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| author | Roger Frank <rfrank@pglaf.org> | 2025-10-14 20:12:52 -0700 |
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| committer | Roger Frank <rfrank@pglaf.org> | 2025-10-14 20:12:52 -0700 |
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diff --git a/39472-h/39472-h.htm b/39472-h/39472-h.htm new file mode 100644 index 0000000..a5e2ddc --- /dev/null +++ b/39472-h/39472-h.htm @@ -0,0 +1,5610 @@ +<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Strict//EN" "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-strict.dtd"> +<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml" xml:lang="en" lang="en"> +<head> + <meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=iso-8859-1" /> + <title> + Zoological Illustrations Vol. II. + </title> + + <style type="text/css"> + p, h5 { margin-top:.75em; margin-bottom:.75em; } + h1, h2, h3, h5, h6{ text-align:center; } + h1 { font-size:200%; font-weight:bold; } + h2 { font-size:150%; font-weight:bold; } + h3 { font-size:120%; font-weight:bold; } + h5 { font-size:100%; font-weight:normal; } + h6 { font-size:small; font-weight:normal; } + hr { margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto; margin-top:-1.5em; margin-bottom:.75em; width:50%; } + hr.full { width:100%; } + body { margin-left:10%; margin-right:10%; text-align:justify; font-family:serif; } + table { border-collapse:collapse; } + td { padding-left:0.5em; padding-right:0.5em; text-align:left; vertical-align:top; } + .ac, .ac td { text-align:center; } + .ar { text-align:right; } + .brdbl { border-right:3px double black; } + .mc { margin:0 auto 0 auto; } + .mtm1 { margin-top:-1ex; } + .pl025 { padding-left: 0.25em; } + .pl0r025 { padding-left: 0; padding-right: 0.25em; } + .pl2 { padding-left: 2em; } + .pr025 { padding-right: 0.25em; } + .pr1 { padding-right:1em; } + a:link { color:blue;text-decoration:none; } + a:visited { color:blue;text-decoration:none; } + a:hover { color:red } + .mc { vertical-align:middle; } + .mc p { text-align:center; } + .grk { font-style:normal; font-family:"Palatino Linotype","New Athena Unicode",Gentium,"Lucida Grande", Galilee, "Arial Unicode MS", sans-serif; } + sup { font-style:normal; font-size:small; } + .sc { font-variant:small-caps; } + .sm, .sm td { font-size:smaller; line-height:90% } + .lg125 { font-size:125%; } + .lg150 { font-size:150%; } + blockquote { margin-left:3.2%; margin-right:3.2%; } + blockquote.b1s { font-size:small; } + blockquote.b2s { margin-left:4em; font-size:small; } + blockquote.b3s { margin-left:6em; font-size:small; } + .note { margin-left:2em; margin-right:2em; } + span.correction { border-bottom:thin dotted red; } + span.hid { visibility:hidden; } + .gesperrt { letter-spacing:0.2em } + .gsp { letter-spacing:0.2em } + .figcenter { padding-left:1em; padding-right:1em; margin:0; text-align:center; font-size:0.8em; } + .figcenter img { border:none; } + .figcenter p { margin:0; text-indent:1em; } + .figcenter { margin:auto; } + img.middle { border:none; vertical-align:middle } + hr.plain { margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto; width:4em; margin-top:0; background-color:black; border-color:black; } + hr.plainsp { margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto; width:4em; margin-top:2ex; background-color:black; border-color:black; } + .b1s p { text-indent: -2em; } + h6 { margin-top:0em; margin-bottom:0em; } + .platenum { position: absolute; left: 1%; right: 91%; font-size: smaller; text-align:right; } + </style> + </head> +<body> + + +<pre> + +Project Gutenberg's Zoological Illustrations, Volume II, by William Swainson + +This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with +almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or +re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included +with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org + + +Title: Zoological Illustrations, Volume II + or Original Figures and Descriptions of New, Rare, or + Interesting Animals + +Author: William Swainson + +Release Date: April 17, 2012 [EBook #39472] + +Language: English + +Character set encoding: ISO-8859-1 + +*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK ZOOLOGICAL ILLUSTRATIONS *** + + + + +Produced by Chris Curnow, Keith Edkins and the Online +Distributed Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net (This +file was produced from images generously made available +by The Internet Archive) + + + + + + +</pre> + + +<table border="0" cellpadding="10" style="background-color: #ccccff;"> +<tr> +<td style="width:25%; vertical-align:top"> +Transcriber's note: +</td> +<td> +The listed Addenda & Corrigenda have been applied. All corrections are highlighted +<span class="correction" title="explanation will pop up">like this</span>, and the +nature of the correction will appear when the mouse pointer is moved over the marked +passage. +</td> +</tr> +</table> + +<h1>Zoological Illustrations,</h1> + +<h5 style="font-size:75%">OR</h5> + +<h5>ORIGINAL FIGURES AND DESCRIPTIONS</h5> + +<h5 style="font-size:75%">OF</h5> + +<h5 style="font-size:75%">NEW, RARE, OR INTERESTING</h5> + +<h5 class="lg125 gsp">ANIMALS,</h5> + +<h5 style="font-size:60%">SELECTED CHIEFLY FROM THE CLASSES OF</h5> + +<h3>Ornithology, Entomology, and Conchology,</h3> + +<h5 style="font-size:50%">AND ARRANGED ON THE PRINCIPLES OF</h5> + +<h5 style="font-size:75%">CUVIER AND OTHER MODERN ZOOLOGISTS.</h5> + +<hr class="plainsp"/> + +<h5 style="font-size:75%">BY</h5> + +<h5><span class="gesperrt">WILLIAM SWAINSO</span>N, F.R.S., F.L.S.,</h5> + +<h5 style="font-size:50%">MEMBER OF THE WERNERIAN SOCIETY OF EDINBURGH, ETC.</h5> + +<hr class="plainsp"/> + +<h5>VOL. II.</h5> + +<h5><img src="images/separator.png" class="middle" style="height:1.5ex;" alt="" /></h5> + +<h3>London:</h3> + +<h5 style="font-size:50%">PRINTED BY JAMES MOYES, GREVILLE STREET;</h5> + +<h5 style="font-size:75%">FOR BALDWIN, CRADOCK, AND JOY, PATERNOSTER-ROW;<br /> +AND W. WOOD, STRAND.</h5> + +<hr class="plain"/> + +<h5>1821-2.</h5> + + <p><br style="clear:both" /></p> +<hr class="full" /> + +<h6>TO</h6> + +<h3>SIR JAMES EDWARD SMITH, M. D.</h3> + +<h5 style="font-size:50%">FOUNDER AND PRESIDENT OF</h5> + +<h6>THE LINNÆAN SOCIETY OF LONDON,</h6> + +<h6><span class="gesperrt">FELLOW OF THE ROYAL SOCIETY, AND MEMBER OF THE</span><br /> +<span class="gesperrt">PRINCIPAL SCIENTIFIC SOCIETIES BOTH IN</span><br /> +<span class="gesperrt">EUROPE AND AMERICA,</span></h6> + +<h5>THE FIRST AND SECOND VOLUMES</h5> + +<h5 style="font-size:50%">OF</h5> + +<h2>Zoological Illustrations</h2> + +<h6>ARE DEDICATED,</h6> + +<h5 style="font-size:50%">AS A SMALL, BUT SINCERE TRIBUTE TO THE EMINENT TALENTS OF</h5> + +<h6><b>THE PHILOSOPHER,</b></h6> + +<h5 style="font-size:50%">AND THE EXCELLENT QUALITIES OF</h5> + +<h6><b>THE MAN.</b></h6> + + <p><br style="clear:both" /></p> +<hr class="full" /> + + <p><a name="Plate67"></a><span class="platenum"><i>Pl.</i> 67</span></p> + + <div class="figcenter" style="width:37%;"> + <a href="images/v2_pl67.jpg"><img style="width:100%" src="images/v2_pl67.jpg" + alt="Plate 67." title="Plate 67." /></a> + </div> +<h5><span class="lg125"><span class="gesperrt">HALCYON</span> cinnamominus,</span></h5> + +<h5 class="lg125 mtm1"><i>Cinnamon Crabeater.</i></h5> + +<h5><img src="images/separator.png" class="middle" style="height:1.5ex;" alt="" /></h5> + +<h6><span class="sc">Generic Character.</span>—See Pl. 26.</h6> + +<hr class="plainsp"/> + +<h6><span class="sc">Specific Character.</span></h6> + +<blockquote class="b1s"> + + <p><i>H. cæruleo viridis; pileo, collo, <span class="correction" title="Original reads 'plumesque', see Addenda et Corrigenda" + >plumisque</span> totis subtùs pallidè cinnamominis; auribus viridibus; + nuchâ torque nigro gracili ornatâ.</i></p> + + <p>Blue-green; upper part of the head, neck, and all beneath, pale + cinnamon colour; ears green; round the nape a slender black collar.</p> + +</blockquote> + +<h5><img src="images/separator.png" class="middle" style="height:1.5ex;" alt="" /></h5> + + <p>As far as I can ascertain, this beautifully coloured bird is quite + new, and hitherto undescribed. It is in the possession of Mr. Leadbeater, + of Brewer Street, by whom it was received from New Zealand; and who gave + me the opportunity of now publishing the accompanying figure and + description.</p> + + <p>The two extreme points of difference in the Linnæan kingfishers, are + seen in the <i>Alcedo Ispida</i>, and <i>A. <span class="correction" title="Original reads 'gigantia', see Addenda et Corrigenda" + >gigantea</span></i>; the last of which has been made into the genus + <i>Dacelo</i>. It will, nevertheless, be found, that from among the birds + left in the old genus, there are a great number, (of which, indeed, this + bird is a striking example,) which are much nearer allied to + <i>Dacelo</i> than to <i>Alcedo</i>, where they now stand. It will + appear, therefore, more natural to consider <i>Halcyon</i> and + <i>Dacelo</i> as one genus—which may be called by either name, but + which must be distinguished by the characters herein given to + <i>Halcyon</i>, inasmuch as the generic definition of <i>Dacelo</i> + (founded on one bird) will be found too restricted to comprehend all.</p> + + <p>Total length ten inches; bill two and a half from the gape, and one + and a half from the nostrils; the tip of the upper mandible with a slight + inclination downwards, and with an appearance of a notch; the whole head, + neck, and under plumage, of a delicate fawn colour; under wing covers the + same; the remaining upper plumage, with the wings and tail, changeable + blue green; ears sea green and dusky, united to a narrow black nuchal + collar; wings four inches long, and the tail, which is even, three and a + quarter; the hind head is slightly crested, and the feet pale brown.</p> + + <p><br style="clear:both" /></p> +<hr class="full" /> + + <p><a name="Plate68"></a><span class="platenum"><i>Pl.</i> 68</span></p> + + <div class="figcenter" style="width:33%;"> + <a href="images/v2_pl68.jpg"><img style="width:100%" src="images/v2_pl68.jpg" + alt="Plate 68." title="Plate 68." /></a> + </div> +<h5><span class="lg125"><span class="gesperrt">POGONIAS</span> rubrifrons,</span></h5> + +<h5 class="lg125 mtm1"><i>Red-fronted Toothbill.</i></h5> + +<h5><img src="images/separator.png" class="middle" style="height:1.5ex;" alt="" /></h5> + +<h6><span class="sc">Generic Character.</span></h6> + +<blockquote class="b1s"> + + <p><i>Rostrum mediocre, crassum, validum, basi latiore quam altiore, + vibrissis longis incumbentibus tectâ, lateribus ultra basin compressis, + culmine arcuato, subcarinato; mandibulæ superioris margine dentibus 1 vel + 2 armato, mandibulæ inferioris marginem obtegente. Nares approximantes, + parvæ, rotundæ, per rostri basin perforatæ. Pedes scansorii, digitis + posticis versatilibus.</i></p> + +</blockquote> + +<h6>Typus Genericus <i>Bucco Dubius</i> Lath.</h6> + +<blockquote class="b1s"> + + <p>Bill moderate, thick, strong, the base broader than high, with long + incumbent bristles, the sides beyond compressed, the top arched, and + slightly carinated; upper mandible with one or two strong teeth on each + side, the margin folding over that of the lower mandible; nostrils + approximating, small, round, perforated through the base of the bill. + Feet scansorial. Hind toe versatile.</p> + +</blockquote> + +<h6>Generic Type <i>Doubtful Barbut</i> Lath.</h6> + +<hr class="plainsp"/> + +<h6><span class="sc">Specific Character.</span></h6> + +<blockquote class="b1s"> + + <p><i>P. niger; sincipite juguloque rubris; alis et caudâ fuscis; + tegminum margine externo albo, remigum fulvo.</i></p> + + <p>Glossy black; forepart of the head and throat red; wings and tail + brown; external margin of the covers white, and of the quills yellow.</p> + +</blockquote> + +<h5><img src="images/separator.png" class="middle" style="height:1.5ex;" alt="" /></h5> + + <p>The Linnæan Barbuts, comprehended by Latham under one genus, contain + three distinct groups of birds; which, from their peculiar characters, no + less than their geographic position, have now received generic + distinctions. The first of these (which are still retained under the old + genus,) are natives of Asia; the next in affinity were first + characterized by Illiger under the name of <i>Pogonias</i>, and are + distributed on the African continent; while the prototype genus in + America is <i>Tamatia</i> (Cuvier), in which continent not any of the two + preceding have been found: thus each quarter of the globe lying within + the tropics have their corresponding groups of a family, possessing a + general, but at the same time an individuality of character.</p> + + <p>I am obliged to Mr. Leadbeater for the opportunity of figuring this + new and rare species, which he believes to have come from Sierra Leone. + Its total length was six inches; the under-covers of the wings white; the + tail two inches long, the feathers broad and even.</p> + + <p><br style="clear:both" /></p> +<hr class="full" /> + + <p><a name="Plate69"></a><span class="platenum"><i>Pl.</i> 69</span></p> + + <div class="figcenter" style="width:33%;"> + <a href="images/v2_pl69.jpg"><img style="width:100%" src="images/v2_pl69.jpg" + alt="Plate 69." title="Plate 69." /></a> + </div> +<h5><span class="lg125"><span class="gesperrt">THECLA</span> Galathea,</span></h5> + +<h5 class="lg125 mtm1"><i>Red-bordered Hair-streak.</i></h5> + +<h5><img src="images/separator.png" class="middle" style="height:1.5ex;" alt="" /></h5> + +<h6><span class="sc">Generic Character.</span></h6> + +<blockquote class="b1s"> + + <p><i>Antennæ clavo elongato, compresso, obtuso terminatæ. Palpi exserti, + recti, approximantes, squamis obtecti, imberbes, articulo ultimo nudo, + gracili, acuto. Oculi semicirculares. Alæ anticæ trigonæ; posticæ + dentatæ, caudatæ, lobo ad angulum analem obtuso, concavo, quem sedentes + vibrant, instructæ. Thorax validus. Abdomen gracile.</i></p> + +</blockquote> + +<h6>Typus Genericus <i>Papilio Betulæ, &c.</i> Lin.</h6> + +<blockquote class="b1s"> + + <p>Antennæ ending in a lengthened, compressed, and obtuse club. Palpi + <span class="correction" title="Original reads 'excerted', see Addenda et Corrigenda" + >exserted</span>, approximating, covered with scales, but without hairs, + the last joint naked, slender, acute. Eyes semi-circular. Anterior wings + trigonal, the hinder dentated, generally tailed, with an obtuse concave + lobe at their anal angle, which is generally in motion when the insect is + at rest. Thorax strong; body slender.</p> + +</blockquote> + +<h6>Generic Type <i>Papilio Betulæ, &c.</i> Lin.</h6> + +<hr class="plainsp"/> + +<h6><span class="sc">Specific Character.</span></h6> + +<blockquote class="b1s"> + + <p><i>T. alis fuscis, colore violaceo nitidis, posticis caudatis, margine + rubro, subtus maculo nigro lunulâque rubrâ ornatis; lobo anali suprà + ærato, subtus nigro.</i></p> + + <p>Wings brown, glossed with violet; posterior tailed, with a red margin, + beneath with a black spot and red lunule, anal lobe above bronzed, + beneath black.</p> + +</blockquote> + +<h5><img src="images/separator.png" class="middle" style="height:1.5ex;" alt="" /></h5> + + <p>The beautiful little Butterflies included by Fabricius in this genus, + are scattered over all parts of the world, but are most numerous within + the tropics, and particularly in South America, for in Brazil alone I + collected near 120 species. They are an obvious and very natural family, + though the species are as yet but little understood, and not one half of + them described. I have observed a singular peculiarity in a great many of + these insects, which is, that when they are at rest in the sun, the lower + wings are constantly in a quick vibrating motion up and down, as if the + insect was rubbing them together, more particularly where the two lobes + (or obtuse tails) of the under wings meet, though what purpose this is + intended to accomplish remains unknown.</p> + + <p>The upper surface of the wings in the greatest number of the <i>Hair + streaks</i> (as they are aptly called by English collectors) are of + various shades of vivid blue, so that the species can only be ascertained + from the under markings, which are usually very striking and delicate: + they are all of a small size.</p> + + <p>This is an African species, and both sexes are in the cabinet of my + friend Mr. Haworth.</p> + + <p><br style="clear:both" /></p> +<hr class="full" /> + + <p><a name="Plate70"></a><span class="platenum"><i>Pl.</i> 70</span></p> + + <div class="figcenter" style="width:36%;"> + <a href="images/v2_pl70.jpg"><img style="width:100%" src="images/v2_pl70.jpg" + alt="Plate 70." title="Plate 70." /></a> + </div> +<h5><span class="lg125"><span class="gesperrt">CONUS</span> terebra,</span></h5> + +<h5 class="lg125 mtm1"><i>Screw <span class="correction" title="Original reads 'Cane', see Addenda et Corrigenda">Cone</span>.</i></h5> + +<h5><img src="images/separator.png" class="middle" style="height:1.5ex;" alt="" /></h5> + +<h6><span class="sc">Generic Character.</span>—See Pl. 65.</h6> + +<hr class="plainsp"/> + +<h6><span class="sc">Specific Character.</span></h6> + +<blockquote class="b1s"> + + <p><i>C. cylindraceo-elongatus, albidus, striis transversis elevatis, + <span class="correction" title="Original reads 'fasciique', see Addenda et Corrigenda" + >fasciisque</span> binis flavescentibus, spirâ crassâ obtusâ.</i> + Lam.</p> + + <p>Cylindric elongated; whitish, with two yellowish bands, and transverse + elevated striæ; spire thick, obtuse.</p> + + <p>Conus Terebellum. <i>Gmelin</i>, p. 3390. 44. (omitting the + varieties). <i>Martini</i> 2. <i>tab.</i> 52. <i>fig.</i> 577. + <i>Seba</i>, 42. <i>fig.</i> 13. (uncoated). <i>Ency. Meth.</i> 339. + <i>fig.</i> 1.</p> + + <p>Conus Terebra. <i>Lamarck.</i> <i>Annal. du Mus.</i> vol. xv. p. 427. + <i>no.</i> 144. <i>Var.</i> A, without bands.</p> + + <p><i>Ency. Methodique</i>, 339. <i>fig.</i> 2.</p> + +</blockquote> + +<h5><img src="images/separator.png" class="middle" style="height:1.5ex;" alt="" /></h5> + + <p>Though this is not an uncommon Shell, it is rarely seen so large as + that now represented from the cabinet of Mrs. Bolton of Storrs. Of this + extensive genus Lamarck has written a valuable account in the Annals of + the French Museum, where he has rightly pointed out the mistake of Gmelin + in placing as varieties of this species, one or two other very distinct + shells: the colour of the bands is not always certain, for I have seen + specimens in which they were of a dark brown; but the very thick spire, + and slender form of the body whirl, with the distant, regular, and + greatly elevated striæ, <span class="correction" title="Original reads 'renders', see Addenda et Corrigenda" + >render</span> it a species not easily mistaken, though in general form + it comes very near to <i>C. nussatella</i>, and two or three others; the + spiral volutions are deeply concave, and the tip and base tinged with + violet.</p> + + <p>It is a native of the Indian seas.</p> + + <p><br style="clear:both" /></p> +<hr class="full" /> + + <p><a name="Plate71"></a><span class="platenum"><i>Pl.</i> 71</span></p> + + <div class="figcenter" style="width:31%;"> + <a href="images/v2_pl71.jpg"><img style="width:100%" src="images/v2_pl71.jpg" + alt="Plate 71." title="Plate 71." /></a> + </div> +<h5><span class="lg125"><span class="gesperrt">STROMBUS</span> mutabilis,</span></h5> + +<h5 class="lg125 mtm1"><i>Little pink-mouthed Strombus.</i></h5> + +<h5><img src="images/separator.png" class="middle" style="height:1.5ex;" alt="" /></h5> + +<h6><span class="sc">Generic Character.</span>—See Pl. 10.</h6> + +<hr class="plainsp"/> + +<h6><span class="sc">Specific Character.</span></h6> + +<blockquote class="b1s"> + + <p><i>S. anfractu basali nodoso; spirâ brevi tantum non lævi; lineâ + sulcatâ suturæ parallelâ; labio exteriore supra gibbo, margine recto, + interiore crasso, cum exteriore striato; <span class="correction" title="Original reads 'apertura', see Addenda et Corrigenda" + >aperturâ</span> pallidè rubicundâ, basi truncatâ.</i></p> + + <p>Basal whirl nodulous; spire short, nearly smooth, with a sulcated line + parallel with the suture; outer lip above gibbous, the margin straight; + inner lip thick, both striated; aperture flesh colour; base + truncated.</p> + + <p><i>Seba</i>, <i>tab.</i> 61. <i>fig.</i> 26 & 27, 32 & 33, 54. + <i>tab.</i> 62. <i>fig.</i> 42 & 43? <i>Martini</i> 3. <i>tab.</i> + 77, 799. <i>fig.</i> 78, 807. <i>Knorr.</i> 2, 14. <i>fig.</i> 3. + <i>Rump.</i> 37. W.</p> + +</blockquote> + +<h5><img src="images/separator.png" class="middle" style="height:1.5ex;" alt="" /></h5> + + <p>The specific distinction given by Linnæus to <i>Strombus <span + class="correction" title="Original reads 'urseus', see Addenda et Corrigenda" + >urceus</span></i> is so loose, that his followers have referred all the + small species of this genus to the numerous varieties he has quoted, + though few will doubt that many permanent species have been thus + overlooked; among these the one now characterized is an example, the most + striking distinctions of which are in the spire being never plaited, and + always much shorter than the mouth, which latter is either nearly white, + or of a flesh colour; in its external colouring no two specimens will be + found alike. It is not an uncommon shell from the East Indies, and seldom + grows larger than the figure.</p> + +<hr class="plain"/> + +<h5><span class="gesperrt">STROMBUS</span> dilatatus,</h5> + +<h5 class="mtm1"><i>Winged Strombus—middle figures.</i></h5> + +<h5><img src="images/separator.png" class="middle" style="height:1.5ex;" alt="" /></h5> + + <p><i>S. testâ transversè striatâ; spirâ mediocri, plicis numerosis <span + class="correction" title="Original reads 'gracibus', see Addenda et Corrigenda" + >gracilibus</span>; labio exteriore dilatato, rotundato, crassissimo, + reflexo; interiore suprà crassescente, medio lævi; aperturâ + striatâ.</i></p> + + <p>Shell transversely striated; spire moderate, with slender numerous + plaits; outer lip dilated, rounded, very thick, and reflected; inner lip + thickened above, smooth in the middle; aperture striated.</p> + +<h5><img src="images/separator.png" class="middle" style="height:1.5ex;" alt="" /></h5> + + <p>An undescribed species, and of the greatest rarity, for I have never + seen any other specimen, than one in my own cabinet, although perfect in + form, it is obviously faded in colour; yet it is too remarkable to be + mistaken for any other of this interesting family, which requires so much + illustration.</p> + + <p><br style="clear:both" /></p> +<hr class="full" /> + + <p><a name="Plate72"></a><span class="platenum"><i>Pl.</i> 72</span></p> + + <div class="figcenter" style="width:38%;"> + <a href="images/v2_pl72.jpg"><img style="width:100%" src="images/v2_pl72.jpg" + alt="Plate 72." title="Plate 72." /></a> + </div> +<h5><span class="lg125"><span class="gesperrt">POGONIAS</span> hirsutus,</span></h5> + +<h5 class="lg125 mtm1"><i>Hairy-breasted Toothbill.</i></h5> + +<h5><img src="images/separator.png" class="middle" style="height:1.5ex;" alt="" /></h5> + +<h6><span class="sc">Generic Character.</span>—See <a href="#Plate68">Pl. 68.</a></h6> + +<hr class="plainsp"/> + +<h6><span class="sc">Specific Character.</span></h6> + +<blockquote class="b1s"> + + <p><i>P. supra fuscus, maculis sulphureis, subtus sulphureus maculis + nigris interstinctus, capite juguloque nigris; pectoris plumis elongatis, + pilis setaceis terminatis.</i></p> + + <p>Above brown, spotted with sulphur; beneath sulphureous, with black + spots; head and chin black; feathers of the breast lengthened, and ending + in long setaceous hairs.</p> + +</blockquote> + +<h5><img src="images/separator.png" class="middle" style="height:1.5ex;" alt="" /></h5> + + <p>I have before observed, that this genus of birds was first + characterized under the name of <i>Pogonias</i>, by Illiger, in 1811; + some years after (1815), M. Vieillot changed the name to <i>Pogonia</i>, + without taking any notice of Illiger's denomination, and Dr. Leach has + followed Vieillot without probably being aware of the plagiarism; + Vieillot's name must, however, be expunged, as Mr. Brown has some time + back affixed the name of <i>Pogonia</i> to a remarkable genus of + plants.</p> + + <p>Total length about seven inches; bill blueish black, one inch two + lines long, and large in proportion; the tooth in the middle very + prominent; behind the eye is a short white stripe, and another much + longer begins from the under mandible, and goes half way down the neck; + the chin and part of the throat, together with the head and neck above, + deep black, which changes to a dark brown on the back, wings, covers, and + tail; a small round sulphur spot is on the tip of each feather of the + hind head, back, and lesser wing covers; the quills pale brown, margined + with sulphur; the under plumage is greenish sulphur, closely spotted with + blackish; the most extraordinary peculiarity of this bird consists in the + feathers of the breast, which are more rigid than the others, pointed, + and the shaft of the lower ones ending in fine incurved setaceous hairs, + many of which are near an inch long. The probable use this particular + formation is intended for, it is impossible to conjecture.</p> + + <p>Mr. B. Leadbeater, to whom I am often obliged for the inspection of + rare subjects, received this from Africa, and it is the only individual + of the species I ever heard of.</p> + + <p><br style="clear:both" /></p> +<hr class="full" /> + + <p><a name="Plate73"></a><span class="platenum"><i>Pl.</i> 73</span></p> + + <div class="figcenter" style="width:37%;"> + <a href="images/v2_pl73.jpg"><img style="width:100%" src="images/v2_pl73.jpg" + alt="Plate 73." title="Plate 73." /></a> + </div> +<h5><span class="lg125"><span class="gesperrt">PSITTACUS</span> pulchellus,</span></h5> + +<h5 class="lg125 mtm1"><i>Turcosine Parrakeet.</i></h5> + +<h5><img src="images/separator.png" class="middle" style="height:1.5ex;" alt="" /></h5> + +<h6><span class="sc">Generic Character.</span>—See Pl. 1.</h6> + +<hr class="plainsp"/> + +<h6><span class="sc">Specific Character.</span></h6> + +<blockquote class="b1s"> + + <p><i>P. macrourus, suprà viridis, subtùs fulvus; sincipite, genis, + tegminibusque cyaneis, remigibus cæruleis; rectricibus lateralibus + fulvis.</i></p> + + <p>Long-tailed Parrakeet, green above; yellow beneath; forepart of the + head, cheeks, and wing covers light blue; quills deep blue; lateral tail + feathers yellow.</p> + + <p><i>Shaw, Naturalist's Misc.</i> 3. <i>pl.</i> 96. <i>Latham, + Suppl.</i> 2. <i>p.</i> 88. <i>no.</i> 14.</p> + + <p><i>La Perruche Edwards, Le Vaillant</i>, <i>pl.</i> 68. (female). + <i>Gen. Zool.</i> 8, 470.</p> + +</blockquote> + +<h5><img src="images/separator.png" class="middle" style="height:1.5ex;" alt="" /></h5> + + <p>It is impossible to represent this superbly coloured little creature + in its full beauty, though the figure will not be found very defective. + The only representation of the male is in the Naturalist's Miscellany, + where it cannot be recognized, and Le Vaillant's is of the female, which + differs considerably from the other sex. It is a rare species, and + peculiar to New Holland.</p> + + <p>Length nine inches, with the tail, which is near four inches and a + half; the upper part of the plumage olive green, not so bright as is + usual in this tribe; the front of the head is a most brilliant turcosine + blue, which spreads on the cheeks, nearly to the ears, and then mixes + with the green; the shoulders and lesser wing covers of the same colour, + graduating to a deep mazarine blue on the greater covers, spurious wings, + and quill feathers, which latter are all deep black beneath, as well as + on their interior shafts; at the base of the shoulders is a large + irregular patch of dull red, partially hid by the scapulars; the under + plumage is yellow, tinged with olive on the throat and breast, and + verging towards orange on the belly; tail feathers narrow and pointed, + mostly green, with the inner shafts blueish, and margined with black; the + three outer on each side nearly yellow, the next tipt only with that + colour; under the wings brilliant blue, the greater covers and quills + deep black; bill very small; upper mandible without a notch, and + blackish; lower very convex, and, with the legs, flesh colour.</p> + + <p>The female figured by Le Vaillant is much less brilliant in all its + colours, and without the red mark on the shoulders.</p> + + <p><br style="clear:both" /></p> +<hr class="full" /> + + <p><a name="Plate74"></a><span class="platenum"><i>Pl.</i> 74</span></p> + + <div class="figcenter" style="width:24%;"> + <a href="images/v2_pl74.jpg"><img style="width:100%" src="images/v2_pl74.jpg" + alt="Plate 74." title="Plate 74." /></a> + </div> +<h5><span class="lg125"><span class="gesperrt">ACHATINA</span> fasciata,</span></h5> + +<h5 class="lg125 mtm1"><i>Chesnut-banded Achatina.</i></h5> + +<h5><img src="images/separator.png" class="middle" style="height:1.5ex;" alt="" /></h5> + +<h6><span class="sc">Generic Character.</span>—See Pl. 30.</h6> + +<hr class="plainsp"/> + +<h6><span class="sc">Specific Character.</span></h6> + +<blockquote class="b1s"> + + <p><i>A. testâ albâ fasciis latis lineisque castaneis ornatâ; spirâ + elongatâ, crassescente; labio interiore semi-circulari, intus depresso; + columellâ truncatâ, emarginatâ.</i></p> + + <p>Shell white, with broad chesnut bands and lines; spire elongated, + thickened; inner lip semi-circular, depressed within; columella + truncated, emarginate.</p> + + <p>Bulla fasciata. <i>Gmelin</i> 3430, 25. <i>Martini</i> 9. <i>tab.</i> + 117, 1004 to 6.</p> + + <p><i>Lister</i> 12, 7. <i>Seba</i>, <i>tab.</i> 39. <i>fig.</i> 62 to + 74. <i>Gualtieri</i>, <i>tab.</i> 6. <i>fig.</i> C.</p> + +</blockquote> + +<h5><img src="images/separator.png" class="middle" style="height:1.5ex;" alt="" /></h5> + + <p>Having figured two or three species allied to this shell, it appears + advisable to subjoin a more particular notice of it, and to point out + those characters by which it may be detected through its numerous + variations: this has been endeavoured in the specific character now + formed, and appears to rest principally on the inner lip, which is always + semicircular, down which, if closely examined inside, there is a + depression as if it had been pared down with a knife; the base of the + pillar also is so strongly truncated as to appear notched, and the + broadest part of the mouth is always in the middle; these characters have + been very ill attended to in all the figures above quoted, of which Seba + gives no less than eleven, which vary only in the disposition and number + of their bands.</p> + + <p>Gualtieri's figure at <i>tab.</i> 6. <i>fig.</i> D, is an admirable + representation of <i>A. pallida</i>, which, not having his work before me + at the time, I could not quote; the other at C is a very good one of the + present shell. The upper drawing is from one in my own cabinet; the lower + is in the possession of Mr. C. Dubois, who is continually adding to his + fine and valuable collection.</p> + + <p>It is almost unnecessary to contradict the opinion of some writers who + have fancied this a <i>fresh-water</i> shell. It is not uncommon, but + seldom seen in perfection.</p> + + <p><br style="clear:both" /></p> +<hr class="full" /> + + <p><a name="Plate75"></a><span class="platenum"><i>Pl.</i> 75</span></p> + + <div class="figcenter" style="width:36%;"> + <a href="images/v2_pl75.jpg"><img style="width:100%" src="images/v2_pl75.jpg" + alt="Plate 75." title="Plate 75." /></a> + </div> +<h5><span class="lg125"><span class="gesperrt">NATICA</span> spadicea,</span></h5> + +<h5 class="lg125 mtm1"><i>Banded Natica.</i></h5> + +<h5><img src="images/separator.png" class="middle" style="height:1.5ex;" alt="" /></h5> + +<h6><span class="sc">Generic Character.</span></h6> + +<blockquote class="b1s"> + + <p><i>Testa subglobosa seu ovalis, umbilicata. Spira depressa, + brevissima. Columella umbilici medio terminans. Apertura semiorbicularis, + operculo corneo vel testaceo clausa. Animal marinum, pede maximo; oculis + ad basin duorum tentaculorum simplicium positis.</i></p> + +</blockquote> + +<h6>Typus Genericus <i>Nerita Glaucina</i> Pennant.</h6> + +<blockquote class="b1s"> + + <p>Shell nearly globose, or oval, umbilicated. Spire depressed, very + small. Columella terminating in the middle of the umbilicus. Aperture + semi-circular, operculum either horny or testaceous. Animal marine, with + a large foot; the eyes placed at the base of two simple tentacula.</p> + +</blockquote> + +<h6>Generic Type <i>Nerita Glaucina</i> Pennant, &c.</h6> + +<hr class="plainsp"/> + +<h6><span class="sc">Specific Character.</span></h6> + +<blockquote class="b1s"> + + <p><i>N. testâ sub-globosâ, fuscâ, albo fulvoque fasciatâ, juxta suturam + striatâ; labio exteriore suprà leviter emarginato; umbilico magno, + aperto; columellâ obsoletè terminante.</i></p> + + <p>Shell sub-globose, striated near the suture, brown, banded with white + and fulvous; outer lip above slightly emarginate; umbilicus large, open; + pillar termination nearly obsolete.</p> + + <p><i>Martini</i> 5. <i>pl.</i> 187. <i>fig.</i> 1872 <i>&</i> 3. + <i>fig.</i> 1874 & 5? <i>pl.</i> 188. <i>fig.</i> 1896, 8 + <i>&</i> 9.</p> + + <p><i>Seba</i>, <i>pl.</i> 38. <i>fig.</i> 66. <i>pl.</i> 41. <i>fig.</i> + 14, 15.</p> + +</blockquote> + +<h5><img src="images/separator.png" class="middle" style="height:1.5ex;" alt="" /></h5> + + <p>The Shells of this genus are composed of such of the Linnæan + <i>Nerits</i> as are umbilicated, from which latter they essentially + differ, both in the organization of the animal and the construction of + the shell, which is either closed by a shelly or horny operculum.</p> + + <p>The species are numerous, and are found both in temperate and tropical + seas; two or three inhabit our own coasts, but by far the greater number + are found in the Asiatic Ocean. They are subject to variation in their + colour; and this, joined with a general resemblance in form, has rendered + the discrimination of the species very difficult. I have, however, + remarked, that the various modifications of the umbilicus, and the + termination of the pillar (which is indicated in many species by an + elevated ridge or rib within the umbilicus) is a certain and constant + indication, presenting the same peculiarity through all the individuals + of a species, even in the young state. This termination of the pillar has + been mistaken for the inner lip, which, on the contrary, is always above + the umbilicus, which, if closed, is not closed by the lip, but by the + thickened termination of the pillar or columella.</p> + + <p>The two most striking varieties are here figured of this species, + which is sufficiently described in the specific character. I believe it + is found both in the Mediterranean and Red Seas.</p> + + <p><br style="clear:both" /></p> +<hr class="full" /> + + <p><a name="Plate76"></a><span class="platenum"><i>Pl.</i> 76</span></p> + + <div class="figcenter" style="width:36%;"> + <a href="images/v2_pl76.jpg"><img style="width:100%" src="images/v2_pl76.jpg" + alt="Plate 76." title="Plate 76." /></a> + </div> +<h5><span class="lg125"><span class="gesperrt">MEROPS</span> Savignii,</span></h5> + +<h5 class="lg125 mtm1"><i>Black-capped Bee-eater.</i></h5> + +<h5><img src="images/separator.png" class="middle" style="height:1.5ex;" alt="" /></h5> + +<h6><span class="sc">Generic Character.</span>—See Pl. 8.</h6> + +<hr class="plainsp"/> + +<h6><span class="sc">Specific Character.</span></h6> + +<blockquote class="b1s"> + + <p><i>M. viridis, subtus albescens, uropygio caudâque cæruleis; vertice, + strigâ oculari, fasciâque latâ collari nigris; mento, superciliisque + albis; rectricibus mediis elongatis.</i></p> + + <p>Green; beneath whitish; rump and tail blue; crown of the head, eye + stripe, and broad band across the neck, black; chin and eye-brows white; + two middle tail feathers lengthened.</p> + +</blockquote> + +<h5><img src="images/separator.png" class="middle" style="height:1.5ex;" alt="" /></h5> + + <p>This Bird was pointed out to me by Professor Temminck as described by + Le Vaillant in his work on this family, under the name here given; on + this authority, therefore, I have been obliged to rest, for I have in + vain turned over the catalogues of all the public libraries in the + metropolis, in the hope of seeing the work, and ascertaining the fact. + The book is modern, and, though expensive, one of standard excellence; + but a princely fortune is necessary to purchase such a library as a + student should have access to.</p> + + <p>Total length eight inches and a half; size rather less than the common + bee-eater; the crown in young birds is greenish, in some a dull brown, + and in others deep black, margined in the front and sides of the head + with a line of white; the ears black, uniting to a broad band across the + neck of the same colour, which is margined on the lower part with + beautiful sea blue; the nape of the neck, inner covers, and quill + feathers, greenish fawn colour; the lesser quills tipt with black; the + rump, tail, and outside of the quills next the body changeable greenish + blue; the back and upper covers green beneath; the chin is white; the + body tinged with greenish, and the under tail covers with blue: the tail + three inches long, and in such specimens as have the two middle feathers + lengthened, three and a half; bill and feet black.</p> + + <p>Inhabits Sierra Leone, and other parts of Africa.</p> + + <p><br style="clear:both" /></p> +<hr class="full" /> + + <p><a name="Plate77"></a><span class="platenum"><i>Pl.</i> 77</span></p> + + <div class="figcenter" style="width:24%;"> + <a href="images/v2_pl77.jpg"><img style="width:100%" src="images/v2_pl77.jpg" + alt="Plate 77." title="Plate 77." /></a> + </div> +<h5><span class="lg125"><span class="gesperrt">BOTIS,</span> </span></h5> + +<h5 class="lg125 mtm1"><i>Gauze-wing.</i></h5> + +<h5><img src="images/separator.png" class="middle" style="height:1.5ex;" alt="" /></h5> + +<h6><span class="sc">Generic Character.</span></h6> + +<blockquote class="b1s"> + + <p><i>Antennæ setaceæ. Alæ trigonæ, insecto sedente, cum corpore + triangulum subhorizontale efficientes, superiores margine externo recto. + Palpi quatuor exserti. Lingua conspicua.</i> Latreille, <i>Gen. Ins.</i> + 4. p. 229.</p> + +</blockquote> + +<h6>Typus Genericus <i>Ph. Urticata</i> Lin. &c.</h6> + +<blockquote class="b1s"> + + <p>Antennæ setaceous. Wings trigonal, forming a nearly horizontal angle + with the body when the insect is at rest. The outer margin of the + anterior wings straight. Palpi four, exserted. Tongue conspicuous.</p> + +</blockquote> + +<h6>Generic Type <i>Ph. Urticata</i> Lin. &c.</h6> + +<blockquote class="b1s"> + + <p>Botys. <i>Latreille.</i></p> + +</blockquote> + +<hr class="plain"/> + +<h5><span class="gesperrt">BOTIS</span> marginata,</h5> + +<h5 class="mtm1"><i>Pink-margined Gauze-wing.</i></h5> + +<h5><img src="images/separator.png" class="middle" style="height:1.5ex;" alt="" /></h5> + +<blockquote class="b1s"> + + <p><i>B. alis hyalinis, stramineis, apicibus margineque flexuoso + rubro-purpureis.</i></p> + + <p>Wings hyaline; pale fulvous; the margins and tips with a waved reddish + purple border.</p> + + <p>P. Marginata. <i>Cramer</i>, <i>pl.</i> 400. I.—P. Simiata. + <i>Fab. Ent. Sys.</i> 3. 208.</p> + +</blockquote> + +<h5><img src="images/separator.png" class="middle" style="height:1.5ex;" alt="" /></h5> + + <p>There appears no end to the immense number of species referrible to + this genus, which will perhaps be found the most extensive tropical group + of all the Linnæan <i>Phalænidæ.</i> Of these, near eighty species I + found in Brazil; Dr. Horsfield has brought a great many from Java; near + fifty are found in North America, and I have little doubt that the whole + number existing in the cabinets which I have inspected may amount to + about three hundred and fifty. The thorough investigation of these is a + work of no ordinary labour; and, until this is done, it appears most + advisable to let the generic distinction remain, as given by Latreille, + though there can be no doubt that among them distinct groups will be + detected.</p> + + <p>Cramer's figure will not indicate even the genus, and Fabricius + describes the body as white; the tip ferruginous; in this it is yellow, + tipped with red.</p> + + <p>Mr. Haworth obliged me with this insect, which Fabricius notes as + African.</p> + +<hr class="plain"/> + +<h5><span class="gesperrt">BOTIS</span> bicolor,</h5> + +<h5 class="mtm1"><i>Black and White Gauze-wing.</i></h5> + +<h5><img src="images/separator.png" class="middle" style="height:1.5ex;" alt="" /></h5> + +<blockquote class="b1s"> + + <p><i>B. alis anticis fuscis, punctis duabus angulatis transversis albis; + posticis ad basin albis.</i></p> + + <p>Anterior wings, brown, with two transverse angulated white spots; + posterior white at the base.</p> + +</blockquote> + +<h5><img src="images/separator.png" class="middle" style="height:1.5ex;" alt="" /></h5> + + <p>From the same collection as the preceding; the margin of the thorax + and body are white. I apprehend it is an American species, which is + distinct from any figured by Cramer, the principal author on the Exotic + Lepidoptera.</p> + + <p><br style="clear:both" /></p> +<hr class="full" /> + + <p><a name="Plate78"></a><span class="platenum"><i>Pl.</i> 78</span></p> + + <div class="figcenter" style="width:36%;"> + <a href="images/v2_pl78.jpg"><img style="width:100%" src="images/v2_pl78.jpg" + alt="Plate 78." title="Plate 78." /></a> + </div> +<h5><span class="lg125"><span class="gesperrt">PICUS</span> affinis,</span></h5> + +<h5 class="lg125 mtm1"><i>Golden-naped Woodpecker.</i></h5> + +<h5><img src="images/separator.png" class="middle" style="height:1.5ex;" alt="" /></h5> + +<h6><span class="sc">Generic Character.</span>—See Pl. 14.</h6> + +<hr class="plainsp"/> + +<h6><span class="sc">Specific Character.</span></h6> + +<blockquote class="b1s"> + + <p><i>P. supra aureo-fuscus, subtus pallidus, fasciis nigris transversis + ornatus; capite (in maribus) rubro; nuchâ colloque supra aureis; + tectricibus secundis fulvo maculatis; caudâ nigrâ, fasciis fulvis + ornatâ.</i></p> + + <p>Above, orange brown; beneath, pale, with transverse black stripes; + head (in the male) red; nape and neck, above, golden yellow; lesser wing + covers with yellowish spots; tail black, with yellowish bands.</p> + +</blockquote> + +<h5><img src="images/separator.png" class="middle" style="height:1.5ex;" alt="" /></h5> + + <p>Ornithologists have either entirely overlooked this bird, or have + slightly noticed it as a variety of <i>Picus icterocephalus</i>, the + golden-headed Woodpecker, from which it is nevertheless quite + distinct.</p> + + <p>Total length near seven inches; bill blackish horn colour, and one + inch long from the gape; the feathers on the upper part of the head are + short and pointed; the tips bright red; the base black; on the hind head + they are longer, and change to a bright golden yellow, which spreads + round the nape; the ear feathers and front of the head are greyish brown, + striped down the middle with whitish, and in some there is an appearance + of a whitish line over the eye, joining the nape. The upper parts of the + body and wings are of a rich golden brown, with indistinct brighter + spots; the lesser wing covers have a whitish spot at the top of each, + forming two bands; quills on the inner shaft black, with white spots. + Under plumage grey, tinged on the breast with rufous, and banded with + brownish black; tail short, black, with interrupted transverse bands of + obscure olive.</p> + + <p>The female has the head blackish, the feathers tipt with dull white; + the ears darker; the plumage above more olive, the spots brighter, and + the bands on the body grey, paler, and more indistinct than in the male. + The feet in both sexes are greenish, and the wings three inches and a + half long.</p> + + <p>It inhabits Brasil, but is not common; I found it both in the Province + of Bahia, and that of Rio de Janeiro.</p> + + <p><br style="clear:both" /></p> +<hr class="full" /> + + <p><a name="Plate79"></a><span class="platenum"><i>Pl.</i> 79</span></p> + + <div class="figcenter" style="width:36%;"> + <a href="images/v2_pl79.jpg"><img style="width:100%" src="images/v2_pl79.jpg" + alt="Plate 79." title="Plate 79." /></a> + </div> +<h5><span class="lg125"><span class="gesperrt">NATICA</span> mustelina,</span></h5> + +<h5><span class="lg125 mtm1"><i>Belted Natica</i></span>—<i>upper figures</i>.</h5> + +<h5><img src="images/separator.png" class="middle" style="height:1.5ex;" alt="" /></h5> + +<h6><span class="sc">Generic Character.</span>—See <a href="#Plate75">Pl. 75.</a></h6> + +<hr class="plainsp"/> + +<h6><span class="sc">Specific Character.</span></h6> + +<blockquote class="b1s"> + + <p><i>N. testâ subglobosâ, mustelinâ concolore, obsoletè rugatâ, fasciâ + levatâ basin cingente; spirâ depressâ, apice acuto; umbilico magno, + aperto; columellæ basi gracili, levatâ.</i></p> + + <p>Shell sub-globose, uniform, fulvous-brown, obsoletely wrinkled, base + with an elevated belt; spire depressed, the tip acute; umbilicus large, + open; pillar termination slender, elevated, and central.</p> + +</blockquote> + +<h5><img src="images/separator.png" class="middle" style="height:1.5ex;" alt="" /></h5> + + <p>The elevated belt at the base affords an excellent distinction to this + species. The specimen in my cabinet is the only one I have seen. Locality + unknown.</p> + +<hr class="plain"/> + +<h5><span class="gesperrt">NATICA</span> sordida,</h5> + +<h5 class="mtm1"><i>Brown Natica—middle figures.</i></h5> + +<h5><img src="images/separator.png" class="middle" style="height:1.5ex;" alt="" /></h5> + +<blockquote class="b1s"> + + <p><i>N. testâ subglobosâ, fused, spirâ prominente; aperturâ intus + fusco-purpureâ; umbilico parvo, labio interiore paululùm tecto; columellâ + obsoletè terminante.</i></p> + + <p>Shell sub-globose, brown; spire prominent; aperture within purplish + brown; umbilicus small, partially covered by the inner lip; pillar + termination obsolete.</p> + +</blockquote> + +<h5><img src="images/separator.png" class="middle" style="height:1.5ex;" alt="" /></h5> + + <p>This Shell is both undescribed and apparently unfigured; the spire is + more elevated than usual; the umbilicus small; and the termination of the + pillar not seen: it is not uncommon, and is often much larger than here + represented, but I am unacquainted with its locality. The little decision + in the figures given by authors of these shells, renders it hazardous to + quote them with certainty.</p> + +<hr class="plain"/> + +<h5><span class="gesperrt">NATICA</span> melastoma,</h5> + +<h5 class="mtm1"><i>Black-mouthed Natica—lower figures.</i></h5> + +<h5><img src="images/separator.png" class="middle" style="height:1.5ex;" alt="" /></h5> + +<blockquote class="b1s"> + + <p><i>N. testâ depressâ, fuscâ; spirâ complanatâ minimâ; ore intus + atro-purpureo; umbilico magno, clauso labio interiore rufo.</i></p> + + <p>Shell depressed, brown; spire flattened, very small; mouth within + purplish black; umbilicus large, closed up by the inner lip, which is + rufous.</p> + +</blockquote> + +<h5><img src="images/separator.png" class="middle" style="height:1.5ex;" alt="" /></h5> + + <p>In colour this bears a close resemblance to the last, but the shell is + flattened beneath, and the spire very short and depressed; the umbilicus + large, but, in general, quite closed up by the thickness of the pillar, + united to the inner lip. In some specimens a narrow crescent-shaped + groove is left on the outside margin. Its habitat is unknown.</p> + + <p><br style="clear:both" /></p> +<hr class="full" /> + + <p><a name="Plate80"></a><span class="platenum"><i>Pl.</i> 80</span></p> + + <div class="figcenter" style="width:34%;"> + <a href="images/v2_pl80.jpg"><img style="width:100%" src="images/v2_pl80.jpg" + alt="Plate 80." title="Plate 80." /></a> + </div> +<h5><span class="lg125"><span class="gesperrt">HALIOTIS</span> Californiensis,</span></h5> + +<h5 class="lg125 mtm1"><i>Small-holed Californian Ear-shell.</i></h5> + +<h5><img src="images/separator.png" class="middle" style="height:1.5ex;" alt="" /></h5> + +<h6><span class="sc">Generic Character.</span></h6> + +<blockquote class="b1s"> + + <p><i>Testa univalvis, depressissima, lata, auriformis. Discus admodum + perforatus. Spira minuta, depressa. Apertura testam magnitudine penè + æquans, intus margaritifera.</i></p> + +</blockquote> + +<h6>Typus Genericus <i>H. Tuberculata</i> Linn. &c.</h6> + +<blockquote class="b1s"> + + <p>Shell univalve, greatly depressed, broad, ear-shaped, the disk with + many perforations. Spire minute, depressed. Aperture nearly as large as + the shell; inside pearly.</p> + +</blockquote> + +<h6>Generic Type <i>H. Tuberculata</i> Linn. &c.</h6> + +<hr class="plainsp"/> + +<h6><span class="sc">Specific Character.</span></h6> + +<blockquote class="b1s"> + + <p><i>H. Testâ ovali, lævi, obscurè thalassinâ; labio exteriore supra + immarginato, interiore lato, complanato, foraminibus numerosis, minutis, + orbicularibus, lævibus.</i></p> + + <p>Shell ovate, smooth, obscure sea green; outer lip above immarginate; + inner lip broad, flat; perforations numerous, very small, orbicular and + smooth.</p> + +</blockquote> + +<h5><img src="images/separator.png" class="middle" style="height:1.5ex;" alt="" /></h5> + + <p>The Ear-shells are strangely characterized by their peculiarity of + form, perforated holes, and rich pearly interior. They are found in both + temperate and tropical seas; but the definitions hitherto given by + conchologists are so imperfect, that they have left our knowledge of + these shells nearly the same now, as in the time of Linnæus. Seventeen + species only are enumerated in Mr. Dillwyn's work; although thirty-four + have fallen within my own observation the last few months.</p> + + <p>The difference between this and the common black Californian Ear, + consists in its being a much deeper and smoother shell, always narrowest + at the base, the outer lip not having (as in that) a prominent curve or + gibbosity where it joins the spire; but principally in the perforations, + which in this are always half as large, and doubly numerous; it is also + generally a much smaller, and less common species: the spire is always + deeply tinged with pink. The genus <i>Padollus</i>, of Montford, resting + entirely in the unevenness of the outer lip, without any knowledge of the + animal, appears to me an unnecessary distinction, for such is the + character of all young shells, and also of mature ones, whose outer + surface is rugged or uneven.</p> + + <p><br style="clear:both" /></p> +<hr class="full" /> + + <p><a name="Plate81"></a><span class="platenum"><i>Pl.</i> 81</span></p> + + <div class="figcenter" style="width:37%;"> + <a href="images/v2_pl81.jpg"><img style="width:100%" src="images/v2_pl81.jpg" + alt="Plate 81." title="Plate 81." /></a> + </div> +<h5><span class="lg125"><span class="gesperrt">SPHINX</span> Ello.</span></h5> + +<h5><img src="images/separator.png" class="middle" style="height:1.5ex;" alt="" /></h5> + +<h6><span class="sc">Generic Character.</span></h6> + +<blockquote class="b1s"> + + <p><i>Antennæ prismaticæ, in utroque sexu ad medium leviter + crassescentes, externè breviter piloso baciliatæ, mucrone arcuato, + producto, sensim terminantes. Palpi breves, obtusi. Lingua elongata, + convoluta, distincta, et in pupâ aliquando porrecta. Alæ sub-integræ. + Abdomen elongatum, conicum, ano acuto, imberbi.</i></p> + +</blockquote> + +<h6>Typus Genericus <i>Sphinx Convolvuli</i> Linn.</h6> + +<blockquote class="b1s"> + + <p>Antennæ three sided, in both sexes slightly thickened in the middle, + externally ciliated with double tufts of short hairs, and ending in a + gradually lengthened arcuated hook. Palpi short, obtuse. Tongue long, + convolute, distinct, sometimes porrected in the pupa state. Wings nearly + entire. Abdomen lengthened, conic; the tip pointed, and not bearded.</p> + +</blockquote> + +<h6>Generic Type <i>Sphinx Convolvuli</i> Linn.</h6> + +<hr class="plainsp"/> + +<h6><span class="sc">Specific Character.</span></h6> + +<blockquote class="b1s"> + + <p><i>S. alis subdentatis, cinereis (in maribus lineis fuscis variatis); + posticis rufis, margine nigro; abdomine pallido, cingulis atris + circumdato.</i></p> + + <p>Wings slightly dentated, cinereous (in the male variegated with brown + lines); posterior rufous, with a black margin; abdomen pale, with black + belts.</p> + + <p><i>Gmelin</i> 5. 2375. 13. <i>Fab. Ent. Sys.</i> 3. 362. <i>no.</i> + 21. S. Ello. <i>Drury</i>, vol. i. p. 59. <i>pl.</i> 27. <i>fig.</i> 3. + (<i>male.</i>) <i>Cramer</i>, <i>pl.</i> 301. D.</p> + +</blockquote> + +<h5><img src="images/separator.png" class="middle" style="height:1.5ex;" alt="" /></h5> + + <p>It is in all things better to understand few subjects well than many + imperfectly; knowledge may be extensive, but it cannot be sound, if it is + at the same time imperfect; and, applying this observation to the present + article, it becomes as desirable, where necessary, to illustrate an + insect known to Linnæus, as to regard only the accession of new + species.</p> + + <p>The two insects figured were received from Jamaica by my friend Dr. + Leach, and there can be no doubt they are the sexes of one species. The + upper is a male, and agrees with Drury's figure and description; the + lower insect is a female, of which no representation has been published: + as for Cramer's figure, if intended for the former, it is really so bad + that it can hardly be quoted as an authority, and it appears to have + misled Fabricius, in thinking that the female insect had a brown stripe + on the anterior wings, whereas that character is more applicable to the + male.</p> + + <p>The insects I propose retaining under this genus are such as have the + body lengthened, pointed, and not bearded at the tip; the antennæ but + slightly thickened in the middle, and the terminating hook gradual, + arched, and not very acute: these comprehend the first section of + Latreille's genus, <i>Sphinx</i>, and are by him again divided into two + groups, the one having the wings entire, the other angulated.</p> + + <p><br style="clear:both" /></p> +<hr class="full" /> + + <p><a name="Plate82"></a><span class="platenum"><i>Pl.</i> 82</span></p> + + <div class="figcenter" style="width:39%;"> + <a href="images/v2_pl82.jpg"><img style="width:100%" src="images/v2_pl82.jpg" + alt="Plate 82." title="Plate 82." /></a> + </div> +<h5><span class="lg125"><span class="gesperrt">TROCHILUS</span> niger,</span></h5> + +<h5 class="lg125 mtm1"><i>Black Humming Bird.</i></h5> + +<h5><img src="images/separator.png" class="middle" style="height:1.5ex;" alt="" /></h5> + +<h6><span class="sc">Generic Character.</span></h6> + +<blockquote class="b1s"> + + <p><i>Rostrum elongatum, rectum vel arcuatum, flexile, gracillimum, ad + basin depressum, mandibulâ superiore inferiorem amplectente et tantùm non + obtegente. Lingua jaculatoria, bifida, tubulata. Nares basales, membranâ + tectæ, aperturâ in longum fissâ. Pedes sedentes, minimi. Alæ longissimæ, + subarcuatæ, remigibus prioribus longissimis, cæteris gradatim + brevioribus.</i></p> + +</blockquote> + +<h6>Typus Genericus <i>T. Moschitus</i> Linn.</h6> + +<blockquote class="b1s"> + + <p>Bill long, straight or curved, flexible, very slender, the base + depressed, the upper mandible folding over, and almost covering the + lower. Tongue long, extensible, bifid, and tubular. Nostrils basal, + covered by a membrane, and opening by a long slit. Feet sitting, very + small. Wings very long, curved, the outer quill longest, the rest + gradually becoming shorter.</p> + +</blockquote> + +<h6>Generic Type <i>Ruby-crested Humming Bird</i> Lath.</h6> + +<hr class="plainsp"/> + +<h6><span class="sc">Specific Character.</span></h6> + +<blockquote class="b1s"> + + <p><i>T. niger; auribus aliquando rufis; tectricibus, caudâ uropygioque + colore subviridi nitidis; rectricium lateralium nivearum apicibus colore + chalybeio tinctis.</i></p> + + <p>Black; the ears sometimes rufous; wing covers tail and rump glossed + with green; lateral tail feathers snowy, tipt with steel blue.</p> + +</blockquote> + +<h5><img src="images/separator.png" class="middle" style="height:1.5ex;" alt="" /></h5> + + <p>Like the resplendent jewels of the earth, the Humming Birds are the + living gems of the air. United to the most delicate form, these fairies + of creation have the dazzling effulgence of every tint that sparkles from + the ruby, the topaz, the sapphire, and the emerald, lavished on their + plumage; they seem created but for our admiration, to sport in the ardent + beams of a tropical sun, and to feast on the nectar of the sweetest + blossoms; and, like sparks of many coloured fire, they shoot from flower + to flower, exulting in their little life of brightness and pleasure.</p> + + <p>To return, however, to that now before us, it should be observed, that + it is the only species whose plumage does not in any way accord with that + of the rest of its brethren. No author appears to have described it, + although I met with it very frequently in Brazil: a specimen in the + British Museum has the ears reddish brown, but this seldom occurs. The + figure is of the size of life. All the species are natives of tropical + America.</p> + + <p><br style="clear:both" /></p> +<hr class="full" /> + + <p><a name="Plate83"></a><span class="platenum"><i>Pl.</i> 83</span></p> + + <div class="figcenter" style="width:39%;"> + <a href="images/v2_pl83.jpg"><img style="width:100%" src="images/v2_pl83.jpg" + alt="Plate 83." title="Plate 83." /></a> + </div> +<h5><span class="lg125"><span class="gesperrt">TROCHILUS</span> falcatus,</span></h5> + +<h5 class="lg125 mtm1"><i>Sickle-winged Humming Bird.</i></h5> + +<h5><img src="images/separator.png" class="middle" style="height:1.5ex;" alt="" /></h5> + +<h6><span class="sc">Generic Character.</span>—See <a href="#Plate82">Pl. 82.</a></h6> + +<hr class="plainsp"/> + +<h6><span class="sc">Specific Character.</span></h6> + +<blockquote class="b1s"> + + <p><i>T. viridis, gulâ pectoreque nitidè cæruleis; corpore anoque + cæruleo-viridibus; rectricibus paribus, rufo-cinnamominis; remigibus + exterioribus falcatis, scapis dilatato compressis.</i></p> + + <p>Green; throat and breast shining blue; body and vent blue green; tail + even, rufous cinnamon; exterior quills falcated, the shafts dilated and + compressed.</p> + +</blockquote> + +<h5><img src="images/separator.png" class="middle" style="height:1.5ex;" alt="" /></h5> + + <p>Nothing can exceed the dazzling brilliancy of colours united in this + little creature. It is, however, more remarkable from the extraordinary + construction of its wings, the outer quills of which are greatly curved, + and the shafts dilated to a most disproportionate size; a similar + structure occurs also in the Broad-shafted H. B. of Dr. Shaw, (<i>T. + latipennis</i>.) That it is intended to fulfil some important office in + their economy, will admit of no doubt, for in wisdom are all things made; + conjecture must, however, in numberless instances, supply our want of + real knowledge; and it may not be improbable that such additional + strength in the wings has been given them as a defence against the small + birds of prey, (<i>Lanii.</i> Lin.) which abound in tropical + countries.</p> + + <p>The figure is the size of life; bill curved from the base, with a + black stripe between that and the eye; plumage above deep shining green, + most brilliant on the sides of the neck; ear feathers blue green; chin + and throat of a most brilliant deep violet blue, changing in some lights + to purple, becoming greenish on the breast, and blended with the green of + the neck; all these feathers are disposed like scales; vent golden green, + with two tufts of downy white feathers round the thighs. Tail even, the + feathers broad and truncately rounded, of a rufous cinnamon colour, tipt + with a purple black bar; the middle feathers darkest, and glossed with + green.</p> + + <p>Of this rare and unrecorded species, a fine example existed in Mr. + Bullock's Museum, which was purchased to enrich that of Paris: another, + more imperfect, was sent Mr. Falkner from the Spanish Main. The male of + <i>T. latipennis</i> is undescribed, Dr. Shaw having only seen the + female; both sexes, however, are in my possession. The plant introduced + in the plate (<i>Clitoria Plumieri</i>) is a native of Brazil.</p> + + <p><br style="clear:both" /></p> +<hr class="full" /> + + <p><a name="Plate84"></a><span class="platenum"><i>Pl.</i> 84</span></p> + + <div class="figcenter" style="width:36%;"> + <a href="images/v2_pl84.jpg"><img style="width:100%" src="images/v2_pl84.jpg" + alt="Plate 84." title="Plate 84." /></a> + </div> +<h5><span class="lg125"><span class="gesperrt">ACHATINA</span> emarginata,</span></h5> + +<h5 class="lg125 mtm1"><i>Notched Achatina.</i></h5> + +<h5><img src="images/separator.png" class="middle" style="height:1.5ex;" alt="" /></h5> + +<h6><span class="sc">Generic Character.</span>—See Pl. 30.</h6> + +<hr class="plainsp"/> + +<h6><span class="sc">Specific Character.</span></h6> + +<blockquote class="b1s"> + + <p><i>A. (div. 2.) testâ productâ, sub-flavâ, fasciis viridibus flavisque + ornatâ; aperturâ ovato-rotundatâ, albâ; labio exteriore medio inciso; + basi emarginatâ.</i></p> + + <p>Ach. (div. 2.) Shell elongated, cream colour, with green and yellow + bands; aperture ovately rounded, white; outer lip notched in the middle; + base emarginate.</p> + +</blockquote> + +<h5><img src="images/separator.png" class="middle" style="height:1.5ex;" alt="" /></h5> + + <p>A new and very delicate species, which may have been overlooked as a + variety of <i>A. virginea</i>, from which it differs in the comparative + length of the basal whorl, which in that is remarkably short, in being a + much more elongated shell, in the mouth being oval, but above all, in + having a conspicuous notch in the middle of the outer lip, where the + green band commences; the aperture (excepting the inner lip) is pure + white. It is in Mr. Dubois' possession, and its country unknown.</p> + +<hr class="plain"/> + +<h5><span class="gesperrt">ACHATINA</span> vittata,</h5> + +<h5 class="mtm1"><i>Ribbon Achatina—middle figures.</i></h5> + +<h5><img src="images/separator.png" class="middle" style="height:1.5ex;" alt="" /></h5> + +<blockquote class="b1s"> + + <p><i>A. (div. 2.) testâ ovato-oblongâ, crassâ, albente, vittis nigris + fuscisque angustis ornatâ; apertura ovatâ, sub-contractâ; columellâ + tantùm non rectâ; basi subtruncatâ.</i></p> + + <p>A. (div. 2.) Shell ovate-elongated, thickened, fulvous white, with + narrow black and brown bands; aperture oval, slightly contracted; pillar + nearly straight; base sub-truncated.</p> + + <p><i>Gualtieri</i>, <i>tab.</i> 6. <i>fig.</i> A.</p> + +</blockquote> + +<h5><img src="images/separator.png" class="middle" style="height:1.5ex;" alt="" /></h5> + + <p>Although unnamed, this shell is obviously the same as that figured by + Gualtieri, who also describes it very tolerably. This figure, however, is + quoted by Gmelin and others for <i>A. virginea</i>; from which shell it + is quite distinct: it is a thickly formed shell, the base slightly + truncated, and the aperture very narrow, and reddish brown; the outer lip + within is thickened. From the same collection as the last.</p> + + <p><br style="clear:both" /></p> +<hr class="full" /> + + <p><a name="Plate85"></a><span class="platenum"><i>Pl.</i> 85</span></p> + + <div class="figcenter" style="width:35%;"> + <a href="images/v2_pl85.jpg"><img style="width:100%" src="images/v2_pl85.jpg" + alt="Plate 85." title="Plate 85." /></a> + </div> +<h5><span class="lg125"><span class="gesperrt">IANTHINA</span> fragilis,</span></h5> + +<h5><span class="lg125 mtm1"><i>Common Oceanic Snail</i></span>—<i>upper and lower figures</i>.</h5> + +<h5><img src="images/separator.png" class="middle" style="height:1.5ex;" alt="" /></h5> + +<h6><span class="sc">Generic Character.</span></h6> + +<blockquote class="b1s"> + + <p><i>Testa subglobosa, tenuis, fragilis. Spira depressa. Labium exterius + medio emarginatum. Columella ultra aperturæ basin producta. Animal + marinum, vesiculâ solidâ pede suppositâ instructum.</i>—Cuvier.</p> + + <p>Shell subglobose, thin, brittle. Spire depressed. Outer lip notched in + the middle. Base of the pillar projecting beyond the aperture. Animal + marine, with a solid vesicle, placed under the + foot.—<i>Cuvier.</i></p> + +</blockquote> + +<hr class="plain"/> + +<h6><span class="sc">Specific Character.</span></h6> + +<blockquote class="b1s"> + + <p><i>I. testâ pallidâ, anfractu basali angulato; basi complanatâ, + striatâ, violaceâ; aperturâ latiore quam longiore; labio exteriore + profundè emarginato.</i></p> + + <p>Shell pale; body whirl angulated; the base flattened, striated and + deep violet; aperture broader than long; outer lip deeply emarginate.</p> + + <p>Helix Ianthina. <i>Gm.</i> 3645. <i>Lister.</i> 572. <i>fig.</i> 23. + 24. <i>Turton.</i> C. D. <i>p.</i> 58. <i>Gualt.</i> <i>tab.</i> 64. 0. + <i>Mart.</i> v. <i>t.</i> 166. <i>fig.</i> 1577.-8?</p> + + <p>Ianthina fragilis. <i>Bruguiere. Ency. Meth.</i> <i>pl.</i> 456. + <i>fig.</i> 1. <i>a. b.</i></p> + +</blockquote> + +<h5><img src="images/separator.png" class="middle" style="height:1.5ex;" alt="" /></h5> + + <p>The singular shells of this genus float on the surface of the ocean, + where they principally live. Gmelin remarks that the animal emits a + phosphoric light; and Captain Cook observed that it is oviparous, and + discharged, on being touched, a liquor of the most beautiful purple. Dr. + Turton and Mr. Dillwyn have recorded several British localities for this + shell; and the former notes having seen it alive, but without giving any + original account of the animal. The extreme brittleness of the shell is + such, that, although common, it is very rarely seen so perfect as here + represented, from shells in my own cabinet. All the figures I have seen + are very defective.</p> + +<hr class="plain"/> + +<h5><span class="gesperrt">IANTHINA</span> globosa.</h5> + +<h5 class="mtm1"><i>Globular Oceanic Snail—middle figures.</i></h5> + +<blockquote class="b1s"> + + <p><i>I. testâ ventricosâ, basi productâ; aperturâ longiore quam latiore; + labio exteriore leviter emarginato.</i></p> + + <p>Shell ventricose, the base lengthened; aperture longer than broad; + outer lip slightly emarginate.</p> + +</blockquote> + +<h5><img src="images/separator.png" class="middle" style="height:1.5ex;" alt="" /></h5> + + <p>The notch, which in <i>I. fragilis</i> extends the whole length of the + lip, in this, is very slight, and nearly central. Mr. Dubois has enabled + me to figure it from specimens in the greatest perfection; it is much + less common than the last.</p> + + <p><br style="clear:both" /></p> +<hr class="full" /> + + <p><a name="Plate86"></a><span class="platenum"><i>Pl.</i> 86</span></p> + + <div class="figcenter" style="width:30%;"> + <a href="images/v2_pl86.jpg"><img style="width:100%" src="images/v2_pl86.jpg" + alt="Plate 86." title="Plate 86." /></a> + </div> +<h5><span class="lg125"><span class="gesperrt">CONUS</span> Princeps,</span></h5> + +<h5 class="lg125 mtm1"><i>Prince Cone.</i></h5> + +<h5><img src="images/separator.png" class="middle" style="height:1.5ex;" alt="" /></h5> + +<h6><span class="sc">Generic Character.</span>—See Pl. 65.</h6> + +<hr class="plainsp"/> + +<h6><span class="sc">Specific Character.</span></h6> + +<blockquote class="b1s"> + + <p><i>C. conicus, coronatus, roseus; lineis fusco-purpureis + longitudinalibus subramosis; spirâ convexâ.</i>—Lamarck.</p> + + <p>Coronated Cone, rosy, with brownish purple longitudinal lines, which + are sometimes branched; spire convex.—<i>Lamarck.</i></p> + + <p>Conus Princeps. <i>Gmelin.</i> 3378. (omitting var. <span + class="grk">β</span> and <span class="grk">γ</span>.) + <i>Turton.</i> 4. 313. (omitting var. 2. and 3.)</p> + + <p>Conus regius. <i>Martini</i>, vol. x. <i>pl.</i> 138. <i>fig.</i> + 1276. <i>Brug.</i> <i>no.</i> 12. <i>Ency. Meth.</i> <i>pl.</i> 318. + <i>fig.</i> 3. <i>Lamarck, Ann. du Mus.</i> p. 31. <i>no.</i> 10.</p> + +</blockquote> + +<h5><img src="images/separator.png" class="middle" style="height:1.5ex;" alt="" /></h5> + + <p>The Cones are remarkable both for their beauty and the very high value + attached to many of the varieties. They are likewise a very numerous + family, and, with three or four exceptions, are all inhabitants of + tropical latitudes, particularly the Indian Ocean. Bruguière and Lamarck + have each written very able descriptions of the species, of which the + latter enumerates 179 recent, and 9 found only in a fossil state.</p> + + <p>This is a shell of great rarity and beauty. Dead and injured specimens + are often seen, in which the deep reddish brown colour is bleached to a + pale rose, and the base worn round. Of the live shell I have never seen + more than two or three; and the finest of these is here figured from Mr. + Dubois' cabinet: it is a native of the Asiatic Ocean.</p> + + <p>I see no reason why the original name of Linnæus for this shell should + have been changed, although, under it, he has evidently included other + species quite distinct; (his var. <span class="grk">β</span> being + <i>C. ebræus</i>): indeed, it too often happens, that in making those + alterations absolutely necessary in the present state of the science, the + spirit of innovation oversteps the justice due to those, whose labours + first laid the foundation of our own knowledge.</p> + + <p><br style="clear:both" /></p> +<hr class="full" /> + + <p><a name="Plate87"></a><span class="platenum"><i>Pl.</i> 87</span></p> + + <div class="figcenter" style="width:39%;"> + <a href="images/v2_pl87.jpg"><img style="width:100%" src="images/v2_pl87.jpg" + alt="Plate 87." title="Plate 87." /></a> + </div> +<h5><span class="lg125"><span class="gesperrt">SPHINX</span> Labruscæ,</span></h5> + +<h5 class="lg125 mtm1"><i>Wild Vine Hawk-moth.</i></h5> + +<h5><img src="images/separator.png" class="middle" style="height:1.5ex;" alt="" /></h5> + +<h6><span class="sc">Generic Character.</span>—See <a href="#Plate81">Pl. 81.</a></h6> + +<hr class="plainsp"/> + +<h6><span class="sc">Specific Character.</span></h6> + +<blockquote class="b1s"> + + <p><i>S. alis integris; anticis virescentibus, fasciâ triangulari + centrali maculoque fusco ornatis; posticis medio cæruleo-nigris, margine + fulvo; abdominis lateribus punctis quinque niveis.</i></p> + + <p>S. Wings entire; anterior greenish, with a central triangular band and + black spot; posterior bluish black in the middle, the margin fulvous; + sides of the body with five snowy spots.</p> + + <p>S. Labruscæ. <i>Gmelin</i>, p. 2380. 14. <i>Fab. Ent. Sys.</i> 3. p. + 377. <i>Cramer</i>, <i>pl.</i> 184. <i>a.</i></p> + +</blockquote> + +<h5><img src="images/separator.png" class="middle" style="height:1.5ex;" alt="" /></h5> + + <p>Linnæus has well observed, that the great distinctions of his three + genera of Lepidoptera, were, that Butterflies are seen on the wing only + during the day; Hawk-moths, or Sphinxes, at the rising and setting of the + sun; and Moths during the night. The insects of Europe, indeed, offer but + few exceptions to these characters; but the habits of certain exotic + tribes, in each of these families, partake both of one and the other in a + remarkable manner. Thus, among the butterflies, there is a genus in South + America (hitherto unnoticed), which fly only during the dusk of evening: + a number of the Linnæan Hawk-moths prefer the meridian heat of the sun; + and there are not wanting several moths which are only seen during the + same period of the day.</p> + + <p>The insect, however, before us, is of that tribe to which the remark + of Linnæus is strictly applicable; and, although included in the + <i>Systema Naturæ</i>, has remained without any correct representation, + for it would be difficult to delineate a worse figure of it than that + given by Cramer. Besides the row of five snowy white spots on each side + of the body, there are four pair of others, more dusky, down the middle, + and five small black dots near the outer margin of the fore wings; the + colour of all beneath is a buff yellow, with two faint dusky oblique + bars, and the middle of the fore wings sea green.</p> + + <p>I have received this species from Jamaica; in its larva state it + appears to feed on the wild vine.</p> + + <p><br style="clear:both" /></p> +<hr class="full" /> + + <p><a name="Plate88"></a><span class="platenum"><i>Pl.</i> 88</span></p> + + <div class="figcenter" style="width:33%;"> + <a href="images/v2_pl88.jpg"><img style="width:100%" src="images/v2_pl88.jpg" + alt="Plate 88." title="Plate 88." /></a> + </div> +<h5><span class="lg125"><span class="gesperrt">MITRA</span> caffra,</span></h5> + +<h5 class="lg125 mtm1"><i>Brown white-banded Mitre.</i></h5> + +<h5><img src="images/separator.png" class="middle" style="height:1.5ex;" alt="" /></h5> + +<h6><span class="sc">Generic Character.</span>—See Pl. 23.</h6> + +<hr class="plainsp"/> + +<h6><span class="sc">Specific Character.</span></h6> + +<blockquote class="b1s"> + + <p><i>M. (div. 1.) fusiformis, rufo-fuscata, albo fasciata, lævis, spirâ + plicato-striatâ, basi rugosâ, columellâ + quadriplicatâ.</i>—Lamarck.</p> + + <p>Shell fusiform, reddish brown, with whitish bands; smooth; spire + plaited and striated; base rugose; pillar 4 plaited.</p> + + <p>Voluta caffra. <i>Gmelin.</i> 3451. <i>Martini</i> 4. <i>tab.</i> 148. + <i>f.</i> 1370.? <i>Dill.</i> <i>p.</i> 545.</p> + + <p>Mitra caffra. <i>Lamarck. Ann. du Mus.</i> vol. vii. p. 208. + <i>no.</i> 30.</p> + +</blockquote> + +<h5><img src="images/separator.png" class="middle" style="height:1.5ex;" alt="" /></h5> + + <p>It is not improbable that <i>Mitra bifasciata</i>, (<i>Zool. Ill.</i> + <i>pl.</i> 35.) may eventually be considered only a variety of the shell + here figured, which accords much closer with the characters given of the + Linnæan <i>M. caffra</i>, than any other; the two shells, however, at the + first glance, have a widely different appearance; yet not more so, than + the smooth and plaited varieties of <i>Strombus vittatus Lin.</i> I have + therefore retained the character given by Lamarck, as the best method to + be followed in doubtful cases. In this shell, the plaits commence halfway + round the body whirl; they are obtuse, crowded, and not angulated near + the suture; the striæ between are fine and decidedly marked; the base + half of the shell strongly grooved; the suture rather compressed; the + channel short and not recurved, and the aperture striated.</p> + +<hr class="plain"/> + +<h5><span class="gesperrt">MITRA</span> crassa</h5> + +<h5 class="mtm1"><i>Thick Mitre—upper and lower figures.</i></h5> + +<h5><img src="images/separator.png" class="middle" style="height:1.5ex;" alt="" /></h5> + +<blockquote class="b1s"> + + <p><i>M. (div. 3.) testâ lævi, mediâ crassâ, fuscâ, fasciâ angustâ + sub-albâ ornatâ; spirâ striatâ, striis intus punctatis; labio exteriore + dentato; columellâ 5 plicatâ.</i></p> + + <p>Shell smooth, thick in the middle, brown, with a narrow whitish band; + spire striated, the striæ with internal punctures: outer lip crenated; + pillar 5 plaited.</p> + +</blockquote> + + <p>A species evidently unknown to Lamarck; the upper margin of each whorl + is thick and projecting; the striæ on the body whorl are nearly obsolete, + but on the spire become deep, remote, and having internally minute hollow + dots; the inner margin of the exterior lip is strongly crenated, the + aperture smooth, and the pillar with five strong teeth. I believe it was + brought from the South Seas.</p> + + <p><br style="clear:both" /></p> +<hr class="full" /> + + <p><a name="Plate89"></a><span class="platenum"><i>Pl.</i> 89</span></p> + + <div class="figcenter" style="width:35%;"> + <a href="images/v2_pl89.jpg"><img style="width:100%" src="images/v2_pl89.jpg" + alt="Plate 89." title="Plate 89." /></a> + </div> +<h5><span class="lg125"><span class="gesperrt">PSITTACUS</span> murinus,</span></h5> + +<h5 class="lg125 mtm1"><i>Grey-breasted Parakeet.</i></h5> + +<h5><img src="images/separator.png" class="middle" style="height:1.5ex;" alt="" /></h5> + +<h6><span class="sc">Generic Character.</span>—See Pl. 1.</h6> + +<hr class="plainsp"/> + +<h6><span class="sc">Specific Character.</span></h6> + +<blockquote class="b1s"> + + <p><i>P. viridis, genis, auribus, gulâque cinereis; vertice, remigibus + rectriciumque marginibus sub-cæruleis.</i></p> + + <p>Green; sides of the head, ears, and throat, grey; crown, quills, and + end of the tail, bluish.</p> + + <p>P. murinus. <i>Gmelin.</i> 1. 327. <i>no.</i> 80. <i>Lath. Ind. + Orn.</i> 1. p. 101.</p> + + <p>Grey-breasted Parrakeet. <i>Lath. Syn.</i> vol. 1. 247. <i>Gen. + Zool.</i> vol. viii. p. 456.</p> + +</blockquote> + +<h5><img src="images/separator.png" class="middle" style="height:1.5ex;" alt="" /></h5> + + <p>Those of our readers who visited Leamington during the last season, + may have observed this noisy little creature uttering its discordant + cries at the door of a small house near the pump-room. I borrowed it for + a day from the good woman to whom it belonged, and thus made the drawing + and description with the bird before me.</p> + + <p>Dr. Latham observes on this species, that excepting where the grey + colour pervades, "the rest of the body is olive green, excepting the + quills, which are deep green;"—this may be the female. He adds a + quotation from Pernetty, who describes a bird from Monte Video, something + near this; but which, from having a very long tail, a flesh-coloured + bill, &c. may probably be distinct.</p> + + <p>The live bird could not be conveniently measured, but it is rather + larger than the red-shouldered Parrakeet, (figured at pl. 62.) The skin + round the eye white, and the irides hazel; the whole upper part of the + plumage is a beautiful grass green, changing according to the light into + different shades; the top of the head, the quill feathers, and end of the + tail, greenish blue, in some lights appearing quite blue; the sides of + the head, ears, and throat, as far as the breast, bluish grey; all the + remaining under plumage yellowish green, with a shade of orange in the + middle of the body and vent; bill and legs dark grey; this latter colour + is so unusual in this tribe, that I at first thought it indicated an + imperfect plumage, but I have now seen it at two different seasons of the + year without any variation whatever. It is probably a South American + species.</p> + + <p><br style="clear:both" /></p> +<hr class="full" /> + + <p><a name="Plate90"></a><span class="platenum"><i>Pl.</i> 90</span></p> + + <div class="figcenter" style="width:38%;"> + <a href="images/v2_pl90.jpg"><img style="width:100%" src="images/v2_pl90.jpg" + alt="Plate 90." title="Plate 90." /></a> + </div> +<h5><span class="lg125"><span class="gesperrt">PTEROGLOSSUS</span> inscriptus,</span></h5> + +<h5 class="lg125 mtm1"><i>Lettered Aracari.</i></h5> + +<h5><img src="images/separator.png" class="middle" style="height:1.5ex;" alt="" /></h5> + +<h6><span class="sc">Generic Character.</span>—See Pl. 44.</h6> + +<hr class="plainsp"/> + +<h6><span class="sc">Specific Character.</span></h6> + +<blockquote class="b1s"> + + <p><i>P. fusco-viridis, capite gulâque nigris (feminæ castaneis;) + uropygio rubro; abdomine flavo; rostri fulvi culmine, basi et apice + nigris; marginibus dentatis, lineis nigris inscriptis.</i></p> + + <p>Obscure green; head and throat black, (in the female chesnut;) rump + crimson; body yellow; bill fulvous, the top, base, and tip, black; the + margins dentated, and marked with black lines resembling characters.</p> + +</blockquote> + +<h5><img src="images/separator.png" class="middle" style="height:1.5ex;" alt="" /></h5> + + <p>I was put in possession of this rare and unknown bird, by the + dispersion of the most magnificent assemblage of natural productions that + ever marked the zeal of an individual, or ornamented the capital of this + kingdom. Mr. Bullock's Museum is now scattered; yet the objects it + comprised were deemed worthy of enriching the public repositories of + every nation in Europe; who sent their learned men to purchase with + avidity, and share in the spoils of a Museum, the dispersion of which + will be long regretted by the learned, the inquiring, and "the many."</p> + + <p>Total length, twelve inches and a half; bill, from the angle of the + mouth to the tip, two inches three tenths long, and eight tenths across + the base; the colour (which appears little changed from that in the live + state) is deep straw, or buff yellow; the top of the upper mandible and + tips of both are black; parallel with the marginal base of the upper, is + a black line, which is very broad on that of the lower; the edges of both + are serrated, and marked by short black lines, somewhat resembling + oriental characters; at the base of the bill there is an elevated rim of + deeper yellow; the ears, chin, and throat are deep chesnut, margined in + front with a narrow line of black, (which parts in the male are entirely + black;) the crown of the head and neck above also black, changing to a + dark bluish green on the wings, back, and tail; the rump crimson, and the + greater quills blackish; from the breast to the vent straw-coloured + yellow, with a greenish cast; the thighs and flanks olive; tail wedged, + near five inches long; the orbits appear to have been black, and the feet + green.</p> + + <p>Mr. Bullock informed me he had the two sexes of this bird sent him + from the interior of Guyana.</p> + + <p><br style="clear:both" /></p> +<hr class="full" /> + + <p><a name="Plate91"></a><span class="platenum"><i>Pl.</i> 91</span></p> + + <div class="figcenter" style="width:31%;"> + <a href="images/v2_pl91.jpg"><img style="width:100%" src="images/v2_pl91.jpg" + alt="Plate 91." title="Plate 91." /></a> + </div> +<h5><span class="lg125"><span class="gesperrt">LICINIA</span> Amphione.</span></h5> + +<h5><img src="images/separator.png" class="middle" style="height:1.5ex;" alt="" /></h5> + +<h6><span class="sc">Generic Character.</span>—See Pl. 15.</h6> + +<hr class="plainsp"/> + +<h6><span class="sc">Specific Character.</span></h6> + +<blockquote class="b1s"> + + <p><i>L. alis integris, suprà nigris; anticarum basi maculo aurantiaco, + triradiato, medio fasciâ flavâ, apice maculo flavo ornatis; posticis + strigâ aurantiacâ, margine ferrugineo; antennarum clavis albis</i>.</p> + + <p>Wings entire, above black; anterior with a three rayed orange spot at + the base, and a central bend and terminal spot of yellow; posterior with + an orange stripe and brownish margin; club of the antennæ white.</p> + + <p>Papilio Amphione. <i>Cramer</i>, <i>pl.</i> 232. <i>f.</i> EF.</p> + + <p>Pieris Amphione. <i>Godart in Ency. Meth.</i> vol. 9. p. 165. + (Female.)</p> + +</blockquote> + +<h5><img src="images/separator.png" class="middle" style="height:1.5ex;" alt="" /></h5> + + <p>This is the only species among those I have united under the genus + <i>Licinia</i>, which has any shade of red mixed in the colouring, all + the others being variegated only with white, yellow, and black. It is a + native of Brazil, <span class="correction" title="Original reads 'and Godart mentions', see Addenda et Corrigenda" + >and according to Godart</span> of Guyana and the Antilles: though not + common, it is sometimes frequent in local situations, preferring the + borders of deep forests, and flying very slowly. I had the means of fully + ascertaining the two sexes, of which the two upper figures are of the + male, and the lower one the female. There can be no doubt the latter is + the <i>Pieris Amphione</i>, so admirably described by M. Godart, who, + however, makes no mention of the black marginal spots on the under side + of the posterior wings, represented in Cramer's figure, which may + therefore be a variety. More difficulty, however, exists in ascertaining + if the male is distinct from <i>P. Laia</i>, of Godart: the figures of + Cramer, in general, are so inaccurate, as always to excite a doubt in + cases of nice discrimination; Godart's description, nevertheless, + perfectly agrees with Cramer's figure: if it was, therefore, drawn up + from the insect itself, there can be little doubt that <i>Laia</i> is + distinct from <i>Amphione</i>; if, on the other hand, M. Godart made his + description only from Cramer's figure, the question remains in its + original uncertainty.</p> + + <p>The club of the antennæ is white, tipt with pale brown. The under side + of the female very closely resembles the upper, excepting that the black + stripe on the lower wings is broken; and there are irregular blotches of + white at the tips of both wings, but no marginal spots, as represented by + Cramer.</p> + + <p>It will be found that <i>Licinia</i> is the connecting genus between + those of <i>Danais</i> and <i>Pieris</i>, of Latreille, and that the + transition between the last of these and <i>Colias</i> is strongly marked + by that of Terias, (<i>Zool. Ill. pl.</i> 22).</p> + + <p>What with the inaccuracy of figures, and the almost universal neglect + with which the most eminent entomologists have passed over this beautiful + order, the natural arrangement and affinities of the <i>Lepidoptera</i> + still remain in the greatest obscurity; and it is recommended to those + who may object to the additional generic distinctions I have made, to + examine, in the first instance, the relative validity they bear in + essential character to the innumerable genera that are continually + created in the <i>Coleoptera</i>, <i>Hymenoptera</i>, and + <i>Diptera</i>.</p> + + <p><br style="clear:both" /></p> +<hr class="full" /> + + <p><a name="Plate92"></a><span class="platenum"><i>Pl.</i> 92</span></p> + + <div class="figcenter" style="width:37%;"> + <a href="images/v2_pl92.jpg"><img style="width:100%" src="images/v2_pl92.jpg" + alt="Plate 92." title="Plate 92." /></a> + </div> +<h5><span class="lg125"><span class="gesperrt">PAPILIO,</span> </span></h5> + +<h5 class="lg125 mtm1"><i>Butterfly</i></h5> + +<h5><img src="images/separator.png" class="middle" style="height:1.5ex;" alt="" /></h5> + +<h6><span class="sc">Generic Character.</span></h6> + +<blockquote class="b1s"> + + <p><i>Antennæ graciles, clavis elongatis, obtusis, sub-arcuatis, rarò + compressis. Palpi brevissimi, reflexi, remoti, linguæ basin vix + obtegentes, articulo ultimo obtuso, minimo. Pedes antici longi, articulo + secundo infrà gibbo.</i></p> + +</blockquote> + +<h6><span class="sc">Sectiones.</span></h6> + +<h6>I. Græci.</h6> + +<blockquote class="b1s"> + + <p><i>Pectore maculis sanguineis carente.</i></p> + +</blockquote> + +<blockquote class="b2s"> + + <p><i>a.</i> Ecaudati, <i>alis inferioribus elongatis, basi + angustâ</i>.</p> + + <p><i>b.</i> Percaudati, <i>alis fasciis fulvis vel viridibus ornatis, + inferioribus <span class="correction" title="Original reads 'caudi', see Addenda et Corrigenda" + >caudis</span>, elongatis, angustis, instructis</i>.</p> + + <p><i>c.</i> Caudati, <i>alis inferioribus caudis obtusis, patulis, + instructis</i>.</p> + +</blockquote> + +<blockquote class="b3s"> + + <p>* <i>Alis fulvo fasciatis.</i></p> + + <p>** <i>Alis nigricantibus.</i></p> + +</blockquote> + +<blockquote class="b2s"> + + <p><i>d.</i> Dentati, <i>alis inferioribus dentatis</i>.</p> + + <p><i>e.</i> Orbiculares, <i>alis inferioribus brevibus, + orbicularibus</i>.</p> + +</blockquote> + +<h6>II. Trojani.</h6> + +<blockquote class="b1s"> + + <p><i>Pectore maculis sanguineis insigni.</i></p> + +</blockquote> + +<blockquote class="b2s"> + + <p><i>a.</i> Ecaudati, <i>alis inferioribus elongatis, basi latâ</i>.</p> + + <p><i>b.</i> Caudati, <i>alis inferioribus caudis obtusis, patulis, + instructis</i>.</p> + + <p><i>c.</i> <span class="correction" title="Original reads 'Dentatis', see Addenda et Corrigenda" + >Dentati</span>, <i>alis inferioribus dentatis</i>.</p> + + <p><i>d.</i> Orbiculares, <i>alis inferioribus brevibus, + orbicularibus</i>.</p> + +</blockquote> + +<h5><img src="images/separator.png" class="middle" style="height:1.5ex;" alt="" /></h5> + +<h6><span class="sc">Generic Character.</span></h6> + +<blockquote class="b1s"> + + <p>Antennæ slender, the club elongated, obtuse, slightly arched, and + rarely compressed. Feelers very short, reflected, remote, hardly covering + the base of the tongue, the last joint obtuse and minute; anterior feet + long, with a gibbous appendage on the under part of the second joint.</p> + +</blockquote> + +<h6><span class="sc">Sections.</span></h6> + +<h6>I. <i>Greeks.</i></h6> + +<blockquote class="b1s"> + + <p>Breast without sanguineous spots.</p> + +</blockquote> + +<blockquote class="b2s"> + + <p><i>a.</i> Tailless; lower wings elongated, and narrow at the base.</p> + +</blockquote> + +<blockquote class="b3s"> + + <p><i>P. Sarpedon. Nereus</i> C. <i>Macleayanus</i> G.</p> + +</blockquote> + +<blockquote class="b2s"> + + <p><i>b.</i> Long tailed; wings generally banded with yellow or + green.</p> + +</blockquote> + +<blockquote class="b3s"> + + <p><i>P. Codrus. Sinon. Antheus. Podalirius. Machaon, &c.</i></p> + +</blockquote> + +<blockquote class="b2s"> + + <p><i>c.</i> Tailed; lower wings with obtuse patulous tails.</p> + +</blockquote> + +<blockquote class="b3s"> + + <p>* Wings varied with yellow bands.</p> + + <p><i>P. Torquatus. Thoas.</i> C. <i>Ilioneus</i> (Donovan) + <i>&c.</i></p> + + <p>** Wings generally dark, without bands.</p> + + <p><i>P. Troilus. Paris. Severus. Pammon, &c.</i></p> + +</blockquote> + +<blockquote class="b2s"> + + <p><i>d.</i> Dentated; lower wings dentated, without tails.</p> + +</blockquote> + +<blockquote class="b3s"> + + <p><i>P. Ægeus et Erechtheus.</i> Don. <i>Amphitryon. Drusius. + Demolius</i> C.</p> + +</blockquote> + +<blockquote class="b2s"> + + <p><i>e.</i> Orbicular; lower wings short, orbicular.</p> + +</blockquote> + +<blockquote class="b3s"> + + <p><i>P. dissimilis. Similis</i> C. <i>Assimilis</i> (Drury). + <i>Polydamas?</i> Lin.</p> + +</blockquote> + +<h6>II. <i>Trojans.</i></h6> + +<blockquote class="b1s"> + + <p>Breast with sanguineous spots.</p> + +</blockquote> + +<blockquote class="b2s"> + + <p><i>a.</i> Tailless; lower wings elongated and broad at the base.</p> + +</blockquote> + +<blockquote class="b3s"> + + <p><i>P. Memnon. Polymnestor. Agenor. Hector.</i> C.</p> + +</blockquote> + +<blockquote class="b2s"> + + <p><i>b.</i> Tailed; lower wings with obtuse patulous tails.</p> + +</blockquote> + +<blockquote class="b3s"> + + <p><i>P. Polydorus. Romulus. Coon, &c.</i></p> + +</blockquote> + +<blockquote class="b2s"> + + <p><i>c.</i> Dentated; lower wings dentated.</p> + +</blockquote> + +<blockquote class="b3s"> + + <p><i>P. Evander.</i> (Godart.) <i>Amosus?</i> C.</p> + +</blockquote> + +<blockquote class="b2s"> + + <p><i>d.</i> Orbicular; lower wings short, orbicular.</p> + +</blockquote> + +<blockquote class="b3s"> + + <p><i>P. Priamus. Panthous. Amphrisius, Harmonia et Cressida</i> + (Donovan.)</p> + +</blockquote> + +<h5><img src="images/separator.png" class="middle" style="height:1.5ex;" alt="" /></h5> + + <p>From the earliest ages, the Butterfly appears to have attracted the + admiration of mankind; and we find it celebrated by their poets as + figurative of gaiety and pleasure, and by their sages as an emblem of the + human soul. It has been interwoven in one of their most beautiful + allegories, and has been consecrated in our own days by several poets, + though by none with such exquisite taste and moral feeling, as by the + venerable Historian of the <span class="correction" title="Original reads 'Medicii', see Addenda et Corrigenda" + >Medici</span>.</p> + + <p>So few of those insects, generally called Butterflies, were known to + Linnæus, that he included them all in one genus, dividing them, for the + most part, into natural groups. Fabricius continued this arrangement, + with little variation, and has left us the description of near 1,150 + species! Yet before his death, this laborious naturalist saw the absolute + necessity of dividing this immense genus into many others, and left among + his MSS. a sketch of his proposed arrangement, published afterwards by + Illiger, and partially adopted (we venture to think also very + imperfectly) by M. Latreille.</p> + + <p>The insects which are therefore now left under the old genus + <i>Papilio</i>, are principally found out of Europe, and are remarkable + for their richness of colouring and immense size. M. M. Latreille and + Godart have described, with great precision, 146 species: it is, however, + to be regretted, that they have adopted no sections or divisions to + assist the student in his search after any particular species, among this + extensive number. The great disadvantage of this is very obvious, and it + has induced me to attempt something like a natural distribution of those + insects, which, with every care to avoid an unnatural separation of + kindred groups, I am fully aware, in some cases, is very artificial, and + it is only offered until a greater knowledge of the larvæ, &c. will + enable us to fix on more substantial characters than those I have + adopted. This, however, will be a work of time; and until then, I think + some guide to the ready knowledge of the species, however objectionable, + is better than none.</p> + + <p>Much might be said on the affinities which connect this with several + other genera. Among the most striking is that existing between them and + the <i>Noctuæ</i> (<i>N. Patroclus</i> Fab.) by means of <i>Pap. + Leilus</i> Lin. which thus stands between the night and the day-flying + <span class="correction" title="Original reads 'Lepidopteræ', see Addenda et Corrigenda (Vol. III)" + >Lepidoptera</span>. Many of the insects placed in our division of + <i>Græci caudati</i>, are allied to <i><span class="correction" title="Original reads 'Danais', see Addenda et Corrigenda" + >Danaus</span></i> Lat. by the larva of both having retractile hornshaped + processes, and the two genera seem still further connected by <i>Papilio + similis</i> and <i>dissimilis</i> in one group, and by <i>P. Priamus</i> + in the other; while the clear winged species from New Holland seem to + indicate an affinity with the <i>Heliconiæ</i>.</p> + + <p>The laborious and important investigations of M. Savigny into the + structure of the mouth of these insects are too well known, to require a + more particular notice in this slight sketch of the subject.</p> + +<hr class="plain"/> + +<h5><span class="gesperrt">PAPILIO</span> Polymetus.</h5> + +<h5><img src="images/separator.png" class="middle" style="height:1.5ex;" alt="" /></h5> + +<h6><span class="sc">Specific Character.</span></h6> + +<blockquote class="b1s"> + + <p><i>P. (Trojani orbiculares) alis atris; superis fasciâ breviori + (fœminæ albâ) anticè albâ, posticè cyaneâ, inferis dentatis, maculâ + coccineâ quadripartitâ.</i></p> + + <p>Papilio (T. orb.) wings black, superior, with a short white band, + which is blue at the base (in the female entirely white); inferior + dentated, with a four cleft crimson spot.</p> + + <p>Papilio Polymetus. <i>Godart in Ency. Meth.</i> vol. ix. p. 35. + <i>no.</i> 28.</p> + +</blockquote> + +<h5><img src="images/separator.png" class="middle" style="height:1.5ex;" alt="" /></h5> + + <p>First described by M. Godart; unless, indeed, it <span + class="correction" title="Original reads 'may not', see Addenda et Corrigenda" + >may</span> hereafter prove a variety of <i>P. Lycander</i> (Cramer, Pl. + 29. <span class="sm">C. D.</span>) which approaches as near to the male, + as <i>P. Hippason</i> does to the female. The first sex is here + represented at the upper and under figures; the middle is of the female, + which M. Godart has not described. It is a native of Brazil; I found it + at Bahia only in certain woods, and subsequently met with a variety in + the province of Rio Janeiro, differing only in being much larger.</p> + + <p><br style="clear:both" /></p> +<hr class="full" /> + + <p><a name="Plate93"></a><span class="platenum"><i>Pl.</i> 93</span></p> + + <div class="figcenter" style="width:37%;"> + <a href="images/v2_pl93.jpg"><img style="width:100%" src="images/v2_pl93.jpg" + alt="Plate 93." title="Plate 93." /></a> + </div> +<h5><span class="lg125"><span class="gesperrt">PAPILIO</span> Pandrosus.</span></h5> + +<h5><img src="images/separator.png" class="middle" style="height:1.5ex;" alt="" /></h5> + +<h6><span class="sc">Specific Character.</span></h6> + +<blockquote class="b1s"> + + <p><i>P. (G. Caud.) alis atris, fasciâ communi posticarumque lunulis + marginalibus flavis; his caudatis, punctorum rubrorum striga + intermediâ.</i> G.</p> + + <p><i>Pap. (G. Caud.)</i> wings black; with the common band and marginal + lunules on the lower wings, yellow; lower wings with obtuse tails, and a + row of red dots between the nerves.—<i>Godart.</i></p> + + <p>Pap. Pandrosus. <i>Godart. En. Meth.</i> <i>vol.</i> ix. <i>p.</i> 62. + <i>No.</i> 101.</p> + +</blockquote> + +<h5><img src="images/separator.png" class="middle" style="height:1.5ex;" alt="" /></h5> + + <p>M. Godart has anticipated me in the first publication of this, and a + great many other newly discovered Brazilian insects; it has, however, not + been figured; and I take this opportunity of expressing my doubts, + whether this and the next are not sexes of the same species, rather than + two, permanently distinct. I have not, at this particular time, the means + of referring either to my notes or my collections, by which the + recollection I have on the subject might be in some way confirmed; and, + until this is done, it is much better retaining the two insects as + distinct species: the figures of both will show their very close + resemblance, in every thing but the bands on the upper surface of the + wings. I found them common in the province of Rio de Janeiro.</p> + + <p><br style="clear:both" /></p> +<hr class="full" /> + + <p><a name="Plate94"></a><span class="platenum"><i>Pl.</i> 94</span></p> + + <div class="figcenter" style="width:36%;"> + <a href="images/v2_pl94.jpg"><img style="width:100%" src="images/v2_pl94.jpg" + alt="Plate 94." title="Plate 94." /></a> + </div> +<h5><span class="lg125"><span class="gesperrt">PAPILIO</span> Torquatus.</span></h5> + +<h5><img src="images/separator.png" class="middle" style="height:1.5ex;" alt="" /></h5> + +<h6><span class="sc">Specific Character.</span></h6> + +<blockquote class="b1s"> + + <p><i>P. (G. Caud.) alis atris; anticis fasciis duabus, posticis disco + lunulisque marginalibus, flavis: his caudatis, punctorum rubrorum strigâ + intermediâ.</i>—Godart.</p> + + <p><i>P. (G. Caud.)</i> Wings black; two bands on the anterior wings, and + marginal lunules on the posterior, yellow; lower wings with obtuse tails, + and a row of red dots between the nerves.</p> + + <p>P. Torquatus. <i>Cramer</i>, <i>pl.</i> 177. <i>fig. a. b.</i> + <i>Godart. En. Meth.</i> v. 9. <i>p.</i> 62.</p> + +</blockquote> + +<h5><img src="images/separator.png" class="middle" style="height:1.5ex;" alt="" /></h5> + + <p>It is singular that Fabricius appears to have overlooked this species, + sufficiently well figured by Cramer to point out its leading characters, + though very inferior to the beauty of the insect. M. Godart has, however, + recorded it in his account of this superb genus in the <i>Encyclopédie + Méthodique</i>; and the minute and clear descriptions which this able + entomologist has given throughout that work, merit the highest eulogium. + Our own figures will, however, render a detailed description in this + place unnecessary.</p> + + <p>M. Godart says, this insect is found both in Guiana and Brazil. In the + latter country, I met with it only in the province of Rio de Janeiro, + where it is common.</p> + + <p><br style="clear:both" /></p> +<hr class="full" /> + + <p><a name="Plate95"></a><span class="platenum"><i>Pl.</i> 95</span></p> + + <div class="figcenter" style="width:34%;"> + <a href="images/v2_pl95.jpg"><img style="width:100%" src="images/v2_pl95.jpg" + alt="Plate 95." title="Plate 95." /></a> + </div> +<h5><span class="lg125"><span class="gesperrt">CINNYRIS</span> chalybeia,</span></h5> + +<h5 class="lg125 mtm1"><i>Lesser collared Creeper.</i></h5> + +<h5><img src="images/separator.png" class="middle" style="height:1.5ex;" alt="" /></h5> + +<h6><span class="sc">Generic Character.</span></h6> + +<blockquote class="b1s"> + + <p><i>Rostrum elongatum, gracillimum, arcuatum, apice acutissimo, + integerrimo, ad basin depressum, lateribus compressis, marginibus + inflexis, subtilissimè dentatis; mandibulâ inferiore convexâ. Lingua + jaculatoria, tubularis, furcata? Nares basales, breves, nudæ, ovatæ, + membranâ fissâ, juxta rostri marginem et basin aperiente, tectæ. Remigum + penna prima brevissima, secunda pennis 4 proximis paribus + brevior.</i></p> + + <p>Ob.—<i>Maris cauda pennis elongatis 2 ornata, hypochondriorumque + pennæ longiores.</i></p> + +</blockquote> + +<h6>Typ. Gen. <i>Upupa Promerops</i> Lin.—<i>Certhia famosa</i> Lin.</h6> + +<blockquote class="b1s"> + + <p>Bill lengthened, very slender, arched, the base depressed, the sides + compressed, the tip very sharp and entire, the margins bent inwards and + minutely dentated; under mandible beneath convex. Tongue retractile, + tubular, forked? Nostrils basal, short, and broad, covered by a naked + oval membrane which opens by a slit near the margin of the bill. First + quill feather very short; the second shorter than the four next, which + are of equal length.</p> + + <p><i>Ob.</i>—Male generally with long feathers in the tail, and + the side feathers under the wings rather lengthened.</p> + +</blockquote> + +<h6>Generic Types. <i>Cape Promerops, and Shining Creeper.</i> Lath.</h6> + +<hr class="plainsp"/> + +<h6><span class="sc">Specific Character.</span></h6> + +<blockquote class="b1s"> + + <p><i>C. aureo-viridis, alis caudâque fuscis; fasciis pectoralibus 2 + connexis, anticâ chalybeiâ, posticâ angustâ<span class="correction" title="Added by Addenda et Corrigenda" + >,</span> rubrâ; caudæ tegminibus superioribus chalybeis.</i></p> + + <p>Golden green, with brown wings and tail, and narrow pectoral band, + bordered above by another of steel blue; upper tail covers blue.</p> + + <p>Certhia chalybeia. <i>Lin. Gmelin.</i> 475. <i>Ind. Orn.</i> 1. 284. + <i>Brisson.</i> 3 <i>tab.</i> 32. <i>f.</i> 1.?</p> + + <p>Le Soui-manga à collier. <i>Vieill. Grimp.</i> <i>p.</i> 40. + <i>pl.</i> 13. 14.</p> + + <p>Collared Creeper. <i>Latham</i>, <i>Syn.</i> 2. 709. <i>Gent. + Zool.</i> 8. 196.</p> + +</blockquote> + +<h5><img src="images/separator.png" class="middle" style="height:1.5ex;" alt="" /></h5> + + <p>This splendid family may be considered as the Humming-birds of the old + world, inhabiting (I think exclusively) the tropical regions of Africa + and Asia. To the personal observations of M. Vaillant we owe the first, + and indeed the only detailed account, of their real economy, and which + this enterprising ornithologist remarked during his travels in Africa, + and published in his work on the birds of that continent; a work which + will be valued and consulted when most of the systems framed by closet + naturalists will be forgotten.</p> + + <p>M. Vaillant records a singular fact respecting these birds: which is, + that the males only assume their rich and vivid colours during the season + of courtship; at other times they are scarcely to be known from the + females, whose plumage in general is very plain. Another bird, very + nearly resembling this, has been figured by M. Vaillant under the name of + <i>Le Sucrier à Plastron rouge</i> (Ois. d'Af. pl. 300.); his reasons, + however, for separating them, are, I think, sufficient, at least until + more forcible ones are adduced than mere conjecture. Our figure is the + size of life; on each side the breast is a tuft of yellow feathers; the + back, neck, and head shining golden green, changing in various lights. + The female is said to be the <i>Certhia Capensis</i> of Lin., which is + greyish brown above, and paler beneath.</p> + + <p>The different generic names which have been given to these birds by + modern systematic writers, require some elucidation. They were originally + placed by Linnæus among the <i>Certhiæ</i>; out of this genus Illiger + formed another by the name of <i>Nectarinia</i>, in which he included not + only these birds, but many others allied to them. From this genus of + Illiger's, Cuvier separated a part under the generic appellation of + <i>Cinnyris</i>, a genus which comprised those species of Illiger's + <i>Nectarinia</i> only which are found in the parallels of latitude of + the old world. So far these changes can be understood; but Professor + Temminck, without noticing this previous arrangement, places the birds + belonging to Cuvier's genus <i>Cinnyris</i>, under his own modification + of Illiger's <i>Nectarinia</i>, while to the <i><span class="correction" title="Original reads 'Nectarinia', see Addenda et Corrigenda" + >Nectariniæ</span></i>, as characterized by Cuvier, he gives the generic + name of <i>Cœreba</i>. This last change has introduced great + confusion; for the student must bear in mind, that Cuvier's genus + <i>Nectarinia</i> corresponds to Temminck's <i>Cœreba</i>; that + <i>Cinnyris</i> of Cuvier is <i>Nectarinia</i> of Temminck; and finally, + that all these are included under Illiger's original genus + <i>Nectarinia</i>! M. Vieillot has still further added to this + unfortunate multiplicity of names, by giving that of <i>Mellisuga</i> to + Cuvier's <i>Cinnyris</i>. This may truly be termed a war of words. In the + meantime, as Cuvier was the first who, by giving the name of + <i>Cinnyris</i>, designated the <i>Sucriers</i> of Vaillant, and those + <i>only</i>, his definition and generic name to these birds should + unquestionably supersede all others.</p> + + <p><br style="clear:both" /></p> +<hr class="full" /> + + <p><a name="Plate96"></a><span class="platenum"><i>Pl.</i> 96</span></p> + + <div class="figcenter" style="width:33%;"> + <a href="images/v2_pl96.jpg"><img style="width:100%" src="images/v2_pl96.jpg" + alt="Plate 96." title="Plate 96." /></a> + </div> +<h5><span class="lg125"><span class="gesperrt">ANODON</span> rugosus,</span></h5> + +<h5 class="lg125 mtm1"><i>Wrinkled Horse Mussel.</i></h5> + +<h5><img src="images/separator.png" class="middle" style="height:1.5ex;" alt="" /></h5> + +<h6><span class="sc">Generic Character.</span></h6> + +<blockquote class="b1s"> + + <p><i>Testa transversa, plerumque tenuis. Cardo linearis, edentulus. + Lamina cardinalis glabra, aliquando levata, anticè sinu sub ligamento + desinens. Impressiones musculares 3. Ligamentum externum. Animal + fluviatile.</i></p> + +</blockquote> + +<h6>Typus Genericus <i>Mytilus Anatinus</i> Lin.</h6> + +<blockquote class="b1s"> + + <p>Shell transverse, generally thin. Hinge consisting of a simple + marginal lamina without teeth, smooth or slightly raised, terminating at + the anterior end in a curve or sinus below the ligament. Muscular + impressions three. Ligament external. Animal fluviatile.</p> + +</blockquote> + +<h6>Generic Type <i>Duck Mussel</i> Pennant.</h6> + +<hr class="plainsp"/> + +<h6><span class="sc">Specific Character.</span></h6> + +<blockquote class="b1s"> + + <p><i>A. testâ ovato-oblongâ, crassâ, convexâ, anticè obliquè rotundatâ; + intus fulvâ, margine rufo; margine cardinali leviter curvato, infra + umbones crasso.</i></p> + + <p>Shell ovate-oblong, thick, convex, anterior obliquely rounded; hinge + margin slightly curved and thickened beneath the umbones; inside fulvous, + with a reddish margin.</p> + +</blockquote> + +<h5><img src="images/separator.png" class="middle" style="height:1.5ex;" alt="" /></h5> + + <p>The shells now arranged under the kindred genera of <i>Unio</i> and + <i>Anodon</i> are exclusively fluviatile, or inhabitants of fresh water, + and are dispersed both in the old and the new world. In the Linnæan + system, the first, being furnished with teeth, are placed among the + <i>Myæ</i>; and the latter, from having none, are arranged with the + <i>Mytili</i>. Two common shells, in our own rivers and ponds (<i>Mya + pictorum</i>, and <i>Mytilus anatinus Lin.</i>), will readily present to + the student the characters by which they are severally distinguished. The + shells of the present genus bear such a general resemblance to each + other, and are so simple in their construction, that a corresponding + minuteness of discrimination is requisite to characterize the species; I + have, therefore, selected for this purpose the modification of the upper + margin to which the ligament is attached, and which in other shells forms + the bases of the teeth. This I have termed the hinge margin. The form of + the notch or sinus which terminates this part will also be found of much + importance in discriminating the species; for no shells vary more in + their form, thickness, or convexity than these do, according to their + locality, age, or other circumstances.</p> + + <p>Shell transverse, oval; rather thick and ventricose; both extremities + obtuse; the anterior side (from the umbones to the exterior margin) + obliquely rounded; umbones prominent; hinge margin rather thick, slightly + curved, and swelled immediately under the umbones; sinus short, abrupt, + curved; epidermis coarse, black, and much wrinkled; inside stained with + yellow, and having a narrow reddish rim or margin.</p> + + <p>For this species, now, I believe, first made known, I am indebted to + G. C. Bainbridge, Esq. of Liverpool, who received several specimens from + the United States. It appears to have been unknown to Mr. Say, who has + published an account of the land and river shells of North America.</p> + + <p>The student might be led to suppose, that the two genera of + <i>Unio</i> and <i>Anodon</i> are strongly characterized; for the first + includes many of the most ponderous bivalves yet discovered, and the + second some remarkably thin and brittle. Among the <i>Uniones</i> are + shells furnished with hinges of the greatest force, while most of the + <i>Anodons</i> are perfectly destitute of any; nevertheless, the + gradations by which these characters approach each other are very + remarkable, and some shells which partake of both have been arranged in + separate genera. Of these, the best defined are <i>Hyria</i> Lam. and + <i>Dipsas</i> of Leach; the one allied nearest to <i>Unio</i>, but having + the cardinal teeth assuming the appearance of lateral or lamellar teeth; + the other more resembling the Anodons, but furnished with a strongly + defined and elevated lamellar tooth, extending the whole length of the + hinge. Between these two genera should be placed another of Lamarck's, + called by him <i>Iridinia</i>, which has likewise only a simple lamellar + plate, but broken into a great number of crenated teeth. The observing + Mr. Say has likewise proposed another under the name of + <i>Alasmodonta</i>, which, however, I shall take another opportunity of + noticing.</p> + + <p>I have ventured to exchange the ungrammatical name of <i>Anodonta</i>, + given by Bruguiere to this genus, for <i>Anodon</i>, at the suggestion of + the learned Dr. Goodall, Provost of Eton College.</p> + + <p><br style="clear:both" /></p> +<hr class="full" /> + + <p><a name="Plate97"></a><span class="platenum"><i>Pl.</i> 97</span></p> + + <div class="figcenter" style="width:33%;"> + <a href="images/v2_pl97.jpg"><img style="width:100%" src="images/v2_pl97.jpg" + alt="Plate 97." title="Plate 97." /></a> + </div> +<h5><span class="lg125"><span class="gesperrt">MARGINELLA,</span> </span></h5> + +<h5 class="lg125 mtm1"><i>Date Shell.</i></h5> + +<h5><img src="images/separator.png" class="middle" style="height:1.5ex;" alt="" /></h5> + +<h6><span class="sc">Generic Character.</span></h6> + +<blockquote class="b1s"> + + <p><i>Testa ovata. Spira brevissima aut nulla. Labium exterius + crassissimum, margine interiore crenato. Columella plicata. Basis + subintegra. Animal capitatum, capitis fronte profundè emarginato; oculis + ad tentaculorum 2 subulatorum basin externam adsitis; tubâ jugulari + simplici; pede magno, foliaceo, ponè attenuato; penulâ dilatatâ, testæ + latera obtegente.</i></p> + +</blockquote> + +<h6>Typ. Gen. <i>Volutæ perspicula, glabella, prunum, &c.</i> Lin.</h6> + +<blockquote class="b1s"> + + <p>Shell oval. Spire very short or concealed. Exterior lip very thick, + with the internal margin crenated. Pillar plaited. Base nearly entire. + Animal capitate; head notched in front, with lengthened, pointed + tentacula, at the external base of which are the eyes; neck with a simple + tube; foot large, foliaceous, pointed behind; mantle dilated, and folded + over the sides of the shell.</p> + +</blockquote> + +<h6>Generic Types <i>Vol. perspicula, glabella, prunum, &c.</i> Lin.</h6> + +<hr class="plainsp"/> + + <p>Lamarck first separated the shells comprised in this genus from the + Volutes of Linnæus; their principal distinction rests in the formation of + the outer lip, which has a very thick margin, more or less toothed on the + inner rim; the base likewise is nearly entire, and the inner lip quite + wanting.</p> + + <p>By these peculiarities, the <i>Date Shells</i> are easily known from + the <i>Volutes</i> on the one hand, and the <i>Cowries</i> on the other; + and the invaluable researches of M. Adanson, who has described and + figured the animals of each of these genera, has established this + distinction on the most solid principles; it will, however, be + interesting to trace, by the shells only, how beautifully this + arrangement is developed.</p> + + <p>The <i>Marginellæ</i> may be divided into two sections; the first + bearing in form and habit a strong resemblance to the <i>Cyprææ</i>, and + the second gradually losing these indications, and acquiring those of the + spiral <i>Volutæ</i>. Among the first are several species, which, like + the Cowries, appear destitute of any spire (as in <i>M. cingulata</i>); + this part, however, begins to show itself in other successive species + very progressively, until it becomes elevated and defined in <i>M. + glabella</i>. This shell may be considered the passage to the second + division, in which the species lose the simple oval form of the first, + and acquire a contracted base and pointed spire, perfectly resembling + <i>Voluta undulata Lam.</i> and its allies. The extreme developement of + these characters is shown in <i>M. faba</i>.</p> + + <p>This genus must, then, be considered as connecting those of + <i>Cypræa</i> and <i>Voluta</i> (Lam.); excepting one, the whole of the + species are very small; and as the three here selected to illustrate + these remarks are frequently seen, and have been often described under + other names, little more is necessary than to detail their specific + characters.</p> + +<hr class="plain"/> + +<h5><span class="gesperrt">MARGINELLA</span> cingulata,</h5> + +<h5 class="mtm1"><i>Banded Date Shell—upper figures.</i></h5> + +<blockquote class="b1s"> + + <p><i>M. testâ ovatâ, albidâ, lineis aurantiacis fasciatâ; spirâ + obsoletâ, umbilicatâ; columellâ 6 plicatâ.</i></p> + + <p>Shell oval, whitish, banded with orange lines; spire obsolete, + umbilicated; pillar 6 plaited.</p> + + <p>Voluta cingulata. <i>Dill.</i> 525. 56. <i>Lister.</i> 803. <i>f.</i> + 9. <i>Martini</i>, 2. <i>t.</i> 42. <i>f.</i> 419 <i>and</i> 20. + <i>Gualt.</i> <i>t.</i> 25. <i>c.</i>? 28. <i>b.</i> <i>Adanson</i>, + <i>t.</i> 4. <i>f.</i> 4.</p> + +</blockquote> + +<h5><img src="images/separator.png" class="middle" style="height:1.5ex;" alt="" /></h5> + + <p>I am happy to record Mr. Dillwyn as the first systematic writer who + separated this from <i>Mar. persicula</i>, which has reddish spots, and + is quite a distinct species. The present is a pretty, though common + shell, and observed by Adanson in great plenty on the African coast.</p> + +<hr class="plain"/> + +<h5><span class="gesperrt">MARGINELLA</span> prunum,</h5> + +<h5 class="mtm1"><i>Grey Date Shell—middle figures.</i></h5> + +<blockquote class="b1s"> + + <p><i>M. testâ ovatâ, griseâ, immaculatâ; spirâ parvâ, conicâ; aperturâ + fuscâ; columellâ 4 plicatâ.</i></p> + + <p>Shell oval, grey, immaculate; spire small, conic; aperture brown; + pillar 4 plaited.</p> + + <p>Voluta plumbea. <i>Sol. MSS. L'Egouen. Adanson</i>, <i>tab.</i> 4. + <i>f.</i> 3.</p> + + <p>V. prunum. <i>Gm.</i> <i>p.</i> 3446. 33. <i>Martini</i>, 2. <i>t.</i> + 42. <i>f.</i> 422 <i>and</i> 3. <i>En. Meth.</i> 376. 8. <i>Lister</i>, + 817. 28. (young.) <i>Dill.</i> 530. 69.</p> + +</blockquote> + +<h5><img src="images/separator.png" class="middle" style="height:1.5ex;" alt="" /></h5> + + <p>The plaits are very strong, and, together with the outer lip, white; + equally common, and from the same country, as the last.</p> + +<hr class="plain"/> + +<h5><span class="gesperrt">MARGINELLA</span> faba,</h5> + +<h5 class="mtm1"><i>Fly-spot Date Shell—lower figures.</i></h5> + +<blockquote class="b1s"> + + <p><i>M. testâ ovatâ, plicatâ, fulvâ, punctis fuscis ornatâ; spirâ + conicâ; basi emarginatâ; columellâ 4 plicata.</i></p> + + <p>Shell oval, plaited, fulvous, with brown dots; spire conic; base + notched; pillar 4 plaited.</p> + + <p>V. faba. <i>Gm.</i> 3445. <i>Lister</i>, 812. 22. <i>Martini</i>, 2. + <i>t.</i> 42. <i>f.</i> 431? 432, <i>and</i> 3. <i>En. Meth.</i> 377. 1. + <i>Gualt.</i> 28. <i>Q. Dill.</i> 528. 63.</p> + +</blockquote> + +<h5><img src="images/separator.png" class="middle" style="height:1.5ex;" alt="" /></h5> + + <p>The whorls of this pretty shell are plaited into little nodules; it is + usually very small. The supposed variety figured by Martini, and + mentioned by Mr. Dillwyn, I am inclined to believe, may be a distinct + species.</p> + + <p><br style="clear:both" /></p> +<hr class="full" /> + + <p><a name="Plate98"></a><span class="platenum"><i>Pl.</i> 98</span></p> + + <div class="figcenter" style="width:36%;"> + <a href="images/v2_pl98.jpg"><img style="width:100%" src="images/v2_pl98.jpg" + alt="Plate 98." title="Plate 98." /></a> + </div> +<h5><span class="lg125"><span class="gesperrt">PALUDINA,</span> </span></h5> + +<h5 class="lg125 mtm1"><i>River Snail.</i></h5> + +<h5><img src="images/separator.png" class="middle" style="height:1.5ex;" alt="" /></h5> + +<h6><span class="sc">Generic Character.</span></h6> + +<blockquote class="b1s"> + + <p><i>Testa ovata, spiralis, tenuis, umbilicata. Apertura + semi-orbicularis, ad labii anterioris apicem subangulata. Operculum + corneum.</i></p> + + <p><i>Animal fluviatile, branchiatum, viviparum, rostro brevissimo; + oculis ad basin externam tentaculorum acutorum 2 appositis; pedis margine + antico duplici; lateribus anticè alis parvis instructis; alâ dexterâ + involutâ in canalem per quem aqua in tracheam introducitur.</i></p> + +</blockquote> + +<h6>Typus Genericus <i>Helix vivipara</i>, Lin.</h6> + +<blockquote class="b1s"> + + <p>Shell ovate, spiral, thin, umbilicated. Aperture nearly orbicular, + slightly angulated at the top of the inner lip. Operculum horny.</p> + + <p>Animal fluviatile, branchiated, viviparous; rostrum very short; eyes + placed at the external base of two pointed tentacula; anterior border of + the foot double; on each side the fore part of the body a small wing; + that on the right side is folded into a channel, by which the water is + introduced into the respiratory canal.</p> + +</blockquote> + +<h6>Generic Type <i>Viviparous Snail</i> Pennant.</h6> + +<hr class="plainsp"/> + + <p>The common Shell above quoted, inhabiting many of our rivers, will + serve as an excellent example of this genus, which is not numerous, and + confined to fresh waters; the animals, inhabiting the European species, + appear to have been thoroughly investigated by the continental + naturalists; and from their account of its singular construction, the + above description has been framed. Science should make no distinction of + persons or countries; but it is rather mortifying to observe, that these + important discoveries in the organization of animals, are pursued with + zeal and ability by foreign naturalists, while most of our own content + themselves with expatiating on its impossibility, and even go so far as + to hint its uselessness, because we can never become acquainted with the + animals of <i>all</i> the species of shells in our cabinets: so far this + latter part of the argument is most true; but, to ascertain, for + instance, the animal of the Cowry, it is surely not requisite we should + see those of <i>all</i> the species (near 80 in number), before we + venture to describe it? any more than it is necessary completely to + dissect <i>every</i> species of Locust before we pronounce it to be one. + Science would, indeed, receive incalculable and lasting benefit, if those + of our conchologists who reside near the coast would pay greater + attention to the inhabiting animals, and less to the shells, of their + neighbourhood; for the first would supply that information they + acknowledge is so desirable, and the latter would prevent our indigenous + Catalogue from being crowded with many dubious, and even foreign + shells.</p> + + <p>English conchologists appear not to be aware of the vast number of + testaceous animals which are now known. Among those truly eminent men who + have prosecuted this study, M. Adanson stands foremost, in having + minutely described all those he found on the African coast; in the + magnificent work of Poli nearly all the Mediterranean bivalves are + exquisitely figured; and those of the land and fresh water will receive + complete illustration from M. Ferrusac. Cuvier, Lamarck, Say, and even + our own countrymen, Dr. Leach and Montague, have all contributed, more or + less, to form a mass of information which it is full time should be + employed as the basis of natural classification.</p> + +<hr class="plain"/> + +<h5><span class="gesperrt">PALUDINA</span> elongata,</h5> + +<h5 class="mtm1"><i>Long-spired River Snail—upper and lower figures.</i></h5> + +<h5><img src="images/separator.png" class="middle" style="height:1.5ex;" alt="" /></h5> + +<blockquote class="b1s"> + + <p><i>P. testâ olivaceo-fuscâ, fasciis castaneis ornatâ; spirâ productâ, + attenuatâ, aperturâ multo longiore; apice acuto.</i></p> + + <p>Shell olive brown, with chesnut bands; spire lengthened, attenuated, + much longer than the aperture; tip acute.</p> + +</blockquote> + +<h5><img src="images/separator.png" class="middle" style="height:1.5ex;" alt="" /></h5> + + <p>Inhabits the rivers of India. It is rather thicker than most of the + others, and the umbilicus nearly obsolete.</p> + +<hr class="plain"/> + +<h5><span class="gesperrt">PALUDINA</span> unicolor,</h5> + +<h5 class="mtm1"><i>Olive River Snail—side figures.</i></h5> + +<h5><img src="images/separator.png" class="middle" style="height:1.5ex;" alt="" /></h5> + +<blockquote class="b1s"> + + <p><i>P. testâ subventricosâ, totâ olivaceâ; apice acuto; spiræ et + aperturæ longitudine æquali; umbilico clauso.</i></p> + + <p>Shell subventricose; uniform olive; apex of the spire acute; aperture + and spire of equal length; umbilicus closed.</p> + +</blockquote> + +<h5><img src="images/separator.png" class="middle" style="height:1.5ex;" alt="" /></h5> + + <p>Distinguished from the <i>Helix vivipara</i> of authors, by having a + less convex, and more pointed spire, hardly any umbilicus, and no bands. + Inhabits China.</p> + +<hr class="plain"/> + +<h5><span class="gesperrt">PALUDINA</span> carinata,</h5> + +<h5 class="mtm1"><i>Carinated River Snail—middle figures.</i></h5> + +<h5><img src="images/separator.png" class="middle" style="height:1.5ex;" alt="" /></h5> + +<blockquote class="b1s"> + + <p><i>P. testâ parvâ, olivaceâ; spirâ aperturâ longiore, apice obtuso, + rufo; anfractu basali medio leviter carinato; umbilico obsoleto.</i></p> + + <p>Shell small, olive; spire longer than the aperture; the tip obtuse, + rufous; basal whorl slightly carinated in the middle; umbilicus + obsolete.</p> + +</blockquote> + +<h5><img src="images/separator.png" class="middle" style="height:1.5ex;" alt="" /></h5> + + <p>A distinct species, which is never found larger than the figure. I + once saw near 100, which had been picked up on the banks of the Ganges; + the spire is rather lengthened, always obtuse, and the umbilicus even + less than the last.</p> + + <p><br style="clear:both" /></p> +<hr class="full" /> + + <p><a name="Plate99"></a><span class="platenum"><i>Pl.</i> 99</span></p> + + <div class="figcenter" style="width:38%;"> + <a href="images/v2_pl99.jpg"><img style="width:100%" src="images/v2_pl99.jpg" + alt="Plate 99." title="Plate 99." /></a> + </div> +<h5><span class="lg125"><span class="gesperrt">TAMATIA</span> macrorhynchos.</span></h5> + +<h5 class="lg125 mtm1"><i>Greater pied Puff-bird.</i></h5> + +<h5><img src="images/separator.png" class="middle" style="height:1.5ex;" alt="" /></h5> + +<h6><span class="sc">Generic Character.</span></h6> + +<blockquote class="b1s"> + + <p>Tamatia. <i>Cuvier.</i>—Capito. <i>Viell. Tem.</i></p> + + <p><i>Rostrum validum, compressum, sub-rectum; mandibulâ superiore ad + apicem obtusè aduncâ, emarginatâ, superioris margine inferioris marginem + obtegente. Nares basales sulcatæ, aperturâ terminali, rotundâ parvâ, + plumis rigidis incumbentibus tectâ. Frons, rictus, et mentum vibrissis + rigidis, elongatis, armati. Pedes scansorii, versatiles; digiti + exterioris elongati articulo primo cum digito exteriore connexo. + Rectrices 12, lineares, subrotundatæ.</i></p> + +</blockquote> + +<h6>Typus Genericus <i>Bucco tamatia</i> Linn. Lath.</h6> + +<blockquote class="b1s"> + + <p>Bill strong, compressed, nearly straight; the tip of the upper + mandible curved, notched, and obtuse; the margin folding on that of the + lower mandible. Nostrils basal, sulcated; the aperture terminal, round, + small, hid by bristly incumbent feathers. Chin, front, and gape, with + strong lengthened bristles. Feet scansorial, versatile; the outer toe + long, and connected by the first joints to the inner toe. Tail feathers + 12, linear and slightly rounded.</p> + +</blockquote> + +<h6>Generic Type <i>Spotted-bellied Barbut</i> Latham.</h6> + +<hr class="plainsp"/> + +<h6><span class="sc">Specific Character.</span></h6> + +<blockquote class="b1s"> + + <p><i>T. niger; fronte, gulâ, jugulo, caudæque apice albis; abdomine albo + vel fulvo; fasciâ pectorali nigrâ.</i></p> + + <p>Black; front, throat, forepart of the neck, and tips of the tail + feathers, white; body white or fulvous; pectoral bar black.</p> + + <p>Bucco macrorhynchos. <i>Gmelin</i> 406. <i>In. Orn.</i> 1. 203. + <i>Gen. Zool.</i> vol. ix. p. 33.</p> + + <p>Greater pied Barbut. <i>Lath. Syn.</i> 2. p. 498.</p> + +</blockquote> + +<h5><img src="images/separator.png" class="middle" style="height:1.5ex;" alt="" /></h5> + + <p>There is something very grotesque in the appearance of all the Puff + birds; and their habits, in a state of nature, are no less singular. They + frequent open cultivated spots near habitations, always perching on the + withered branches of a low tree; where they will sit nearly motionless + for hours, unless, indeed, they descry some luckless insect passing near + them, at which they immediately dart, returning again to the identical + twig they had just left, and which they will sometimes frequent for + months. At such times the disproportionate size of the head is rendered + more conspicuous by the bird raising its feathers so as to appear not + unlike a puff ball; hence the general name they have received from the + English residents in Brazil; of which vast country all the species, I + believe, are natives. When frightened, their form is suddenly changed by + the feathers lying quite flat; they are very confiding, and will often + take their station within a few yards of the window; the two sexes are + generally near each other, and often on the same tree.</p> + + <p>Total length rather more than eight inches; bill, one inch and three + quarters from the gape, and half an inch less from the nostrils; it is + very strong, thick, black, and slightly compressed; the tip of the upper + bifid; the bristles at its base covering the nostrils are long and + incurved, and those situated at the base, under the eye, very stiff; the + upper part of the head black, the feathers much lengthened; the sides, + front, ears, and forepart of the throat white, uniting at the back of the + head into a narrow collar. The whole of the remaining plumage above is + black, glossed with greenish; across the breast a black bar, which + separates the white of the throat from the buff colour which tinges the + abdomen and vent; the flanks are marked with dusky transverse stripes; + the tail is slightly rounded and three inches and a half long, some of + the feathers with a very fine line of white at their tips; all the quill + feathers have the base half of their inner shafts white, as well as the + greater covers inside, the lesser being black; legs and claws + blackish.</p> + + <p>I am disposed to consider this bird only as a variety of the + <i>Greater pied Barbut</i> of Dr. Latham, differing in having the plumage + on the under part of the body pale ferruginous, or buff colour, instead + of white, as in the specimens he described from Cayenne; mine are from + Southern Brazil, where the species is not uncommon.</p> + + <p>This genus includes the American species of the Linnæan Barbuts; the + birds connecting this group with the cuckows are arranged by Vieillot in + a separate genus, named by him <i>Monassa</i>; which I think should be + retained, as it is of much importance to designate strongly connecting + links between families apparently very opposite.</p> + + <p><br style="clear:both" /></p> +<hr class="full" /> + + <p><a name="Plate100"></a><span class="platenum"><i>Pl.</i> + 100</span></p> + + <div class="figcenter" style="width:32%;"> + <a href="images/v2_pl100.jpg"><img style="width:100%" src="images/v2_pl100.jpg" + alt="Plate 100." title="Plate 100." /></a> + </div> +<h5><span class="lg125"><span class="gesperrt">XENOPS</span> genibarbis,</span></h5> + +<h5 class="lg125 mtm1"><i>Whiskered Xenops.</i></h5> + +<h5><img src="images/separator.png" class="middle" style="height:1.5ex;" alt="" /></h5> + +<h6><span class="sc">Generic Character.</span></h6> + +<blockquote class="b1s"> + + <p>Xenops. (<i>Hoffmansegg. in Illiger. Prod.</i> p. 213).</p> + + <p><i>Rostrum mediocre, rectum, acutum, valdè compressum, inversè + cultratum</i>, i. e. <i>culmine recto, gonyde recurvâ ascendente. Nares + basales, laterales, ovatæ, parvæ, patulæ. Lingua—? Pedes mediocres, + congrui. Digiti antici basi coadnati, laterales subæquales. Hallux + digitum medium æquans.</i> Illiger.</p> + + <p>Bill moderate, straight, acute, much compressed, and inversely curved; + the top of the upper mandible being straight, and the edge of the lower + ascending or recurved. Nostrils basal, lateral, oval, small, and covered + by a naked membrane. Tongue—? Feet moderate, claws united at their + base, the lateral ones nearly equal; the hind claw as long as the leg and + the middle toe.</p> + +</blockquote> + +<hr class="plain"/> + +<h6><span class="sc">Specific Character.</span></h6> + +<blockquote class="b1s"> + + <p><i>X. suprà fusco-rufa, infrà griseo-fusca; mento, superciliis + maculisque jugularibus et pectoralibus albentibus; maculo infra aures + niveo; remigum secundorum nigricantium basi fulvâ, apicibus marginibusque + rufis.</i></p> + + <p>Above reddish-brown, beneath grey-brown; chin, eyebrows, and spots on + the throat and breast, whitish; beneath the ears a snowy spot; + lesser-quills blackish, the base fulvous, the tips and margins + rufous.</p> + + <p>Xenops genibarbis <i>Illiger Prod.</i> p. 218. (1811.)</p> + + <p>Neops ruficaudus <i>Vieillot. Orn. Elem.</i> p. 68. (1816.)</p> + +</blockquote> + +<h5><img src="images/separator.png" class="middle" style="height:1.5ex;" alt="" /></h5> + + <p>A very extraordinary and not inelegant little creature, having a bill + totally different from any other bird. Its general habit evinces a close + connexion with the <i>Sittæ</i>, particularly those of New Holland; some + of which have their bills (which are slender) slightly inclining upwards, + thus forming a connexion between <i>Xenops</i> and the straight billed + <i>Sittæ</i> of the old world.</p> + + <p>The figure is of the male, and its natural size; the head dark brown + with pale spots; the back of a reddish tinge, and the rump and tail + rufous; tail much rounded, and of twelve feathers; the three outer and + the two pair in the middle entirely rufous, the other pair having the + inner shafts black; the greater quills black; the last having an internal + bar of pale fulvous. Beneath the eye a spot of white downy feathers, with + a dusky border above and below; there is a little difference between this + and Illiger's bird, but it may be only sexual.</p> + + <p>Inhabits Brazil, but is rare.</p> + + <p><br style="clear:both" /></p> +<hr class="full" /> + + <p><a name="Plate101"></a><span class="platenum"><i>Pl.</i> + 101</span></p> + + <div class="figcenter" style="width:38%;"> + <a href="images/v2_pl101.jpg"><img style="width:100%" src="images/v2_pl101.jpg" + alt="Plate 101." title="Plate 101." /></a> + </div> +<h5><span class="lg125"><span class="gesperrt">PAPILIO</span> Evander.</span></h5> + +<h5><img src="images/separator.png" class="middle" style="height:1.5ex;" alt="" /></h5> + +<h6><span class="sc">Generic Character.</span>—See <a href="#Plate92">Pl. 92.</a></h6> + +<hr class="plainsp"/> + +<h6><span class="sc">Specific Character.</span></h6> + +<blockquote class="b1s"> + + <p><i>Pap. (Tro. dent.) Alis dentatis, nigris; posticis suprà maculis + quinque violaceo-chermesinis; anticis subtùs fasciâ albidâ, transversâ, + mediâ.</i> Godart.</p> + + <p>Pap. (Tro. dent.) Wings dentated, black; posterior above with a + five-cleft, violet-crimson spot; anterior beneath with a transverse, + central, whitish band.</p> + + <p>P. Evander. <i>Godart, En. Meth.</i> <i>vol.</i> ix. <i>p.</i> 32. + <i>no.</i> 18.</p> + +</blockquote> + +<h5><img src="images/separator.png" class="middle" style="height:1.5ex;" alt="" /></h5> + + <p>Both sexes of this newly described insect are here, for the first + time, figured; that above is of the male, and beneath is represented the + under side of the female. The crimson spots (which finely relieve the + brownish velvet-like black on the upper surface of the wings) are, in + some lights, most beautifully glossed with changeable violet, and appear + either darker or paler according to the position in which the insect is + viewed.</p> + + <p>Southern Brazil is, undoubtedly, more rich in this splendid family + than the northern provinces of that vast country. I never saw this + species except in Rio Janeiro, where it is common: nor do I know of any + other, belonging to the division of <i>Trojani</i>, which have the lower + wings sharply dentated, and with an appearance of obsolete <i>acute</i> + tails; a character more developed in the female of this species than in + the male.</p> + + <p><br style="clear:both" /></p> +<hr class="full" /> + + <p><a name="Plate102"></a><span class="platenum"><i>Pl.</i> + 102</span></p> + + <div class="figcenter" style="width:38%;"> + <a href="images/v2_pl102.jpg"><img style="width:100%" src="images/v2_pl102.jpg" + alt="Plate 102." title="Plate 102." /></a> + </div> +<h5><span class="lg125"><span class="gesperrt">PAPILIO</span> Nox.</span></h5> + +<h5><img src="images/separator.png" class="middle" style="height:1.5ex;" alt="" /></h5> + +<h6><span class="sc">Generic Character.</span>—See <a href="#Plate92">Pl. 92.</a></h6> + +<hr class="plainsp"/> + +<h6><span class="sc">Specific Character.</span></h6> + +<blockquote class="b1s"> + + <p><i>P. (Troj. orb.) Alis immaculatis fuscis, inferis orbiculatis, + ecaudatis; fronte, strigâ laterali subthoracicâ anoque rubris.</i></p> + + <p>P. (Troj. orb.) Wings immaculate, brown; lower orbicular, not tailed; + front, lateral stripe on the thorax beneath, and tip of the body red.</p> + +</blockquote> + +<h5><img src="images/separator.png" class="middle" style="height:1.5ex;" alt="" /></h5> + + <p>The colours of this insect are unusually sombre, and present a + striking contrast to the gaudy tints by which the majority of these gay + creatures are ornamented; it is so far remarkable, but it is more + interesting to the entomologist, as being an unpublished addition to this + genus. It was discovered in Java by Dr. Horsfield; and the drawing was + made from an unique specimen which I observed while engaged in a long and + laborious arrangement of the Linnæan <i>Papilionidæ</i>, (as they now + appear at the India House,) collected by that zealous naturalist for the + India Company.</p> + + <p>Between the nerves of the anterior wings (which are remarkably large) + are parallel central stripes, of a darker brown; a character common to + many Indian species, but not found, I believe, in any of those from the + New World.</p> + + <p><br style="clear:both" /></p> +<hr class="full" /> + + <p><a name="Plate103"></a><span class="platenum"><i>Pl.</i> + 103</span></p> + + <div class="figcenter" style="width:24%;"> + <a href="images/v2_pl103.jpg"><img style="width:100%" src="images/v2_pl103.jpg" + alt="Plate 103." title="Plate 103." /></a> + </div> +<h5><span class="lg125"><span class="gesperrt">AMPULLARIA</span> fasciata,</span></h5> + +<h5 class="lg125 mtm1"><i>Banded Apple Snail.</i></h5> + +<h5><img src="images/separator.png" class="middle" style="height:1.5ex;" alt="" /></h5> + +<h6><span class="sc">Generic Character.</span></h6> + +<blockquote class="b1s"> + + <p><i>Testa globosa, umbilicata. Spira depressa vel brevissima. Apertura + integra, magna, ovata. Operculum testaceum vel corneum. Animal + fluviatile.</i></p> + + <p>Shell globose, umbilicated. Spire depressed or very short. Aperture + entire, large, oval. Operculum shelly or horny. Animal + fluviatile.—Generic Type <i>Helix ampullacea</i> Lin.</p> + +</blockquote> + +<hr class="plain"/> + +<h6><span class="sc">Specific Character.</span></h6> + +<blockquote class="b1s"> + + <p><i>A. testâ ovato-globosâ, olivaceâ, fasciis obscuro-purpureis + angustis ornatâ; spirâ brevi, levatâ, apice acuto; labii margine tenui; + umbilico mediocri.</i></p> + + <p>Shell ovate-globose, olive, with narrow bands of obscure purple; spire + short, elevated, the tip acute; margin of the lip thin; umbilicus + moderate.</p> + + <p>Am. fasciata. <i>En. Meth.</i> <i>pl.</i> 457. <i>f.</i> 3. <i>f.</i> + 4. (<i>reversed and young</i>).</p> + + <p>Helix ampullacea. <i>Linn. Lister</i>, 130. <i>f.</i> 30. <i>Seba</i>, + <i>t.</i> 38. <i>f.</i> 1 <i>to</i> 6, 58, 59. <i>Chemnitz</i>, 9. + <i>t.</i> 128. <i>f.</i> 1135. <i>Gualt.</i> <i>t.</i> 1. R.</p> + +</blockquote> + +<h5><img src="images/separator.png" class="middle" style="height:1.5ex;" alt="" /></h5> + + <p>In the selection of generic characters, sufficiently important to + separate Ampullaria from Paludina, great difficulty at present exists; as + the fundamental principle on which they should be founded (the formation + of the animal) is entirely wanting. It is only known that these shells, + like the Paludinæ, are furnished with an operculum. The absence or + presence of this organ has been found of the first generic importance; + though the substance of which it is composed, as well as the form it + assumes, can be considered only as indicating specific distinctions. This + is proved from the fact, that among the Naticæ some have horny, and some + shelly, opercula: in Phasianella, this part is, in some species, almost + flat, in others remarkably convex; in <i>Turbo, Lam.</i> its form is even + more variable, and in the present genus a similar uncertainty exists. One + species alone has been positively described as having this part shelly, + while in two others the operculum is as certainly known to be horny; to + these last may be added a third, found by myself in the lakes of + Pernambuco in Brazil, but to which I have not immediate access. The + shells here figured were, however, received from the same place by Mrs. + Mawe, and, I think, are of the identical species. The spire is sometimes + worn, and the whole shell very thin.</p> + + <p>Several fossil shells of this genus are mentioned as existing in the + extinct volcanoes of Ronca, in bituminous marl near Pont St. Esprit, + &c. as quoted (on the authority of the illustrious Cuvier) by Mr. + Bowdich.</p> + + <p><br style="clear:both" /></p> +<hr class="full" /> + + <p><a name="Plate104"></a><span class="platenum"><i>Pl.</i> + 104</span></p> + + <div class="figcenter" style="width:35%;"> + <a href="images/v2_pl104.jpg"><img style="width:100%" src="images/v2_pl104.jpg" + alt="Plate 104." title="Plate 104." /></a> + </div> +<h5><span class="lg125"><span class="gesperrt">NATICA</span> punctata,</span></h5> + +<h5 class="lg125 mtm1"><i>Spotted Natica.</i></h5> + +<h5><img src="images/separator.png" class="middle" style="height:1.5ex;" alt="" /></h5> + +<h6><span class="sc">Generic Character.</span>—See <a href="#Plate75">Pl. 75.</a></h6> + +<hr class="plainsp"/> + +<h6><span class="sc">Specific Character.</span></h6> + +<blockquote class="b1s"> + + <p><i>N. testâ ovato-globosâ, crassâ, albâ, strigis undatis punctisque + castaneis ornatâ; umbilico magno, aperto, simplici; columellæ basi + obsoletâ.</i></p> + + <p>Shell ovate-globose, thick, white with waved stripes and minute + chesnut dots; umbilicus large, open, simple; base of the pillar + obsolete.</p> + + <p>Nerita punctata. <i>Martini</i> 11. <i>pl.</i> 197. <i>f.</i> 1903 + <i>and</i> 4. <i>Seba</i>, <i>pl.</i> 38. <i>f.</i> 33? <i>Gualt.</i> + <i>pl.</i> 67. <i>f.</i> <i>M. and T.</i> (<i>good.</i>)</p> + + <p>Gochet. <i>Adanson Sen.</i> <i>pl.</i> 13. <i>f.</i> 4.</p> + +</blockquote> + +<h5><img src="images/separator.png" class="middle" style="height:1.5ex;" alt="" /></h5> + + <p>The undulated brown lines in this shell, are sometimes broken into + three irregular bands of either lines or spots, between which are + numerous minute dots; in other varieties these dots are only round the + suture, and in some totally wanting. Its most constant character rests on + the umbilicus, which is rather large, very deep, and without any + appearance of the base of the pillar. The mouth is also more contracted + than usual. It is said by Adanson to be common on the coast of Senegal; + and this observing naturalist adds, that the operculum is testaceous, of + a pure white, and marked with numerous concentric grooves at the upper + angle.</p> + +<hr class="plain"/> + +<h5><span class="gesperrt">NATICA</span> effusa.</h5> + +<h5><img src="images/separator.png" class="middle" style="height:1.5ex;" alt="" /></h5> + +<blockquote class="b1s"> + + <p><i>N. testâ depressâ, albâ, maculis castaneis ornatâ; spirâ + brevissimâ; columellæ basi crassâ, planâ, ad labium interius sinu + annexâ.</i></p> + + <p>Shell depressed, white, with chesnut spots; spire very small; + umbilicus large, open, spreading; base of the pillar thick, flat, and + united to the inner lip by a sinus.</p> + +</blockquote> + +<h5><img src="images/separator.png" class="middle" style="height:1.5ex;" alt="" /></h5> + + <p>In form, and sometimes in colour, this shell bears a close resemblance + to the oval variety of N. mamilla (<i>Nerita mamilla Lin.</i>); but, the + umbilicus, instead of being entirely closed up, is remarkably open, very + deep, and the pillar forming an elevated ridge within; colour in the + shells of this genus is a very secondary, and, in many cases, a most + fallacious guide for the discrimination of the species; for this is + sometimes pure white, and I have specimens of <i>N. mamilla</i> entirely + orange. This is a rare shell, probably from India.</p> + + <p><br style="clear:both" /></p> +<hr class="full" /> + + <p><a name="Plate105"></a><span class="platenum"><i>Pl.</i> + 105</span></p> + + <div class="figcenter" style="width:34%;"> + <a href="images/v2_pl105.jpg"><img style="width:100%" src="images/v2_pl105.jpg" + alt="Plate 105." title="Plate 105." /></a> + </div> +<h5><span class="lg125"><span class="gesperrt">TROCHILUS</span> recurvirostris,</span></h5> + +<h5 class="lg125 mtm1"><i>Recurved-bill Humming Bird.</i></h5> + +<h5><img src="images/separator.png" class="middle" style="height:1.5ex;" alt="" /></h5> + +<h6><span class="sc">Generic Character.</span>—See <a href="#Plate82">Pl. 82.</a></h6> + +<hr class="plainsp"/> + +<h6><span class="sc">Specific Character.</span></h6> + +<blockquote class="b1s"> + + <p><i>T. aureo-viridis, jugulo smaragdino; pectore medio corporeque + nigris; rectricibus lateralibus subtùs topazinis; rostro recurvo.</i></p> + + <p>Golden green; throat shining emerald green; middle of the breast and + body black; lateral tail feathers beneath topazine; bill recurved.</p> + +</blockquote> + +<h5><img src="images/separator.png" class="middle" style="height:1.5ex;" alt="" /></h5> + + <p>The extraordinary formation in the bill of this beautiful little + creature, is without parallel in any land bird yet discovered, and + presents in miniature a striking resemblance to that of the Avoset. It is + almost impossible to conjecture rightly the use of this singular + formation; but it appears to me not very improbable, that the principal + sustenance of the bird may be drawn from the pendent <i>Bignoniæ</i>, and + other similar plants, so common in South America, whose corollæ are long, + and generally bent in their tube; the nectar, being at the bottom, could + not be reached either by a straight or incurved bill, though very easily + by one corresponding to the shape of the flower.</p> + + <p>The figure is the size of life. Bill black, depressed along the whole + length, but more especially at the tip, which is rounded, thin, obtuse, + and recurved in both mandibles; the under of which, towards the middle, + has a convex swelling, which gives the recurvature a stronger appearance. + All the upper plumage and body beneath golden-green; the throat, to the + breast, shining with scale-like feathers of a vivid emerald-green. From + the breast to the vent is a stripe of black down the middle; thighs + white; tail even, the two middle feathers dull greenish-blue, the rest + above obscure coppery-brown, but beneath of a rich shining topaz + colour.</p> + + <p>I believe this bird is <i>unique</i>; I purchased it at Mr. Bullock's + sale, and that gentleman received it from Peru. It presents so much of + the genuine habit of the <i>Trochili</i>, that I have retained it under + that genus; for, though the bill is differently formed, that exception + does not point out any important difference from the general economy of + those birds.</p> + + <p><br style="clear:both" /></p> +<hr class="full" /> + + <p><a name="Plate106"></a><span class="platenum"><i>Pl.</i> + 106</span></p> + + <div class="figcenter" style="width:37%;"> + <a href="images/v2_pl106.jpg"><img style="width:100%" src="images/v2_pl106.jpg" + alt="Plate 106." title="Plate 106." /></a> + </div> +<h5><span class="lg125"><span class="gesperrt">CURSORIUS</span> Temminckii,</span></h5> + +<h5 class="lg125 mtm1"><i>Black-bellied Courier.</i></h5> + +<h5><img src="images/separator.png" class="middle" style="height:1.5ex;" alt="" /></h5> + +<h6><span class="sc">Generic Character.</span></h6> + +<blockquote class="b1s"> + + <p><i>Rostrum mediocre, ad apicem compressum, mandibulis arcuatis, basi + depressâ, apice acuto, integro. Nares basales, ovatæ, aperturâ elongatâ, + laterali. Pedes longi, digitis tribus anticis omninò divisis, + interioribus brevissimis, ungue medio pectinato. Remigum penna prima + longissima.</i>—Typus Genericus <i>Cursorius Europæus</i>, + Lath.</p> + + <p>Bill as long as the head; both mandibles arched, and towards the end + compressed; base depressed, the tip acute and entire; nostrils basal, + oval, the aperture oblong and lateral; legs long, with three toes in + front entirely separated, the inner toes very short, the middle with the + claw serrated; wings with the first quill longest.—Generic Type + <i>Cream-coloured Plover</i> Latham.</p> + +</blockquote> + +<hr class="plain"/> + +<h6><span class="sc">Specific Character.</span></h6> + +<blockquote class="b1s"> + + <p><i>C. colore columbino; vertice pectoreque ferrugineis; torquibus + nuchalibus 2; torque inferiore, remigibus, abdomineque medio nigris; + torque superiore abdominisque lateribus albis.</i></p> + + <p>Cream-coloured brown; top of the head and breast ferruginous; nuchal + collar double; the lower, with the quills and middle of the body, black; + the upper, and the sides of the body, white.</p> + +</blockquote> + +<h5><img src="images/separator.png" class="middle" style="height:1.5ex;" alt="" /></h5> + + <p>Dr. Latham first instituted this genus, of which two species were then + known; M. Le Vaillant discovered another in Africa; and I am happy in now + adding a fourth from the same country, in the possession of Mr. + Leadbeater. No ornithologist has paid greater attention both to the + natural affinities, and to the illustration of the genera allied with + these birds, than Professor Temminck; and I therefore feel pleasure in + naming this bird in honour of that excellent ornithologist, from whom + whenever I have differed, it has been from the sole wish of eliciting + truth. Total length from the bill to the tail eight inches; bill one inch + from the gape, and half from the end of the nostrils; the colours of the + bird are best seen in the figure; the middle of the body, and the quill + feathers, deep black; legs three inches from the naked thigh to the tip + of the middle toe, the claw of which is serrated internally; tail round; + the middle feathers not spotted; the two next with a black dot near the + tip, which, in the next pair, is further broken into two white dots; the + outer pair white. These birds inhabit the arid tracts of Africa, at a + distance from the sea, and run amazingly swift. One species has + occasionally visited England.</p> + + <p><br style="clear:both" /></p> +<hr class="full" /> + + <p><a name="Plate107"></a><span class="platenum"><i>Pl.</i> + 107</span></p> + + <div class="figcenter" style="width:39%;"> + <a href="images/v2_pl107.jpg"><img style="width:100%" src="images/v2_pl107.jpg" + alt="Plate 107." title="Plate 107." /></a> + </div> +<h5><span class="lg125"><span class="gesperrt">TROCHILUS</span> ensipennis,</span></h5> + +<h5 class="lg125 mtm1"><i>Blue Sickle-winged Humming Bird.</i></h5> + +<h5><img src="images/separator.png" class="middle" style="height:1.5ex;" alt="" /></h5> + +<h6><span class="sc">Generic Character.</span>—See <a href="#Plate82">Pl. 82.</a></h6> + +<hr class="plainsp"/> + +<h6><span class="sc">Specific Character.</span></h6> + +<blockquote class="b1s"> + + <p><i>T. (div. curvirostræ) aureo-viridis, mento juguloque + cæruleo-violaceis; rectricibus paribus; alis falcatis, remigum primorum + scapis dilatato-compressis.</i></p> + + <p>Curved-bill Humming Bird, golden green; chin and fore part of the + throat violet-blue; tail even; wings falcated, greater quills with the + shafts dilated and compressed.</p> + +</blockquote> + +<h5><img src="images/separator.png" class="middle" style="height:1.5ex;" alt="" /></h5> + + <p>I have already offered some observations on the remarkable + construction in the wings of <i>T. falcatus</i>, figured at pl. 83; and + the bird now before us is another unrecorded species, possessing exactly + the same formation. I was at first inclined to believe this bird was the + male of the <i>T. latipennis</i>, (or <i>l'Oiseau Mouche à larges + tuyaux</i> of Buffon), from the under plumage in that species being + uniform grey, a common indication of the female Humming Birds; but a + further comparison of the two has proved this supposition to be + erroneous. They differ, not only in colour, but in their bills; in that + of <i>T. latipennis</i>, the curvature is so slight, that it may be + almost called straight; whereas in this, the curve is very apparent. I + have little doubt future observations will show, that these singular + quill-feathers, now known to exist in three species of this family, are + peculiar only to the male birds.</p> + + <p>This extremely rare bird is in my own collection, and is not + improbably <i>unique</i>; the figure is strictly of the natural size; the + plumage, above and below, is a uniform deep green, with a metallic + reflection; half way down, the throat is dark violet blue; tail even, and + very broad, the middle feathers obscure green, the next pair raven or + bluish-black, and the others white, with a black base.</p> + + <p>The progress which has been made towards ascertaining the geographic + distribution of animals, leaves no doubt that this bird is an inhabitant + of either the Continent or Islands of South America; but of what + particular country is unknown.</p> + + <p><br style="clear:both" /></p> +<hr class="full" /> + + <p><a name="Plate108"></a><span class="platenum"><i>Pl.</i> + 108</span></p> + + <div class="figcenter" style="width:38%;"> + <a href="images/v2_pl108.jpg"><img style="width:100%" src="images/v2_pl108.jpg" + alt="Plate 108." title="Plate 108." /></a> + </div> +<h5><span class="lg125"><span class="gesperrt">RAMPHASTOS</span> Dicolorus,</span></h5> + +<h5 class="lg125 mtm1"><i>Yellow-billed Toucan.</i></h5> + +<h5><img src="images/separator.png" class="middle" style="height:1.5ex;" alt="" /></h5> + +<h6><span class="sc">Generic Character.</span>—See Pl. 45.</h6> + +<hr class="plainsp"/> + +<h6><span class="sc">Specific Character.</span></h6> + +<blockquote class="b1s"> + + <p><i>R. niger, gulâ aureâ; fasciâ pectorali latâ tegminibusque rubris; + rostro viridi-flavo, basi fasciâ nigrâ transversâ ornatâ; mandibulæ + superioris margine laterali rubro; culmine plano.</i></p> + + <p>Black; throat golden-yellow; broad pectoral band and tail-covers red; + bill greenish-yellow, the base with a transverse black band, and the + lateral margins of the upper mandible red; the top flat.</p> + + <p>R. dicolorus. <i>Gm.</i> <i>p.</i> 356. <i>Lath. Ind. Orn.</i> + <i>p.</i> 135. 2. <i>Turton.</i> <i>vol.</i> i. 211.</p> + + <p>Yellow throated Toucan. <i>Lath. Syn.</i> 1. 325. <i>Turton.</i> 1. + 211. <i>Brisson. Orn.</i> 4. <i>p.</i> 411. <i>pl.</i> 31. <i>f.</i> 1. + <i>Buffon Pl. Enl.</i> 269.</p> + + <p>Le petit Toucan à ventre rouge. <i>Vaill. H. N. des Toucans</i>, + <i>pl.</i> 8. (<i>optimè</i>).</p> + +</blockquote> + +<h5><img src="images/separator.png" class="middle" style="height:1.5ex;" alt="" /></h5> + + <p>This is the smallest species of the genuine Toucans yet known, + inhabiting, though sparingly, the northern and southern extremities of + tropical America. It is a species which seems to have been well + understood by Linnæus and the older ornithologists, though none of them + have described the form or peculiarities of the bill; it is probably + owing to this omission, that Dr. Shaw has created an imaginary species in + <i>General Zoology</i>, under the name of <i>R. pectoralis</i>; + compounded of the descriptions he gathered of this bird, and the Linnæan + <i>R. tucanus</i>. Dr. Latham's description is also inaccurate; nor is it + improved in the new edition of his Synopsis, probably from not having + himself seen the bird. Of the figures, there is a masterly delineation by + Barraband, in Le Vaillant's work, but those of Buffon and Brisson are not + to be trusted.</p> + + <p>Total length about sixteen inches: bill three and a half; it is + shorter and much thicker along the back, than that of any other species; + this part also is broad, and quite flat; the serratures of the margin + small, and the upper mandible only edged with a line of red; the sides + are compressed, and the colours greenish-yellow; the orbits chesnut-red, + and the feet (as in all the Toucans when fresh) delicate fine blue.</p> + + <p>Dr. Langsdorff favoured me with a specimen of this rare bird, shot by + himself in Southern Brazil; the sexes have been dissected by that able + naturalist, but to which the one here figured belongs, I am + unacquainted.</p> + + <p><br style="clear:both" /></p> +<hr class="full" /> + + <p><a name="Plate109"></a><span class="platenum"><i>Pl.</i> + 109</span></p> + + <div class="figcenter" style="width:36%;"> + <a href="images/v2_pl109.jpg"><img style="width:100%" src="images/v2_pl109.jpg" + alt="Plate 109." title="Plate 109." /></a> + </div> +<h5><span class="lg125"><span class="gesperrt">PAPILIO</span> Harrisianus.</span></h5> + +<h5><img src="images/separator.png" class="middle" style="height:1.5ex;" alt="" /></h5> + +<h6><span class="sc">Generic Character.</span>—See <a href="#Plate92">Pl. 92.</a></h6> + +<hr class="plainsp"/> + +<h6><span class="sc">Specific Character.</span></h6> + +<blockquote class="b1s"> + + <p><i>P. (Troj. caud.) Alis atris, subtùs maculis basalibus coccineis + notatis, anticis suprà maculo coccineo basali fasciâque albâ, posticis + obtusè caudatis fasciâ marginali maculis coccineis sex insigni, fasciâque + mediâ albâ ornatis.</i></p> + + <p>Pap. (Troj. caud.) Wings black; anterior above with a red basal spot + and white band; posterior obtusely tailed, with a marginal band of six + crimson spots, and central white spot.</p> + +</blockquote> + +<h5><img src="images/separator.png" class="middle" style="height:1.5ex;" alt="" /></h5> + + <p>I can find neither figure nor description of this very rare Papilio. + It does not accord with any contained in MM. Latreille's and Godart's + recent monograph of the genus. It was purchased at the sale of the late + Mr. Francillon's cabinet, by N. A. Vigors, Esq., whose valuable + collections in every branch of Zoology are always open to the scientific + inquirer. It is nearly allied to Pap. <i>Tros</i>, <i>Agavus</i>, + <i>Ascarius</i>, and <i>Lysithoüs</i> (Godart), particularly to the + latter; yet it is obviously distinct from either. These affinities lead + me to think that it is a South American insect. The figures will render + any addition to the specific character unnecessary.</p> + + <p>I have named this insect to commemorate a most assiduous and observing + entomologist of the last age, Moses Harris, whose memory will be long + cherished by our Aurelians, and to whom the scientific are indebted for + the very accurate and excellent figures contained both in his own works, + and in those of Drury; indeed, he appears the only English artist who has + faithfully represented the short and nearly concealed <i>palpi</i> + peculiar to this genus. The son of this excellent artist<a name="NtA_1" + href="#Nt_1"><sup>[1]</sup></a>, still follows the profession of his + father, and, inheriting his abilities, deserves every encouragement that + the small circle of English entomologists, as well as others, can give + him.</p> + + <p><br style="clear:both" /></p> +<hr class="full" /> + + <p><a name="Plate110"></a><span class="platenum"><i>Pl.</i> + 110</span></p> + + <div class="figcenter" style="width:30%;"> + <a href="images/v2_pl110.jpg"><img style="width:100%" src="images/v2_pl110.jpg" + alt="Plate 110." title="Plate 110." /></a> + </div> +<h5><span class="lg125"><span class="gesperrt">CONUS</span> cinctus,</span></h5> + +<h5 class="lg125 mtm1"><i>Purple tipped Admiral Cone.</i></h5> + +<h5><img src="images/separator.png" class="middle" style="height:1.5ex;" alt="" /></h5> + +<h6><span class="sc">Generic Character.</span>—See Pl. 65.</h6> + +<hr class="plainsp"/> + +<h6><span class="sc">Specific Character.</span></h6> + +<blockquote class="b1s"> + + <p><i>C. testâ suprà carinatâ, fulvâ, fasciis duobus albidis ornatâ; + spiræ brevis, maculatæ, basi depressâ, anfractibus concavis sulcis duobus + insculptis, suturâ alveatâ; basi granosâ, purpureâ.</i></p> + + <p>Shell above carinated, fulvous, with two whitish bands; spire short, + spotted, the base depressed; the whorls concave with two depressed lines; + suture channelled; base granulated, purple.</p> + +</blockquote> + +<h5><img src="images/separator.png" class="middle" style="height:1.5ex;" alt="" /></h5> + + <p>This is a very beautiful, and, at the same time, very rare shell; it + formerly belonged to Mrs. Angus, at whose sale it passed into the cabinet + of Mr. Dubois. Its general appearance resembles very much that of <i>C. + Maldivus Lam.</i> known to our collectors by the name of the Spanish + Admiral: the spire will, however, at once distinguish it; each volution + is strongly concave in the middle, in which part are two or three + delicate indented lines, very near each other, and following the + volutions; the suture also is sufficiently open to be termed channelled; + the spire is quite flattened at the base, (forming a sharp ridge round + the top of the body whorl), and only prominent near the tip. In the + Spanish Admiral Cone, the spire is quite smooth, the whorls being flat, + and in all the specimens I have seen, (and they are many), the suture is + quite closed up, though Lamarck (probably mistaking the present shell) + says, "spirâ canaliculatâ;" the base, moreover, is narrowed, smooth, and + black; not gibbous, granulated, (or striated,) and purple, as in this + shell.</p> + + <p>A variety in my own cabinet presents some differences; the base is but + slightly granulated, and the tip not purple; these are, however, + subordinate characters, and constitute it only a variety.</p> + + <p>I shall take an early opportunity of pointing out the differences + between <i>C. generalis</i> and <i>Maldivus</i>, two shells even more + likely to be mistaken for each other than those above-mentioned.</p> + + <p><br style="clear:both" /></p> +<hr class="full" /> + + <p><a name="Plate111"></a><span class="platenum"><i>Pl.</i> + 111</span></p> + + <div class="figcenter" style="width:23%;"> + <a href="images/v2_pl111.jpg"><img style="width:100%" src="images/v2_pl111.jpg" + alt="Plate 111." title="Plate 111." /></a> + </div> +<h5><span class="lg125"><span class="gesperrt">CYPRÆA</span> tessellata,</span></h5> + +<h5 class="lg125 mtm1"><i>Mosaic Cowry.</i></h5> + +<h5><img src="images/separator.png" class="middle" style="height:1.5ex;" alt="" /></h5> + +<h6><span class="sc">Generic Character.</span></h6> + +<blockquote class="b1s"> + + <p>"<i>Testa lævigata, ovata, convexa, marginibus involutis, apertura + longitudinalis, angustata, utrinque dentata, ad extremitates effusa. + Spira minima, obtecta.</i>"—<span class="sc">Lam.</span> Ann. du + Mus. vol. 16. p. 443.</p> + + <p><i>Animal marinum (Pectinibranchi). Penula dilatata, testam omnino + obtegens. Tentacula depressa, subulata. Oculi juxta tentaculorum basin + externam adsiti.</i>—<span class="sc">Adanson</span>, H. N. du + Senegal.</p> + + <p>Shell smooth, oval, convex, the margins turned inward; aperture + longitudinal, narrow, toothed on both sides, the extremities effuse. + Spire minute, concealed.—<i>Lamarck.</i></p> + + <p>Animal marine; mantle dilated and folding over the whole shell. + Tentacula depressed, subulate, at the external base of which are the + eyes.—<i>Adanson.</i></p> + +</blockquote> + +<hr class="plain"/> + +<h6><span class="sc">Specific Character.</span></h6> + +<blockquote class="b1s"> + + <p><i>C. testâ obtusâ, gibbâ, aurantiacâ, ad latera tesseris albis + fuscisque alternis tessellata.</i></p> + + <p>Shell obtuse, gibbous, orange, the sides with alternate tessellated + spots of white and brown.</p> + +</blockquote> + +<h5><img src="images/separator.png" class="middle" style="height:1.5ex;" alt="" /></h5> + + <p>Amidst all the changes in systematic arrangement which Conchology has, + of late years, undergone, the <i>Cyprææ</i> remain untouched; indeed, + they present such a uniformity of character, that the most superficial + observer cannot mistake them. A few species of Ovula, however, bear a + strong resemblance to the genus, but may be known from not having teeth + on each side the mouth. The Cowries are without exception the most + beautiful of all shells, whether the richness and harmony of their + colours, or the exquisite polish of their exterior, is considered; but + (like many other things of more consequence) their beauty is depreciated + by their frequency. The indefatigable Lamarck has described sixty-six + species, only one of which inhabits the European seas. Adanson has + furnished a minute account of the structure of the animal, and Bruguiere + has given long and interesting details of its economy.</p> + + <p>Mrs. Mawe is in possession of this very beautiful little shell; a + string of them were presented her as coming from New Zealand: that which + formed the centre was the only perfect specimen, and from that the + figures were taken.</p> + + <p><br style="clear:both" /></p> +<hr class="full" /> + + <p><a name="Plate112"></a><span class="platenum"><i>Pl.</i> + 112</span></p> + + <div class="figcenter" style="width:31%;"> + <a href="images/v2_pl112.jpg"><img style="width:100%" src="images/v2_pl112.jpg" + alt="Plate 112." title="Plate 112." /></a> + </div> +<h5><span class="lg125"><span class="gesperrt">CONUS</span> carinatus,</span></h5> + +<h5 class="lg125 mtm1"><i>Carinated Cone.</i></h5> + +<h5><img src="images/separator.png" class="middle" style="height:1.5ex;" alt="" /></h5> + +<h6><span class="sc">Generic Character.</span>—See Pl. 65.</h6> + +<hr class="plainsp"/> + +<h6><span class="sc">Specific Character.</span></h6> + +<blockquote class="b1s"> + + <p><i>C. testâ sub-cylindraceâ, carinatâ, fulvâ; spiræ depressæ, concavæ, + maculatæ, apice acuto, anfractibus valdè concavis, striis numerosis + subgranosis insculptis; basi obtusâ, striatâ, cingulo gibbo + circumdatâ</i>.</p> + + <p>Shell nearly cylindrical, carinated, fulvous; spire depressed, + concave, spotted, tip acute, the whorls very concave, with numerous + subgranulated striæ; base obtuse, striated, with a gibbous belt.</p> + +</blockquote> + +<h5><img src="images/separator.png" class="middle" style="height:1.5ex;" alt="" /></h5> + + <p>Another rare and remarkable shell of this numerous genus, from the + same collection as the Cone last described. I believe it to be hitherto + unfigured, and unknown to any writer; for I cannot reconcile it with any + of Lamarck's descriptions of species not yet represented.</p> + + <p>I know of no other specimen than the very fine one in Mr. Dubois' + cabinet. The shell is heavy; the body whorl contracted at the upper part, + where the margin is sharply carinated; the spire much depressed and + concave; each volution is also concave, and has from three to four fine + grooves, which occupy its full extent, and which appear minutely + granulated; but this is only caused by the longitudinal lines of growth: + the tip of the spire acute; the base is wider in circumference than + usual, with a gibbous belt marked by elevated striæ, in other respects + the shell is smooth; the base of the aperture is effuse, the bands on the + body whorl pale and not well defined, and the spire slightly spotted. It + is doubtless an inhabitant of the Asiatic ocean.</p> + + <p><br style="clear:both" /></p> +<hr class="full" /> + + <p><a name="Plate113"></a><span class="platenum"><i>Pl.</i> + 113</span></p> + + <div class="figcenter" style="width:26%;"> + <a href="images/v2_pl113.jpg"><img style="width:100%" src="images/v2_pl113.jpg" + alt="Plate 113." title="Plate 113." /></a> + </div> +<h5><span class="lg125"><span class="gesperrt">MITRA</span> pertusa. var.</span></h5> + +<h5><span class="lg125 mtm1"><i>Cardinal Mitre</i></span>—<i>large spotted variety</i>.</h5> + +<h5><img src="images/separator.png" class="middle" style="height:1.5ex;" alt="" /></h5> + +<h6><span class="sc">Generic Character.</span>—See Pl. 23.</h6> + +<hr class="plainsp"/> + +<h6><span class="sc">Specific Character.</span></h6> + +<blockquote class="b1s"> + + <p><i>M. sect. 3. Testâ ovato-acutâ, albâ; striis transversis + puncticulatis ornatâ, anfractu basali crasso, tesseris parvis plurimis + spadiceis vittato, tesserisque majoribus bifasciato; labio exteriore + denticulato.</i></p> + + <p>M. Shell ovate-acute, white, with transverse punctured striæ; the + basal whorl thick, with numerous bands consisting of small, and two of + large tessellated spots; outer lip toothed.</p> + +</blockquote> + +<h5><img src="images/separator.png" class="middle" style="height:1.5ex;" alt="" /></h5> + + <p>Much uncertainty exists respecting the shell which Linnæus intended + for his <i>Voluta pertusa</i>, owing to the inaccuracy of the synonyms, + which refer to species widely different from each other; the majority of + authors have, however, considered it to be the shell figured by Born and + Martini, under that name, and recently by myself in <i>Exotic + Conchology</i>. As a species, it is principally distinguished by the rows + of irregular brown spots which are always disposed in transverse bands, + running into larger blotches adjoining the suture, and near the base of + the body whorl, which is thick and obtuse; the lesser spots are mostly + tessellated or quadrangular, but in size they vary considerably in + different individuals, and even in the same shell; this has induced + Lamarck to separate them into two species, but which, for reasons to be + hereafter given, appears to me unnecessary.</p> + + <p>The variety here figured is very rare, nor have I seen more than two + examples; it differs only from the usual varieties in having the spots + remarkably large. In a future plate this species will be further + illustrated, and the correct synonyms of all the varieties then given. + Inhabits various parts of the Asiatic ocean.</p> + + <p><br style="clear:both" /></p> +<hr class="full" /> + + <p><a name="Plate114"></a><span class="platenum"><i>Pl.</i> + 114</span></p> + + <div class="figcenter" style="width:28%;"> + <a href="images/v2_pl114.jpg"><img style="width:100%" src="images/v2_pl114.jpg" + alt="Plate 114." title="Plate 114." /></a> + </div> +<h5><span class="lg125"><span class="gesperrt">CONUS</span> pulchellus,</span></h5> + +<h5 class="lg125 mtm1"><i>Orange Admiral Cone.</i></h5> + +<h5><img src="images/separator.png" class="middle" style="height:1.5ex;" alt="" /></h5> + +<h6><span class="sc">Generic Character.</span>—See Pl. 65.</h6> + +<hr class="plainsp"/> + +<h6><span class="sc">Specific Character.</span></h6> + +<blockquote class="b1s"> + + <p><i>C. testâ aurantiacâ, fasciis albis interruptis ornatâ; spiræ + subdepressæ, anfractibus suturam juxta simpliciter sulcatis; suturâ + alveatâ; basi granosâ, purpureâ.</i></p> + + <p>Shell orange, with two interrupted white bands; spire slightly + depressed, the volutions with a single groove near the margin; suture + channelled; base granulated and purple.</p> + +</blockquote> + +<h5><img src="images/separator.png" class="middle" style="height:1.5ex;" alt="" /></h5> + + <p>I cannot find this very beautiful shell enumerated among the new and + unfigured species known to Lamarck; and the representations given by the + oldest conchologists of this intricate family, are too inaccurate to be + cited without much risk.</p> + + <p>In form it approaches nearest to <i>Conus vitulinus</i> of Bruguiere, + having the spire not quite depressed, each volution being slightly raised + above the last, gradually to the apex; the upper margin of the body whorl + is convex: each volution of the spire has a broad and deep groove nearest + the upper edge, which thus becomes elevated, while the convexity of the + lower part of the whorl forms a channel round the suture, which separates + it from the next; this formation of the spire is very remarkable, and + unlike what I have seen in any other Cone. Another distinguishing + character is, that the whole shell is crossed by very faint, broad, and + almost imperceptible punctured lines, very near each other; in some parts + discernible with the naked eye, in others almost obliterated by the + longitudinal lines of growth: the granulations towards the base are very + sharp and nearly white, and the base itself crossed with rough, + thick-set, elevated striæ. No doubt the colour of this species will be + found to vary, when more specimens are discovered. The only one I have + ever seen, came with some other very rare shells from Amboyna, and is in + my own collection.</p> + + <p>If the descriptions of <i>C. canaliculatus</i> (Malacanus Brug.) be + correct, (for it is a shell I have not seen), it must be quite + distinct.</p> + + <p><br style="clear:both" /></p> +<hr class="full" /> + + <p><a name="Plate115"></a><span class="platenum"><i>Pl.</i> + 115</span></p> + + <div class="figcenter" style="width:34%;"> + <a href="images/v2_pl115.jpg"><img style="width:100%" src="images/v2_pl115.jpg" + alt="Plate 115." title="Plate 115." /></a> + </div> +<h5><span class="lg125"><span class="gesperrt">PLATYRHYNCHUS</span> cancromus. fem.</span></h5> + +<h5 class="lg125 mtm1"><i>Short-tailed Flatbill.</i></h5> + +<h5><img src="images/separator.png" class="middle" style="height:1.5ex;" alt="" /></h5> + +<h6><span class="sc">Generic Character.</span></h6> + +<blockquote class="b1s"> + + <p><i>Platyrhinchos</i>, Temminck. <i>Sw. Zool. Ill.</i> (div. I.) Vol. + i. pl. 13.</p> + + <p><i>Rostrum tenue, breve, valdè depressum, frontis latitudinem + superans, mandibulæ superioris abruptè aduncæ, et ad apicem emarginatæ, + marginibus dilatatis, et inferioris margines superplicantibus. Nares + medii, basi membranâ pennis minutis instructâ obtectâ, aperturâ parvâ, + rotundâ, terminali, tantùm non nudâ. Rictus ampli, ad mandibulæ + superioris basin vibrissis rigidis armati. Pedes sedentes, graciles, + digitis lateralibus imparibus, digito exteriore ad medii digiti articulum + primum annexo, halluce valido.</i></p> + + <p>Bill thin, short, very much depressed, broader than the front of the + head; the upper mandible abruptly hooked and notched at the tip; the + margins dilated, and folding over those of the under mandible; nostrils + central, the base covered with a membrane having minute feathers, the + aperture small, round, terminal, and nearly naked; mouth large, armed + above with stiff bristles; feet sitting, slender; lateral toes unequal, + exterior united to the middle as far as the first joint; hinder claw + strongest.</p> + +</blockquote> + +<hr class="plain"/> + +<h6><span class="sc">Specific Character.</span></h6> + +<blockquote class="b1s"> + + <p><i>P. (fem.) suprà olivaceo-fuscus, infrâ pallidè fulvus; jugulo albo; + genis pennisque spuriis nigris; strigâ ante et pone oculum, maculoque + auriculari albentibus.</i></p> + + <p>(Female) above olive-brown; beneath pale fulvous; throat white; ears + and spurious quills black; stripe before and behind the eye, and spot on + the ears whitish.</p> + + <p>Platyrhinchos cancromus. (male?) <i>Temminck</i> and <i>Laugier</i>. + <i>Pl. Col.</i> <i>Pl.</i> 12. <i>f.</i> 2.</p> + +</blockquote> + +<h5><img src="images/separator.png" class="middle" style="height:1.5ex;" alt="" /></h5> + + <p>The remarkable breadth of the bill, and the extreme shortness of the + tail, in this bird, render it a very singular little creature. Though a + native of Brazil, I never met with it during my travels in that country; + and the only specimen I have yet seen belongs to Mr. Leadbeater. The + figure of <i>P. cancromus</i> of Professor Temminck, differing only from + this bird in having a yellow crest, leads me to believe they are sexes of + the same species; this being the female bird. The tail in the male + appears to be somewhat longer, but this may be an error of delineation, + and the description has not yet been published.</p> + + <p>The figure is of the natural size, and below is an outline of the bill + and nostrils; these latter are depressed, and the base covered with + thickset feathers; the aperture is naked, round, and piercing the + membrane in a lateral direction, midway between the ridge and margin of + the bill, and at the end of the nasal membrane. The plumage above fulvous + brown: darker, and tinged with reddish on the margin of the quills and + tips of the wing covers: spurious quills and stripe beneath the eyes + black: the upper part of the ears are also black, the lower half whitish + yellow; chin and throat whitish; breast and body beneath pale fulvous + brown; tail remarkably short, and not projecting beyond the wings; upper + mandible black, lower white.</p> + + <p>Since the publication of the remarks on this genus at Plate 14, a + further consideration of the subject induces me to adopt the opinion of + Professor Temminck, in placing the <i>Todus Platyrhynchos</i>, Gm., and + its allies, under a distinct genus; or, in other words, of detaching from + this group the second division annexed to my former definition of this + genus. Still, however, the close affinities I have there pointed out, + render the generic situation of several of these birds very doubtful; + because the transition from one to the other is so gradual that even the + most accurate set of generic characters, founded on the bill, will not + clearly define the limits between the <span class="correction" title="Added by Addenda et Corrigenda" + >genera</span> <i>Platyrhynchus</i> and <i>Muscipeta</i>. Their anatomy + might do so, but on this subject we are quite ignorant.</p> + + <p>I can gather nothing from the characters which Dr. Horsfield has given + in the Linnæan Transactions of his new genus <i>Eurylaimos</i>; which + does not perfectly agree with those of <i>Platyrhynchus</i>. It appears + to have precisely the same formation of bill, nostrils, legs, &c. as + <i>P. cancromus</i>, but in a higher state of development; thus + strengthening the opinion I have above expressed.</p> + + <p><br style="clear:both" /></p> +<hr class="full" /> + + <p><a name="Plate116"></a><span class="platenum"><i>Pl.</i> + 116</span></p> + + <div class="figcenter" style="width:39%;"> + <a href="images/v2_pl116.jpg"><img style="width:100%" src="images/v2_pl116.jpg" + alt="Plate 116." title="Plate 116." /></a> + </div> +<h5><span class="lg125"><span class="gesperrt">MUSCIPETA</span> barbata,</span></h5> + +<h5 class="lg125 mtm1"><i>Whiskered Flycatcher.</i></h5> + +<h5><img src="images/separator.png" class="middle" style="height:1.5ex;" alt="" /></h5> + +<h6><span class="sc">Generic Character.</span></h6> + +<blockquote class="b1s"> + + <p><i>Rostrum latum, valdè depressum, lateribus aliquando dilatatis, + culmine prominente, mandibulæ superioris apice adunco, plerumque + emarginato, marginibus mandibulæ planæ inferioris margines + superplicantibus. Nares basales, membranâ obtectæ, aperturâ terminali, + ovatâ, vibrissis longis armatâ.</i></p> + + <p><i>Ob. Pedes mediocres vel breves, digito exteriore ad medii articulum + secundum annexo, interiore et medio ad basin modò annexis.</i></p> + + <p>Bill broad, much depressed, the sides sometimes dilated, ridge + prominent; tip of the upper mandible hooked, and mostly notched, the + margins folding over those of the under mandible, which is flat; nostrils + at the base of the bill covered by a membrane; the aperture terminal, + oval, and defended by long stiff bristles.</p> + + <p>Ob. Feet moderate or short; the external toe united to the middle as + far as the second joint, the inner and middle toes united only at their + base.</p> + + <p>Generic Types (<i>Tem.</i>) Todus plumbeus, Muscicapa borbonica, + Flabellifera, &c.</p> + +</blockquote> + +<hr class="plain"/> + +<h6><span class="sc">Specific Character.</span></h6> + +<blockquote class="b1s"> + + <p><i>M. Supra olivacea, subtus fulva, aureâ cristâ (maribus) insignis; + jugulo albido; uropygio pallidè flavo; caudâ nigrâ.</i></p> + + <p>Above olivaceous, beneath fulvous, (male,) with a golden yellow crest; + throat whitish; rump pale yellow; tail black.</p> + + <p>Muscicapa barbata. <i>Gmelin.</i> i. 933. <i>Lath. In. Orn.</i> 2, + <i>p.</i> 488. <i>n.</i> 86. <i>mas.</i></p> + + <p>Whiskered Flycatcher (male). <i>Lath. Syn.</i> 364.</p> + +</blockquote> + +<h5><img src="images/separator.png" class="middle" style="height:1.5ex;" alt="" /></h5> + + <p>I once shot a pair of these little birds in the forest of Pitanga, + about twenty leagues west of Bahia: this is the only instance which I + know of their having been found in Brazil. The same bird appears, + however, more frequent in Cayenne, according to the older ornithologists. + But whether the bird described by them as the female be really such, + admits of great doubt, because Dr. Latham (probably on the authority of + Buffon) describes it as having a smaller bill, and a few short hairs, + instead of long bristles, at the base; the crown with a spot of yellow, a + longer tail, &c. None of these are, in general, sexual distinctions, + and, moreover, are at complete variance with the female here figured. The + sexes I ascertained by dissection. It follows, therefore, that either the + bird found in Cayenne is a distinct species, or that the bird described + as its female is not such in reality. This latter supposition I apprehend + is nearest the truth.</p> + + <p>The figures are of the natural size, the upper representing the + female, and the lower the male bird: the head of the former is entirely + destitute of the crest which distinguishes the latter; in every other + respect the resemblance is uniform. This crest, when not erected, is + concealed, being nearly covered by the olive feathers around it. When + erected, however, it discloses a stripe down the middle of the head of + deep straw-coloured feathers, some of which are tipped with olive. The + upper mandible of the bill is triangular, and much hooked, notched, and + depressed; the colour is black, the perforations of the nostrils are + rather large, and would be naked, were they not partially covered by + numerous stiff bristles, which spring from the base of the bill and angle + of the mouth; between the eye and bill a pale stripe. The plumage above + is dull olive green, with a broad band of very pale yellow across the + rump. Wings and their covers brown; tail and upper covers blackish; + beneath, the plumage is yellowish, the chin almost white, and the breast + and vent tinged with ferruginous; the two first quill feathers are + progressively shorter than the third and fourth, which are equal, and + longer than the others. Legs and claws short, slender, and pale.</p> + + <p>This bird would obviously belong to the second division which I had + proposed in my former remarks on <i>Platyrhynchus</i>, and it is in every + respect allied to <i>P. Ceylonensis</i>, <i>Pl.</i> 13. My reasons for + disturbing this previous arrangement have been already given; and, until + a complete investigation is made of the immense genus of Flycatchers, I + concur with M. Temminck in the distribution which he has proposed; viz. + the arrangement of the European species under the old genus of + <i>Muscicapa</i>, and of the exotic under that of <i>Muscipeta</i>; the + characters of which, however, are very imperfect: they are, indeed, at + variance with this bird, which has the outer and middle toe connected + only to the <i>first</i> joint, and the inner toe cleft to the base.</p> + + <p><br style="clear:both" /></p> +<hr class="full" /> + + <p><a name="Plate117"></a><span class="platenum"><i>Pl.</i> + 117</span></p> + + <div class="figcenter" style="width:37%;"> + <a href="images/v2_pl117.jpg"><img style="width:100%" src="images/v2_pl117.jpg" + alt="Plate 117." title="Plate 117." /></a> + </div> +<h5><span class="lg125"><span class="gesperrt">NECTARINIA</span> cyanocephala,</span></h5> + +<h5 class="lg125 mtm1"><i>Blue-headed Nectarinia.</i></h5> + +<h5><img src="images/separator.png" class="middle" style="height:1.5ex;" alt="" /></h5> + +<h6><span class="sc">Generic Character.</span></h6> + +<blockquote class="b1s"> + + <p>Nectarinia. <i>Illiger.</i> <i>Cuvier.</i> Cæreba <i>Brisson</i>. + <i>Temminck.</i> Certhia. Motacilla <i>Linn.</i></p> + + <p><i>Rostrum longius, gracile, acutum, sub-arcuatum, basi crassâ, <span + class="correction" title="Original reads 'lata', see Addenda et Corrigenda" + >latâ</span>, trigonâ, lateribus compressis, mandibulâ superiore apicem + juxta leviter emarginatâ. Nares basales, ovatæ, breves, membranâ nudâ, in + medio ovatè fissâ tectæ. Lingua longa, bifida, apice fibroso, haud + extensibilis. Remigum pennæ primæ tres vix pares. Cauda mediocris, + emarginata, rectricibus 12, sub-paribus.</i></p> + + <p>Bill slender, acute, slightly curved, of variable length, base thick, + broad, trigonal, the sides compressed; upper mandible near the tip + slightly notched; nostrils basal, oval, short, covered by a naked + membrane, in the middle of which is an oval aperture; tongue long, bifid, + not extensible, the tip fibrous; the three first quills of nearly equal + length, and longer than the rest; tail moderate, emarginate, of 12 nearly + equal feathers.</p> + + <p>Generic Types, Div. 1. <i>Certhia cyanea, cayana.</i> Div. 2. + <i>Certhia spiza, &c.</i> Linn.</p> + +</blockquote> + +<hr class="plain"/> + +<h6><span class="sc">Specific Character.</span></h6> + +<blockquote class="b1s"> + + <p><i>N. (mas.) cyanea; jugulo, dorso, caudâ alisque nigris, remigibus + margine cyaneo ornatis. (Fem.) Viridis; capite, genis scapulisque + cærulescentibus; jugulo cano.</i></p> + + <p>(Male.) Changeable blue; throat, back, tail, and wings black; the + quills edged with blue. Female green; head, cheeks, and scapulars bluish; + throat grey.</p> + +</blockquote> + +<h6><i>Male.</i></h6> + +<blockquote class="b1s"> + + <p>Motacilla cayana. <i>Linn. Gmelin</i>, 1. 990.</p> + + <p>Sylvia cayana. <i>Lath. In. Orn.</i> 2. 545. <i>Gen. Zool.</i> 10. + 655.</p> + + <p>Pepit bleu de Cayenne? <i>Brisson, Ois.</i> <i>vol.</i> 3. <i>pl.</i> + 28. 1.</p> + + <p>Cayenne Warbler. <i>Lath. Syn.</i> 4. 502. <i>Gen. Zool.</i> 10. + 655.</p> + + <p>Sylvia Cayenensis cærulea. <i>Brisson, Orn.</i> 1. <i>p.</i> 455.</p> + +</blockquote> + +<h6><i>Female.</i></h6> + +<blockquote class="b1s"> + + <p>Motacilla cyanocephala. <i>Gmelin</i>, 1. 990.</p> + + <p>Sylvia cyanocephala. <i>Lath. In. Orn.</i> 2. 546. <i>Gen. Zool.</i> + 10. 684.</p> + + <p>Sylvia viridis. <i>Brisson, Orn.</i> 1. <i>p.</i> 455.</p> + + <p>Le Pepit verd. <i>Brisson, Ois.</i> 3. <i>pl.</i> 28. <i>f.</i> 4.</p> + + <p>Blue-headed Warbler. <i>Lath. Syn.</i> 4. <i>p.</i> 503.</p> + + <p>Blue-headed Creeper? <i>Lath. Syn.</i> 2. <i>p.</i> 727.</p> + +</blockquote> + +<h5><img src="images/separator.png" class="middle" style="height:1.5ex;" alt="" /></h5> + + <p>Few birds require more illustration than this very beautiful though + common species; described by most ornithological writers, but hitherto so + little understood, that the two sexes stand as distinct species in a + family of birds to which they have, in reality, no natural affinity. + According to the Linnæan system it should have been rather placed with + the Creepers than the Warblers; an error which has been continued by + every subsequent writer, even by Professor Temminck, whose skilful and + accurate perception of natural affinities is, in general, so remarkably + correct.</p> + + <p>That these two birds, however dissimilar in colour, are the sexes only + of one species, repeated dissections in their native country have put + beyond all doubt; and that it is a genuine <i>Nectarinia</i> (or + <i>Cæreba</i> of Temminck) will appear from submitting it to a rigorous + comparison with the characters the Professor himself has laid down for + that genus.</p> + + <p>Its habits are no less perfectly the same as the rest of the + <i>Nectariniæ</i>; it is one of the commonest birds of Brazil, and + appears spread over the whole extent of that country. It frequents the + same trees as the Humming-birds, hopping from flower to flower, and + extracting the nectar from each; but this is not done on the wing, + because its formation is obviously different from the Humming-birds, + which, on the contrary, poise themselves in the air during feeding. The + shortness of the bill has evidently given rise to this bird being placed + with the Warblers; but this organ is not shorter in proportion than it is + in <i>Nectarinia spiza</i>, (<i>Certhia spiza</i> of Latham).</p> + + <p>I am unacquainted with the other varieties of this species mentioned + by authors. Of the bird here described, I have never seen any variety, + either in Brazil or in our museums. The young males, as usual before + moulting, have the colours of the female; one of them, in an intermediate + state, is in my possession. As both the figures are of the size of life, + and accurately coloured, a fuller description is unnecessary. The rich + sky-blue of the male, in some lights, becomes greenish, and in others + dark blue. The bill, like that of all the genuine <i>Nectariniæ</i>, is + slightly notched a little way from the tip, and the base is much broader + than high.</p> + + <p><br style="clear:both" /></p> +<hr class="full" /> + + <p><a name="Plate118"></a><span class="platenum"><i>Pl.</i> + 118</span></p> + + <div class="figcenter" style="width:34%;"> + <a href="images/v2_pl118.jpg"><img style="width:100%" src="images/v2_pl118.jpg" + alt="Plate 118." title="Plate 118." /></a> + </div> +<h5><span class="lg125"><span class="gesperrt">CONUS</span> Generalis,</span></h5> + +<h5 class="lg125 mtm1"><i>Flambeau Cone.</i></h5> + +<h5><img src="images/separator.png" class="middle" style="height:1.5ex;" alt="" /></h5> + +<h6><span class="sc">Generic Character.</span>—See Pl. 65.</h6> + +<hr class="plainsp"/> + +<h6><span class="sc">Specific Character.</span></h6> + +<blockquote class="b1s"> + + <p><i>C. testâ gracili, fuscâ, fasciis albidis strigis undatis + longitudinalibus interruptis ornatâ; spiræ productæ apice acuto, + anfractibus concavis, lævibus; basi nigrâ.</i></p> + + <p>Shell slender, brown, with white bands, interrupted by longitudinal + stripes; spire produced, the tip acute, whorls concave, smooth; base + black.</p> + + <p>Conus Generalis. <i>Gmelin</i>, <i>p.</i> 33. 75. <i>var. a.</i> + <i>Dillwyn</i>, 359. <i>var. a.</i> <i>Martini</i>, <i>vol.</i> 2. + <i>p.</i> 58. <i>f.</i> 645, 646. (<i>dark variety</i>) <i>f.</i> 648 + <i>to</i> 652. (<i>pale varieties</i>). <i>Gualt.</i> 20 <i>f.</i> G.</p> + + <p>Conus Generalis. <i>Brug.</i> <i>p.</i> 642. <i>Lam. Ann.</i> + <i>vol.</i> 15. <i>p.</i> 363.</p> + +</blockquote> + +<h5><img src="images/separator.png" class="middle" style="height:1.5ex;" alt="" /></h5> + + <p>It becomes necessary to figure this elegant, but not uncommon Cone, in + order to show the young conchologist the little importance that should be + attached to <i>colour</i> in the discrimination of species: the figures + will likewise point out more fully the distinctions between the present + shell, <i>C. maldivus</i>, and <i>C. cinctus</i>; three species, whose + close affinity require illustration.</p> + + <p>These relative distinctions may be comprised in a few words; they rest + principally on the spire, which in <i>C. generalis</i> has the upper half + much lengthened, slender, and acuminated: in <i>C. maldivus</i> the spire + is thick and much shorter: the whorls in both these species are quite + plain, and nearly flat: the spire of <i>C. cinctus</i> resembles the last + in form, but is deeply concave and striated. These characters are, I + think, very satisfactory as specific distinctions.</p> + + <p>On the other hand, some attention to these shells lately, has + convinced me that many of the species formed both by Bruguiere and + Lamarck should be more correctly considered as varieties; inasmuch as + their specific distinctions rest, for the most part, on <i>colour</i> + alone: this appears, indeed, to be the leading character selected by + these eminent conchologists, and to which, therefore, they have attached + the greatest importance. From this opinion, however, I completely + dissent; on the principle, that no character which is variable can, with + any consistency, be made use of to express permanent distinctions, when + not supported by peculiarity of formation or sculpture. The great art in + framing the description of a species consists in singling out those + characters alone which are most permanent, and exist in every variety of + that species; for, when once a character is found to be variable, it no + longer becomes a distinction by which a species can be recognised. I + consider, therefore, formation and sculpture as the only certain + characters of species, and that variation of colour should alone + distinguish varieties.</p> + + <p>It is therefore not surprising that the specific characters given by + MM. Bruguiere and Lamarck, and resting principally on the colours of + these shells, are frequently obscure, and always long; two inevitable + evils attending every attempt to describe minutely the colour, form, and + disposition of the markings of shells. In justice, however, to these + great naturalists, it should be observed, that in this attempt they have + done that best which no writer has ever done well.</p> + + <p>The spire of <i>C. generalis</i> is generally spotted, and the white + band on the margin of the body whorl, more or less crossed by broad waved + stripes of a dark brown. It is an inhabitant of many parts of the Indian + Ocean.</p> + + <p><br style="clear:both" /></p> +<hr class="full" /> + + <p><a name="Plate119"></a><span class="platenum"><i>Pl.</i> + 119</span></p> + + <div class="figcenter" style="width:27%;"> + <a href="images/v2_pl119.jpg"><img style="width:100%" src="images/v2_pl119.jpg" + alt="Plate 119." title="Plate 119." /></a> + </div> +<h5><span class="lg125"><span class="gesperrt">AMPULLARIA</span> globosa,</span></h5> + +<h5 class="lg125 mtm1"><i>Round Apple Snail.</i></h5> + +<h5><img src="images/separator.png" class="middle" style="height:1.5ex;" alt="" /></h5> + +<h6><span class="sc">Generic Character.</span>—See <a href="#Plate103">Pl. 103.</a></h6> + +<hr class="plainsp"/> + +<h6><span class="sc">Specific Character.</span></h6> + +<blockquote class="b1s"> + + <p><i>A. testâ globosâ, lævissimâ, olivaceâ; spirâ depressâ; aperturæ + margine crasso, fulvo, sulcato; umbilico parvo, contracto, juxta basin + posito; operculo testaceo.</i></p> + + <p>Shell globose, very smooth, olive; spire depressed; margin of the + aperture thick, fulvous, grooved; umbilicus small, contracted, placed + near the base; operculum shelly.</p> + + <p>Helix Ampullacea. <i>var.</i> <i>Gmelin</i>, <i>p.</i> 3626. + <i>no.</i> 43. <i>Chemnitz</i>, 9 <i>tab.</i> 128. <i>fig.</i> 1133. + 1134. <i>p.</i> 105.</p> + +</blockquote> + +<h5><img src="images/separator.png" class="middle" style="height:1.5ex;" alt="" /></h5> + + <p>This is the most common of the two shells of this genus, which have + their mouths closed by a shelly operculum. It is well described by + Chemnitz, and his figures are very tolerable; yet, like all the authors + of that period, he considered it as a variety of <i>Helix ampullacea</i>. + From all these supposed varieties it is, nevertheless, quite distinct; + the spire is more depressed than that of any other species, and the + umbilicus is placed near the bottom of the inner lip: the whole shell is + very smooth, and, although generally of a uniform yellowish olive colour, + is sometimes marked by narrow bands of purple brown. The margin of the + outer lip is slightly reflected, and the colour, beneath the epidermis, + almost white. It is a native of the rivers of India.</p> + + <p>From the remarks on this genus, made at <a href="#Plate103">Plate + 103</a>, the fact of their opercula being either shelly or horny, is + sufficiently established. These formations, however, there is every + reason to suppose, may generally be detected by the following + indications. In such species as have a shelly operculum, the margin of + the aperture is thickened all round, and has a parallel internal groove + for its reception: the probable use of this groove I have detailed + elsewhere. On the other hand, in those species which are known to have + horny opercula, this margin and groove do not exist; and that part of the + shell which is between the top of the aperture and the umbilicus, is thin + and unprotected. This latter formation is by far the most frequent, and + leads to the conclusion that the majority of these shells have their + opercula horny.</p> + + <p>On the distinctions between this genus and <i>Planorbis</i>, little + need be said. The principal difference consists in the latter having no + operculum; but another, and a very remarkable one, (which seems to have + escaped all writers,) is, that the shells of the latter genus are + destitute of any columella. The <i>Planorbis cornu-arietis</i> of + Lamarck, has been removed by Mr. G. Sowerby to this genus. This shell, it + is true, appears to be intermediate between one and the other; but the + only affinity which it bears to <i>Ampullaria</i>, is in the oval form of + the aperture; while it is allied to <i>Planorbis</i> by its discoid form, + want of the columella, and being universally described as without an + operculum: the preponderance of evidence is clearly in favour of the + situation originally assigned to it by Lamarck.</p> + + <p>The characters, therefore, given to the genus <i>Ampullaria</i> by Mr. + G. Sowerby, will be found incorrect. There was no necessity for + explaining, much less for altering, (in this instance,) the masterly + definitions of Cuvier and Lamarck. With regard to the second species + given by Mr. Sowerby to illustrate this genus, he is no less in error; + for the real <i>A. rugosa</i>, of all authors, is a strikingly distinct + shell from that which he has figured under this name. This will be + sufficiently obvious by referring to the figures either of Lister, + Chemnitz, or Lamarck.</p> + + <p>Having offered these remarks on a subject to which I have paid some + attention, I wish to refrain from pointedly noticing other errors and + misconceptions into which Mr. G. Sowerby has fallen; rather wishing that + greater experience, and more matured judgment, may lead him to do this + himself, prior to the publication of the system of Conchology which he + has announced.</p> + + <p><br style="clear:both" /></p> +<hr class="full" /> + +<h5 class="lg125">GENERAL ALPHABETIC INDEX</h5> + +<h6>OF</h6> + +<h5>LATIN AND ENGLISH NAMES</h5> + +<h6>TO</h6> + +<h5>VOLUME II.</h5> + + <p> </p> + +<table class="mc"> +<tr><td> </td> +<td class="ar brdbl pr1"> Pl.</td> +<td> </td> +<td class="ar"> Pl.</td></tr> +<tr><td> Achatina emarginata</td> +<td class="ar brdbl pr1"> <a href="#Plate84">84</a></td> +<td> <i>Mitre, thick</i></td> +<td class="ar"> <a href="#Plate88">88</a></td></tr> +<tr><td class="pl2"> fasciata</td> +<td class="ar brdbl pr1"> <a href="#Plate74">74</a></td> +<td> Muscipeta, Gen. Char.</td> +<td class="ar"> <a href="#Plate116">116</a></td></tr> +<tr><td class="pl2"> vittata</td> +<td class="ar brdbl pr1"> <a href="#Plate84">84</a></td> +<td class="pl2"> barbata</td> +<td class="ar"> ib.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="pl2"> <i>Chesnut-banded</i></td> +<td class="ar brdbl pr1"> <a href="#Plate74">74</a></td> +<td> Natica, Gen. Char.</td> +<td class="ar"> <a href="#Plate75">75</a></td></tr> +<tr><td class="pl2"> <i>notched</i></td> +<td class="ar brdbl pr1"> <a href="#Plate84">84</a></td> +<td class="pl2"> effusa</td> +<td class="ar"> <a href="#Plate104">104</a></td></tr> +<tr><td class="pl2"> <i>Ribbon</i></td> +<td class="ar brdbl pr1"> ib.</td> +<td class="pl2"> melastoma</td> +<td class="ar"> <a href="#Plate79">79</a></td></tr> +<tr><td> Ampullaria, Gen. Char.</td> +<td class="ar brdbl pr1"> <a href="#Plate103">103</a></td> +<td class="pl2"> mustelina</td> +<td class="ar"> ib.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="pl2"> fasciata</td> +<td class="ar brdbl pr1"> ib.</td> +<td class="pl2"> punctata</td> +<td class="ar"> <a href="#Plate104">104</a></td></tr> +<tr><td class="pl2"> globosa</td> +<td class="ar brdbl pr1"> <a href="#Plate119">119</a></td> +<td class="pl2"> spadicea</td> +<td class="ar"> <a href="#Plate75">75</a></td></tr> +<tr><td> Anodon, Gen. Char.</td> +<td class="ar brdbl pr1"> <a href="#Plate96">96</a></td> +<td class="pl2"> sordida</td> +<td class="ar"> <a href="#Plate79">79</a></td></tr> +<tr><td class="pl2"> rugosus</td> +<td class="ar brdbl pr1"> ib.</td> +<td class="pl2"> <i>banded</i></td> +<td class="ar"> <a href="#Plate75">75</a></td></tr> +<tr><td> <i>Apple-snail, banded</i></td> +<td class="ar brdbl pr1"> <a href="#Plate112">112</a></td> +<td class="pl2"> <i>belted</i></td> +<td class="ar"> <a href="#Plate79">79</a></td></tr> +<tr><td class="pl2"> <i>globular</i></td> +<td class="ar brdbl pr1"> <a href="#Plate119">119</a></td> +<td class="pl2"> <i>brown</i></td> +<td class="ar"> ib.</td></tr> +<tr><td> <i>Aracari, lettered</i></td> +<td class="ar brdbl pr1"> <a href="#Plate90">90</a></td> +<td class="pl2"> <i>black-mouthed</i></td> +<td class="ar"> ib.</td></tr> +<tr><td> <i>Bee-eater, black-capped</i></td> +<td class="ar brdbl pr1"> <a href="#Plate76">76</a></td> +<td class="pl2"> <i>spotted</i></td> +<td class="ar"> <a href="#Plate104">104</a></td></tr> +<tr><td> Botis, Gen. Char.</td> +<td class="ar brdbl pr1"> <a href="#Plate77">77</a></td> +<td class="pl2"> <i>open</i></td> +<td class="ar"> ib.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="pl2"> bicolor</td> +<td class="ar brdbl pr1"> ib.</td> +<td> Nectarinia, Gen. Char.</td> +<td class="ar"> <a href="#Plate117">117</a></td></tr> +<tr><td class="pl2"> marginata</td> +<td class="ar brdbl pr1"> <a href="#Plate77">77</a></td> +<td class="pl2"> cyanocephala</td> +<td class="ar"> ib.</td></tr> +<tr><td> Cinnyris, Gen. Char.</td> +<td class="ar brdbl pr1"> <a href="#Plate95">95</a></td> +<td class="pl2"> <i>blue-headed</i></td> +<td class="ar"> ib.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="pl2"> chalybeia</td> +<td class="ar brdbl pr1"> <a href="#Plate95">95</a></td> +<td> <i>Oceanic snail, common</i></td> +<td class="ar"> <a href="#Plate85">85</a></td></tr> +<tr><td> Conus carinatus</td> +<td class="ar brdbl pr1"> <a href="#Plate112">112</a></td> +<td class="pl2"> <i>globular</i></td> +<td class="ar"> ib.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="pl2"> cinctus</td> +<td class="ar brdbl pr1"> <a href="#Plate110">110</a></td> +<td> Papilio, Gen. Char.</td> +<td class="ar"> <a href="#Plate92">92</a></td></tr> +<tr><td class="pl2"> generalis</td> +<td class="ar brdbl pr1"> <a href="#Plate118">118</a></td> +<td class="pl2"> Evander</td> +<td class="ar"> <a href="#Plate101">101</a></td></tr> +<tr><td class="pl2"> Princeps</td> +<td class="ar brdbl pr1"> <a href="#Plate86">86</a></td> +<td class="pl2"> Harrisianus</td> +<td class="ar"> <a href="#Plate109">109</a></td></tr> +<tr><td class="pl2"> pulchellus</td> +<td class="ar brdbl pr1"> <a href="#Plate114">114</a></td> +<td class="pl2"> Nox</td> +<td class="ar"> <a href="#Plate102">102</a></td></tr> +<tr><td class="pl2"> terebra</td> +<td class="ar brdbl pr1"> <a href="#Plate70">70</a></td> +<td class="pl2"> Torquatus</td> +<td class="ar"> <a href="#Plate94">94</a></td></tr> +<tr><td> <i>Cone, carinated</i></td> +<td class="ar brdbl pr1"> <a href="#Plate112">112</a></td> +<td class="pl2"> Polymetus</td> +<td class="ar"> <a href="#Plate92">92</a></td></tr> +<tr><td class="pl2"> <i>Flambeaux</i></td> +<td class="ar brdbl pr1"> <a href="#Plate118">118</a></td> +<td class="pl2"> Pandrosus</td> +<td class="ar"> <a href="#Plate93">93</a></td></tr> +<tr><td class="pl2"> <i>Orange Admiral</i></td> +<td class="ar brdbl pr1"> <a href="#Plate114">114</a></td> +<td> <i>Parrakeet, grey-breasted</i></td> +<td class="ar"> <a href="#Plate89">89</a></td></tr> +<tr><td class="pl2"> <i>Prince</i></td> +<td class="ar brdbl pr1"> <a href="#Plate86">86</a></td> +<td class="pl2"> <i>turcosine</i></td> +<td class="ar"> <a href="#Plate73">73</a></td></tr> +<tr><td class="pl2"> <i>Screw</i></td> +<td class="ar brdbl pr1"> <a href="#Plate70">70</a></td> +<td> Paludina, Gen. Char.</td> +<td class="ar"> <a href="#Plate98">98</a></td></tr> +<tr><td> <i>Cowry, Mosaic</i></td> +<td class="ar brdbl pr1"> <a href="#Plate111">111</a></td> +<td class="pl2"> elongata</td> +<td class="ar"> ib.</td></tr> +<tr><td> <i>Courier, black-bellied</i></td> +<td class="ar brdbl pr1"> <a href="#Plate106">106</a></td> +<td class="pl2"> unicolor</td> +<td class="ar"> ib.</td></tr> +<tr><td> <i>Crab-eater, Cinnamon</i></td> +<td class="ar brdbl pr1"> <a href="#Plate67">67</a></td> +<td class="pl2"> carinata</td> +<td class="ar"> ib.</td></tr> +<tr><td> <i>Creeper, lesser-collared</i></td> +<td class="ar brdbl pr1"> <a href="#Plate95">95</a></td> +<td> Picus affinis</td> +<td class="ar"> <a href="#Plate78">78</a></td></tr> +<tr><td> Cursorius, Gen. Char.</td> +<td class="ar brdbl pr1"> <a href="#Plate106">106</a></td> +<td> Platyrhynchus, Gen. Char.</td> +<td class="ar"> <a href="#Plate115">115</a></td></tr> +<tr><td class="pl2"> Temminckii</td> +<td class="ar brdbl pr1"> ib.</td> +<td class="pl2"> cancromus</td> +<td class="ar"> ib.</td></tr> +<tr><td> Cypræa, Gen. Char.</td> +<td class="ar brdbl pr1"> <a href="#Plate111">111</a></td> +<td> Pogonias, Gen. Char.</td> +<td class="ar"> <a href="#Plate68">68</a></td></tr> +<tr><td class="pl2"> tessellata</td> +<td class="ar brdbl pr1"> ib.</td> +<td class="pl2"> hirsutus</td> +<td class="ar"> <a href="#Plate72">72</a></td></tr> +<tr><td> <i>Date-shell, banded</i></td> +<td class="ar brdbl pr1"> <a href="#Plate97">97</a></td> +<td class="pl2"> rubrifrons</td> +<td class="ar"> <a href="#Plate68">68</a></td></tr> +<tr><td class="pl2"> <i>grey</i></td> +<td class="ar brdbl pr1"> ib.</td> +<td> Psittacus murinus</td> +<td class="ar"> <a href="#Plate89">89</a></td></tr> +<tr><td class="pl2"> <i>Fly-spot</i></td> +<td class="ar brdbl pr1"> ib.</td> +<td class="pl2"> pulchellus</td> +<td class="ar"> <a href="#Plate73">73</a></td></tr> +<tr><td> <i>Ear-shell, small-holed Cal.</i></td> +<td class="ar brdbl pr1"> <a href="#Plate80">80</a></td> +<td> Pteroglossus inscriptus</td> +<td class="ar"> <a href="#Plate90">90</a></td></tr> +<tr><td> <i>Flatbill, short-tailed</i></td> +<td class="ar brdbl pr1"> <a href="#Plate115">115</a></td> +<td> Puff bird, greater pied</td> +<td class="ar"> <a href="#Plate99">99</a></td></tr> +<tr><td> <i>Flycatcher, bearded</i></td> +<td class="ar brdbl pr1"> ib.</td> +<td> <i>River-snail, long-spired</i></td> +<td class="ar"> <a href="#Plate98">98</a></td></tr> +<tr><td> <i>Hairstreak, red-bordered</i></td> +<td class="ar brdbl pr1"> <a href="#Plate69">69</a></td> +<td class="pl2"> <i>olive</i></td> +<td class="ar"> ib.</td></tr> +<tr><td> Halcyon, cinnamominus</td> +<td class="ar brdbl pr1"> <a href="#Plate67">67</a></td> +<td class="pl2"> <i>carinated</i></td> +<td class="ar"> ib.</td></tr> +<tr><td> Haliotis, Gen. Char.</td> +<td class="ar brdbl pr1"> <a href="#Plate80">80</a></td> +<td> Ramphastos dicolorus</td> +<td class="ar"> <a href="#Plate108">108</a></td></tr> +<tr><td class="pl2"> Californiensis</td> +<td class="ar brdbl pr1"> ib.</td> +<td> Sphinx, Gen. Char.</td> +<td class="ar"> <a href="#Plate87">87</a></td></tr> +<tr><td> <i>Hawk-moth, wild vine</i></td> +<td class="ar brdbl pr1"> <a href="#Plate87">87</a></td> +<td class="pl2"> Ello</td> +<td class="ar"> <a href="#Plate81">81</a></td></tr> +<tr><td class="pl2"> <i>Ello</i></td> +<td class="ar brdbl pr1"> <a href="#Plate81">81</a></td> +<td class="pl2"> Labruscæ</td> +<td class="ar"> <a href="#Plate87">87</a></td></tr> +<tr><td> <i>Humming-bird, white-tailed</i></td> +<td class="ar brdbl pr1"> <a href="#Plate82">82</a></td> +<td> Strombus dilatatus</td> +<td class="ar"> <a href="#Plate71">71</a></td></tr> +<tr><td class="pl2"> <i>sickle-winged</i></td> +<td class="ar brdbl pr1"> <a href="#Plate83">83</a></td> +<td class="pl2"> mutabilis</td> +<td class="ar"> ib.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="pl2"> <i>blue sickle-winged</i></td> +<td class="ar brdbl pr1"> <a href="#Plate107">107</a></td> +<td class="pl2"> <i>little pink-mouthed</i></td> +<td class="ar"> ib.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="pl2"> <i>recurved bill</i></td> +<td class="ar brdbl pr1"> <a href="#Plate105">105</a></td> +<td class="pl2"> <i>winged</i></td> +<td class="ar"> ib.</td></tr> +<tr><td> <i>Horsemussel, wrinkled</i></td> +<td class="ar brdbl pr1"> <a href="#Plate96">96</a></td> +<td> Tamatia, Gen. Char.</td> +<td class="ar"> <a href="#Plate99">99</a></td></tr> +<tr><td> Ianthina, Gen. Char.</td> +<td class="ar brdbl pr1"> <a href="#Plate85">85</a></td> +<td class="pl2"> macrorhynchos</td> +<td class="ar"> ib.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="pl2"> fragilis</td> +<td class="ar brdbl pr1"> ib.</td> +<td> Thecla, Gen. Char.</td> +<td class="ar"> <a href="#Plate69">69</a></td></tr> +<tr><td class="pl2"> globosa</td> +<td class="ar brdbl pr1"> ib.</td> +<td class="pl2"> Galathea</td> +<td class="ar"> ib.</td></tr> +<tr><td> Licinia Amphione</td> +<td class="ar brdbl pr1"> <a href="#Plate91">91</a></td> +<td> <i>Toucan, yellow billed</i></td> +<td class="ar"> <a href="#Plate108">108</a></td></tr> +<tr><td> Marginella, Gen. Char.</td> +<td class="ar brdbl pr1"> <a href="#Plate97">97</a></td> +<td> <i>Tooth-bill, red-fronted</i></td> +<td class="ar"> <a href="#Plate68">68</a></td></tr> +<tr><td class="pl2"> cingulata</td> +<td class="ar brdbl pr1"> ib.</td> +<td class="pl2"> <i>hairy-breasted</i></td> +<td class="ar"> <a href="#Plate72">72</a></td></tr> +<tr><td class="pl2"> faba</td> +<td class="ar brdbl pr1"> ib.</td> +<td> Trochilus, Gen. Char.</td> +<td class="ar"> <a href="#Plate82">82</a></td></tr> +<tr><td class="pl2"> prunum</td> +<td class="ar brdbl pr1"> <a href="#Plate97">97</a></td> +<td class="pl2"> niger</td> +<td class="ar"> ib.</td></tr> +<tr><td> Merops Savignii</td> +<td class="ar brdbl pr1"> <a href="#Plate76">76</a></td> +<td class="pl2"> falcatus</td> +<td class="ar"> <a href="#Plate83">83</a></td></tr> +<tr><td> Mitra caffra</td> +<td class="ar brdbl pr1"> <a href="#Plate88">88</a></td> +<td class="pl2"> recurvirostris</td> +<td class="ar"> <a href="#Plate105">105</a></td></tr> +<tr><td class="pl2"> crassa</td> +<td class="ar brdbl pr1"> ib.</td> +<td class="pl2"> ensipennis</td> +<td class="ar"> <a href="#Plate107">107</a></td></tr> +<tr><td class="pl2"> pertusa, <i>var.</i></td> +<td class="ar brdbl pr1"> <a href="#Plate113">113</a></td> +<td> Xenops, Gen. Char.</td> +<td class="ar"> <a href="#Plate100">100</a></td></tr> +<tr><td> <i>Mitre Brown, wh. banded</i></td> +<td class="ar brdbl pr1"> <a href="#Plate88">88</a></td> +<td class="pl2"> genibarbis</td> +<td class="ar"> ib.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="pl2"> <i>Cardinal, var.</i></td> +<td class="ar brdbl pr1"> <a href="#Plate113">113</a></td> +<td class="pl2"> <i>whiskered</i></td> +<td class="ar"> ib.</td></tr> +</table> + + <p><br style="clear:both" /></p> +<hr class="full" /> + +<h5 class="lg150">SYSTEMATIC INDEX.</h5> + +<hr class="plain"/> + +<h5 class="lg125">VERTEBROSA.</h5> + +<h5>PART II.</h5> + +<hr class="plain"/> + +<h5><i>ORNITHOLOGY.</i></h5> + +<table class="mc" style="width:16em"> +<tr><td> </td> +<td class="ar"> Pl.</td></tr> +<tr><td> <span class="sc">Halcyon</span> cinnamominus</td> +<td class="ar"> <a href="#Plate67">67</a></td></tr> +<tr><td> <span class="sc">Pogonias</span> rubrifrons</td> +<td class="ar"> <a href="#Plate68">68</a></td></tr> +<tr><td class="pl2"> hirsutus</td> +<td class="ar"> <a href="#Plate72">72</a></td></tr> +<tr><td> <span class="sc">Picus</span> affinis</td> +<td class="ar"> <a href="#Plate78">78</a></td></tr> +<tr><td> <span class="sc">Psittacus</span> pulchellus</td> +<td class="ar"> <a href="#Plate73">73</a></td></tr> +<tr><td class="pl2"> murinus</td> +<td class="ar"> <a href="#Plate89">89</a></td></tr> +<tr><td> <span class="sc">Merops</span> Savignii</td> +<td class="ar"> <a href="#Plate76">76</a></td></tr> +<tr><td> <span class="sc">Trochilus</span> niger</td> +<td class="ar"> <a href="#Plate82">82</a></td></tr> +<tr><td class="pl2"> falcatus</td> +<td class="ar"> <a href="#Plate83">83</a></td></tr> +<tr><td class="pl2"> recurvirostris</td> +<td class="ar"> <a href="#Plate105">105</a></td></tr> +<tr><td class="pl2"> ensipennis</td> +<td class="ar"> <a href="#Plate107">107</a></td></tr> +<tr><td> <span class="sc">Pteroglossus</span> inscriptus</td> +<td class="ar"> <a href="#Plate90">90</a></td></tr> +<tr><td> <span class="sc">Ramphastos</span> dicolorus</td> +<td class="ar"> <a href="#Plate108">108</a></td></tr> +<tr><td> <span class="sc">Cinnyris</span> chalybeia</td> +<td class="ar"> <a href="#Plate95">95</a></td></tr> +<tr><td> <span class="sc">Tamatia</span> macrorhynchos</td> +<td class="ar"> <a href="#Plate99">99</a></td></tr> +<tr><td> <span class="sc">Xenops</span> genibarbis</td> +<td class="ar"> <a href="#Plate100">100</a></td></tr> +<tr><td> <span class="sc">Cursorius</span> Temminckii</td> +<td class="ar"> <a href="#Plate106">106</a></td></tr> +<tr><td> <span class="sc">Platyrhynchus</span> cancromus</td> +<td class="ar"> <a href="#Plate115">115</a></td></tr> +<tr><td> <span class="sc">Muscipeta</span> barbata</td> +<td class="ar"> <a href="#Plate116">116</a></td></tr> +<tr><td> <span class="sc">Nectarinia</span> cyanocephala</td> +<td class="ar"> <a href="#Plate117">117</a></td></tr> +</table> + + <p><br style="clear:both" /></p> +<hr class="full" /> + +<h5 class="lg150">SYSTEMATIC INDEX.</h5> + +<hr class="plain"/> + +<h5 class="lg125">ENTOMOLOGY.</h5> + +<h5>PART II.</h5> + +<hr class="plain"/> + +<table class="mc" style="width:16em"> +<tr><td class="pl2"> </td> +<td class="ar"> Pl.</td></tr> +<tr><td> <span class="sc">Thecla</span> Galathea</td> +<td class="ar"> <a href="#Plate69">69</a></td></tr> +<tr><td> <span class="sc">Licinia</span> Amphione</td> +<td class="ar"> <a href="#Plate91">91</a></td></tr> +<tr><td> <span class="sc">Papilio</span> Polymetus</td> +<td class="ar"> <a href="#Plate92">92</a></td></tr> +<tr><td class="pl2"> Pandrosus</td> +<td class="ar"> <a href="#Plate93">93</a></td></tr> +<tr><td class="pl2"> Torquatus</td> +<td class="ar"> <a href="#Plate94">94</a></td></tr> +<tr><td class="pl2"> Evander</td> +<td class="ar"> <a href="#Plate101">101</a></td></tr> +<tr><td class="pl2"> Nox</td> +<td class="ar"> <a href="#Plate102">102</a></td></tr> +<tr><td class="pl2"> Harrisianus</td> +<td class="ar"> <a href="#Plate109">109</a></td></tr> +<tr><td class="ac" colspan="2"> ———</td></tr> +<tr><td> <span class="sc">Sphinx</span> Ello</td> +<td class="ar"> <a href="#Plate81">81</a></td></tr> +<tr><td class="pl2"> Labruscæ</td> +<td class="ar"> <a href="#Plate87">87</a></td></tr> +<tr><td class="ac" colspan="2"> ———</td></tr> +<tr><td> <span class="sc">Botis</span> marginata</td> +<td class="ar"> <a href="#Plate77">77</a></td></tr> +<tr><td class="pl2"> bicolor</td> +<td class="ar"> <a href="#Plate77">77</a></td></tr> +</table> + + <p><br style="clear:both" /></p> +<hr class="full" /> + +<h5 class="lg150">SYSTEMATIC INDEX.</h5> + +<hr class="plain"/> + +<h5 class="lg125">CONCHOLOGY.</h5> + +<h5>PART II.</h5> + +<hr class="plain"/> + +<table class="mc" style="width:16em"> +<tr><td class="pl2"> </td> +<td class="ar"> Pl.</td></tr> +<tr><td> <span class="sc">Strombus</span> mutabilis</td> +<td class="ar"> <a href="#Plate71">71</a></td></tr> +<tr><td class="pl2"> dilatatus</td> +<td class="ar"> <a href="#Plate71">71</a></td></tr> +<tr><td> <span class="sc">Achatina</span> fasciata</td> +<td class="ar"> <a href="#Plate74">74</a></td></tr> +<tr><td class="pl2"> emarginata</td> +<td class="ar"> <a href="#Plate84">84</a></td></tr> +<tr><td class="pl2"> vittata</td> +<td class="ar"> <a href="#Plate84">84</a></td></tr> +<tr><td> <span class="sc">Ianthina</span> fragilis</td> +<td class="ar"> <a href="#Plate85">85</a></td></tr> +<tr><td class="pl2"> globosa</td> +<td class="ar"> <a href="#Plate85">85</a></td></tr> +<tr><td> <span class="sc">Mitra</span> caffra</td> +<td class="ar"> <a href="#Plate88">88</a></td></tr> +<tr><td class="pl2"> crassa</td> +<td class="ar"> <a href="#Plate88">88</a></td></tr> +<tr><td class="pl2"> pertusa</td> +<td class="ar"> <a href="#Plate113">113</a></td></tr> +<tr><td> <span class="sc">Marginella</span> cingulata</td> +<td class="ar"> <a href="#Plate97">97</a></td></tr> +<tr><td class="pl2"> prunum</td> +<td class="ar"> <a href="#Plate97">97</a></td></tr> +<tr><td class="pl2"> faba</td> +<td class="ar"> <a href="#Plate97">97</a></td></tr> +<tr><td> <span class="sc">Paludina</span> elongata</td> +<td class="ar"> <a href="#Plate98">98</a></td></tr> +<tr><td class="pl2"> unicolor</td> +<td class="ar"> <a href="#Plate98">98</a></td></tr> +<tr><td class="pl2"> carinata</td> +<td class="ar"> <a href="#Plate98">98</a></td></tr> +<tr><td> <span class="sc">Natica</span> spadicea</td> +<td class="ar"> <a href="#Plate75">75</a></td></tr> +<tr><td class="pl2"> mustelina</td> +<td class="ar"> <a href="#Plate79">79</a></td></tr> +<tr><td class="pl2"> sordida</td> +<td class="ar"> <a href="#Plate79">79</a></td></tr> +<tr><td class="pl2"> melastoma</td> +<td class="ar"> <a href="#Plate79">79</a></td></tr> +<tr><td class="pl2"> punctata</td> +<td class="ar"> <a href="#Plate104">104</a></td></tr> +<tr><td class="pl2"> effusa</td> +<td class="ar"> <a href="#Plate104">104</a></td></tr> +<tr><td> <span class="sc">Cypræa</span> tessellata</td> +<td class="ar"> <a href="#Plate111">111</a></td></tr> +<tr><td> <span class="sc">Conus</span> terebra</td> +<td class="ar"> <a href="#Plate70">70</a></td></tr> +<tr><td class="pl2"> princeps</td> +<td class="ar"> <a href="#Plate86">86</a></td></tr> +<tr><td class="pl2"> cinctus</td> +<td class="ar"> <a href="#Plate110">110</a></td></tr> +<tr><td class="pl2"> carinatus</td> +<td class="ar"> <a href="#Plate112">112</a></td></tr> +<tr><td class="pl2"> pulchellus</td> +<td class="ar"> <a href="#Plate114">114</a></td></tr> +<tr><td class="pl2"> generalis</td> +<td class="ar"> <a href="#Plate118">118</a></td></tr> +<tr><td> <span class="sc">Anodon</span> rugosus</td> +<td class="ar"> <a href="#Plate96">96</a></td></tr> +</table> + + <p><br style="clear:both" /></p> +<hr class="full" /> + +<h5 class="lg125">ADDENDA ET CORRIGENDA.</h5> + +<table class="mc"> +<tr><td class="pr025"> Pl. 67.</td> +<td class="ar pl0r025"> line 5,</td> +<td class="pl025"> for "<i>plumesque</i>" read "<i>plumisque</i>."</td></tr> +<tr><td class="pr025"> </td> +<td class="ar pl0r025"> 16,</td> +<td class="pl025"> for "<i>gigantia</i>" read "<i>gigantea</i>."</td></tr> +<tr><td class="pr025"> — 69.</td> +<td class="ar pl0r025"> — 11,</td> +<td class="pl025"> for "excerted" read "exserted."</td></tr> +<tr><td class="pr025"> — 70.</td> +<td class="ar pl0r025"> — <span class="hid">0</span>2,</td> +<td class="pl025"> for "<i>Cane</i>" read "<i>Cone</i>."</td></tr> +<tr><td class="pr025"> </td> +<td class="ar pl0r025"> 5,</td> +<td class="pl025"> for "<i>fasciique</i>" read "<i>fasciisque</i>."</td></tr> +<tr><td class="pr025"> </td> +<td class="ar pl0r025"> 24,</td> +<td class="pl025"> for "renders" read "render."</td></tr> +<tr><td class="pr025"> — 71.</td> +<td class="ar pl0r025"> — <span class="hid">0</span>7,</td> +<td class="pl025"> for "<i>apertura</i>" read "<i>aperturâ</i>."</td></tr> +<tr><td class="pr025"> </td> +<td class="ar pl0r025"> 16,</td> +<td class="pl025"> for "<i>urseus</i>" read "<i>urceus</i>."</td></tr> +<tr><td class="pr025"> </td> +<td class="ar pl0r025"> </td> +<td class="pl025"> 11 from the bottom, for "<i>gracibus</i>" read "<i>gracilibus</i>."</td></tr> +<tr><td class="pr025"> — 91.</td> +<td class="ar pl0r025"> — 16,</td> +<td class="pl025"> for "and Godart mentions" read "and according to Godart."</td></tr> +<tr><td class="pr025"> — 92.</td> +<td class="ar pl0r025"> — 13,</td> +<td class="pl025"> for "<i>caudi</i>," read "<i>caudis</i>."</td></tr> +<tr><td class="pr025"> </td> +<td class="ar pl0r025"> </td> +<td class="pl025"> 8 from the bottom, for "<i>c.</i> <span class="sc">Dentatis</span>" read "<i>c.</i> <span class="sc">Dentati</span>."</td></tr> +<tr><td class="pr025"> — 92.</td> +<td class="ar pl0r025"> </td> +<td class="pl025"> third page, line 3, for "Medicii" read "Medici."</td></tr> +<tr><td class="pr025"> </td> +<td class="ar pl0r025"> 10,</td> +<td class="pl025"> for "<i>Danais</i>" read "<i>Danaus</i>."</td></tr> +<tr><td class="pr025"> </td> +<td class="ar pl0r025"> </td> +<td class="pl025"> fourth page, line 10, <i>dele</i> "not."</td></tr> +<tr><td class="pr025"> — 95.</td> +<td class="ar pl0r025"> — 12</td> +<td class="pl025"> from the bottom, after "<i>angustâ</i>" add a comma.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="pr025"> </td> +<td class="ar pl0r025"> </td> +<td class="pl025"> second page, line 14 from the bottom, for "<i>Nectarinia</i>" read "<i>Nectariniæ</i>."</td></tr> +<tr><td class="pr025"> — 115.</td> +<td class="ar pl0r025"> </td> +<td class="pl025"> second page, line 10 from the bottom, after "between the" add "genera."</td></tr> +<tr><td class="pr025"> </td> +<td class="ar pl0r025"> </td> +<td class="pl025"> line 5 from the bottom, for "<i>Eurylaimos</i>" read "<i>Eurylaimus</i>."</td></tr> +<tr><td class="pr025"> — 117.</td> +<td class="ar pl0r025"> — <span class="hid">0</span>6,</td> +<td class="pl025"> for "lata" read "latâ."</td></tr> +</table> + +<blockquote class="b1s"> + + <p>In the Systematic Index to Vol. I. Conchology, Part I., for + "<i>Acephalis</i>" read "<i>Acephali</i>;" and at the head of the list of + errors, for "Corregenda" read "Corrigenda."</p> + +</blockquote> + + <p><br style="clear:both" /></p> +<hr class="full" /> + +<h3>NOTES</h3> + +<div class="note"> + <p><a name="Nt_1" href="#NtA_1">[1]</a> Mr. Moses Harris, artist, 28, + Mansion-House Street, Kensington.</p> + +</div> + + + + + + + +<pre> + + + + + +End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of Zoological Illustrations, Volume II, by +William Swainson + +*** END OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK ZOOLOGICAL ILLUSTRATIONS *** + +***** This file should be named 39472-h.htm or 39472-h.zip ***** +This and all associated files of various formats will be found in: + http://www.gutenberg.org/3/9/4/7/39472/ + +Produced by Chris Curnow, Keith Edkins and the Online +Distributed Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net (This +file was produced from images generously made available +by The Internet Archive) + + +Updated editions will replace the previous one--the old editions +will be renamed. + +Creating the works from public domain print editions means that no +one owns a United States copyright in these works, so the Foundation +(and you!) can copy and distribute it in the United States without +permission and without paying copyright royalties. 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