pt { + margin-top: 2em; +} + +.pb { + margin-bottom: 2em; +} + +.bigpt { + margin-top: 4em; +} + +.bigpb { + margin-bottom: 4em; +} + +.hang { + text-indent: -1em; + margin-left: 1em; +} + +.hang2 { + text-indent: -2em; + margin-left: 2em; + margin-top: 2em; +} + +.deepind { + margin-left: 60%; +} + +hr { + width: 33%; + margin-top: 2em; + margin-bottom: 2em; + margin-left: auto; + margin-right: auto; + clear: both; +} + +table { + margin-left: auto; + margin-right: auto; +} + +.tdl { + text-indent: -1em; + margin-left: 1em; +} + +.tdr { + text-align: right; + padding-right: 2em; +} + +.tdlist { + text-align: left; + width: 30%; +} + +.tdlist5 { + text-align: left; + padding-bottom: 5em; + width: 30%; +} + +.tdlist3 { + text-align: left; + padding-bottom: 3em; + width: 30%; +} + +table.other td { + border:none; + + padding-left:1.6em; + text-indent:-1.3em; + } + +.tdcurly { + text-align: right; + width: 5%; +} + +.pagenum { /* uncomment the next line for invisible page numbers */ + /* visibility: hidden; */ + position: absolute; + left: 92%; + font-size: 75%; text-indent: 0em; + background-color: inherit; font-weight: normal; + font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; + text-decoration: none; +} /* page numbers */ + +.smpagenum { /* uncomment the next line for invisible page numbers */ + /* visibility: hidden; */ + position: absolute; + left: 92%; + font-size: 83.5%; text-indent: 0em; + background-color: inherit; font-weight: normal; + font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; + text-decoration: none; +} /* page numbers in small text */ + + + +.smaller { + font-size: 75%; +} + +.small { + font-size: 90%; +} + +.big { + font-size: 120%; +} + +.bigger { + font-size: 140%; +} + + +.center {text-align: center;} + +.smcap {font-variant: small-caps;} + + +.caption { + font-weight: bold; + text-align: center; + font-size: 90%; +} + +/* Images */ +.figcenter { + margin-top: 1em; + text-align: center; +} + + +.figright { + float: right; + clear: right; + margin-left: 1em; + margin-bottom: + 1em; + margin-top: 1em; + margin-right: 0; + padding: 0; + text-align: center; +} + + +/* Poetry */ +.poem { + margin-left:10%; + margin-right:10%; + text-align: left; +} + +.poem br {display: none;} + +.poem .stanza {margin: 1em 0em 1em 0em;} + + + +.poem span.i2 { + display: block; + margin-left: 2em; + padding-left: 3em; + text-indent: -3em; +} + +.poem span.i2q { + display: block; + margin-left: 1.5em; + padding-left: 1em; + text-indent: -1em; +} + + h1.pg { font-size: 190%; + font-weight: bold; } + hr.full { width: 100%; + margin-top: 3em; + margin-bottom: 0em; + margin-left: auto; + margin-right: auto; + height: 4px; + border-width: 4px 0 0 0; /* remove all borders except the top one */ + border-style: solid; + border-color: #000000; + clear: both; } + </style> +</head> +<body> +<h1 class="pg">The Project Gutenberg eBook, Home Occupations for Boys and Girls, by +Bertha Johnston</h1> +<p>This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with +almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or +re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included +with this eBook or online at <a +href="http://www.gutenberg.org">www.gutenberg.org</a></p> +<p>Title: Home Occupations for Boys and Girls</p> +<p>Author: Bertha Johnston</p> +<p>Release Date: May 10, 2012 [eBook #39663]</p> +<p>Language: English</p> +<p>Character set encoding: ISO-8859-1</p> +<p>***START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK HOME OCCUPATIONS FOR BOYS AND GIRLS***</p> +<p> </p> +<h4>E-text prepared by Chris Curnow, Cathy Maxam,<br /> + and the Online Distributed Proofreading Team<br /> + (<a href="http://www.pgdp.net">http://www.pgdp.net</a>)<br /> + from page images generously made available by<br /> + Internet Archive<br /> + (<a href="http://archive.org">http://archive.org</a>)</h4> +<p> </p> +<table border="0" style="background-color: #ccccff;margin: 0 auto;" cellpadding="10"> + <tr> + <td valign="top"> + Note: + </td> + <td> + Images of the original pages are available through + Internet Archive. See + <a href="http://archive.org/details/homeoccupationsf00johniala"> + http://archive.org/details/homeoccupationsf00johniala</a> + </td> + </tr> +</table> +<p> </p> +<hr class="full" /> +<p> </p> + +<div class="figcenter"><a id="i_cover" name="i_cover"></a> +<img src="images/i_cover.jpg" alt="cover" /> +</div> + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> + +<h1>HOME OCCUPATIONS</h1> + +<p class="center">FOR</p> + +<p class="center bigger pb">BOYS AND GIRLS</p> + +<p class="center smaller pt">BY</p> + +<p class="center big">BERTHA JOHNSTON</p> + +<p class="center smaller bigpb">EDITOR OF THE "KINDERGARTEN MAGAZINE"</p> + +<p class="center smaller bigpt">ASSISTED BY</p> + +<p class="center">FANNY CHAPIN</p> + +<p class="center smaller pb">FORMER KINDERGARTEN DIRECTOR OF THE CHICAGO LATIN SCHOOL</p> + +<div class="figcenter"><a id="i_002" name="i_002"></a> +<img src="images/i_002.jpg" alt="logo" /> + + +</div> + + +<p class="center pt">PHILADELPHIA</p> + +<p class="center big">GEORGE W. JACOBS & CO.</p> +<p class="center">PUBLISHERS</p> + + + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> + + +<p class="center smaller"><span class="smcap">Copyright, 1908</span></p> +<p class="center small">By GEORGE W. JACOBS & CO.</p> +<p class="center smaller pb"><span class="smcap">Published October, 1908</span></p> + +<p class="center small pt"><i>All rights reserved</i><br /> +<i>Printed in U. S. A.</i></p> + + + + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> + + +<blockquote class="big"><p>Teach him. He is naturally clever. From +his earliest years, when he was a little fellow +only so big, he would build mud houses, carve +out boats, and make little wagons of leather, +and frogs out of pomegranate rinds, you can't +think how cleverly.</p> + +<p><i>Aristophanes</i>, 421 B. C.</p></blockquote> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_5" id="Page_5">[Pg 5]</a></span></p> + + + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> +<h2>PREFACE</h2> + + +<p>The plan of this book has special reference to the +Mother when comes the woful plaint, "I don't know +what to do! Mama, what can I do now?"</p> + +<p>Is she busy in the kitchen? She has right there +material for the little one's happy employment. Is she +mending the stockings? She can give him needle and +thread and, with the aid of this book, a word of suggestion. +In spare moments both mother and children +can together prepare papers, cards, etc., for future +occasions.</p> + +<p>It will be found upon examination that although +some of the articles described herein require material +peculiar to certain localities, very many more may be +made of things to be found in every home, whether +the city flat or the remote country homestead. Usually +a choice is possible. One may use the cardboard, +paper, etc., saved from the scrap-basket or may send +to supply houses for material partially prepared. It +is an undoubted advantage for the child to be trained +to see the possibilities in the raw material lying at +hand. It stimulates his inventive imagination and +makes for efficiency and the power to cope with +emergencies.</p> + +<p>The child accustomed to looking upon odds and +ends of wire, paper, weeds, seeds, and grasses as +hiding delightful secrets which he may learn to unravel +and utilize, may be readily trained to regard +all Nature as a vast storehouse open to his investigation, +and a continual source of inspiration.</p> + +<p>The child, habituated to mastering the raw material +of his immediate environment, will not be discomfited +if thrown upon an unknown shore, whether +arctic or tropical. He will recognize everywhere +about<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_6" id="Page_6">[Pg 6]</a></span> + him possibilities for shelter, food, clothing, and +transportation and will know how to use them.</p> + +<p>But the child must be trained to perceive the +beautiful and the ideal as well as the useful. Into +each article here described, even the simplest, enter +the elements of beauty, proportion, harmony of line +and color, and good, true workmanship, leading surely, +even if unconsciously, to an appreciation of the best +wherever found.</p> + +<p>In making an article as a gift for child or adult, +thought for others is cultivated and the frequently +needed help of older brother or sister encourages the +spirit of goodwill and kindliness.</p> + +<p>The festival occasions are especially valuable in +developing the sense of interdependence and large-mindedness.</p> + +<p>Among a people proverbially wasteful it is certainly +the part of wisdom to train the child to economy +for the sake of future service. The contents of the +city garbage barrel are found by business men to be +worth sorting and classifying and everything proves +to be of some use. Why should not the child be +taught, before throwing away the discarded picture +book, to ask if there is not a use for it still? A nation +so trained will preserve its forests and save its +Niagaras. It will see things material and things +spiritual in their true relations.</p> + +<p>We would suggest that a little cupboard be placed +within easy reach of the child. Here he may keep +his own scissors, paste, pencil and papers, ready +for use when the propitious moment of inspiration +seizes him.</p> + +<p>Too much exactness must not be required of the +very young child, but as fast as he is able to do good +work insist upon the best of which <i>he</i> is capable. +Train <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_7" id="Page_7">[Pg 7]</a></span> +him always to try to surpass himself. Above +all, let him be happy in the doing.</p> + +<p>The ideas offered in this volume have been garnered +from various sources. Practical experience in +the home has suggested many, and actual daily work +in the kindergarten has given rise to others. A few, +such as the thimble biscuit party and croquet with +peas, are among the recollections of happy childhood.</p> + +<p>It is a pleasure to acknowledge the obligation to +Miss Fanny Chapin, of Chicago, a kindergartner of +long experience, for the comradeship of thought which +made the book possible. Miss Chapin also contributed +the directions for making feather flowers, +many of the holiday suggestions, and other items scattered +through the book.</p> + +<p>The conversion of corks into a set of furniture +was learned from a German playmate twenty-five +years ago. Imagine the interest with which we discovered +a set, almost identical, at the German exhibit +of the recent International Kindergarten Union.</p> + +<p>The candlesticks of tin or cardboard, brightened +with colored tissue-paper, varied to suit particular +occasions, is a regular feature of the festival dinners +at the Gertrude House, Chicago.</p> + +<p>To one and all to whom, consciously or unconsciously, +we may be indebted for any suggestions, we +express our thanks.</p> + +<p>A perusal of this little volume will show that it is +far from exhaustive of the topics treated. It is largely +a book of suggestion. If it stimulates the child to +new investigations and experiments along similar +lines; if it reinforces the spirit of brotherly kindness +in the home; or if it helps to solve any of the +problems of the mother, the hopes of the authors will +be accomplished.</p> + +<p class="deepind"> +<span class="smcap">Bertha Johnston.</span><br /></p> + + + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_9" id="Page_9">[Pg 9]</a></span></p> + +<p class="center big">CONTENTS</p> + + +<table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="4" summary="contents"> +<tr> +<td class="center small">CHAPTER</td> +<td> </td> +<td class="tdr small">PAGE</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="tdr"> I.</td> +<td class="tdl"><a href="#CHAPTER_I">The Secrets of the Market Basket</a></td> +<td class="tdr">11</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="tdr">II.</td> +<td class="tdl"><a href="#CHAPTER_II">Mother Nature's Horn of Plenty</a></td> +<td class="tdr">39</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="tdr">III.</td> +<td class="tdl"><a href="#CHAPTER_III">Saved from the Scrap Basket</a></td> +<td class="tdr">53</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="tdr">IV.</td> +<td class="tdl"><a href="#CHAPTER_IV">The Sewing-Basket</a></td> +<td class="tdr">69</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="tdr">V.</td> +<td class="tdl"><a href="#CHAPTER_V">The Paint Box</a></td> +<td class="tdr">73</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="tdr">VI.</td> +<td class="tdl"><a href="#CHAPTER_VI">Dolls and Doll-Houses</a></td> +<td class="tdr">80</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="tdr">VII.</td> +<td class="tdl"><a href="#CHAPTER_VII">Plays and Games</a></td> +<td class="tdr">92</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="tdr">VIII.</td> +<td class="tdl"><a href="#CHAPTER_VIII">Festival Occasions</a></td> +<td class="tdr">107</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="tdr">IX.</td> +<td class="tdl"><a href="#CHAPTER_IX">The Key Basket</a></td> +<td class="tdr">141</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="tdr">X.</td> +<td class="tdl"><a href="#CHAPTER_X">The Child's Library</a></td> +<td class="tdr">149</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="tdr">XI.</td> +<td class="tdl"><a href="#CHAPTER_XI">Kindergarten Materials—The Gifts</a></td> +<td class="tdr">155</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="tdr">XII.</td> +<td class="tdl"><a href="#CHAPTER_XII"> " + " —The Occupations</a></td> +<td class="tdr">164</td> +</tr> +</table> + + + + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_11" id="Page_11">[Pg 11]</a></span></p> +<h2><a name="CHAPTER_I" id="CHAPTER_I"></a>CHAPTER I<br /> +<br /> + +THE SECRETS OF THE MARKET BASKET</h2> + + +<p>The busy but thoughtful mother will find in the +contents of the market basket many possibilities for +happily employing the creative instinct of her child. +We give a few suggestions which demand activity of +both mind and body.</p> + + +<h3>STRAWBERRY-BOXES</h3> + + +<p class="hang2"><b>Seed-Markers</b> (<i>No tools needed but the fingers</i>)</p> + +<p>Remove the rim of wood which binds the box +into shape, that the little tacks may not injure the +child. Then let him tear the sides and bottom into +little slats which can be used as seed-markers. Older +children can write upon them the names of seeds, and +when planted put one of these slats into the ground +to indicate where the seeds may be expected to +come up.</p> + +<p>The little child enjoys the sense of power that he +feels simply in being able to tear these boxes apart, +but let there be a thought back of the action if it +seem to degenerate into pure destructiveness.</p> + + +<p class="hang2"><b>Toy-Fences</b> (<i>Employing fingers only</i>)</p> + +<p>Split the boxes with the fingers into pieces wide +or narrow, as desired, and the slats thus made can be +turned into fences for the play farm in the sand-box, +or for borders for small flower beds. (1) Stick them +into <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_12" id="Page_12">[Pg 12]</a></span> +the sand or earth side by side, to suggest a plain +board fence; or (2) Put very narrow ones at short +intervals apart to suggest a picket fence.</p> + + +<p class="hang2"><b>Toy-Fences</b> (<i>Scissors</i>, <i>tacks</i>)</p> + +<p>If old enough to use scissors, let the child cut the +boxes apart with long scissors and use for fences as +before. (1) Side by side for board fence. (2) Cut +into very narrow strips for picket fence. Use the rim +of the basket for the rail to unite the pickets, fastening +them with the tiny tacks which are already in it. +Pickets might be one inch apart. Cutting the tops of +the pickets into points will complete the resemblance to +a real fence. Put the rails about one-half inch from +top.</p> + + +<p class="hang2"><b>Boxes for tacks, seeds, etc.</b> (<i>Scissors</i>, <i>paste</i>, <i>paste-sticks</i>, +<i>ribbon, 8½ inches long, 1½ inches wide</i>, +<i>wall-paper</i>, <i>pan with water</i>)</p> + +<p>Take two pieces of a box, each measuring 2 × 5 +inches. Soak in water till soft. Place one directly +across the middle of the other, and bend the four +projecting ends up perpendicularly into box form. +(1) Hold the sides in place by winding the ribbon +around the four sides, till they meet, and paste the one +overlapping end over the other. (2) Cut a piece of +wall-paper (obtainable often from a wall-hanger's +shop) into a strip 1½ × 8½ inches and wind around, +pasting one end over the other. If the child is inexperienced +the paper may be cut of exactly the height +of box. If skillful in so doing, let him cut the strip +½ inch wider and turn down over the top to give a +little finish. This gives practice in neatness and skill.</p> + +<p>Let the child observe how a Swedish matchbox +is made—the wood held together by strips of thin but +tough <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_13" id="Page_13">[Pg 13]</a></span> +paper—and then carry his thought to the far-distant +land which sends us the magic wands that +give us light with safety. And all carried in a tiny +box made of wood and paper. Decalcomanias might +be used for decoration of the plain wooden box.</p> + +<p>Let the child experiment in making boxes of +different shapes and sizes for his collections of seeds, +stones, etc. This cultivates his ingenuity and practical +imagination.</p> + + +<p class="hang2"><b>Picture Frames</b> (<i>Scissors</i>, <i>thumb-tacks</i>, <i>gold paint</i>, +<i>water-colors</i>, <i>glue</i>)</p> + +<p>Cut three slats, each 1 × 8 inches, to make triangular +frame. Unite with thumb-tacks, one at each of the +three corners. To place them exactly the right way +may take a little experimenting, which helps develop +the child's sense of proportion and arrangement. +When joined, cut off the projecting parts at the top +to give pointed effect. Good for pictures of Indians, +as wigwam is suggested. Decorate by gilding or +painting. Can be painted with Ivory paints or water-colors.</p> + + +<p class="hang2"><b>Chicken-Coops</b> (<i>Scissors</i>, <i>glue</i>)</p> + +<p>Remove the rim, bottom (in one piece) and two +adjoining sides of a berry box. This leaves two sides +remaining which are already bent into correct form +for coop. Cut the bottom of the box in half from +corner to corner. This gives the triangular back of +the coop which must be glued on. The slats must +now be made and put into place. Cut three slats each +⅜ inches wide. (1) In each of the two front edges +of the coop cut three horizontal slits ⅜ inches deep; +slip the slats into these and cut off the projecting ends. +The slats at the top will necessarily be shorter than +those <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_14" id="Page_14">[Pg 14]</a></span> +at the bottom. (2) Or an older child can cut in +each of the two edges 3 notches ⅜ inches deep and +⅜ inches high and glue the slats into these, thus:</p> + +<div class="figcenter"><a id="i_015" name="i_015"></a> +<img src="images/i_015.jpg" alt="i_015" /> + +<p class="caption">Chicken-Coop.</p> + +</div> + + + + +<p class="hang2"><b>Paste-Sticks</b> (<i>Boxes</i>, <i>scissors</i>)</p> + +<p>Cut sides of boxes into slender pieces which can be +put aside and used for paste-sticks when pasting is +the order of the day. They will prove to be better +than brushes.</p> + + +<p class="hang2"><b>Wagon</b> (<i>Thumb-tacks</i>, <i>button-molds</i>, <i>skewers</i>, <i>glue</i>, +<i>small, slender nails</i>)</p> + +<p class="pb">Take two boxes. Remove rims. Bend down one +side of each of the boxes so that it is horizontal. Lap +one of these exactly over the other and join with +thumb-tacks. This makes the body of coal wagon. +For wheels use (1) large wooden button-molds or (2) +the cardboard circles round which ribbons come. +Make axles of skewers. Glue axle to bottom of wagon, +slip on the wheels and insert small, slender nail +to keep wheel from coming off. If skewers are not +at hand whittle a slender piece from a stick of kindling +wood, whittling the ends until slender enough for the +wheels to slip on. Paint spokes on the wheels and +paint the wagon, using any paint at hand.</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_15" id="Page_15">[Pg 15]</a></span></p> + + +<table class="other" summary="curlybracket"> + +<tr> +<td class="tdl"><b>Candy-Boxes</b></td> +<td class="tdcurly" rowspan="3"> +<span style="font-size:2.25em;">}</span></td> +<td class="hang" rowspan="2">(<i>Fancy paper</i>, <i>crinkled-paper or silk</i>, <i>glue</i>, <i>paint</i>)</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="tdl"><b>Button-Boxes</b></td> +</tr> +</table> + +<p>Take a berry-box and dye with Diamond dyes. +Line it with crinkled paper or dainty flowered wallpaper +or silk. To do this, fold the paper or silk one +inch over on itself from the top, for hem. Gather or +pleat the silk near the top with silk of same color and +glue to the inner side of the basket near the top, leaving +a little projecting edge for ruffle. Leave the +lower ends free. The silk should be two inches +wider than the depth of the basket and one and one-third +times as long as the four sides of the basket. +Now take a square of cardboard the size of the bottom +of the basket and cover it smoothly with a square +of silk, folding the silk neatly over the sides and catching +it across so as to be smooth on the right side. Put +this silk square down in the bottom of the basket and +it will hold the sides of the lining firm. A basket +may be lined with paper in the same way, using glue +to hold it in place. As paper can not very well be +gathered, the top may be glued down smoothly or the +paper may be pleated.</p> + + +<p class="hang2"><b>Hanging-Basket</b> (<i>Lead from tea-box</i>, <i>ribbon or wire</i>, +<i>earth</i>, <i>seeds</i>)</p> + +<p>Line a berry box with the lead, fill with good earth +and plant vines or flower-seeds. Suspend by ribbon +or wire.</p> + + +<p class="hang2"><b>Dolls' Furniture</b> (<i>Spools</i>, <i>scissors</i>, <i>glue</i>)</p> + +<p>1. Table.—Make a table by cutting a slat from a +basket into an oblong 2 × 3 inches and glue to spool +for dining-table.</p> + +<p>2. Bed.—Soak a few moments and when flexible +cut an oblong 2 × 6 inches and bend one end up 1½ +inches <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_16" id="Page_16">[Pg 16]</a></span> +to form head of bed. Bend the other end up +½ inch to form the foot. Glue two spools to the bottom +of this for legs, one at each end.</p> + +<p>3. Chair.—Make chairs for the same set by cutting +a piece of the box to measure 1 × 2 inches. Bend +across the middle so that a right angle is formed and +glue one side to a spool. The other half forms the +back of the chair. Such furniture may be colored +with dyes or Ivory paints.</p> + + +<h3>PEAS</h3> + + +<p class="hang2"><b>Shelling Peas</b> (<i>Tin pans</i>)</p> + +<p>Let the child help Mother to shell the peas for +dinner. Children enjoy work of this kind when coöperating +with the mother or father. They like to do +what Mother is doing when she is doing it too. This +will be an excellent time to tell Hans Andersen's story +of the "Five Peas that Dwelt in a Pod". As a reward +let the child plant a few peas in a box or out-of-doors.</p> + + +<p class="hang2"><b>Pea-Pod Boat</b> (<i>Pan of water</i>, <i>peapods</i>)</p> + +<p>Give a small child a dish-pan filled with water +and a peapod for a boat, with peas for passengers +and he will entertain himself for a long time. Let the +frequency with which he is allowed this privilege depend +upon his care in keeping himself and his surroundings +dry, thus leading to neatness and self-control.</p> + + +<p class="hang2"><b>Pea Furniture</b> (See <a href="#CHAPTER_XII">chapter on kindergarten occupations</a>)</p> + + +<p class="hang2"><b>Numeral <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_17" id="Page_17">[Pg 17]</a></span> +Frame or Abacus</b> (<i>Hair-wire</i>, <i>cardboard +stationery box</i>)</p> + +<p>Get ten slender pieces of wire about six inches long. +Put one pea on the first, two on the second, three on +the third, etc., until you reach the last, on which place +ten. Take an empty stationery box, and cut away the +bottom leaving the four sides intact as a frame. Into +this frame insert the ten wires, the one with one pea +at the top, then No. 2, 3, etc. The child can then practice +counting the different combinations up to ten.</p> + +<p>Instead of peas such a series of units could be +made by stringing cranberries or rose-haws on a +waxed thread.</p> + + +<h3>POTATOES AND SQUASH</h3> + + +<p class="hang2"><b>Potato Horse</b> (<i>Three potatoes</i>, <i>slender sticks or +tooth-picks</i>, <i>raveled string or coarse black thread</i>)</p> + +<p>Take large potato for body of horse, a smaller one +for the neck, and another for the head. Join them +with sticks broken to convenient length. Four other +sticks make the legs, two little ones the ears and the +string or thread the flowing tail. The tail can be attached +to a tack or pin and inserted.</p> + + +<p class="hang2"><b>Squash or Sweet Potato Animals</b> (<i>Crooked-neck +squash or sweet potato for each animal</i>, <i>slender +sticks</i>)</p> + +<p>Insert sticks for legs into crooked-neck squashes +and convert into animals of various kinds, the kind +depending upon the size of the neck and general shape. +Sweet potatoes by their queer shapes will often suggest +animals: pigs, dogs, etc., or ducks, swans, ostriches, +and birds. Use tacks or shoe buttons for eyes. Dolls +can be made also.</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_18" id="Page_18">[Pg 18]</a></span></p> + + +<h3>CORN HUSKS—GREEN</h3> + + +<p class="hang2"><b>Mat</b> (<i>Husks</i>, <i>needle</i>, <i>thread</i>)</p> + +<p>Take four smooth husks and press between blotting +paper for 24 hours. Then tear into ¼ inch +strips. Lay eight of these on the table. Take eight +more and weave these under and over the first eight, +making mat for doll-house. Put again between blotters. +The next day, slide the strips together till they +lie smooth and even, and close together. Fasten by +sewing the outside strips lightly to the interlacing +ones. Cut the extending parts off about one inch from +outside strips.</p> + + +<p class="hang2"><b>Feathers</b> (<i>Husks</i>, <i>scissors</i>)</p> + +<p>Take a dozen leaves of the husks; cut slits slant-wise +down the edges about ¼ inch apart. Let dry 24 +hours. Then use as feathers for Indian head dress, +using design on copper cent as model.</p> + + +<h3>CORN-COBS—DRY</h3> + + +<p class="hang2"><b>Corn-Crib</b> (<i>Cobs</i>, <i>hammer</i>, <i>nails</i>, <i>cover of starch-box</i>)</p> + +<p>To a small piece of thin wood like the cover of a +starch-box nail four short cobs of equal length for +legs (half an inch or an inch long). Around the four +sides, on top, nail a row of slender cobs for the walls +of the corn crib. Make roof of cobs or lay a piece of +cardboard across. Nail from below, through the +board. It will require a little thought to determine +just where the nail must go in order to run through +the board and into the cob above, but tell the child +that he is a little carpenter and must make careful +measurements. <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_19" id="Page_19">[Pg 19]</a></span> +Ask if he can think why the crib is +raised thus from the ground. (To preserve the corn +from the rats and mice.)</p> + + +<p class="hang2"><b>Toy-Raft</b> (<i>Cobs</i>, <i>rim of berry-box</i>, <i>tacks</i>)</p> + +<p>Lay six or more cobs of equal length side by +side upon the table. Take a piece of binding-rim of +a berry-box as long as the row of cobs is wide. Lay +it across the row near one end and nail it fast to each +cob. Nail a similar piece across the other end. This +will make a serviceable toy-raft. Stick in a skewer +for a mast and make a sail-boat. Paste on the mast a +triangular piece of paper or muslin for a sail.</p> + + +<p class="hang2"><b>Zig-Zag Fence</b> (<i>Cobs only</i>)</p> + +<p>Lay down half a dozen cobs in zigzag fashion, +with their ends not quite as far apart as the length of +the cobs. Then across every two ends lay another cob, +and so build up the fence.</p> + + +<p class="hang2"><b>Post-Fence</b> (<i>Cobs</i>, <i>tacks</i>, <i>skewers</i>, <i>slats</i>)</p> + +<p>Lay several cobs in a row a few inches apart as +posts. Unite them by laying across them two rows +of skewers or kindergarten slats. Join with tiny tacks. +Use in the sand-table or dolls' farm.</p> + + +<p class="hang2"><b>House</b> (<i>Cobs</i>, <i>nails</i>)</p> + +<p>(1) Take two cobs and place them opposite to +each other. Place two others across the ends of the +first two, at right angles to them. Then two more +directly over the first two and so on, building up +alternately for log cabin. This is the first simple +building experiment of the little child. Two such +cabins put together will make a two-roomed house. +Thus made it will be crude with wide interstices between +the <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_20" id="Page_20">[Pg 20]</a></span> +logs, but this forms no objection to the +child.</p> + +<p>(2) When he does manifest the desire for something +better made—a house which will not admit the +rain and snow—a more solid house can be made thus: +Place three cobs end to end to form three sides of a +square. Directly upon these lay three more, and nail +firmly to those beneath at the ends, with slender nails. +Build up in this way as high as desirable. One side +has, however, been left open. Now put in the fourth +wall but leave place for the doorway. Do this by +making the lower part of the wall of cobs so short that +they do not even go half way across the opening. +Take two such short cobs and nail each to the side of +the house. A little space will be left between them, +say of two inches. Take two more of same length and +place on top of the first two and nail in place. The +third cob may be long enough to extend straight +across the little house making the top of the doorway. +Put another and another on top until the last row is +reached. Roof with similar logs or with cardboard. +The child can be trained a little in forethought when +led to save anything like corncobs for possible use in +the future.</p> + + +<p class="hang2"><b>Furniture</b> (<i>4 short cobs</i>, <i>4 long slender ones</i>, <i>tacks</i>, +<i>cheesecloth</i>, <i>fine cord</i>, <i>cotton batting</i>)</p> + +<p>Take four short cobs for sturdy legs. Nail to +these four slender cobs for bed-frame. In the inner +part of the long sides of the bed hammer small tacks +about ¾ inches apart. Then string cord from one +tack across to the opposite one and so on, to make +springs. Make mattress of cheesecloth stuffed with +cotton. Other furniture can easily be made in similar +manner.</p> + +<p>In<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_21" id="Page_21">[Pg 21]</a></span> + this work, as with other suggestions here given, +older children will need to help younger ones and thus +the spirit of helpfulness and sympathy is exercised.</p> + + +<h3>CORN KERNELS—DRY</h3> + + +<p class="hang2"><b>Portieres</b> (<i>Kernels of corn</i>, <i>straws</i>, <i>needle</i>, <i>coarse +thread</i>, <i>pan</i>)</p> + +<p>Soak corn in pan of water over night or till soft. +Get inch-long pieces of straw at kindergarten supply +store, or, if obtainable in the country, get the straws +entire and let the children cut them into inch pieces. +In all this work it is desirable to let the child do as +much as possible himself. Later, when familiar with +materials and simple processes, let him use the prepared +bought material.</p> + +<p>Now, let him string the corn and straws alternately. +He can then vary by stringing first one kernel +and one straw; then two kernels and one straw; then +three, etc. This gives practice in counting, and exercises +also his sense of taste and proportion and his +invention. A pretty effect can be secured by using +kernels of the two colors, red and yellow.</p> + +<p>Suspend a number of such strings in the doorway; +they may be all of the same length or may be +very short in the middle of the doorway and gradually +get longer as the jamb is approached.</p> + + +<p class="hang2"><b>Designing</b> (<i>Red and yellow kernels</i>)</p> + +<p>On a rainy day let the child employ his inventive +skill in making designs of the red and yellow kernels +on a flat table. He can lay them in squares, oblongs, +crosses, etc.</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_22" id="Page_22">[Pg 22]</a></span></p> +<h3>POP-CORN</h3> + +<p>There are few American children who need to +be told how to pop corn; they see it done before they +are able to do it themselves. But this fascinating occupation +is not known to many children outside of the +United States. Perhaps it is well that our children +should appreciate their privilege in this respect.</p> + +<p>If a popper is unobtainable, corn can be quickly +and deliciously popped by putting a tablespoonful of +butter in a deep kettle and when it is hot dropping in a +cupful of popcorn. Shake or rather stir to keep from +burning and in a short time the kettle will be full of +the white popping fairy-like kernels. Salt or sugar +can be sprinkled in as desired.</p> + + +<p class="hang2"><b>Balls</b> (<i>Corn</i>, <i>popper</i>, <i>sugar</i>, <i>molasses or water</i>)</p> + +<p>Make a thin syrup by boiling together equal +quantities of sugar and water or two cupfuls sugar, +one of molasses or syrup, one teaspoonful vinegar, and +butter size of an egg. Cook until it hardens when +dropped in water, then pour it over 8 quarts of popped +corn as quickly as possible and mold into balls, making +about twenty. If made with strawberry syrup the +color will be a beautiful red.</p> + + +<p class="hang2"><b>Festoons</b> (<i>Popped corn</i>, <i>needle</i>, <i>coarse thread</i>)</p> + +<p>Thread the kernels to adorn walls or picture +frames or Christmas tree.</p> + + +<h3>NUTS</h3> + + +<p class="hang2"><b>Boat</b> (<i>Walnut shell</i>, <i>pan of water</i>, <i>toothpicks</i>, <i>candle-wax</i>)</p> + +<p>When busy with her baking the mother can give +the <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_23" id="Page_23">[Pg 23]</a></span> +three-year-old in his high chair a half walnut +shell for a boat. An older child can elaborate into a +sail-boat by cutting a triangular piece of paper for +a sail, glueing it to a toothpick for mast, and then +melting a drop of wax from a candle and inserting +the mast while the wax is still warm. A burnt match +can be shaped into a mast also.</p> + +<p>Such a fleet of tiny vessels would prettily set a +table for a farewell dinner to one going abroad.</p> + + +<p class="hang2"><b>Surprise Walnuts</b> (<i>English walnuts</i>, <i>baby-ribbon</i>, +<i>tiny dolls or animals</i>, <i>glue</i>)</p> + +<p>Open a number of walnuts carefully so as not to +break the shell. Remove the meats and fasten the two +sides together with a tiny strip of ribbon, which serves +as a hinge, glueing the ends of the ribbon to the inside +of the half shells. Ribbon need be only an inch +long or less. Put a tiny doll or a wee china rabbit or +kitten inside the shell and tie around with ribbon. +Little china animals come in sets of five or six.</p> + +<p>A little verse of greeting or a conundrum can be +written and put inside if the toys are not available.</p> + +<p>A group of little children could be kept busy and +happy for an afternoon making some of these little +souvenirs for a home dinner or for a fair.</p> + + +<p class="hang2"><b>Nut-Animals</b> (<i>Peanuts</i>, <i>toothpicks</i>)</p> + +<p>The imagination of most children will quickly +perceive resemblances to all kinds of creatures in +the queer shapes of peanuts. Take such a peanut +and stick into it four bits of toothpicks for legs and +two tiny ones for ears. If the toothpicks are not +sharp or strong enough to penetrate of themselves, +make incisions with a sharp pin.</p> + +<p>One common shape suggests a cat, seated. Two +vertical <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_24" id="Page_24">[Pg 24]</a></span> +pieces would make the front legs and two +horizontal pieces the back legs resting on the ground. +Eyes and mouth can be inked in. Another shape +hints at an owl with sharp, curved beak. Another +will make a hen. Once started on this line of experiment, +the child will discover likenesses for himself. +These creatures can be used in the toy farm.</p> + + +<p class="hang2"><b>Peanut party</b> (<i>See <a href="#Page_103">page 103</a></i> )</p> + + +<h3>APPLES</h3> + + +<p class="hang2"><b>Candlestick</b> (<i>Apple</i>, <i>candle</i>)</p> + +<p>Cut in the top of a rosy apple a hole of right +size to hold a candle. Appropriate for Thanksgiving.</p> + +<p>A carrot can also be used thus, but a part must +be cut away at the bottom so as to secure a firm +base.</p> + + +<h3>ORANGES</h3> + + +<p class="hang2"><b>Baskets</b> (<i>Orange</i>, <i>smaller fruits</i>)</p> + +<p>Cut an orange horizontally partly through the +middle from each side so as to leave a part in the +centre which can be cut into a handle. Hollow out +the interior and put raisins, small nuts, etc., in it.</p> + + +<h3>RED PEPPERS</h3> + + +<p class="hang2"><b>Lantern</b> (<i>Large red pepper</i>, <i>knife</i>)</p> + +<p>Hollow out a large red pepper and cut into it +eyes, nose and mouth, making a miniature Jack-o'-lantern. +This makes a pretty table decoration.</p> + +<p>Let <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_25" id="Page_25">[Pg 25]</a></span> +the child help as much as possible by making +these little table decorations. If you want boy and +girl to love home, give them a share in making it interesting +and attractive. Do not discourage them if +their efforts are a little crude at times. It is the +spirit of good-will which makes the blessed home.</p> + + +<h3>EGG-SHELLS</h3> + + +<p class="hang2"><b>Garden</b> (<i>Shell</i>, <i>earth</i>, <i>birdseed</i>)</p> + +<p>Cut an egg-shell in half horizontally, with a sharp +pair of scissors, and three days before Easter put into +it a little earth, place in this a little canary seed, or +a single pea or bean, and a little plant will delight the +child.</p> + + +<p class="hang2"><b>Doll's Cradle</b> (<i>Shell</i>, <i>ribbon half an inch wide</i>, <i>paste</i>, +<i>cardboard</i>)</p> + +<p>Take a smooth white egg and blow it. To do +this make a tiny pin-hole in each end, and by blowing +into one end steadily the contents can be emptied out +of the other. Draw lines lengthwise and crosswise +around the shell, dividing it into four equal parts. +Then, following the line, cut away the upper quarter +toward the small end. This leaves a cradle with a +small canopy. Paste the ribbon neatly around for a +binding round the edge. Rockers can be made by +cutting curved pieces ¼ inch wide out of thick cardboard, +although such a cradle will rock without rockers.</p> + +<p>Mattress for above. (<i>Thin white ribbon</i>, <i>milkweed +down</i>, <i>needle</i>, <i>sewing silk</i>)</p> + +<p>Cut and sew the ribbon into a tiny mattress for +this fairy cradle, and stuff with milkweed down. If +the <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_26" id="Page_26">[Pg 26]</a></span> +ribbon is just the width of the cradle the edges +of the mattress can be neatly overcast. A tiny doll +may then be placed within the cradle.</p> + + +<p class="hang2"><b>Boat</b> (<i>Goose-egg</i>, <i>leatherette paper</i>, <i>kindergarten +slats</i>)</p> + +<p>Blow the egg as described above. Cut in half +lengthwise. Cut the paper into strips ½ inch wide. +In each side of the shell cut an indentation ⅜ inches +deep and ⅜ inches wide for oarlocks. Then bind +neatly with the paper strips. Cut the slats (or a +piece of berry box will do) into tiny oars and paste +a seat across, which is also cut out of a slat.</p> + +<p>Careful handling is required for these dainty +toys, and if the child seems to get nervous let her do +only a little at a time; but much neatness and skill +is exercised in the making, and it is good practice for +older children. The wise mother soon learns to detect +the difference between the poor work which is +the result of pure nervousness and that which is the +consequence of carelessness. The latter should never +be permitted to stand. See to it that what the child +does is up to his best capacity.</p> + + +<p class="hang2"><b>Humpty-Dumpty Eggs</b> (<i>Shell</i>, <i>shot</i>, <i>water-color +paints</i>, <i>a bit of cotton-batting</i>, <i>and a bit of tough +paper</i>)</p> + +<p>Take a shell and empty of contents as described +above. Enlarge the hole at one end sufficiently to +drop in a dozen tiny shot obtainable at hardware +store. Paste over the opening the bit of paper, and +on that a little cotton to simulate hair. Paint upon +the surface eyes, nose, and mouth. A comical little +toy which always regains its balance, however placed, +is the result. In playing with this the child unconsciously +imbibes <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_27" id="Page_27">[Pg 27]</a></span> +a few ideas about equilibrium, equipoise, +etc. Tell him you want him to be a man that, +however placed, will always be able to get upon his +feet again.</p> + + +<p class="hang2"><b>Foot-ball</b>, or rather it might be called Breath-ball +(<i>Egg-shell</i>, <i>water-color paints</i>)</p> + +<p>Take an empty shell and paint to resemble a football +or in some college or High School colors. See +<a href="#Page_99">page 99</a> for directions for game.</p> + + +<p class="hang2"><b>Toy Lamp</b> (See under Doll-Houses)</p> + + +<h3>PRUNES AND RAISINS</h3> + + +<p class="hang2"><b>Turtle</b> (<i>Raisin and five cloves</i>)</p> + +<p>Take a plump raisin and stick into it five cloves +for head and legs.</p> + + +<p class="hang2"><b>Man</b> (<i>Raisins or prunes</i>, <i>toothpicks</i>)</p> + +<p>Make a man by running a toothpick through +three raisins for a body. Into the top one stick two +other toothpicks, with two raisins each for arms and +two other toothpicks with raisins make the legs. Each +leg has a projecting raisin for a foot and another +large raisin makes the head. These are fun-makers +for a children's party, one at each plate.</p> + + +<h3>SEEDS</h3> + + +<p class="hang2"><b>Stringing</b> (<i>Squash seeds—dried</i>, <i>strong thread</i>, <i>needle</i>)</p> + +<p>Little children can be happily occupied making +chains <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_28" id="Page_28">[Pg 28]</a></span> +of squash, pumpkin, and water-melon seeds +that have been saved and made soft by soaking +awhile in water. The black seeds of the water-melon +alternate prettily with the white seeds of the other +gourds. Variety can be introduced by stringing several +of one color and then several of another, counting +by twos, threes, etc. This gives exercise in counting, +in pleasing grouping of colors, and so exercises both +the invention and the taste of the very little child.</p> + + +<p class="hang2"><b>Designing</b> (<i>Black seeds</i>, <i>white seeds</i>)</p> + +<p>Let the child make designs of the seeds upon +the table. Place a black one for a centre and a white +one on each side. Repeat this figure for a foot or more, +placing the groups an inch apart and observe the +effect. Tell him thus to make a design for the frieze +of the room. Another effect is produced by placing +a white seed as a centre and placing four or five +around it. Vary still further by placing a circle of +black seeds around the whole. These few examples +will serve to indicate the endless variety that can be +secured, and is a training in invention and taste. Let +the child always have in mind a design for some particular +purpose, as of wall-paper, oil-cloth, etc. Lead +him to observe similar effects in carpets, wall-paper, +etc. The best of these attempts can be made comparatively +permanent by pasting upon small sheets +of tinted bristol-board. The chief value in preserving +any such work is for purposes of comparison as +the child improves.</p> + + +<p class="hang2"><b>Counters</b></p> + +<p>Save out 24 white and 24 black seeds for counters +in checkers, go-bang, etc.</p> + + +<p class="hang2"><b>Squash-Seed<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_29" id="Page_29">[Pg 29]</a></span> + Chicken</b> (<i>25 seeds</i>, <i>white thread</i>, <i>two +quill toothpicks</i>, <i>bit of red flannel</i>, <i>feather from +duster</i>)</p> + +<p>Take 25 squash seeds and soak till soft. Take +five of these and place side by side with pointed ends +up. Above these place four, their +wide ends coming between the points +of the others. Above these place +three in the same relative position. +Above these put two, and above these +and between them place the squash-seed +which is to be the head of the +chicken.</p> + +<div class="figright"><a id="i_030" name="i_030"></a> +<img src="images/i_030.jpg" alt="i_030" /> + +<p class="caption">How to String +the Seeds.</p> + +</div> + +<p>Now, beneath the original five, +place four, pointed ends up; beneath +these put three, then two, then one. +If these are rightly placed, the pointed +ends of one row come just at the +sides of the wide end of the seeds +above.</p> + + + + +<p>Run a thread through the lower +end of the two and the upper end of +the three; then through the lower end +of three and the upper end of the +four; continue thus till all have been +united. The result thus far will be a +double pyramid of the seeds. Draw +an eye in the middle of the head, +paste or sew on a bit of quill for a +bill and a bit of flannel for a comb. +Attach a few feathers from the +duster for a tail. Take two more seeds and sew to +the <i>middle</i> of the row of <i>five</i> for the thigh of the legs, +and to each sew a quill for the rest of the legs, cutting +into points at one end for toes.</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_30" id="Page_30">[Pg 30]</a></span></p> + +<div class="figcenter"><a id="i_031" name="i_031"></a> +<img src="images/i_031.jpg" alt="i_031" /> + +<p class="caption">Squash-Seed Chicken.</p> + +</div> + + + +<p>Make another chicken like the above and suspend +the two face to face upon a slender stick by running +a thread through the head and one through the +tail. When the stick is moved the chickens assume +very realistic attitudes. A comical toy, made with +no expense save that of time and patience. (See +illustrations.)</p> + + +<p class="hang2"><b>Pincushion or Penwiper</b> (<i>Five plump apple-seeds</i>, +<i>sharp pen-knife</i>, <i>black thread</i>, <i>stiff card</i>, <i>square +of muslin</i>, <i>emery or cotton batting</i>)</p> + +<p>Save out five seeds, and cut the cuticle of the +large end into two tiny points to simulate the ears +of <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_31" id="Page_31">[Pg 31]</a></span> +a mouse. Knot the thread and run a tiny bit +through for a tail. Paste these upon a visiting card, +and near them paste a tiny bag made of white muslin +to simulate a flour-bag. It can be stuffed with cotton +or with emery for needles or pins. Or the card +can be sewn upon several layers of cloth as decoration +for a penwiper.</p> + + +<p class="hang2"><b>Imitation Water</b></p> + +<p>Muskmelon seeds placed in an undulating line +in the sand-box suggest water.</p> + + +<h3>SOAP</h3> + + +<p class="hang2"><b>Hammering</b> (<i>Old-fashioned bar soap</i>, <i>hammer</i>, <i>nails</i>)</p> + +<p>A wee child will entertain himself for a long time +by hammering nails into a bar of soap if the proper +tools be given him. In this simple activity he exercises +both mind and body. It requires good coördination +on the part of the little one to strike the nail +just right, and he enjoys not only the exercise itself, +but also the pleasure of imitating the carpenter who +uses the hammer so skilfully.</p> + + +<p class="hang2"><b>Drawing</b> (<i>White soap</i>, <i>window-pane</i>)</p> + +<p>On a day when he must stay indoors, give your +child a piece of white soap and let him show you what +he can draw upon the window-pane. Ships and trees, +houses and flowers have a fairy-like appearance when +drawn with this commonplace material upon the impromptu +background of glass. This allows the freedom +of movement found in blackboard work. It +gives scope to the child's imaginative powers and +should add nothing to the housekeeper's cares, being +readily <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_32" id="Page_32">[Pg 32]</a></span> +removed with a damp cloth. It may reveal +creative possibilities in some otherwise "mute, inglorious" +artist.</p> + + +<h3>CEREAL BOXES</h3> + + +<p class="hang2"><b>Moving-Van</b> (<i>Cereal-box</i>, <i>glue</i>, <i>two skewers</i>, <i>4 button-molds</i>, +<i>4 nails or strong pins</i>)</p> + +<p>Take a box (Quaker Oats or Force, etc.). Cut +out doors and side openings for a moving-van. It +may be well to draw these first. For a model, look +at any van or grocer's wagon. It will be seen that +models are numerous and various. If more explicit +directions are required we give the following, although +it is always well to have the child use his own +mind as far as possible before going to others for +ideas.</p> + +<p>Remove the top of the box, which becomes the +front of the wagon. The bottom of the box will be +the back of the wagon. This bottom will be found +to consist of two layers of cardboard. Remove the +outer one and cut the inner one once through the +middle to make two doors. On each side of the +wagon cut an oblong window ½ inch from the top, +½ inch from the bottom, and ½ inch from the front. +Let it be two inches wide. Place a seat across from +one window to the other; fasten with glue. It may +be just a straight piece one inch wide, or may be two +inches wide, folded once through the middle lengthwise +to give a back.</p> + +<p>For wheels use wooden button-molds, two inches +wide, or circles sawed from a broom handle. For +axles use wooden skewers or cut a piece from a stick +of kindling wood about ¼ inch wide. Whittle the +ends till they are slender enough to hold the button-molds. +Then<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_33" id="Page_33">[Pg 33]</a></span> +put on the wheels, inserting a slender +nail or pin outside to keep them from coming off the +axle. Glue the axle to the box. If wheels are cut +from broom-handle, a nail can be driven through the +centre for an axle and then pushed into the side of +the box, or a nail pushed through a button-mold +directly into the box will hold.</p> + +<p>Punch two holes into the front of the wagon, +tie cord through and the wagon can be drawn along. +It may be painted if desired. For horses, trace a +picture of a horse from some book or advertisement +on cardboard, cut out and harness to wagon.</p> + + +<p class="hang2"><b>Lantern</b> (<i>Box</i>, <i>scissors</i>, <i>candle</i>, <i>pencil</i>)</p> + +<p>Draw on the box holes to represent eyes, nose +and mouth. Then cut these out. Cut holes near the +top of box to put wires through for carrying the +box. Use a wire about two feet long, put the ends +through the holes and bend up. Let a little of the +wax drip from the end of the candle to the bottom +of the inside of the box, and when a soft centre has +been made push the candle down and it will stand +firm. Only older children should use these, lest harm +result. But children do make them at election times +for transparencies. The openings may be lined with +colored tissue paper.</p> + + +<p class="hang2"><b>House</b> (<i>Cereal box</i>, <i>paste</i>, <i>scissors</i>, <i>wall-paper</i>, <i>etc.</i>)</p> + +<p>Remove one broad side. Stand box on one long +narrow side as room of doll's house. Cut an opening +in the remaining broad side for a window. Furnish +with paper furniture. (See <a href="#Page_85">page 85</a>.)</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_34" id="Page_34">[Pg 34]</a></span></p> + +<h3>EDAM CHEESE</h3> + + +<p class="hang2"><b>Lantern</b> (<i>Cheese</i>, <i>knife</i>, <i>candle</i>)</p> + +<p>After the interior of one of these round, red +cheeses has been scooped out and eaten by the family, +the discarded red shell will make a fine Jack-o'-lantern, +if the proper holes for eyes, nose and mouth be +cut into it and a candle inserted inside. The candle +may be inserted in a socket cut into the bottom of +the rind, or it may be made to stand firmly in a bed +of wax or tallow melted from its own lower end.</p> + + +<h3>SALT</h3> + + +<p class="hang2"><b>Play for Baby</b> (<i>Fine table salt</i>, <i>spoon</i>, <i>bottle</i>, <i>small +box or pan</i>)</p> + +<p>If clean fine sand is not at the moment available, +give the baby a box containing a heap of salt and a +teaspoon and bottle, and he will be happy for a long +time, passing the salt from one bottle or box to another. +To the young mother this may seem akin to +foolishness, but in thus playing simply with sand or +with salt the baby is exercising faculties and working +out baby problems which he should be given opportunity +to try. He is becoming acquainted with his +environment, his little world.</p> + + +<h3>TIN CANS</h3> + + +<p class="hang2"><b>Burnt-Match Safe</b> (<i>Mustard box</i>, <i>oil paints</i>, <i>brush</i>, +<i>ribbon</i>, <i>nail</i>, <i>hammer</i>)</p> + +<p>Punch two holes near the upper edge of a discarded +mustard box, the holes to be opposite each +other. These may be made by hammering a nail +through <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_35" id="Page_35">[Pg 35]</a></span> +the tin, holding the box firmly against a +block of wood or stone for pressure.</p> + +<p>With oil paints, one color, begin at the top to +paint the box, graduating from light to darker tones +as the bottom is approached. Lighter tones may be +secured by mixing the blue or red with Chinese white. +A flower design may be painted by one skilled in +the use of the brush.</p> + +<p>Tie ribbon through the holes by which to suspend +the box, and the result is an article both useful +and pretty.</p> + + +<p class="hang2"><b>Flower-Pot</b> (<i>Can</i>, <i>ivory paints</i>, <i>brush</i>)</p> + +<p>Paint an empty can with green or brown ivory +paint and use as flower-pot for growing plant. Children +love to handle a paint-brush, and this offers a +legitimate occasion for such occupation. A small hole +should be punched in bottom of can for drainage.</p> + + +<p class="hang2"><b>Hanging-Basket</b> (<i>Can</i>, <i>nail</i>, <i>hammer</i>, <i>cord</i>, <i>raffia</i>)</p> + +<p>Punch holes for suspending as described above. +Then make a covering of raffia as explained on page +46 and hang up by the cord.</p> + + +<p class="hang2"><b>Wheels</b> (<i>Covers of baking-powder tins</i>, <i>nail</i>, <i>hammer</i>)</p> + +<p>With the nail, hammer a hole through the centre of +the cover, placing upon a stone step or other brace. +The little wheels may be used to complete toy wagons +that the child is making.</p> + + +<h3>TIN FOIL</h3> + + +<p class="hang2"><b>Toy Dishes</b> (<i>Tin foil from cream-cheese wrappers</i>, +<i>etc</i>.)</p> + +<p>Take the tin foil, and by simple squeezing and +pressing and shaping, a little practice will enable one +to <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_36" id="Page_36">[Pg 36]</a></span> +make it into tiny pitchers, goblets, pans, etc., for +dolly's table.</p> + + +<p class="hang2"><b>Toy Mirror</b> (<i>Tin foil</i>, <i>scissors</i>)</p> + +<p>Smooth carefully with the fingers and cut a piece +of the tin foil into the shape and size to fit a little +cardboard bureau.</p> + +<p>A larger piece will simulate water in the sandbox +park.</p> + + +<p class="hang2"><b>Toy Money</b> (<i>Tin foil</i>, <i>coin</i>, <i>scissors</i>)</p> + +<p>Smooth the tin foil with the thumb nail, place a +cent or a nickel beneath, and press and smooth again, +making an impression of the coin that may be cut +out and used in playing store.</p> + + +<p class="hang2"><b>Toy Cutlery</b> (<i>Tin foil</i>, <i>scissors</i>)</p> + +<p>Cut tiny knives, forks and spoons out of the tin +foil for the paper-dolls' table.</p> + + +<h3>CORK</h3> + +<p>Save all corks and they may be used in a variety +of ways.</p> + + +<p class="hang2"><b>Toy Raft</b> (<i>Cork</i>, <i>wire or hairpins</i>)</p> + +<p>Run several corks on a piece of wire to resemble +a log; make several such and then tie together to +make a raft, tying between the corks.</p> + + +<p class="hang2"><b>Toy Boat</b> (<i>Circular flat cork</i>, <i>tacks</i>, <i>wire</i>, <i>toothpick</i>, +<i>paper</i>)</p> + +<p>Insert a toothpick in one of the large flat corks +that sometimes cover pickle glasses. Paste a paper +triangle upon this for a sail and set afloat in a dishpan +sea.</p> + + +<p class="hang2"><b>Flower-Rack</b><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_37" id="Page_37">[Pg 37]</a></span> + (<i>Flat cork</i>, <i>pencil</i>)</p> + +<p>Take a flat piece of cork such as is used by entomologists +upon which to impale insects, or any flat, +<i>thin</i> piece of cork will do if several inches in diameter. +Such cork may be easily perforated by a slender pencil. +Make a number of perforations several inches +apart, and then the cork may rest upon a water-filled +saucer or other deep dish, and the stalks of single +flowers may be inserted into the holes so that they are +supported by the cork.</p> + + +<p class="hang2"><b>Furniture</b> (<i>Circular corks</i>, <i>pins</i>, <i>worsted of pleasing +color</i>, <i>cashmere or silk goods</i>)</p> + +<p>Into the upper side of a round cork about one +inch in diameter insert five to seven pins. Twist and +weave the worsted in and out, under and over those +pins, so as to make a firm, solid back to a little chair. +The ends of the worsted may be neatly disposed of +by threading on a needle and running in and out for +a few stitches till concealed.</p> + +<p>For legs, insert four strong pins, and wind these +round and round with the worsted, finishing neatly +by running with a needle in and out.</p> + +<p>If the seat seems too plain it may first, before +the chair is made, be covered with silk or cashmere. +To do this cut the cloth into a circle somewhat larger +than the diameter of the cork. Run a gathering +thread around the circumference, and putting the +cork in the centre draw the thread and so gather beneath +the seat. To make a really neat finish the edge +should be turned in before gathering.</p> + + +<p class="hang2"><b>Swimming-Float</b> (<i>Dozens of corks</i>, <i>strong canvas +cloth, measuring 20 × 36 inches</i>, <i>needle</i>, <i>thread</i>)</p> + +<p>Make two strong canvas bags, measuring about +18 × 20 <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_38" id="Page_38">[Pg 38]</a></span> +inches. Fill these with corks to act as floats. +Unite the two bags by a strong band of canvas about +7 × 20 inches in size, and let the children use when +in bathing.</p> + + +<p class="hang2"><b>Cork in Art</b></p> + +<p>In making models of world-renowned buildings, +such as churches, cathedrals, temples, etc., cork is +used in large and small pieces.</p> + +<p>In Germany it is used in making pictures. A +sky background is painted in water-color, and the +flat pieces of cork are cut into shape and glued on +to represent walls and towers of buildings. The +foliage of trees is represented by the more spongy +pieces of cork, and the effects secured are interesting +and beautiful. The children may like to experiment +and see what they can do in this direction.</p> + + +<p class="hang2"><b>Cork Doll</b> (<i>See <a href="#Page_81">page 81</a></i> )</p> + + + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_39" id="Page_39">[Pg 39]</a></span></p> + +<h2><a name="CHAPTER_II" id="CHAPTER_II"></a>CHAPTER II<br /> +<br /> +MOTHER NATURE'S HORN OF PLENTY</h2> + + +<p>Many of the articles named under the Market +Basket Division of this book could be classified also +under the above head. In addition we present the +following:</p> + + +<h3>STONES AND PEBBLES</h3> + + +<p class="hang2"><b>Collections</b> (<i>Stones</i>, <i>small boxes</i>)</p> + +<p>Collect various pretty little stones and pebbles on +river shore, coast or roadway, and classify in different +ways—according to color, shape, size. This exercises +the child's observing powers and trains him in detecting +differences and resemblances. Keep in small boxes.</p> + + +<p class="hang2"><a name="Bottled_Pebbles" id="Bottled_Pebbles"></a><b>Bottled Pebbles</b> (<i>Pebbles</i>, <i>plain glass bottle</i>)</p> + +<p>Put some pretty pebbles in a glass bottle filled +with water which intensifies the color. Send to some +sick friend, especially some one from the prairies who +may seldom see stones. It is always well for the +child to have some definite object in view when he +does anything.</p> + + +<p class="hang2"><b>Toy Path-Markers</b></p> + +<p>Use pebbles in the sand-box for outlining the little +paths in the wee park or farm.</p> + + +<p class="hang2"><b>Jackstones</b></p> + +<p>Pebbles of right size and shape make good jackstones.</p> + + +<p class="hang2"><b>Toy Vegetables</b><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_40" id="Page_40">[Pg 40]</a></span> + (<i>Small square of cheesecloth</i>, <i>needle</i>, +<i>thread</i>, <i>pebbles</i>)</p> + +<p>Make tiny cheesecloth bags and use pebbles as +potatoes, apples, etc., in play with the little wagons +made by the child. In playing store with them comes +opportunity for counting and measuring. Tiny boxes +can be used for quart and pint measures, and the child +may be shown that two pints make one quart, etc.</p> + + +<p class="hang2"><b>Paper-Weight</b> (<i>Large, smooth stone</i>, <i>oil-paints</i>)</p> + +<p>If you find a large, smooth stone of pretty tone, +let the older child decorate it with a little picture done +in oil paints.</p> + + +<h3>SHELLS</h3> + + +<p class="hang2"><b>Collections</b> (<i>Shells</i>, <i>small boxes</i>)</p> + +<p>Collect and classify according to color, shape, +etc., and keep in separate boxes.</p> + + +<p class="hang2"><b>Bottled Shells</b> (<i>Shells</i>, <i>bottle</i>)</p> + +<p>Put little shells in bottle of water to bring out +lovely colors. (See <a href="#Bottled_Pebbles">Bottled Pebbles</a> above.)</p> + + +<p class="hang2"><b>Border for Sand-Table</b></p> + +<p>Place small shells along little paths in sand-table, +sometimes with concave side up and <i>vice versa</i>.</p> + +<p>Larger shells, as clamshells, make fine borders +for roads and paths in the country. They outline the +road on a dark night.</p> + + +<p class="hang2"><b>Water-Color-Cups</b></p> + +<p>Collect and save shells to give to some artist +friend as extra cups for his water-color paints.</p> + + +<p class="hang2"><b>Ramekin Dishes</b><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_41" id="Page_41">[Pg 41]</a></span> +</p> + +<p>Large shells make serviceable individual dishes +for baked fish, etc. Appropriate for fish dinner.</p> + + +<p class="hang2"><b>Individual Salt and Butter Dishes</b></p> + +<p>These can be made of the smaller pink and yellow +shells found on many coasts. Let the children collect +shells for this purpose, and use for fish dinner.</p> + + +<p class="hang2"><b>Toy-Boat</b></p> + +<p>A small shell is often found which, with the little +natural seat found at one end, at once suggests a little +boat. Have the children collect and save for those +far from the shore.</p> + + +<p class="hang2"><b>Pin-Tray</b> (<i>Scallop shell</i>, <i>oil-paints</i>)</p> + +<p>Paint a marine view in oils inside a shell for pin-tray.</p> + + +<p class="hang2"><b>Pin-Cushion</b> (<i>Small piece of satin or velvet</i>, <i>saw-dust</i>, +<i>glue</i>, <i>two perfect scallop-shells</i>)</p> + +<p>Make a small pin-cushion of satin or velvet, filled +with saw-dust, and glue between a pair of scallop +shells, so that it fits in between as they open out.</p> + + +<p class="hang2"><b>Piano Scarf</b> (<i>Several dozen small, thin, yellow shells +found on Atlantic coast</i>, <i>one yard Nile green +India silk</i>, <i>strong sewing silk</i>)</p> + +<p>Hem the silk an inch deep at each end. Sew to +one end a fringe of shells made as follows:</p> + +<p>The shells usually have a tiny hole in them when +found. If not, one is easily pierced by a strong +needle. Take twelve lengths of strong sewing silk, +white, each 20 inches long. To each of these tie +twelve shells at intervals of an inch each. You will +then <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_42" id="Page_42">[Pg 42]</a></span> +have twelve strings of shells, which are to be +sewed to the scarf as a fringe, putting them about +three inches apart. Sew two rows of shells directly +on the scarf itself, putting them about four inches +apart each way. If desired, in making the fringe +some of the strings may be shorter than others, arranged +so that the long and short ones alternate.</p> + + +<h3>BIRCH BARK</h3> + + +<p class="hang2"><b>Needle-Case or Penwiper</b> (<i>Squares of chamois skin +or flannel</i>, <i>sewing-silk</i>, <i>paint</i>)</p> + +<p>Cut bark into circles, squares, oblongs, etc. Decorate +with gold lettering or borders of gold. Make +several leaves of flannel or chamois skin and sew the +bark on to these as a cover. The flannel may be scalloped. +An appropriate sentiment to write upon penwiper +cover is "Extracts from the pen of—" putting +in the name of the recipient. The leaves and cover +may be sewed together with a cross-stitch.</p> + + +<p class="hang2"><b>Handkerchief-Box</b> (<i>Punch</i>, <i>several strands of raffia</i>)</p> + +<p>Cut two pieces of bark 6 × 6 inches. Cut four +others 3 × 6 inches. Along the edge of these punch +(with a conductor's punch or one that can be bought +at a kindergarten supply place) holes an inch apart +and ¼ inch from edge. Sew the four narrow pieces +to the square for bottom and sides of box. Sew +remaining square more loosely to one side as cover. +Sew with strands of raffia, sewing through the holes +already made. If desired to give a more finished appearance +punch more holes along edge of box and lid, +making them ¼ inch apart. Then hold a fine basket +reed or piece of raffia along the edges and overcast. +If <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_43" id="Page_43">[Pg 43]</a></span> +lavender or sweet grass is obtainable, that will +be even better than reed or raffia for the edge, lending +its fragrance to the gift. The box can be still +further finished by lining with dainty silk. Make +glove box in same way, but longer in proportion to +width.</p> + + +<p class="hang2"><b>Pencil and Paint-Brush Box</b> (<i>Bark</i>, <i>raffia</i>, <i>needle or +crochet hook</i>)</p> + +<p>This is cylindrical. Cut a piece of bark 5 × 8 +inches. Punch in it a series of holes ¾ of an inch +apart, and ½ inch from edge of each short side. +Place these so that one edge overlaps the other and +the holes coincide with one another. Then sew together +with raffia. Use a short needle or none at all. +Raffia can be drawn through holes with a crochet-hook. +Punch holes in the lower end of this cylinder +and cut a circle of same size as diameter of cylinder +out of cardboard. Punch corresponding holes in +this and sew the bottom in. Strengthen top by overcasting +over a twist of raffia, sweet grass or sweet +clover.</p> + + +<p class="hang2"><b>Canoe</b> (<i>Bark</i>, <i>pencil</i>, <i>thread</i>, <i>paper</i>, <i>paraffine</i>)</p> + +<p>Fold strong piece of bark and cut an outline of +a canoe, rounding the ends. Sew the ends closely +together with stout thread, overcasting the edges with +same. Make watertight by lining with paper dipped +in melted paraffine. Paraffine may be bought at grocer's.</p> + + +<p class="hang2"><b>Fan</b>, modeled after East Indian pattern (<i>Bark</i>, <i>kindling +wood</i>, <i>dye</i>, <i>gold paint</i>)</p> + +<p>Cut two stiff pieces of bark into hatchet-shaped +trapezoid. Punch row of holes in the narrowest side, +whittle <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_44" id="Page_44">[Pg 44]</a></span> +a handle of pinewood, and sew it to the narrow +edge of bark over and over through the holes.</p> + +<p>The handle may be stained with some natural +dye and fan decorated with gold paint.</p> + + +<p class="hang2"><b>Picture-Frame</b> (<i>Bark</i>, <i>punch</i>, <i>sweet grass</i>)</p> + +<p>Cut two pieces of bark 4 × 5 inches, one of smooth +bark, one of the outer bark with pleasing markings. +Punch holes around the edges of each ¾ inches apart. +In the rough outside piece cut an oval 2½ × 3 inches. +Around this inner oval punch holes near together and +bind this around with sweet grass overcast with fine +raffia. Now sew the two pieces of bark together, +first cutting into the back piece a slit near the bottom +into which to slide the photograph.</p> + +<p>In using sweet grass as binding it is well to wind +the bunch first with thread to hold the pieces together, +and after the grass is firmly sewed the temporary +thread can be cut away. The bunch of grass thus +used may be about as thick as half the little finger.</p> + +<p>Punch may be bought at kindergarten store, or +conductor's punch will do.</p> + + +<h3>GOURDS</h3> + + +<p class="hang2"><b>Darning-Egg</b></p> + +<p>A smooth well-shaped gourd (mock-orange) +makes a serviceable darning egg.</p> + + +<p class="hang2"><b>Hanging-Basket</b> (<i>Large gourd</i>, <i>soil</i>, <i>plant</i>)</p> + +<p>Clear the gourd of fibre and seeds, after cutting +off the top rim evenly. Pierce the top with two holes +through which to attach cord for hanging, fill with a +light, loose soil, and plant in it a drooping, trailing +plant. Cut a hole in the lower end to allow for drainage. +Let<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_45" id="Page_45">[Pg 45]</a></span> + the country child save gourds of good +shape to present, thus filled, to city friends.</p> + + +<h3>VEGETABLES</h3> + + +<p class="hang2"><b>Sweet-Potato Vine</b></p> + +<p>Put a sweet potato in sandy loam in a hanging +basket and water occasionally. It will produce a beautiful, +graceful vine.</p> + + +<p class="hang2"><b>Carrot-Top</b></p> + +<p>Cut off the top of a young carrot evenly and place +it on top of a pot filled with sand. Moisten well, and +keep in the dark till it has begun to sprout; when the +leaves appear take it out, and the word "Carrot-top" +will acquire a new meaning, the result is so pretty.</p> + + +<p class="hang2"><b>Turnip</b></p> + +<p>Take a turnip and clean the outside, taking care +not to injure the parts from which the leaves spring. +Cut a piece off the bottom and scoop out the inside, +leaving the top intact. Fasten string or wire to it +so as to hang it upside down. Fill and keep filled +with water, and soon the leaves will sprout and curl +up, forming a beautiful natural hanging basket.</p> + + +<h3>RAFFIA</h3> + +<p>This flexible fiber, long used by florists, is now +also used a great deal in the schools for the educational +hand-training it affords. It can be obtained +at kindergarten supply places.</p> + + +<p class="hang2"><b>Reins</b><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_46" id="Page_46">[Pg 46]</a></span> +</p> + +<p>Take three to six strands and braid into reins +for playing horse. As the ends of the strands are +approached (each is about a yard long) begin to +weave in a new strand, as inconspicuously as possible. +Do not have the strands all exactly the same +length to begin with, because if you reach the end +of all at the same time it makes it difficult to weave +in new ones neatly.</p> + + +<p class="hang2"><b>Mat</b></p> + +<p>Take such a long braid as described above, and +holding one end flat, turn it round and round spirally +but flat, and sew with thread to make a mat for the +tea-pot. By bending up a little as you sew you can +make a basket.</p> + + +<p class="hang2"><b>Picture-Frame</b> (<i>Cardboard</i>, <i>raffia</i>, <i>thread and needle</i>)</p> + +<p>Cut a circle of cardboard 5 × 5 inches in diameter. +From the centre cut out a smaller circle three +inches in diameter. This leaves a circular cardboard +frame. Wind this round and round smoothly with +the raffia. Paste another circle on the back to give +a good finish, but in this second circle cut a slit up +which to slide the photograph.</p> + + +<p class="hang2"><b>Woven Mat</b> (<i>Loom</i>, <i>raffia</i>)</p> + +<p>Thread a little loom with raffia warp as described +on <a href="#Page_90">page 90</a>. Then weave the woof (also of +raffia) back and forth to make a mat or a case for +hanging basket. To make the latter the right size +have the warp threads as <i>long</i> as the can is <i>around +the circumference</i>, and have the <i>width</i> about the same +as the <i>height</i> of the can.</p> + +<p>The raffia can be colored with Diamond dyes and +wee rugs made for the doll-house on tiny looms.</p> + + +<p class="hang2"><b>Grace Hoops</b><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_47" id="Page_47">[Pg 47]</a></span> + (See under <a href="#Grace-Hoops">Plays and Games</a>)</p> + + +<h3>LEAVES</h3> + + +<p class="hang2"><b>Festoons and Wreaths</b> (<i>Leaves, fresh or dried</i>, +<i>thorns or needle and thread</i>)</p> + +<p>City children may need to be told what seems to +be handed down to the country child from generation +to generation, that leaves may be made into wreaths +for the head or decoration for the room either by +overlapping one upon another and fastening together +with a thorn or sharp twig, or by stringing together +on a stout thread.</p> + + +<p class="hang2"><b>To Dry or Press</b> (<i>Blotting paper</i>, <i>two small smooth +boards</i>, <i>strap</i>, <i>wax or linseed oil</i>)</p> + +<p>Gather and press pretty autumn leaves thus: +Have ready two boards measuring about one by two +feet. Put the leaves between sheets of blotting paper +and place these between the boards and then strap +them tightly together, or if no straps are convenient, +put the boards beneath a heavy weight (a book will +do). Change the paper every day or so till sure that +they are quite dry.</p> + +<p>To preserve and brighten the colors after drying +dip in melted wax and press a moment with a hot +iron, or clear, boiled linseed oil will do in place of +the wax, using, however, as little as possible.</p> + + +<p class="hang2"><b>Decoration for Curtains</b></p> + +<p>Pin to lace curtains in attractive arrangement.</p> + + +<p class="hang2"><b>Transparency</b> (<i>Leaves</i>, <i>bolting-cloth</i>, <i>1 yard white +India silk</i>, <i>sewing silk</i>, <i>needle</i>)</p> + +<p>1. Take a piece of bolting-cloth twice the length +of the largest leaf and fold over evenly. Open again +and <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_48" id="Page_48">[Pg 48]</a></span> +place the leaves upon the bolting-cloth artistically +in a row; fold the cloth over again and baste. Bind +the edges with white ribbon, and at the two upper +corners sew the ends of a narrow ribbon with which +to suspend the transparency in the window.</p> + +<p>2. Or, if preferred, sew the bolting-cloth transparency +as a border to the end of a yard of India +silk as a scarf for shelf or piano.</p> + + +<p class="hang2"><b>Frieze of Leaves</b> (<i>Leaves</i>, <i>cartridge or other strong +paper of good tone</i>, <i>glue</i>)</p> + +<p>A pretty frieze for a room can be made by pasting +leaves on a long, foot-high strip of paper which +forms a background. The effect will depend largely +upon the harmony between the color of the leaves +and the background, as well as upon the arrangement +of the leaves. They may be arranged in an irregular +line, or may be placed so as to form artistic groups +of twos and threes or fours.</p> + + +<p class="hang2"><b>Collections of Leaves</b></p> + +<p>When the collecting instinct is upon him, let the +child collect and classify leaves according to shape. +See if he can tell by the leaf what tree it came from, +and if he recognizes the different varieties of leaves.</p> + + +<p class="hang2"><b>Four-Leaved Clovers</b></p> + +<p>Look for four-leaved clovers when on your country +walks, and save to press and afterwards use in +writing letters of good-will as decoration for paper, +pasting on at upper left hand corner; or use to decorate +place cards for dinners. It will hardly be necessary +to state that the four-leaved clover has for long +years been the symbol of good-luck.</p> + + +<p class="hang2"><b>Shadow Game</b><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_49" id="Page_49">[Pg 49]</a></span> + (<i>See under <a href="#Shadow_Game">Sun and Shadow</a></i> )</p> + + +<h3>FEATHERS</h3> + + +<p class="hang2"><b>Feather Flowers</b> (<i>A large goose with many white +feathers</i>, <i>beeswax</i>, <i>spools of wire of different sizes</i>, +<i>aniline dyes, though vegetable dyes are preferable +if obtainable</i>, <i>strong scissors suitable for cutting +wire</i>, <i>spools of strong white cotton thread</i>, <i>spool +of milliner's green-covered wire</i>)</p> + +<p>Pluck the breast of the goose. (Feathers come out +very easily.) The feathers, being very light, fly about +and therefore it is best to do the plucking in an uncarpeted +room or one in which the floor has been covered +with a large sheet.</p> + +<p>Classify the feathers according to size, and arrange +in bundles of about thirty by winding a stout +thread around the quills. Thus they are ready for the +dyeing process.</p> + +<p>Dye according to directions on packages. For +deep green of leaves and for calyx immerse for several +minutes; for more delicate tints immersion for a +second is sufficient.</p> + +<p>Suppose we select for our first effort a carnation. +Choose a real one for a model. Having selected about +twenty feathers of the required sizes and colors, cut +the ends to resemble the form of the petal and then +pink the edge as in the real flower. The actual number +of petals required will depend upon the size of the +flower copied and must be left to the judgment of the +maker.</p> + +<p>Take the measure of the length of stem required +on the wire and double it (wire must be twice as long +as stem). Wind tightly and evenly around it the +green milliner's wire to make the stem.</p> + +<p>Soften <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_50" id="Page_50">[Pg 50]</a></span> +the beeswax by heating slightly in a pan +till soft enough to mold between the fingers. Shape it +into the form of the calyx, inserting the stem at the +lower end, and pushing it far enough to insure firmness. +Wrap this soft calyx form round with green +feathers to represent the flower copied. Upon accuracy +at the beginning depends the success of the flower, +therefore it is necessary to observe the natural one +closely. The green feathers must entirely cover the +calyx mold, the upper ones curving back a little as in +the genuine calyx.</p> + +<p>Take some colored petals and insert between the +calyx and the wax mold, pushing the quill end of the +feather firmly into the wax. Arrange the petals spirally, +beginning at the bottom and building gradually +up to the top. The larger feathers are used first, growing +smaller toward the top. Complete the flower by +inserting the stamens and pistil, which are made by +tearing one small feather into narrow strips and curling +these by drawing once over a scissors blade.</p> + +<p>The simplest flowers to make are: Carnation +pinks, violets, sweet peas, fuchsias, roses and Easter +lilies. With the proper amount of time, patience and +perseverance, any flower can be successfully made.</p> + +<p>If leaves are desired, cut green feathers into the +required shape and attach.</p> + + +<p class="hang2"><b>Indian Headdress</b> (<i>Large turkey feathers</i>, <i>glue</i>, <i>cardboard</i>, +<i>paint</i>)</p> + +<p>Save large feathers from turkey or rooster and +make Indian headdress by glueing upon cardboard cut +to proper shape. For model look at copper cent.</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_51" id="Page_51">[Pg 51]</a></span></p> +<h3>FLOWERS</h3> + + +<p class="hang2"><b>Pressed Morning-Glories</b> (<i>The flowers</i>, <i>white tissue-paper</i>, +<i>scissors</i>, <i>book or pressing boards</i>)</p> + +<p>Press the flowers between a fold of thin tissue-paper. +The delicate flowers will adhere to the paper, +which is sufficiently transparent however for the morning-glory +to be visible through it. When dry, cut the +paper from around the flower and pin to curtains, lambrequin, +etc., as desired, or attach to letter paper.</p> + + +<p class="hang2"><b>Soldier-Flowers</b> (<i>Milkweed blossoms</i>)</p> + +<p>The small blossoms of the milkweed may be made +to stand in rows and columns like soldiers, two by two, +four by four, etc., giving practice in counting.</p> + + +<h3>ROSE-HAWS</h3> + + +<p class="hang2"><b>Rosaries</b> (<i>Haws</i>, <i>stout thread</i>, <i>needle</i>)</p> + +<p>When the beautiful red rose-haws ripen let the +children string them, making rosaries to send to city +friends.</p> + + +<h3>STRAWS</h3> + + +<p class="hang2"><b>Stringing</b> (<i>Scissors</i>, <i>needle</i>, <i>thread</i>, <i>cranberries</i>, <i>nuts</i>, +<i>etc.</i>)</p> + +<p>Save the straw from rye and let the children cut +it into one-inch lengths for stringing alternately with +cranberries, nuts, beads, etc. Use to decorate the room, +to make portieres, and to decorate the child himself +when dressing up.</p> + + +<p class="hang2"><b>Blowing Bubbles</b> (<i>Straw</i>, <i>soapy water</i>)</p> + +<p>Hollow straws several inches long may be used to +blow tiny bubbles of soapy water in the absence of a +clay pipe.</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_52" id="Page_52">[Pg 52]</a></span></p> + +<h3>SUN AND SHADOW</h3> + + +<p class="hang2"><b>Blue-Prints</b> (<i>Leaf</i>, <i>blue-print paper</i>, <i>running water</i>, +<i>small oblong of glass</i>)</p> + +<p>A package of blue-print paper can be bought at +any photographic supply place for from 15 cents up, +or can be had in the sheet from an architect's supply +store. It must be carefully protected from the light +till ready for use.</p> + +<p>Take a square of the paper and place upon it a +leaf or flower or inconspicuous weed that makes a good +shadow on the sidewalk or window sill. Place this in +pleasing position upon the paper and put quickly in the +bright sunshine, holding it in place with the small +pane of glass (common picture glass will do). Leave +exposed to the sun for about ten minutes, then pour +cold water over it for a moment or so, and the +"shadow" will be seen to be permanently "fixed" in +light blue against a darker blue background.</p> + +<p>An artist acquaintance has a hundred or more +such prints of leaves, plants and flowers beautifully +mounted in a Japanese blank-book, the paper of which +makes an exquisite background. She finds these +shadows of the flowers and commonest weeds suggestive +in her designing.</p> + + +<p class="hang2"><a name="Shadow_Game" id="Shadow_Game"></a><b>Shadow Game</b> (<i>Smooth fence in sunshine</i>; <i>branch +with leaves</i>.)</p> + +<p>1. Several children sit in row, facing smooth +board fence. Another group of children form their +opponents. Of these one walks behind seated row +in such a way that his profile is visible on fence. +Seated children guess opponent from shadow cast.</p> + +<p>2. One child casts on wall shadow of leafy +branch. Opponents guess name of parent tree.</p> + + + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_53" id="Page_53">[Pg 53]</a></span></p> + +<h2><a name="CHAPTER_III" id="CHAPTER_III"></a>CHAPTER III<br /> +<br /> +SAVED FROM THE SCRAP BASKET</h2> + +<p class="center">or</p> + +<p class="center pb"><span class="smcap">Work with Scissors and Paste</span></p> + + +<p>What is known as free-hand cutting has been for +some time recognized as of genuine educational value +and is a source of great pleasure to the child when +once he learns his capacity in this direction. When +he tries, by means of paper and scissors, to express +an idea, to illustrate some story, or to indicate +something that he has seen, his notions of form and +proportion become more definite and precise, and he +learns to express action with remarkable skill and +power. He learns to appreciate beauty of outline as +seen in mountains and trees against a clear sky, and +to recognize such beauty as there may be in what +artists know as the "sky line," when darkness deepens +and the mammoth buildings of a city loom up +black against the sunset heavens. The definiteness of +observation and skill with the hand acquired in this +free cutting serves the child in many ways when in +the school grades.</p> + +<p>Many an otherwise useless piece of paper may, +with the help of scissors, give the child hours of +pleasure.</p> + +<p>But before he is able to use the scissors the +child may receive pleasure and benefit from the use +of paper alone.</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_54" id="Page_54">[Pg 54]</a></span></p> +<h3>PAPER</h3> + + +<p class="hang2"><b>Tearing Paper</b> (<i>Any bit of paper</i>)</p> + +<p>Give the children small pieces of paper and let +them try to tear these into simple definite shapes. +Make a shoe, stocking, snowman, tree, ladder, cat, etc. +Watch that they do not grow nervous in doing it. +After a little practice they will become surprisingly +expert. Paste what they make on a good background +to save and compare with later efforts.</p> + +<p>This is a really educational occupation which involves +absolutely no expense, as any clean piece of +paper may be so used. Will employ the child happily +when traveling.</p> + +<p>The very youngest children, if they want to tear +the newspaper, may be asked to tear it into tiny +pieces which brother and sister can use in playing +"hare and hounds."</p> + + +<p class="hang2"><b>Cutting Paper</b></p> + +<p>Let the child begin the <i>cutting</i> by making a snowball +out of white paper, and then a snowman. These +need only crude outlines, such as are within his capacity. +Then lead him on, little by little, to cut a picture +of the cat and of the dog, and illustrations to his +favorite stories, as the "Three Bears." This is beloved +in the kindergarten, requiring, as it does, pictures +of the chairs, the bowls, etc. Those who have +not seen children do this kind of work will be surprised +at the capacity developed.</p> + +<p class="pb">If he is afraid to attempt the freehand work, give +the child pictures to cut around, as simple outlines +of a cat seated, or a piece of fruit. Then encourage +him to cut without the outline. Both efforts may run +along <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_55" id="Page_55">[Pg 55]</a></span> +together. If a line be drawn, be sure that it is +heavy and distinct enough to be readily seen and followed.</p> + +<table class="other" summary="curlybracket"> +<tr> +<td class="tdl"><b>Birthday Candles</b></td> +<td class="tdcurly" rowspan="3"> +<span style="font-size:2.25em;">}</span></td> +<td class="hang" rowspan="2">(<i>Red paper, blank card, colored crayon</i>)</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="tdl"><b>Firecrackers</b></td> +</tr> + +</table> + +<p>Out of red paper let the child cut six (or any +number desired) narrow strips for red candles, to +represent birthday candles. Place in a row upon a +white card, to serve as place cards at a child's party. +Draw a bit of yellow at end of each candle to hint +at a flame.</p> + +<p>The same may be turned into firecrackers for a +"Fourth of July" festival, a line being drawn to suggest +a fuse.</p> + + +<p class="hang2"><b>Soldier-Caps</b> (<i>Newspaper</i>, <i>pins or paste</i>)</p> + +<p>Take brown wrapping paper or newspaper and +cut a square. Place before you and fold from <i>back</i> +to <i>front</i>, making an oblong. <i>While still folded</i> make +another fold by turning the left edge so that it exactly +meets the right edge. Open this much out and there +is a crease running from top to bottom. Now take +the upper left hand corner and make it touch the bottom +of this crease; take the upper right hand corner +and make it touch the lower end of this crease. This +gives a pointed cap, still unfinished. To finish cut a +slit, an inch deep, up from each lower end of the cap +and then fold a kind of hem up from the bottom and +paste the ends over neatly. Turn the hat over and +fold a similar hem on the other side. Turn in the +corner and finish by pasting neatly.</p> + + +<p class="hang2"><b>Plume for Hat</b> (<i>Paper as above</i>, <i>scissors</i>, <i>paste or +pin</i>)</p> + +<p>Take a strip of paper 6 × 12 inches. Make a +fringe <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_56" id="Page_56">[Pg 56]</a></span> +or series of cuts in this about four inches long +and ½ inch wide, and then roll it up and attach to +hat with paste or a pin.</p> + + +<p class="hang2"><b>Epaulets</b> for shoulder may be cut in similar way.</p> + +<p>The cutting of these fringes gives practice in the +use of scissors.</p> + +<hr style="width: 45%;" /> + +<p>The articles whose making we will now describe +do not come under the head of free-hand cutting, as +they usually require cutting according to measurement, +and really definite directions. They are given +in general in the order of difficulty in the making.</p> + + +<p class="hang2"><b>Chains</b> (<i>Scissors</i>, <i>paper</i>, <i>paste</i>, <i>toothpick</i>)</p> + +<p>Let the little child begin by cutting strips of +some bright paper or smooth wrapping paper into +lengths of ½ by 3 inches. Make a ring of one of these, +putting a wee bit of paste on the under part of one +end and sticking it fast to the other end by overlapping. +Through this ring run another strip and +paste into a similar ring, and so make a long chain +of them wherewith to decorate the child's small person +or the room. To make paste see <a href="#Page_169">page 169</a>.</p> + +<p>It is well to have a small pomade box, obtainable +at a druggist's, in which to keep the paste. It +can then be covered and kept moist until the next +time for using. But a little fresh mucilage or paste +can at any time be put into a butter dish. A toothpick +will make a good paste-stick, which the child +can handle more easily than a brush. Show him that +a tiny bit of paste will suffice and that more makes +the pretty ring mussy.</p> + +<p>If mother is sewing and the child restless and +no bright colored paper convenient, let the child cut +strips <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_57" id="Page_57">[Pg 57]</a></span> +of newspaper right at hand and make the rings. +His imagination will readily convert them into links +of gold.</p> + + +<p class="hang2"><b>Mask</b> (<i>Paper of any color</i>, <i>scissors</i>, <i>chalk</i>, <i>cord</i>)</p> + +<p>Cut an oval out of paper (or dress-lining) and +in it cut holes for eyes, nose, and mouth, fitting first +to the child's face to insure getting them in the right +places. Put a hole in the middle of each side through +which to tie the string which fastens it around over +the head. To add to the fun the mask may be colored +with chalks.</p> + + +<p class="hang2"><b>Newspaper Wrappers</b> (<i>Smooth brown wrapping +paper</i>, <i>pencil</i>, <i>ruler</i>)</p> + +<p>Take smooth pieces of brown wrapping paper. +Cut oblongs 8 × 12 inches. From one narrow edge +then measure an inch down on each side and make a +dot. Make another dot at the middle of this same +narrow side. Then draw a curve from dot to dot +and cut along the line. This makes the curved edge +of the wrapper. The curve may be cut free hand by +a skilful hand, or drawn with a compass. Put some +mucilage all along the edge of the curved side about +½ inch wide and let dry. Make a dozen of these and +give to father for a present, all ready for use when +he wants to mail a paper. They can be made more +complete by affixing a one-cent stamp on the right +hand side where the curved edge begins.</p> + + +<p class="hang2"><b>Papers for Baking Pans</b> (<i>Brown paper</i>, <i>scissors</i>, +<i>pencil</i>)</p> + +<p>Give child paper and baking-pans, and let him +cut papers ready for your use when making cake. +Let him do measuring.</p> + + +<p class="hang2"><b>Book-Mark</b><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_58" id="Page_58">[Pg 58]</a></span> + (<i>Fine white or tinted paper</i>)</p> + +<p>Take a piece of dainty paper and cut into an +oblong 1 × 6 inches. Fold lengthwise and cut a small +triangle from each end so as to leave a point when +opened out. Now cut a circle in the middle of the +paper (which is still folded) and cut other shaped +openings, diamonds, triangles, etc., along the fold, +½ or ¾ inches apart. Open and you have a simple +openwork bookmark the little child can give father +for birthday. A little experiment will show how to +secure variety and intricacy of design.</p> + + +<p class="hang2"><b>Fringed Bon-Bon Papers</b> (<i>White tissue paper</i>, <i>colored +ink or water-color paints</i>, <i>candy</i>, <i>verse of +poetry</i>)</p> + +<p>Cut a sheet of tissue paper into little oblongs +4 × 5 inches. Dip each narrow end ¾ of an inch +into ink, red, green, etc., or into water-color paints, +and let dry. Then cut this colored margin into narrow +slits, making fringe. Copy some appropriate +couplet on a narrow slip of paper and place it with +a piece of candy inside the paper, giving the fringed +ends a final twist. The making of these at home for +some future occasion, such as a birthday party, will +afford a happy hour's amusement.</p> + + +<p class="hang2"><b>Paper Money</b> (<i>White paper</i>, <i>pencil</i>, <i>scissors</i>, <i>cent</i>)</p> + +<p>Place the cent beneath the paper and then press +on it with the bottom of the pencil, rubbing at the +same time with a circular motion. Soon the impression +of the coin will appear on the paper. Cut out +and use in playing store.</p> + + +<p class="hang2"><b>Snowflakes</b><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_59" id="Page_59">[Pg 59]</a></span> +(<i>White paper</i>, <i>mucilage</i>, <i>a ten-cent box +of mica crystals or five cents' worth of alum +powder</i>)</p> + +<p>A six-pointed star must first be made of white +paper. To make this take piece of the paper from 3 +to 6 inches square, according to the size of the star. +Fold the paper once and cut an approximate half circle. +Then fold this in thirds, pressing the folds to +make creases. If opened out the circle would be +marked by six equi-distant creases radiating from the +centre. Do not, however, open, for you are now ready +to cut. Before doing this, observe if possible some +real snowflakes, with microscope or magnifying glass, +or even with the naked eye. Notice the form and +hexagonal structure. This is seen best if the flake +is caught on some woolen fabric. Then look into an +unabridged dictionary and study the picture of the +magnified snowflake crystal. Then cut tiny triangles, +circles, etc., into your folded circle so that +when opened out it will suggest an enlarged snowflake +with its six varied points. A delicate appearance +is secured by cutting delicate tapering points, +or, if the points be broad, cut holes in them to give +a lacey effect. We do not give more definite directions +for cutting, as the great fascination of the occupation +consists in the experiments with their many +surprises.</p> + +<p>(1) Now take the paper snowflake and brush it +lightly over with a thin, transparent mucilage, and +then sift over it some mica crystals obtainable at a +toy-store, one box being sufficient for many flakes. +After drying, cover the other side in the same way. +Suspended from the Christmas tree, these are very +effective.</p> + +<p>(2) The flakes can be made in another way, +thus: <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_60" id="Page_60">[Pg 60]</a></span> +Make a solution of alum water, dissolving +five cents' worth of alum in a pint of water. Be sure +it is all dissolved. Then put the flakes in a shallow +dish (granite ware or some material that the acid will +not injure). Cover with the solution and put in a +place slightly warm, so that the gradual evaporation +of the water will help in the slow formation of the +crystals. When finally evaporated the lacey "cut-out" +will be found covered with alum crystals. Cover +during evaporation with some light protection from +the dust.</p> + + +<p class="hang2"><b>Tailless Kite</b> (<i>Two sticks, 3½ feet long and ½ inch +wide</i>, <i>a ball of strong but thin twine</i>, <i>two pieces +tissue paper</i>, <i>knife</i>, <i>flour paste</i>)</p> + +<p>Get the sticks from the saw-mill. Cut a notch +in the two ends of each stick as a catch for the framework +of twine which will be put on later. On one +stick make a pencil mark about seven inches from the +top. Put the middle of the second stick across the +first at this mark and bind the two together firmly +at right angles to each other. You now have a +skeleton in the form of a cross. Number the ends of +the sticks 1, 2, 3, 4, making the top 1, the right hand +end 2, the bottom 3, and the left hand 4, and the +place where they join 5.</p> + +<p>Now bend the second stick (the cross piece) into +a bow and tie a piece of twine from end to end like a +bow-string. You must get the curve of the bow just +right, so that the distance from the middle of the +bow-string to the joinings of the sticks is the same +as from the joinings of the sticks to the top of the +main stick, <i>i. e.</i>, seven inches.</p> + +<p>Now carry twine all around, from end to end +of the skeleton, to make a framework for the paper; +put <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_61" id="Page_61">[Pg 61]</a></span> +this twine through each notch and around the end +of the stick several times to strengthen. Now paste +together, end to end, lengthwise, the two pieces of +paper, to make one long piece (a single piece is not +large enough). Place the paper on the floor or broad +table, and lay the frame upon it. The paper will not +be as long or wide in all places as the framework, +hence, fold it over the twine framework experimentally, +and cut off in places where it is too wide. +Allow enough for secure pasting. Use the cut-off +corners to lengthen in other places where necessary, +by pasting on. If two colors of paper are taken, +the effect is very pretty, the corners being arranged +to match each other. The best paste is made by a +judicious mixture of ordinary flour and water.</p> + +<p>Now the belly-band must be tied on, as the flying +string is attached to the belly-band. The belly-band +is attached on the outside or convex side of the +kite, being attached at 5 where the two sticks join; +and at 3. It must be just as long as the distance +from 5 to 2 added to the distance from 2 to 3. When +tied at both ends put your pencil through the loop and +move it so that the pencil rests upon the figure 2. +The cord will then make an angle coinciding with +5-2 and 2-3. At the angle 2, attach the belly-band.</p> + +<p>In flying the kite it is important to have a very +long flying-string.</p> + + +<h3>CARDBOARD OR BRISTOL BOARD</h3> + + +<p class="hang2"><b>Go-Bang Board</b> (<i>Bristol board</i>, <i>ruler</i>, <i>ink</i>, <i>pen</i>, <i>button-molds</i>, +<i>water-color paints or colored inks</i>)</p> + +<p>Get a piece of bristol board or clean cardboard at +stationer's and cut it 18 inches square. Divide by +straight lines into small squares ¾ inches each way.</p> + +<p>To <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_62" id="Page_62">[Pg 62]</a></span> +draw the straight lines in ink turn the ruler +upside down and run the penholder against the edge, +which is a little raised from the paper. This keeps +the ink from blotting.</p> + +<p>Four is the smallest number that can play with +much success, and each should have about a dozen +counters. These can be made of the smallest sized +button-molds, each set of 12 painted a different color, +or distinguished by a ring of a particular color drawn +upon its upper surface with ink or paint. Small flat +buttons may also be used.</p> + +<p>To win the game each player must succeed in +getting a certain number of counters (number previously +agreed upon), say four, five or six, in a +straight row, either horizontally, vertically or obliquely. +If he gets three in a row, then the next +player should stop this opponent's progress at one +end of the line by putting one of his own men there, +and must depend upon his neighbor to close the other +end of the line. One player must not give warning +to another of the prospective success of a third. Each +must keep a lookout on his own account.</p> + + +<p class="hang2"><b>Checker-Board</b> (<i>Bristol board or any stiff, smooth +cardboard</i>, <i>smooth, glazed paper of two colors, +red and black</i>, <i>paste</i>, <i>scissors</i>, <i>ruler</i>)</p> + +<p>Cut from the cardboard a square of 15 inches. +Draw a line parallel to each side one inch from the +edge for a border. From each colored sheet of paper +cut 32 squares of 1¾ inches each. Paste eight of +these in a row, alternating colors, and arranging so +that they just touch the top border line. Make eight +such rows, one beneath the other, and finally giving +64 squares.</p> + +<p>For checkers, button-molds of small size may be +used. <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_63" id="Page_63">[Pg 63]</a></span> +Twelve will be needed of one color and twelve +of another. Paint these with water-colors. Flat +porcelain buttons may also be used.</p> + + +<p class="hang2"><b>Toy Screen</b> (<i>Tinted cardboard</i>, <i>punch</i>, <i>worsted or +ribbon</i>, <i>4 small pictures</i>)</p> + +<p>Cut four pieces of pale blue Bristol board 3 × 4 +inches. Punch two holes in the two long sides of +two of these, and in one side of each of the remaining +ones. Tie the four panels together with the ribbon +or worsted so as to make a tiny screen, first pasting +on each panel a miniature picture of a Madonna and +Child or some other similar subject. Suitable for +child to give as Christmas gift. Must be done neatly.</p> + + +<p class="hang2"><b>Fan</b> (<i>Bristol board</i>, <i>pencil</i>, <i>worsted</i>, <i>two slats</i>, <i>scrap +picture</i>)</p> + +<p>Cut two pieces of tinted Bristol board into ovals, +6¾ × 8 inches. Make a series of pencil dots ¼ inch +from edge of oval and one inch apart. Through +these, holding the ovals together, punch holes. Sew +together with worsted, using the overhand stitch. +Having gone around once, if cross-stitch effect is +desired, go around again the other way, going thus +through each hole a second time. For handles take +two long slats and glue on to each side of the fan +from the centre down to the point of the oval, and +beyond. Paste a pretty scrap picture over the centre +to finish off. Tie the worsted around the ends of +slats in a pretty knot to hold them together. Baby +ribbon may be used instead of worsted.</p> + + +<p class="hang2"><b>Cardboard Animals</b> (<i>Glue</i>, <i>blocks or spools</i>, <i>picture-books</i>, +<i>cardboard</i>, <i>tissue paper</i>)</p> + +<p>Find models in picture-books, or get from Butterick +Fashion <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_64" id="Page_64">[Pg 64]</a></span> +Co. their animal pictures, or same may +be had from kindergarten supply stores. Trace outline +upon tissue paper, using soft pencil. Turn paper +over on cardboard and trace firmly again around the +outline. This leaves impression of picture. Cut it +out and glue it to block or spool, or attach a cardboard +brace to one side to make stand.</p> + + +<p class="hang2"><b>Candlesticks</b> (<i>Squares of bright tissue paper</i>, <i>Bristol +board</i>, <i>rubber bands</i>)</p> + +<p>Cut circle of stiff cardboard 5 inches in diameter. +Draw upon it two diameters at right angles to each +other. From the <i>centre</i> cut along each of these diameters +for a little less than half an inch. Bend up the +corners thus made and insert a candle.</p> + +<p>Cut pieces of tissue paper 12 inches square; place +the circle holding the candle upon the tissue paper, +fold the latter around the circle and the candle, and +put a rubber band around to hold in place. The appearance +is improved if two colors of tissue paper be +used. The effect up and down a table of these simple +candlesticks is most festive. Colors may be changed +to suit special occasions.</p> + + +<p class="hang2"><b>Chinese Toy</b> (<i>Three thin pieces of cardboard 2 × 2½ +inches in measurement</i> [<i>visiting cards will do</i>], +<i>6 lengths of taffeta binding or baby ribbon, ¼ +inch wide × 3 inches long</i>)</p> + +<p>The following toy can be made with little expense +and very little trouble if directions are followed +explicitly. It may be well to have an older child read +each statement as the less experienced one tries to +follow. A child who enjoys attempting things that +are a little difficult will enjoy working this out.</p> + +<p>Place <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_65" id="Page_65">[Pg 65]</a></span> +the three cards one beneath the other, narrow +sides facing each other.</p> + +<p>Letter the cards respectively A, +B, C.</p> + +<div class="figright"><a id="i_066" name="i_066"></a> +<img src="images/i_066.jpg" alt="i_066" /> + +<p class="caption">Chinese Toy.</p> + +</div> + + +<p>As they lie on the table, write on +upper side of each card "right," and +on the under side write "wrong."</p> + +<p>Then place each card so that the +"right" side is up.</p> + +<p>Take card A and on <i>right</i> side +at middle of top place figure 1 and at +each lower corner place a figure 2.</p> + +<p>Do the same with Card B.</p> + +<p>Turn B card over and on <i>wrong</i> +side of B put figure 3 at each upper +corner and figure 4 at middle of +lower edge.</p> + +<p>Do same with card C on <i>wrong</i> +side.</p> + +<p>Now we are ready to unite the +cards by the ribbons.</p> + +<p>Take one strip of ribbon and +paste one end on right side of card A +at figure 1. Run it beneath the card +and bring it out so as to paste the +other end on the right side of card B +at figure 1.</p> + +<p>Take <i>two</i> strips. Paste one end +of each at 2 on card A. Run beneath +card B and turn up over so as to +paste on figure 2 of card B.</p> + +<p>A and B are thus loosely united +and the toy may be considered finished, but it is more +mysterious if made longer, as follows:</p> + +<p>Turn over and at each figure 3 on card B paste +the <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_66" id="Page_66">[Pg 66]</a></span> +ends of two strips of ribbon. (As ribbons already +placed are loose this can be readily done.)</p> + +<p>Run beneath B and bring up so as to paste the +ends on each figure 3 of card C.</p> + +<p>Take another strip. Paste the end on 4 of card +B. Run ribbon beneath card C and turn up so as to +paste on figure 4 of card C.</p> + +<p>This completes set of three. Others can be added +<i>ad infinitum</i> by ingenious children.</p> + +<p>To operate (if the word be not too pretentious +a one in this connection) take hold of one of the +cards at either end and keep turning it up and down +so that first one narrow edge and then the other is +uppermost. The remaining cards should fall in a +continuous cascade.</p> + +<p>The rough sides may be finished by pasting on +each a pretty paper lining cut just to fit. (See <a href="#i_066">illustration</a>.)</p> + + +<h3>MISCELLANEOUS</h3> + + +<p class="hang2"><b>Chinese Kite</b> (<i>Kindergarten slats</i>, <i>paper</i>, <i>glue</i>)</p> + +<p>Take a firm, light paper (druggist's paper will +do). Cut two oblongs, 7 × 10 inches. Cut off all the +corners by an oblique line of three inches. Fold each +oblong lengthwise. Place the folded edges back to +back, still folded. Take two slats and place one +<i>under</i> one oblong and <i>over</i> the other, horizontally. +Do the same with the other slat, but reversing the +<i>under</i> and <i>over</i> positions. Take four strips of paper, +which should be about one inch wide. Paste two strips +over the splints, one on each side, to hold them in +place. Place a third strip from top to bottom of the +folded oblongs to hold them together. (They meanwhile +lying back to back.) Turn the oblongs over +and <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_67" id="Page_67">[Pg 67]</a></span> +place the remaining strip in corresponding position. +The result is a four-winged kite. Tie a cord +around the slats and it is finished.</p> + + +<p class="hang2"><b>Ash-Tray</b> (<i>Cigar bands</i>, <i>glass saucer</i>, <i>photographer's +paste</i>, <i>square of felt</i>)</p> + +<p>For some time past children who are under the +sway of the collecting instinct have acquired from +friends or by purchase the bright colored bands that +come around cigars and then have utilized them thus: +Make an ash receiver by getting at a stationer's a +glass dish and its accompanying piece of felt. Paste +bands in pleasing positions upon the under side of +the glass. (Photographer's paste shows no discoloration.) +Meanwhile, the felt should have been thoroughly +wet, stretched to fit the under side of the +dish, and hung up to dry. When dry, paste upon the +under side of the dish and trim off neatly the projecting +corners.</p> + + +<p class="hang2"><b>Pen-Tray</b> (<i>Materials same as above, except that +stamps or embossed letter-heads are substituted +for cigar bands</i>)</p> + +<p>There are many who do not wish to encourage +smoking, and to such we suggest a pleasing modification +of the above.</p> + +<p>Buy the glass dish and felt above mentioned, and +instead of the bands paste upon the dish canceled +postage stamps or letter-head monograms, etc., for a +pen-tray. A smooth glass saucer and any piece of +bright-colored felt that may be in the house may of +course be used.</p> + + +<p class="hang2"><b>Scrap-Book</b><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_68" id="Page_68">[Pg 68]</a></span> + (<i>Colored paper-muslin</i>, <i>heavy sewing silk +or worsted</i>, <i>paste</i>, <i>paste-stick</i>)</p> + +<p>Cut paper-muslin of pretty colors, pink, blue or +tan, into pieces 8 × 13 inches (six pieces in all). +Fold each one over once and fit together to make a +book, the cover being of a color different from the +body of the book. Sew all together by overcasting +the back with stitches ½ inch apart in one direction, +and then going back in the opposite direction through +the same holes, thus securing a cross-stitch effect. +Show the child how to paste scrap-pictures neatly in +this book. He may keep it for himself or give it to +the children's ward in a hospital or to some younger +friend. A very little paste or glue will suffice; a bit +in the centre and towards the corners of a picture.</p> + +<p>If the child has collected a large assortment of +cards before beginning to make the book, let him +classify them, putting together on one page animals, +on another plants, on another pictures typical of the +different seasons, etc. He may in this way suggest +a house, putting on one page kitchen furniture arranged +in some logical order; on another page the +furnishings of bedroom, etc. Pictures for this purpose +may be cut from magazine advertisements, trade +journals, etc. In the same fashion a store may be +furnished with articles for sale, the counter, scales, +and desk. This gives practice in selecting and +arranging. Good taste may be inculcated even from +such small beginnings.</p> + + + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_69" id="Page_69">[Pg 69]</a></span></p> + +<h2><a name="CHAPTER_IV" id="CHAPTER_IV"></a>CHAPTER IV<br /> +<br /> +THE SEWING-BASKET</h2> + + +<p>While busy with thread and needle, the mother +may find it necessary to suggest some happy employment +for the little one who asks for something to do. +What do the contents of the sewing-basket hint?</p> + + +<h3>BUTTONS</h3> + + +<p class="hang2"><b>Spinning Button</b> (<i>Button</i>, <i>thread</i>)</p> + +<p>Show the child a button strung upon a strong +thread about 12 inches long. Then hold the thread +firmly between thumb and finger of each hand and +twirl it rapidly, drawing it suddenly taut. The button +whirls round, making a pretty spinning figure.</p> + + +<p class="hang2"><b>Stringing Buttons</b> (<i>Buttons</i>, <i>waxed thread</i>)</p> + +<p>If baby is so old that he is not tempted to swallow +a pretty button, give him a strong thread waxed +at the end to make it stiff, and let him make a chain +of buttons. They may be strung according to size or +color or shape, giving practice in counting, in arrangement, +and in choice.</p> + + +<p class="hang2"><b>Buttons as Counters</b> (<i>Buttons</i>)</p> + +<p>Save disused buttons of the same kind and let +the child classify into two or more sets to be used as +counters in games like checkers or go-bang. See +<a href="#Page_62">page 62</a>.</p> + + +<p class="hang2"><b>Button-Mold Wheels</b><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_70" id="Page_70">[Pg 70]</a></span> + (<i>Molds</i>, <i>brush</i>, <i>water-color +paints</i>)</p> + +<p>Give the child four wooden button-molds of the +same size and let him paint spokes upon them so that +they will be ready any time to use as wheels for a +toy wagon. Call him a little wheelwright.</p> + + +<p class="hang2"><b>Button-Mold Tops</b> (<i>Molds</i>, <i>match or toothpick</i>, <i>gilding +or paint</i>)</p> + +<p>Paint or gild a button-mold and then stick through +the hole a toothpick or burnt match whittled to right +size and show the child how to spin it.</p> + + +<p class="hang2"><b>Button-Mold Counters</b> (See <a href="#Page_62">page 62</a>)</p> + + +<h3>SPOOLS</h3> + + +<p class="hang2"><b>Toy Furniture</b> (See <a href="#Page_15">page 15</a>)</p> + + +<p class="hang2"><b>Toy Tree Boxes</b> (<i>Spools</i>, <i>green paint</i>, <i>matches</i>, <i>green +paper</i>, <i>scissors</i>, <i>paste</i>)</p> + +<p>Let the child paint an empty spool green, to be +used as a tree box. Insert a burnt match to which +has been pasted some green paper, previously fringed, +to represent foliage. The child can make a row of +such trees as a little boulevard up which he can draw +an empty match box for a carriage.</p> + + +<p class="hang2"><b>Spool Tower Target</b> (<i>A number of spools</i>, <i>ball</i>)</p> + +<p>Pile a number of spools one on top of another +and let the child try to knock them down with his +ball.</p> + + +<p class="hang2"><b>Toy Road Roller</b><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_71" id="Page_71">[Pg 71]</a></span> + (<i>Spool</i>, <i>cord</i>, <i>toy horse</i>)</p> + +<p>Tie a cord through a spool and hitch it as a road +roller to the Noah's Ark horse.</p> + + +<p class="hang2"><b>Pulley Elevator</b> (<i>Narrow cardboard box, such as a +corset box or shorter one</i>, <i>spool</i>, <i>cord</i>, <i>another +small box, either saved or made, narrow enough +to fit inside the larger one</i>, <i>skewer</i>)</p> + +<p>Stand the large box on its narrow end and near +the top punch a hole on each side so that the holes are +opposite to each other. Take a spool and run through +it an axle made of a slender piece of wood like a +skewer. Then put the ends of the axle in the holes +in the box. This makes the pulley. Use the smaller +box as an elevator. Tie a string to this little box in +such a way that you can hold it up evenly. To do this +you must punch a hole in each of the opposite sides. +Then tie one end of a longer string to the middle of +the first named, and put the other end over the pulley. +Revolve the spool by pulling one end of the string +and the box will be raised.</p> + + +<p class="hang2"><b>Matching Colors</b> (<i>Spools of silk or cotton of various +colors</i>, <i>silk and cotton fabrics of different colors</i>)</p> + +<p>Have a color game, asking the child to try to +match the colors on the spools with those in the fabrics.</p> + + +<h3>NEEDLES</h3> + + +<p class="hang2"><b>Breastpins</b> (<i>Broken needles</i>, <i>sealing wax</i>, <i>candle</i>)</p> + +<p>Take a large broken needle, such that it is intact +except for the eye. Show the child how to make a +pretty pin for dolly by melting the wax a little in +the candle flame, inserting the head of the needle, and +molding into shape the bit of wax that adheres.</p> + + +<p class="hang2"><b>Threading Needles</b><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_72" id="Page_72">[Pg 72]</a></span> + (<i>Needles</i>, <i>thread</i>)</p> + +<p>If eager to do something, give the child a number +of needles with thread of white and black, and +let him thread them and put them into a cushion so +that they will be all ready for your use some morning +when you are in a hurry to sew on a button or take +a stitch in Tommy's little shirt.</p> + + +<h3>MISCELLANEOUS</h3> + + +<p class="hang2"><b>Thimble Biscuits</b> (See <a href="#Page_104">page 104</a>)</p> + + +<p class="hang2"><b>Drawing Scissors</b> (<i>Scissors</i>, <i>paper</i>, <i>pencil</i>)</p> + +<p>Give the child scissors and paper and let him +place the scissors on the paper and draw the outline +around them. Then tell him to cut out this outline. +Make several such and play at keeping cutlery store. +Draw scissors open at different angles and tell names +of angles; right, acute, obtuse.</p> + + +<p class="hang2"><b>Guessing Distances</b> (<i>Ruler or tape measure</i>)</p> + +<p>Let the children guess the height and length of +various objects in the room. Verify by measuring +with the tape-measure. Tell them of Oliver Wendell +Holmes, the great poet, who, whenever he drove into +the country, carried a tape-measure with which to +determine the girth of any large tree he saw.</p> + +<p>Let children measure the size of the panes of +glass, window-frames, etc.; have them tell how many +feet it would take to carpet the floor.</p> + +<p>Tell them to put father's hat on the floor, near +the wall, and guess its height.</p> + +<p>Such little exercises develop the powers of accurate +observation in a way that may prove very helpful +in an emergency.</p> + + + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_73" id="Page_73">[Pg 73]</a></span></p> + +<h2><a name="CHAPTER_V" id="CHAPTER_V"></a>CHAPTER V<br /> +<br /> +THE PAINT BOX</h2> + +<p class="center">or</p> + +<p class="center pb"><span class="smcap">Expression with Pencil or Brush</span></p> + + +<p>Let the child early be given charcoal or colored +chalks, and later the three pigments—red, blue and +yellow—wherewith to express his ideas. Allow him +some choice in the medium he uses—as pencil, +charcoal or brush—as one may be best suited to his +purpose one time, and another one at another time.</p> + +<p>Encourage the child to tell a story by painting +or drawing. The earliest graphic method by which +man conveyed messages to one at a distance was +through picture-writing.</p> + + +<h3>LEARNING TO OBSERVE</h3> + + +<p class="hang2"><b>Painting From the Real Object</b> (<i>Paints</i>, <i>chalk or +charcoal</i>)</p> + +<p>Place before the child an apple, banana or flower +of simple form and let him copy directly from the +object without previous drawing. Encourage his efforts, +however crude the results at first. It is more +educative to draw from the real object than from a +copy. Give him at first three colors only, in paints, +till he learns how to get other colors by mixing these. +For <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_74" id="Page_74">[Pg 74]</a></span> +this purpose point out beautiful sunsets and cloud +effects in Nature.</p> + + +<p class="hang2"><b>Life Stages of Seedling</b> (<i>Paper</i>, <i>paints</i>, <i>seedling</i>)</p> + +<p>Place before the child a bean or pea. Give him +an oblong of paper 3 × 8 inches. Fold it into four +parts. In the first let him draw or paint the seed as +he sees it. Then let him plant the seed. In a day +or so let him paint a picture of the seedling, after +having grown so as to show the development of the +seed leaves. Draw two other pictures to show later +stages of growth. This gives a picture history of +the little plant and while so occupied the child is learning +to observe and note that which he sees.</p> + + +<h3>ACQUIRING SKILL</h3> + + +<p class="hang2"><b>Calendars</b> (<i>Water-colors</i>, <i>brush</i>, <i>paper</i>, <i>calendar pad</i>)</p> + +<p>Draw circles, squares, etc., and let the child fill in +the outlines with color. A tiny calendar may be +pasted in the center and ribbons put through wherewith +to hang it up.</p> + +<p>In filling in these figures show the child how to +hold the brush lightly so as to secure freedom of +stroke. Let him make long strokes beginning at the +top of the paper and moving from side to side slowly +downward, or rather as rapidly as is consistent with +neatness. Have enough water on the brush so that +the color will not dry from one long stroke before +you are able to go back and carry it on to the next +stroke. Practice making a clean, smooth surface.</p> + + +<p class="hang2"><b>Nature Pictures</b></p> + +<p>Let the child fill one sheet thus with blue, a picture +of the sky. Another sheet may be covered with +green, <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_75" id="Page_75">[Pg 75]</a></span> +a meadow. Still another sheet may have the +upper part blue and the lower green.</p> + + +<h3>EXPERIMENTS WITH COLOR</h3> + + +<p class="hang2"><b>Prism</b> (<i>Secure glass prism from kindergarten store +or from some candelabra you may have at home</i>)</p> + +<p>Place in sunlight and let child observe colors +and the order in which they appear; always in the same +order—the cold colors at one end, the warm ones at +the other. Let the little child try to catch and hold +the lovely "light-bird."</p> + + +<p class="hang2"><b>Pigments</b> (<i>Water-color paints</i>, <i>glasses of water</i>)</p> + +<p>Dissolve a little red, yellow and blue paint in +three separate glasses. Then, by mingling these—the +primary colors—show how the secondary colors—orange, +green and violet—may be obtained.</p> + + +<p class="hang2"><b>Transparent Papers</b></p> + +<p>Get at a kindergarten store the transparent +papers and isinglass used in color work. By overlapping +one upon another different hues may be obtained. +This may be done also, though less effectively, +with colored tissue papers; but these are not +so pure in tone.</p> + + +<p class="hang2"><b>Color-Top</b></p> + +<p>Color tops may be procured at kindergarten stores. +With the top come paper circles, of standard colors, +with their tints and shades, giving a great variety. +These are so slit that by placing two or more on the +top according to directions and revolving the top, any +tint or hue may be mathematically produced.</p> + +<p>If <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_76" id="Page_76">[Pg 76]</a></span> +the child has made his own button-mold top, +let him cut circles of white paper and slip them over +the axis of the top. Make a dab of color here or +there on the paper with paint or chalk. Whirl +around and observe the effect. This will lead up to +a better understanding of the above-mentioned color-top +which is manufactured by the Milton Bradley Co.</p> + + +<h3>APPLIED ART</h3> + + +<p class="hang2"><b>Toy Wagons and Houses</b></p> + +<p>If the child has made wagons or houses of wood +or cardboard, let him paint them in broad, free strokes. +It is desirable that the little child be given work +which involves the free movement of the larger muscles +which such work demands. This may not appeal +to one as belonging under the head of art, but we +learn from Mr. Pennell that in Sicily the wagons of +the peasants are beautifully decorated with landscapes +and other pictures, and that the artists are particular +to make their names conspicuous.</p> + +<p>In any case a certain artistic feeling is required +in choosing the colors and rightly applying them even +in house-painting and wagon decoration. And meanwhile +the child is learning how to wield his instruments.</p> + + +<p class="hang2"><b>Place Cards</b></p> + +<p>Take a clover leaf and practice painting from it +until able to make a copy good enough to paint upon +a place card for the table. If the drawing be correct, +just a flat wash of color will do for the painting +at first.</p> + +<p>An autumn leaf will do for a Thanksgiving card.</p> + +<p>See <a href="#CHAPTER_VIII">Festival Occasions</a> for other ideas.</p> + + +<p class="hang2"><b>Tops</b><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_77" id="Page_77">[Pg 77]</a></span> +</p> + +<p>If a button-mold top has been made, it may be +painted in concentric rings or the entire surface may +be neatly colored.</p> + + +<p class="hang2"><b>Match-Safe</b></p> + +<p>This has been described upon <a href="#Page_34">page 34</a>.</p> + + +<p class="hang2"><b>Designs for Rugs</b> (<i>Paper, brown or white</i>, <i>paints or +chalk</i>)</p> + +<p>Let child draw or paint design for toy rug he +is making for doll-house. He may make an oblong +of one color, and at each end draw lines across, which +are to be woven in another color. There may be +one line at each end, or two, or three, etc. The arrangement +of these lines and their distance apart allow +much scope for taste and judgment.</p> + + +<p class="hang2"><b>Designs for Wall-Papers, Oilcloths, Etc.</b> (<i>Parquetry +papers</i>, <i>paste</i>, <i>etc.</i>)</p> + +<p>1. Have child observe oilcloth designs and then +with kindergarten parquetry papers try to make similar +ones for doll-house.</p> + +<p>2. Having made pasted designs, let him copy +same in water-colors.</p> + + +<p class="hang2"><b>Design for Stained Glass Window</b> (<i>Transparent +paper</i>, <i>scissors</i>, <i>white paper</i>, <i>paste</i>)</p> + +<p>Cut a circle out of the white paper. Fold it once, +which gives a half-circle; fold again, which gives a +quarter-circle. Holding it folded, cut several ellipses, +triangles, etc., into the folded edges. Open out and +you have framework of a rose-window. On the back +of this paste a piece of transparent paper (see <a href="#Page_75">page +75</a>), red or green or yellow, and let the light shine +through. <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_78" id="Page_78">[Pg 78]</a></span> +Hang in window for transparency. Suitable +for Easter gift. Vary by cutting like cathedral windows. +(See illustrations in dictionary under "Tracery.")</p> + + +<h3>PICTURE-STORY</h3> + + +<p class="hang2"><b>Chased by a Goose</b> (<i>Pencil</i>, <i>paper</i>)</p> + +<p>Once some boys lived in a house (make a dot) +surrounded by a strong fence (draw circle round the +dot). A short distance off was a large pond (an oval, +a little below and to the right of the circle). One +day the boys ran down to the pond (draw curved +line from house to pond) and began to splash in the +water and to throw it at each other (a number of +oblique lines from right hand end of pond). Some +distance off lived some Indians in two wigwams (two +oblique lines meeting at the top and next to them a +similar pair, like two tents, just below the pond). +When the Indians saw the boys throwing the water +out <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_79" id="Page_79">[Pg 79]</a></span> +they began to chase the boys, running up a zigzag +path (from each tent draw an oblique line to the right +for a short distance and then turn to the left till it +meets the pond). The boys ran as fast as they could +up a winding path parallel to the one they ran down +(draw curving line parallel to first one), and then ran +to the left partly around the fence surrounding the +house. They had to run around the barn, too (an +oblique line to the left and then another to the +right till it meets the circle again), and when they +looked behind them they found they had been chased +by a goose!!!</p> + +<div class="figcenter"><a id="i_079" name="i_079"></a> +<img src="images/i_079.jpg" alt="i_079" /> + +<p class="caption">Chased by a Goose.</p> + +</div> + + +<p>A little practice will make this easy for the story +teller. The original dot and circle form the head and +eye of the goose. The curving path is the neck. The +water splashing out makes the tail feathers. The +wigwams and the zigzag path form the legs and feet, +and the path around the barn makes the bill.</p> + + + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_80" id="Page_80">[Pg 80]</a></span></p> + +<h2><a name="CHAPTER_VI" id="CHAPTER_VI"></a>CHAPTER VI<br /> +<br /> +DOLLS AND DOLL-HOUSES</h2> + + +<p>What little girl does not love a doll? The more +variety in their size and style the better pleased is +she. Below are a number of suggestions for simple +home-made dollies that may be prepared as a birthday +or other surprise by older brothers or sisters.</p> + + +<h3>A FEW DOLLS</h3> + + +<p class="hang2"><b>1.</b> <b>Clay-Pipe Doll</b></p> + +<p>Ink in the eyes, nose and mouth on the back of +the bowl of a pipe; dress in calico gown and apron, +and put on a sunbonnet to conceal the top of the +pipe.</p> + + +<p class="hang2"><b>2.</b> <b>Clothespin Doll</b></p> + +<p>Ink features upon the head of the clothespin and +clothe as either boy or girl.</p> + + +<p class="hang2"><b>3.</b> <b>Wishbone Doll</b> (<i>Wishbone</i>, <i>sealing-wax</i>, <i>material +for trousers</i>)</p> + +<p>Clothe the two limbs in trousers and ink in the +features upon the flat joining bone. Feet may be made +of sealing wax melted, pressed into shape and attached +while still warm.</p> + + +<p class="hang2"><b>4.</b> <b>Peanut Doll</b> (<i>Peanuts</i>, <i>sewing-silk</i>, <i>glue</i>, <i>thread +and needle</i>, <i>silk for dress</i>)</p> + +<p>Make <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_81" id="Page_81">[Pg 81]</a></span> +into Chinese doll. Take one peanut and ink +in the features, making the eyes slanting. Glue on +a queue of braided silk. String together several peanuts +to make the body. To the upper one add on +each side one or two as arms and string several together +to make legs. Dress in wide-sleeved jacket +and wide-legged trousers of Oriental design.</p> + + +<p class="hang2"><b>5.</b> <b>Yarn Doll</b> (<i>Skein of white cotton yarn</i>)</p> + +<p>Cut the skein into lengths of 12 inches. Double +the skein over in the middle and tie a string tight +around about two inches from the top, forming a neck +and so making the head. Tie another string further +down for a waist line, but leave out a few threads on +each side, of which to make two arms. Tie these +near the ends to indicate wrists. Before tying the +wrists cut the threads to right lengths for arms. The +features may be put in with ink.</p> + + +<p class="hang2"><b>6.</b> <b>Cork Doll</b> (<i>16 or more corks saved from olive bottles, +etc.</i>, <i>smooth wire or hairpins—three in number</i>)</p> + +<p>String several corks upon the wire or hairpin for +head and body. Through the second cork from the top +run a hairpin sideways for arms, and fasten two corks +upon each projecting end, cutting off any of the wire +that may extend beyond the cork. Through the lower +cork of the body run another hairpin and fasten two +corks upon it for legs. Turn the end corks sideways +to suggest feet. Dress the doll as desired.</p> + + +<p class="hang2"><b>7.</b> <b>Paper Doll</b> (<i>Fashion papers and catalogues</i>, <i>scissors</i>, +<i>paint</i>, <i>paste</i>)</p> + +<p>Most little girls find great pleasure in making their +own paper dollies and the garments therefor. Fashion +papers <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_82" id="Page_82">[Pg 82]</a></span> +and catalogues afford many dolls for cutting +out, and tissue paper, crinkled paper, the lace paper +found in candy boxes, etc., form the raw material for +beautiful Parisian gowns.</p> + +<p>Dolls may of course be cut out of white paper and +beautiful countenances painted upon them, or holes +may be cut in the head for eyes, nose and mouth.</p> + + +<p class="hang2"><b>8.</b> <b>Rag Doll</b> (<i>White cotton cloth</i>, <i>cotton batting</i>, +<i>paints</i>, <i>scissors</i>, <i>needle</i>, <i>thread</i>, <i>water-color paints +or blueing and red ink</i>, <i>raveled rope</i>, <i>etc.</i>)</p> + +<p>Cut a large newspaper pattern of a doll. Then +double the cloth, pin the pattern upon it and cut the +two sides for the doll. Run neatly around with close +stitches, beginning at the neck, and when nearly finished +turn inside out, stuff with the cotton batting, and +sew up the head. Paint in the features or use blueing +for eyes and red ink for mouth and cheeks. Ravelings +of rope will make silky hair, and fingers may be indicated +by stitches.</p> + + +<h3>SOME DOLL-HOUSES</h3> + + +<p class="hang2"><b>1.</b> <b>Cigar-Box House</b> (<i>Small cigar-box</i>, <i>paste</i>, <i>scissors</i>, +<i>pictures</i>, <i>etc.</i>)</p> + +<p>A cigar-box, small as it is, will give great delight +to a child who is aided in furnishing a little room. +Stand the box up on the long side. Paper with wall +paper of a small design. Then furnish with things +made by the child himself; pictures cut from catalogues, +and other accessories as described below.</p> + + +<p class="hang2"><b>2.</b> <b>Pasteboard-Box House</b> (<i>Four pasteboard boxes</i>, +<i>glue</i>, <i>paint</i>)</p> + +<p>Select <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_83" id="Page_83">[Pg 83]</a></span> +four strong pasteboard boxes of uniform +size. Boxes such as the "Martha Washington Candles" +are packed in will do. They measure 7 × 11 +inches. Lay aside the covers and remove any paper +which may be attached to the inside of the box. +Spread a thick paste of Spaulding's glue or furniture +glue over the surface of one side of a box. Fit one +side of a second to this glued surface and put aside +to dry. The third and fourth boxes are treated in the +same manner. When securely glued in pairs place +the boxes with open sides facing you. Cover upper +outside surface of one pair of boxes with a thick coating +of glue and set the second pair on top of these in +the same position.</p> + +<p>Now, one has a pasteboard house of four rooms—two +upstairs and two downstairs. When securely +fastened together cut in the partition separating the +two upper rooms a door four inches high and three +wide. Two windows measuring 3 × 4 inches, two +inches from floor, may be cut in the back of the house. +The same treatment may be given the rooms downstairs. +One may arrange a kitchen and dining-room +downstairs and a parlor and bedroom upstairs.</p> + +<p>Oil paints, such as are used in painting furniture, +which come already mixed in small cans, may be used +for painting the exterior of the house.</p> + +<p>In using this paint it is well to remember always +to put sufficient paint on the brush to cover the +entire surface of the wall of the house, from edge to +edge, without lifting the brush. A strict observance +of this rule insures a neatly painted surface. If desired, +one may use yellow, green, or any light color +for the interior.</p> + +<p>Remnants of cartridge paper or paper decorated +in small designs can often be obtained of paper-hangers +for <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_84" id="Page_84">[Pg 84]</a></span> +a small sum. It may be fastened to the +floor to serve as a large rug.</p> + + +<p class="hang2"><b>3.</b> <b>Soap-Box House</b> (<i>Three wooden soap-boxes</i>, <i>nails</i>, +<i>saw</i>, <i>paint</i>)</p> + +<p>Take three soap-boxes, wooden. Remove the +covers from two and place one upon the other to make +a two-story house. Put in partitions thus: Take a +thin piece of board (from a smaller box), saw to +needed height and depth and nail it in place by driving +nails from above, below or the side, as the case +may require. A stiff piece of cardboard (taken from +a large box) may be made to serve as partition. If +cut to the right size the pressure from top and bottom +will hold in place.</p> + +<p>By taking <i>two small</i> boxes for the upper floor +instead of one large one the space which would be +naturally left between can be made into a hallway. +Stairs may then be made of stiff cardboard, folded +into steps, with a strip of obliquely-cut paper pasted +along the edges of the steps to keep them in place.</p> + +<p>If windows and doorways are desired they must +be cut or sawed in after being drawn where desired +in pencil.</p> + +<p>The third box is for the gable roof. It is to be +placed on top of the upper floor so that its sides slant +for the roof. Put in place and then mark off all that +needs to be sawed away. When ready to be fixed +permanently put in place and nail through.</p> + +<p>The furnishing of the little house gives much +scope for ingenuity and invention as well as for the +exercise of good sense and good taste.</p> + +<p>The exterior of the house can be painted with +house paint, and this gives occasion for the broad use +of <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_85" id="Page_85">[Pg 85]</a></span> +the larger muscles, and physiologists tell us that the +little child should exercise the larger muscles and +nerves while the finer ones are still undeveloped.</p> + + +<p class="hang2"><b>Tiling</b> (<i>Corrugated packing cardboard</i>, <i>tacks</i>, <i>hammer</i>)</p> + +<p>The roof may be given a tiled effect by covering +with corrugated packing cardboard saved from packages. +Tack this on.</p> + + +<p class="hang2"><b>Papering</b></p> + +<p>1. Paper with wall-paper. Scraps of it may be +saved when the home is being papered.</p> + +<p>2. Oil-cloth effects may be obtained by pasting +on floors or walls designs made with the kindergarten +parquetry papers. (See <a href="#Page_168">page 168</a>.)</p> + +<p>3. Friezes may be made in the same way by using +circles and squares in rows, alternately or successively.</p> + + +<h3>DOLL FURNITURE</h3> + + +<p class="hang2"><b>1.</b> <b>Cork.</b> (See <a href="#Page_37">page 37</a>.)</p> + + +<p class="hang2"><b>2.</b> <b>Block</b> (<i>Blocks of wood or kindergarten blocks, +cubes and oblongs</i>)</p> + +<p>Glue these blocks together, three cubes making +a little chair, and cubes and oblongs making a bed or +sofa. Get the carpenter to saw a number of blocks +of different shapes and sizes and let the child use his +invention in putting them together. The furniture +may be painted or gilded.</p> + + +<p class="hang2"><b>3.</b> <b>Paper or Cardboard</b></p> + +<p>Take a piece of paper 1 × 2 inches. Fold crosswise. +Make <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_86" id="Page_86">[Pg 86]</a></span> +a dot ¼ inch from the folded edge and +⅛ inch from right hand edge. Make dot ¼ inch from +fold and ⅛ inch from left hand edge. From open +edges opposite fold make two parallel cuts to these +dots. These cuts make the four legs. When opened +out a table is seen with two extensions for drop-leaf. +Cut one of these extensions off and a chair is made. +If the original paper is longer and wider it can be +made into a bed, what were the leaves of the table being +bent up into the head and foot of the bed. An ingenious +child can vary and elaborate this furniture <i>ad +infinitum</i>. The backs can be cut into fancy form and +arms given to chairs and sofa.</p> + +<p>Use one of these paper chairs for a model, place +on cardboard and draw around the outline and so +obtain a stiffer bit of furniture. Rockers can be drawn, +added to the feet, and cut out, thus making a rocking +chair.</p> + + +<h3>SPECIAL ARTICLES OF FURNITURE</h3> + + +<p class="hang2"><b>Pictures and Clocks</b> (<i>Trade journals</i>, <i>scissors</i>)</p> + +<p>Cut from trade journals and attach to walls.</p> + + +<p class="hang2"><b>Lamp</b> (<i>Twist spool</i>, <i>toothpick</i>, <i>half egg-shell</i>, <i>wax</i>)</p> + +<p>Paste a bit of paper on top and bottom of twist +spool. Through this stick a toothpick, which the +paper should hold firmly. Upon the top of the toothpick +fasten a half egg-shell for a globe with bit of +wax or glue.</p> + + +<p class="hang2"><b>Stove</b> (<i>Cardboard</i>, <i>black ink or paint</i>)</p> + +<p>Make oblong box of cardboard. Turn upside +down and cut openings for top of stove. Make a +small hole in the back of the stove and insert in it a +piece <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_87" id="Page_87">[Pg 87]</a></span> +of paper rolled into a stove-pipe and pasted. +Cut openings in front for the grate and ovens, leaving +a door for the latter. Ink or paint black.</p> + + +<p class="hang2"><b>Windows</b> (<i>Thin white paper</i>, <i>oil</i>, <i>glue</i>)</p> + +<p>Brush a piece of white paper over with ordinary +machine oil, or olive oil, or dip it in the oil and when +dry glue in for windows, telling the children that not +very long ago that was the only way in which light +was admitted to many houses before glass became so +common.</p> + +<p>Isinglass may also be put in for windows.</p> + + +<p class="hang2"><b>Doll's Bedstead</b> (<i>Cigar-box</i>, <i>glue</i>, <i>gilt-headed tacks</i>)</p> + +<p>Saw the <i>cover</i> of box into two pieces, one for the +head and one for the foot. Fasten in place to the box +with the decorative tacks. Legs may be attached if +desired.</p> + + +<p class="hang2"><b>Curtains</b> (<i>Cheesecloth or lace</i>, <i>needle</i>, <i>thread</i>)</p> + +<p>Cut small squares of cheesecloth and let the child +hem and put in windows for curtains. Do not insist +on very fine sewing for beginners. Curtains may be +edged with lace, or the entire curtain may be made +of lace, tacked or glued to inside of window.</p> + + +<p class="hang2"><b>Telephone</b> (<i>Two spools</i>, <i>nail</i>, <i>tin mucilage top</i>, <i>string</i>, +<i>small flat block</i>)</p> + +<p>Take a flat piece of wood about two inches square. +Glue to it the flat end of small spool. That is the +'phone. Another spool is the receiver hanging, when +not in use, upon a nail driven into the wood. The +mucilage top has the slot into which to drop the imaginary +nickel.</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_88" id="Page_88">[Pg 88]</a></span></p> +<h3>MISCELLANEOUS</h3> + + +<p class="hang2"><b>Grocery Store</b> (<i>Wooden soap-box</i>, <i>small cardboard +box</i>, <i>scales</i>, <i>toy barrels</i>, <i>tiny pill boxes</i>, <i>sand</i>, +<i>pebbles</i>, <i>etc.</i>)</p> + +<p>A small wooden box makes the store. A smaller +cardboard box turned upside down will make the +counter, or small pieces of wood can be nailed together +by the little amateur carpenter. Buy toy scales +or make some as described below. Small barrels can +be obtained at toy store or little bottles and boxes can +be filled with small quantities of tea and sugar, with +tiny bags of pebbles for potatoes, apples, etc. Cranberries +make acceptable play apples. Corn and nuts also +will find places. Tacks can be hammered in on which +to hang tiny brooms, and by hammering in two long +nails and laying a narrow board upon them a shelf +can be made for the canned vegetables. Let the +children make their own brown paper bags, looking at +a real one for a model.</p> + + +<p class="hang2"><b>Scales</b> (<i>Two small square cardboard boxes, made or +bought</i>, <i>twine</i>, <i>skewer or other slender stick of +wood or metal</i>)</p> + +<p>In each of the four sides of a box make a small +hole near the top. Take two pieces of twine each four +times the width of the box. Tie one of these through +two opposite holes of the box and the other piece +through the two other holes, being sure that the +strings when tied are of equal length. These two +strings cross each other. In the middle, exactly where +they cross, tie one end of a string three inches long. +Raise the box by this string and it should hang exactly +true. Arrange the other box in the same way.</p> + +<p>Now <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_89" id="Page_89">[Pg 89]</a></span> +take the skewer and exactly in the <i>middle</i> +tie a string of three inches. To the ends of the stick +tie the ends of the twine already tied to the boxes. +Raise the skewer by this string and the boxes should +hang evenly, like scales. If they do not, slide one or +the other back and forth until they do balance.</p> + +<p>Use in the toy grocery store. Playing store is +always a fine opportunity for indicating lessons of +honesty in business. Train the child to give fair +weight and measure, even in play.</p> + + +<p class="hang2"><b>Merry-Go-Round for Dolls</b> (<i>Cardboard</i>, <i>large ribbon +spool</i>, <i>stiff paper or kindergarten folding +paper</i>, <i>slender pencil</i>, <i>tiny flag</i>)</p> + +<p>Cut two circles of cardboard, one five inches in +diameter; the other, ten to twelve. Using the smaller +one as a base, stand on it a large ribbon spool (spool +around which baby ribbon comes). Glue the large circle +to the other end of the spool, parallel to the other +lower circle. Make a hole in each circle. Run a slender +pencil through the upper cardboard, then through +the spool, and then through the lower circle, making +an axis round which the spool may revolve, carrying +with it the upper circle.</p> + +<p>On the upper circle paste alternately animals cut +from paper or cardboard, and benches also cut from +cardboard. Elegance may be added by gilding the +spool and letting a tiny flag float from the point of the +pencil. Cut out paper dolls for a ride.</p> + + +<p class="hang2"><b>Dolls' Park</b> (<i>Starch-box</i>, <i>earth</i>, <i>moss</i>, <i>twigs</i>, <i>tiny +mirror</i>, <i>etc.</i>)</p> + +<p>Fill the box with earth and sand for a foundation, +and then with moss, twigs, elder-berry sprigs, +etc., <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_90" id="Page_90">[Pg 90]</a></span> +fill in the fairy-like details. A toy swan or boat +adds to the reality.</p> + + +<p class="hang2"><b>Rugs for Doll-House</b></p> + +<p>1. Make the loom by taking a slate and knocking +out the slate so as to leave the frame intact. Hammer +a row of small nails half an inch apart along the +two narrow sides. Then make the warp by stringing +strong cord back and forth across the nails. Tie first +around one corner nail; carry <i>to</i> and <i>around</i> the two +nails opposite, then back and around the next two, and +so back and forth till it is all strung. The rows of +cord should be parallel.</p> + +<p>2. Instead of a slate, looms of various sizes may +be roughly made of four narrow pieces of wood measured, +sawed, and nailed together at the corners. A +curtain slat could be so used, or wooden boxes will +furnish raw material for such. A loom 4 × 6 inches +is a good size for a beginner.</p> + +<p>For woof, use coarse worsted or ribbon to begin +with, or colored cheesecloth torn into narrow strips.</p> + +<p>Use the fingers at first, later a bodkin, weaving +under one cord of the warp and over one, back and +forth, till a tiny rug is made. Fasten ends by weaving +in and out a short distance into body of rug. At +first make rug all of one color, or a rag-carpet effect +can be obtained by tying into a long string worsteds +of various colors. If a plain color is used a border +can be made by running in a strand or so of a different +color.</p> + +<p>Let the child employ his artistic and creative +abilities in making designs for the rug with paints or +crayons. Draw an oblong of one color with stripes +across the ends, one, two or three in number, at different +distances apart. Variety can be secured by +taking <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_91" id="Page_91">[Pg 91]</a></span> +up two threads at a time or running under <i>one</i> +and over <i>two</i>, etc. Warn the child not to draw the +threads too closely or the rug will have the shape of +an hour-glass when finished.</p> + +<p>A washcloth can be made thus by weaving it of +narrow pieces of cheesecloth.</p> + +<p>Take the rug or cloth off the loom by raising +carefully over the nails.</p> + +<p>3. Another simple kind of loom is made by taking +a piece of cardboard measuring 6 × 8 inches. +Draw a row of eight dots half an inch apart. Opposite +these, and six inches away, draw another row. +With strong cord sew through these a set of straight +stitches, six inches long and half an inch apart. This +makes the warp. Run the worsted woof under and +over these cords as in any weaving, and tear the cardboard +away when finished.</p> + + + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_92" id="Page_92">[Pg 92]</a></span></p> + +<h2><a name="CHAPTER_VII" id="CHAPTER_VII"></a>CHAPTER VII<br /> +<br /> +PLAYS AND GAMES</h2> + + +<p>In playing games children learn lessons of fair +play, of mutual forbearance and patience, and of +letting a playfellow "have a chance," which they learn +in no other way. Apart from the important bodily +exercise and development gained in the active physical +games, the demand upon mental and moral qualities +is of immeasurable value.</p> + +<p>A child should never be permitted to cheat at a +game, even "in fun." A game loses significance as a +game when one person does not "play fair." The +child to whom even the thought of so doing is impossible +begins the race of life with an immense advantage, +for we believe that the foundation for all real +life is <i>character</i>.</p> + +<p>We give a few games which have been tried with +success either in the home, the kindergarten, or the +playground. Some of these plays require materials; +others do not. In some cases instructions are given +for making the required materials.</p> + + +<h3>TAG GAMES</h3> + + +<p class="hang2"><b>Circle Tag</b></p> + +<p>One person stands in the center of a ring of children +and each one in the ring holds out his right +hand. The one in the middle tags one of the hands +and <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_93" id="Page_93">[Pg 93]</a></span> +the owner immediately gives chase till he catches +the pursued.</p> + +<p>Vary by having both tagged and tagger skip, +hop, etc., instead of run.</p> + + +<p class="hang2"><b>Racing Tag</b></p> + +<p>Players form circle. One goes outside the ring +and runs or walks around, suddenly quietly touching +another player, who immediately races with him, going +around the ring in opposite direction.</p> + +<p>Vary by having contestants bow three times as +they pass each other.</p> + + +<p class="hang2"><b>Wood, Iron or Paper Tag</b></p> + +<p>One child chases another who touches for goal +anything made of wood, or iron, or paper, etc., as has +been decided upon beforehand. If the pursued is +caught before he succeeds in touching such object, +he becomes "it." The goal may be a wooden stick +or tree, or an iron rake, or a paper book, etc.</p> + + +<p class="hang2"><b>Japanese Tag</b></p> + +<p>Form a long line of children, one following +closely behind another in a march or run. One +child outside the line is "it." He tries to tag some +one in the line. The leader endeavors to prevent this +by twisting his file rapidly in and out in a curving +line, and, by so throwing out his arms, as to protect the +threatened one, as the line twists and turns with him. +If one is tagged, the leader becomes "it." The leader +and his train of children must of course be alert in +mind and active in body.</p> + + +<p class="hang2"><b>Cross-Tag</b></p> + +<p>Of a group of children the one who is "it" chases +any <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_94" id="Page_94">[Pg 94]</a></span> +one he chooses to begin with, but if another child +runs in between the chased and the chaser, the chaser +must follow the one who has thus run in between. If +he shows signs of fatigue a third child may run across +between the two, etc., he then being chased until the +tagger succeeds in catching some one, who in turn becomes +"it."</p> + + +<h3>RACES</h3> + +<p>Allied to the tag games are the racing games, of +which we give only two.</p> + + +<p class="hang2"><b>Potato Race</b> (<i>Twelve potatoes</i>, <i>two tablespoons</i>)</p> + +<p>Place six potatoes in a row about three feet apart. +Place six others in a parallel row some distance away. +Give two players each a spoon, and at a signal they +start to race. Each player runs up his row, picking +up the potatoes, one by one, carrying each in turn to +a given point, then coming back for another potato, +till all are thus carried. The left hand must not assist. +The one who first gets his potatoes safely to the spot +decided upon wins.</p> + + +<p class="hang2"><b>Clothespin Race</b> (<i>Handful of clothespins</i>)</p> + +<p>Arrange the children in two rows, equal in number. +Give the first child a handful of clothespins, laid +straight. At a signal he passes them down the line. +If one is dropped it must be picked up by the one +dropping it and put as before with the others and then +passed on. Reaching the end of the line, they are at +once passed back again to the starting point. The side +wins which first get back all the pins.</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_95" id="Page_95">[Pg 95]</a></span></p> +<h3>AIMING GAMES WITH BEAN-BAGS</h3> + + +<p class="hang2"><b>Kinds of Bags</b> (1. <i>Ticking or strong calico</i>, <i>strong +thread</i>, <i>needle</i>, <i>baking-beans</i>. 2. <i>Felt</i>, <i>sewing +silk</i>)</p> + +<p>1. Make a strong bag of bright colored material, +6 × 8 inches in size. Fill with the ordinary baking-beans +and overhand the top.</p> + +<p>2. Take a piece of felt or any pretty strong material +which will bear the wear and tear of the game. +Cut into two circles 5 or 6 inches in diameter. Sew +together on the wrong side, with a seam of one fourth +inch. Then cut in the center a small circle half an +inch in diameter. Turn the odd-shaped bag inside +out, fill with beans and overhand the small circular +opening with close stitches of silk. These bags can +be more easily caught than balls by little hands.</p> + + +<p class="hang2"><b>Kinds of Games</b></p> + +<p>Children usually hand down familiar games from +one generation to another. Here are a few:</p> + +<p>1. Children stand in a circle with one in the center +who throws the bag to each in turn all around the +ring, or else tries to catch some one napping by throwing +it unexpectedly.</p> + +<p>2. Vary by having children stand in a row and +the leader throws to each in turn. Or children stand +in opposite rows and every one in one line has a bag +which all throw in unison to the child opposite. These +in turn throw back in perfect rythm.</p> + +<p>3. Vary again by tossing into the air in unison. +The accompaniment of music is always a thing to +be desired in such rythmic games.</p> + +<p>4. One <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_96" id="Page_96">[Pg 96]</a></span> +child stands in center of ring and tries +to catch the bag as it is tossed across to some one on +the other side of the ring.</p> + + +<h3>AIMING GAMES WITH BALLS</h3> + +<p>The games just described may be played with +balls as well as with bean-bags, and thus require more +co-ordination on the part of the child's muscles. We +give a few other games in addition.</p> + + +<p class="hang2"><b>Counting-Ball</b></p> + +<p>Let one child bounce the ball, striking it from +above with the palm of his hand and counting one, +two, etc., until he fails to hit it, when another child +takes a turn.</p> + + +<p class="hang2"><b>Guess-Ball</b></p> + +<p>A row of players number off from one end 1, 2, +3, 4, etc. The last number steps in front of the row +a distance such as may be needed to secure certainty +of aim and touch on the part of those who throw the +ball. The player in front stands with his back to the +others. Those in the row now begin to pass the ball +sideways from one to the other. The player in front +having counted a given number, the one who happens +to hold the ball at the time must at once throw it at +the player in front. If struck, the latter turns quickly +and tries to judge from the attitudes of the various +players which one threw the ball. If he is right, +places are exchanged. If he guesses wrong, the game +continues as before.</p> + + +<p class="hang2"><b>Cup and Ball</b> (<i>Cardboard</i>, <i>worsted</i>, <i>funnel</i>)</p> + +<p>Make the ball by cutting from cardboard two +circles <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_97" id="Page_97">[Pg 97]</a></span> +about two inches in diameter. Inside the large +circles draw smaller ones about one-half inch in diameter. +Cut the smaller circles entirely out, thus leaving +a hole in the middle of each large circle. Keep these +two large circles together. Now, with a needle, wind +worsted round and round through the opening in the +two circles until it is completely filled, so that the +needle cannot be pushed through. Hold in the left +hand, and with sharp pointed scissors cut the worsted +at the edge of the circles, spread the circles a little +apart, and tie a strong thread firmly around the worsted +between the two cardboard circles. Then tear the +cardboard circles away and a pretty ball remains. Tie +this ball, with a string twelve inches long, to a kitchen +funnel, and let the child try to catch the ball in the +funnel.</p> + + +<h3>AIMING GAMES—MISCELLANEOUS</h3> + + +<p class="hang2"><b>Ring-Toss</b> (<i>Small wooden box</i>, <i>broom-handle or +dowel</i>, <i>nail or glue</i>, <i>embroidery rings or hoops of +small keg</i>)</p> + +<p>Saw a foot from a broom-handle or dowel (a +child's broom will best serve the purpose). Glue or +nail this to a box. Let the child practice tossing over +this post rings taken from a small keg; or embroidery +rings may be used. These may be wound around with +bright colored strips of lining or with ribbon. The +rings should be graduated in size.</p> + + +<p class="hang2"><a name="Grace-Hoops" id="Grace-Hoops"></a><b>Grace-Hoops</b> (<i>Basket reeds</i>, <i>raffia</i>)</p> + +<p>Make a wand of three or four basket reeds cut +into two foot lengths. Wind these more or less +loosely with string, just so as to hold them together. +Then wind around and around closely and smoothly +with a strand of raffia so as to bind firmly together. +If <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_98" id="Page_98">[Pg 98]</a></span> +held smoothly, several strands of raffia may be used +at one time. If reeds are not to be had lilac branches +may be used instead. The result should be a wand +firm and stiff.</p> + +<p>Make the hoops by soaking the reeds first in +water for an hour to make flexible. They should be +cut into lengths of about 2½ feet. Curve several into +a hoop and tie. Then wind smoothly and firmly with +the raffia. The ends of the latter may be disposed of +by threading upon a large needle and running it a +short distance in and out of the part already wound.</p> + +<p>Two wands and one hoop are required for each +player. One tosses a ring from her two wands to her +opponent, who must catch it upon her own wands.</p> + +<p>This once popular game cultivates both alertness +and grace.</p> + +<p>In the kindergarten the children use wand and +ring in playing "knights." One child holds the ring +while the little knight gallops around the circle on +an imaginary steed and tries to capture the ring on +his lance (wand), as at an old-time tournament.</p> + + +<p class="hang2"><b>Croquet with Peas</b> (<i>Peas</i>, <i>hairpins or double-headed +tacks</i>, <i>nail or match</i>, <i>toothpick</i>, <i>cork</i>, <i>cover of +starch-box</i>)</p> + +<p>Bend hairpins into shape or use double-headed +tacks as wickets. Insert into the cover of a wooden +starch-box for ground. For a stake use a nail or a +painted match-stick. Sharpen this to a point and +insert it in a hole previously made by hammering in +a nail. Make mallets by inserting matches or toothpicks +into heads made of small pieces of cork. Use +peas for balls.</p> + +<p>Put the whole outfit in a box and give to little +sister for her doll's birthday.</p> + + +<p class="hang2"><b>Egg-Shell Game</b> <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_99" id="Page_99">[Pg 99]</a></span> +(<i>Egg-shell</i>, <i>long table</i>, <i>four tumblers</i>)</p> + +<p>Blow an egg-shell and paint with some college +colors as a foot-ball. Take four tumblers and place +two at one end of a long table for goals and two at +the opposite end for goals, the two which make a pair +being four inches apart. Divide the party into two +competing groups. Those on one side must try to +blow the shell between the tumblers of their opponents. +These must try to defend their end of the table and at +the same time try to blow the shell between the tumblers +of their opponents. This makes a merry game +for young people.</p> + + +<p class="hang2"><b>Cherry-Stone Game</b> (<i>Save and dry a dozen or more +cherry-stones</i>)</p> + +<p>Scatter the stones lightly on the table. They will +fall so that some lie closely together, others far apart. +The first player selects any two stones and draws his +finger between them so that he touches neither. If +he succeeds thus far he must then try to snap one +(with thumb and middle finger) so that it strikes the +other. If this succeeds also the two stones belong to +him and he has another turn, continuing until he either +touches a stone in trying to draw a finger between two +or fails to make one of the two hit the other. The +second player will not fare so well, because the remaining +pairs will lie closer together than those first +chosen, so that great care will be needed in drawing +the finger between two. Sometimes it is necessary +to use the little finger. At the end the player having +most stones wins the game. The stones may be dyed +or painted if desired. The game suggests tiddledy-winks +and crokinole.</p> + + +<p class="hang2"><b>Donkey Game</b><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_100" id="Page_100">[Pg 100]</a></span> + (<i>Picture of a donkey, minus a tail, and +one dozen separate tails. These may be bought +in large sheets for ten cents, but may be cut out +of paper if drawn first by skilful hands</i>)</p> + +<p>Pin the picture to the wall in some spot where it +will not deface it. Give each player a tail with a pin +sticking through it. Blindfold him. Turn him around +three times and send him in the direction of the +picture to pin the tail on the donkey. The one who +succeeds in fastening a tail nearest to the proper place +wins the game.</p> + + +<p class="hang2"><b>Blowing Out the Candle</b> (<i>Candle in candlestick</i>)</p> + +<p>Place a candle on the table. Blindfold a player, +turn him around three times about six feet from the +candle. Then let him try to find his way towards it +and blow it out. He may have three trials.</p> + + +<h3>MISCELLANEOUS PLAYS</h3> + + +<p class="hang2"><b>The Countess of the Huggermuggers</b> (<i>Two candles +in candlesticks</i>)</p> + +<p>Give two players each a candle. They take places +about eight feet apart. Then each takes a step forward +at the same time and makes a solemn bow without +smiling; then another step and bow; and then a third. +Then one says solemnly, "The Countess of the Huggermuggers +is dead." The other one rejoins, "I am very +sorry to hear it." The first one replies, "So am I." +Then each takes three steps backward, with a bow +each time, and all without a smile. Whoever smiles +must give up his place to another player.</p> + + +<p class="hang2"><b>Rope and Sandbag</b><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_101" id="Page_101">[Pg 101]</a></span> + (<i>Rope ten feet long, with handle +at one end which may be made by knotting the +rope, and a sandbag or other weight at the other. +Sandbag may be made of strong goods sewed into +a bag and filled with sand. In a kindergarten a +weight has been improvised out of a child's +rubber shoe</i>)</p> + +<p>Some one stands in the center of a circle of children +and swings the rope so that the weight just +grazes the ground. The children must be sufficiently +attentive and agile to evade the rope by jumping over +it as it passes them. Do not begin until the rope has +acquired momentum enough to move with a degree of +regularity.</p> + + +<p class="hang2"><b>Omnibus Swing</b> (<i>Strong rope or chain</i>, <i>staples</i>, <i>soapbox</i>, +<i>wooden plank</i>, <i>nails</i>)</p> + +<p>If fortunate enough to have a barn or summer-house, +or a playroom with a strong beam in the roof +or ceiling, place a pair of strong staples in the beam +(hammock hooks would serve the same purpose) a +few <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_102" id="Page_102">[Pg 102]</a></span> +inches apart. Six feet from these place <i>another +pair</i> of staples in the beam. From each pair of staples +or hooks suspend a loop of rope so that it comes about +one foot from the floor.</p> + +<div class="figcenter"><a id="i_102" name="i_102"></a> +<img src="images/i_102.jpg" alt="i_102" /> + +<p class="caption">Omnibus Swing.</p> + +</div> + + + +<p>Take a plank about eight feet long and one foot +wide and cut four notches in it, two on each side, +about six inches from the ends. Place the plank so +that it hangs held by the two ropes, which slip into +the notches in the plank, the notches keeping the ropes +in place. Upon this several children can swing back +and forth lengthwise, and so play at rowing, riding, +trolleying, etc., as imagination dictates. If a soapbox +be nailed at one end the baby may be put into this +for a safe ride.</p> + + +<p class="hang2"><b>Anagrams</b> (<i>Tinted Bristol board</i>, <i>black ink or paint</i>, +<i>heavy pen or brush</i>)</p> + +<p>Cut the Bristol board into 1-inch squares and let +the child paint or draw upon these squares the letters +of the alphabet, one letter to each square. There +should be at least a dozen of each letter and many +more A's, E's and S's, as these letters occur frequently +in English words. Two games may be played with +these letters as follows:</p> + +<p>1. Give the child the four or five letters that compose +a word and let him try to put them together in +the right way as: <i>H-s-e-r-o</i> (<i>Horse</i>).</p> + +<p>2. Several players are needed for this game. The +cards must be placed upside down in a box so that the +letters are not seen. Each player takes a letter in +turn, the first time round, and places it in the centre +of the table. At the second time round, each, as he +takes a square from the box, tries to form a word +with it, either by using a letter from the central pool +or by taking away an opponent's word. If he takes +from <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_103" id="Page_103">[Pg 103]</a></span> +an opponent he must take an entire word. As +he forms a word he places it before himself, the aim +being to get five or ten words before any opponent +does. If he can form no word he puts his letter in the +pool. The number of words making the game must +be agreed upon beforehand. For example: In the pool +are placed in turn the letters <i>g, b, f, t</i>. Player I, continuing, +draws from the box the letter <i>a</i> and with the +letters in the pool can form <i>bat</i>, which he places in +front of him, leaving <i>g</i> and <i>f</i> in the pool. Player II +draws an <i>l</i>, and as he can form no word, he puts it in +the pool. Player III draws an <i>e</i> and takes away the +<i>bat</i> of No. I, turning it into <i>beat</i>. Player II draws an +<i>o</i>, which with the <i>g</i> from the pool, he turns into <i>go</i>. +Player I then draws again, and so the game continues +until one player has, we will say, five words, the number +agreed upon, and so wins.</p> + + +<p class="hang2"><b>Weighing Honey</b></p> + +<p>One child crouches, clasping his hands beneath +his knees tightly. Two older persons then take the +handles of the honey-jar (the child's arms) and swing +him back and forth, counting one, two, three, etc., +with each swing until the hands give way. The number +of counts tells the number of pounds in the jar.</p> + + +<h3>SUGGESTIONS FOR CHILDREN'S PARTIES</h3> + + +<p class="hang2"><b>Peanut Party</b> (<i>Several quarts of peanuts, and a pretty +little bag measuring 6 × 8 inches for each guest</i>)</p> + +<p>Before the little guests arrive, hide the peanuts +in corners, under cushions, and in all possible hiding-places, +singly, or two or three together. At a signal +all of the children begin to search for the peanuts. +The <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_104" id="Page_104">[Pg 104]</a></span> +one finding the most wins. Give a reward of a +peanut doll. (See <a href="#Page_80">page 80</a>.)</p> + +<hr style="width: 45%;" /> + +<p>In no such games of competition is it a good plan +to have expensive prizes. That plan ministers to a +weakness inherent perhaps in human nature, but one +to be discouraged—the desire to win, not for the sake +of success, but for the sake of the prize. The giving +of a valuable prize engenders feelings of envy and +caters too much to the gambling instinct. It tends to +destroy the spirit of fun and play which is the real +object of a social gathering.</p> + +<p>A part of such an entertainment would appropriately +be the making of peanut taffy or of peanut +animals. (See <a href="#Page_23">page 23</a>.)</p> + + +<p class="hang2"><b>Spider-Web Party</b> (<i>Balls of pretty twine, one color +for each guest</i>)</p> + +<p>Take a ball of twine and to the end attach a card +bearing the name of one guest. Then unwind it, twisting +it around different articles of furniture, chairs, +table-legs, door-knob, chandelier, etc., till the thread +is judged to be long enough. Then cut, and to this +end tie some trifling gift. Arrange in this way one +ball and gift for each child expected. When the time +for playing the game arrives, give to each child the +card bearing his name, to which twine is attached. At +the signal for beginning, each one follows up his line, +unwinding and disentangling it as he goes along, till +the end of the cord bearing the gift is reached. As +each little visitor receives something, there is no unwholesome +spirit of rivalry.</p> + + +<p class="hang2"><b>Thimble-Biscuit Party</b> (<i>Dough</i>, <i>silver thimbles</i>)</p> + +<p>While making biscuits for supper give the little +child a silver thimble to use as a biscuit cutter, first +rolling <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_105" id="Page_105">[Pg 105]</a></span> +the dough to a thickness one-third the height of +the thimble. When he has made a good array put +them into the oven. They will bake quickly and to +the child will seem to surpass the best cake made.</p> + +<p>Invite a group of little children to a thimble-biscuit +party. A dough of flour, water or milk, a little +salt and baking powder will be sufficient and the +little workers will be very happy making the wee biscuits. +Only silver thimbles should be used.</p> + +<p>While the biscuits are baking a few games, notably +"Hide the Thimble," will pass the time. Served +with a little jam or milk they will make a delicious +repast, with dolls and Teddy Bears for company.</p> + + +<p class="hang2"><b>Butterfly Party</b> (<i>White paper</i>, <i>oil paints, in tubes</i>)</p> + +<p>Uncovering the tube, make a dab of paint with it +near middle of a sheet of paper. Immediately beneath +make a <i>long stroke</i> of another color. Now fold over +lengthwise along the middle of the long line of paint. +While folded press and smooth with finger over the +first spot. This when opened will be the head of the +butterfly. Keep paper still folded, however, and press +along the line of paint to make body and then make a +side pressure to make the wings. Open out, and there +is the general suggestion of a beautiful butterfly, which, +held up so that the light shines through, may be really +very pretty. A little experiment will show how improvements +can be made. Any color may be used. +Invite your friends to an evening butterfly party and +give a prize for the best one made; the prize may very +suitably be something in butterfly form; a penwiper, +or lamp-shade, or something similar.</p> + + +<p class="hang2"><b>Autograph Picture</b> (<i>Ink</i>, <i>paper</i>, <i>coarse pen</i>)</p> + +<p>At the butterfly party, autograph portraits also +may <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_106" id="Page_106">[Pg 106]</a></span> +be made. With a coarse pen, filled with ink, +each person writes his own name in turn. Take the +flowing autograph, fold it lengthwise through the middle +and crease, making special pressure at the top and +drawing out slightly at the side. Open up and the +result is a queer portrait of the owner of the autograph +with suggestion of head and arms.</p> + +<p>Enclose autograph on two sides by straight lines; +when folded and then opened, the portrait will be +framed.</p> + + + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_107" id="Page_107">[Pg 107]</a></span></p> + +<h2><a name="CHAPTER_VIII" id="CHAPTER_VIII"></a>CHAPTER VIII<br /> +<br /> +FESTIVAL OCCASIONS</h2> + + +<p>Festivals have always held an important place in +the life of home and community. The anniversary of +the day of birth, or of marriage, the day of graduation, +or of coming of age—what opportunities they +offer for strengthening the ties of kinship, for creating +hallowed associations that may often prove bulwarks +of safety in later days of temptation and sorrow!</p> + +<p>Christmas, Easter, Thanksgiving, are now National +holidays with us, and our celebration of these +beautiful festivals is one more link in the chain which +binds us to all races and creeds; for the return of the sun +at the winter solstice, the renewal of life in the spring, +the ingathering of fruits in the autumn, have appealed +to all peoples as fitting occasions for the expression +of religious joy and for mutual congratulations upon +dangers past and the results of work accomplished.</p> + +<p>In the joy of such occasions, we must not let them +degenerate into the mere mercenary exchange of material +gifts.</p> + +<p>Christmas is preëminently the children's day, +when we annually remind ourselves of the divinity +inherent in all childhood, and desire to bring joy to +all children and goodwill to all peoples.</p> + +<p>Easter means most to the adult who has experienced +sorrow and disappointment and has known +something of the anguish and awe and deepening of +life that comes with the message of Death. The +pleasure of the child in the hare and the Easter egg +must <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_108" id="Page_108">[Pg 108]</a></span> +not be allowed altogether to overbalance the +wondrous symbolism of the Easter lily.</p> + +<p>The National holidays—Washington's Birthday, +Memorial Day, Independence Day, etc.—take us outside +the limits of the home and remind us that, as +we thank the men and women of the past for the +privileges of the present which we owe to their sacrifices +and aspirations, so we should realize our obligations +towards the future.</p> + +<p>In celebrating these different festivals, let the +child bear his small part. We give a few ideas of +things which he may do or make. It is these early +impressions which are the lasting ones. The actual +service demanded of the child counts much in the formation +of character, though even more important is +the spirit which radiates at such times from the parents +and friends who celebrate or prepare to celebrate +these recurrent holidays. It is the "spirit which giveth +life," here, as everywhere.</p> + +<p>The suggestions will be given in the order in +which the holidays come in the year. Where an article +is described in another part of the book, it will +not be repeated, but the page number will be given for +reference.</p> + + +<h3>NEW YEAR'S DAY</h3> + + +<p class="hang2"><b>Place Cards at Table</b> (<i>White card</i>, <i>pressed four-leaf +clover, or paints</i>)</p> + +<p>1. Having found and pressed four-leaved clovers +in the days of summer, paste one lightly to each place +card as symbol of good-luck.</p> + +<p>2. Copy a clover-leaf with paints and write on +card some appropriate quotation signifying good-will.</p> + + +<p class="hang2"><b>Decorated Note Paper</b><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_109" id="Page_109">[Pg 109]</a></span> + (<i>Writing paper</i>, <i>leaf</i>, <i>paste +or paints</i>)</p> + +<p>Paste a real clover leaf (or paint one) on the +writing paper upon which you may be writing a New +Year's letter to your friend.</p> + + +<p class="hang2"><b>Calendar</b> (<i>12 oblong blotters, white or colored</i>, <i>ribbon +to match, 1 inch wide and about ¾ yards long</i>, +<i>tiny calendar pad</i>, <i>paste</i>)</p> + +<p>Take the calendar pad apart and paste the leaf for +each month upon one of the blotters. Then tie the +blotters together with the ribbon. This makes suitable +New Year's gift. (See also <a href="#Page_74">page 74</a>.)</p> + + +<p class="hang2"><b>New Year's Bells</b> (<i>Red cardboard</i>, <i>scissors</i>, <i>paste</i>, +<i>ribbon</i>)</p> + +<p>Cut out a bell and paste a calendar pad on it. +Or cut 12 small bells and paste one leaf of calendar +pad on each, stringing all together with ribbon.</p> + + +<p class="hang2"><b>Good-Luck Pigs</b></p> + +<p>With our German population the pig signifies +"good-luck," and at New Year's pigs, big and little, +made of various materials, are quite in order. A favorite +candy, made of sugar and bitter-almond, is +in the shape of a pig, and is used to present to friends +at this holiday time. Many suggestions already given +may be carried out with the pig idea in mind.</p> + + +<p class="hang2"><b>Midnight Watching</b></p> + +<p>If friends stay up to watch the Old Year out, +any of the above-named articles may be made by the +children for souvenirs. A poem which may suitably +be read at this time is Tennyson's "Ring Out, Wild +Bells;" also, Longfellow's "The Poet's Calendar." A +timely <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_110" id="Page_110">[Pg 110]</a></span> +topic for discussion is the never-answered question: +When does the new century begin—with January +1, 1900, or 1901? Timothy Dwight, President of +Yale College, 1795-1817, wrote some clever verses +apropos of the subject when he helped usher in the +19th Century.</p> + + +<h3>ST. VALENTINE'S DAY</h3> + +<p>Save lace papers from candy and soap boxes and +they will prove useful when St. Valentine's Day comes +in making Valentines. With these papers and scissors, +paste, scrap pictures of flowers, doves, etc., the +children will spend happy hours in making these +dainty souvenirs. We give a few directions for making +some such.</p> + + +<p class="hang2"><b>Single Hearts</b> (<i>Red cardboard</i>, <i>lace paper</i>, <i>scrap pictures</i>, +<i>scissors</i>, <i>paste</i>)</p> + +<p>Cut a heart out of the cardboard and around the +edge paste a border of lace paper, fulling slightly and +attaching it to the under side of the heart. In the +centre of the upper side of the heart paste a pretty +scrap picture. This makes a simple but effective +Valentine.</p> + + +<p class="hang2"><b>Chain of Hearts</b> (<i>Red cardboard</i>, <i>scissors</i>, <i>scrap pictures</i>, +<i>paste</i>, <i>red ribbon</i>)</p> + +<p>Cut several hearts out of the cardboard, and, after +punching holes in the top and bottom of each one, +string them together, pasting a scrap picture on each +one if that added touch is desired.</p> + + +<p class="hang2"><b>Double Hearts</b> (<i>Red cardboard</i>, <i>scissors</i>, <i>paste</i>, <i>strip +of red paper</i>)</p> + +<p>Cut two hearts of different sizes. Then take a +narrow <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_111" id="Page_111">[Pg 111]</a></span> +strip of red paper measuring ¼ × 1 inch and +fold it into thirds. While still folded attach one end +of this paper to the <i>centre</i> of the <i>upper side</i> of the +large heart and the other end to the <i>centre</i> of the +<i>lower side</i> of the smaller heart. This unites the two, +one resting on top of the other, the paper acting +as a kind of spring to raise one above the other. Instead +of a small heart a scrap picture may be thus +attached on the larger heart.</p> + +<p>In cutting out these hearts it may be necessary +first to cut a pattern out of newspaper, making several +trials before a satisfactory model is secured.</p> + + +<p class="hang2"><b>Lacy Valentine</b> (<i>Gold or silver paper</i>, <i>white tissue +paper</i>, <i>scrap pictures</i>, <i>paste</i>)</p> + +<p>Cut from a sheet of gold or silver paper a piece +measuring 5 × 7 inches. Fold this once through the +middle so as to make a book of 3½ × 5 inches. Cut a +piece from the tissue paper of 3½ × 5 inches. Fold +this two or three times and cut into it tiny perforations—oblongs, +diamonds, circles, hearts, etc. Then open +out and observe the lacey effect. Practice this until +something pretty and dainty is secured. Then upon +the centre of the book paste a scrap picture and attach +the tissue paper by its edges to the Valentine +in such a way that the picture shows a little between +the perforations. A narrow strip of stiff paper folded +in three, to give the effect of a spring as described +above, may be used at each corner. Inside of the +booklet paste other pictures as fancy dictates. Also +write therein some appropriate lines.</p> + + +<p class="hang2"><b>Spider-Web Design</b> (<i>Gold or silver paper</i>, <i>Bristol +board</i>, <i>scrap picture</i>, <i>paste</i>, <i>scissors</i>)</p> + +<p>Cut a circle of gold or silver paper, three or four +inches <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_112" id="Page_112">[Pg 112]</a></span> +in diameter. Fold once, making a semi-circle; +fold once more making a quarter-circle. Beginning +at the point of the folded paper, make a tiny cut from +one edge <i>towards</i> the other, but do not cut the point +entirely off. Turn the paper and make a second cut +parallel to the first about ⅛ inch away, the cut being +from the other edge of the paper. Turn again and +make a third cut. Each time the cuts grow in length +owing to the increasing width of the triangle or quarter-circle. +Continue thus until the circumference of +the folded circle is reached. Then open out and you +have a silver spider-web effect. Take a square or +circle somewhat larger than the web, and in its centre +paste a pretty bird, flower, or maiden. Then paste +the web upon this background, putting the paste along +the edges of the web, but leaving the centre free, so +that the child can raise it and peer through the slits +at the picture beneath.</p> + +<p>Let city children send to country cousins scrap +pictures, colored papers, etc., and sample Valentines, +so that their friends may have the pleasure of making +and giving.</p> + + +<p class="hang2"><b>Valentine Dinner</b></p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Soup</span>: Put into the clear soup the noodle hearts, +which may be purchased at a grocery store, or have +a vegetable soup, slicing the vegetables and cutting +them into little hearts with a knife.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Meat</span>: Make chicken or beef croquettes, molding +them like hearts.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Vegetables</span>: Slice the boiled carrots and potatoes +and cut into heart shapes.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Bread</span>: Cut into hearts.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Salad</span>:<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_113" id="Page_113">[Pg 113]</a></span> + Upon green lettuce leaves place hearts +cut from beets.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Dessert</span>: Ice cream may be obtained in the +form of a Cupid or something similar, and cake may +be decorated with white icing having pink hearts outlined +upon it. The peppermint candies in the shape +of hearts, which have sentiments printed upon them, +may be passed either at the beginning or the end of +the meal. Cut in half, placing the halves in separate +dishes; then pass one dish to the girls and the other +to the boys, and by matching halves partners may be +found. Let the children, however, remain unconscious +of the distinction of sex as many years as possible.</p> + +<p>In making preparations for the dinner let the +children help.</p> + + +<p class="hang2"><b>Place Cards for Dinner</b> (<i>Red paper</i>, <i>white cardboard</i>, +<i>scissors</i>, <i>pencil</i>)</p> + +<p>Cut a heart from the <i>red</i> paper. From the <i>white</i>, +cut an arrow, drawing it after a pattern found in +some book. Making two slits in the heart, run the +arrow through it. On the reverse side of the heart +write the name of the guest.</p> + + +<p class="hang2"><b>Decorations for Valentine Dinner</b> (<i>Red cardboard</i>, +<i>red ribbon</i>)</p> + +<p>Cut about two dozen hearts all of same size, or +graduated in size. String these upon the red ribbon +and suspend over the table.</p> + + +<h3>WASHINGTON'S BIRTHDAY</h3> + + +<p class="hang2"><b>Luncheon Card</b> (<i>1.</i> <i>Picture hatchet</i>, <i>cardboard</i>, <i>scissors</i>, +<i>paints</i>; <i>2.</i> <i>Same</i>—<i>also white or reddish +brown paper</i>)</p> + +<p>1. Find<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_114" id="Page_114">[Pg 114]</a></span> + a picture of a hatchet and use it as a +model from which to cut one about two inches long. +Paint this in colors resembling the real hatchet, and +upon the reverse side write the name of the guest.</p> + +<p>2. From a piece of white or reddish-brown paper +cut a one-inch square. Paint so as to resemble cherry +wood. Roll so that one edge overlaps the other a +trifle, simulating the trunk of a tree. As they overlap +cut a tiny slit through the two. Cut out a tiny cardboard +hatchet, paint as above, and insert in this slit +so that it holds the two edges together. Before fastening +in this way, an appropriate quotation may be +written inside, and the name of the guest on the outside. +It should stand up if rightly made.</p> + + +<p class="hang2"><b>Decorative Cherries</b> (<i>Paraffine</i>, <i>spool of wire, not too +fine</i>, <i>green cloth or paper</i>, <i>carmine oil paint</i>, <i>brush</i>, +<i>paste</i>)</p> + +<p>Purchase at the grocer's cakes of paraffine such +as is used for preserving purposes. Heat a cake in a +dish so that it is soft enough to model into balls the +size of a cherry. While still pliable make a slight +depression in its surface. Having previously rolled +the wire in the green tissue paper, and cut into inch +strips for stems, insert this into the cherry at the +depressed part of its surface. Cut out cherry leaves +of paper, or better dark green cloth, place a little paste +on these leaves at the back and arrange a stem on +each one. When the stem of the cherry is firmly fastened +in the fruit, paint the surface with carmine +oil paint. This gives a polished appearance to the +surface like the natural cherry.</p> + +<p>The stems of the green leaves may be trimmed +about the stems of the cherries in twos or threes or +more, according to the number of cherries used.</p> + + +<p class="hang2"><b>Paper Chains</b><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_115" id="Page_115">[Pg 115]</a></span> + (<i>Colored paper in sheets or cut into +strips</i>, <i>paste</i>, <i>small brushes or sticks</i>)</p> + +<p>The making of paper chains, in contrasting or +uniform colors, is a delightful pastime for children of +all ages. Very little children may easily learn to +make one loop at a time, and, with assistance, are soon +able to fasten several loops together.</p> + +<p>Kindergarten Supply Stores furnish strips of +colored paper already cut, and put up in packages. +These strips measure 36 inches in length. It is very +easy, however, to cut strips from large sheets of paper, +and it is an excellent lesson in accurate cutting for +children over ten years of age.</p> + +<p>These paper strips may measure one or two inches +in width and the entire length of the sheet. Cut the +long strips into short strips measuring four inches in +length. Holding the four inch strip in the left hand, +put a very little paste on the under surface of one +end of the strip. Overlap the pasted end of the strip +to its unpasted end, and hold firmly until fastened. +You now have one paper loop. Through this loop +is placed another four inch strip—the paste is added +in the same manner. Now you have two loops. Continue +doing this until you have the chain the required +length. These chains are very effective when used +in decorating.</p> + +<p>For Washington's Birthday, red, white and blue +paper would be used for the chains.</p> + + +<p class="hang2"><b>Bonbonnieres</b> (<i>White tissue paper</i>, <i>red and blue aniline +dyes</i>)</p> + +<p>Very attractive bonbonnieres may be made by +cutting oblong shaped sheets of white tissue paper, +measuring 6 inches in length and 5 inches in width. +Fringe <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_116" id="Page_116">[Pg 116]</a></span> +the shorter edges of the paper, making fringe +1 inch deep.</p> + +<p>Dissolve any good red and blue dyes in boiling +water, and place in separate dishes. Dip one fringed +end of tissue paper into the red dye for one second, +and dip the other fringed end into the blue dye. +Shake these ends gently in order to let the water +drip from them. When they are dry, place a large +sized candy in the centre of the paper, and gathering +up the fringed ends, twist them close to the candy, +thus forming a feathery effect in two colors. These +are very pretty when arranged on the table either in +quantity or singly.</p> + + +<p class="hang2"><b>Tents</b> (<i>White shelf paper</i>, <i>paste</i>, <i>match stick</i>, <i>red, +white and blue paper</i>)</p> + +<p>Groups of white tents, made of white shelf paper, +capped at the top with tiny American flags, may be +placed at short distances from the centre piece of a +luncheon or supper table with good effect.</p> + +<p>The large sheets of shelf paper may be bought +at any grocer's. Cut them into four-inch squares. +Place the paper before you on a flat surface, an edge +nearest you. Fold the front edge to the back edge of +square; crease the paper at the fold, open the paper and +fold the right edge to left edge of square; crease the +fold again. Open the paper and turn the square so that +a corner points towards you. Fold this front corner +to the back corner, so that the two points exactly +meet.</p> + +<p>Crease on the fold, open the paper, and fold the +left corner to the right corner of the square. Crease +on the fold. Open the paper; before you you have +a square of paper, with eight folds across its surface, +a fold running front edge to back edge, from right +edge<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_117" id="Page_117">[Pg 117]</a></span> + to left edge, from right corner to left corner, +from left corner to right corner. Turn the square +of paper over so that all the folds on the surface of +the paper are on the upper side of the square. Place +the square with a corner toward you.</p> + +<p>You will now see eight folds running from the +four edges and four corners to the centre of the +square. Crease with thumb and forefinger of right hand +the fold running from lower right edge to centre of +square. Place this right hand fold of square forward +so that it lies along the fold which extends from the +corner directly in front of you to the centre of the +square. Follow the same directions in folding the +crease that runs from the lower left edge to centre of +square. These two folds touch now on the fold that +runs from front corner to centre of square. You +will see a small triangle extending below the two folds +which thus meet in front of you. Fold this small +triangle back toward the centre, and underneath the +two folds that meet in front of you. One half of your +tent is folded. The same directions must be followed +in folding the other side of the square.</p> + +<p>The two small triangles must be carefully folded +so that the tent will stand evenly when finished. You +will see when the front and back part of the tent is +finished that you have the right and left corners to +dispose of. Fold these corners underneath the tent, +so that when it is placed in an upright position it will +stand firmly. To make the tent stand well, crease the +edges that run from the four corners to top of tent, +thus making an exact pyramid. The use of a little +paste in securing the folds is of great assistance.</p> + +<p>To represent the tent pole, a wooden match, +gilded, may be used. To this attach a tiny American +flag made of pliable red, white and blue paper.</p> + + +<p class="hang2"><b>Paper Lanterns</b><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_118" id="Page_118">[Pg 118]</a></span> + (<i>Scissors</i>, <i>red, white and blue paper</i>, +<i>liquid gold paint</i>, <i>box of small candles</i>, <i>circular +box covers</i>, <i>baby ribbon—red, white and blue</i>)</p> + +<p>Lanterns made of red, white and blue paper, +each of one color only, ornamented with gold paint +and tied with the red, white and blue baby ribbon, +are extremely pretty for supper decorations. When +suspended from the chandelier above the centre of a +supper table, a lighted candle in each little lantern, +the effect is charming.</p> + +<p>In view of entertainments where decorations are +called for, it would be well to lay aside all small circular +box covers that find their way into the household. +The small box covers that measure 2½ inches +in diameter may be taken as a standard size. These +box covers form the bottom of the lanterns.</p> + +<p>Cut from the colored paper an oblong piece measuring +8 inches in length and 5 inches in width. Lay +the oblong piece of paper before you with its long +edges running right and left. Draw a pencil line the +length of the paper ¾ of an inch from the upper edge; +¾ of an inch from its lower edge draw another line +which will be parallel to the first.</p> + +<p>From the upper pencil line to the lower pencil +line draw 15 lines ½ inch apart. These upright lines +will form 14 narrow oblongs. Use very sharp pointed +scissors, and cut away each alternate oblong. Paste +the two short edges of the oblong paper together, +one end overlapping the other. The body of the lantern +is now finished.</p> + +<p>Let a little wax drip from a candle on the inside +of the circular box cover at its centre. When a +little bed of soft wax is formed, place an unlighted +candle on it in an upright position. Place a thick +coating of Spaulding's glue on the inner surface of +circular<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_119" id="Page_119">[Pg 119]</a></span> + rim of the box cover, and carefully fit the +body of the lantern into it.</p> + +<p>When the paper lantern is securely fastened, gild +heavily the outside rim of the box cover and the upper +and lower circular bands which form top and bottom +borders of the lanterns. In the top circular band +punch four holes equal distances apart, through which +the ribbons are run.</p> + + +<h3>ST. PATRICK'S DAY—MARCH 17TH</h3> + + +<p class="hang2"><b>Place Cards</b> (<i>White cards</i>, <i>water-color or oil paints</i>, +<i>brush</i>)</p> + +<p>Paint a picture of shamrock upon the card. It +may be copied from some picture, if not from the +real plant. If not possible to find a picture, our wild-wood-sorrel +(<i>Oxalis acetosella</i>) is supposed to be +the same as the shamrock and may be used for model. +Some authorities believe the white clover to be the +original shamrock.</p> + + +<p class="hang2"><b>Flags</b> (<i>Irish flag</i>, <i>green paint</i>, <i>gold paint</i>, <i>brush</i>, <i>scissors</i>, +<i>slender sticks</i>)</p> + +<p>If one Irish flag is bought the children may copy +it, painting a number, one for each guest, or for +decorating table. Glue flags to sticks.</p> + + +<p class="hang2"><b>Ribbon Flags</b> (<i>Green satin ribbon, one inch wide</i>, +<i>wooden toothpick</i>)</p> + +<p>Cut the ribbon into oblongs to make wee flags. +Glue to tiny flagsticks and put at places at dinner +table.</p> + + +<p class="hang2"><b>Shamrock Plants</b></p> + +<p>The real shamrock is now brought over and may +be<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_120" id="Page_120">[Pg 120]</a></span> + purchased in March. A little plant makes an appropriate +souvenir. Or several weeks before the day, +children may plant shamrock seed in tiny pots for +use on the 17th.</p> + + +<p class="hang2"><b>Potato Race</b></p> + +<p>A potato race is an appropriate game for St. Patrick's +Day. (See <a href="#Page_94">page 94</a>.) Give cork doll for prize +to winner of race (<a href="#Page_81">page 81</a>), as souvenir from Cork.</p> + + +<p class="hang2"><b>St. Patrick's Dinner</b></p> + +<p>Have as many green vegetables and side dishes +as possible. Spinach will color the soup. Green vegetables +and salads are easy to obtain and ice cream +may be colored with pistache. Irish flags may be suspended +over the table.</p> + + +<p class="hang2"><b>Dinner Souvenir</b> (<i>Blotting paper</i>, <i>souvenir postcards</i>, +<i>green ribbon ½ inch wide</i>)</p> + +<p>Give each guest a blotter made thus: Buy souvenir +postcards with pictures of Killarney and other +Irish views. Cut the blotting paper into sheets of +same size as cards. Place together. Punch hole at +one end and tie together with ribbon.</p> + + +<h3>EASTER</h3> + + +<p class="hang2"><b>Egg Shell Garden</b> (See <a href="#Page_25">page 25</a>)</p> + + +<p class="hang2"><b>Sponge Garden</b> (<i>Small, clean sponge</i>, <i>birdseed</i>)</p> + +<p>A few days before Easter, sprinkle the sponge +with birdseed. Keep damp and the seeds will sprout +and cover the sponge with growing blades of green.</p> + + +<p class="hang2"><b>Easter Eggs</b><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_121" id="Page_121">[Pg 121]</a></span> + (<i>1.</i> <i>Diamond dyes</i>, <i>a dozen eggs</i>. <i>2.</i> +<i>Small figured calico</i>, <i>lye</i>, <i>boiling water</i>)</p> + +<p>1. Boil the eggs hard and dye with the colors +according to directions on package, which may be +had at drugstore, price five cents.</p> + +<p>2. Wind strips of the bright calico around the +eggs and boil in water strongly saturated with lye. +The lye extracts the color, which will be found printed +upon the eggs.</p> + + +<p class="hang2"><b>Place Cards for Easter Breakfast</b> (<i>1.</i> <i>White paper</i>, +<i>scissors</i>, <i>paints</i>. <i>2.</i> <i>Plain white cards</i>, <i>paints</i>)</p> + +<p>1. If possible secure a real Easter lily for a model. +If this cannot be obtained, a picture of one will answer. +From the paper cut, freehand, if possible, the +shape of the lily and paint it lightly; just a little shading +and the golden center. Place the guest's name +upon the reverse side. It may be necessary to draw +the lily first before cutting, but the freehand cutting +is a good exercise.</p> + +<p>2. Decorate a white card with the picture of a +lily, or a tulip, using water-color paints. Below the +flower write an appropriate flower motto.</p> + + +<p class="hang2"><b>Celluloid Place Cards</b> (<i>White celluloid</i>, <i>scissors</i>, <i>pencil</i>)</p> + +<p>Get from a dictionary or natural history a good +picture of a butterfly with open wings. Draw a pattern +from this and then outline a number of these on +the celluloid and cut out. These dainty, spirit-like butterflies +will make suitable place-cards, having the name +of guest on the reverse side.</p> + +<p>Cut Easter lily of celluloid in same way.</p> + + +<p class="hang2"><b>Easter Chicken</b><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_122" id="Page_122">[Pg 122]</a></span> + (<i>Yellow worsted</i>, <i>black beads</i>, <i>quill +toothpick</i>, <i>cardboard</i>, <i>wooden toothpicks</i>, <i>or picture-wire</i>.)</p> + +<p>Make a yellow ball as described on pages 96-7 for +the body of the chicken. A smaller ball makes the +head. Sew on the beads for the bright black eyes; +cut the quill into shape of a bill and sew into place. +Let wooden toothpicks form the legs; or, better still, +take picture-wire made of several strands. Wind some +of this around the body, letting the ends of the wire +extend about 1½ inches below the body; sew to the +body to keep in place. Then pick out the ends of +the wire a little to suggest toes and wind the legs +with worsted. Sew chicken to a card.</p> + + +<p class="hang2"><b>Easter Card</b> (<i>Parquetry circles used in kindergarten</i>, +<i>paste</i>, <i>gray card</i>, <i>scissors</i>)</p> + +<p>The little child may make an Easter card by +pasting upon a neutral-tinted card pictures of tulips +made of the kindergarten parquetry papers. Cut in +half either red or yellow circles. Place so that the +lower ends touch and the upper ones are a little +apart, suggesting a tulip. A strip of green paper will +represent the stem and an older child can cut leaves +of the green paper and paste on. Have a real tulip +from which to copy. Child may give this to Father +on Easter morning.</p> + + +<p class="hang2"><b>Toy Screen</b> (See <a href="#Page_63">page 63</a>)</p> + +<p>Make dainty screen as described, and paste on +each panel a tiny <i>Easter</i> picture (Perry pictures may +be had by addressing firm in N. Y. City). Give to +Mother on Easter morning.</p> + + +<p class="hang2"><b>Church Window Transparency</b> (See <a href="#Page_77">page 77</a>)</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_123" id="Page_123">[Pg 123]</a></span></p> +<h3>MEMORIAL DAY</h3> + +<p>We give no special suggestions for the celebration +of Memorial or Decoration Day. The ideas given +under the headings of the other patriotic holidays, as +Washington's Birthday and Fourth of July, may be +used also for this holiday, but it is not a day for mere +play.</p> + +<p>If the parents plan to go to the cemetery let the +child accompany them and carry flowers, preferably +those of his own raising or plucking.</p> + + +<p class="hang2"><b>Reading</b></p> + +<p>It would be well also on this day to read some +great piece of patriotic literature, either prose or +poetry, which will help the older children to realize +the great debt which we owe to the preservers of our +country, to whom we dedicate this day. Lincoln's +Gettysburg address should be read. Also Lowell's +"The Present Crisis." "Bugle Echoes," compiled by +Francis F. Browne, contains 150 poems of the Civil +War, both Northern and Southern.</p> + + +<p class="hang2"><b>Badge</b> (<i>Sheets of red, white, and blue paper</i>, <i>scissors</i>, +<i>paste</i>)</p> + +<p>A simple badge may be made for the children to +wear in this fashion:</p> + +<p>1. Cut a circle ¾ inches in diameter out of the +red paper. Cut also from the red, white and blue +sheets strips of 2 × 5 inches. Paste the three strips +together at the upper end like ribbons, letting them +spread a little apart at the lower end. Paste the circle +at the upper end to finish off.</p> + +<p>2. Another style may be made by placing the +three<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_124" id="Page_124">[Pg 124]</a></span> + colors so that one lies directly above the other. +In this case the blue is 5 inches long, the white four +inches, and the red three inches. Fasten to dress or +coat with a safety pin.</p> + + +<h3>INDEPENDENCE DAY</h3> + + +<p class="hang2"><b>Firecrackers</b> (<i>Red paper</i>, <i>hemp</i> <i>string</i>, <i>paste</i>)</p> + +<p>Get large sheets of red paper to be found at +department stores or wholesale paper houses, measuring +about 35 inches in length and 26 inches in width. +From each one cut thirteen 2-inch strips, cutting the +length of the sheet. Fold each strip once across the +width of the strip, and cut through the center at the +fold. This gives twenty-six 2-inch strips of paper, +the width of the small sized firecrackers.</p> + +<p>Hold a strip of paper between the thumb and +forefinger of the left hand. Moisten the thumb of +the right hand a very little, and roll the end of the +strip towards the left, as one does in rolling a paper +taper. Keep the strip rolled tightly until the other +end of the strip is reached. If the cracker seems too +loosely rolled unroll it a short distance, and gently +pull the strip into form again.</p> + +<p>Place a little paste on the under side of the loose +end of the strip, and press the pasted end firmly on +the rolled surface of the cracker. Hold this until it +adheres to the surface of the cracker. Cut the hemp +string into three-inch pieces. Dip one end of the +string into the paste, then insert this pasted end into +one end of the cracker at the little opening which is +found at the very center. Hold this firmly for a moment, +or until the string is securely fastened.</p> + +<p>Tie six or eight firecrackers into bunches with +red,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_125" id="Page_125">[Pg 125]</a></span> + white and blue ribbons, and lay them over the +white surface of the luncheon or supper table.</p> + + +<p class="hang2"><b>Firecracker Card</b> (See <a href="#Page_55">page 55</a>)</p> + + +<p class="hang2"><b>Drums</b> (<i>Small wooden boxes</i>, <i>liquid gold paint</i>, +<i>Spaulding's glue</i>, <i>red, white and blue baby ribbon</i>, +<i>small sticks for drum sticks</i>)</p> + +<p>The market basket will, from time to time, furnish +the housekeeper with small circular boxes labeled: +Electro-Silicon Silver Polish. These wooden boxes, +measuring 8 inches in circumference and 12 inches +in height, make, when prettily ornamented, very attractive +drums.</p> + +<p>Remove the cover of box, and place on its inner +rim a coating of Spaulding's glue. Place the cover +on the box again, and put aside until it is fastened. +Place the box on a sheet of stiff white paper, and +holding it firmly, draw a pencil line around its edge. +Now remove the box, and you will see that you have +outlined a circle. Using this circle as a model, draw +a second circle. Cut out these circles, following the +pencil very accurately. These two circles form the +two heads of the drum, and are to be pasted on the +top and the bottom of the box. Gild the circular surface +of the box. Cut strips of red or blue paper, +measuring 8½ inches in length and 1½ inches in +width. Brush the under surface of these strips with +paste, and place one strip at the top and one at the +bottom of the drum, ¾ of an inch above the rim of +the drum. These strips answer to the wooden bands +which hold the drum heads in place. Red, white and +blue baby ribbon may be carried from the upper to the +lower edges of the drum if desired to represent the +cords which hold the drum securely.</p> + +<p>Little<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_126" id="Page_126">[Pg 126]</a></span> + wooden sticks, gilded and tied at the side +of the drum form the drumsticks.</p> + +<p>The smaller Electro-Silicon boxes, measuring 2¾ +inches in circumference and 1 ⅓ inches in height, may +be used in the same way.</p> + + +<p class="hang2"><b>Rosettes</b> (<i>Red, white and blue tissue paper</i>, <i>a strong +needle</i>, <i>white sewing silk</i>, <i>white library paste or +well-made flour paste</i>)</p> + +<p>Lay nine sheets of tissue paper one upon another, +alternating the colors, red, white and blue. Fold +these sheets together very smoothly once, thus making +18 smaller sheets if they were cut apart, but do +not cut. Lay a silver dollar or fifty-cent piece (depending +upon the size required) at the upper left-hand +corner of paper. Draw a pencil line around the +rim of the silver piece. Move the piece of money to +the right and draw another circle. Continue this +drawing circles until you have covered the surface of +the paper.</p> + +<p>Thread a needle with the sewing silk, knot the +end of the thread and take several firm stitches +through the center of each circle in order to hold the +sheets of paper together. With sharp scissors cut +out each paper circle, and fringe by cutting, but not +too finely, from the edge to within ⅛ of an inch of +the center of the circle. Hold the knot on the under +side of the circle between the thumb and forefinger +of the left hand. Slightly moisten the forefinger of +the right hand and brush gently over the fringed +surface toward the center of the rosette. At the back +of each rosette put a bit of paste, then lay rosettes +on strips of paper one inch in width. Do not overlap +the rosettes, but arrange to allow the edges to touch.</p> + +<p>These strips of rosettes may be used as festoons. +As<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_127" id="Page_127">[Pg 127]</a></span> + decorations for cakes or dishes of fruit they can +be used most effectively.</p> + + +<p class="hang2"><b>Shields for Luncheon Cards</b> (<i>Cardboard</i>, <i>red and +blue paper</i>, <i>baby ribbon—red, white and blue</i>, +<i>gold paint</i>, <i>water-color paints—red and blue</i>)</p> + +<p>Attractive luncheon or supper cards, suitable for +patriotic occasions, may be made in the form of +shields. Turn to the fourth page of Webster's Unabridged +Dictionary, and find the shield used as the +American Coat-of-Arms. This shield, enlarged to a +size measuring 2½ inches in length and 2½ inches +in width across the upper part, forms an excellent +model. If one does not draw habitually, use tracing +paper when tracing the pattern. If one uses watercolor +paints successfully, paint the deep blue band +across the upper part of the shield, and the twelve +red stripes running from the band to the lower edge +of the shield. For those who do not paint, dark red +and blue paper may be substituted very successfully. +A touch of gold paint on the edge of the shield adds +greatly to the effect.</p> + +<p>Write each guest's name on a card measuring 2½ +inches in length and 1½ inches in width. Attach a +card by means of red, white and blue ribbon to upper +corner of each shield.</p> + + +<p class="hang2"><b>Rockets</b> (<i>Red, white and blue paper</i>, <i>paste</i>, <i>gold paint</i>, +<i>slender wooden sticks</i>)</p> + +<p>Rockets are made in the same manner as firecrackers, +excepting that the paper strips are cut wider, +viz.: 3 or 4 inches in width, and more strips are required +to give the proper size. This may be left to +the maker's discretion.</p> + +<p>When the rockets are rolled and pasted after the +manner<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_128" id="Page_128">[Pg 128]</a></span> + of the firecrackers, insert the sharp point of +a pencil into the center of one end of each roll, and +gently push out this center to the distance of two +inches. This will give the pointed end of the rocket. +These pointed ends may be gilded, as well as the slender +sticks which are inserted at the other ends.</p> + + +<h3>LABOR DAY</h3> + +<p>The words "parade" and "procession" are associated +in the minds of most American children with +long lines of soldiers, and the small boy will play for +hours putting his tin soldiers in rank and file, or +marching with his comrades, with pans for drums.</p> + +<p>In these later days, when the spirit of the Peace +Congress is in the air, it is well that the children +should become interested in struggles and battles of +a different and higher order and in the parades in +which long lines of honorable workers take part.</p> + +<p>In this country all self-respecting people are +workers in one way or another, and though in the +course of progress of coöperative movements and combinations, +among many kinds of workers, there may +have been much of injustice, such movements have +also been accompanied by self-sacrifice, courage and +generosity of a high order. In time the good will +far out-weigh the evil. As Labor Day approaches, the +children, especially if the father expects to take part, +will be readily interested in the day and what it +should mean—the solving of the great problem of +the twentieth century. Meanwhile let the children +feel the beauty of Walt Whitman's lines:</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_129" id="Page_129">[Pg 129]</a></span></p> +<div class="poem"><div class="stanza"> +<span class="i2q">"Ah little recks the laborer<br /></span> +<span class="i2">How near his work is holding him to God,<br /></span> +<span class="i2">The loving Laborer through space and time."<br /></span> +</div></div> + +<p>The Labor Day parade is a revival, or survival +in modern guise, of the mediæval processions of the +Guilds. Such a procession is charmingly represented +in Wagner's delightful opera, "Die Meistersinger," +wherein, on a festival day, we see the bakers enter, +bearing the insignia of their trade, enormous pretzels +and other cakes. The cobblers march in with gigantic +boots and slippers suspended from tall poles; the +butchers carry hams and festoons of sausages, etc. +The child may imitate such a parade in his play.</p> + +<p>In talking with the child, emphasize the obligation +to do good, true work and to take pride in such. +Let fidelity and trustworthiness be his watchwords.</p> + + +<p class="hang2"><b>Parade</b> (<i>Poles or broom handles</i>, <i>wrapping paper or +newspaper</i>, <i>scissors</i>, <i>tacks</i>, <i>rakes</i>, <i>spades</i>, <i>etc.</i>, +<i>flags and banners</i>)</p> + +<p>Let the children cut from the paper large outlines +of shoes, boots, hams, saws, try-squares, clocks, +watches, enormous pens, knives, forks, etc., and fasten +with pins or tacks to the poles. Then march to the +tune of some stirring air.</p> + +<p>Some may be able to secure small garden rakes, +spades and toy brooms to carry. The American flag +and banners should also be carried.</p> + + +<p class="hang2"><b>Toy-Processions</b> (<i>Trade catalogues</i>, <i>toothpicks</i>, <i>paper +dolls</i>, <i>etc.</i>)</p> + +<p>Cut out paper dolls and let each one carry a tiny +toothpick upon which has been pasted a picture cut +from some catalogue. These catalogues will furnish +pictures<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_130" id="Page_130">[Pg 130]</a></span> + of shoes, carriages, saws, hammers, watches, +furniture, etc. Be sure that little American flags are +also carried. Dolls may be glued to spools for standards.</p> + + +<p class="hang2"><b>Place Cards for Dinner</b></p> + +<p>1. (<i>Bristol board</i>, <i>scissors</i>, <i>paints</i>, <i>brush</i>)</p> + +<p>Make place cards of Bristol board, which may +be cut into shape of shoes, watches, etc., and painted +accordingly. The name of guest may be placed on +reverse side. Or, on plain white card, paint a picture +emblematic of a trade and write upon it also some +quotation from a writer of democratic spirit.</p> + +<p>2. (<i>Tiny cast-iron rakes, spades and hatchets—1 +cent each.</i>)</p> + +<p>As a souvenir, give each guest a tiny cast-iron +spade, rake and hatchet tied together with cord. Or, +for a joke, these may be placed by each plate instead of +knife, fork and spoon.</p> + +<p>3. (<i>Pen and ink or pencil</i>, <i>white card</i>.)</p> + +<p>Draw on a plain, white card a picture of an ant, +bee or beaver as emblematic of labor. Use for place +cards.</p> + +<p>4. (<i>Frances S. Osgood's poem, "Labor,"</i> <i>white +cards</i>, <i>pen and ink</i>.)</p> + +<p>On each card write one stanza of this beautiful +poem, and after the close of the meal let each guest +in turn read the lines on his card. It would be well +for every child to commit this poem to memory. It +is long, but sings itself easily into the mind. The +word-pictures it calls up are exquisite and the learning +of it, little by little, would not be an unhappy task.</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_131" id="Page_131">[Pg 131]</a></span></p> +<h3>HALLOWE'EN</h3> + +<p>This is the festival which is given over to all +kinds of merry pranks and is dearly loved by the children. +It is an opportunity to teach them to discriminate +between the fun which is kindly and that which +is malicious and productive of needless pain.</p> + + +<p class="hang2"><b>Ducking for Apples and Nuts</b> (<i>Large pans or tubs</i>, +<i>apples</i>, <i>nuts</i>, <i>pennies</i>)</p> + +<p>Let the children, young and old, for once get +themselves wet, if necessary, in ducking for the nuts +and apples floating in the water. With a little suction +some of the children will be able to get pennies +from the bottom of the tub.</p> + + +<p class="hang2"><b>Fortune-Telling</b></p> + +<p>1. With Needles. (<i>Needles</i>, <i>pan of water</i>)</p> + +<p>Name a needle for yourself and one for a friend, +and put in the water, but not together. If they move +safely across, it betokens good luck. Two needles +meeting indicate life partnership.</p> + +<p>2. With Toy Ships. (<i>Pan of water</i>, <i>nut ships as +described on <a href="#Page_22">page 22</a></i> )</p> + +<p>Name one little vessel for yourself and one for a +friend and set them afloat. If they come to port on +the other side all is well.</p> + +<p>3. With Apple Rinds. (<i>Apple</i>, <i>knife</i>)</p> + +<p>Pare an apple so that the skin comes off in one +long piece. Toss over the head upon the floor, and +the form it takes will give the initial letters of the name +of one's future mate.</p> + +<p>4. With<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_132" id="Page_132">[Pg 132]</a></span> + Cake. (<i>Cake</i>, <i>thimble</i>, <i>ring</i>, <i>penny</i>, <i>etc.</i>)</p> + +<p>Bake a cake, hiding in the dough a thimble, a +ring and a penny. When cut, the recipient of the ring +is fore-doomed to marriage; the one getting the thimble +will be a spinster; the one receiving the penny will +have the pleasures and responsibilities of wealth.</p> + + +<p class="hang2"><b>Apple-Biting Contest</b> (<i>Apple suspended from a +string</i>)</p> + +<p>1. The apple is set swinging and two people, +standing opposite each other, try as it passes to seize +and hold it in the mouth. They must not touch it with +the hands.</p> + +<p>2. Tie an apple by its stem to the middle of a +string about a yard long. Then two people, each taking +one end of the string in the mouth, begin, at a +signal, to gather it as fast as possible into the mouth, +and so to reach the apple. This belongs to the one +reaching it first.</p> + + +<p class="hang2"><b>Refreshments</b></p> + +<p>Apples, nuts, popcorn, cider, gingerbread and +doughnuts are suitable for lighter refreshments. +Baked beans and plain ice-cold rice pudding were +once eaten with decided relish at a New York City +Hallowe'en party, the city people evidently enjoying +the contrast between this feast and the usual caterer's +service. Serve fruit from a kettle suspended from +three cross-sticks, <i>a la</i> witch.</p> + + +<p class="hang2"><b>Decorations</b></p> + +<p>Jack-o'-lanterns of pumpkins; strings of apples, +popcorn and cranberries, and toy brooms hung here +and there, as reminders of the witches who are said +to<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_133" id="Page_133">[Pg 133]</a></span> + be abroad, will add to the occasion. The pumpkins +should be cut to resemble skulls.</p> + + +<p class="hang2"><b>Reading</b></p> + +<p>Have some one read "Tam O'Shanter's Mare" +(Burns); also some good ghost story. Thomas Kendrick +Bangs' "Ghosts Which I Have Met" contains +some good stories, all absurd. Choose a good reader +for this.</p> + + +<p class="hang2"><b>Place Cards</b></p> + +<p>1. (<i>White or tinted cards</i>, <i>Palmer Cox Brownies</i>, +<i>ink</i>, <i>pen</i>)</p> + +<p>The Brownies are delightfully funny little people +without a suggestion of anything coarse or evil. The +children love them. Let the older ones copy and cut +them out to use as invitation cards for the Hallowe'en +party or for place cards.</p> + +<p>2. (See "Pricking," <a href="#Page_165">page 165</a>.)</p> + +<p>Since witches are always associated with the +pricking of pins, this is an appropriate occasion for +using the kindergarten pricking. Outline some of the +Brownies on tinted cards and prick as directed on +<a href="#Page_165">page 165</a>.</p> + +<p>3. (See Pumpkin Jack-o'-lantern cards, <a href="#Page_135">page +135</a>.)</p> + + +<h3>THANKSGIVING</h3> + + +<p class="hang2"><b>Place Cards</b> (<i>White paper or cardboard</i>, <i>brush and +paints or pen and ink</i>)</p> + +<p>1. Cut out a turkey, copying from some picture +if necessary. (Picture may be found in dictionary.) +If<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_134" id="Page_134">[Pg 134]</a></span> + skilful with brush or pen, indicate the feathers, +eye, etc.</p> + +<p>2. Draw picture of a pumpkin. Cut it out. Paint +in deep orange tones with shadings of brown. Cut into +it eyes, nose and mouth, suggesting Jack-o'-lantern.</p> + +<p>3. On white cards write stanzas from Whittier's +poem, "The Pumpkin Pie," and let each guest read +his stanza in turn.</p> + +<p>4. Cut as many triangles as there are guests and +paint each to resemble a slice of pie. One side of +triangle should be curved.</p> + +<p>5. Find a simple figure of a Puritan maiden and +draw in outline; then cut out and paint or draw in +black ink the important lines. Use as place card.</p> + +<p>6. Make little walnut boats (see <a href="#Page_22">page 22</a>), and +on each sail write name of guest.</p> + +<p>7. Find picture of Mayflower and copy on white +card. On reverse side write a stanza of "The Breaking +Waves Dashed High." Let each guest read his +lines. (Or parts of "Hiawatha" about Mondamin +may be used.)</p> + + +<p class="hang2"><b>Table Souvenirs</b> (<i>Tiny cast-iron gardening tools, 1 +cent each</i>)</p> + +<p>As described under Labor Day, these tiny penny +tools may be put at each place, the hatchet representing +the knife, the rake the fork, and the spade the +spoon. Attach name of guest to set.</p> + + +<p class="hang2"><b>Butter Modeling</b> (<i>Clay modeling tools</i>, <i>firm butter</i>)</p> + +<p>If any child has acquired a little skill in clay +modeling, let him try his hand at modeling out of +firm butter some form expressing a Thanksgiving +thought.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_135" id="Page_135">[Pg 135]</a></span> + It may be a piece of fruit, or some animal. +Get clay modeling tools at art store.</p> + + +<p class="hang2"><b>Center Piece</b> (<i>Pumpkin</i>, <i>knife</i>, <i>fruits and vegetables</i>)</p> + +<p>Hollow out a pumpkin in such a way that a part +of the rind is left as a handle to the remaining part, +which serves as a basket. Into this basket put a +variety of fruits and vegetables, emblematic of the +bounties for which we are grateful.</p> + + +<p class="hang2"><b>Jack-o'-lantern</b> (<i>Pumpkin</i>, <i>knife</i>, <i>candle</i>)</p> + +<p>We doubt if any boy needs to be told how to cut +a face in a pumpkin. A sharp knife will soon make +the cuts for eyes, nose and mouth in the rind, the +seedy contents having been previously removed. A +hollow may be cut in the bottom of the interior to hold +the candle, which can be made still steadier by melting +a little from the bottom and letting it drip into this +hollow, forming a waxy bed into which the candle +may be inserted.</p> + + +<p class="hang2"><b>Candlesticks</b></p> + +<p>See <a href="#Page_24">pages 24</a> and <a href="#Page_64">64</a> for those made of apples +and of cardboard and colored papers.</p> + + +<p class="hang2"><b>Room Decorations</b></p> + +<p>1. Corn Stalks. (<i>Strong cord and needle</i>, <i>hammer +and tacks</i>.)</p> + +<p>Stack cornstalks in the corners of the rooms in +effective positions, two or three to a corner. Those +living in cities may find it well to secure these from +farmer friends some time before the holiday.</p> + +<p>2. Unhusked Ears of Field Corn. (<i>Strong cord.</i>)</p> + +<p>The corn husks must be turned back from the +ears and cut off from them without loosening the separate +leaves.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_136" id="Page_136">[Pg 136]</a></span> + Then a number of these husks may be +strung upon a strong thread or string alternating +with the ears of corn. Hang along the upper part of +the wall as a frieze. The rich, warm tones of the +brown and yellow are very effective.</p> + +<p>3. Cranberries and Brussels Sprouts. (<i>String</i>, +<i>needle</i>.)</p> + +<p>Run upon a string half a dozen cranberries, then +a Brussels sprout; then more cranberries, etc., and +suspend this as a festoon along mantelshelf, in chandelier, +or over window.</p> + +<p>4. Autumn Leaves. (See <a href="#Page_47">page 47</a>.)</p> + +<p>5. Autumn Boughs. (<i>Oak boughs.</i>)</p> + +<p>Oak boughs, with the rich red and russet leaves +still upon them, are very handsome in the autumn. +The beautiful branches may be gathered by the young +people and hung in parts of the room where most +effective.</p> + + +<h3>CHRISTMAS</h3> + + +<p class="hang2"><b>Place Cards</b></p> + +<p>1. (<i>Sheet black paper</i>, <i>Chinese white water-color +paint</i>, <i>brush</i>.) Cut a stocking from the black paper +(obtainable at kindergarten supply store). With +the paint, paint in white toes and heels. On the reverse +side write some appropriate quotation and name +of guest. Stockings may be about four inches long.</p> + +<p>2. (<i>White paper</i>, <i>black ink or crayon</i>.) Cut a +rough figure of a snowman out of white paper, put in +features with black ink or crayon, and write name on +reverse side.</p> + +<p>3. (<i>Water paper</i>, <i>water-colors</i>, <i>scissors</i>, <i>spray of +holly</i>.) From real holly or a picture of same, paint a +spray<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_137" id="Page_137">[Pg 137]</a></span> + of green leaves and red berries. Cut out around +the edges and use as name card.</p> + +<p>4. (<i>Red cardboard</i>, <i>scissors</i>, <i>pen</i>, <i>ink</i>.) Draw an +outline of a bell on cardboard and cut out. An appropriate +sentiment may be written upon one side and +name of guest upon the other.</p> + + +<p class="hang2"><b>Surprise Nuts</b> (See <a href="#Page_23">page 23</a>)</p> + + +<p class="hang2"><b>Snowflakes for Tree</b> (See <a href="#Page_59">page 59</a>)</p> + + +<p class="hang2"><b>Snowball</b> (<i>White cotton batting</i>, <i>snowflake crystals +from toy store</i>, <i>white cotton cloth</i>, <i>sewing thread</i>, +<i>mucilage</i>)</p> + +<p>Cut two circles of cotton cloth, stuff with the batting, +after sewing into shape of ball. Cover lightly +with snowflake crystals, first dipping ball lightly into +thin mucilage. Suspend from tree.</p> + + +<p class="hang2"><b>Candles</b> (<i>Paraffine or old candles</i>, <i>kettle</i>, <i>soft cotton +string</i>, <i>small box of sand</i>, <i>pencil</i>)</p> + +<p>Candles have sometimes been made in the kindergarten +in either of the following ways:</p> + +<p>1. Heat a pound of paraffine (bought at grocer's), +or melt up some old candle ends in a kettle. Place in +front of the child a cigar box containing about a +quart of moist sand, smoothed level. Then with his +pencil let him press into the sand, making a deep, hollow +mold just the width of the pencil. Now let him +hold a short piece of string so that it hangs down into +this mold. An older person will then pour some of +the melted wax into the mold. It will cling to the +string, and in a moment or two will cool enough to be +drawn out, making a little candle that can be used for +the<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_138" id="Page_138">[Pg 138]</a></span> + Christmas tree, or put into a clay candlestick, also +made by the child. (<a href="#Candlesticks">See below.</a>)</p> + +<p>2. Put the kettle containing the melted wax before +the child and let him dip into it a piece of string about +four inches long. Then let him take it out in a moment +and lay it aside to cool. A very little wax will +cling to it. Meanwhile he dips in another string and +puts aside to cool. When cool he takes up the first +one and dips it in a second time, and a new coat of +wax adheres. He proceeds thus until the candles are +as large in diameter as desired (about ½ inch at base). +The candles may be put into clay candlesticks, also +made by the child.</p> + + +<p class="hang2"><a name="Candlesticks" id="Candlesticks"></a><b>Candlesticks</b> (<i>Clay</i>, <i>a tin or china candlestick to use +as model</i>)</p> + +<p>Let the child take a candlestick and copy in clay; +it should be of simple form, a mere cylinder, with +just enough of a base to make a firm standard.</p> + + +<p class="hang2"><b>Candlesticks</b> (<i>Cardboard</i>, <i>scissors</i>)</p> + +<p>Cut small squares of cardboard. The candles may +be made to stand temporarily upon these by melting +the lower ends of the candles and letting some of the +wax drip upon center of the cards, and then pressing +the candle down upon the melted wax. These may +be placed upon the table on Christmas morning.</p> + + +<p class="hang2"><b>Christmas Carols</b></p> + +<p>Let the children learn some simple old carol, as +a secret, and Christmas morning have them sing it +softly and sweetly to awaken father. A full program +of songs suitable for this most beautiful of days +will be found in the little book, "The Children's Messiah," +compiled by Mari Ruef Hofer, price 20 cents. +It<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_139" id="Page_139">[Pg 139]</a></span> + gives also the address of a firm publishing stereopticon +views for illustrating the program suggested.</p> + + +<p class="hang2"><b>Spider-Web Party</b> (See <a href="#Page_104">page 104</a>)</p> + +<p>Arrange the twines of several colors as described +on <a href="#Page_104">page 104</a>, and at the end place the gifts belonging +to each child.</p> + + +<p class="hang2"><b>Popcorn</b> (<i>Popcorn</i>, <i>popper</i>, <i>thread</i>, <i>needle</i>)</p> + +<p>Pop the corn and string into festoons with which +to decorate the tree.</p> + + +<p class="hang2"><b>Christmas Bells</b> (<i>Red cardboard</i>, <i>scissors</i>, <i>thread</i>, +<i>needle</i>)</p> + +<p>Make bells as described on <a href="#Page_109">page 109</a>, only make +them of various sizes. String, and use to decorate +table or tree, or to festoon from the center of the +ceiling to the corners and sides of the room.</p> + + +<p class="hang2"><b>Kindergarten Lanterns</b> (<i>Red, gold, or silver paper</i>, +<i>scissors</i>, <i>thread</i>, <i>paste</i>)</p> + +<p>Take a kindergarten square of pretty paper or +make a square of some attractive wrapping paper. +Fold once into an oblong. Now cut a series of parallel +lines from the fold toward the edge, stopping each +about ½ inch from edge. Open and paste one end so +that it overlaps the other, the cuts running vertically. +This makes the lantern bulge out a little at the fold, +giving a Japanese lantern effect. Suspend by a thread +tied to the upper edge or paste a narrow strip of paper +on for a handle. Use as decoration for Christmas tree.</p> + + +<p class="hang2"><b>Paper Chains</b> (See <a href="#Page_56">pages 56</a> and <a href="#Page_115">115</a>)</p> + + +<p class="hang2"><b>Reading</b><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_140" id="Page_140">[Pg 140]</a></span> +</p> + +<p>Read a part or the whole of Dickens' "Christmas +Carol," "The Chimes," or "The Cricket on the +Hearth;" or "Is There a Santa Claus," by Jacob Riis; +or "The Birds' Christmas Carol," by Kate Douglas +Wiggin. Longfellow's "Arsenal at Springfield" and +"A Christmas Hymn," by A. Domett, are also appropriate.</p> + + + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_141" id="Page_141">[Pg 141]</a></span></p> +<h2><a name="CHAPTER_IX" id="CHAPTER_IX"></a>CHAPTER IX<br /> +<br /> +THE KEY BASKET</h2> + +<p class="center">or</p> + +<p class="center pb"><span class="smcap">Household Duties and Responsibilities</span></p> + + +<p>Train the children little by little to bear certain +light responsibilities in the home. Even in a home +in which all the household tasks are done by trained +servants let the girl and boy have some small duty +to perform, if it be nothing more than to keep the +match-safes filled. They will thus acquire an interest +in the home which can be aroused in no other way.</p> + +<p>Indeed, every child, boy and girl, should be trained +to do easily and well the common household tasks +upon which depend so much of the happiness and well-being +of the home. Such knowledge and skill often +prove of use in unexpected emergencies and make for +general efficiency. The ancient symbol of the housewife's +office is her bunch of keys, hung at her waist +or placed in the key-basket, so we have used this latter +phrase as our chapter heading.</p> + + +<h3>HOME TASKS</h3> + +<p>Here are a few brief directions for the usual +home tasks in which both boys and girls may to some +extent be trained.</p> + + +<p class="hang2"><b>Table Setting</b><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_142" id="Page_142">[Pg 142]</a></span> + (<i>Usual dishes and cutlery</i>)</p> + +<p>Different homes vary in unimportant particulars +in the placing of the dishes. The following is a common +arrangement for the dinner table:</p> + +<p>At each place lay the fork vertically at the left-hand +side, the knife vertically at the right, and the +soup-spoon to the right of the knife. This places each +utensil so that it is ready for the hand which uses it +most. Put the teaspoons to the right of the soup-spoon, +and the napkin to the left of the fork. Place +the glass just above the knife, the butterdish above the +fork, and the individual salt-cellar, if used, between +the two.</p> + +<p>Father and mother sit at the ends of the table. +Put carving-knife and fork at father's place; also the +soup ladle, as father serves the soup and carves. +Mother pours the coffee and tea and serves the vegetables. +Therefore the soup and dinner dishes must +be placed before the carver, and the needed vegetable +dishes and cups and saucers at the mother's place. +Here, too, must be placed the sugar bowl and cream +pitcher.</p> + +<p>In the United States it is customary to serve +most vegetables upon individual saucers. In England +they are usually served upon the plate.</p> + +<p>If salad is to be served, oil and vinegar cruets +may be put on.</p> + +<p>The dessert is usually served by the mother, and +the necessary dishes must, therefore, be placed at her +end of the table.</p> + +<p>If possible, always have flowers or a growing +plant in the center of the table, but do not have it so +high that it obscures the view of those persons sitting +on opposite sides of the table.</p> + +<p>Upon special occasions, particularly if the guests +are<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_143" id="Page_143">[Pg 143]</a></span> + many, it is convenient to indicate the place of +each person by a "place card" bearing his name and +decorated in some appropriate fashion. Suggestions +for such place cards will be found on other pages of +this volume.</p> + + +<p class="hang2"><b>Table-Serving</b> (<i>Tray</i>)</p> + +<p>Train both boys and girls to wait on the table +<i>quietly</i> and <i>quickly</i>. Then they can save mother many +weary steps. Remove soup-tureen first; then the individual +dishes. After the meat-course, remove first +the platter and vegetable dishes; then the plates, saucers, +etc., from each individual place; then, if there +is no salad course, the bread and butter dishes, cruets, +etc., from center of table. Next the table must be +crumbed. Do this by quietly removing crumbs from +each place with crumb-knife and tray or by brushing +with folded napkin. If salad is served, crumbing +takes place after that course.</p> + +<p>Hold all dishes to left of guest, so that he may +easily help himself with his right hand.</p> + + +<p class="hang2"><b>Dish-Washing</b> (<i>Hot water in quantity</i>, <i>dish pan</i>, <i>wire +tray</i>, <i>drainer</i>, <i>washing-soda</i>, <i>soap</i>, <i>dish-mop</i>, <i>washcloth</i>, +<i>towels in plenty, both coarse and fine</i>)</p> + +<p>If two people are to work together, let one collect +the dishes and dispose of the left-over food, while +the other washes the kettles and saucepans. Get these +heavy cooking utensils out of the way the first thing; +then the drudgery part is over before the workers are +tired out.</p> + +<p>Dishes in which potatoes, cereals, or eggs have +been cooked should be put to soak, not in hot, but in +cold or tepid water; they are then readily cleaned. +Fill with water as soon as emptied.</p> + +<p>Keep<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_144" id="Page_144">[Pg 144]</a></span> + a little washing-soda on hand, dissolved +in water in a canning-jar, for cleansing greasy dishes. +Have hot water in abundance, and, putting a little +soda in with it, scrub the kettles briskly with the wire-brush +that comes for the purpose, or with mop, dish-cloth +or chain dish-cloth. Wipe dry with a heavy +towel.</p> + +<p>Meanwhile the other worker is collecting, scraping +and classifying the other dishes. Before beginning +to wash, have all the dishes assorted according to +kind and size and placed convenient to hand. When +putting away remnants of food it is well to have for +the purpose a series of pitchers ranging from three +inches to about nine in height. This gives sizes suited +to any quantity which may be left over of soups, milk, +liquid vegetables, etc. They take less room than +bowls, and the graduated series ornaments the shelf.</p> + +<p>A wire strainer should be kept in the sink to prevent +the larger particles of waste, indissoluble parings, +coffee grains, etc., from going down the drain. This +saves plumber's bills.</p> + +<p>When ready for the washing, begin with the +glasses and wash quickly in hot water, either clear or +soapy, as preferred. Have at hand a second dish-pan +in which is placed a wire rack. Put the glasses in the +rack, rinse with hot water, and dry rapidly while still +wet and hot. It may be necessary to keep them in the +water a moment or two to get them really heated +through. In washing glass pitchers put a <i>silver</i> spoon +in them before placing in the hot water. This prevents +breakage. Treat canning-jars in the same way.</p> + +<p>Next wash the silver, having the water soapy and +piping hot, in order to get a good polish. Keep spoons, +knives and forks in separate groups and all pointing +in the same direction.</p> + +<p>The<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_145" id="Page_145">[Pg 145]</a></span> + smaller, less greasy dishes follow the silver, +and then the heavy china. Here, again, let dishes that +have held eggs or starchy foods soak awhile in cold +or tepid water. Rinse greasy dishes well.</p> + +<p>Conclude by scrubbing tables and sink with cloth, +brush, soap and sapolio as needed. Put the scrapings +in the garbage pail and pour hot water and soda down +the pipe to remove the last vestige of grease. Hang +up the shining dish-pans, after washing out the towels +and dish-cloth in soap and water, if they require it.</p> + +<p>A can of Babbitt's Potash of Lye may take the +place of the washing-soda.</p> + + +<p class="hang2"><b>Bed-Making</b> (<i>Two sheets</i>, <i>blanket</i>, <i>comforter</i>, <i>cover</i>)</p> + +<p>Put the lower sheet on with the right side up. +Tuck it in neatly at the corners much as one would +fold in the corners when wrapping up a box in paper. +Place the upper sheet upon this with the right side +down. This brings the two right sides together. Let +the broad hem in each case be at the head of the bed. +That of the upper sheet should just reach the head +of the mattress.</p> + +<p>Place the blanket with its upper end about six +inches from the head of the bed. Then comes the +comforter, placed in the same way. Fold the sheet +down from the top just where the blanket ends. Tuck +all in neatly at the sides and the foot. Now put the +spread smoothly over all. It may be tucked in or +may hang down as desired. Place the pillows with the +closed ends of the cases together.</p> + +<p>If an extra coverlet is to be placed at the foot +of the bed, fold it in thirds so that the sleeper may +reach down and draw it up over himself without rising +to the floor.</p> + +<p>To<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_146" id="Page_146">[Pg 146]</a></span> + put on a bolster-case easily, turn it wrong side +out and then roll it up over the bolster.</p> + +<p>Train children to air beds every morning by +shaking up bed-clothing and extending it over footboard +and chair.</p> + + +<p class="hang2"><b>Washing</b> (<i>Toy tub or tin basin</i>, <i>toy washboard</i>, <i>basin +for boiler</i>, <i>soap</i>, <i>bit of blueing tied in bag</i>, <i>strong +cord for line</i>)</p> + +<p>Put dolls' clothes or a few dustcloths or handkerchiefs +in tub of warm water after soaping well. Let +soak awhile, then rub out on the little washboard or +between the hands, put into the boiler with cold water +and just bring to a boil. Rinse in warm water or +wash vigorously in warm water if necessary; then +rinse in warm and then in cold water; put the blueing +in a basin of cold water till the water is slightly +tinged; remove the blueing bag and rinse the clothes +in the water. (The blueing is to counteract the tendency +of white goods to grow yellow with time.)</p> + +<p>Hang up to dry in the air and sunshine.</p> + +<p>Tell the children that the clothes must always be +sorted, white body clothes being in one class, bed-linen +in another, table linen in another; woolens must +be washed by themselves with care to keep the water +of moderate temperature and the <i>rinsing</i> water of the +same degree of heat as the <i>washing</i> water. Flannels +must be dried as rapidly as possible. Colored garments +must be washed by themselves.</p> + + +<p class="hang2"><b>Ironing</b> (<i>Two irons</i>, <i>holders</i>, <i>ironing blanket and +sheet</i>, <i>iron-stand</i>, <i>cake of beeswax or candle</i>)</p> + +<p>Before ironing the clothes must be sprinkled +lightly with cold water, smoothed out and rolled up +tightly for half an hour. Meanwhile pin the blanket +to<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_147" id="Page_147">[Pg 147]</a></span> + the ironing board and cover smoothly with the +sheet. The iron must not be so hot as to scorch +the clothes. Try it on a piece of paper. If it seems +dirty or rough, rub it on the beeswax to make it clean +and smooth. (In place of wax a candle will serve +the purpose if wrapped around with a piece of clean +cotton cloth.) If the garment seems too wet, put a +piece of white cloth over it and iron till somewhat +dry. Then the iron may be placed directly upon the +garment.</p> + +<p>Starch is prepared by wetting and dissolving it +in cold water and then pouring upon this boiling water +and boiling until clear and smooth. The young child +will not need to starch anything, however.</p> + + +<p class="hang2"><b>Sweeping</b> (<i>Broom</i>, <i>whisk-broom</i>, <i>hair-broom</i>, <i>sheet</i>, +<i>sweeping-cap</i>)</p> + +<p>Let the little worker don sweeping-cap and apron, +and then proceed to dust carefully small articles and +books, place them on the bed and cover with an old +sheet. Put furniture which is movable in the hall +after dusting. Open the window. Then sweep the +rugs on both sides and place outside. Pin up the curtains. +Then dampen a newspaper and tear into small +pieces; throw these on the floor to absorb the dust. +Wet tea-leaves may be used for the same purpose.</p> + +<p>Sweep, holding the broom rather closely to the +floor and taking short strokes, raising as little dust +as possible. Then leave the room for awhile, for the +dust to settle.</p> + + +<p class="hang2"><b>Dusting</b> (<i>Dusters of cheesecloth</i>, <i>clean pieces of old +silk</i>, <i>chamois-skin</i>)</p> + +<p>On returning to the room after sweeping, wipe +off the baseboard, then the furniture, always working +from<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_148" id="Page_148">[Pg 148]</a></span> + the top down. To reach high corners where +cobwebs may lurk, pin on the brush of the broom a +cap of cheesecloth and sweep along the edges of the +ceiling. For corners under heavy furniture, a small +whisk brush or soft hair brush may be needed.</p> + +<p>Rub off mirrors with a damp cloth, drying and +polishing with chamois-skin or crumpled newspaper. +Highly polished furniture may be dusted with soft +silk or chamois-skin.</p> + +<p>Even small members of the family may be given +a share in this work. Little boys and girls can be +shown how to dust chairs and furniture within reach +of the little arms and hands. It may take more time +at first on the mother's part than if she did the work +herself; but in the end she is more than repaid. The +little child need not be required to do much, but let +that little be done thoroughly, if only the legs and +rounds of one chair.</p> + + + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_149" id="Page_149">[Pg 149]</a></span></p> + +<h2><a name="CHAPTER_X" id="CHAPTER_X"></a>CHAPTER X<br /> +<br /> +THE CHILD'S LIBRARY</h2> + + +<p>Every child should be encouraged to possess his +own books even in this age of public libraries. Birthdays +and Christmas afford occasions when the parent +can increase the little library, and later the child may +be trained how to choose wisely his own purchases. +When he is limited in the books he possesses public +libraries open up opportunities for a wide range of +reading.</p> + +<p>We give a brief but varied list of books from +which the parent may select such as suit her child's +particular needs. The discriminating taste in reading +must be cultivated from the earliest years if the child +is to read with profit and pleasure in youth and maturity.</p> + +<p>All children should be allowed to read a few at +least of the traditional fairy tales. They teach many +important life lessons in an impersonal way; they develop +the imagination and widen the sympathies. The +successful business man, the progressive physician or +lawyer, and the truly successful minister is he who +understands human nature, who can put himself in the +other person's place; and to do this he requires a cultivated +imagination. The fairy tale also lifts the child +from the restricted life of his environment into the +region of boundless possibilities. It increases his +sense of power over untoward circumstances. Acquaintance +with fairy lore also familiarizes one with +many<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_150" id="Page_150">[Pg 150]</a></span> + allusions to be met with in reading all great +writers.</p> + +<p>A love of poetry should be the heritage of every +child, because of the inspiration it gives amidst the +sordid cares of life, and because of the innocent pleasure +and refreshment it affords in hours of loneliness +and weariness. The child's first book of verse should, +of course, be Mother Goose. After this there are many +valuable compilations of good poetry that may be used.</p> + +<p>A varied library to be found in one large volume +is "The Children's Book" compiled by Scudder. It +includes selections from Mother Goose, from Grimm's +fairy tales, from old English fairy tales, the Arabian +Nights, and Hans Andersen. There are also several +of Maria Edgeworth's famous moral stories, a great +many of Æsop's fables, many of the old English +ballads, etc. An excellent compilation of verse is +Roger Ingpen's "One Thousand Poems for Children," +which contains all the old favorites of children as well +as a large number of the best-known poems by standard +authors.</p> + +<p>Standard books on science and nature should be +in the home, and the child's library should include a +few books with stories from real life leading up to +biography, history, and travel.</p> + +<p>The little one's sense of humor must be accorded +recognition. Mother Goose supplies such a need in +part, and Lear's Book of Nonsense may be added. +The Sunday funny sheet should be censored before +being put into the hands of the child. Expurgate anything +that expresses disrespect to old age; that makes +light of honor and integrity; or that is coarse in drawing, +color, or subtle suggestion. If the child when +grown is to appreciate the delicate humor of a Charles +Lamb, his taste must not be dulled when he is young.</p> + +<p>It<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_151" id="Page_151">[Pg 151]</a></span> + is a pity for a child to grow up without knowing +and loving the "Pilgrim's Progress." To give him +this pleasure the book should be read to him or put +into his hands when about ten years old. Otherwise +the psychologic moment has passed and he may never +learn to care for the great English classic.</p> + +<p>The great mediæval legends should also be known +to the child. They are interwoven with much of +history and literature and give a glimpse into a rapidly +receding past.</p> + +<p>We include in our list a charming wee volume, +"The Young Folks' Book of Etiquette," by C. S. Griffen, +which the mother, wearied of repeating from day +to day the same admonitions as to manners and morals, +will find a great assistance in seconding her efforts. +The child will enjoy both the text and the pictures.</p> + +<p>For the child's Bible reading we recommend +Moulton's edition of the Old and New Testaments. +The language is identical with that of the familiar +old volume, but the text is condensed so that each story +is given in the form of a continuous narrative, and objectionable +passages are omitted. It may thus safely +be put into the hands of very young children, who enjoy +the simple, dignified style.</p> + +<p>Music also must form a part of the child's library. +The list appended covers a variety of needs.</p> + + +<h3>FAIRY TALES, MYTHS, AND LEGENDS</h3> + + +<table class="small" cellpadding="10" cellspacing="5" summary="list"> + +<tr> +<td class="tdlist"><p>Adventures of Pinocchio, translated +from Cullodi by Cramp (an +Italian classic loved by children).</p> + +<p>Æsop's Fables.</p> + +<p>Alice in Wonderland, Lewis +Carroll.</p> + +<p>Among the Farmyard People, +Clara D. Pierson.</p> + +<p>Boys' Odyssey, W. C. Perry.</p> + +<p>Curious Book of Birds, Abbie +Farwell Brown.</p> + +<p>Fairy Tales, Hans Christian +Andersen.</p> + +<p>Fifty Famous Stories Retold, +Baldwin.</p> + +<p>Folk Tales from the Russian, +Blumenthal.</p> + +<p>Gods and Heroes, Francillon. +(Greek legends.)</p> + +<p>Household Stories, Anna C. +Klingensmith.</p> + +<p>Heroes Every Child Should +Know, Hamilton Wright Mabie.</p> + +<p>In the Days of Giants, Abbie +Farwell Brown. (Norse legends.)</p> + +<p>Japanese Fairy Tales, translated +by Williston.</p> + +<p>Jungle Book, Kipling.</p> + +<p>King Arthur and His Court, +Frances Nimmo Greene.</p> + +<p>Knights of the Silver Shield, +R. M. Alden. (Includes "Why +the Chimes Rang.")</p> + +<p>Little Black Sambo. (Beloved +by young children.)</p> + +<p>Mother Goose (Altemus edition), +including a few fairy tales.</p> + +<p>Nights with Uncle Remus, Joel +Chandler Harris.</p> + +<p>Norse Gods and Heroes, A. +Klingensmith.</p> +</td> + + + + + + + +<td class="tdlist5"><p>Among the Night People, Clara +D. Pierson. (Exceptionally good.)</p> + +<p>Arabian Nights Entertainments.</p> + +<p>Bimbi, Ouida. (Collection of +beautiful tales.)</p> + +<p>Book of Saints and Friendly +Beasts, Abbie Farwell Brown.</p> + +<p>Bow-wow and Mew-mew, Georgiana +M. Craik.</p> + + +<p>Norse<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_152" id="Page_152">[Pg 152]</a></span> + Tales, Hamilton W. +Mabie.</p> + +<p>Peterkin Papers, Hale. (Afford +pure, wholesome humor.)</p> + +<p>Peter Rabbit, The Tale of, +Beatrix Potter.</p> + +<p>Saints of Italy Legends, Ella +Noyes.</p> + +<p>Story of Siegfried, Baldwin.</p> + +<p>The Boys' King Arthur, edited +by Lanier.</p> + +<p>The Red Book of Romance, +edited by Lang.</p> + +<p>The Red Fairy Book and +others of same series, edited by +Lang.</p> + +<p>Tanglewood Tales, Hawthorne +(Greek Legends).</p> + +<p>The Oak Tree Fairy Book, edited +by Clifton Johnson.</p> + +<p>The Pilgrim's Progress, Bunyan.</p> + +<p>The Stars in Song and Legend, +Jermain G. Porter.</p> + +<p>The Wonder Book, Hawthorne.</p> + +<p>Wagner Story Book, Frost.</p> + +<p>Wandering Heroes, Lillian J. +Price.</p> + +<p>Water Babies, Charles Kingsley.</p> + +<p>Wizard of Oz, Baum.</p> +</td> +</tr> +</table> + +<h3>HISTORY AND BIOGRAPHY</h3> +<table class="small" cellpadding="10" cellspacing="5" summary="list"> +<tr> +<td class="tdlist"> +<p>Childhood of Ji-Shib the Ojibwa, +A. E. Jenks.</p> + +<p>Children of the Cold, Frederick +Schwatka. (Life among +Esquimaux children.)</p> + +<p>Cuore, de Amicis, translated +by Mrs. Lucas. (Experiences of +a school boy in Italy.)</p> + +<p>Each and All, Jane Andrews.</p> + +<p>Five Minute Stories, Laura E. +Richards.</p> + +<p>History of the Ancient Greeks, +C. D. Shaw.</p> +</td> + +<td class="tdlist"> +<p>Lolami, the Little Cliff-Dweller, +Clara K. Bayliss.</p> + +<p>Ten Boys of Long Ago, Andrews.</p> + +<p>The Chinese Boy and Girl, +Bishop Headland.</p> + +<p>The Snow Baby, Mrs. Peary.</p> + +<p>Seven Little Sisters, Jane Andrews.</p> + +<p>Story of Joan of Arc for Boys +and Girls.</p> + +<p>Story of My Life, Helen Keller.</p> + +<p>Story of Troy, M. Clarke.</p> + + +</td></tr> +</table> +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_153" id="Page_153">[Pg 153]</a></span></p> +<h3>NATURE</h3> +<table class="small" cellpadding="10" cellspacing="5" summary="list"> + +<tr> +<td class="tdlist5"><p>A Year in the Fields, Burroughs.</p> + +<p>Everyday Birds, Bradford +Torrey.</p> + +<p>First Book of Forestry, Filibert +Roth.</p> + +<p>Friends in Feathers and Fur, +Johonnot.</p> + +<p>Grasshopper Land, Margaret +Morley.</p> + +<p>How to Attract Birds, Neltje +Blanchan.</p> + +<p>Lady Hollyhock and Her +Friends, Margaret C. Walker. +(Tells how to make dolls out of +flowers.)</p> + +<p>Plant Relations, Coulter.</p> +</td> + + +<td class="tdlist"><p>Pussy Meow, S. Louise Patteson.</p> + +<p>The Bee People, Margaret +Morley.</p> + +<p>The Hall of Shells.</p> + +<p>The Stars in Song and Legend, +J. G. Porter.</p> + +<p>The Training of Wild Animals, +Frank C. Bostock.</p> + +<p>Trees in Prose and Poetry, +Stone and Fickett.</p> + +<p>Ways of the Woodfolk, William +J. Long.</p> + +<p>Wilderness Ways, William J. +Long.</p> + +<p>Wild Animals I Have Known, +Seton Thompson.</p> +</td> + +</tr> +</table> + + +<h3>POETRY</h3> +<table class="small" cellpadding="10" cellspacing="5" summary="list"> + +<tr> +<td class="tdlist"><p>Book of Nursery Rhymes, New +Collection of Old Mother Goose, +Charles Welsh.</p> + +<p>Children's Book, The, compilation +by Scudder. (Prose and +verse.)</p> + +<p>Child's Garden of Verses, Robert +L. Stevenson.</p> + +<p>The Chinese Mother Goose, +Bishop Headland. (Charmingly +illustrated with photographic +pictures of Chinese children with +their parents.)</p> + +<p>Golden Numbers, Kate Douglas +Wiggin. (Choice collection of +miscellaneous poetry; beautifully +bound.)</p> + + +</td> + + +<td class="tdlist"> + +<p>Little Rhymes for Little Readers, +Wilhelmina Seegmiller.</p> + +<p>Lyrica Heroica, edited by W. +E. Henley.</p> + +<p>One Thousand Poems for Children, +Roger Ingpen. (A very +full collection.)</p> + +<p>The Listening Child, L. W. +Thacher. (Compilation of short +poems suitable for children over +six.)</p> + +<p>The Posy Ring, Kate Douglas +Wiggin. (Choice collection for +young children.)</p> + +<p>The Robin's Christmas Eve. +(Old English ballad.)</p> +</td> + +</tr> +</table> +<h3>PICTURE BOOKS</h3> +<table class="small" cellpadding="10" cellspacing="5" summary="list"> + +<tr> +<td class="tdlist"><p>An Apple Pie, Kate Greenaway.</p> + +<p>At Great Aunt Martha's (Pictures), +Kathleen Ainslie. (Illustrations +of wooden dolls.)</p> + +<p>Book of Nonsense, Edward +Lear. (Highly recommended by +Ruskin.)</p> +</td> + + +<td class="tdlist"><p>Dean's Rag Books. (For very +young children; will wash and +iron.)</p> + +<p>Jingleman Jack (Pictures and +verses about the trades), O'Dea +and Kennedy.</p> + +<p>Four and Twenty Toilers, +Lucas. (Hard to procure.)</p> + + +</td></tr> +</table> +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_154" id="Page_154">[Pg 154]</a></span></p> +<h3>MUSIC</h3> +<table class="small" cellpadding="10" cellspacing="5" summary="list"> + +<tr> +<td class="tdlist3"><p>Children's Messiah, Mari Ruef +Hofer.</p> + +<p>Children's Singing Games, Old +and New, Mari Ruef Hofer.</p> + +<p>Christmas-Time Songs and +Carols, Mrs. Crosby Adams.</p> + +<p>Finger Plays, Emilie Poulsson.</p> + +<p>Holiday Songs, Emilie Poulsson.</p> + +<p>Merry Songs and Games for +the Use of the Kindergarten, +Clara B. Hubbard.</p> + +<p>Music for the Child World, +Mari Ruef Hofer. Two vols. +(Music every child should +know.)</p> + +<p>Nature Songs for Children, +Fanny Snow Knowlton.</p> + +<p>Primary and Junior Songs for +the Sunday-school, Mari Ruef +Hofer.</p> +</td> + + +<td class="tdlist"><p>Small Songs for Small Singers, +illustrated, W. H. Neidlinger.</p> + +<p>Song Stories for the Kindergarten, +Mildred and Patty Hill.</p> + +<p>Songs and Games for Little +Ones, Walker and Jenks.</p> + +<p>Songs and Games of the +Mother-Play Book, Froebel.</p> + +<p>Songs Every Child Should +Know, Dolores Bacon.</p> + +<p>Songs for Little Children, +Eleanor Smith. Two vols.</p> + +<p>Songs of Childhood, Field de +Koven Song Book.</p> + +<p>Songs of the Open, Seeboeck.</p> + +<p>Songs of the Child World, +Jessie L. Gaynor.</p> + +<p>St. Nicholas Songs, the Words +from St. Nicholas Magazine.</p> +</td> + +</tr> +</table> +<h3>SUNDAY-SCHOOL HELPS</h3> +<table class="small" cellpadding="10" cellspacing="5" summary="list"> + + +<tr><td class="tdlist"><p>A Year of Sunday-school +Work, Florence U. Palmer.</p> + +<p>Beginnings, A. W. Gould. +Pamphlet. Tells of the beginnings +of world, man, sin, language, +death, law, etc., according +to the Bible, according to +Science, and according to old +myths.</p> + +<p>Bible for Young People, +Century Co.</p> + +<p>Kindergarten Sunday-school +Stories, Laura A. Cragin. +(New Testament.)</p> +</td> + +<td class="tdlist"> + +<p>Old and New Testament for +Children, edited by Richard G. +Moulton.</p> + +<p>Old Testament Bible Stories, +Walter L. Sheldon.</p> + +<p>Stories from the Lips of the +Teacher, O. B. Frothingham.</p> + +<p>Stories of the Patriarchs, +O. B. Frothingham.</p> + +<p>Wonder Stories from the Gospels, +Katherine Beebe.</p></td> + +</tr> +</table> + + + + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> + +<p> +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_155" id="Page_155">[Pg 155]</a></span></p> +<h2><a name="CHAPTER_XI" id="CHAPTER_XI"></a>CHAPTER XI<br /> +<br /> +KINDERGARTEN MATERIALS</h2> + +<h3>The Kindergarten Gifts</h3> + + +<p>Friedrich Froebel, after observing and studying +thoughtfully the play and playthings of little children, +selected from among these, and arranged in logical +order, a certain series which should help develop the +little one in mind, body, and spirit through childlike +play. This series of related playthings is known as the +kindergarten "gifts."</p> + +<p>All children of all races play ball, and the first +kindergarten gift to be given, even to a very little +child, consists of six soft worsted balls in the colors +red, orange, yellow, green, blue, and violet.</p> + +<p>The second gift is an oblong box containing a +wooden ball or "sphere," a cube, and a cylinder, with +several slender axles and beams to assist in the little +plays.</p> + +<p>The third gift is a box containing a two-inch +cube divided horizontally and vertically into eight +one-inch cubes.</p> + +<p>The fourth gift is a similar cube divided horizontally +into eight oblong blocks.</p> + +<p>The fifth gift is evolved from the preceding ones +and is a five-inch cube divided into inch cubes, half +cubes, and quarter cubes.</p> + +<p>The sixth gift is a cube of the same size divided +so that it contains cubes, oblongs, and plinths.</p> + +<p>The third, fourth, fifth, and sixth gifts are derived +from the geometrical solids.</p> + +<p>The<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_156" id="Page_156">[Pg 156]</a></span> + seventh gift is derived from the geometrical +surfaces, and consists of wooden tablets in +shapes of circles, squares, triangles, etc.</p> + +<p>The eighth gift represents the geometrical line and +is made up of wooden sticks in lengths of one, two, +three, four, five, and six inches. They may be had in +two thicknesses and either colored or uncolored.</p> + +<p>The ninth gift, derived from the edge of the circle, +consists of metal rings, half rings, and quarter rings, +in several sizes.</p> + +<p>The tenth gift, derived from the geometric point, +is the lentil.</p> + +<p>Kindergartners differ as to the amount of emphasis +to be placed upon the geometric side of the +"gifts," and as to whether or not they should always +be presented in a certain logical order. To appreciate +their full value the mother must read her Froebel or +take a kindergarten course. We give below some +simple methods of using them, from which the child +will derive both pleasure and benefit. What follows +should be entirely clear, especially if the mother has +the "gifts" before her as she reads.</p> + + +<p class="hang2"><b>First Gift Balls</b> (<i>Rubber ball 1½ inches in diameter</i>, +<i>wool in six primary colors</i>, <i>crochet-hook</i>)</p> + +<p>These balls can be made by taking a <i>rubber</i> ball +and crocheting around it a case of worsted; or a case +can be crocheted and then stuffed with loose wool or +cotton. In the latter case to insure a good shape it is +well to crochet <i>over a ball</i> till nearly finished; then +take the rubber ball out and fill with the cotton or +wool and then complete the ball. Then crochet a +string about eight inches long and attach to the ball, +for suspending it. The ball can then be swung, raised, +lowered, made to hop like a bird, swing like a pendulum, +revolve<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_157" id="Page_157">[Pg 157]</a></span> + rapidly like a wheel. The child may +play that it is a bucket being raised or lowered. See +how steadily he can raise it.</p> + +<p>The balls lend themselves to many color games.</p> + +<p>1. Place them in a row, let one child blind his +eyes, another one removes one of the balls and the +first one, opening his eyes, tries to think which one is +missing.</p> + +<p>2. Let children observe the colors through a glass +prism and try to arrange balls in similar order. Ask +child if he can tell which colors are uppermost in the +rainbow, the cold or the warm ones.</p> + +<p>3. If the mother is sewing on a colored dress, let +the child try to pick out the ball resembling it in color.</p> + +<p>4. Play hiding the ball, as in hide the thimble.</p> + +<p>5. Play store, letting him tell you which ball will +best represent a lemon, an orange, a red apple, etc.</p> + + +<p class="hang2"><b>Second Gift Plays</b></p> + +<p>Throughout his life, Froebel felt with keen pain +all that was discordant or inharmonious in human society. +Beneath all differences and misunderstandings +lay, he believed, the possibility of adjustment, or reconciliation. +Relations most strained might be brought +into harmonious union. This great idea is typified by +the second gift. The hard wooden sphere is <i>round, +curved from all points of view</i>, with no <i>angles</i> or +<i>edges</i>, and is <i>easily moved</i>. The cube is a complete +contrast to the sphere, inasmuch as it <i>stands firmly</i>, +has <i>flat faces</i>, <i>angles</i>, and <i>edges</i>. The cylinder combines +the characteristics and possibilities of the other +two. It has flat faces as well as a curved one, and +can both stand and roll. It forms a bond of connection +between the other two which at first sight seem +irreconcilable.</p> + +<p>Three<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_158" id="Page_158">[Pg 158]</a></span> + of these forms have small staples inserted +in side, edge, and angle so that they may be suspended, +swung, and revolved. There are also perforations +through each one admitting the insertion of the axles, +when needed for certain plays.</p> + +<p>If an axle be put through cube or cylinder and it +be revolved rapidly, you can see, in the swift moving +figure, the spirit, as it were, of the other forms—an +experiment fascinating to young and old.</p> + +<p>A little imagination will turn the box in which +these blocks come, into a boat, car, engine, etc., pins, +matches, tacks, wire, etc., being called in as extras.</p> + +<p>The little wooden beam may be placed across, held +up by the axles and upon this the blocks may be suspended +as objects for sale in a store.</p> + +<p>The box with its cover may be used to illustrate +the three primary mechanical principles, the pulley, or +wheel, the inclined plane, and the lever. The pulley +is made by placing the cylinder on an axle, tying a +little weight to one end of a cord and drawing it up +over the cylinder. Let the child play the weight is a +bucket of water being drawn up from a well.</p> + +<p>Play loading a boat and use the cover for a plank, +inclined from the deck to the ground, up which to roll +a barrel (the cylinder).</p> + +<p>Play that the cube is a heavy piano box and show +how to raise it by using a stick as a lever.</p> + +<p>The students of a kindergarten training school +made fine derrick cranes with this box of blocks, and +no two were exactly alike.</p> + + +<p class="hang2"><b>Games with Second Gift Ball</b></p> + +<p>1. Let children sit crossed-legged on the floor +in a circle and let one child roll the ball across to another +child.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_159" id="Page_159">[Pg 159]</a></span> + He in turn rolls it straight over to some +other child and so on.</p> + +<p>2. Let one child sit in the center of a circle and +roll the ball to each child in turn, who rolls it back +to him.</p> + +<p>3. Let several children stand in the center of a +ring and try to catch the ball as it rolls swiftly by.</p> + +<p>4. Let children stand in center and try to avoid +being touched by the ball as it rolls along.</p> + +<p>5. Draw a circle on the floor and let the children +try in turn to so roll the ball that it will stop inside of +the ring.</p> + +<p>6. Place the cube in the center of the circle. Put +the cylinder on top of the cube and balance the sphere +carefully upon the cylinder. Then let the children try +to hit this target with another ball.</p> + +<p>Many are the lessons in self-control, fair play, +patience and kindness which the children practice in +playing these simple games, in addition to the physical +exercise and training in alertness, in seeing correctly +and in acting quickly.</p> + + +<p class="hang2"><b>Second Gift Beads</b></p> + +<p>Mrs. Hailmann, a kindergarten training teacher, +some years ago added to the "gifts" the so-called "second +gift beads," much loved by wee children.</p> + +<p>These are perforated wooden beads in shape of +the sphere, cube and cylinder. They come in two sizes +and may be had in colors or uncolored. A shoe lace +comes with them for stringing.</p> + +<p>In delightful plays with these beads the child +learns to distinguish form and color, and has practice +in simple designing.</p> + +<p>At first let him have a number of different kinds +and<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_160" id="Page_160">[Pg 160]</a></span> + let him thread them as he pleases. Observe him +and see if, of his own initiative, he will distinguish +either form or color. After a while he will probably, +without suggestion, begin to string them in some sort +of order—one sphere, one cube, one sphere, one cube, +etc. Two spheres, two cubes, two cylinders, etc.</p> + +<p>When he begins to see differences, give him two +forms only and let him arrange. Later give him others. +Too many at first will be confusing.</p> + +<p>Besides the stringing, these beads may be used +in other ways. Make a fence by putting two cubes +and a sphere, one on top of the other for a post, and +then join these to similar posts by running toothpicks +or burnt matches through the perforations.</p> + +<p>Place cubes and cylinders, one on top of another, +and use as tree box with tiny twig or elderberry branch +for tree. If making a toy village of blocks or cardboard, +these little beads will make good lampposts.</p> + + +<p class="hang2"><b>The Pegboard</b></p> + +<p>The pegboard, an additional gift devised by Mrs. +Alice H. Putnam, can also be had in two sizes, the +large one to be preferred. The board is perforated +with holes at regular intervals and is accompanied +with colored pegs, which the child loves to insert in +the openings.</p> + +<p>He may arrange them in ranks for soldiers, according +to color, two and two, or four and four, +learning thus to count.</p> + +<p>A flower-bed with red flowers in one corner and +green bushes in another may be made.</p> + +<p>He may play that the pegs are kindergarten children +playing follow the leader, some with red dresses, +some with blue waists, etc.</p> + +<p>A birthday cake with candles may be represented, +or<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_161" id="Page_161">[Pg 161]</a></span> + a line of telegraph poles, if father has gone on a +journey, and over the imaginary wires a message may +be sent.</p> + +<p>The pegboard is also loved by very young children.</p> + + +<p class="hang2"><b>Plays with the Other Gifts</b></p> + +<p>The third gift cubes may be built by the little +child into houses, furniture, wagons, etc. It is very +simple, and yet when handling it the child learns +something of form and number and gains skill with +his tiny hands.</p> + +<p>The fourth gift expresses "proportion." Each +block is twice the length of those in the preceding gift +and half as high. He can build with it objects impossible +with the first divided cube. The two may often +be used in conjunction.</p> + +<p>The fifth gift requires a decided increase in the +child's powers of coördination. He can make with it +a very great variety of objects. Only a kindergartner +can appreciate its many possibilities.</p> + +<p>The sixth gift lends itself peculiarly to buildings +of a certain type. It expresses less strength and more +grace than the preceding ones.</p> + +<p>In playing with these "gifts" under direction of +a teacher, the child, if making the grocery store, proceeds +to make the counter, the scales, the money desk, +etc., in succession, and is not allowed to take the first +structure apart in disorderly fashion and then make +the next one, but is supposed to build the counter, or +other article, by gradually transforming the thing already +made, removing the blocks in ones, or twos, or +threes in an orderly way. Each block is supposed to +have some relation to the whole. For instance if a +shoe store has been made and one unused block remains, +it<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_162" id="Page_162">[Pg 162]</a></span> + may represent the footstool used in such a +store.</p> + +<p>Froebel thought in this way through simple play +to help the child little by little to feel the relatedness +of all life.</p> + + +<p class="hang2"><b>Seventh Gift Plays</b></p> + +<p>With the seventh gift tablets the child makes +designs or "beauty forms," becoming familiar with +certain geometrical forms and exercising his powers +of invention in pleasing design.</p> + +<p>In using the tablets, which are in both light and +dark stains, do not give too many at first. Give him +for instance one circle, representing a picture of a +ball, and let him lay a row of such for a frieze design +for a gymnasium.</p> + +<p>Give a circle and four squares, and let him place +one above, one below, one to the right and one to the +left, touching the circle. This will suggest a unit for +a tile for a playroom fireplace.</p> + +<p>Tell him to change the top square so that its +angle touches the circle; then change the lower one +in the same way; then the right, then the left. This +transformation gives an entirely new design.</p> + +<p>The other tablets may be employed in the same +way, the different kinds of triangles offering opportunity +for much variety.</p> + + +<p class="hang2"><b>Eighth Gift Plays</b></p> + +<p>The sticks may be used in representing designs +in which the straight line prevails. The lines may be +placed in vertical or horizontal position. Sticks may +be arranged as soldiers, standing two and two in +straight vertical lines; or as fences in horizontal position.</p> + +<p>They<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_163" id="Page_163">[Pg 163]</a></span> + may be classified as to length. Let the +child sort them as wood for the woodpile, putting together +those of same length. Or play he is in the +store to buy a cane and sees those of different lengths, +some for men, some for children.</p> + +<p>For designing give the child four sticks of one +length and let him make a square. Give him four of +another length and let him make a larger square. +Then with these eight sticks let him make two oblongs +of the same size. Give him these exercises as +puzzles, but do not let him play with the sticks until +he gets nervous in trying to keep them in position.</p> + + +<p class="hang2"><b>Play With Lentils</b></p> + +<p>These are necessarily few and simple. Let the +child make circles, squares, etc., by putting the lentils +in rows. He can also represent the mass of a tree's +foliage by placing a number of the lentils in a mass.</p> + + + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_164" id="Page_164">[Pg 164]</a></span></p> +<h2><a name="CHAPTER_XII" id="CHAPTER_XII"></a>CHAPTER XII<br /> +<br /> +KINDERGARTEN MATERIALS</h2> + +<h3>The Kindergarten Occupations</h3> + + +<p>The kindergarten gifts proceed, as will have been +observed, from the solid through other forms to the +point. The objects made with these are but temporary, +and the same material may be used again and again.</p> + +<p>Parallel with these Froebel devised what he calls +the "occupations," which put into permanent shape +the ideas expressed by the gifts.</p> + +<p>Among the occupations (we will not name all) +are: Peaswork, pricking, sewing, weaving, parquetry, +pasting, cardboard modeling, sand and clay modeling.</p> + +<p>These are arranged in reverse order to the gifts; +that is, they proceed from the point to the solid.</p> + + +<p class="hang2"><b>Peaswork</b> (<i>Good well-dried peas</i>, <i>wooden toothpicks +or hair-wire</i>)</p> + +<p>Soak the peas for 10 or 12 hours till soft. Then +make a cane of one pea and one stick.</p> + +<p>Two peas and one stick will make a dumb-bell.</p> + +<p>Three of each will make a triangle.</p> + +<p>Make a square in the same way, and then by +adding to this other peas and sticks a skeleton chair +can be made. All kinds of furniture and geometrical +forms may be thus manufactured. The wire or toothpick +must be inserted in the cheek of the pea. Watch +the child carefully to see that he does not get nervous +over the work. Assuming that the peas are in good +condition,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_165" id="Page_165">[Pg 165]</a></span> + there should be little trouble if the forms +made are simple.</p> + + +<p class="hang2"><b>Pricking</b> (<i>Thin white cardboard</i>, <i>long pin</i>, <i>several +folds of cloth or a piece of felt</i>)</p> + +<p>Froebel recognized the appeal this pastime makes +to the mystery-loving child. As sometimes used it +may be injurious to nerves or eyesight; but used judiciously +the child of five or six will find it a source of +harmless entertainment.</p> + +<p>Let mother or older brother draw on cardboard +a simple strong outline. Provide a strong steel pin +(hat-pin or mourning-pin will do) and a piece of +folded cloth for a cushion. Follow the outline by +pricking in it a succession of holes. The rough side +is the right side of the decorated card. The card may +be hung up as a transparency, or may be made up into +blotter or calendar; or, if the outline be that of a +vegetable or a fruit, it will make up into a Thanksgiving +place card.</p> + +<p>Very beautiful effects are produced by pricking +the surface as well as the outline, a form of embossing, +but this is a great strain on the nerves. Let the child +work for only a few moments at a time, and be sure +that the light is good and the drawing is distinct.</p> + + +<p class="hang2"><b>Sewing</b> (<i>Cardboard</i>, <i>worsted</i>, <i>silk or chenille</i>, <i>needle</i>, +<i>punch</i>)</p> + +<p>It is a disputed question now whether or not the +cardboard sewing of the kindergarten, once considered +so essential, should be used at all. Some condemn +it entirely; others use it sparingly. Many replace it +with sewing on cloth and other materials soft and +flexible, which lend themselves to the kind of stitching +required later in everyday sewing. We cannot +now<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_166" id="Page_166">[Pg 166]</a></span> + enter into the discussion, but common-sense rules +here as elsewhere.</p> + +<p>Cards with designs already drawn and perforated +may be bought, but the mother need not feel that she +must depend upon these. Old visiting and invitation +cards may be used for the purpose. We give a few +examples of objects pretty and useful which may be +made of this material. These will suggest others to +the active-minded child. Get punch at kindergarten +supply store; from 50 cents up.</p> + +<p>1. Gift Card. Cut a square of cardboard 5 × 5 +inches. With a needleful of red worsted let the +child sew upon this card three straight candles in +stitches one inch long. You may first punch in the +bottom of the card three holes as guides. Put them +in a row equidistant from each other. Make parallel +to these a row of three dots in pencil. The child will +push the needle through one hole <i>from below</i> and put +it through the dot above, making his own hole. So +proceed till finished. A flame may be drawn with +yellow chalk at the upper end of each candle, to make +it more realistic. This card may be used to stand a +candlestick upon, or to send as a birthday card.</p> + +<p>A similar card with the red stitches lying horizontally +will picture firecrackers ready to be set off. +Use as a mat for a match safe.</p> + +<p>2. Cover for Medicine Glass. Draw a circle +five inches in diameter. Cut this out. Parallel +to the edge draw a circle four inches in diameter. +Make dots about ½ inch apart along this second circle. +Punch holes through these dots. With worsted, +ravelings or chenille let the child sew once around this +circle. Then go around the other way to fill up all +the gaps left the first time. Use as cover for glass +of medicine. Line the bottom with clean, white paper.</p> + +<p>Vary<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_167" id="Page_167">[Pg 167]</a></span> + by overcasting, or from a central hole take +long radiating stitches to the holes in the circumference +like the spokes of a wheel.</p> + +<p>3. Toy Umbrella. The above circle with spokes +may be made into a toy umbrella if a slender +stick be run through for a handle. Stick a pin about +an inch from the top to keep the umbrella part from +slipping down.</p> + +<p>4. Bookmark. Cut an oblong card 2 × 6 inches. +Draw upon this a row of parallel oblique lines +about one inch apart and one inch long. Punch holes +through the ends of the lines at the bottom, sew one +slanting line to show the child, and let him finish the +row. A similar oblong will make a napkin ring if the +ends be brought together and tied with the ends of the +worsted.</p> + +<p>Squares, oblongs, crosses, etc., may thus be +punched and sewed.</p> + +<p>If no punch is obtainable, make the holes with a +coarse needle or strong pin.</p> + + +<p class="hang2"><b>Paper Tearing</b> (See <a href="#Page_54">page 54</a>)</p> + + +<p class="hang2"><b>Paper Cutting</b></p> + +<p>This is another Froebelian occupation. Some suggestions +have been given elsewhere. (See <a href="#Page_54">page 54</a>.) +We will speak here of a more definite series of progressive +steps.</p> + +<p>Take a square of white paper. Fold once to +make an oblong. Keep folded and fold once more, +which gives a small square. From the corners of this +square cut pieces, large or small. Keep these. Open +the paper and lay it down. Then arrange around it +the cut-off corners to make a design. They may be +arranged<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_168" id="Page_168">[Pg 168]</a></span> + in a variety of ways. The pieces cut off the +corners may be of various shapes.</p> + +<p>Vary another square by cutting into it, after it +has been folded, triangles or other figures. Open and +arrange around it these cut-off pieces. When a satisfactory +design has thus been made, it may be pasted +on a pleasing background of paper.</p> + +<p>In kindergarten training, checked paper is provided +and the cuttings are made from lines drawn +upon this according to a progressive system.</p> + + +<p class="hang2"><b>Parquetry</b> (<i>Colored papers</i>, <i>paste</i>, <i>kindergarten slat or +match for paste-stick</i>)</p> + +<p>This occupation has its parallel in the tablets. +The designs made temporarily with the circles, squares, +etc., of wood may be put into more permanent form +with the parquetry papers. These are circles, squares, +triangles, etc., of colored papers, the unit of size being +the inch. There are 1,000 in a package, embracing +the six colors—red, orange, yellow, green, blue and +violet, with two shades and two tints of each, besides +neutral tones, and black and white.</p> + +<p>1. Easter Card. Give the child an oblong +piece of gray cardboard, six inches long, and some +yellow circles. Let him paste a row of circles for dandelion +heads and then chalk in the green stems. Give +to father for an Easter card.</p> + +<p>Red and yellow circles may be cut in half and +so arranged as to suggest tulips. (See <a href="#Page_122">page 122</a>.)</p> + +<p>2. Frieze. Let the child make designs for a +frieze for the doll-house parlor, arranging circles and +squares successively or alternately on a strip of paper. +Or he can make a design for the doll-house kitchen +oilcloth by pasting squares or circles (one square or +circle surrounded by others) in a square unit.</p> + +<p>An<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_169" id="Page_169">[Pg 169]</a></span> + inexpensive paste for this work may be made +of gum tragacanth. Buy five cents' worth of the powdered +gum. Put a tablespoonful into an empty mucilage +bottle and fill with water. In a few moments it +will dissolve and thicken. Use more or less, according +to thickness desired.</p> + + +<p class="hang2"><b>Weaving</b> (<i>Colored kindergarten weaving mats</i>, <i>weaving +needle</i>)</p> + +<p>This is one of the most popular of kindergarten +occupations.</p> + +<p>Primitive man early learned to interlace the +branches of trees to make for himself a shelter, and +to weave together coarse fibres to make his crude garments. +In course of ages great skill was acquired in +thus using all kinds of flexible materials; artistic baskets +were produced of raffia and reeds, and fine garments +of linen, wool and cotton. Beautiful effects in +color and form were introduced, the designs usually +having a symbolic meaning.</p> + +<p>Froebel devised, for the expression of this natural +tendency, a series of exercises with colored paper, +which gave practice in selection of color harmonies, +in designing, in counting, and which led to skill and +neatness in work.</p> + +<p>Loom-weaving has been described on another +page. (<a href="#Page_90">90</a>.) In many kindergartens it now entirely +supersedes the paper-weaving, which we will +here briefly describe.</p> + +<p>1. If you do not care to buy the regular kindergarten +weaving mats, you may use smooth gray or +brown wrapping paper cut into four-inch squares. In +such a square cut <i>two</i> slits ½ inch apart and one inch +long. From some pretty paper cut a strip one inch +wide and two inches long and insert in the slit in the +mat,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_170" id="Page_170">[Pg 170]</a></span> + pasting the ends of the strip to the under side +of the mat.</p> + +<p>2. Cut <i>three</i> or <i>four</i> slits in similar mats and +weave into them one-inch or half-inch strips, using +narrower ones as the child gains skill. Weave such +a strip under one and over one; then weave another, +under two and over two, etc.; thus a variety of effects +may be produced and the child meanwhile has practice +incidentally in simple counting. Such a mat may +be used to cover a glass of drinking water or medicine +glass.</p> + +<p>3. A larger mat may be made of pretty paper +cut into comparatively fine slits. Paste upon this mat +a square of smooth paper as a kind of lining; fold +cornerwise and paste two edges together, making a +kind of cornucopia.</p> + +<p>4. Scent-Bag. A scent-bag may be made by +putting between the mat and the lining described +above a thin piece of cotton-batting, sprinkled with +scent.</p> + +<p>5. Oilcloth or Felt. Instead of paper, mats +may be woven of plain oilcloth or of felt. Have +two colors of each material, one for the mat and one +for the strips.</p> + +<p>On a 5-inch square of the material draw four +parallel lines one inch apart and one inch from the +top and bottom. Then using these as guide lines, cut +four slits and weave in and out as with the paper +weaving. Ribbon may be used for the woof if desired. +Such a mat may be used for a lamp-mat or +for a flower-pot mat.</p> + +<p>Among the reasons for discarding the paper-weaving +are the following: The colors are somewhat +intense, and it is not always easy to secure good harmonies; +the<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_171" id="Page_171">[Pg 171]</a></span> + care necessary to avoid tearing the delicate +paper and soiling the delicate colors is often a +trial to highly-strung children. Therefore they should +not work at it too long at a time. A weaving needle +comes with the kindergarten weaving papers.</p> + + +<p class="hang2"><b>Paper-Folding</b></p> + +<p>We give here <i>only a very few</i> of the innumerable +forms which may be made by folding paper according +to exact directions. Mother may conduct such +a little play while she is sewing and the child is on +the floor or at the table. But directions must be +exact and explicit. After once having told what to +do in quiet, distinct, clear language, do not repeat. +Train the child to hear accurately the first time.</p> + +<p>Papers in many tones may be obtained from the +kindergarten supply stores, but any exact square of +white paper or of smooth brown wrapping paper +will do.</p> + +<p>Place the simple open square before the child, +the edge directly in front of him. Call it a tablecloth +and ask where the different members of the +family sit. If able to wield the scissors, let him +fringe the edge all around.</p> + +<p>1. Book. Give a second square and, showing +him which are the front corners, tell him to take hold +of these and fold the paper over so that the front edge +is just on a line with the back edge. Let him iron +the table cloth (crease the fold with his thumb nail) +so as to make a sharp line when opened. This makes +a little book or tent. Ask what he can read in the +book; who camps out in the tent; etc.</p> + +<p>2. Window. Make another tent. Keep the tent +in front of the child and tell him to open it and +then to fold the left side over so that the left edge +exactly<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_172" id="Page_172">[Pg 172]</a></span> + meets the right edge. Crease and open, and +the result is a window with four panes. Have the +child tell what he plays he can see through it.</p> + +<p>3. Tunnel. Fold a square once through the +middle as before. Open and notice the sharp line +made by the crease. Now fold the front edge to meet +exactly <i>this line</i>. Open and then fold the back edge +to meet this line. Open in such a way that the form +when standing makes a little tunnel. Roll a marble +under it.</p> + +<div class="figcenter"><a id="i_173" name="i_173"></a> +<img src="images/i_173.jpg" alt="i_173" /> + +<p class="caption">Paper-Folding.</p> + +</div> + + + +<p>4. Barn. Fold a square into sixteen little squares +by making a tunnel in one direction and then +folding a tunnel in the other direction, so that the +creases cross each other at right angles. Open out +and cut from the <i>left edge</i> and from the <i>right edge</i> +three slits along the horizontal creases to the first +intersecting vertical crease. (See <a href="#i_173">illustration</a>.) Now +fold No. 1 over No. 2 so that one little square exactly +covers the other and paste or pin together. Do the +same at the other end. This draws the paper into +shape of gable roof. Place remaining flaps so that +one overlaps the other a trifle, as shown in the illustration. +Then cut a door in the side. (See <a href="#i_173">illustration</a>.) +This<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_173" id="Page_173">[Pg 173]</a></span> + can be made of a large sheet of strong +paper and will house very large paper animals.</p> + +<p>5. Sailboat. Place a square of paper directly +in front of you. Fold the front edge backward to +meet exactly the back edge and crease. Open and +fold the left edge over to meet exactly the right edge +and crease. Open.</p> + +<p>Turn the paper over so that <i>the under side is +uppermost</i>, and place so that a <i>corner</i> is directly in +front of you. Fold the paper so that the front corner +exactly meets the back corner and crease. Open and +fold so that the left corner exactly meets the right +corner.</p> + +<p>You now have a square crossed by two diameters +and by two diagonals. Number the <i>corners</i> thus: 1, 2, +3, 4, and the <i>center</i> 0. Take the corners and hold in +one hand so that 1-0, 2-0, 3-0 and 4-0 are back to +back. Then crease in that position. The form is a +square. Lay down so that the <i>folded corner</i> faces +you. Fold the loose back corner down to meet the front +corner. Then turn over and again fold the remaining +back corner down to meet the front corner, and +two sails become visible. Fold back one-half of the +hull to make a base, and the little boat will stand and +move if breathed upon. It can be made water-tight +by dipping in melted paraffine. Melt the paraffine by +putting it in a double boiler with boiling water beneath.</p> + + +<p class="hang2"><b>Cardboard Modeling</b> (<i>Cardboard</i>, <i>knife</i>, <i>pencil</i>, <i>scissors</i>)</p> + +<p>This is another of Froebel's materials which is +much used in the kindergarten. The regular kindergarten +cardboard comes in large sheets measured off +into inches, half inches and quarter inches by red and +blue<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_174" id="Page_174">[Pg 174]</a></span> + lines. These are to assist in the accurate cutting +and folding of the stiff paper. The tinted Bristol +board obtainable at stationery stores is also much +used.</p> + +<p>With this simple material older children acquire +skill of both hand and eye. The higher school grades +are now using it to a great extent in making geometrical +figures, thus gaining practice in making objects +after first making the working drawings for the same. +A tinsmith who has had kindergarten training will +find himself better equipped for his life work because +of this early experience in cutting and measuring.</p> + +<p>The directions here given assume that the unruled +cardboard is used.</p> + +<p>To <i>score</i> is to make a long shallow cut or scratch +in the cardboard with a knife, so that it will bend +easily. We give a few simple objects in the order of +their difficulty.</p> + +<p>1. Book-Mark. Draw an oblong 1 × 8 inches. +Cut it out and punch a series of holes down the middle, +one inch apart. Run a bit of baby ribbon in and +out and thus make a simple book-mark.</p> + +<p>2. Toy Wash-Bench. Draw and cut an oblong +1 × 6 inches. Draw a line straight across this one +inch from each end, and then score these lines lightly. +Bend and you have a wash-bench for doll's house.</p> + +<p>3. Sugar-Scoop. Draw and cut an oblong +2 × 4 inches. Draw a line lengthwise through the +middle. Score this line, and <i>cut</i> along the score <i>one +inch from each end</i>. Score again from each end at +<i>right angles</i> to the previous crease. Bend up the +scored ends and the side, and paste the flaps together. +This may be used for the toy grocery store.</p> + +<p>4. Box. Read these directions through once. +Then<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_175" id="Page_175">[Pg 175]</a></span> + begin and work along as you read again, and +all will be clear.</p> + +<p>Cut out a square measuring 4 × 4 inches. Place +squarely before you, and then on the front edge, one +inch from each side, make a dot. On the back edge, +one inch from each side, make a dot. Unite the dots +at front and back by straight lines. This gives two +vertical lines.</p> + +<p>Now, on the right hand edge, one inch from +each end make a dot, and do the same on the left +hand edge. Unite these dots by straight lines, which +gives two horizontal lines crossing the ones previously +made at right angles. With a sharp knife, and ruler +to keep it straight, score along these lines so that they +may be readily bent.</p> + +<p>Now, from the right edge cut along each horizontal +line a slit one inch long. From the left edge +cut along each horizontal line a slit one inch long. +These cuts will give four flaps. Bend up the four +oblong sides and fold each flap over inside the box +and paste.</p> + +<p>A little experimentation on the part of older children +will show how to elongate one side so as to make +a cover.</p> + +<p>Differences in the proportions of the original +piece of cardboard will make boxes of different proportions.</p> + +<p>5. Work-Box. Draw a five-inch pentagon. Look +up in a geometry to find the rules for doing this.</p> + +<p>Upon each side as a base erect another pentagon. +Score at the line of junction and bend the side pentagons +till the edges meet. In these edges punch holes +opposite each other, and through these tie baby ribbon +to hold them together.</p> + + +<p class="hang2"><b>Clay Modeling</b><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_176" id="Page_176">[Pg 176]</a></span> + (<i>Potter's clay</i>, <i>oilcloth or small smooth +board</i>, <i>curtain pole</i>)</p> + +<p>Clay is one of the important kindergarten materials, +and if used with care need give but little trouble. +Buy at kindergarten supply store or art shop.</p> + +<p>Take a yard of table oilcloth and sew tapes to +the corners so long that the oilcloth may be tied to a +table and thus held smooth and firm. When not in +use keep rolled up on a curtain-pole, broom-handle +or dowel. This preserves it from untimely cracking. +Upon this oilcloth the child can easily work with the +clay, and the small pieces which may stick to it are +readily wiped off with a damp cloth. If preferred, a +small board about a foot square may be used instead +of oilcloth. The child soon learns not to scatter the +pieces. It is well for him to wear a little apron when +making his small works of art. When finished with +the clay, let him remove as much as possible from the +hands as a rule, what remains may be rubbed away +with a brisk clapping of the hands or is washed off +very readily.</p> + +<p>1. If his first impulse is to pound and thump the +clay, show the child how pretty things may be made +by gently pressing and molding the clay between +thumb and fingers. If he is still interested in pounding, +show him how to make a sphere by rolling the +clay between the palms, and then by striking it four +times hard against the table it is transformed into a +rough sort of cube which further effort will improve.</p> + +<p>2. If he inclines to make a number of balls, show +him if possible one of the cheap clay marbles, and tell +him to make some like it, though his will have no +glazing.</p> + +<p>3. If you see that he is rolling the clay into long +lengths,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_177" id="Page_177">[Pg 177]</a></span> + suggest that he make a snake or links of a +chain.</p> + +<p>4. Older children may be shown how to roll it +with the palm into long slender cylinders. Then coil +these round and round spirally upon themselves and +so build up a jar, as certain primitive races do. Then +smooth it outside and inside until well shaped.</p> + +<p>5. Bowls and crude vases are easily made, and +these when dried may be painted and used to hold +matches or pencils.</p> + +<p>6. Sometimes, to stir the imagination, break off +a rough piece of clay and ask the child if it looks like +anything to him. If it suggest a bird or fish or fruit, +show him how the crude form may be made more +nearly perfect.</p> + +<p>7. Take a bit of clay and upon it press another +bit, and so little by little smooth and press and build +up a plaque ½ inch high and four inches square. +Upon this as a background, build up in the same way, +little by little, a raised leaf, or a geometrical figure, +such as a square or a Maltese cross. If a leaf is made, +copy from a real leaf.</p> + +<p>When thus interested, let the older children read +Longfellow's beautiful poem, "Keramis," and the work +of the potter will have a meaning it never had before.</p> + +<p>The children who thus make crude efforts to +express the beautiful gain in power little by little, +and will have added capacity to appreciate the wonderful +works of art to be seen in every gallery. They +will gain in discrimination as to what is really beautiful, +and will know how to choose those decorations +and ornaments which will make their homes truly +artistic.</p> + +<p>Clay lends itself so readily to the slightest turn +of<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_178" id="Page_178">[Pg 178]</a></span> + thought, and is so easily employed by the smallest +pair of hands, that it is one of the best materials to +give to the little child. He soon learns to tell with it +what he may be able to say in no other way.</p> + +<p>When ready to put away, break into small pieces, +put the pieces together, knead a little till made into a +mass, punch a few holes in the mass, fill these with +water, put into a stone jar and cover with a damp +cloth. Or put the clay into a cloth, dampen, and then, +twisting the four corners of the cloth together, drop +the mass on the floor. Do this several times and it +will be found welded together. Then put into the +stone jar. Disinfect clay by exposing to sunshine.</p> + + +<p class="hang2"><b>Sand-Table</b> (<i>Kitchen table</i>, <i>saw</i>, <i>boards</i>, <i>nails</i>, <i>zinc</i>)</p> + +<p>From Germany we have finally learned the value +of the sand-table and the sand-pile as means of development +to the child, not to speak of their virtues as +pure givers of joy.</p> + +<p>Sand-tables may be bought at kindergarten stores, +or one may be made of a kitchen table by sawing off +the legs to the size which brings the table top within +reach of the child. Then the top should be fenced +in with boards, from three to six inches high, to keep +the sand in. It is a good plan to line the table with +zinc, since it is sometimes desirable to have the sand +pretty wet, although it generally suffices to make it +just damp enough to mold readily. It can be dampened +with a sprinkling-can.</p> + +<p>1. The child will play a long while without much +suggestion. A little pail or bottle to be filled and +emptied and refilled will furnish material for his embryonic +experiments.</p> + +<p>2. A tiny cast-iron spade (price one cent) will +add materially to his happiness.</p> + +<p>3. Shells<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_179" id="Page_179">[Pg 179]</a></span> + and patty-pans of different shapes and +convolutions suggest bakery plays, and mother must +sample the baby's cookery. When houses and forts +and churches are the order of the day, paths must be +laid and bordered with stones and shells; twigs and +elderberry branches make tiny trees for tiny orchards; +and a little pan of water or a bit of mirror makes a +wee lake. The kindergarten building gifts make substantial +structures, bridges, park-benches, etc. A +winding river can be painted with blue paint on the +zinc. When the child's imagination flags, a word +from the mother or a timely story will start a new +series of plays next time.</p> + +<p>4. Older children will enjoy reproducing in the +sand the hills and valleys of their environment, the +roads, woods and streams which they know, etc.</p> + +<p>5. Tell of the western plant which, when uprooted +from its loose hold in the desert sand, is sent flying +by the wind over the sand, and wherever it touches +makes a perfect spiral. Let the children make such +spirals with a coiled piece of wire.</p> + +<p>6. Having noticed the impression made upon the +sand by the patty-pans, the child can be led to make +designs with them by making a row of impressions +equal distances apart, arranging these in twos, in +threes, etc.</p> + + + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_181" id="Page_181">[Pg 181]</a></span></p> +<p class="center">INDEX</p> + +<table class="small" summary="index"> + +<tr><td> </td><td class="tdr">PAGE</td></tr> + + +<tr><td class="tdl">Abacus,</td> <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_17">17</a></td></tr> + +<tr><td class="tdl">Acquiring Skill with Brush or Pencil,</td> <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_74">74</a></td></tr> + +<tr><td class="tdl">Aiming Games,</td> <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_95">95</a>, <a href="#Page_96">96</a>, <a href="#Page_97">97</a></td></tr> + +<tr><td class="tdl">Anagrams,</td> <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_102">102</a></td></tr> + +<tr><td class="tdl">Apple-biting Contest,</td> <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_132">132</a></td></tr> + +<tr><td class="tdl">Apple Candlestick,</td> <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_24">24</a></td></tr> + +<tr><td class="tdl">Apple-seed Penwiper,</td> <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_30">30</a></td></tr> + +<tr><td class="tdl">Applied Art,</td> <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_76">76</a></td></tr> + +<tr><td class="tdl">Ash Tray,</td> <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_67">67</a></td></tr> + +<tr><td class="tdl">Autograph Picture,</td> <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_105">105</a></td></tr> +<tr><td> </td></tr> + +<tr><td class="tdl">Badge,</td> <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_123">123</a></td></tr> + +<tr><td class="tdl">Baking Pan Papers,</td> <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_57">57</a></td></tr> + +<tr><td class="tdl">Balls,</td> <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_96">96</a>, <a href="#Page_156">156</a></td></tr> + +<tr><td class="tdl">Barn, Paper Folding,</td> <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_172">172</a></td></tr> + +<tr><td class="tdl">Beads, Second Gift,</td> <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_159">159</a></td></tr> + +<tr><td class="tdl">Bean Bag Games,</td> <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_95">95</a></td></tr> + +<tr><td class="tdl">Bean Bags, To Make,</td> <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_95">95</a></td></tr> + +<tr><td class="tdl">Bed-Making,</td> <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_145">145</a></td></tr> + +<tr><td class="tdl">Bedstead, Dolls,</td> <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_87">87</a></td></tr> + +<tr><td class="tdl">Bells,</td> <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_109">109</a>, <a href="#Page_139">139</a></td></tr> + +<tr><td class="tdl">Berry Baskets or Boxes,</td> <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_11">11</a></td></tr> + +<tr><td class="tdl">Birchbark,</td> <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_42">42</a></td></tr> + +<tr><td class="tdl">Biscuit, Thimble,</td> <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_104">104</a></td></tr> + +<tr><td class="tdl">Block Furniture,</td> <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_85">85</a></td></tr> + +<tr><td class="tdl">Blowing Bubbles,</td> <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_51">51</a></td></tr> + +<tr><td class="tdl">Blowing Out Candle,</td> <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_100">100</a></td></tr> + +<tr><td class="tdl">Boat,</td> <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_22">22</a>, <a href="#Page_26">26</a>, <a href="#Page_36">36</a>, <a href="#Page_41">41</a></td></tr> + +<tr><td class="tdl">Blue Prints,</td> <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_52">52</a></td></tr> + +<tr><td class="tdl">Bon-bon Papers,</td> <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_58">58</a>, <a href="#Page_115">115</a></td></tr> + +<tr><td class="tdl">Booklist,</td> <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_151">151</a></td></tr> + +<tr><td class="tdl">Bookmark,</td> <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_58">58</a>, <a href="#Page_174">174</a></td></tr> + +<tr><td class="tdl">Border for Sand-table,</td> <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_40">40</a></td></tr> + +<tr><td class="tdl">Bottling Shells,</td> <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_40">40</a></td></tr> + +<tr><td class="tdl">Bottling Stones,</td> <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_39">39</a></td></tr> + +<tr><td class="tdl">Boxes,</td> <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_12">12</a>, <a href="#Page_15">15</a>, <a href="#Page_174">174</a></td></tr> + +<tr><td class="tdl">Breastpin,</td> <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_71">71</a></td></tr> + +<tr><td class="tdl">Bristol Board,</td> <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_61">61</a> +</td></tr> + +<tr><td class="tdl">Brush, + Pencil or,</td> <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_73">73</a> +<span class="smpagenum"><a name="Page_182" id="Page_182">[Pg 182]</a></span></td></tr> + +<tr><td class="tdl">Bubbles,</td> <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_51">51</a></td></tr> + +<tr><td class="tdl">Burnt Match Safe,</td> <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_34">34</a></td></tr> + +<tr><td class="tdl">Butter Dishes,</td> <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_41">41</a></td></tr> + +<tr><td class="tdl">Butterflies,</td> <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_105">105</a>, <a href="#Page_121">121</a></td></tr> + +<tr><td class="tdl">Butterfly Party,</td> <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_105">105</a></td></tr> + +<tr><td class="tdl">Butter Modeling,</td> <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_134">134</a></td></tr> + +<tr><td class="tdl">Buttons,</td> <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_69">69</a></td></tr> + +<tr><td class="tdl">Button-Box,</td> <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_15">15</a></td></tr> + +<tr><td class="tdl">Button Mold Tops,</td> <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_70">70</a></td></tr> + +<tr><td class="tdl">Button Mold Wheels,</td> <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_70">70</a></td></tr> +<tr><td> </td></tr> + +<tr><td class="tdl">Calendar,</td> <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_74">74</a>, <a href="#Page_109">109</a></td></tr> + +<tr><td class="tdl">Candle, Blowing Out,</td> <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_100">100</a></td></tr> + +<tr><td class="tdl">Candle Design,</td> <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_55">55</a></td></tr> + +<tr><td class="tdl">Candle Making,</td> <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_137">137</a></td></tr> + +<tr><td class="tdl">Candle Sticks,</td> <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_24">24</a>, <a href="#Page_64">64</a>, <a href="#Page_138">138</a></td></tr> + +<tr><td class="tdl">Canoe,</td> <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_43">43</a></td></tr> + +<tr><td class="tdl">Cardboard,</td> <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_61">61</a></td></tr> + +<tr><td class="tdl">Cardboard Animals,</td> <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_63">63</a></td></tr> + +<tr><td class="tdl">Cardboard Modeling,</td> <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_173">173</a></td></tr> + +<tr><td class="tdl">Cardboard Sewing,</td> <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_165">165</a></td></tr> + +<tr><td class="tdl">Carols,</td> <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_138">138</a></td></tr> + +<tr><td class="tdl">Carrot Top,</td> <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_45">45</a></td></tr> + +<tr><td class="tdl">Celluloid Butterflies,</td> <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_121">121</a></td></tr> + +<tr><td class="tdl">Center Piece, Pumpkin,</td> <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_135">135</a></td></tr> + +<tr><td class="tdl">Cereal Boxes,</td> <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_32">32</a></td></tr> + +<tr><td class="tdl">Chains,</td> <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_56">56</a>, <a href="#Page_115">115</a></td></tr> + +<tr><td class="tdl">Chased by a Goose,</td> <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_78">78</a></td></tr> + +<tr><td class="tdl">Checkerboard,</td> <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_62">62</a></td></tr> + +<tr><td class="tdl">Cherry Stone Game,</td> <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_99">99</a></td></tr> + +<tr><td class="tdl">Chicken Coop,</td> <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_13">13</a></td></tr> + +<tr><td class="tdl">Chicken, Easter,</td> <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_122">122</a></td></tr> + +<tr><td class="tdl">Chicken, Squash Seed,</td> <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_29">29</a></td></tr> + +<tr><td class="tdl">Child's Library, The,</td> <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_149">149</a></td></tr> + +<tr><td class="tdl">Chinese Kite,</td> <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_66">66</a></td></tr> + +<tr><td class="tdl">Chinese Toy,</td> <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_64">64</a></td></tr> + +<tr><td class="tdl">Christmas,</td> <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_136">136</a></td></tr> + +<tr><td class="tdl">Cigar-Box Bedstead,</td> <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_87">87</a></td></tr> + +<tr><td class="tdl">Cigar-Box Dollhouse,</td> <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_82">82</a></td></tr> + +<tr><td class="tdl">Circle Tag,</td> <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_92">92</a></td></tr> + +<tr><td class="tdl">Classifying,</td> <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_39">39</a>, <a href="#Page_40">40</a>, <a href="#Page_48">48</a></td></tr> + +<tr><td class="tdl">Clay,</td> <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_176">176</a></td></tr> + +<tr><td class="tdl">Clay-pipe Doll,</td> <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_80">80</a></td></tr> + + +<tr><td class="tdl">Clock, Paper,</td> <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_86">86</a> +<span class="smpagenum"><a name="Page_183" id="Page_183">[Pg 183]</a></span></td></tr> + + +<tr><td class="tdl">Clothespin Doll,</td> <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_80">80</a></td></tr> + +<tr><td class="tdl">Clothespin Race,</td> <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_94">94</a></td></tr> + +<tr><td class="tdl">Clover, Four-leaf,</td> <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_48">48</a></td></tr> + +<tr><td class="tdl">Collecting,</td> <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_39">39</a>, <a href="#Page_40">40</a>, <a href="#Page_48">48</a></td></tr> + +<tr><td class="tdl">Color Top,</td> <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_75">75</a></td></tr> + +<tr><td class="tdl">Colors, Matching,</td> <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_71">71</a></td></tr> + +<tr><td class="tdl">Cork,</td> <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_36">36</a></td></tr> + +<tr><td class="tdl">Cork Doll,</td> <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_81">81</a></td></tr> + +<tr><td class="tdl">Corn,</td> <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_18">18</a></td></tr> + +<tr><td class="tdl">Corncobs,</td> <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_18">18</a></td></tr> + +<tr><td class="tdl">Corncrib,</td> <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_18">18</a></td></tr> + +<tr><td class="tdl">Cornhusks,</td> <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_18">18</a></td></tr> + +<tr><td class="tdl">Cornstalks,</td><td class="tdr"> <a href="#Page_135">135</a></td></tr> + +<tr><td class="tdl">Counters for Games,</td> <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_28">28</a>, <a href="#Page_62">62</a>, <a href="#Page_69">69</a></td></tr> + +<tr><td class="tdl">Countess of the Huggermuggers,</td> <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_100">100</a></td></tr> + +<tr><td class="tdl">Counting Ball,</td> <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_96">96</a></td></tr> + +<tr><td class="tdl">Cover for Medicine Glass,</td> <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_166">166</a>, <a href="#Page_170">170</a></td></tr> + +<tr><td class="tdl">Cradle, Egg Shell,</td> <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_25">25</a></td></tr> + +<tr><td class="tdl">Cranberries,</td> <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_136">136</a></td></tr> + +<tr><td class="tdl">Croquet with Peas,</td> <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_98">98</a></td></tr> + +<tr><td class="tdl">Cross Tag,</td> <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_93">93</a></td></tr> + +<tr><td class="tdl">Cup and Ball,</td> <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_96">96</a></td></tr> + +<tr><td class="tdl">Curtains for Dollhouse,</td> <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_87">87</a></td></tr> + +<tr><td class="tdl">Cutlery, Toy,</td> <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_36">36</a></td></tr> + +<tr><td class="tdl">Cutting Paper,</td> <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_54">54</a>, <a href="#Page_167">167</a></td></tr> +<tr><td> </td></tr> + +<tr><td class="tdl">Darning Egg,</td> <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_44">44</a></td></tr> + +<tr><td class="tdl">Decorated Note-Paper,</td> <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_109">109</a></td></tr> + +<tr><td class="tdl">Decoration Day,</td> <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_123">123</a></td></tr> + +<tr><td class="tdl">Decorative Cherries,</td> <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_114">114</a></td></tr> + +<tr><td class="tdl">Decorative Leaves,</td> <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_47">47</a></td></tr> + +<tr><td class="tdl">Designs,</td> <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_21">21</a>, <a href="#Page_28">28</a>, <a href="#Page_77">77</a></td></tr> + +<tr><td class="tdl">Dinner Souvenirs,</td> <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_120">120</a>, <a href="#Page_130">130</a>, <a href="#Page_134">134</a></td></tr> + +<tr><td class="tdl">Dishes, Tin-foil,</td> <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_35">35</a></td></tr> + +<tr><td class="tdl">Dish-washing,</td> <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_143">143</a></td></tr> + +<tr><td class="tdl">Distances, Guessing,</td> <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_72">72</a></td></tr> + +<tr><td class="tdl">Doll Furniture,</td> <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_15">15</a>, <a href="#Page_37">37</a>, <a href="#Page_85">85</a></td></tr> + +<tr><td class="tdl">Doll-Houses,</td> <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_82">82</a></td></tr> + +<tr><td class="tdl">Doll Park,</td> <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_89">89</a></td></tr> + +<tr><td class="tdl">Dolls,</td> <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_80">80</a></td></tr> + +<tr><td class="tdl">Donkey Game,</td> <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_100">100</a></td></tr> + +<tr><td class="tdl">Drawing,</td> <td class="tdr"> <a href="#Page_31">31</a>, <a href="#Page_72">72</a></td></tr> + +<tr><td class="tdl">Drums,</td> <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_125">125</a></td></tr> + +<tr><td class="tdl">Ducking for Apples,</td> <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_131">131</a> +<span class="smpagenum"><a name="Page_184" id="Page_184">[Pg 184]</a></span></td></tr> + +<tr><td class="tdl">Dusting,</td> <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_147">147</a></td></tr> +<tr><td> </td></tr> + +<tr><td class="tdl">Easter,</td> <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_120">120</a></td></tr> + +<tr><td class="tdl">Easter Card,</td> <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_122">122</a>, <a href="#Page_168">168</a></td></tr> + +<tr><td class="tdl">Easter Chicken,</td> <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_122">122</a></td></tr> + +<tr><td class="tdl">East Indian Fan,</td> <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_43">43</a></td></tr> + +<tr><td class="tdl">Edam Cheese Lantern,</td> <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_34">34</a></td></tr> + +<tr><td class="tdl">Egg-shell Boat,</td> <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_26">26</a></td></tr> + +<tr><td class="tdl">Egg-shell Cradle,</td> <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_25">25</a></td></tr> + +<tr><td class="tdl">Egg-shell Game,</td> <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_99">99</a></td></tr> + +<tr><td class="tdl">Egg-shell Garden,</td> <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_25">25</a></td></tr> + +<tr><td class="tdl">Eggs, Humpty Dumpty,</td> <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_26">26</a></td></tr> + +<tr><td class="tdl">Egg-shell, To Blow,</td> <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_25">25</a></td></tr> + +<tr><td class="tdl">Egg-shells,</td> <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_25">25</a>, <a href="#Page_26">26</a>, <a href="#Page_99">99</a></td></tr> + +<tr><td class="tdl">Eighth Gift Plays,</td> <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_162">162</a></td></tr> + +<tr><td class="tdl">Elevator, Toy,</td> <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_71">71</a></td></tr> + +<tr><td class="tdl">Epaulettes,</td> <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_56">56</a></td></tr> + +<tr><td class="tdl">Experiments with Color,</td> <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_75">75</a></td></tr> + +<tr><td class="tdl">Expression with Pencil and Brush,</td> <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_73">73</a></td></tr> +<tr><td> </td></tr> + +<tr><td class="tdl">Fairy Tales, Myths, etc.,</td> <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_151">151</a></td></tr> + +<tr><td class="tdl">Fan,</td> <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_43">43</a>, <a href="#Page_63">63</a></td></tr> + +<tr><td class="tdl">Feather, Corn-husk,</td> <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_18">18</a></td></tr> + +<tr><td class="tdl">Feather Flowers,</td> <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_49">49</a></td></tr> + +<tr><td class="tdl">Felt Mats,</td> <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_170">170</a></td></tr> + +<tr><td class="tdl">Fence,</td> <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_11">11</a>, <a href="#Page_19">19</a></td></tr> + +<tr><td class="tdl">Festival Occasions,</td> <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_107">107</a></td></tr> + +<tr><td class="tdl">Festoons,</td> <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_47">47</a></td></tr> + +<tr><td class="tdl">Firecracker Designs,</td> <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_55">55</a></td></tr> + +<tr><td class="tdl">Firecracker, Imitation,</td> <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_124">124</a></td></tr> + +<tr><td class="tdl">First Gift Balls,</td> <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_156">156</a></td></tr> + +<tr><td class="tdl">Flags,</td> <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_119">119</a></td></tr> + +<tr><td class="tdl">Flower-Pot,</td> <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_35">35</a></td></tr> + +<tr><td class="tdl">Flower Rack,</td> <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_37">37</a></td></tr> + +<tr><td class="tdl">Flowers, Feather,</td> <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_49">49</a></td></tr> + +<tr><td class="tdl">Flowers, Pressing,</td> <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_51">51</a></td></tr> + +<tr><td class="tdl">Foot-ball, Egg,</td> <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_99">99</a></td></tr> + +<tr><td class="tdl">Fortune Telling,</td> <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_131">131</a></td></tr> + +<tr><td class="tdl">Fourth of July,</td> <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_124">124</a></td></tr> + +<tr><td class="tdl">Frieze,</td> <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_48">48</a>, <a href="#Page_168">168</a></td></tr> + +<tr><td class="tdl">Fringed Bon-bon Papers,</td> <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_58">58</a>, <a href="#Page_115">115</a></td></tr> + +<tr><td class="tdl">Furniture,</td> <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_15">15</a>, <a href="#Page_20">20</a>, <a href="#Page_37">37</a>, <a href="#Page_85">85</a></td></tr> +<tr><td> </td></tr> + +<tr><td class="tdl">Games and Plays,</td> <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_92">92</a>, <a href="#Page_157">157</a>, <a href="#Page_158">158</a>, <a href="#Page_161">161</a> +<span class="smpagenum"><a name="Page_185" id="Page_185">[Pg 185]</a></span></td></tr> + +<tr><td class="tdl">Gift Card,</td> <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_166">166</a></td></tr> + +<tr><td class="tdl">Gifts, Kindergarten,</td> <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_155">155</a></td></tr> + +<tr><td class="tdl">Go-Bang Board,</td> <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_61">61</a></td></tr> + +<tr><td class="tdl">Good Luck Pigs,</td> <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_109">109</a></td></tr> + +<tr><td class="tdl">Gourds,</td> <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_44">44</a></td></tr> + +<tr><td class="tdl">Grace Hoops,</td> <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_97">97</a></td></tr> + +<tr><td class="tdl">Grocery Store,</td> <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_88">88</a></td></tr> + +<tr><td class="tdl">Guess Ball,</td> <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_96">96</a></td></tr> + +<tr><td class="tdl">Guessing Distances,</td> <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_72">72</a></td></tr> +<tr><td> </td></tr> + +<tr><td class="tdl">Hallowe'en,</td> <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_131">131</a></td></tr> + +<tr><td class="tdl">Hammering Soap,</td> <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_31">31</a></td></tr> + +<tr><td class="tdl">Handkerchief Box,</td> <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_42">42</a></td></tr> + +<tr><td class="tdl">Hanging Basket,</td> <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_15">15</a>, <a href="#Page_35">35</a>, <a href="#Page_44">44</a></td></tr> + +<tr><td class="tdl">Hearts,</td> <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_110">110</a></td></tr> + +<tr><td class="tdl">History and Biography Books,</td> <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_152">152</a></td></tr> + +<tr><td class="tdl">Home Tasks,</td> <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_141">141</a></td></tr> + +<tr><td class="tdl">Honey, Weighing,</td> <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_103">103</a></td></tr> + +<tr><td class="tdl">House, Cob,</td> <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_19">19</a></td></tr> + +<tr><td class="tdl">House, Doll's,</td> <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_33">33</a>, <a href="#Page_82">82</a></td></tr> + +<tr><td class="tdl">Household Duties,</td> <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_141">141</a></td></tr> + +<tr><td class="tdl">Humpty Dumpty Eggs,</td> <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_26">26</a></td></tr> +<tr><td> </td></tr> + +<tr><td class="tdl">Imitation Water,</td> <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_31">31</a></td></tr> + +<tr><td class="tdl">Independence Day,</td> <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_124">124</a></td></tr> + +<tr><td class="tdl">Indian Head-dress,</td> <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_50">50</a></td></tr> + +<tr><td class="tdl">Ironing,</td> <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_146">146</a></td></tr> +<tr><td> </td></tr> + +<tr><td class="tdl">Jack O'Lantern,</td> <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_135">135</a></td></tr> + +<tr><td class="tdl">Jackstones,</td> <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_39">39</a></td></tr> + +<tr><td class="tdl">Japanese Tag,</td> <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_93">93</a></td></tr> +<tr><td> </td></tr> + +<tr><td class="tdl">Key-Basket, The,</td> <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_141">141</a></td></tr> + +<tr><td class="tdl">Kindergarten Materials—Gifts,</td> <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_155">155</a></td></tr> + +<tr><td class="tdl"> " " +—Occupations,</td> <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_164">164</a></td></tr> + +<tr><td class="tdl">Kite,</td> <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_60">60</a>, <a href="#Page_66">66</a></td></tr> +<tr><td> </td></tr> + +<tr><td class="tdl">Labor Day,</td> <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_128">128</a></td></tr> + +<tr><td class="tdl"> " " +Dinner,</td> <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_130">130</a></td></tr> + +<tr><td class="tdl"> " " +Parade,</td> <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_129">129</a></td></tr> + +<tr><td class="tdl">Lacy Valentine,</td> <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_111">111</a></td></tr> + +<tr><td class="tdl">Lamp Mats,</td> <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_170">170</a></td></tr> + +<tr><td class="tdl">Lamp, Toy,</td> <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_86">86</a> +<span class="smpagenum"><a name="Page_186" id="Page_186">[Pg 186]</a></span></td></tr> + +<tr><td class="tdl">Lantern,</td> <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_33">33</a>, <a href="#Page_34">34</a>, <a href="#Page_139">139</a></td></tr> + +<tr><td class="tdl"> " Toy,</td> <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_24">24</a></td></tr> + +<tr><td class="tdl">Learning to Observe,</td> <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_73">73</a></td></tr> + +<tr><td class="tdl">Leaves, to Dry and Press,</td> <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_47">47</a></td></tr> + +<tr><td class="tdl">Lentils,</td> <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_163">163</a></td></tr> + +<tr><td class="tdl">Library, The Child's,</td> <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_149">149</a></td></tr> + +<tr><td class="tdl">Looms,</td> <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_90">90</a></td></tr> +<tr><td> </td></tr> + +<tr><td class="tdl">Man, Prunes, Raisins,</td> <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_27">27</a></td></tr> + +<tr><td class="tdl">Masks,</td> <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_57">57</a></td></tr> + +<tr><td class="tdl">Matching Colors,</td> <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_71">71</a></td></tr> + +<tr><td class="tdl">Matchsafe,</td> <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_34">34</a>, <a href="#Page_177">177</a></td></tr> + +<tr><td class="tdl">Mats,</td> <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_18">18</a>, <a href="#Page_46">46</a>, <a href="#Page_170">170</a></td></tr> + +<tr><td class="tdl">Medicine Glass Cover,</td> <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_166">166</a>, <a href="#Page_170">170</a></td></tr> + +<tr><td class="tdl">Memorial Day,</td> <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_123">123</a></td></tr> + +<tr><td class="tdl">Merry-Go-Round, Dolls',</td> <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_89">89</a></td></tr> + +<tr><td class="tdl">Midnight Watching,</td> <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_109">109</a></td></tr> + +<tr><td class="tdl">Mirror, Toy,</td> <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_36">36</a></td></tr> + +<tr><td class="tdl">Money, Toy,</td> <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_36">36</a>, <a href="#Page_58">58</a></td></tr> + +<tr><td class="tdl">Morning Glories, Pressed,</td> <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_51">51</a></td></tr> + +<tr><td class="tdl">Moving Van,</td> <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_32">32</a></td></tr> + +<tr><td class="tdl">Music Books,</td> <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_154">154</a></td></tr> +<tr><td> </td></tr> + +<tr><td class="tdl">Nature Books,</td> <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_153">153</a></td></tr> + +<tr><td class="tdl">Needle Case,</td> <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_42">42</a></td></tr> + +<tr><td class="tdl">Needles,</td> <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_71">71</a></td></tr> + +<tr><td class="tdl">New Year's Bells,</td> <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_109">109</a></td></tr> + +<tr><td class="tdl"> " " +Day,</td> <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_108">108</a></td></tr> + +<tr><td class="tdl">Newspaper Wrappers,</td> <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_57">57</a></td></tr> + +<tr><td class="tdl">Numeral Frame,</td> <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_17">17</a></td></tr> + +<tr><td class="tdl">Nuts,</td> <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_22">22</a></td></tr> +<tr><td> </td></tr> + +<tr><td class="tdl">Occupations, Kindergarten,</td> <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_164">164</a></td></tr> + +<tr><td class="tdl">Oilcloth Mats,</td> <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_170">170</a></td></tr> + +<tr><td class="tdl">Oiled Paper,</td> <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_87">87</a></td></tr> + +<tr><td class="tdl">Omnibus Swing,</td> <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_101">101</a></td></tr> + +<tr><td class="tdl">Orange Basket,</td> <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_24">24</a></td></tr> +<tr><td> </td></tr> + +<tr><td class="tdl">Paint-Box, The,</td> <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_73">73</a></td></tr> + +<tr><td class="tdl">Paint-Brush Box,</td> <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_43">43</a></td></tr> + +<tr><td class="tdl">Painting from Object,</td> <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_73">73</a></td></tr> + +<tr><td class="tdl"> " Wagons or Houses,</td> <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_76">76</a></td></tr> + +<tr><td class="tdl">Paper,</td> <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_54">54</a></td></tr> + +<tr><td class="tdl">Paper Chains,</td> <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_56">56</a>, <a href="#Page_115">115</a> +<span class="smpagenum"><a name="Page_187" id="Page_187">[Pg 187]</a></span></td></tr> + +<tr><td class="tdl">Paper Cutting,</td> <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_54">54</a>, <a href="#Page_167">167</a></td></tr> + +<tr><td class="tdl">Paper Doll,</td> <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_81">81</a></td></tr> + +<tr><td class="tdl">Paper Folding,</td> <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_171">171</a></td></tr> + +<tr><td class="tdl">Paper Furniture,</td> <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_85">85</a></td></tr> + +<tr><td class="tdl">Paper Lanterns,</td> <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_118">118</a></td></tr> + +<tr><td class="tdl">Paper Mats,</td> <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_169">169</a></td></tr> + +<tr><td class="tdl">Paper Money,</td> <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_58">58</a></td></tr> + +<tr><td class="tdl">Paper-Weight,</td> <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_40">40</a></td></tr> + +<tr><td class="tdl">Papering House,</td> <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_85">85</a></td></tr> + +<tr><td class="tdl">Papers for Baking Pans,</td> <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_57">57</a></td></tr> + +<tr><td class="tdl">Park for Dolls,</td> <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_89">89</a></td></tr> + +<tr><td class="tdl">Parquetry,</td> <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_168">168</a></td></tr> + +<tr><td class="tdl">Parties, Suggestions for,</td> <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_103">103</a></td></tr> + +<tr><td class="tdl">Paste,</td> <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_169">169</a></td></tr> + +<tr><td class="tdl">Pasteboard Doll House,</td> <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_82">82</a></td></tr> + +<tr><td class="tdl">Paste Stick,</td> <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_14">14</a></td></tr> + +<tr><td class="tdl">Path Borders or Markers,</td> <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_39">39</a></td></tr> + +<tr><td class="tdl">Pea Furniture,</td> <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_164">164</a></td></tr> + +<tr><td class="tdl">Peanut Animals,</td> <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_23">23</a></td></tr> + +<tr><td class="tdl"> " Doll,</td> <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_80">80</a></td></tr> + +<tr><td class="tdl"> " Party,</td> <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_103">103</a></td></tr> + +<tr><td class="tdl">Pea Pod Boat,</td> <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_16">16</a></td></tr> + +<tr><td class="tdl">Peas,</td> <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_16">16</a></td></tr> + +<tr><td class="tdl">Peaswork,</td> <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_164">164</a></td></tr> + +<tr><td class="tdl">Pebbles,</td> <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_39">39</a></td></tr> + +<tr><td class="tdl">Pegboard,</td> <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_160">160</a></td></tr> + +<tr><td class="tdl">Pencil Box,</td> <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_43">43</a></td></tr> + +<tr><td class="tdl">Pen Tray,</td> <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_67">67</a></td></tr> + +<tr><td class="tdl">Penwiper,</td> <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_42">42</a></td></tr> + +<tr><td class="tdl">Perforating or Pricking,</td> <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_133">133</a>, <a href="#Page_165">165</a></td></tr> + +<tr><td class="tdl">Piano Scarf,</td> <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_41">41</a></td></tr> + +<tr><td class="tdl">Picture Books,</td> <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_153">153</a></td></tr> + +<tr><td class="tdl">Picture Frames,</td> <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_13">13</a>, <a href="#Page_144">44</a>, <a href="#Page_46">46</a></td></tr> + +<tr><td class="tdl">Picture Story,</td> <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_78">78</a></td></tr> + +<tr><td class="tdl">Pictures of Seedling,</td> <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_74">74</a></td></tr> + +<tr><td class="tdl">Pigments,</td> <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_75">75</a></td></tr> + +<tr><td class="tdl">Pincushion,</td> <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_41">41</a></td></tr> + +<tr><td class="tdl">Pin Tray,</td> <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_41">41</a></td></tr> + +<tr><td class="tdl">Place or Luncheon Cards,</td> <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_76">76</a>, <a href="#Page_108">108</a>, <a href="#Page_113">113</a>, <a href="#Page_119">119</a>, <a href="#Page_121">121</a>, <a href="#Page_127">127</a>, <a href="#Page_130">130</a>, <a href="#Page_133">133</a> <a href="#Page_134">134</a>, <a href="#Page_136">136</a></td></tr> + +<tr><td class="tdl">Plays or Games,</td> <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_92">92</a></td></tr> + +<tr><td class="tdl">Plays with Gifts,</td> <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_161">161</a></td></tr> + +<tr><td class="tdl">Plumes for Hat,</td> <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_55">55</a></td></tr> + +<tr><td class="tdl">Poetry Books,</td> <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_123">123</a>, <a href="#Page_153">153</a> +<span class="smpagenum"><a name="Page_188" id="Page_188">[Pg 188]</a></span></td></tr> + +<tr><td class="tdl">Pop-corn Balls,</td> <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_22">22</a></td></tr> + +<tr><td class="tdl">Pop-corn Chains or Festoons,</td> <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_22">22</a>, <a href="#Page_139">139</a></td></tr> + +<tr><td class="tdl">Portieres,</td> <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_21">21</a></td></tr> + +<tr><td class="tdl">Post Fence,</td> <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_19">19</a>, <a href="#Page_160">160</a></td></tr> + +<tr><td class="tdl">Potato Horse,</td> <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_17">17</a></td></tr> + +<tr><td class="tdl"> " Race,</td> <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_94">94</a></td></tr> + +<tr><td class="tdl">Pressed Leaves,</td> <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_47">47</a></td></tr> + +<tr><td class="tdl">Pressed Morning Glories,</td> <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_51">51</a></td></tr> + +<tr><td class="tdl">Pricking,</td> <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_133">133</a>, <a href="#Page_165">165</a></td></tr> + +<tr><td class="tdl">Prism,</td> <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_75">75</a></td></tr> + +<tr><td class="tdl">Prunes,</td> <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_27">27</a></td></tr> + +<tr><td class="tdl">Pulley, Toy,</td> <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_71">71</a></td></tr> + +<tr><td class="tdl">Pumpkin Basket or Center Piece,</td> <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_135">135</a></td></tr> +<tr><td> </td></tr> + +<tr><td class="tdl">Races,</td> <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_94">94</a></td></tr> + +<tr><td class="tdl">Racing Tag,</td> <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_93">93</a></td></tr> + +<tr><td class="tdl">Raffia,</td> <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_45">45</a></td></tr> + +<tr><td class="tdl">Rafts,</td> <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_19">19</a>, <a href="#Page_36">36</a></td></tr> + +<tr><td class="tdl">Rag Doll,</td> <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_82">82</a></td></tr> + +<tr><td class="tdl">Raisins,</td> <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_27">27</a></td></tr> + +<tr><td class="tdl">Ramekin Dishes,</td> <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_41">41</a></td></tr> + +<tr><td class="tdl">Reading,</td> <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_123">123</a>, <a href="#Page_133">133</a>, <a href="#Page_140">140</a>, <a href="#Page_177">177</a></td></tr> + +<tr><td class="tdl">Red Pepper Lantern,</td> <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_24">24</a></td></tr> + +<tr><td class="tdl">Reins,</td> <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_46">46</a></td></tr> + +<tr><td class="tdl">Ring Toss,</td> <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_97">97</a></td></tr> + +<tr><td class="tdl">Road Roller, Spool,</td> <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_71">71</a></td></tr> + +<tr><td class="tdl">Rockets, Imitation,</td> <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_127">127</a></td></tr> + +<tr><td class="tdl">Room Decorations,</td> <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_132">132</a>, <a href="#Page_135">135</a></td></tr> + +<tr><td class="tdl">Rope and Sandbag,</td> <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_101">101</a></td></tr> + +<tr><td class="tdl">Rose-haw Chains or Rosaries,</td> <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_51">51</a></td></tr> + +<tr><td class="tdl">Rosettes,</td> <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_126">126</a></td></tr> + +<tr><td class="tdl">Rug Design,</td> <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_77">77</a></td></tr> + +<tr><td class="tdl">Rugs,</td> <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_90">90</a></td></tr> +<tr><td> </td></tr> + +<tr><td class="tdl">Sailboat,</td> <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_23">23</a>, <a href="#Page_36">36</a>, <a href="#Page_173">173</a></td></tr> + +<tr><td class="tdl">St. Patrick's Day,</td> <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_119">119</a></td></tr> + +<tr><td class="tdl"> " + " " Dinner,</td> + <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_120">120</a></td></tr> + +<tr><td class="tdl">St. Valentine's Day,</td> <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_110">110</a></td></tr> + +<tr><td class="tdl"> " " + Dinner,</td> <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_112">112</a></td></tr> + +<tr><td class="tdl">Salt,</td> <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_34">34</a></td></tr> + +<tr><td class="tdl">Salt Dishes,</td> <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_41">41</a></td></tr> + +<tr><td class="tdl">Sand,</td> <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_178">178</a></td></tr> + +<tr><td class="tdl">Sand Table,</td> <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_178">178</a></td></tr> + +<tr><td class="tdl">Saved from the Scrap Basket,</td> <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_53">53</a> +<span class="smpagenum"><a name="Page_189" id="Page_189">[Pg 189]</a></span></td></tr> + +<tr><td class="tdl">Scales, Toy,</td> <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_88">88</a></td></tr> + +<tr><td class="tdl">Scent Bag,</td> <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_170">170</a></td></tr> + +<tr><td class="tdl">Scissors, Drawing,</td> <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_72">72</a></td></tr> + +<tr><td class="tdl">Scrap Books,</td> <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_68">68</a></td></tr> + +<tr><td class="tdl">Screen, Toy or Miniature,</td> <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_63">63</a>, <a href="#Page_122">122</a></td></tr> + +<tr><td class="tdl">Second Gift Plays,</td> <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_157">157</a>, <a href="#Page_158">158</a></td></tr> + +<tr><td class="tdl">Second Gift Beads,</td> <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_159">159</a></td></tr> + +<tr><td class="tdl">Seedling, Drawing of,</td> <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_74">74</a></td></tr> + +<tr><td class="tdl">Seed-markers,</td> <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_11">11</a></td></tr> + +<tr><td class="tdl">Seeds,</td> <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_27">27</a></td></tr> + +<tr><td class="tdl">Seventh Gift, Tablets,</td> <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_162">162</a></td></tr> + +<tr><td class="tdl">Sewing,</td> <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_165">165</a></td></tr> + +<tr><td class="tdl">Sewing Basket, The,</td> <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_69">69</a></td></tr> + +<tr><td class="tdl">Shadow Game,</td> <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_52">52</a></td></tr> + +<tr><td class="tdl">Shamrock,</td> <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_119">119</a></td></tr> + +<tr><td class="tdl">Shells,</td> <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_40">40</a></td></tr> + +<tr><td class="tdl">Shields,</td> <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_127">127</a></td></tr> + +<tr><td class="tdl">Snowball,</td> <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_137">137</a></td></tr> + +<tr><td class="tdl">Snowflakes,</td> <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_59">59</a></td></tr> + +<tr><td class="tdl">Soap,</td> <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_31">31</a></td></tr> + +<tr><td class="tdl">Soap Box Doll House,</td> <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_84">84</a></td></tr> + +<tr><td class="tdl">Soldiers Caps, etc.,</td> <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_55">55</a></td></tr> + +<tr><td class="tdl">Soldier-Flowers, Milkweed,</td> <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_51">51</a></td></tr> + +<tr><td class="tdl">Spiderweb Party,</td> <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_104">104</a></td></tr> + +<tr><td class="tdl"> " + Valentine,</td> <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_111">111</a></td></tr> + +<tr><td class="tdl">Spinning Buttons,</td> <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_69">69</a>, <a href="#Page_70">70</a></td></tr> + +<tr><td class="tdl">Sponge Garden,</td> <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_120">120</a></td></tr> + +<tr><td class="tdl">Spools,</td> <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_70">70</a></td></tr> + +<tr><td class="tdl">Squash Animals,</td> <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_17">17</a></td></tr> + +<tr><td class="tdl">Squash Seed Chicken,</td> <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_29">29</a></td></tr> + +<tr><td class="tdl">Stained Glass Windows,</td> <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_77">77</a></td></tr> + +<tr><td class="tdl">Sticks, Kindergarten,</td> <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_156">156</a>, <a href="#Page_162">162</a></td></tr> + +<tr><td class="tdl">Stones and Pebbles,</td> <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_39">39</a></td></tr> + +<tr><td class="tdl">Stove, Toy,</td> <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_86">86</a></td></tr> + +<tr><td class="tdl">Strawberry Boxes,</td> <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_11">11</a></td></tr> + +<tr><td class="tdl">Straws,</td> <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_51">51</a></td></tr> + +<tr><td class="tdl">Stringing,</td> <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_21">21</a>, <a href="#Page_27">27</a>, <a href="#Page_51">51</a>, <a href="#Page_69">69</a>, <a href="#Page_136">136</a></td></tr> + +<tr><td class="tdl">Sugar Scoop,</td> <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_174">174</a></td></tr> + +<tr><td class="tdl">Suggestions for Parties,</td> <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_103">103</a></td></tr> + +<tr><td class="tdl">Sun and Shadow,</td> <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_52">52</a></td></tr> + +<tr><td class="tdl">Sunday-School Helps,</td> <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_154">154</a></td></tr> + +<tr><td class="tdl">Surprise Walnuts,</td> <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_23">23</a></td></tr> + +<tr><td class="tdl">Sweeping,</td> <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_147">147</a></td></tr> + +<tr><td class="tdl">Sweet Potato Animals,</td> <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_17">17</a> +<span class="smpagenum"><a name="Page_190" id="Page_190">[Pg 190]</a></span></td></tr> + +<tr><td class="tdl">Sweet Potato Vine,</td> <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_45">45</a></td></tr> + +<tr><td class="tdl">Swimming Float,</td> <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_37">37</a></td></tr> + +<tr><td class="tdl">Swing, Omnibus,</td> <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_101">101</a></td></tr> +<tr><td> </td></tr> + +<tr><td class="tdl">Table Serving,</td> <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_143">143</a></td></tr> + +<tr><td class="tdl">Table Setting,</td> <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_142">142</a></td></tr> + +<tr><td class="tdl">Tablets, Kindergarten,</td> <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_162">162</a></td></tr> + +<tr><td class="tdl">Tag,</td> <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_92">92</a></td></tr> + +<tr><td class="tdl">Tailless Kite,</td> <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_60">60</a></td></tr> + +<tr><td class="tdl">Target, Spool,</td> <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_70">70</a></td></tr> + +<tr><td class="tdl">Tearing Paper,</td> <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_54">54</a></td></tr> + +<tr><td class="tdl">Telephone Toy, for Doll House,</td> <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_87">87</a></td></tr> + +<tr><td class="tdl">Tents, Paper,</td> <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_116">116</a></td></tr> + +<tr><td class="tdl">Thanksgiving,</td> <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_133">133</a></td></tr> + +<tr><td class="tdl">Thimble Biscuit Party,</td> <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_104">104</a></td></tr> + +<tr><td class="tdl">Threading Needles,</td> <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_72">72</a></td></tr> + +<tr><td class="tdl">Tiling, Doll House,</td> <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_85">85</a></td></tr> + +<tr><td class="tdl">Tin Cans,</td> <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_34">34</a></td></tr> + +<tr><td class="tdl">Tin-foil,</td> <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_35">35</a></td></tr> + +<tr><td class="tdl">Top,</td> <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_70">70</a>, <a href="#Page_75">75</a>, <a href="#Page_77">77</a></td></tr> + +<tr><td class="tdl">Tower Target, Spool,</td> <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_70">70</a></td></tr> + +<tr><td class="tdl">Toy Vegetables,</td> <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_40">40</a></td></tr> + +<tr><td class="tdl">Transparency,</td> <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_47">47</a></td></tr> + +<tr><td class="tdl">Transparent Papers,</td> <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_75">75</a></td></tr> + +<tr><td class="tdl">Tree-Boxes,</td> <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_70">70</a></td></tr> + +<tr><td class="tdl">Tunnel, Paper,</td> <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_172">172</a></td></tr> + +<tr><td class="tdl">Turnip Basket,</td> <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_45">45</a></td></tr> + +<tr><td class="tdl">Turtle,</td> <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_27">27</a></td></tr> +<tr><td> </td></tr> + +<tr><td class="tdl">Umbrella, Toy,</td> <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_167">167</a></td></tr> + +<tr><td> </td></tr> +<tr><td class="tdl">Valentine Party Dinner,</td> <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_112">112</a></td></tr> + +<tr><td class="tdl">Valentines,</td> <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_110">110</a></td></tr> + +<tr><td class="tdl">Vegetable Animals,</td> <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_17">17</a></td></tr> + +<tr><td class="tdl">Vegetables,</td> <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_45">45</a></td></tr> + +<tr><td class="tdl"> " Toy,</td> <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_40">40</a></td></tr> +<tr><td> </td></tr> + +<tr><td class="tdl">Wagon,</td> <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_14">14</a>, <a href="#Page_32">32</a></td></tr> + +<tr><td class="tdl">Walnut Boats,</td> <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_23">23</a></td></tr> + +<tr><td class="tdl"> " Surprise,</td> <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_23">23</a></td></tr> + +<tr><td class="tdl">Washing,</td> <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_146">146</a></td></tr> + +<tr><td class="tdl">Washbench, Cardboard,</td> <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_174">174</a></td></tr> + +<tr><td class="tdl">Washington's Birthday,</td> <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_113">113</a></td></tr> + +<tr><td class="tdl">Water-color Cups,</td> <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_40">40</a> +<span class="smpagenum"><a name="Page_191" id="Page_191">[Pg 191]</a></span></td> </tr> + +<tr><td class="tdl">Water, Imitation,</td> <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_31">31</a></td></tr> + +<tr><td class="tdl">Waxed Leaves,</td> <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_47">47</a></td></tr> + +<tr><td class="tdl">Weaving,</td> <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_90">90</a>, <a href="#Page_169">169</a></td></tr> + +<tr><td class="tdl">Weighing Honey,</td> <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_103">103</a></td></tr> + +<tr><td class="tdl">Wheels,</td> <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_14">14</a>, <a href="#Page_32">32</a>, <a href="#Page_35">35</a></td></tr> + +<tr><td class="tdl">Windows,</td> <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_77">77</a>, <a href="#Page_87">87</a></td></tr> + +<tr><td class="tdl">Wishbone Doll,</td> <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_80">80</a></td></tr> + +<tr><td class="tdl">Work Box,</td> <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_175">175</a></td></tr> + +<tr><td class="tdl">Worsted Mats,</td> <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_90">90</a></td></tr> + +<tr><td> </td></tr> +<tr><td class="tdl">Yarn Doll,</td> <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_81">81</a></td></tr> +</table> + + + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> +<div class="notes"> +<p class="center">TRANSCRIBER'S NOTE:</p> + +<p>Obvious printer's errors in the original publication have been +corrected without comment.</p> + +<p>Inconsistencies in the author's spelling, use of hyphens and +other punctuation are retained as in the original work.</p> + +<p>Blank pages have been removed, resulting in some missing +page numbers.</p> +</div> + +<p> </p> +<p> </p> +<hr class="full" /> +<p>***END OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK HOME OCCUPATIONS FOR BOYS AND GIRLS***</p> +<p>******* This file should be named 39663-h.txt or 39663-h.zip *******</p> +<p>This and all associated files of various formats will be found in:<br /> +<a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/dirs/3/9/6/6/39663">http://www.gutenberg.org/3/9/6/6/39663</a></p> +<p> +Updated editions will replace the previous one--the old editions +will be 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