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diff --git a/39471.txt b/39471.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..f5f302b --- /dev/null +++ b/39471.txt @@ -0,0 +1,6066 @@ +Project Gutenberg's Zoological Illustrations, Volume I, by William Swainson + +This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with +almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or +re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included +with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org + + +Title: Zoological Illustrations, Volume I + or Original Figures and Descriptions of New, Rare, or + Interesting Animals + +Author: William Swainson + +Release Date: April 17, 2012 [EBook #39471] + +Language: English + +Character set encoding: ASCII + +*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK ZOOLOGICAL ILLUSTRATIONS, VOLUME I *** + + + + +Produced by Chris Curnow, Keith Edkins and the Online +Distributed Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net (This +file was produced from images generously made available +by The Internet Archive) + + + + + +Transcriber's note: The listed Addenda & Corrigenda have been applied. +Deleted sections are marked as ... + + * * * * * + + +Zoological Illustrations, + +OR + +ORIGINAL FIGURES AND DESCRIPTIONS + +OF + +NEW, RARE, OR INTERESTING + +ANIMALS, + +SELECTED CHIEFLY FROM THE CLASSES OF + +Ornithology, Entomology, and Conchology, + +AND ARRANGED ON THE PRINCIPLES OF + +CUVIER AND OTHER MODERN ZOOLOGISTS. + + * * * * * + +BY + +WILLIAM SWAINSON, F.R.S., F.L.S., + +MEMBER OF THE WERNERIAN SOCIETY OF EDINBURGH, ETC. + + * * * * * + +VOL. I. + + * * * * * + +London: + +PRINTED BY R. AND A. TAYLOR, SHOE-LANE: + +FOR BALDWIN, CRADOCK, AND JOY, PATERNOSTER-ROW; +AND W. WOOD, STRAND. + + * * * * * + +1820-1. + + * * * * * + + +PREFACE. + + * * * * * + +The termination of the first volume of the Zoological Illustrations is +accomplished, and its contents will not only enable our readers to discern +the nature of the work, but likewise to form a judgement, on that degree of +improvement which we have introduced since its first publication, and they +may safely rely on the continuation being in no respect inferior. + +In commencing a work of this nature, we have had two principal objects in +view: the diffusion of original observations, which, while they might +further the ends of science, would also be interesting to the general +reader; and that of discouraging the publication of distorted figures +copied from old authors, by accustoming the public eye to original designs +and correct representations of natural objects. How far we may have +succeeded in this latter object, remains to be judged by others; we are +however satisfied with having made the attempt, and we hope that abler +pencils than our own, may engage in the prosecution of this most desirable +object; for it is only by the publication of original matter, that a check +can be given to the increasing number of compilations and multiplied copies +of "ill-shaped" figures, by which error is perpetuated, and science +retarded. + +The only original work that has appeared in this country similar to our +own, is the Zoological Miscellany by Dr. Leach, which, as it was +discontinued after the third volume, it may be presumed was unsuccessful: +although little can be said of many of the figures in the early volumes, +those in the latter are much to be praised, and the whole are original; the +descriptions also abound with details highly interesting to the scientific +world, for which indeed the learned author principally intended it; +nevertheless it is a question, whether science in the end would not have +been equally, and perhaps more advanced, had this work been more adapted to +general readers. Instruction in these days of refinement must be made easy, +palatable, and enticing; the eye must be pleased, while the understanding +is improved, and Wisdom in her simple dignified garb will often be deserted +for Ignorance, decked out in the glittering trappings of Folly. + +The _Naturalist's Miscellany_ conducted by Dr. Shaw, in its miscellaneous +nature also resembled the present work, and reached to the extent of +twenty-four volumes. What an invaluable fund of information these might +have contained had their contents been original! Unfortunately, however, +the exceptions are so few, that the whole may be termed a loose +compilation, the descriptions being mostly given in as few words as +possible, and the figures not only copied from wretched representations +found in old authors, but often coloured from their descriptions only! It +is indeed lamentable that the Author, whose talents and abilities were +unquestionable, should have exerted them so little, and thus have descended +to the rank of a voluminous compiler, for little better can be said of the +General Zoology, begun and continued under his name: little original matter +can there be found, excepting in the latter volumes, yet even in these no +notice whatever is taken of the immense number of new species discovered in +Africa by Le Vaillant, and long ago published in the _Oiseaux d'Afrique_: +the engravings also are in like manner copied from old prints, enlarged or +diminished as occasion offers, without even a regard to the selection of +the best. It may be as well to observe in this place, that a great number +of generic distinctions have been made in the two last volumes; which, as +they have not been followed by any of the great and acknowledged Zoologists +on the Continent, and appear to us in many instances trivial and +unnecessary, will not be adopted in this work. + +It will be unnecessary to point out with regard to the scientific +arrangement, that we have avowedly adopted the principles of the modern +classification; which the strict followers of Linnaeus (in this country +alone) have so long, but so ineffectually opposed. The first has been +designated as the natural, and the other the artificial system; and, +without entering into a critical disquisition on these definitions, it will +be sufficient to observe, that by the Artificial System we bend nature to +conform to certain arbitrary principles, which we lay down and to which we +insist all her productions known and unknown will conform; while in the +Natural method, we endeavour by tracing her modifications, to adapt our +system to that which appears to regulate her operations. In the one we give +laws, in the other receive them; by the first we are taught to believe that +the highest attainment of the science, is that of ascertaining the name of +an object in our Museum, or of giving a new one; we record it in our +favourite system as a grammarian enters a new word in his dictionary, and +there the matter terminates. Where the artificial system ends, the natural +begins; for we then proceed to the investigation of affinities founded on +anatomical construction, economy, and geographic distribution; our +attention ceases to be confined to individuals, and extends to large +groups; general facts enable us to draw general conclusions, till the mind +begins faintly to discern a vast and mighty plan, by which the zones of the +earth are peopled by their own respective races of animate beings; blending +their confines unto each other with divine harmony, beauty, and usefulness. + +That these inquiries and results have had a most wonderful effect on the +natural sciences of late years, is abundantly evident. Geology, a subject +hardly thought of in this country a few years ago, is now found to be a +science of the first importance; with this, however, Conchology is so +intimately connected, that without a certain knowledge of it, the geologist +is frequently unable to prosecute inquiries of the most interesting nature; +and there is little doubt but that Botany has been raised to the rank it +now so justly holds, solely because its natural system has been more +generally studied and advocated in this country, than that of any other +branch of Natural History. In this science at least, we possess a +superiority which our continental neighbours cannot dispute; and the name +of Brown will be enrolled in the brightest page of our philosophic +inquirers. + +That the prejudiced adherence to the strict Linnaean system, has been the +primary cause why Zoology has been more neglected with us than on the +Continent, will admit of little doubt; for by shutting the door to all +further improvement, it has impressed the generality of our countrymen with +an idea, that the highest object of the Naturalist was to label the +contents of a museum, and to arrange stuffed animals, like quaint patterns +of old china, in glass cases: to thinking minds no less than to the vulgar, +this idea has produced a feeling of contempt and ridicule, and very few of +those qualified by nature for accurate investigation and philosophic +reasoning, have been induced to make the science a study; and thus from +such an unfortunate prejudice, to use the words of a powerful writer of the +present day, "some future historian of the progress of human knowledge, +will have to state that England, till within the few last years, stood +still at the bottom of the steps where Linnaeus had left her; while her +neighbours were advancing rapidly towards the entrance of the temple[1]." + +Finally--Linnaeus to a comprehensive genius united indefatigable industry; +yet he could not see and study those innumerable productions that have been +discovered since his death: in proportion as our knowledge of objects +increases, so must our systems change, until the natural one is fully +developed; and the question simply comes to this, Whether the Linnaean +method should be upheld as a solitary exception to the mutability of human +wisdom. + +The sun of truth must however finally prevail, and there is every reason to +think it has already broke, and will gradually disperse these mists of +prejudice. It is however much to be regretted, that our public institutions +are wholly inadequate to facilitate not only the advancement of students, +but the researches of those who are already engaged in prosecuting their +inquiries: in Scotland alone are founded any Professorships of Natural +History, and the establishment of our National Museum (in this branch only) +is confessedly difficult: materials for study are more necessary in this +science than any other; yet the public Institutions and libraries of the +metropolis, "rich and rare" in every other department of knowledge, in most +instances are deficient in this of the most elementary books; setting aside +those of illustration, which, from being unavoidably expensive and within +the reach of few purchasers, are more particularly adapted for such general +repositories of learning. The protracted ill-health of its noble possessor, +was the cause no doubt of the Banksian magnificent library being left +deficient in several of the latest continental works; and that of the +British Museum I have reason to think is still more defective. To the +honour however of the keepers of the Bodleian and Radcliffe Libraries, it +should be mentioned, that no pains or expense have been spared to render +them as perfect in this branch as possible; and we have been told that the +latter particularly is the most magnificent in the kingdom. + +We shall now as briefly as possible advert to the contents of this volume. + +In the Ornithological department the systems of Cuvier and Temminck have +mostly superseded all others: as a whole, we give a decided preference to +the latter, as being more natural, though it may be doubted if the generic +distinctions are not too few, while those of Cuvier are too many: both +however can be considered only as sketches, subject to improvement--as +natural affinities are more studied. + +Regarding that part of our work which relates to Entomology, we have given +a decided preference to the Lepidoptera, for the simple reason that this +order has received less attention from all writers, concerning their real +characters and affinities, than any other; indeed they have been most +unaccountably neglected even by Latreille, the great founder of the modern +school: we have therefore thought it necessary to propose in this +department many new genera, and only have to regret that their definitions +could not be made more perfect without the destruction of the specimens, +frequently not our own, and which therefore was unattainable: a more +extended knowledge of the natural affinities existing in this tribe, will +alone confirm or annul the propriety of these distinctions. + +In _Conchology_ many of the genera long established on the Continent, but +new to our own collectors, have been characterized and illustrated, as well +as specific distinctions defined between shells hitherto considered as +varieties; and here it must be observed that so much latitude has been +given to the meaning of the term _variety_, that in its general acceptation +its definition becomes impossible: our own idea of its true meaning is, a +shell possessing one or more characters which are changeable and uncertain, +and which consequently will not serve as indications by which it may +infallibly be distinguished from all others; _variety_ depends on local +circumstances, and affects the size, colour, and greater or less +development of the same modification of structure; a _species_ is +permanent, its structure always the same though more or less developed, +producing and perpetuating its kind, and depending on formation, +discernible in youth, and matured in age: we cannot therefore comprehend +the contradictory term of _permanent varieties_ in a state of nature +(though such occur in domesticated animals), which some authors have used, +and which has led to, in many instances, the most erroneous conclusions. + +It is lamentable to see the opposition which is still made by our own +writers against all the modern improvements; yet although Linnaean +Introductions to Conchology are constantly issuing from the press, the +desire of being acquainted with a more natural and intelligible +classification has already appeared; and as we are frequently questioned on +the subject, we cannot in this place do better than refer the young student +to the valuable article on Conchology contained in the late supplement to +the _Encyclopedia Britannica_, the perusal of which will convey more solid +information, and less perplexity, than all the Introductions our +booksellers can boast of. + +With respect to the quotations or synonyms, it should be observed that we +have in most instances limited them only to original works, all doubtful +ones have been rejected, and such only given as have been actually +consulted; indeed to this latter cause must be attributed the occasional +omission of some, existing in books we had not the immediate power of +consulting; our own library is not small; but the difficulty and expense of +procuring all the new continental publications, and the impossibility of +meeting with them at our public libraries[2], may have sometimes led us +into error, and unintentionally to have passed over the discoveries of +others. + +With the few additions contained in the Appendix we shall now conclude; +trusting that in the remarks drawn from us by the present state of the +science in this country, our zeal for truth will not give us an appearance +of want of candour or of vanity. The truth of our remarks on the labours of +others, every one at all acquainted with the subject can inquire into, and +either acknowledge or disprove: we neither deprecate nor despise criticism: +an author who presumes to instruct others, should have his pretensions +publicly canvassed, his merits admitted, or his deficiency exposed; no one +is more sensible than we are that our own pretensions chiefly consist in +having set an example for others more able to follow: and if we have in any +way advocated the cause of truth and science, our object will be attained, +and we shall then gladly retire in the shade. + + LONDON, + Sept. 15, 1821. + + * * * * * + + +LIST OF BOOKS REFERRED TO. + + _Bruguire, Encycl. Meth._ Histoire Naturelle des Vers, par M. Bruguire, + 1 vol. 4to. and 4 vols. of Plates, forming part 10, 19, 21, 23, of the + "Encyclopedie Methodique." Paris, 1789-1792. + + _Bloch._ Histoire Naturelle des Poissons, en 6 parties, 8vo. Berlin, + 1796. + + _Cramer._ Papillons Exotiques, 4 vols. 4to. Amsterdam, 1779-1782. + + _Cuvier._ Le Regne Animal, 4 vols. 8vo. Paris, 1817. + + _Chemnitz, Martini._ Neus Systematisches Conchylein Cabinet, 11 vols. + Nurnburg, 1781-1795. + + _Dill._ A Descriptive Catalogue of Recent Shells. By F. W. Dillwyn, 2 + vols. 8vo. London, 1817. + + _Edwards._ A Natural History of uncommon Birds, &c.; and Gleanings of + Natural History. By G. Edwards, 7 vols. 4to. 1763, &c. + + _Fab. Ent. Syst._ Entomologia Systematica, emendata et aucta. J. C. + Fabricius, 4 vols. 4to. Hafnia, 1792-1794. + + _Gen. Zool._ General Zoology, commenced by Dr. Shaw, and continued by + Mr. Stevens, 11 vols. 8vo. to 1819. + + _Gmelin Linn. Syst. Nat._ C. Linne Systema Naturae. Cura J. F. Gmelin. + Lipsiae, 1788-1793. + + _Godart in Encycl. Method._ Encyclopedie Methodique, t. 9. p. 1. 1819. + + _Gualtieri._ Index Testarum Conchyliorum quae adservantur in Musaeo N. + Gualtieri. Florentiae, 1742. + + _Illiger._ Prod. Systematis Mammalium et Avium, 8vo. Berolini, 1811. + + _Knorr._ Les Delices des Yeux et de l'Esprit, 6 P., 4to. Nuremb. 1760, + &c. + + _Klein Hist. Pisc._ Historiae Nat. Piscium promovendae Missus, 6, 4to. + Dantzic, 1740-49. + + _Linn. Syst. Nat._ See Gmelin. + + _Linn. Trans._ Transactions of the Linnean Society of London, 13 vols. + 4to. 1791-1821. + + _Lister._ M. Lister Historia Conchyliorum, folio. Oxonii, 1770. + + _Lamarck Syst._ Hist. Nat. des Animaux sans Vertebres. Par le Chevalier + de Lamarck, 6 vols. 8vo. Paris, 1815-1819. + + ---- _Anal. Mus._ Annales du Museum d'Histoire Naturelle de Paris, 4to. + 1802-1821. + + _Lath. Synop. Suppl._ A General Synopsis of Birds. By Dr. J. Latham, 3 + vols, and 2 Supplements, 4to. London, 1782, &c. + + ---- _Index Ornith._ Index Ornithologicus, 2 vols. 4to. London, 1790. + + _Martyn Univ. Conch._ The Universal Conchologist. By T. Martyn, 4 vols. + 4to. London, 1784, &c. + + _Martini._ See Chemnitz. + + _Pennant._ British Zoology. By T. Pennant, 4 vols. 8vo. London, 1812. + + _Risso Icth._ Ichtyologie de Nice, 1 vol. 8vo. Paris, 1810. + + _Rumph._ Thesaurium Imaginum Piscium, &c., folio. Hagae, 1739. + + _Seba._ Albertus Seba Rerum Naturalium Thesauri, 4 vols. folio. + Amsterdam, 1734-1765. + + _Say._ Description of the Land and Fresh-water Shells of the United + States. By Thomas Say. Philadelphia, 1819. + + _Shaw in Gen. Zool._ See General Zoology. + + _Temminck Pig. et Gall._ Histoire Naturelle Generale des Pigeons et des + Gallinaces. Par C. J. Temminck, 2 vols. 8vo. Amst. 1813. + + ---- _Manuel._ Manuel d'Ornithologie, 2d edit., 2 vols. 8vo. 1820. + + _Le Vaill._ Hist. Nat. des Toucans et des Barbus, folio. Paris, 1806. + + ---- Hist. Nat. des Perroquets, 2 vols. folio. Paris, 1801. + + _White's Voyage._ Journal of a Voyage to N. S. Wales, 4to. Lond. 1790. + + * * * * * + + +Pl. 1 + +[Illustration] + +PSITTACUS Cayennensis. + +_Cayenne gold-winged Parakeet._ + + * * * * * + +GENERIC CHARACTER. + + _Rostrum breve, crassum, validissimum, ad basin cute tectum; mandibula + superiore adunca; inferiore sub-recurvata, breviore. Nares rotundae, + nudae, ferme verticales. Pedes scansorii._ + + Bill short, thick, very strong, covered at the base by a cere; upper + mandible sharply hooked; under mandible obtuse, curving upwards, and + much shorter. Nostrils round, naked, nearly vertical. Feet scansorial. + + * * * * * + +SPECIFIC CHARACTER. + + _P. viridis, alis spuriis aurantiis, remigibus exterioribus basi + caeruleis, cauda brevi cuneata._ + + Green Parakeet, with the spurious wings golden-orange: outer quills + blue at their base. Tail short, wedged. + + Le Perruche a tache souci. _Le Vaill. pl._ 58, 59. _p._ 169. + + * * * * * + +We only thoroughly identified this beautiful little bird, by an inspection +of the costly work of Le Vaillant on this family, in the Banksian Library: +for the description of the orange-winged Parakeet of Dr. Latham is not +applicable; and Dr. Shaw has persisted in the old error of considering this +species a variety of the Toui Parakeet, although the question had been put +at rest by the original description and sound reasons of Le Vaillant. There +is a wide difference between naturalists who compile, and form their +theories from books, and those who study nature, and think for themselves; +and nothing will result from the first but mischief to the science, and +perplexity to the student. + +Our figure is from a specimen brought from Demerara by C. Edmonston, Esq.; +another is in the possession of A. MacLeay, Esq. Though rare in our +cabinets, M. Le Vaillant says it is common in Cayenne. He has given a +beautiful figure of the female, which is entirely green. + +Total length six inches. Plumage above entirely green, beneath paler and +inclining to yellow; just under the lower mandible is a small +snuff-coloured spot, and a very narrow line of the same in front just above +the nostrils; the quills dark-green, the greater ones on their outside base +are blue, with which the head is also tinged. The spurious wings are +entirely of a rich and clear orange. Inner wing-covers green. Quills inside +greenish-blue, except on each side the shafts, where there is a line of +black. Tail short, cuneated, hardly projecting an inch beyond the wings, +both above and below green: the interior margin dirty-yellow, the feathers +pointed. Bill and legs flesh-colour. + + * * * * * + + +Pl. 2 + +[Illustration] + +SITTA frontalis. + +_Blue Nuthatch._ + + * * * * * + +GENERIC CHARACTER. + + _Rostrum rectissimum, acutum, compressum; utroque mandibulo ad apicem + aeque inclinato; apice integro cuneo compresso simili. Nares basales, + ovales, apertae, plumis setaceis incumbentibus extrinsecus tectae. + Pedes tribus digitis anticis; uno postico; digitus interior minimus; + exterior ad basin medio connexus; hallux productus validus. Ungues + compressissimi; antici subaequales; posticus maximus. Cauda brevis, + rectricibus duodecim subaequalibus._ + +Typus Genericus _S. Europaea_. + + Bill very straight, sharp-pointed, compressed; both mandibles equally + inclining to the tip, which is entire, and resembles a compressed + wedge. Nostrils basal, oval, open, covered externally with incumbent + setaceous feathers. Feet with three toes forward and one backward; + inner toe very small; outer toe connected to the middle at its base; + hind toe lengthened, strong. Claws much compressed; anterior nearly + equal, posterior largest. Tail short, of twelve nearly equal feathers. + +Generic Type _Sitta Europaea_. + + * * * * * + +SPECIFIC CHARACTER. + + _S. supra caerulea; supercilio, fronte, et remigibus lateralibus in + medio nigris; subtus cinereo-fusca, auribus lilacinis, mento albo._ + + Nuthatch, above blue: line above the eye, front, and middle of the + lateral tail-feathers black; beneath cinereous brown, ears lilac, chin + white. + + ... + + * * * * * + +The present species is one of the many interesting birds collected in Java +by my friend Dr. Horsfield: it was not, however, until I had described and +engraved another specimen, sent to Sir J. Banks from Ceylon, that I +discovered the species had already been included in the Doctor's account of +the birds of Java, presented to the Linnaean Society, where he has +described it under the name of _Orthorynchus frontalis_. + +The specific name of its first describer is of course retained: with +respect, however, to its generic situation, I must be allowed to dissent +from considering it as a distinct genus, merely from the prolongation of +the hinder toe being somewhat more developed than in _Sitta Europaea_ and +_Carolinensis_, both which birds are now before me, and which in themselves +differ in the relative proportion of this part: thus in _S. Carolinensis_ +the hind toe and claw is two-tenths of an inch shorter than the leg; in _S. +Europaea_ it is one-tenth shorter; and in the present species it just +exceeds that of the leg: in every other respect not the slightest +difference I apprehend will be observed .... + +Total length five inches. Size of the European Nuthatch. Bill, from the +angle of the mouth to the tip, eight lines; front of the head velvet-black, +continued in a stripe of the same colour over the eye, and terminating +above the ear feathers: the upper plumage is of a rich blue, more brilliant +on the head, and paler on the front, and external margins of the quills. +Spurious wings and lesser quills black margined with blue. Inner +wing-covers deep black; the under plumage is a light-brown, changing to +lilac on the ears and sides of the neck, and tinged with cinereous on the +flanks and vent: the chin is white; tail even, the two middle feathers +blue, the rest more or less black, having the external margins and tips +blue. The outer quill of the wings is short, the second and third longest +and equal, the fourth rather less; the hind toe with the claw, measures one +inch in a straight line. + + * * * * * + + +Pl. 3 + +[Illustration] + +MITRA zonata. + +_Zoned Mitre._ + + * * * * * + +GENERIC CHARACTER. + + _Testa inaequaliter fusiformis, spira producta attenuata, labio + exteriore intus edentulo. Columella plicata._ + + Shell unequally fusiform. Spire lengthened, attenuated. Outer lip + simple, not toothed within. Columella plaited. + + * * * * * + +SPECIFIC CHARACTER. + + _M. epidermide lutea, fulvo-marmorata, anfractibus inferne basi nigris, + columella quinque-plicata. Linn. Trans. xii. p. 338._ + + Mitre, with the epidermis marbled with brownish-yellow; volutions at + their base black; columella five-plaited. + + Mitra zonata. _Marryat in Linn. Trans. vol._ xii. _pl._ 10. _fig._ 1. + 2. + + * * * * * + +This unique and beautiful Mitre has been already described by Captain +Marryat in the Linnaean Transactions: the figures, however, are uncoloured, +and give a very indifferent idea of the graceful symmetry of its form. My +friend Dr. Leach, with his usual liberality, permitted me to draw the +accompanying figure of it at the British Museum, where it is now deposited. + +It appears to have been taken near Nice in the Mediterranean, adhering to a +sounding-line, in very deep water; a very singular locality, since nearly +all the Mitres have generally been supposed to inhabit the tropical seas, +or at least far from the coasts of Europe. It should, however, be remarked, +that _Cypraea lurida_, an Asiatic shell, I have found on the shores of +Greece: and C. Ulysses, in his travels in the kingdom of Naples, enumerates +several shells as inhabiting the warm shores of the Tarentine Bay, which +are generally known only as natives of the Red Sea and Indian Ocean. These +facts, with many others, prove the physical distribution of _Molluscae_ to +be less decidedly marked than almost any other class of animals. + +This genus is included with that of _Voluta_ by Linnaeus and our own +writers, although long ago justly separated by the continental zoologists. + + * * * * * + + +Pl. 4 + +[Illustration] + +BULIMUS melastomus. + +_Blackmouthed Bulimus._ + + * * * * * + +GENERIC CHARACTER. + + _Testa ovalis, vel oblongo-ovalis. Spira elevata. Os integrum, + sub-ovale. Columella laevis, simplex. Labium externum crassum, + reflexum. Internum ultra medium cavo-inflexum. Operculum nullum._ + + Shell oval or oblong-oval. Spire elevated. Mouth entire, sub-oval. + Column smooth, simple. Exterior lip thick, reflected. Interior lip + beyond the middle inflected, and hollowed beneath. Operculum none. + + * * * * * + +SPECIFIC CHARACTER. + + _B. testa oblongo-ovata, alba, cinereo marmorata, spirae anfractibus + longitudinaliter plicatis, labio exteriore complanato; apertura nigra._ + + Shell oblong-ovate, white, marbled with cinereous. Spiral whorls + longitudinally plaited. Outer lip flattened; aperture black. + + * * * * * + +The genus _Bulimus_ was long ago formed by Scopoli out of the heterogeneous +mixture of shells thrown together in the Linnaean genus _Helix_[3], &c.: it +comprehends some of the larger and most beautiful of the exotic land +shells, among which the present species will stand conspicuous both in +beauty of colouring and excessive rarity. While travelling among the +forests of Brazil, in the province of Bahia, I found the shell here figured +one morning on the leaves of a _Solanum_. I not only searched myself, but +promised as a reward to any of my Indians who would bring me another, a +two-bladed Birmingham knife!--the greatest temptation they could have!--but +in vain; for I never saw another before or since. + +There are many peculiar characters presented in this species independent of +its colour: the spiral whorls are strongly plaited longitudinally about +half their length, and marked very slightly (but sufficiently distinct) +with several oblique indented striae; the principal whorl has a row of +indented and unequal sulcations near the suture, and a slight appearance of +elevation along the white transverse band; the outer lip is thick, broad, +and flattened beneath; but the margin is reflected back, and forms a +prominent rim on the upper surface. The shell, when viewed closely, appears +rough with minute scale-like elevations, very much resembling shagreen. + + * * * * * + + +Pl. 5 + +[Illustration] + +COLIAS Statira. + + * * * * * + +GENERIC CHARACTER. + + _Palpi breves, curvati, compressi ad linguam, squamis dense tecti. + Articulis tribus; primo longissimo, ad basin curvato, ultra erecto; + secundo erecto, brevi; tertio minimo, proclivi; apice nudo, obtuso. + Antennae breves, cylindraceae, ad apicem nudum et abrupte truncatum + sensim incrassatae. Alae anteriores trigonae. Abdomen maris, ultimo + articulo acuto, et subtus tenui unco incurvato; valvis magnis, + attenuatis, aduncis._ + +Typus Genericus _Colias Ebule._ + + Palpi short, curved, compressed on the tongue, thickly covered with + scales. Articulations three; the first very long, curved at the base, + erect beyond; the second erect, short; the third minute, inclining + forward; the tip naked, obtuse. Antennae short, cylindric, gradually + thickening to their tip, which is naked and abruptly truncate. Anterior + wings trigonal. Abdomen of the male with the last joint pointed, and a + slender incurved hook beneath; the valves large, attenuated and hooked. + +Generic Type _Colias Ebule_. + + * * * * * + + SPECIFIC CHARACTER. + + _C. alis dilute flavis, vel fulvis; anticis supra, puncto medio + margineque extimo, nigris; subtus ferrugineis; posticis subtus, + singulis duobus niveis punctis inaequalibus; palpis productis._ + + Wings diluted yellow or fulvous; anterior with a black border and + central dot, which beneath is ferrugineous; posterior beneath, each + with two unequal snowy spots; palpi lengthened.--_Female._ + + Papilio Statira. _Cramer, pl._ cxx. _fig._ C. D. + + * * * * * + +The present insect is selected to illustrate a very elegant family of +Butterflies, whose predominant tints are composed of orange, yellow, and +white, variously blended and disposed in a greater or less degree +throughout all the species. The generic characters above given will +distinguish them as peculiar to the tropics, and principally those of South +America; one or two species only being found in Africa, and five or six +inhabiting India. + +I have no doubt this is the _Pap. Statira_ of Cramer; it is found only in +Brazil, and has been erroneously considered by Godart and Latreille as a +variety of _C. Jugurthina_, an Indian insect, and which in fact is not in +itself a species, being no other than the female of _C. Alcmeone_, as an +attentive examination of a vast number of both, collected in Java by Dr. +Horsfield, enabled me to ascertain. + +The extraordinary prolongation of the last joint of the palpi, and the +white borderless spots beneath, which are never silvered, will distinguish +this species through all the variations; in the ground colour of its wings, +which in no two specimens are exactly alike, and one before me is nearly +white; the lesser snowy dot is sometimes very obscure, and often wanting; +but the prolongation of the palpi is even expressed in Cramer's figure +above quoted. + +I have examined about a dozen specimens, mostly captured by myself, and all +have been females; and I strongly suspect future and more decided +observations will prove _C. Evadne_ to be the other sex: it has the palpi +lengthened, though in a less degree; and the articulations of the antennae +in both insects will be found somewhat thickened at their termination when +viewed under a magnifier, a peculiarity I have seen in no other species; +and although I have examined near thirty specimens of _C. Evadne_, they +have invariably proved to be males. + +The palpi in this insect will be found at variance with the generic +character now given; a striking proof that in a natural system no single +part can be taken as an unerring criterion for generic distinction, without +making it eventually an artificial one. The _Colias Drya_ of Fabricius has +the same formation of palpi, but is a totally different insect. + + * * * * * + + +Pl. 6 + +[Illustration] + +COLIAS Leachiana. + +_Leachian Colias._ + + * * * * * + +GENERIC CHARACTER.--See Pl. 5. + + * * * * * + +SPECIFIC CHARACTER. + + _C. alis subrotundatis, integris, virescenti-albidis, anticis supra + fulvis, margine punctoque medio nigris, singulis subtus macula centrali + ferruginea._ Encycl. Method. + + (Male) wings slightly rounded, entire, greenish white; anterior pair + above orange, at their tips, margin, and central dot black: each pair + beneath with a central ferrugineous spot. Female ----? + + C. Leachiana. _Godart in Encycl. Method._ vol. ix. p. 91. + + * * * * * + +In size this insect is the largest of the genus yet discovered; it was +first noticed by Godart, who has given it the name of my learned and valued +friend, Dr. W. E. Leach, of the British Museum, whose talents are too well +known to need any eulogium in this place. + +It appears to inhabit both the northern and southern extremities of Brazil; +for I have seen it in a box sent from Para, and my specimens were captured +in Minas Geraes by my friend Dr. Langsdorff. It is, however, a rare +species; for I have only seen seven or eight specimens, and they were all +males: the female, when found, will probably differ as remarkably as in +most of this genus. + +The opaque spot on the inferior wings above is very large; but the tuft of +hair corresponding beneath the superior wings, is entirely wanting. It +should be likewise observed, that although this insect in every outward +respect resembles a genuine _Colias_ (the type of which may be _C. Ebule_), +it differs very materially in the terminal appendages of the abdomen; the +last joint being the shortest, and scarcely pointed; and the hook, instead +of being concealed beneath this segment, is exserted beyond it, and met by +two others, one at the base of each lateral valve: these valves are also +much shorter, ovate, and not attenuated, although ending in an incurved +hook. In the present ignorance in which a true knowledge of the Lepidoptera +is involved, it is impossible to say how far these dissimilarities may +point out natural groups; it is therefore of the highest importance to the +science such facts should be noticed. + + * * * * * + + +Pl. 7 + +[Illustration] + +CARDUELIS cucullata. + +_Hooded Seed-eater._ + + * * * * * + +GENERIC CHARACTER. + + _Rostrum breve, validum, conicum, rectissimum; mandibulis + subaequalibus; apice immarginato, recto, acuto; mandibula superiore + culmine convexa; inferiore basi marginis angulata, utrinque subtusque + convexa._ + +Typus Genericus _Fringilla Canaria_. Lath., &c. + + Bill short, stout, very conic, without any curvature above; both + mandibles nearly equal, the tip entire, straight and sharp; upper + mandible convex above: lower one at the base of the margin with an + obtuse angle, the sides and under part convex. + +Generic Type _Fringilla Canaria_. Latham, &c. + + * * * * * + +SPECIFIC CHARACTER. + + _C. aurantia: capite, gutture, fascia trans tectrices, remigibus + caudaque nigris; remigibus primoribus basi oblique aurantio fasciatis._ + + Orange: head, front of the neck, bar across the wing-covers, quills and + tail black; greater quills at their base obliquely barred with orange. + + * * * * * + +A richly coloured little bird, much smaller than our Goldfinch, and +approaching very near to the _Bouvreuil de Bourbon_ of Buffon, from which, +however, I think it quite distinct. The only one I have yet seen is in the +possession of E. Falkner, Esq. of Fairfield near Liverpool, who received it +with a few other rare birds from the Spanish Main. + +Total length four inches. Bill blackish and very sharp. The whole head and +forepart of the neck is black. The plumage of the body is a fine +reddish-orange, duller on the back and brightest beneath: wing-covers the +same; the greater ones at their base black, which forms a bar: the quills +are also black, the greater ones having at their base an oblique bar of +orange, and some of the lesser ones slightly margined externally with +white. Tail divaricated and black; some of the lateral feathers faintly +margined with orange. Spurious wings black. Legs and claws brown. + +The _Bouvreuil de Bourbon_, and the _B. du Cap de Bonne Esperance_ of +Buffon (_Pl. Enl. pl._ 204. _fig._ 1, 2.) appear to have been described as +the different sexes of one bird (the Orange Grossbeak of Latham) on mere +conjecture. I think them quite distinct, inhabiting different countries, +and having all the appearance (in the figures) of being two male birds; for +the females in this family seldom possess the rich colours of the male; and +the figure of the last of these birds, has not the slightest habit of a +female. + +The present genus was formed by Cuvier, (though but very slightly defined,) +and includes the common Goldfinch and Canary-bird. + + * * * * * + + +Pl. 8 + +[Illustration] + +MEROPS urica. + +_Javanese Bee-eater._ + + * * * * * + +GENERIC CHARACTER. + + _Rostrum productum, laeve, subcurvatum, compressum; apice acuto, basi + trigono; culmine carinato. Pedes brevissimi, gressorii. Alae + attenuatae._ + +Typus Genericus _M. apiaster_. Linn., &c. + + Bill lengthened, smooth, slightly curved, terminating in a sharp point; + the base triangular, the sides much compressed, the back carinated. + Feet very short, gressorial. Wings pointed. + +Generic Type _Merops apiaster_. Linn., &c. + + * * * * * + +SPECIFIC CHARACTER. + + _M. viridis, infra pallidior; capite, collo supra rufo; mento, jugulo, + sulphureis; linea temporali et torque colli nigris; tegminibus + uropygioque caeruleis; cauda subfurcata._ + + Green, beneath paler. Head and neck above rufous; chin and throat + sulphur; line under the eyes, and collar round the neck, black. + Tail-covers and rump pale blue. Tail slightly forked. + + Merops urica. _Horsfield in Linn. Trans._ + + * * * * * + +The true Bee-eaters are confined to the old world, principally inhabiting +Africa and Asia; one species only, the European Bee-eater, being known with +any degree of certainty to be found in Europe; and this is occasionally +seen in England. They are all gregarious, feeding on the wing, and in +general migratory. + +Most unwillingly I have again in this instance anticipated my friend Dr. +Horsfield in describing this bird, which he found in Java, and which I +engraved after one sent from Ceylon, without knowing it had also fallen +under his observation. + +The figure is less than the natural size, which is nearly that of our +European species. Bill an inch and a half long from the gape, and black. +Nostrils small, basal, round, not sulcated, partially defended by incumbent +hairs; at the angle of the mouth is a row of short, stiff bristles; a black +line commences from the nostrils, passes under the eye, and terminates with +the ears. The upper part of the head, neck, and between the wings, rufous. +The rump and upper tail-covers pale blue: the chin and throat sulphur +tinged with rufous, where an irregular and narrow collar of black crosses +the neck. The remaining under parts yellowish-green. Wings and quills +fulvous green, the latter tipt with black, and all the inner shafts more or +less rufous: the second quill longest, and the lesser quills and +tail-feathers notched at their tips. Tail green, slightly forked; the tips +and under side dusky-black, and three inches and a half long. Wings, when +closed, four inches one line in length. Vent blueish-white. + +The females in this genus may generally be distinguished by the two middle +tail-feathers being but slightly or not at all elongated. + + * * * * * + + +Pl. 9 + +[Illustration] + +HELIX auriculata. + +_Eared Helix._ + + * * * * * + +GENERIC CHARACTER. + + _Testa orbicularis vel globosa. Spira depressa vel paululum elevata. + Apertura integra. Labium exterius marginatum. Operculum nullum._ + + Shell orbicular or globose. Spire depressed, or but slightly elevated. + Aperture entire. Outer lip margined. Operculum, none. + + * * * * * + +SPECIFIC CHARACTER. + + _H. testa depressissima, ferrugineo-marmorata et bifasciata, umbilico + magno, profundo, apertura auriformi; labio exteriore incrassato, + margine interiore dente obsoleto._ + + Shell much depressed, marbled and doubly-banded with ferrugineous. + Umbilicus large, deep. Aperture ear-shaped. Outer lip thickened, + reflected, with a gibbous obsolete tooth within. + + * * * * * + +A shell no less remarkable for its form than its extreme rarity. The mouth +bears a most striking resemblance to the human ear; and the only specimen +known in this country is the one here figured, from the cabinet of Ch. +Dubois, Esq., who obligingly favoured me with it for examination; neither +does the exquisite work on the Land Shells, by M. de Ferrusac, now +publishing at Paris, contain this species among the numerous matchless +figures already given of this family. + +In the present uncertainty respecting the natural groups of the genus +_Helix_, as left by Lamarck, I have preferred for the present following the +example of Cuvier and de Ferrusac, in placing it with that family, in +preference to adopting the ill-defined and palpably artificial distribution +of them by D. de Montfort, or of forming a new genus for its reception. + +The variegations in its colouring are better seen in the figures than +described. The whole shell is slightly marked with obsolete longitudinal +striae; the umbilicus is very deep, and the tooth does not extend +externally beyond the margin of the lip. + + * * * * * + + +Pl. 10 + +[Illustration] + +STROMBUS. + + * * * * * + +GENERIC CHARACTER. + + _Testa ventricosa; basis canali brevi, truncato vel emarginato; labium + exterius simpliciter alatum, ala ad basin inferne emarginata; supra + dilatata._ + + _Animal marinum, carnivorum, trachelipodum; corpore spirali; pede + compresso ad cervicis basin inferiorem._ Leach in Zool. Misc. vol. i. + p. 51. + +Typus Genericus _S. pugilis._ Linn. + + Shell ventricose; base with a short canal, which is either emarginate + or truncate; external lip dilated into a simple wing, notched at the + base, and prominent above. + + Animal marine, carnivorous; body spiral, with a compressed foot at the + inferior base of the neck. + +Generic Type _S. pugilis._ Linn. + + * * * * * + +STROMBUS minimus. + +_Little Strombus--central figures._ + + _S. testa nodose plicata; spira subtilissime striata; labio interiore + reflecto, incrassato, supra obtuse-acuminato; exteriore intra laevi, + supra alte-lobato, anfractui secundo spirali adjuncto._ + + Shell with nodulous plaits; the spire finely striated; inner lip + thickened and reflected, and obtusely pointed above. Outer lip smooth + within, deeply lobed above, attached to the second spiral volution. + + _Lister_ 859. 15. _Chemnitz. tab._ 156. _fig._ 1491, 1492. _Rumph. + tab._ 36, P. _Gualtieri, tab._ 32, G. + + Strombus marginatus. _Dillwyn's Cat._ p. 665. no. 18. + + * * * * * + +A pretty and diminutive species, scarcely ever more than one inch three +lines long. The spire long in proportion, and occupying half an inch: when +in perfection the colour is a deep chesnut, minutely broken into finely +serrated darker lines, with one, two, or three interrupted bands of white +on the body whorl, the spire, and margin of the outer lip paler; there are +two or three nodules above; and the spiral volutions have the carinated row +of tubercles usual in the _Strombi_, and are besides finely striated +transversely. The base of the shell is more deeply and distinctly striated; +both the lips are much thickened, tumid, white, and highly polished; +terminating above in obtuse points on the second spiral whorl, leaving a +narrow ascending channel between; the inside of the aperture is a fine +yellow. + +Inhabits the Indian seas, but is not common. + +By some unaccountable oversight, Mr. Dillwyn has very well described this +shell, but under the name and supposition of its being the _S. marginatus_ +of Linnaeus; though a few pages after he brings all the true synonyms +referring to his shell, under a description purporting to be that of _S. +minimus_, but which in reality is more applicable to our next species. Why +this writer should doubt the correctness of Gmelin, Chemnitz, &c. +respecting the true _S. marginatus_ of Linnaeus, does not appear, +particularly as he has substituted for it a well known species. I have +little doubt myself they all mean one and the same shell, which is nothing +more than a scarce variety of _S. accinctus_, now before me, with which +Linnaeus's original description pretty well agrees. + + * * * * * + +STROMBUS variabilis. + +_Variable Strombus--upper figure._ + + _S. testa nodose plicata, spira striis nullis; labio interiore + simplice, exteriore reflecto, intra laevi, supra leviter lobato._ + + Shell with nodulous plaits, the spire not striated. Inner lip simple. + Outer lip reflected, smooth within, and slightly lobed above. + + * * * * * + +Shell two inches and a quarter long, the spire occupying little more than +half an inch. The ground colour generally is white with numerous undulated +short lines of a darker colour, sometimes crossed by four or five obsolete +whitish bands: it approaches very near _S. minimus_, but is easily +distinguished by being in general much larger, by having the inner lip not +at all thickened above, the outer lip very slightly lobed, and only +advancing on the first volution of the spire: it varies, however, amazingly +in colour. There is a small variety, having a brown spot beneath, from +India; and others (labelled from the So. Seas) in the Banksian collection, +also small, are purplish-brown, with three or four well-defined bands of +white: the aperture is always pure white. + + * * * * * + + +Pl. 11 + +[Illustration] + +DRUSILLA Horsfieldii. + + * * * * * + +GENERIC CHARACTER. + + _Antennae mediocres, clava producta, gracili, cylindracea. Palpi + breves, compressissimi, obtusi, remoti, linguam non attingentes; + lateribus utrisque hirsutissimis, articulos obtegentibus. Abdomen (in + maribus) 7-articulatum: 1mo longissimo, ultimo simplici, truncato, + supra integro, subtus unco incurvato, valvis nullis. Alae anticae (in + maribus) basi postica dilatatae, fasciculum in alas posticas + obtegentes._ + + (OBS. _Alae integerrimae, subdiaphanae, posticae magnae, orbiculares. + Pedes antici spurii; antennarum articuli basales ad apicem + incrassati._) + +Typus Genericus _Papilio Jairus_. Fabr. + + Antennae moderate, the club lengthened, slender, cylindric. Palpi + short, much compressed, obtuse, remote, not touching the tongue, + covered equally on both sides with thickset hairs concealing the + joints. Abdomen (in the male) 7-jointed, the first very long, the last + simple, truncate, and entire above, without valves, and with an + incurved hook beneath. Anterior wings (in the male) dilated at the + posterior base, concealing a tuft of hair on the inferior wings. + +Generic Type _Papilio Jairus_. Fabr. + + (OBS. Wings very entire, sub-diaphanous. Hinder wings large, orbicular. + Fore-legs spurious. Basal articulations of the antennae thickened at + the end.) + + * * * * * + +SPECIFIC CHARACTER. + + _D. alis anticis angustatis, fuscis, concoloribus; margine posteriore + et exteriore aequalibus: posticis albidis; margine exteriore fusco, + supra uni-ocellato, subtus bi-ocellato._ + + Wings, anterior, narrowed, the posterior and exterior margins equal, + uniform brown; posterior cream-coloured, with a brown margin, one + ocellate spot above, and two beneath. + + * * * * * + +This new and elegant insect was discovered by my worthy friend Dr. +Horsfield (after whom I have named it) in the interior of Java: it forms a +part of the extensive collections made there by this zealous naturalist for +the East India Company, and which will make a most important addition to +our present confined knowledge of the productions of that interesting +island: indeed these collections exceed in extent, preservation, and value, +any which have been brought to this country. + +The general resemblance of this species with _Papilio Jairus_ of Fabricius +is so great, that it might pass on a cursory view as a mere variety, did +not the form of the anterior wings at once point out the difference. In the +present insect the posterior and exterior margins are of equal length, +giving a narrow appearance to the wings, much resembling some of the true +_Papilionidae_; but in _P. Jairus_, these wings are much broader, more +obtuse, and the length of the posterior margin much greater; other minor +differences exist in the colouring and markings. My valued friend A. H. +Haworth, Esq., F.L.S., &c. possesses a fine pair of the true _P. Jairus_ in +his rich and extensive collection; and the liberality with which it is +constantly and freely opened to me, deserves my warmest thanks. + +From these two species I have formed the present genus, the characters of +which will distinguish it from that of _Haetera_ (Fabr.), a scanty genus +confined to South America; and this seems to occupy its place in India: +both will come in the natural family of _Hipparchidae_. Only one specimen +(a male) exists in Dr. Horsfield's collections; I could not therefore +dissect the mouth, &c. On the inner borders of the inferior wings is a +lengthened tuft of fine hairs: the _anus_ beneath has on each side an +obtuse lengthened process, partially attached, and which appears to supply +the place of the lateral valves. It is represented on a sprig of + +GAERTNERA _racemosa_, + +which, although differing slightly from the figure of Dr. Roxburgh's +Coromandel Plants, p. 19. t. 18, Dr. Horsfield considers as the same plant. +The Javanese name is _Kakas_. + + * * * * * + + +Pl. 12 + +[Illustration] + +GOBIUS Suerii. + +_Suerian Goby._ + + * * * * * + +GENERIC CHARACTER. + + _Caput parvum. Oculi approximati. Pinnae dorsales duae, radiis + flexilibus: ventrales conjunctae, infundibuliformes. Branchiarum + apertura contracta, membrana 4-radiata._ + +Typus Genericus _Gobius niger_. Pennant. + + Head small. Eyes approximating. Dorsal fins two, the rays flexible. + Ventral fins united into the form of a funnel. Gill aperture + contracted, the membrane four-rayed. + +Generic Type _Gobius niger_. Pennant. + + * * * * * + +SPECIFIC CHARACTER. + + _G. olivaceus, cauda atro-purpurea. Capite, operculis, pinna dorsali et + caudali longitudinaliter flavo-lineatis._ + + Olivaceous Goby. Tail obscure purple. Head, gills, dorsal and caudal + fins with yellow longitudinal lines. + + Gobius Suerii. _Risso Icth. p._ 387. _pl._ 11. _fig._ 43. + + * * * * * + +This beautiful little fish never exceeds the size here represented. It is +not uncommon on the coast of Sicily in the spring months: it has likewise +been discovered on the shores of Nice by Risso, who is its first describer: +his figure, however, is so remarkably bad, that it would be impossible to +recognise it but for his description: in fact, the fish is so delicate, +that unless the fins are very carefully expanded in water their form and +colouring will never be seen correctly. It has been named after M. C. A. Le +Sueur (who accompanied Peron in the French circumnavigation), an able +zoologist and most inimitable draftsman and engraver. + +General colour pale olivaceous yellow, with a few obscure large spots along +the body somewhat brighter. The head has four yellow oblique bands, between +which, and behind the eye, is a bright blue spot. Ventral fins blackish. +The first dorsal fin is trigonal, and has the third ray lengthened and +longest; the three last rays tipt with deep-black; the second fin is +lengthened, broadest at the end, the membrane greyish-white with narrow +longitudinal lines of yellow. Caudal fin lanceolate, pointed, +blackish-purple, margined and marked with yellow lines parallel with the +borders. Pectoral fin ovately rounded, with faint yellow transverse bands. +Anal fin resembling the second dorsal, greyish, with the margin +dull-purple. Scales large, very deciduous; lateral line invisible; lower +jaw longest; teeth minute. Body and fins semi-transparent. The first dorsal +fin has seven rays; the second fifteen; anal fifteen; pectoral twelve; +caudal seventeen; ventral fourteen. + + * * * * * + + +Pl. 13 + +[Illustration] + +PLATYRHYNCHUS Ceylonensis. + +_Ceylonese Flat-bill._ + + * * * * * + +GENERIC CHARACTER. + + _Rostrum breve, rectum, depressissimum, ferme trigonum; mandibula + superiore ad apicem abrupte adunca, emarginata; inferiore recta, + breviore; marginibus superioris inferiorem superplicantibus. Os et + Nares longis rigidis vibrissis obtectae. Nares, mediae inter apicem et + hiatum rostri. Cauda plerumque aequalis, rectricibus duodecim. Pedes et + Tarsi breves, graciles._ + + Typi Generici. Div. I. _Todus Platyrhynchos._ Gm. Div. II. _Muscicapa + barbata._ Lath. + + Bill short, straight, thin, very depressed, and nearly triangular; the + upper mandible abruptly hooked at the tip, and notched; the margins + folding over those of the under mandible, which is straight and + shorter. Mouth and nostrils defended by long stiff bristles. Nostrils + medial between the tip and gape of the bill. Tail mostly even, of + twelve feathers. Legs and toes short, slender. + + Generic Types. Div. I. _Todus Platyrhynchos._ Gm. Div. II. _Muscicapa + barbata._ Lath. + + * * * * * + +SPECIFIC CHARACTER. + +_P. olivaceus, subtus flavus; capite mentoque cinereis._ + +Olivaceous Flat-bill, beneath yellow. Head and chin cinereous. + + * * * * * + +The sober tints of this little bird accord more with those of Europe than +of India, of which country however it is a native, having been sent from +Ceylon to the British Museum: it is the only one I have yet seen, and +appears hitherto undescribed. + +The stiff bristles at the corner of the mouth are nearly the length of the +bill, which is quite flattened: the tail is even, and the whole bird in +every respect but colour closely resembles the bearded Flycatcher (_Musc. +barbata_ Lath.). + +Cuvier and other modern zoologists have done much in distributing the +Linnaean _Muscicapae_ into their natural families; but as we are acquainted +with a great number from descriptions only, the arrangement is by no means +perfect. + +The generic characters now given of the genus _Platyrhynchos_ (very +slightly noticed by Vieillot) will be found perfectly applicable to the +separate divisions here formed; the first comprising the _Todus +Platyrhynchos_ of Gmelin, and a few others having the bill larger and more +dilated than the second division, which includes the present species, +together with _M. barbata_, _caerulea_, _cuneata_, and no doubt many +others. The construction of the bill in all these birds will be found +precisely the same, though more or less developed in each division, and +even in the species; it thus becomes impossible to draw the line of +demarcation without refining too much on generic distinctions. Their bills, +although so broad, are by no means stout; thus enabling them to prey with +greater readiness on the _Lepidoptera_ and other large winged insects with +soft bodies; while the long stiff bristles at the base of the bill seem +intended to confine the resistance their prey would otherwise make by their +wings. The illustrious Cuvier has well observed, that the true Flycatchers +have the bill longer, narrowed, less compressed, and the tip but slightly +bent. + + * * * * * + + +Pl. 14 + +[Illustration] + +PICUS rubiginosus. + +_Brown Woodpecker._ + + * * * * * + +GENERIC CHARACTER. + + _Rostrum polyedrum, rectum, in apicem compressum, cuneatum, attenuatum. + Nares basales, ovales, patulae, plumis angustis recumbentibus tectae. + Lingua longissima, jaculatoria, apice sagittato. Cauda rectricibus + validis, rigidis, acuminatis,_ 10, _intermediis duabus longioribus. + Pedes scansorii._ + +Typus Genericus _Picus viridis_. + + Bill many-sided, straight, the tip resembling a compressed pointed + wedge. Nostrils basal, oval, open, covered externally with narrow + recumbent feathers. Tongue very long, retractile, the tip barbed. + Tail-feathers ten, strong, rigid, acuminated; the two middle ones + longest. Feet climbing. + +Generic Type _Picus viridis_. + + * * * * * + +SPECIFIC CHARACTER. + + _P. supra rubiginosus: vertice nigrescente; occipite rubro, subtus + fulvo, fusco-fasciato._ + + Above tawny rufous. Crown blackish; hind head crimson, beneath fulvous, + with brown transverse bands. + + * * * * * + +The Woodpeckers form a most natural family of birds, and are dispersed in +every part of the known world, excepting the Polar regions. Eight species +inhabit Europe, five of which are found in our own country. The largest +however of these, the Great Black Woodpecker, is very rare; and even the +others are less frequently seen than formerly, from the gradual diminution +of our few remaining forests. + +The present appears an undescribed species, and was sent from the Spanish +Main to E. Falkner, Esq. of Fairfield. I have since seen the male, which, +like many others of this genus, is distinguished by a patch of red below +the eye. + +Total length, eight inches and a half; bill one inch long, blackish; front +and crown cinereous black; the hind head and nape crimson; a dusky whitish +line (beginning at the nostrils) includes the eye and ear-feathers; below +this on each side blackish, with longitudinal whitish dots, which in the +male is mixed near the bill with crimson; chin blackish, speckled with +white. The general plumage above is uniform tawny rufous brown, becoming +more olive on the rump. Under parts olivaceous yellow, crossed with +numerous close bands of blackish brown. Quills with the inner web black, +the margin pale yellow; shafts and outer web tawny; tail the same, the +shafts and outer half black, excepting the last pair, which have yellowish +shafts and dusky tips. Wings inside, pale orange. Legs and claws dusky +green. + +Two or three other individuals have since fallen under my observation: the +male I saw at Mr. Leadbeater's, Animal Preserver, in Brewer-street, of +whose liberality and integrity in every way, I can bear the most +unqualified and cheerful testimony. + + * * * * * + + +Pl. 15 + +[Illustration] + +LICINIA Melite. + + * * * * * + +GENERIC CHARACTER. + + _Antennae graciles; clava elongata, fusiformi, compressa. Palpi + brevissimi, vix ultra caput producti, ad linguam compressi, squamis + linearibus tecti, margine ciliati, articulo ultimo sub-nudo, secundo + subaequali. Abdomen elongatum, gracile, in maribus 6-articulatum, + articulo ultimo integro; valvis plerumque elongatis, attenuatis, apice + acutis. Alae anticae (in maribus) angustae, obtuse-attenuatae, (in + foeminis) latiores, oblique rotundatae. Alae posticae (in maribus) + dilatatae, longitudine anticis pene aequales; margine antico opaco, in + foeminis breviores, suborbiculares._ + +Typus Genericus _L. Melite_. Nobis. + + Antennae slender, the club elongated, fusiform, and compressed. Palpi + very short, hardly projecting beyond the head, compressed on the + tongue, covered with scales and margined externally with long hairs, + the last joint nearly naked and almost as long as the second joint. + Body elongated, slender, in the male with 6 joints, the last entire. + Valves generally elongated, attenuated, their tips acutely pointed. + Anterior wings (in the male) narrow, obtusely attenuated; in the female + broader, and obliquely rounded. Posterior (in the male) dilated, nearly + as long as the anterior wings, the fore margin opaque; in the female + shorter, and nearly orbicular. + +Generic Type _L. Melite_. + + * * * * * + +SPECIFIC CHARACTER. + + _L. (Mas.) alis flavis; anteriore supra nigra, fascia obliqua flava, et + linea, basali transversa, margine posteriore flavo. (Foem.) Alis supra + albis; anteriore apice stigmateque marginali obliquo nigris; posteriore + supra nigro marginata, subtus (in utroque sexu) flavescente, lineis + duabus transversis fuscis._ + + Male. Wings yellow, anterior above black, with an oblique yellow band + and transverse basal line; posterior margin yellow. Fem. Wings above + white; anterior, with the tips and marginal oblique stigma black. + Posterior, above margined with black; beneath (in both sexes) yellow, + with two transverse brown lines. + + Papilio Melite. _Fab. Ent. Syst._ 160, 494. _Cramer, tab._ 153. C. D. + + * * * * * + +The remarkable size of the under wings in the male insects of this genus +will distinguish them even to a casual observer as forming a natural group. +They are all natives of South America, where I discovered nine species. The +females differ most strikingly, and have hitherto been mistaken by authors +not only for distinct species, but as belonging to different genera. + +Their natural situation will be among the _Pieridae_, with whose general +habit they accord. + +The female of this species resembles _Pap. Licinia_ of Cramer, except in +having a short black stigma in the middle of the anterior border of the +fore wings, pointing obliquely to the exterior margin. Cramer's insect, +however, is the female of another undescribed species in my cabinet. + +The under side of the posterior wings in both sexes is the same. + + * * * * * + + +Pl. 16 + +[Illustration] + +ISMENE Oedipodea. + + * * * * * + +GENERIC CHARACTER. + + _Antennae cylindraceae, juxta medium crassissimae, versus apicem + subulatae, articulis numerosis brevissimis pene detectis. Palpi crassi + squamosi, fronte obtusa, lateribus compressis, marginibus exterioribus + ciliatis, articulo ultimo nudo, producto, subhorizontali, lineari, + compresso. Oculi (in maribus) magni. Corpus (in maribus) 7-articulatum, + articulo ultimo supra appendice transverso truncato subemarginato + terminante, subtus duobus uncis recurvis obtusis, fasciculo tectis; + articulo 1mo et ultimo brevissimis: (in foeminis) articulo ultimo + producto, subacuminato._ + + Antennae cylindrical, thickest near the middle, the terminal half + subulate; articulations numerous, very short, hardly perceptible. Palpi + thick, scaly; frontal side obtuse; lateral sides compressed; the + margins externally fringed with hair; the last joint naked, lengthened, + nearly horizontal, linear, compressed. Eyes (in the male) very large. + Body (in the male) of seven joints, the last with a transverse, + slightly emarginate, truncate appendage above; and two obtuse recurved + hooks below, concealed by a tuft of hair; the first and last segment + shortest. Body in the female with the last joint lengthened and + pointed. + + * * * * * + +SPECIFIC CHARACTER. + + _I. alis supra fuscis, basi nitide-caerulea, posticis aurantio + marginatis, subtus rufo-fusco nebulosis, basi puncto nigro: anticis (in + maribus) basi aurantiis, macula nigra tomentosa._ + + Wings above fuscous, shining blue at their base; posterior margined + with orange; beneath clouded with rufous and brown, and a black dot at + the base of the posterior wings. Anterior wings (in the male) orange at + the base, and a large velvet-like spot of black. + + * * * * * + +The resplendent and changeable azure blue which ornaments the body and part +of the wings in this very singular insect, can be but ill expressed in the +figure. It is one of the many new and interesting subjects in entomology +discovered in Java by Dr. Horsfield; and by his kindness and liberality I +am enabled to add the figures of the caterpillar and chrysalis, which were +copied out of a fine series of drawings made in Java under his own eye: +they do not appear to differ in their formation from others of this family, +although the perfect insect possesses such striking and peculiar generic +characters; one of the many facts which prove the impossibility of making +the _Larvae_ a primary consideration in forming the genera of Lepidoptera. + +This is a rare insect, I have therefore been obliged to leave the generic +character imperfect, as the dissection of the mouth, &c. would destroy the +specimen. The posterior margin in the wings of the male is sinuated; in the +female it is nearly straight; the underside of the wings in both sexes is +the same; the anterior pair reddish-brown, paler in the middle; the tip and +posterior margin whitish: inferior wings reddish-orange towards the inner +margin, with an obsolete central curved band of the same, and a black dot +at the base of the inferior wings. The head, palpi, and thorax are margined +with orange, less conspicuous in the female. + +Our knowledge of the genus _Hesperia_ of Latreille (under which the present +insect would come) is little more than what was known of _Scarabaeus_ +twenty years ago; nor has Fabricius even noticed one half of the species +figured by Cramer. The larva feeds on + +GAERTNERA _Javensis_ + + _Foliis ovatis, obtuse-acuminatis, caule volubili ramosissimo, ramulis + diffusis, deflexis,_ + +a new species, discovered in Java by Dr. Horsfield, who has distinguished +it by the above specific character. He informs me the natives give it the +name of _Kakas-rambat_, which last word signifies twining or trailing. In +the inflorescence and fruit it differs not from _G. racemosa_. + + * * * * * + + +Pl. 17 + +[Illustration] + +BULIMUS zonatus. + +_Zoned Bulimus._ + + * * * * * + +GENERIC CHARACTER.--See Pl. 4. + + * * * * * + +SPECIFIC CHARACTER. + + _B. testa laevi conica; spirae anfractibus quinque; ultimo aliquantulum + distorto; albis duabus fasciis ferrugineis inaequalibus; anfractu + basali rufo duabus albis fasciis; apertura alba._ + + Shell smooth, conic, of five volutions, the last somewhat distorted; + white, with two unequal ferrugineous bands; body whirl rufous, with two + white bands. Aperture white. + + * * * * * + +A small though very elegant shell, seldom seen in Collections; nor do I +find such a description of it as will identify the species. One figured by +Martini, at _tab._ 134, _fig._ 1215, comes near it, but differs +sufficiently for a specific distinction. + +Its precise locality is unknown: a fine specimen exists in my father's +collection, who thinks it came from the East Indies; and this is the only +one I have yet seen. + +The aperture is more round than ovate, and is less than one half the total +length of the shell; the outer lip much reflected, and the transverse bands +on the spiral whirls nearly obsolete. + + * * * * * + + +Pl. 18 + +[Illustration] + +MITRA contracta. + +_Contracted Mitre_--upper figure. + + * * * * * + +GENERIC CHARACTER.--_Pl._ 23. + + * * * * * + +SPECIFIC CHARACTER. + + _M. (Div. 3.) testa sublaevi; margine superiore anfractuum prominente, + anfractu basali in medio contracto_ + + Shell nearly smooth; upper margin of the volutions prominent; basal + whorl contracted in the middle. + + * * * * * + +An undescribed species, for the loan of which I am indebted to Mr. G. +Humphrey, of Leicester-street, whose knowledge as a collector, and +integrity as a dealer, have gained him respect and confidence through a +long life: and it is no less singular than true, that many genera of modern +authors, now universally adopted, were formed by him near twenty-five years +ago (under different names) in the _Museum Calonianum_, printed in 1797. + +Shell one inch and a half long, and smooth; the base and spire with faint +remote grooves; the spiral whorls are scarcely convex, and their upper +margins prominent. Outer lip thick, effuse, slightly reflected below, and +contracted above. Pillar five-plaited; colour yellowish white, with two or +three waved longitudinal bands of orange, and a few others broad and remote +on the spire. A finer specimen I have since seen with Mr. Humphrey's was +one inch three quarters long, the ground-colour pure white, the aperture +orange, and the bands rich orange-chesnut. + + * * * * * + +MITRA australis. + +_New Holland Mitre._ + + * * * * * + + _M. (Div. 2) testa laevissima; spira elongata; anfractibus basi + castaneo-fuscis; fascia alba in basali anfractu, centrali. Columella + 4-plicata._ + + Shell very smooth. Spire elongated, chesnut-brown; base of the spiral + volutions with a whitish band, which is central on the basal whorl. + Pillar four-plaited. + + * * * * * + +Dead shells of this new Mitre were received from Van Dieman's Land by Mr. +Humphrey: it is perfectly destitute of striae, excepting a few faint ones +at the base: the mouth, which is smooth inside, appeared in the few +specimens he had, to be unformed; it is, however, sufficiently distinct +from any other. + + * * * * * + + +Pl. 19 + +[Illustration] + +TINAMUS Tataupa, _var._ + +_Tataupa Tinamou._ + + * * * * * + +GENERIC CHARACTER. + + _Rostrum mediocre, depressum, latius quam altum, apice rotundato + obtuso; culmine lato, excelso. Nares laterales, mediae, ovatae, + patulae, apertae. Pedes tetradactyli, fissi; halluce brevissimo, + insistente. Cauda nulla, aut brevissima, plumis uropygii obtecta. Alae + breves._ Temminck, vol. iii. p. 747. + +Typus Genericus _T. rufescens_. Latham. + + Bill moderate, depressed, broader than high, tip obtuse, back broad. + Nostrils lateral, medial, ovate, expanded and open. Feet four-toed, + cleft; hind toe very short. Tail none or very short, concealed by the + rump-feathers. Wings short. + +Generic Type _T. rufescens_. Latham. + + * * * * * + +SPECIFIC CHARACTER. + + _T. corpore supra fusco-rufo, immaculato; capite et collo fusco-nigro; + mento albo; gula, collo, pectoreque cinereis; corpore infra albescente; + uropygio lateribusque posticis rufis aut nigris, pennis + albo-marginatis._ + + Tinamou with the body above dusky-rufous, immaculate. Head and neck + dusky-black; chin white; throat, neck and breast, cinereous; body + beneath whitish; vent and flanks rufous or black, the feathers margined + with white. + + Tinamus Tataupa. _Temminck Pig. et Gall._ iii. _p._ 590 _et_ 752. _Gen. + Zool. vol._ xi. _part_ 2. _p._ 416. + + * * * * * + +The Tinamous are entirely confined to the new world, where they seem to +hold the same scale in creation which the Partridges do in the old +continent. Our knowledge of these singular birds has been much increased by +the writings of Professor Temminck, who has described twelve species. The +present bird is nearly the smallest of its family: I found it only once in +the interior of Bahia in Brazil, where it must be very rare, or frequent to +particular districts only. Though differing in some respects from the +description of Temminck, I am inclined to consider it merely as a variety. + +Total length (excepting the legs) eight inches and a quarter. The bill is +one inch one line long from the gape, and, with the irides, is red. The +head and neck above blackish cinereous; the crown much darker and tinged +with brown, the rest of the upper plumage uniform reddish-brown; the edges +of the wing-covers tinged with pale cinereous; the spurious wings and +quills greyish-brown; the chin is white, changing on the throat, neck, +breast and their sides to a pale lead-colour, which, on the body, again +becomes white; the feathers on the flanks are blackish or rufous, +beautifully margined all round by white, with another internal mark of the +same kind; those on the vent are similarly marked, but on a pale rufous +ground; the thighs are rufous-white; the under tail-covers rufous, marked +by narrow undulated concentric lines of black, the ends whitish. The length +of the legs (from the knee to the base of the middle toe) one inch two +lines, and from that to the tip of the claw one inch. Legs blueish-purple. +Hind toe very short, and elevated above the ground. + + * * * * * + + +Pl. 20 + +[Illustration] + +PICUS Braziliensis. + +_Brazilian Woodpecker._ + + * * * * * + +GENERIC CHARACTER.--See Pl. 14. + + * * * * * + +SPECIFIC CHARACTER. + + _P. olivaceus, subtus fulvus, nigrescente-fasciatus; capite + subcristato, supra rubro, utrinque lineis olivaceis, fulvis, et + rubris._ + + Olive Woodpecker: beneath fulvous, with transverse blackish bands. Head + sub-crested, above red, the sides with olive, yellow, and red streaks. + + P. Braziliensis, Swains. in Wern. Trans. 3. p. 291. + + * * * * * + +A new species of this already extensive family, inhabiting the interior of +Brazil in the province of Bahia, where I met with it but once. It was, I +believe, first described in a paper I sent to the Wernerian Society some +time ago: the figure is less than the natural size. + +Total length nine inches. Bill not quite an inch, and blackish. Irides +yellow. Head slightly crested; the whole upper part crimson. Orbits and +cheeks olive-brown; beneath this a narrow line of tawny-yellow begins at +the nostrils and passes down the sides of the neck; next this is a similar +stripe crimson on the jaws and olive beyond, leaving the chin and throat in +front yellowish; the plumage above is tawny-olive. Quills black, within +edged with rufous: all the under parts tawny-yellow, transversely banded +with blackish lines; inner wing-covers yellowish. Tail three inches and a +half long, the feathers black, unspotted, and tinged at their base with +olive. Feet and claws lead-colour. The neck is very slender. The only one I +have yet seen was a male. + + * * * * * + + +Pl. 21 + +[Illustration] + +PROCNIAS hirundacea. + +_Swallow Fruit-eater._ + + * * * * * + +GENERIC CHARACTER. + + _Rostrum breve, trigonum, basi latissimum, dilatatum, versus apicem + contractum: mandibulis emarginatis; marginibus intraflexis; mandibula + superiore, tomiis curvatis, carinatis; inferiore recta, breviore. Nares + latae, basales, subnudae; aperturis orbiculatis, approximantibus, + apicem quam malam magis appropinquantibus. Lingua brevissima, angusta. + Rictus amplissimi infra oculos aperientes. Pedes insidentes. Alae + mediocres._ + +Typus Genericus _Ampelis carunculata_. Latham. + + Bill short, triangular, base very broad, dilated, towards the end + contracted; both mandibles notched, the margins bent inward; upper + mandible slightly curved and carinated above; lower mandible straight + and shortest. Nostrils broad, basal, nearly naked, the aperture much + nearer the tip than the gape of the bill. Tongue very short, narrow. + Mouth very large, opening beneath the eye. Feet formed for perching. + Wings moderate. + +Generic Type _Carunculated Chatterer_. Latham. + + OBS. MM. Temminck and Lagier had just before us, and without our + knowledge, published this bird under the name of Procnias Ventralis, + (Pl. 5.) by which name in right of priority it should stand in the + system. + + * * * * * + +SPECIFIC CHARACTER. + + _P. (in maribus) caerulea; fronte, jugulo, temporibusque nigris; + corpore subtus in medio albo, lateribus striis transversis + nigrescentibus._ + + _(Foem.) viridis; mento temporibusque griseis; corpore infra + flavescente, striis obscure-viridibus transversis._ + + (Male) blue; front, throat, and temples black; middle of the body + beneath white, the sides with blackish transverse striae. + + (Female) green; chin and temples grey; body beneath yellowish, + transversely striated with dusky-green. + + * * * * * + +The birds of this genus are remarkable for the enormous width of their +mouths, which in some species exceeds that of the Swallow family, thus +enabling them with ease to swallow the large berries of the _Melastomae_ +and other tropical shrubs, on which they alone subsist; not on insects, as +Cuvier asserts. Although in the construction of their bills they perfectly +resemble the Swallows, their wings are not formed for long or rapid flight; +and their feet are much stronger, and calculated for searching among +branches for their food, in which situations I have frequently seen them. +The term "_pedes ambulatorii_," or walking-feet, is applied too generally, +and should be confined to the gallinaceous and Pigeon tribes. + +This genus was formed by Count Hoffmansegg, and the present is the smallest +species known: our figure is of the male bird. Total length about five +inches and a half. The bill from the angle to the tip measures seven lines; +but from the nostrils only three lines and a half. The middle of the body, +vent, and under tail-covers in the male are pure white; in the female +yellowish, with a line of olive-green down the middle of each shaft; the +quills, wing-covers, and tail-feathers are black, margined in the male with +blue, and in the female with green: the tail is slightly forked. The +nostrils round and bare; the base of the bill has a few weak setaceous +hairs. The legs resemble the true Chatterers, having the outer toe rather +longer than the inner, and attached to the base of the middle. + +This is a scarce bird, apparently not hitherto described; I met with it +only three times in Bahia; but it appears more frequent in the southern +provinces of Brazil, specimens having been sent me from Minas Geralis and +Rio de Janeiro. + + * * * * * + + +Pl. 22 + +[Illustration] + +TERIAS Elvina. + + * * * * * + +GENERIC CHARACTER. + + _Antennae breves, clava subtruncata, compressa. Palpi brevissimi + curvati, vix ultra caput producti, ad linguam compressi, densis squamis + imbricatis in totum tecti apice nudo. Abdomen elongatum, gracile, in + maribus 6-articulatum, articulo ultimo duobus uncis incurvatis + approximantibus; valvis latis, incrassatis, truncatis, aduncis. Alae + utroque sexu similes; latae, obtusae, rotundatae, integerrimae._ + +Typus Genericus _Papilio Hecabe_. Linnaeus. + + Antennae short, the club somewhat truncate and compressed. Palpi very + short, curved, hardly projecting beyond the head, closely compressed on + the tongue, entirely covered with close imbricate scales, the tip + naked. Body elongated, slender, in the male six-jointed, the last with + two approximating incurved hooks; valves broad, thickened, truncate, + and hooked. Wings in both sexes alike, broad, obtuse, rounded, very + entire. + +Generic Type _Papilio Hecabe_. Linnaeus. + + * * * * * + +SPECIFIC CHARACTER. + + _T. alis subdiaphanis, sulphureis, subtus immaculatis. Anticis supra + apice nigris, posticis (in maribus) margine antico basi gibbosis. Foem. + ----?_ + + Wings sub-diaphanous, pale sulphur; beneath immaculate. Anterior, above + with a black marginal tip; posterior (in the male) with the fore-margin + gibbous at the base. Female ----? + + Pieris Elvina. _Godart in Encycl. Method, p._ 158. _no._ 67. + + * * * * * + +This is one of the smallest of Butterflies, and from the extreme delicacy +of its form seems to sanction with truth the poetic idea of living "but for +a day." It is found in Brazil, inhabiting only the deepest forests, as if +fearful its little life would be endangered by the scorching rays of a +tropical sun: in these sombre shades it is seen to fly slowly and feebly +near those spots where a ray of the sun has partially entered the thick +canopy of foliage above, which is frequently fifty or sixty feet from the +ground. + +The genus I have now placed it in belongs to the _Coliadae_, and appears to +connect that family with the _Pieridae_: their distinctions are obviously +marked and very constant in all the species I have yet seen, and which are +tropical: of these, seven I discovered in Brazil; three or four more are +natives of the southern extremity of North America; and Dr. Horsfield has +four or five from Java. I know of none from Africa. Their size in general +is very small. + +I think this species is the _Pieris Elvina_ of Godart; although the insect +he mentions as the female is in reality that of his _Pieris Neda_. The true +female I have never seen; I suspect it will want the gibbous curve on the +hinder wings of the male, which sex is, indeed, not common, and is +generally much smaller, and sometimes half the size only, of the figure. + +_Papilio Nicippe_ of Cramer (tab. 210. fig. C. D.) strictly belongs to this +genus, though placed in that of _Colias_ by Godart, as well as his _Pieris +Agave_, _Hecabe_, and doubtless many others not now before me. + + * * * * * + + +Pl. 23 + +[Illustration] + +MITRA vittata. + +_Ribbon Mitre._ + + * * * * * + +CHARACTER GENERICUS. + + _Testa inaequaliter fusiformis, spira producta attenuata; labio + exteriore intus edentato. Columella plicata_. + +DIVISIONES. + + I. _Apertura angusta, linearis, supra angulata, infra subcontracta._ + + _Mitrae vulpecula, plicata, &c._ + + OBS. _Testa plerumque longitudinaliter plicata, aequaliter + fusiformis, labio exteriore laevi leviter undulato, interiore ad + apicem intra crassato; gula striata._ + + II. _Apertura supra acuminata, infra angusta, extrinsecus curvata._ + + _Voluta mitra-abbatis._ Chemnitz, &c. + + OBS. _Testa plerumque spira elongata, apertura ad basin angustata, + siphone superiore parvo aut nullo._ + + III. _Apertura supra acuminata, extrinsecus recta, infra rotundata, + dilatata, vel effusa._ + + _Mitrae papalis, episcopalis, &c._ + + OBS. _Testa plerumque laevi ad basin obtusa, truncata, labio + exteriore margine crenato, gula laevi._ + + * * * * * + +GENERIC CHARACTER. + + Shell unequally fusiform; spire lengthened, attenuated; outer lip + simple not toothed within. Columella plaited. + +DIVISIONS. + + I. Aperture narrow, linear, above angulated, below a little + contracted. + + _Mitrae vulpecula, plicata, &c._ + + OBS. Shell generally longitudinally plaited, equally fusiform; + outer lip smooth, slightly waved; top of the inner lip much + thickened within; throat striated. + + II. Aperture above pointed, below narrowed, externally curved. + + _Voluta mitra-abbatis._ Chemnitz, &c. + + OBS. Shell generally with an elongated spire, the aperture below + narrowed; upper syphon or channel small or wanting. + + III. Aperture above pointed, externally straight, below rounded, + widened or effuse. + + _Mitrae papalis, episcopalis, &c._ + + OBS. Shell generally smooth, the base thick and truncated; margin + of the outer lip crenated; throat smooth. The smaller shells of + this division connect the genera _Mitra_ and _Colombella_ + (Lamarck). + + * * * * * + +SPECIFIC CHARACTER. + + _M. testa angusta, basi cancellata; spira plicis carinatis; + interstitiis sulcis transversis confertis; columella 4-plicata; gula 4 + aut 5 striis remotis._ + + Shell narrow, base cancellated. Spire with carinated plaits, the + interstices with slender, crowded, transverse grooves. Pillar of four + plaits; throat with four to five remote striae. + + * * * * * + +This superb shell is figured from a matchless specimen brought home by that +illustrious and lamented patron of science, the late Sir J. Banks, from the +Pacific Ocean: it is now, together with his entire collection of shells and +insects, in the Museum of the Linnaean Society. + +It is of great rarity, and the present specimen far exceeds in size any I +have yet seen. A very perfect one exists in my father's collection which +measures only two inches one line long: it differs slightly in wanting the +lower white band and its inferior border: there is also an additional small +plait between the second and third, a variation not uncommon in the +Linnaean Volutes, and which lessens the importance of this character as a +specific distinction. + +It is unfigured, and I believe undescribed, unless perhaps in Solander's +MSS. In its small state it may have been overlooked as one of the numerous +varieties of _M. vulpecula_; but the sharp angulated plaitings, the +cancellated base, and the numerous faintly-grooved lines on the spire, as +well as the more slender and lengthened form, will at once distinguish it: +its colours also are very striking and dissimilar. + + * * * * * + + +Pl. 24 + +[Illustration] + +CONOELIX. + + * * * * * + +GENERIC CHARACTER. + + _Testa coniformis; spira brevissima; labium exterius simplex; columella + plicata; apertura linearis, angusta, spira longior._ + +Typus Genericus _Conoelix lineatus_. Nobis. + + Shell coniform. Spire very short. Outer lip simple. Columella or pillar + plaited. Aperture linear, narrow, longer than the spire. + +Generic Type _Conoelix lineatus_. + + * * * * * + +CONOELIX marmoratus. + +_Marbled Conoelix--upper figures._ + + * * * * * + +SPECIFIC CHARACTER. + + _C. testa striis transversis, remotis, capillaribus; spira subproducta, + acuminata; anfractibus in medio linea sulcata; labio exteriore + crenato._ + + Shell with remote capillary transverse striae. Spire slightly produced, + acuminated; the whorls with a central indented line. Outer lip + crenated. + + * * * * * + +The rare little shells composing the group I have now formed into the genus +_Conoelix_, seem to have escaped the observation of modern systematic +writers. They form a beautifully defined link connecting the Cones with the +Volutes, strictly so termed, and their generic characters seem to be very +constant and clear. The present species varies more or less in the +regularity of its tessellated markings. The inside of the mouth is brown, +and the pillar has five plaits. Several specimens are in the Banksian +Cabinet, from the Pelew Islands. The figures are enlarged to one half more +than the natural size. + + * * * * * + +CONOELIX lineatus. + +_Lineated Conoelix--middle figures._ + + _C. testa laevi, albescente, lineis transversis, fulvis, capillaribus; + spira depressa, apice prominulo; columella 6-plicata._ + + Shell smooth, whitish, with transverse capillary fulvous lines. Spire + depressed, the apex prominent. Pillar six-plaited. + +Figured of the natural size. The volutions of the spire are somewhat +convex; the coloured lines are not indented. Inhabits the South Seas? + + * * * * * + +CONOELIX punctatus. + +_Punctured Conoelix--lower figures._ + + _C. testa fulvo-albescente, striis transversis capillaribus, intra + minute punctatis; spira brevi; columella 5-plicata._ + + Shell cream-colour, with capillary transverse striae, which are + minutely punctured. Spire short. Pillar five-plaited. + + * * * * * + +Inhabits Otaheite: from the Banksian Collection. The figures are on the +same scale as _C. marmoratus_. + +These are the only three species which I have myself seen. Another is +figured in _Chemnitz_ x. _tab._.150. _fig._ 1415 and 6. Mr. Humfreys +informs me he has seen at different times five or six others, all of a +small size. + + * * * * * + + +Pl. 25 + +[Illustration] + +PROCNIAS melanocephalus. + +_Black-headed Berry-eater._ + + * * * * * + +GENERIC CHARACTER.--See Pl. 21. + + * * * * * + +SPECIFIC CHARACTER. + + _P. oliva-viridis, subtus flavescens, striis fuscis transversis, capite + omnino nigro._ + + Olive-green, beneath yellowish, with dusky transverse striae. Head + entirely black. + + * * * * * + +Another new and very rare bird of this singular genus, inhabiting, like all +the other species, the tropical regions of America. I met with it in Brazil +but twice in the forests of Pitanga, not far distant from Bahia; and my +hunters were at a loss for its name, never having seen it before: the eyes +in the fresh bird are of a beautiful crimson. + +Its total length is nine inches and a quarter; the bill is nine lines from +the gape to the tip, and four from the base of the nostrils, at which part +the bill is not so proportionably broad as in the Swallow Berryeater (pl. +21.): the colour blueish-black, paler at the base: the whole head, sides, +chin, and part of the throat are black, the feathers of the crown a little +lengthened and pointed, giving a slight appearance of a crest: the wings +and tail are dusky-black on the inner shafts and green on the outer; the +whole of the upper plumage olive-green, and of the under pale +greenish-yellow crossed with short dusky transverse lines from the breast +downwards; under wing and tail-covers the same. Tail four inches from the +base, slightly divaricated, and of twelve feathers. Wings four inches and a +half, the first quill very short, the third, fourth and fifth of equal +length. Legs black. + +This was a male bird: the female I have not seen. + + * * * * * + + +Pl. 26 + +[Illustration] + +ALCEDO azurea. + +_Azure Kingsfisher._ + + * * * * * + +GENERIC CHARACTER. + + _Rostrum longissimum, rectum, attenuatum, altius quam latius, in totum + compressum, mandibulis carinatis; marginibus lateralibus leviter + inflexis. Nares basales, membrana tectae, apertura nuda, lineari, + obliqua; cauda plerumque brevissima. Pedes gressorii, digito antico + interiore minimo aut nullo._ + +Typus Genericus _Alcedo ispida_. Linn. + + Bill very long, straight and attenuated, higher than broad, compressed + the whole length, both mandibles carinated, the margins slightly bent + inwards. Nostrils basal, covered by a membrane; the aperture linear, + oblique, and naked. Tail mostly very short. Feet gressorial, inner + fore-toe small or wanting. + +Generic Type _Common Kingsfisher_. Lath. Bewick, &c. + + * * * * * + +SPECIFIC CHARACTER. + + _A. Corpore supra, capitis lateribus colloque nitido cyaneis; subtus + rufis; mento gulaque albescentibus, alis nigricantibus; digito antico + interiore nullo._ + + Body above, sides of the head and neck shining mazarine blue; beneath + rufous; chin and throat whitish; wings blackish; inner fore-toe + wanting. + + Alcedo azurea. Azure Kingsfisher. _Lath. Synop. Suppl._ ii. _p._ 372. + _Lewin's Birds of New Holland_, _fasc._ i. _pl._ 1. + + Alcedo Tribrachys. Tridigitated Kingsfisher. _Shaw in Gen. Zool._ viii. + 1. 105. + + * * * * * + +The Kingsfishers have such a general similarity of form, that the most +casual observer is able to distinguish them: a very long straight bill, +short wings, and (in general) a shorter tail with very small legs, are the +prominent distinctions of such as are usually seen; and the richness of +plumage that generally pervades them cannot be better exemplified than in +our own beautiful species, the common Kingsfisher, not unfrequent in many +parts of England. + +These birds, hitherto placed in systems under one genus, nevertheless +contain two distinct groups differing materially in the construction of +that primary organ of supporting life, the bill; and in their physical +distribution, or the countries they respectively inhabit, two most +important considerations in the natural arrangement of animals under the +present elevated views of the philosophic zoologist, with whom the study of +Nature consists no longer in the study of words, the retention of names, or +even the accurate description of species. + +These considerations have induced me to form these birds into two genera, +the definitions of which are now given: those retained under the old genus +of _Alcedo_ appear to be scattered (though sparingly) in every part of the +old and the new world. Their bills seem formed for swallowing their food +more in an entire state, similar to the Herons. In each of these genera one +species exists with only three toes, a remarkable circumstance, which in an +artificial system would endanger their being united in a separate genus; +but which, from the remarkable smallness of the inner toe in all the other +species, cannot I apprehend point out any peculiarity either in their habit +or economy: and this opinion I find is likewise entertained by Professor +Temminck. + +Total length seven inches and a quarter. Bill from the gape two inches one +line, the upper mandible rather longest, and both with a slight appearance +of a notch; the colour black. All the upper plumage, as well as the sides +of the head, ears, and stripe beyond, fine ultramarine blue, more vivid on +the rump and tail-covers, and duller on the tail, wing-covers, and lesser +quill-margins; front blackish; from the nostrils to the eye a whitish line, +and from the ears on each side the neck a whitish stripe, which almost +forms a collar round the nape. Quill-feathers sooty black. All the under +parts orange ferrugineous; throat and belly nearly white. Tail very short, +nearly hid by the upper covers. Feet red, claws black. The inner fore-toe +wanting, but a slight rudiment of it exists in my specimen. + +Since writing the above, I find this bird is figured and described in a +beautiful work commenced by Lewin on the birds of New Holland, which Mr. +Brown, the learned possessor of the Banksian library, pointed out to me. I +believe but a few copies are known. Lewin observes, "it inhabits heads of +rivers, visiting dead trees, from the branches of which it darts on its +prey in the water beneath, and is sometimes completely immersed by the +velocity of its descent." + +Dr. Latham has very well described it, but quite overlooked the +construction of the feet. + + * * * * * + + +Pl. 27 + +[Illustration] + +HALCYON collaris. + +_Collared Crabeater._ + + * * * * * + +GENERIC CHARACTER. + + _Rostrum longissimum, rectum, validum, ad basin latius quam altius, + lateribus tetragonis; mandibula superiore rectissima, ad basin + rotundata; inferiore carinata, recurvata, margine superioris inferiorem + obtegente. Nares basales, membrana tectae, apertura nuda, lineari + obliqua. Cauda plerumque mediocris. Pedes gressorii, digito antico + interiore minimo aut nullo._ + +Typus Genericus _Alcedo Senegalensis_. Linn. + + Bill very long, straight, thick, the base broader than high; the sides + tetragonal; upper mandible very straight, the base rounded; under + mandible beneath carinated and recurved, the margins covered by those + of the upper. Nostrils basal, covered by a membrane, the aperture + naked, linear and oblique. Tail mostly moderate. Feet gressorial: + interior fore-toe small or wanting. + +Generic Type _Crabeating Kingsfisher_. Latham. + + * * * * * + +SPECIFIC CHARACTER. + + _H. viridi-caerulea; corpore subtus, lunulaque cerviculi albis._ + + Greenish-blue. Body beneath and nuchal collar white. + + Alcedo collaris. _Latham Index Ornith._ i. 250. + + Sacred Kingsfisher, _Var._ D. _Latham Syn._ ii. _p._ 623. + + Collared Kingsfisher. _Gen. Zool._ viii. i. _p._ 80. + + * * * * * + +Referring to the observations we have already made on Kingsfishers +generally, it will be only necessary to observe, that the species now +formed into the genus _Halcyon_ appear entirely excluded from the American +continent: their bills are much stronger, thicker, and more rounded than +the genuine Kingsfishers, and the under mandible beneath invariably +carinated and curving upwards. One of them (the _Alcedo Senegalensis_ of +Latham) is known to feed on crabs, the breaking and disjointing of which +this structure seems admirably calculated to accomplish; and although some +authors mention insects also as their food, I apprehend it is only in the +absence of other larger prey more suited to the construction of their +bills. + +Total length eight inches and a half. Bill two inches three lines from the +gape, and one inch three quarters from the nostrils; upper mandible and +margin and lip of the lower, black, the rest yellowish-white. The general +plumage above is pale and changeable greenish-blue, the green predominating +on the scapulars, head and tail; the upper part of the neck is crossed by a +white collar, separated from the green of the head by a narrow margin of +black, which passes on the ear-feathers round the nape; a narrow whitish +line runs from the nostrils to the eyebrows, and another very short one is +beneath the eye; the whole of the under plumage white. Quills black edged +with blue, the second, third and fourth equal and longest. Wings four +inches and a quarter. Tail even, near three inches long, above blue-green, +beneath black. Feet dusky; middle and outer claws much longer than the leg. + +Inhabits Java and other parts of India, and is I believe unfigured. The +line at the bottom of the plate is on the scale of an inch. + +Since writing the above, Temminck's new edition of the _Manuel +d'Ornithologie_ has just reached me, in which I perceive he has continued +the birds of this genus under that of _Alcedo_, observing that their +plumage is always shining, and that he can find no characters for their +geographic distribution: yet, notwithstanding the opinion of this eminent +ornithologist, a close attention will I believe prove, first, that no +species of Linnaean _Alcedo_ bearing the characters of _Halcyon_ have yet +been discovered as natives of America; and secondly, that species of +genuine _Alcedo_ will be found with plumage quite devoid of any bright or +shining colours. One or two exist in my own cabinet, but to which I cannot +now refer. + +The situation of _Halcyon_ will be between _Alcedo_ and _Dacelo_; from the +last of which it is distinguished by its perfectly straight, acute, and +entire upper mandible, which, on the contrary, in _Dacelo_ is notched, the +tip bent and obtuse. + + * * * * * + + +Pl. 28 + +[Illustration] + +HESPERIA Haworthiana. + +_Haworth's Hesperia._ + + * * * * * + +GENERIC CHARACTER. + + _Antennae mediocres vel elongatae, rectae, graciles; clava + subterminali, brevi, crassata, cylindracea; unco abrupto, brevi, + acuminato. Palpi in fronte compressi, incurvati, lateribus convexis vel + angulatis, articulo ultimo erecto, verticali. Alae (sedentes) erectae._ + +DIVISIONES. + + I. _Palpi lati, in fronte compressissimi. Antennae breves, clava + crassissima._ + + II. _Palpi pene quadrati, crassissimi. Antennae elongatae._ + + III. _Palpi articulo ultimo longiore, gracile. Antennae mediocres._ + +Typus Genericus _Hesperia Comma_ Auctorum. + + Antennae moderate or elongated, straight, slender, the club nearly + terminal, short, thick, cylindric, ending in an abrupt, short and + pointed hook. Palpi compressed, incurved in front of the head, the + sides convex or angular; the last joint erect, pointing vertically. + Wings when at rest erect. + +DIVISIONS. + + I. Palpi broad, very compressed in front. Antennae short, the club + very thick. + + II. Palpi nearly square, very thick. Antennae elongated. + + III. Palpi with the last joint lengthened, slender. Antennae moderate. + +Generic Type _Hesperia Comma_ of Authors. + + * * * * * + +SPECIFIC CHARACTER. + + _Hesp. (Div. 2.) alis supra nigrescente-fuscis, basi nitido-caeruleis, + anticis fascia mediali hyalina, posticis subtus fuscis, lineis duabus + longitudinalibus viridi-flavis; pedibus fusco-aurantiis._ + + Hesperia (Div. 2.). Wings above blackish-brown, the base shining blue; + anterior with a medial hyaline band; posterior beneath brown, with two + longitudinal yellow-green lines. Legs brownish-orange. + + * * * * * + +The celebrated Latreille, the father of modern Entomology, has well +observed, that the immense number of insects crowded together in the genus +_Hesperia_ contain many natural genera, but which the paucity of species +generally found in cabinets prevents us from discriminating. Having for a +long time paid attention to this family, and possessing near 300 species in +my own cabinet, I have had the opportunity of attempting their elucidation; +and the above generic character is applied to those insects only which I +propose considering genuine species of the genus _Hesperia_, and which will +comprise near 170 species. + +I have named this new, undescribed and very rare insect, in honour of my +esteemed friend A. H. Haworth, Esq. F.L.S., &c., well known by the benefits +his writings have conferred on the sister sciences of entomology and +botany. The only two insects I ever saw of this species I captured in the +southern part of Brazil. + + * * * * * + + +Pl. 29 + +[Illustration] + +MITRA cancellata. + +_Basket Mitre_--upper figure. + + * * * * * + +GENERIC CHARACTER.--See Pl. 23. + + * * * * * + +SPECIFIC CHARACTER. + + _M. (Div. 2.) testa fusiformi, cancellata; striis longitudinalibus + incrassatis, spira aperturaque aequalibus; columella 5-plicata; spira + sublaevi._ + + Shell fusiform, cancellated, the longitudinal striae thickened; spire + and aperture of equal length; pillar five-plaited; spire nearly smooth. + + * * * * * + +Another undescribed species of this elegant family, and of great rarity, in +the private collection of Mr. G. Humfreys. The whole of the body whorl and +commencement of the spire is cancellated. The longitudinal striae are +crowded, thickened, and slightly elevated, giving a crenated appearance to +the suture: the transverse striae slender, and filling up the interstices. +The spire is nearly smooth and a little bent: the ground colour very light +orange, with three darker interrupted bands on the body: whorl separated by +two slender lines of the same colour; the spiral whorls have only two bands +and a line between; the upper margins slightly compressed on the suture; +the outer lip within smooth. + + * * * * * + +MITRA rigida. + +_Ribbed Mitre__--middle figures._ + + * * * * * + +SPECIFIC CHARACTER. + + _M. testa costis longitudinalibus, elevatis, linearibus, integris, + interstitiis laevibus ad basin granulatis; spira producta; columella + 4-plicata; apertura brevi._ + + Shell with elevated, longitudinal, obtuse, entire ribs, the interstices + smooth, the base granulated; spire lengthened; pillar four-plaited; + aperture short. + + * * * * * + +Equally rare, and from the same collection as the preceding. In habit it +approaches nearest to _M. exasperata_ of Chemnitz, but has not the ribs +angulated or their interstices striated, and is much more narrowed at the +base than in that shell, which I have seen: the outer lip is also smooth; +the inside strongly striated. This shell was formerly in the collection of +Mr. Keate, the elegant author of the "Sketches from Nature." + + * * * * * + + +Pl. 30 + +[Illustration] + +ACHATINA marginata. + +_Marginated Achatina._ + + * * * * * + +GENERIC CHARACTER. + + _Testa ovata, vel oblongo-ovata, spira elevata, apertura subovale. + Columella laevis, simplex, ad apicem truncata; labium externum tenue, + internum inflexum integrum; umbilicus nullus._ + +Typus Genericus _Bulla Achatina_. Linn. + + Shell ovate, or oblong-ovate; spire elevated; mouth nearly oval. + Columella smooth, simple, truncated. Outer lip thin; inner lip entirely + inflexed. Umbilicus none. + +Generic Type _Bulla Achatina_. Linn. + + * * * * * + +SPECIFIC CHARACTER. + + _A. testa ovato-oblonga, strigis inaequalibus ferrugineis; spira ad + apicem obtusa, 5-voluta; sutura depressa linea sulcata marginali._ + + Shell ovate-oblong, with irregular ferrugineous stripes; spire obtuse + at the top, of five volutions; the suture depressed, with a marginal + indented line. + + _Lister_ 579. _fig._ 34. _Gualt. pl._ 45. B. _Knorr_, _vol._ iv. _tab._ + 24. 1. (badly coloured.) + + * * * * * + +The largest shells hitherto discovered as inhabiting the dry land belong to +this genus, instituted by the celebrated Lamarck, but still divided by the +strict followers of Linnaeus between the _Bullae_ and _Helices_, with a +singular infelicity of even artificial arrangement. The simple characters +peculiar in a greater or less degree to all, will readily distinguish them; +and I apprehend most of the species of the first division (which includes +the present) will be found to inhabit only the African continent, while +_Bulla virginea_ and the smaller shells placed in the second division are +found principally in the new world; where also two or three gigantic +species of _Bulimus_ occupy the place of the larger African _Achatinae_. + +Of these, the shell now figured is one of the rarest, and has hitherto been +overlooked as a variety of the Linnaean _Bulla Achatina_; the colour of +both is subject to much variation; but this will be found at best a most +indecisive and vague character for specific distinction when unaccompanied +by others more important and connected with the formation of shells. I have +therefore not hesitated in making this a distinct species, from having had +the means of examining at different times near twenty specimens, all of +which presented the following characters. Spire of five whorls, the last or +terminal one very small and flattened; the apex obtuse; the suture +depressed, as if flattened on the shell, and margined by one or sometimes +two indented lines, parallel, and at the top of each whorl. In the colour +of its mouth it varies in sometimes having a tinge of rose-colour at the +base and top of the spire, but the mouth is more generally white. The body +whorl is more or less ventricose; the outer lip is a little reflected, and +the whole shell, when full grown, much thicker and heavier than any of the +other species. The epidermis is yellowish-brown, beneath which the shell is +nearly white, beautifully marked with broad remote stripes of chesnut, with +others more slender (and sometimes broken into spots) between. I have +another specimen which agrees tolerably with Lister's figure in being more +than usually ventricose, and which I think is accidental. The only constant +variety appears to be that figured by Knorr, ii. tab. 3. fig. 1. having the +spire entirely rose-colour. + +The marginal line and the correct number of whorls in the spire are well +expressed in the figures of Lister, Gualtieri and Knorr. The first of these +figures is accidentally more ventricose; the second, like all the other +figures of Gualtieri, is defective at the apex; and Knorr's I suspect has +been outrageously coloured from the real pink-mouthed _Achatina_. + +It inhabits the coast of Guinea; and I am informed the animal is eaten by +the natives. + + * * * * * + + +Pl. 31 + +[Illustration] + +PHIBALURA cristata. + +_Crested Shortbill._ + + * * * * * + +GENERIC CHARACTER. + + (_Phibalura_ Vieillot.) + + _Rostrum brevissimum, trigonum, latius quam altum; mandibula superiore + culmine subcurvata carinata; inferiore recta; utrisque marginatis. + Nares basales, simplices, subrotundae, plumulis densis incumbentibus in + totum obtectae. Rictus ampli, infra oculos aperientes. Alae attenuatae, + remigibus spuriis nullis. Cauda elongata, furcata, rectricibus + duodecim. Pedes insidentes, digitis anticis aequaliter fissis, ad basin + subconnexis._ + + Bill very short, triangular, broader than high; upper mandible above + slightly curved and carinated; lower mandible straight, both notched. + Nostrils simple, basal, roundish, entirely concealed by thick-set + incumbent feathers. Mouth large, opening beneath the eye. Wings + pointed; spurious quills none. Tail elongated, forked, of twelve + feathers. Feet formed for sitting; the fore-toes equally cleft and + slightly connected at their base. + + * * * * * + +SPECIFIC CHARACTER. + + _P. corpore supra nigro flavo variegato; subtus albo, fasciis nigris + transversis; mento flavo, capitis crista rufa nigro variegata, alis + caudaque elongata furcata chalybeis, immaculatis._ + + Above black varied with yellow; beneath white, with transverse black + bands; chin yellow. Head crested, the feathers rufous, varied with + black. Wings, and elongated forked tail raven-black, immaculate. + + * * * * * + +For this beautiful and extraordinary bird I am indebted to Miss E. Yeates, +of the Dingle near Liverpool, who received it from South America. Its +general habit clearly points it out as belonging to the _Baccavorae_ or +Berryeaters, apparently connecting the genera _Procnias_ and _Pipra_, where +Temminck with much judgement has also placed it, in the new edition of his +_Manuel d'Ornithologie_ just received, and before reading which I had +considered the genus as unpublished. + +The total length is nine inches, of which the tail occupies four and a +half. The bill is whitish, and is remarkably short, measuring only three +lines from the nostrils to the tip, but three quarters of an inch from the +angle of the mouth, which opens just under the eye: the plumage is +singularly variegated: the crown of the head is furnished with a crest, +which, when not elevated, is scarcely seen, and appears a deep glossy black +mixed with grey and rufous; but when erected it is very conspicuous, and +all the feathers are bright rufous tipt more or less with black; the upper +sides of the head grey, the lower part and ears deep-black; the neck above +is greyish-white, with blackish transverse lines: the back, scapulars, rump +and tail-covers are varied transversely with olive, shining black, and +bright yellow, each feather being olive at the base, black in the middle, +and yellow at the tip. Beneath the feathers of the chin and part of the +throat are somewhat lengthened, semi-setaceous, and of a bright yellow; the +neck and breast are white, with two transverse lines of deep black on each +feather; these lines diminish, and are broken into spots on the body, and +nearly disappear on the vent: the edges of the breast-feathers are tipt +with yellow, which colour increases downwards on the vent and tail-covers, +which latter are entirely yellow. The wings are four inches long, uniform +deep black with a blue gloss, much pointed, and calculated for rapid +flight. Tail the same colour, the exterior basal margins olive: all the +feathers are narrow, pointed, and gradually lengthening, the middle pair +being two inches three quarters longer than the outer pair, which exceed +those next them by an inch. The feet are very pale yellow, and +three-quarters of an inch from the knee to the claws, the three foremost of +which are equally connected together (though slightly) nearly as far as the +first joint; the outer and inner toes equal, and rather shorter than the +hind-toe: claws slender and much compressed. + +Whether this species is the same as the one mentioned by Temminck as +existing in the French Museum under the name of _P. flavirostris_, it is +quite impossible to say, as the description of that bird has never been +published. This leads me to notice a custom several naturalists of the +present day have lately adopted, of publishing names, and names only, of +new or undescribed animals, which they then wish to be considered as +permanently fixed, and as having thus secured to themselves all the merit +of first describing. Now this at best is but a surreptitious path to fame, +and in many instances bears the appearance of originating in a petty +vanity, quite beneath the dignity of true science: it is easily fixing a +name to an object which we have not before seen, or suspect may be new, +without the trouble of investigating authors and comparing synonyms: the +name may remain, but if it should afterwards be discovered as hasty and +erroneous, its author is in no way amenable to the opinions and criticisms +of others, for they cannot discover such mistakes when no clue is given +them beyond a name, which may frequently be applicable to half a dozen +species. If, on the other hand, the object is really new, the scientific +world is still in the dark, for without a description the name conveys +nothing. Besides this, it has a tendency to deprive those writers of their +well-earned merit, who undergo the laborious but necessary investigation of +books, the examining and comparing of specimens, and the construction of +sound characters previous to their publishing a new addition to the great +volume of Nature. Against this _scientific monopoly_ a stand should be +made, and all names either of families, genera, or species should be +totally rejected, unless their meaning is clearly defined. Let those who +run the race, receive the wreath; and not let it be snatched from the +winning-post by another, who jumps from behind and claims it as his own. + +On a careful examination of my specimen, I find the nostrils are not +covered by a membrane, as observed by Temminck, but are open, obliquely and +ovately round, and a narrow rim round the margin. That excellent +ornithologist likewise remarks that the first and second quill-feathers are +the longest; but my bird (which, however, is in full plumage) has the first +and third of equal length and shorter than the second, which is longest. +These nice distinctions lead me to suppose the species from which his +generic character was taken, is distinct from this. + + * * * * * + + +Pl. 32 + +[Illustration] + +PSARIS Cuvierii. + +_Cuvier's Psaris._ + + * * * * * + +GENERIC CHARACTER. + + _Rostrum validum, crassum, conicum, basi rotundatum, versus apicem + leviter compressum, culmine convexo non carinato; mandibulis + emarginatis, superiore apice adunco. Nares basales, simplices, + rotundae, juxta marginem sitae, basi paucis plumulis setaceis + incumbentibus. Pedes simplices, tribus digitis anticis aequaliter + fissis. Remiges spuriae nullae. Cauda brevis: rectricibus duodecim + aequalibus._ + +Typus Genericus _Lanius cayanus_. Linn., Lath., &c. + + Bill strong, thick, conic, the base rounded, towards the top slightly + compressed, the top convex, not carinated; both mandibles notched, the + tip of the upper hooked. Nostrils basal, simple, round, situated near + the margin, the base with a few short incumbent setaceous feathers. + Feet simple, the three fore-toes equally cleft. Spurious quills none. + Tail short, of twelve equal feathers. + +Generic Type _Lanius cayanus_. Linn., Lath., &c. + + * * * * * + +SPECIFIC CHARACTER. + + _P. olivaceus, subtus albidus; capite supra nigro; occipite temporibus + et colli lateribus cinereis; pectore lateribus tegminibusque infernis + flavis._ + + Olive, beneath whitish; crown black; nape, sides of the head and neck + pale cinereous; breast, sides, and under wing-covers yellow. + + * * * * * + +The genus _Psaris_ was first instituted with great propriety by Cuvier; and +before the discovery of the species now made known, was supposed to consist +of only one, the Cayenne Shrike of Latham, which with the present bird +(named in honour of the first zoologist of the age) is found in Brazil. The +figure is nearly of the natural size. + +Total length five inches and a half. Bill blueish, three quarters of an +inch from the angle of the mouth, and four-tenths from the nostrils, which +are ovately round, rather large, and simple, being entirely devoid of an +external membrane, but the base is partially covered with small thick-set, +short, setaceous feathers; between the eye and base of the bill are a few +weak and short hairs; the upper part of the head, as far as the nape, is +capped by deep-black, having a blueish gloss: between the nostrils and the +eye, as well as on the chin and throat, the colour is white, which changes +to a pale cinereous grey on the sides of the head and round the neck; the +ears at their base and margin of the eye tinged with yellow; the rest of +the upper plumage yellowish-olive. The under plumage on the lower part of +the neck and breast, the sides, and the inner wing-covers are clear yellow, +and from that to the vent white. Wings two inches long, the quills brown, +margined externally with olive and internally with yellow; the first and +second quill progressively shorter than the third and fourth, which are of +equal length. Tail short, slightly divaricated; olive, with whitish +marginal tips. Legs blueish-black; the three fore-toes are equally cleft, +but a membrane will be found connecting them equally at the base nearly as +far as the first joint. + +Temminck must be mistaken in giving as a generic character to this genus, +that the external toe is connected to the middle one as far as the first +joint, and the inner toe cleft to the base; at least such is not the case +either in my specimens of this bird or in those of the Cayenne Shrike: and +they have been carefully relaxed in warm water, the best method of +ascertaining such peculiarities. + + * * * * * + + +Pl. 33 + +[Illustration] + +TAMYRIS Zeleucus. + + * * * * * + +GENERIC CHARACTER. + + _Antennae arcuatae, clava terminali, crassata, lineari, obtusa, in + foeminis graciliore attenuata. Palpi in fronte convexe-compressi, supra + linguam obvenientes, articulo ultimo minutissimo, crassato obtuso, + approximate, proclivi. Alae breves, sedentes horizontaliter + divaricatae._ + + Antennae arcuated; the club terminal, thick, linear, obtuse; more + slender and attenuated in the female. Palpi compressed convexly on the + front of the head, meeting above the tongue; the last joint very + minute, thick, obtuse, approximating and bent forward. Wings short, + when at rest horizontally divaricated. + + * * * * * + +SPECIFIC CHARACTER, ETC. + + _T. Alis chalybeis concoloribus, margine albo; capite apiceque corporis + sanguineis._ + + Wings uniform blueish-black, with a slender white margin. Head and top + of the body bright red. + + Hesp. Zeleucus. _Fab. Ent. Syst._ 3. _pt._ 1. _p._ 346. _no._ 317. + + OBS. _Donovan's Indian Insects_, where that author has figured it by + mistake as a native of India. + + * * * * * + +This insect is the most common (although hitherto unfigured) of a striking +natural group belonging to the _Hesperidae_; it has therefore been selected +as the best example for the genus I have now formed them into. I have not +seen more than twelve or fourteen species, and these were all from +different parts of South America, to which I have no doubt the genus is +exclusively confined. The club of their antennae is very thick, obtuse, and +without any terminal hook. The bright red at the end of the abdomen +(improperly called by Fabricius the tail) is most conspicuous in the +female, which is also larger and having the wings more obtuse, of which the +upper and under surfaces are both alike. + +The insects of this family fly with amazing rapidity (as is shown by the +thickness of their thorax, and the sharpness in the make of their wings), +generally frequenting openings of thick woods and alighting on leaves where +the sun strikes: I seldom saw them on flowers. Their wings when at rest are +half expanded in a horizontal direction. Their metamorphosis is unknown. + +This individual species is scarce in the northern parts of Brazil, but +common in the southern provinces. + + * * * * * + + +Pl. 34 + +[Illustration] + +COLIAS Godartiana. + +_Godart's Colias._ + + * * * * * + +GENERIC CHARACTER.--See Pl. 5. + + * * * * * + +SPECIFIC CHARACTER. + + _C. (Foem.) alis flavescente-fulvis, anticis supra margine punctoque + rotundato medio nigris, subtus argenteo rufo 3-fisso, posticis subtus + puncto gemino argenteo margine nigro, uno quadrato; palpis productis._ + + (Female) Wings fulvous-yellow; anterior above with the outer margin and + round central spot black, which beneath is silvery rufous and + three-cleft; posterior beneath each with two silvery spots margined + with black, one of which is quadrangular. Palpi lengthened. + + * * * * * + +An inspection of a vast number of insects of this genus, with the +possession of nearly all the species noticed by authors, convinces me that +the insect now figured is perfectly distinct from any other. It is in the +cabinet of Mr. Haworth, who obligingly lent it me for comparison and +description, and is the only individual I have hitherto met with. The +prolongation of the palpi, which is even more obvious than in _C. Statira_, +is alone a specific distinction; and the form of the spots both on the +upper and under side differs very much in character from that insect, with +which it has the most affinity. It may be the _Papilio Drya_ of Fabr. +(omitting his references); but his description, whether intended for this +insect or any other, is so vague that I can see no advantage in retaining +it. Of the two bright silver spots beneath, one is oval, the other larger +and quadrangular. + +I have named it in honour of M. Godart, the intelligent coadjutor of M. +Latreille in the entomological part of the _Encyclopedie Methodique_. + + * * * * * + + +Pl. 35 + +[Illustration] + +MITRA bifasciata. + +_Double-banded Mitre._ + + * * * * * + +GENERIC CHARACTER.--See Pl. 23. + + * * * * * + +SPECIFIC CHARACTER. + + _M. (Div. 1.) testa laevi, castaneo-fusca concolore, anfractu basali + fasciis duabus angustis flavescentibus, spira unifasciata apertura + laevi._ + + Shell smooth, uniform chesnut-brown, with two narrow yellowish bands on + the basal whorl, and one on the spire; aperture smooth. + + Voluta caffra. _Martini_ iv. _tab._ 148. _fig._ 1369. + _Knorr._ _vol._ v. _tab._ 19. _fig._ 4, 5. + Seba Pl. 49. fig. 21, 22, 41. + + * * * * * + +This most elegant shell has been figured from one of the specimens that +belonged to the late Mr. Jennings, who was well known to spare neither +expense nor assiduity in procuring the most select and matchless specimens +of every species; so much so, indeed, that such as are known to have been +in his possession generally bear a higher price. One of these is now in my +father's cabinet, the other in that of Mrs. Bolton, of Storr's-hall, +Windermere. I have seen both, and they appear equally fine. + +I cannot help considering this as a distinct species from _Mitra caffra_ +(_Voluta caffra_ Linn.), with which it has hitherto been placed only as a +variety: it is much larger, the volutions more convex, but compressed on +the suture, and the whole shell (except near the point) perfectly smooth: +the beak or channel likewise, which in _M. caffra_ is short and nearly +straight, is in this lengthened and recurved. The mouth is very narrow +(occasioned by the outer lip being thick and slightly inflexed) and smooth +within, the terminal volutions slightly plaited, and the base of the shell +grooved. + +The figures of Knorr and Martini are very bad, and give no correct idea of +the shell, except its colour. + + * * * * * + + +Pl. 36 + +[Illustration] + +ACHATINA perversa. + +_Reverse Achatina._ + + * * * * * + +GENERIC CHARACTER.--See Pl. 30. + + * * * * * + +SPECIFIC CHARACTER. + + _A. (Div. 2.) testa apertura perversa: spira producta, 7-voluta, apice + truncato; albida strigis nebulosis cinereis; linea transversa in basali + anfractu; columella margineque labii exterioris castaneis, apertura + intus alba._ + + Aperture reversed: spire lengthened, of seven volutions, the apex + truncated, whiteish with clouded cinereous stripes; central band on the + basal volution, pillar, and margin of the outer lip chesnut; mouth + within white. + + * * * * * + +Reverse shells, or such whose mouth when viewed in front is on the left +side, are generally held in much estimation by collectors. This deviation +from the usual form of shells is sometimes accidental, as in our common +garden Snail and several others; while in some species it appears a +constant, and therefore a specific distinction. Such I apprehend is the +case with the shell now figured, a rare and very elegant species, +apparently not noticed by any writer; two or three existing in the British +Museum and one in my father's cabinet are all the specimens I have hitherto +seen. The latter (here figured) came from Bahia in South America. The whole +shell is very finely marked with longitudinal striae, and the colouring +better seen than described: the buff tinge at the base is occasioned by the +remaining epidermis. + +This shell belongs to the second division of the genus _Achatina_ as +mentioned at Plate 30, having the aperture much shorter than the spire and +the base nearly entire. _Bulla virginea_ of Linn. seems to connect the two +divisions, having the lengthened spire of one and the truncated base of the +other. + + * * * * * + + +Pl. 37 + +[Illustration] + +PROCNIAS cucullata. + +_Hooded Berry-eater._ + + * * * * * + +GENERIC CHARACTER.--See Pl. 21. + + * * * * * + +SPECIFIC CHARACTER. + + _P. corpore, collo, pectore nigro cucullata; tergo fusco, alis caudaque + nigris; tegminum apice, pectoris lateribus, et corpore subtus flavis; + capite subcristato._ + + Head, neck and fore-part of the breast hooded with black; back brown, + wings and tail black; tip of the wing-covers, sides of the breast and + body beneath yellow; head subcrested. + + * * * * * + +I am indebted for this new bird to Miss E. Yeates, who received it with a +few others from some part of Brazil: it seems to connect the genera of +_Ampelis_ and _Procnias_, having the bill much less dilated at the base +than any of the latter; it however has a close similitude to _Procnias +melanocephalus_ (Pl. 25.), which seems further removed from the true +Chatterers. + +Total length eight inches and three quarters. Bill in extreme length near +an inch; the colour dark cinereous; the base furnished with bristles +something resembling the Chatterers: the opening of the nostrils large, +round, terminal, and nearly naked; the feathers on the crown lengthened; +the whole head, neck, and fore-part of the breast black, bordered above by +a narrow collar of yellow; back and scapulars brown, rump olive; sides of +the breast, inner covers, and under parts uniform yellow; wing-covers black +margined with olive, those on the shoulders tipt with brown, the rest with +yellow; quills and tail black margined with olive. Wings four inches and +three-quarters long, the first quill very short, the third longer than the +second. Tail four inches long. + + * * * * * + + +Pl. 38 + +[Illustration] + +PICUS bicolor. + +_Black and White Woodpecker._ + + * * * * * + +GENERIC CHARACTER.--See Pl. 14. + + * * * * * + +SPECIFIC CHARACTER. + + _P. albus, collo supra, tergo, alis, lineaque temporali nigris, + rectricibus nigris, basi maculisque marginis interioris albis._ + + White: neck above, back, wings, and line from the ears to the nape, + black; tail-feathers black, with their base and spots on the inner + margin white. + + * * * * * + +The simplicity of colouring in the plumage of this bird will easily +distinguish it from among the numerous and intricate species already known +of this family. It is one of the new birds the recent investigations of +Brazilian zoology have added to our museums. The individual here figured +was sent me from the district of Minas Geraies. + +Total length eleven inches and a half. Bill from the upper base to the tip +one inch one line, and from the gape one inch four-tenths; the colour +blueish-black; the upper mandible above sharply carinated and slightly +curved; orbits (in the dead bird) yellowish-white; the whole of the head +and nape, sides of the neck, rump and tail-covers, and all the under +plumage pure white, with a tinge of yellow down the middle of the belly: a +narrow black line commences at the ears, and is carried down on each side, +joining the black of the upper neck; the wings and remaining upper plumage +are of a uniform dark sooty black; the tips of the quills much paler and +brownish. Wings six inches and a half long; the inside covers black. Tail +four inches, and black banded with white at the extreme base; the two outer +feathers on each side with alternate black and white bands on the inner web +their whole length; feet and claws dirty-greenish: this was a female. + + * * * * * + + +Pl. 39 + +[Illustration] + +HESPERIA Itea. + + * * * * * + +GENERIC CHARACTER.--See Pl. 28. + + * * * * * + +SPECIFIC CHARACTER. + + _Hesp. (Div. 2.) alis supra nigrescente-fuscis, subtus pallidioribus + basi fulvis, anticis macula flava tri-fissa, posticis subtus margine + exteriore et linea longitudinali fulvis, femoribus rufis._ + + H. (Div. 2.) Wings above blackish-brown, beneath paler, base fulvous. + Anterior with a three-cleft yellow spot. Posterior beneath with a + fulvous outer margin and longitudinal line. Thighs rufous. + + * * * * * + +The descriptions left by Fabricius of this as well as many other extensive +families of _Lepidoptera_, are in general so vague and short, that unless a +figure is quoted to elucidate them, it becomes totally impossible to +ascertain the precise species intended. Such is the case with the present +insect, which will not agree with any described by Fabricius, or figured by +Cramer. + +During my travels in Brazil I never met with this species, but am indebted +to my liberal friend Dr. Langdorff, Russian Consul-general at Rio de +Janeiro, for the specimens I possess, as well as a number of other rare and +fine insects of this family, which were then not in my own collection. + +On each side of the palpi adjoining the eye are two yellowish round dots, +and another behind: the posterior wings above have a narrow whitish margin, +the colour beneath much paler; but the nerves on this, as well as at the +tips of the anterior wings, are blackish-brown; the legs at the base and +the tarsi are black. + +This is a male insect; the other sex I have not seen. + + * * * * * + + +Pl. 40 + +[Illustration] + +HESPERIA Cynisca. + + * * * * * + +GENERIC CHARACTER.--See Pl. 28. + + * * * * * + +SPECIFIC CHARACTER. + + _Hesp. (Div. 2.) alis nigrescente-fuscis, subtus obscurioribus; anticis + supra fascia flava trifissa (in feminis alba); posticis subtus + immaculatis, castaneo-fuscis, margine exteriore flavo._ + + Hesp. (Div. 2.) Wings blackish-brown; anterior above with a three-cleft + yellow band, which in the female is white; posterior beneath + immaculate, chesnut-brown, margined externally with yellow. + + * * * * * + +The different sexes of this insect will appear so strikingly dissimilar to +those who are familiarised only with the nice distinctions that separate +the species of European _Lepidoptera_, that this affinity by such may be +doubted; nevertheless, observations in their native country, and the close +examination of several specimens, will we are persuaded confirm the fact. + +The male insect is distinguished (like all the _Hesperidae_) by having the +eyes considerably larger, and the anterior wings more narrowed than in the +other sex: in this species the bands on their wings assume the form of +three yellowish spots, adjoining which, on the inner side, is a +semi-lunular villous mark, an almost constant indication (where it exists) +of this sex. The straw-coloured border beneath the posterior wings is +narrower and darker than in the female; but in both it forms a slender +marginal fringe on the upper surface. Legs deep rufous; antennae black; the +club beneath and lunule round the eye straw-coloured. + +Inhabits South Brazil, but is not common. + + * * * * * + + +Pl. 41 + +[Illustration] + +ACHATINA pallida, + +_Pale Achatina._ + + * * * * * + +GENERIC CHARACTER.--See Pl. 21. + + * * * * * + +SPECIFIC CHARACTER. + + _A._ (div. 2.) _testa cinereo-alba, fasciis duabus angustis fuscis, + spira elongata recta, anfractibus 7 sub-ventricosis, labio interiore + roseo, columella basi recta, integra, apertura ovato-oblonga_. + + A. Shell cinereous-white, with two narrow brown bands, spire elongated, + straight; volutions seven, slightly ventricose, inner lip rosy, base of + the columella straight, entire, aperture ovate-oblong. + + OBS. another specimen of A. pallida quite agreeing with this, is in Mr. + Dubois' cabinet. + + * * * * * + +The species of this and one or two other genera of land-shells are subject +to such variability in their colouring, that it becomes extremely difficult +to ascertain which are species and which varieties. The shell now figured +might, on a cursory glance, very well pass for one of the Protean varieties +of the Linnaean _Bulla fasciata_; but a comparison with that shell will at +once point out the strong specific difference that exists between them in +the formation of the mouth. In this, the lower half of the inner lip, or +more properly the pillar, is nearly straight; the base entire, or without +any notch or truncated appearance: whereas in the true _A. fasciata_, the +inner lip at the base is very much curved inward, and notched before it +joins the outer lip. The mouth is also short and broad: whereas in this it +is much more oblong, and the base round. Other more obvious characters +exist in the form of the whorls, spire, and more particularly in the +colour, of these two shells; but these are in comparison of minor +importance. + +I regret having but one example of this shell, as it prevents me from +tracing how far the characters here detailed hold good in other specimens. +They are such, however, as, I think, fully to justify the propriety of +considering it a species. + +Its locality is unknown. + +I have little doubt more than one species exist among the supposed +varieties of the true _Bulla fasciata_ of Linn., which I take to be the +shell figured by Lister. + + * * * * * + + +Pl. 42 + +[Illustration] + +OLIVA Braziliana, + +_Brazilian Olive_ + + * * * * * + +GENERIC CHARACTER. + + _Testa cylindrica, polita; spira conica, acuminata, brevissima; labium + exterius simplex, interius incrassatum, tumidum; columella plicis + numerosis gracilibus; apertura basi truncata, emarginata._ + +Typus Genericus _Voluta Porphyrea_ Lin. + + Shell cylindrical, polished, spire conic acuminated, very short; outer + lip simple, inner lip thickened, tumid, columella with numerous slender + plaits, aperture at the base truncatedly emarginate. + +Generic Type _Voluta Porphyrea_ Lin. + + * * * * * + +SPECIFIC CHARACTER. + + _O. testa coniformi, lata; apertura effusa, labio interiore tumida + callositate super spiram extendente._ + + Shell coniform, broad; aperture effuse, tumid callosity on the inner + lip large, and spreading over the spire. + + Oliva Braziliensis. _Martini p._ 130, _tab._ 147 _&_ 8, 1367 _&_ 8. + + Oliva Braziliana. _Lamarck._ + + Voluta pinguis. _Dill._ 516. 36. + + * * * * * + +No family of shells possess characters more strikingly obvious to common +observers than the Olives; and yet, although in our English terminology no +one would ever think of calling them _Volutes_, we still shrink from giving +them that distinguishing appellation in Latin which we every day use and +acknowledge in our own language. The strict followers of Linnaeus, by thus +rejecting generic distinctions, which at once convey a definite idea of +form and structure, contribute to render systematic arrangement less +expressive of ideas than the common nomenclature of our sale catalogues: a +striking proof of the pertinacity with which we cherish those particular +doctrines we first imbibed, although an unbiassed reasoning and an +attentive observance of nature would convince us of their fallacy. + +The great Linnaeus, at the time he formed that system which laid the +foundation of systematic nomenclature, had not the materials for gathering +and combining those natural genera which the immense discoveries made since +his death have given us a knowledge of. He accordingly arranged those few +shells known to him, in large, and for the most part natural, groups. That +of _Voluta_ I consider as one of these last (excepting the first division); +but the great accession of species now known, and which is still +increasing, has long ago induced the principal Continental writers to +divide this very extensive family into the following genera: _Marginella_ +(Date shells), _Oliva_ (Olives), _Mitra_ (Mitres), _Turbinellus_ (Turnip +shells), _Voluta_ (Volutes), ...; all possessing not only clear but natural +characters; inasmuch as, by such an arrangement, those interesting links +and ramifications that connect this family with the _Bullae_, _Cones_, +_Cowries_, _Murices_, and other genera, can be traced; and which perhaps +affords the most fascinating and intellectual source of contemplation and +study the science can bestow. + +The peculiarity of this species will distinguish it among this numerous and +intricate family. The basal suture is deeply channeled; those on the spire +covered by the polished callosity which spreads from the inner lip. + +Mr. Dillwyn has adopted the unpublished name of Solander, although the +shell had long ago been described and named by Martini and Lamarck. I +consider this as contrary to that principle of nomenclature which awards a +preference to priority of publication; and I have therefore restored the +name of those authors who have this undoubted claim. Mr. Dillwyn's +description is very clear and good. + +I cannot learn from what particular part of Brazil this species has been +received. + + * * * * * + + +Pl. 43 + +[Illustration] + +MELLIPHAGA auricomis, + +_Yellow-tufted Honeysucker._ + + * * * * * + +GENERIC CHARACTER. + + (_Melliphaga_, Lewin.) + + _Rostrum mediocre, capite plerumque longius, gracile, curvatum, + acuminatum, attenuatum, ad basin altius quam latius, lateribus + compressis; culmine carinato. Mandibula superior ad apicem emarginata; + inferior lateribus compressis. Nares concavae ad medium rostri + porrectae, membrana tectae, inter rictum et apicem longo fissu + aperientes. Lingua longa, extensibilis, fibris cartilaginosis + terminata. Pedes simplices, digito exteriore connexo, halluce + pervalido._ + + Obs. _Cauda rectricibus_ 12, _remigibus_ 1 _et_ 2 _spuriis; rostri + margine aliquando subtilissime dentato._ + +Typus Genericus _Certhia Novae Hollandiae_ Lath. + + Bill moderate, generally somewhat longer than the head, slender, + curved, pointed and acuminated, the base higher than broad, the sides + compressed, the top carinated; upper mandible notched at the tip, the + under mandible laterally compressed. Nostrils concave, near half the + length of the bill, covered by a membrane, opening by a long slit + midway between the gape and tip. Tongue long, extensible, terminated by + cartilaginous fibres. Feet simple; outer fore-toe connected; hind-toe + very strong. + + Obs. Tail-feathers twelve, first and second quills spurious; margin of + the bill sometimes minutely toothed. + +Generic Type _New Holland Creeper_ Lath., &c. + + * * * * * + +SPECIFIC CHARACTER. + + _M. olivaceo fusca; vertice corporeque subtus flavescentibus; + temporibus auribusque nigris; gula et pennis elongatis pone aures + flavis._ + + Olive-brown: crown of the head and body beneath yellowish; temples and + ear-feathers black; throat and lengthened feathers behind the ears + yellow. + + Muscicapa auricomis. M. olivacea, vertice corpore subtus maculaque + aurium flavis, per oculos striga alba. _Lath. Ind. Orn. vol._ 2. + _Suppl._ xlix. 1. _Gen. Zool._ 10. 2. _p._ 354. + + Yellow-tufted Flycatcher. _Lath. Suppl._ 2. 215. _no._ 4. _Gen. Zool._ + 10. 2. 354. + + * * * * * + +The Yellow-tufted Honeysucker, although described by Latham, has hitherto +remained unfigured; and I therefore select it as an excellent example of a +tribe of birds which I think are peculiar to Australasia, and which seem to +hold the same situation among the birds of that vast country as the +Humming-birds occupy in South America, and the Sun-birds (_Cinnyris_, +Cuvier) in Africa and India; all of which more or less derive their +sustenance from the nectar of flowers, and which they extract on the wing +by means of their long tubular tongues. + +It is singular, that while our first ornithological writers were +distributing the numerous species of these birds in their systems, under +such of the Linnaean genera as they thought most adapted for their +reception, a naturalist of a remote colony should be the first who, by +creating a new genus, brought them all into their proper situation in +systematic arrangement; one of the many proofs that Nature, and Nature +only, is to be studied; and that no system, however ingenious or however +applauded, can be considered as infallible. + +By an error (no doubt of the press) in the specific character of this bird +in Latham's Index, the eye stripe is called _white_, though in the +description it is termed black. Mr. Stephens has copied this error into +"General Zoology;" and his description of this bird, as well as numberless +others, seems merely an abridgement or alteration of Latham's; a practice +highly detrimental to science; for, when an original description cannot be +obtained, it is much better, and safer, to copy without disguise that of +another. + +How far all the birds included by Temminck in this genus really belong to +it, admits of very great doubt; I have therefore constructed the generic +character from those birds of New Holland only which Lewin, who founded the +genus, must have had before him. + +Total length seven inches and a half; bill seven-tenths, the frontal +feathers advancing half its length to the nostrils; those of the ears are +lengthened, but the yellow tuft behind them is much more so; the feathers +of the chin are small, thick-set, and ending in fine setaceous hairs curved +outwards; the breast and body pale brownish-yellow. Quills and tail +dark-brown, margined with deep-yellowish; the two lateral tail-feathers +tipt with dirty white; plumage above olive-brown; front and crown of the +head dark brownish-yellow; bill black; legs brownish, inner-toe very deeply +cleft. Tail, from the rump, three inches and a half long, and slightly +rounded. + +Latham, who first described this bird, says, "it makes its nest on the +extreme pendent branches of low trees or shrubs, and by this means escapes +the plunder of smaller quadrupeds." It appears not uncommon in New South +Wales. + + * * * * * + + +Pl. 44 + +[Illustration] + +PTEROGLOSUS sulcatus, + +_Grooved-bill Aracari._ + + * * * * * + +GENERIC CHARACTER. + + _Rostrum capite longius, crassum, inane, cultratum, basali margine + incrassatum, maxillae angulo frontali obtuso; tomia serrata: nares + superae in maxillae basi: lingua angusta, pennacea. Cauda elongata, + cuneata. Pedes scansorii._ Illiger. Prod. p. 202. + +Typus Genericus _Ramph. Aracari_ Linn. + + Bill longer than the head, thick, light, curved, thickened at the basal + margin, the frontal angle obtuse, the margins serrated. Nostrils nearly + vertical, situated on the base of the bill. Tongue long, slender, + feathered. Tail elongated, cuneated. Feet scansorial. + +Generic Type _Aracari Toucan_ Lath. + + * * * * * + +SPECIFIC CHARACTER. + + _P. viridis, subtus pallidior; jugulo albescente, circa oculos + caeruleus; rostrum duobus sulcis longitudinalibus incisum._ + + Green Aracari, beneath paler; throat whitish, round the orbits blue; + bill with two lateral longitudinal grooves. + + P. sulcatus. _Swainson, in Journal of Royal Institution, vol._ 9. _p._ + 267. + + * * * * * + +All those species of the Linnaean Toucans having a long wedge-shaped tail, +and the nostrils passing through the upper part of the bill, are +comprehended by Illiger and other continental writers under this genus. +They have been called by the French Aracari; which name I have retained as +an English generic distinction. They inhabit the same country and +situations as the real Toucans, which are distinguished by having a short, +broad, and even tail, and the nostrils placed behind the bill. + +A fine example of this very rare bird I first met with in the small +collection sent to my excellent friend, E. Falkener, Esq. from the Spanish +Main. I have since noticed another which was in Mr. Bullock's museum, and +is now in the possession of Lord Stanley: these are the only two specimens +known. + +This bird was first described by me in the Journal of the Royal Institution +near a year ago. When Professor Temminck was in England, I showed him the +manuscript description and drawing which I had then made: he assured me he +had never seen the bird before, otherwise than in Bullock's museum. A short +time after, my account of it was published. I observe, however, that in the +new edition of his Manuel he gives this name to a new bird of his own: no +description however follows, and it is therefore impossible to say if the +Professor intends it for this identical species. + +We must postpone any further observations on this family, and conclude by +giving the original description above alluded to. + +Total length twelve inches, of which the bill in extreme length measures +three. It is much curved, and more attenuated than any of the Aracaris, +being thickest at the base; from which it narrows to a sharp point at the +tip. The upper part is convex, and somewhat thickened; the sides are +compressed, and the upper mandible has two broad slightly indented grooves +on each side: the base has a few transverse wrinkles, and the serratures +deep and unequal. The lower mandible half the depth of the upper, the sides +concave, and the teeth less. The colour (in the dried bird) black; the base +of the lower and the upper half of the superior mandible rufous, the base +with a whitish marginal line. The nostrils are more lateral than usual, +being placed in a line with the eye; the orbits naked and reddish brown, +the feathers encircling which (particularly beneath the eye) are vivid +cerulean blue. The whole upper plumage is parrot green, paler beneath, with +a gloss of golden yellow on the cheeks and sides: throat dusky white. Wings +short, five inches long, and rounded; inner shafts of the quills black, +margined with whiteish. Tail cuneated, green, four inches and a half long, +the four middle feathers equal. Legs dusky black. + + * * * * * + + +Pl. 45 + +[Illustration] + +RAMPHASTOS carinatus, + +_Sharp-billed Toucan._ + + * * * * * + +GENERIC CHARACTER. + + _Rostrum capite longius, maximum, crassum, inane, cultratum, basali + margine incrassatum; maxillae angulo frontali subtruncato transverso: + Nares verticales, pone maxillae basin sitae; tomia serrata; lingua + angusta, pennacea; cauda brevis, aequalis; pedes scansorii._ Illiger. + Prod, p. 212. + +Typus Genericus _R. erythrorynchus_ Lath. + + Bill very large, longer than the head, thick, light, curved, and + thickened at the basal margin; the frontal angle transversely + sub-truncated, margins serrated. Nostrils vertical, behind the base of + the bill. Tongue slender, long, and feathered. Tail short, even. Feet + scansorial. + +Generic Type _Red-billed Toucan_ Lath. + + * * * * * + +SPECIFIC CHARACTER. + + _R. niger; gula flava; fascia pectorale tegminibusque inferioribus + rubris; rostro viridi, apice rubro; mandibula superiore culmine + carinato flavo, lateribus macula aurantia; inferiore caeruleo + variegata._ + + Black; throat yellow; pectoral bar and under tail covers red; bill + green, tip red; upper mandible carinated and yellow above, the sides + with an orange spot; lower mandible varied with blue. + + Yellow-breasted Toucan. _Edwards, pl._ 329. + + Ramphastos Tucanus. Yellow-breasted Toucan. _Gen. Zool._ 8, 362, + (_excluding the Synonyms._) + + * * * * * + +No tribe of Birds appear so void of that symmetry of form that in general +pervades the feathered creation, as the Toucans and Aracaris in the new, +and the Hornbills in the old continent. A question naturally arises, why +the bills of these birds should be so monstrously out of proportion, and +what possible use they can be applied to. The elucidation of these +questions is highly interesting, and calls for the most accurate +observations to be made in their native regions. It will be sufficient for +the present, however, to point out, with regard to the Linnaean Toucans, +that the accurate observations and anatomical knowledge of my valued friend +Dr. Traill, F.R.S.E., of Liverpool, have clearly proved that an immense +number of nerves and fibres fill the cavity of these bills, all connected +with the organs of smelling, which are in the highest state of development. +A short notice on this subject will be found in the Linnaean Transactions; +but as my learned friend is pursuing his inquiries further on the subject, +I shall for the present confine my remarks to the individual here +illustrated, observing that no birds are so little understood, even in +regard to the species, as these. + +The indefatigable Edwards appears the first who noticed this bird. His +description, though in the quaint style of the day, is clear and +comprehensive; and his figure strengthens it, both being made from the +living bird. Yet Dr. Latham has quite overlooked it as a variety of another +species; and Dr. Shaw, although he copies Edwards's account, gives +references which belong to other birds. It is not in the costly work of Le +Vaillant, and indeed seems (from its excessive rarity) to have escaped the +notice of all modern ornithologists. The perfect bill of the bird is, +however, in my possession, minutely agreeing with Edwards's account; and +also an original sketch in oil of another individual, by an unknown artist, +with a note stating it was done from the life at Exeter 'Change. All these +testimonies put the existence of the bird beyond any doubt. + +Having seen only the bill, which is well described by Edwards, I shall +close this article with such part of his description as appears necessary. + +"The bill is very large, compressed sideways, having _a sharp ridge along +the upper part_; the upper mandible is green, with a long triangular spot +of yellow colour on each side, and the ridge on the upper part yellow; the +lower mandible is blue, with a shade of green in the middle, the point is +red, it hath about five faint dusky bars, which cross the joinings of the +two mandibles. The iris of the eye is a fair green colour; round the eye is +a broad space of naked skin of a violet colour: the throat and breast are +of a bright yellow, below which is a bar of scarlet feathers; the covert +feathers of the tail are white above, beneath of a bright red; the legs and +feet are all of a blue or violet colour." Edwards says it was brought from +Jamaica, but doubts its being rather a native of the continent: he says +they are very rarely brought home alive. + +The bill is full six inches long, and the whole figure on the same scale, +both in this and in Edwards. + + * * * * * + + +Pl. 46 + +[Illustration] + +BULIMUS citrinus, + +_Citron Bulimus._ + + * * * * * + +GENERIC CHARACTER.--See Pl. 4. + + * * * * * + +SPECIFIC CHARACTER. + + _B. testa obovata; spira conica, in medio sub-crassata, apertura + longiore: spira anfractibus 6 in suturam depressis; labio exteriore + basi subcontracto; umbilico subclauso._ + + Shell obovate; spire conic, slightly thickened in the middle, longer + than the aperture, and of six volutions depressed on the suture; + outer-lip slightly contracted at the base; umbilicus nearly closed. + + Bulimus citrinus, _var._ B. _Bruguiere Encycl. Meth._ 314. _no._ 27. + + _Martini_ 9. _tab._ 110. _fig._ 930. + + * * * * * + +This variable species is perhaps the most beautiful and delicate in its +colouring of all the terrestrial snails; yet, although figured by several +of the older writers, so little justice has been done it, that we make no +apology for introducing it into the present work, both on this account, and +for the purpose of giving such a discriminative specific character as may +lead to the inquiry, how far all the numerous varieties mentioned by +authors really belong to this species or not. As far as my own observation +goes, I have found that the thickened spire, the depression of the whorls +on the suture, and the narrowness or contraction of the mouth at the base, +afford the only constant characters; for, in regard to colour and the +situation of the mouth, both appear subject to great variation, the latter +being as often reversed as regular. Martini's is the only figure that can +be safely quoted for this variety. + +I am indebted to Mrs. Bolton, of Storr's-hall, Windermere, for the loan of +this and several other rare shells: it formerly belonged to Mr. Jennings, +and appears an old shell, being heavy in proportion, the umbilicus thickly +closed up, and the outer-lip very thick. Another I have seen at Mrs. +Mawe's, and one is in the British Museum: but the finest specimen in colour +and preservation is in the possession of my friend W. J. Broderip, Esq., of +Lincoln's-Inn: from this it seems the spiral whorls are finely and +delicately marked by transverse elevated striae, while those on the basal +volution are striated transversely, though in a less regular manner. + +Bruguiere mentions that this species is generally found in the South +American islands, Cayenne, and Guiana. + +Mr. Dillwyn has given the new name of _aurea_ to this shell, in addition to +the five others under which different authors have described it. Such +changing of names and multiplication of synonyms, without strong reasons, +are very objectionable. I have retained that of _Bruguiere_, as being the +only author who has placed it in its proper genus. + + * * * * * + + +Pl. 47 + +[Illustration] + +BULIMUS citrinus (_var_. perversu). + +_Reverse, banded Citron Bulimus._ + + * * * * * + +GENERIC CHARACTER.--See Pl. 4. + + * * * * * + +SPECIFIC CHARACTER.--See Pl. 46. + + SYNONYMS. + + _Martini, vol._ 9. _tab._ 934 & 5. _Knorr_, 4. _tab._ 28. _fig._ 4, 5. + (bad.) + + Bulimus citrinus, _var._ B. _Bruguiere_, 314. 27. + + * * * * * + +A fine pair of this beautiful and rare variety is in the collection of Mr. +C. Dubois, to whom I am indebted on this and many other occasions, for the +facilities he has afforded me in prosecuting the present work: one of these +is now figured; it differs in no respect from that in the last plate, +except in being reversed and having the umbilicus not so completely closed; +a character which, perhaps, exists only in very old shells. The other +specimen is also reversed and banded, though in a different manner. + + * * * * * + +BULIMUS aureus. + +_Golden Bulimus.--upper and lower figures._ + +SPECIFIC CHARACTER. + + _B. testa obovata, spira conica, anfractibus 5 convexis, sutura + simplici, umbilico aperto._ + + Shell obovate; spire conic, of five convex volutions; suture simple; + umbilicus open. + + _Lister_ 34. 33. _Martini_ 9. _tab._ 110. 928. 929? + + OBS. BULIMUS _aureus_, in Mr. Spurrett's valuable cabinet is another + specimen of this shell minutely agreeing with that here described. + + * * * * * + +Having seen but a single specimen of this shell, I have placed it as a +distinct species, not without some doubts, and principally for the purpose +of calling the attention of conchologists to a more rigid examination of +the specific distinctions of this family (unconnected with colour) than has +heretofore been done. The regular convexity of the whorls, not in any +degree compressed at the suture, the want of that thickened appearance on +the spire, and of the contraction at the base of the mouth (all which +characters I have found in the varieties of _B. citrinus_ to be constant), +afford a specific distinction which future observations must confirm or +annul. Bruguiere notices a variety of _B. citrinus_ which is entirely +yellow, a most beautiful specimen of which is in the British Museum, and +which possesses (as well as the excellent figure of Gualtieri) all the +specific characters I have given to _B. citrinus_, but not of the present +shell. Lister's figure, on the contrary, is rude, though very +characteristic of this; and Martini's representation, here cited, also +appears the same. + +Mr. Dubois, in whose collection this specimen exists, is unacquainted with +its locality. + + * * * * * + + +Pl. 48 + +[Illustration] + +MITRA casta, + +_Chesnut-banded Mitre._ + + * * * * * + +GENERIC CHARACTER.--See Pl. 23. + + * * * * * + +SPECIFIC CHARACTER. + + _Mitra (Div. 3.) testa alba, laevi, olivaeformi, spira apertura + breviore, anfractibus supra tenuiter reticulatis, basi epidermide + castaneam fasciam formante, in anfractu basali centralem et latam._ + + Shell white, smooth, olive-formed, spire shorter than the aperture, the + volutions finely reticulated above, the lower half with the epidermis + forming a chesnut band which is central and broad on the basal whorl. + + Voluta casta. _Chemnitz_ 10, _p._ 138, _vig._ 20 C D.--_figura mala_. + + _Martyn Univ. Conch._ i. _tab._ 20. + + _Dillwyn Catalogue_, _vol._ i. _p._ 554, _no._ 127. + + * * * * * + +All the writers I have been able to consult, uniformly describe this +species as having a coloured band on the white ground of the shell. In the +Banksian cabinet are two fine specimens, and which have enabled me to +ascertain that this brown band is nothing more than an epidermis, or +external coating, with which the shell is only partially covered--a +circumstance of very rare occurrence; and which, being removed, proves the +real colour of the shell to be of a uniform polished white. This, together +with its excessive rarity, and the opportunity of giving original figures, +has induced me to include it in this work, although it exists both in those +of Martini and Martyn above quoted. I have neither seen nor heard of +specimens being in any other collection, besides the two above noticed; and +which no doubt were collected by their late lamented possessor on some of +the South Sea islands. A striking affinity exists between this and _M. +zonata_ figured at the third plate of this work. + + * * * * * + +MITRA olivaeformis. + +_Olive-shaped Mitre._ + + _M. testa olivaeformi, glabra, nitida, spira brevissima, + longitudinaliter rugata, stria centrali transversa; columella + 4-plicata._ + + M. Shell olive-shaped, smooth, polished, spire very short, + longitudinally wrinkled, with a central transverse stria, pillar + four-plaited. + + * * * * * + +I introduce the description of this diminutive and undescribed shell from +its affinity with the last, and as forming a most interesting transition +from the Mitres to the Olives: agreeing with the former in the structure of +the pillar and the sculptured spire, and with the latter in its general +form and _prima facie_ appearance. Its perfect resemblance, in fact, to a +small olive, may have occasioned its being hitherto overlooked. The spire +is slightly wrinkled and striated; the teeth on the pillar very near each +other, slender, and four in number. The colour pale yellowish; the mouth +darker, and the tip and base purple. The whole shell is scarcely half an +inch long. + +It was received from the South Seas. + + * * * * * + + +Pl. 49 + +[Illustration] + +OXYRHYNCUS cristatus. + +_Crested Sharpbill._ + + * * * * * + +GENERIC CHARACTER. + + _Oxyruncus_ Temminck. + + _Rostrum breve, rectissimum, basi trigona, ultra basin attenuatum, + apice acutissimum; mandibula superiore supra rotundata, utrisque + integris. Nares basales, nudae, membrana partim tectae, apertura + lineari ad marginem rostri approximante. Pedes breves, validi, digito + medio longiores; digitis anterioribus tribus, exteriore connexo, + interiore fisso; halluce valido._ + + Bill short, very straight, base trigonal, beyond attenuated to a very + fine point; upper mandible above rounded, both entire. Nostrils basal, + naked, partially covered by a membrane; aperture linear, near the + margin of the bill. Feet short, strong, a little longer than the middle + toe; anterior toes three, the outer connected, the inner cleft; hind + toe strong. + + * * * * * + +SPECIFIC CHARACTER. + + _O. supra olivaceo-viridis, subtus flavescente-albus, maculis + nigrescentibus; capite crista coccinea incumbente; capitis lateribus + lineis transversis flavescente-albis._ + + Above olive-green, beneath yellowish-white, with blackish spots. Head + with an incumbent crimson crest; sides of the head and neck with + transverse yellowish-white lines. + + * * * * * + +An elegant and (to the ornithologist) a highly interesting bird, considered +with much judgement by Professor Temminck as a new genus, having the +perfect bill and habit of the Wryneck, but totally unlike that bird in the +position of its toes, which in this are not placed in pairs. The Professor +has slightly described it, in the new edition of his _Manuel_, without a +_specific_, but under the _generic_ name of _Oxyruncus_, the spelling of +which must be presumed as an error of the press: no mention, however, is +made of the beautiful crimson colour which adorns the crest. + +Total length near seven inches. Bill eight-tenths in length from the gape; +general colour of the bird olive-green, becoming nearly white on the under +part, and on the transverse stripes on each side the neck, front and +temples, where there are also obscure bands of black; crown with a +concealed crest, which is vivid crimson at the base and blackish at the +tips; inner margin of the covers, quills and tail blackish; inner covers +yellowish; chin, neck and breast banded with blackish lines, which are +broken into spots and stripes beyond. + +Inhabits Brazil, but is very rare. + + * * * * * + + +Pl. 50 + +[Illustration] + +ALCEDO Asiatica. + +_Asiatic Kingsfisher._ + + * * * * * + +GENERIC CHARACTER.--See Pl. 26. + + * * * * * + +SPECIFIC CHARACTER. + + _A. capite nigro, fasciis transversis cyaneis, postice cristato; + auribus cyaneis; mento, gula, strigaque laterali colli albescentibus; + dorso nitide caeruleo; corpore subtus rufo._ + + Head black, transversely banded with mazarine blue, the hinder part + crested; ears blueish; chin, throat, and lateral stripe on each side + the neck whitish; back shining light-blue; body beneath rufous. + + OBS. This bird Dr. Horsfield tells me is his _Alcedo meninting_ + described in the Linn. Transactions. + + * * * * * + +The general resemblance between this and the European Kingsfisher may have +been the cause why it has remained hitherto unnoticed by ornithologists. It +bears, however, on closer inspection, a strong and peculiar distinction in +the crest at the back of the head, in being much smaller in size, and +especially as inhabiting the hottest parts of India; while our own braves +the cold of a Siberian winter. + +Total length six inches, of which the bill from the angle of the mouth to +the tip occupies one inch and three-quarters, and is black, with the under +mandible paler; the ears and the upper part of the head and neck are +blueish-black, transversely banded with somewhat crescent-shaped narrow +bands of a rich deep blue, which are broken into spots on the crest and +ears: from the base of the under mandible is a black stripe richly glossed +with blue, and carried down on each side the neck, between which and the +upper part is a whitish stripe beginning just behind the ears (this in the +European species is rufous). The wing-covers, scapulars and lesser quills +are blackish glossed with blue, the two former having a bright spot at the +end of each feather; superior and greater quills entirely blackish; down +the middle of the back, rump, and tail-covers, light and vivid blue, with a +slight tinge of greenish; chin and throat cream-colour; line between the +nostrils and eyes, margin of the shoulders, under wing-covers, and all the +lower parts of the body, rufous; tail deep and obscure blue; legs red. + +My specimen came from some part of India; I have met with others from the +same place; and Dr. Horsfield has likewise observed it in Java. + + * * * * * + + +Pl. 51 + +[Illustration] + +COLIAS Pyrene. + +_White African Colias._ + + * * * * * + +GENERIC CHARACTER.--See Pl. 5. + + * * * * * + +SPECIFIC CHARACTER. + + _C. alis albis; anticis supra punctulo nigro subcentrali oblongo ad + apicem approximante; posticis margine integerrimis; singulis subtus + puncto ocellari lineisque fulvis undulatis: sexibus similibus._ + + Wings white; anterior with a small, nearly central, oblong, black dot + nearest the tip; margin of the posterior wings very entire, beneath all + with a brown ocellate spot and undulated fulvous lines: both sexes + alike. + + * * * * * + +Under the head of _Colias Pyranthe_, M. Godart has united the three insects +described by Fabricius, as, _Pap. Pyranthe_, _Nepthe_ and _Gnomia_, all +bearing in their leading colours a very near resemblance to each other. Yet +as this consideration alone appears to have decided this ingenious author +in uniting them, without apparently noticing the nicer but more important +characters of form, proportion, and real sexual distinction, as well as +geography, I cannot but consider the question still remains doubtful; and +although I am not at present prepared to offer an opinion as to the actual +affinity between these three insects, I have little or no doubt that the +one now figured is a really distinct species from either of the above, +which all inhabit various parts of India. This, on the contrary, is from +the interior of the Cape of Good Hope, from whence it was brought by Mr. +Burchall, among whose insects I have seen about twenty unvarying specimens, +but they were all males. I discovered however three or four of both sexes, +varying in size, in Mr. Haworth's cabinet, and the perfect similarity in +colour of the female with the other sex is very striking: it wants of +course the little tuft of hair and opaque spot within the borders of the +wings, so generally found in the male _Coliadae_. + +The distinctions of _Colias Pyrene_ as a species rest on the areola of the +anterior wings being considerably larger in proportion than in the others +allied to it, thus making the black dot (which is always placed at the +outer extremity of the areola) much nearer the tip than the base: these +wings are also more sharply trigonal (in the male), and have only the +slightest appearance of a black margin; the hinder wings are also perfectly +entire, and not obtusely undulated as in those insects, and the sexes not +differing in colour. Like most of the insects of this genus, the ocellate +spots beneath vary considerably; sometimes they are silvery, at other times +not; the anal valves in the male are short and obtuse, and the wings in the +female not so sharply pointed. + + * * * * * + + +Pl. 52 + +[Illustration] + +COLIAS argante. + +_Orange Colias._ + + * * * * * + +GENERIC CHARACTER.--See Pl. 5. + + * * * * * + +SPECIFIC CHARACTER. + + _C. (Mas.) alis aurantiis, supra immaculatis, posticis subtus atomis + ferrugineis, plerumque puncto gemino argenteo._ + + _C. (Foem.) alis aurantio-flavis, anticis supra, apice punctoque medio + atris; posticis subtus, puncto gemino argenteo atomisque ferrugineis._ + + C. (Male.) Wings bright-orange, above immaculate; posterior beneath + with minute ferruginous dots, and generally two silvery spots. + + C. (Female.) Wings golden-yellow; anterior above with a central spot + and black marginal tip; posterior beneath covered with ferruginous dots + and two silvery spots. + + (_Male._) Papilio Hersilia. Cramer, _pl._ 173. C. D. + ---- argante. _Fab. Ent. Syst._ iii. _pt._ 1. _p._ 189. + Colias argante. _Godart in Encycl. Method._ 9. 92. _no._ 11. + + (_Female._) Papilio Cipris. _Cramer_, _pl._ 99. E. F. + Colias Cnidia. _Godart_, 93. _no._ 14. + + * * * * * + +No two insects can present a more striking dissimilarity than the sexes of +this species; and it was only after a considerable degree of attention to +the subject, in their native climate, that we were at last thoroughly +convinced that _Colias argante_ and _C. Cnidia_ were, without the least +remaining doubt, the male and the female of one species. I have had the +same opinion communicated to me by my friend Dr. Langsdorff, whose long +residence and observations in Brazil render his opinion of no small +authority. + +As both insects are well known, and their distinctions given in the +specific character, it will be only necessary to observe, that the under +surfaces of the wings in both sexes vary much both in the density of the +minute dots, and short undulated stripes that spread over their surface; +and that the silvery spots in some males are strongly marked, and in others +quite obsolete: there is, in very fine individuals of this sex, a faint +bloom of pink spread on the orange of the upper surface, which heightens +the vivid yet chaste beauty of the insect. The females are not so common. I +met with them both in northern and southern Brazil, and have seen them in +collections from Para directly under the equinoctial line. + + * * * * * + + +Pl. 53 + +[Illustration] + +STROMBUS cylindricus. + +_False Scarlet-mouthed Strombus_--_Upper and under figures_. + + * * * * * + +GENERIC CHARACTER.--See Pl. 10. + + * * * * * + +SPECIFIC CHARACTER. + + _S. testa coniformi, spira brevissima ad basin depressa, anfractibus + convexis inaequalibus, labio exteriore supra lobato, intus striato; + interiore sub-obsoleto, albo._ + + Shell coniform; spire short, depressed at the base, the whorls convex + and unequal; outer lip lobed above, and internally striated; inner lip + nearly obsolete, white. + + _Lister_ 850. 5. (bad.). _Gualt._ 31. 1. _Knorr_, vi. _tab._ 15. 3. + + Strombus luhuanus _Linn._ _Martini_, x. _tab._ 157. 1499. 1500. + + Young. Lip above entire, inside smooth, whorls tuberculated. _Lister_, + 849. 4. a? _Knorr_, vi. _tab._ 17. 2. + + * * * * * + +We introduce this common shell for the purpose of pointing out those +characters which induce us to consider it more as a distinct species than +as a variety of _S. Luhuanus_ of authors; and this consists not so much in +the colour of the inner lip, as in the almost total absence of that +important part, which this shell invariably exhibits through all its +growths: it is therefore, I think, contradictory to the meaning of the word +to term that variable which is found to be constant, particularly where the +point of distinction rests on a marked difference of _formation_ no less +than of colour, though both shells are common to the Oriental seas. Minor +differences exist, in the mouth of this always being pink, the inner lip +white, and the outer lip but slightly lobed (or cut out) above: in _S. +Luhuanus_ the mouth is deep scarlet, inner lip black and highly polished, +and the outer lip deeply notched above; the two former characters, indeed, +begin to show themselves at a very early growth of the shell. + + * * * * * + +STROMBUS Persicus. + +_Persian Strombus__--middle figures._ + + _S. testa sub-coniformi, brevi; spira conica, aequali; labio exteriore + prominente, supra sinuato, intus glabro; interiore polito, albo._ + + Shell somewhat coniform, short; spire conic, equal. Outer lip + prominent, sinuated above, smooth within; inner lip polished, white. + + * * * * * + +Allied, but sufficiently distinct from the last; the mouth is always smooth +and white. It is a local species: a few received from the Persian Gulf are +all I have yet seen, some were young, but no other variation was +observable. + + * * * * * + + +Pl. 54 + +[Illustration] + +MITRA lyraeformis. + +_Harp Mitre._ + + * * * * * + +GENERIC CHARACTER.--See Pl. 23. + + * * * * * + +SPECIFIC CHARACTER. + + _M. testa costis regularibus, carinatis, approximatibus: columella + striata, juxta basin triplicata: spira subattenuata; apice + subpapillosa._ + + Shell with regular, carinated, approximating, longitudinal ribs. Pillar + striated, three-plaited near the base. Spire somewhat attenuated. Apex + slightly papillary. + + * * * * * + +This beautiful and highly interesting shell has been generally considered +_unique_ among the collections in this country. It was originally in the +possession of the late Mr. Jennings, and, I am informed by Captain Laskey, +was on first being received, in a much finer state. Mr. Jennings had it +cleaned, and in so doing many of the delicate transverse striae were +partially obliterated, and the sharp ridges on the longitudinal ribs worn +down, as indeed was apparent from a drawing Captain L. had made of the +shell previous to this unmerciful cleaning. It however still remains a very +fine shell, and is now in the cabinet of Mrs. Bolton, of Storr's-hall, to +whom I am obliged for the opportunity of now publishing it. + +The figure and specific character will sufficiently point out its +distinctions. The body-whorl is smooth, but strongly granulated at the +base; the spire delicately striated between the ribs; the two last whorls +before the apex are close, thick, and somewhat papillary; the apex itself +small and sharp. The upper part of the inner lip has some faint obsolete +teeth, but the base has three very strong ones. + +It connects in the most beautiful manner the two genera of _Mitra_ and +_Voluta_. Its country is unknown. + + * * * * * + + +Pl. 55 + +[Illustration] + +SOLEN ambiguus. + +_Ambiguous Solen._ + + * * * * * + +GENERIC CHARACTER. + + _Testa bivalvis, aequivalvis, transversissime elongata, utroque latere + hians. Dentes cardinales parvi, fragiles, numero variabiles, raro + divaricati. Ligamentum externum; animal ad extremitatem anteriorem pede + subcylindraceo; ad posteriorem siphone brevi duos alteros conjunctos + continente._ Lamarck. + +Typus Genericus _Solen Vagina_ Pennant. + + Shell bivalve, equivalve, very transversely elongated, open at both + ends. Cardinal teeth small, fragile, variable in number, and rarely + divaricated. Ligament external. Animal with a sub-cylindrical foot at + the anterior end, and at the other a short tube containing two others + united together. _Lamarck._ + +Generic Type _Solen Vagina_ Pennant. + + * * * * * + +SPECIFIC CHARACTER. + + _S. testa lineari, crassa, recta, pallida, obscure radiata; cardinibus + unidentatis, margine anteriore sub-approximantibus._ + + Shell linear, strong, straight, pale, obscurely radiated. Cardinal + teeth one in each valve, placed near the anterior extremity. + + Solen ambiguus. _Lam. Syst. vol._ iii. _p._ 452. _no._ 7. + + * * * * * + +Under the genus _Solen_ (vulgarly called Razors or Pods) are comprehended a +variety of shells having the common character of both extremities open or +gaping when the valves are together, yet differing materially in their +form, teeth, and general appearance: some are long, slender and straight; +others more or less curved; a few short and oval, or with one end only +lengthened. Modern writers have, however, retained nearly all these in the +genus as left by Linnaeus; and this method for the present is more +desirable than that of creating a multiplicity of genera. Dr. Turton, in +his very useful Conchological Dictionary, enumerates thirteen species as +found on the British coast, including the _Solen Novacula_ of Montagu, +which the Doctor suspects is not truly a species. The original specimens +which Montagu described I have carefully inspected at the British Museum, +and have no doubt in my own mind they are in reality no other than _S. +Siliqua_ with one of the cardinal teeth broken off; a circumstance which, +from their fragility, frequently happens, even in opening the recent shell. + +_Solen ambiguus_ was first described by Lamarck, who says it is from North +America. Two or three specimens are in my possession; but it is a rare +species, much thicker, and with larger teeth than any other; the epidermis +is pale-brown, and in some parts obliquely lineated. + + * * * * * + + +Pl. 56 + +[Illustration] + +RAMPHASTOS vitellinus. + +_Sulphur-and-white-breasted Toucan._ + + * * * * * + +GENERIC CHARACTER.--See Pl. 45. + + * * * * * + +SPECIFIC CHARACTER. + + _R. niger, gula flavo-aurantia; lateribus auribusque albis; fascia + pectorali tegminibusque rubris; rostro nigro fascia basali caerulea, + culmine subcurvato convexo, lateribus incrassatis._ + + Black; throat yellowish-orange; the sides and ears white; pectoral bar + and tail-covers red; bill black, with a blue basal belt, the top convex + and but slightly curved, the sides thickened. + + R. vitellinus. _Illiger_ ---- + + Le Pignancoin. _Vaill. pl._ 7. + + _Var._? Le Grand Toucan a ventre rouge. _Vaill. pl._ 6. + + * * * * * + +The descriptions of Dr. Latham, and the compilations of Dr. Shaw on the +various species of Toucans, are so confused, and their synonyms so +inaccurate, that it is quite impossible to quote them in reference to this +bird; but which I am informed has already been distinguished by the +celebrated Illiger as a distinct species, under the name here adopted. + +Independent of colour, this differs from _R. Tucanus_ in having the bill +less curved, the top convex and obscure pink, not flat and blue. The belt +at the base is always vivid blue (grey in the dead bird), not, as in _R. +Tucanus_, of a rich yellow. This I have never met with in Brazil; the other +is common from lat. 8 to 23deg S. A drawing from the live bird by the late +Sydenham Edwards (obligingly lent me by Lord Stanley) confirms others I +have seen as to the colour of the bill, orbits, &c. It varies, however, in +that of the throat, breadth of the red band, and in the tail-covers. A +specimen I possess being somewhat larger, the breast is nearly white, and +the upper tail-covers sulphur. In young birds the white on the sides is +tinged with grey. I am inclined to consider the _Grand Toucan a ventre +rouge_ of Vaillant as a mere variety, having the red pectoral bar very +broad. + +In general size it is rather larger than the Brazilian Toucan. Our figure +is on the exact scale of four-tenths to an inch. Its precise locality I am +unacquainted with. We hope to enlarge more on this interesting genus in +another publication. + + * * * * * + + +Pl. 57 + +[Illustration] + +UNIO nasutus. + +_Rostrated River-Mussel._ + + * * * * * + +GENERIC CHARACTER. + + _Testa transversa, aequivalvis, non affixa; natibus decorticatis, + suberosis; impressio muscularis postica composita. Dens cardinalis + unicus, brevis, irregularis, simplex aut bipartitus, substriatus; + dentes laterales duo, elongati, compressi, infra pubem producti._ + +Typus Genericus _Mya Pictorum_. Linn. + + Shell transverse, equivalve, not affixed, the tops decorticated. + Posterior muscular depressions double. Cardinal tooth one, short, + irregular, simple or double, striated; lateral teeth two, elongated, + compressed, and prolonged beneath the corslet. + +Generic Type _Mya Pictorum_. Linn. + + * * * * * + +SPECIFIC CHARACTER. + + _U. (Div. 2.) testa transversim elongata, margine dorsi recta, antice + angulata oblique attenuata, extremitate subtruncata._ + + Unio (Div. 2.). Shell transversely elongated: dorsal margin straight; + anterior side angulated, obliquely attenuated, the extremity slightly + truncated. + + _Lister, tab._ 151. _fig._ 6. + + Unio nasutus. _Say in Encycl. Am. Conch. pl._ iv. _fig._ 1. + + * * * * * + +This is one of the most natural genera in the modern systems of conchology, +as it includes all fresh-water bivalves having two rough cardinal teeth in +one valve and one in the other. The colours of all are more or less +dark-brown, sometimes radiated with green; but the specific characters rest +on the contour of the shell and the proportion of the teeth. + +There can be no doubt this shell is the _Unio nasutus_ of Say, who refers +to the figure of Lister. The _Unio nasuta_ however of Lamarck I apprehend +will be found different, as he seems to think; his shell also is purple +inside with short thick teeth; indeed so much uncertainty hangs on the +shells of this genus, that the species can only be fixed by ample +descriptions and very correct figures. The figure is from a shell in the +Linnaean Society's cabinet. Mr. Say says it is common in the Delaware +River, North America. + + * * * * * + + +Pl. 58 + +[Illustration] + +ACHATINA crenata. + +_Green hair-streaked Achatina._ + + * * * * * + +GENERIC CHARACTER.--See Pl. 30. + + * * * * * + +SPECIFIC CHARACTER. + + _A. (Div. 2.) testa alba, fasciis viridibus capillaribus; spira + elongata, subattenuata, anfractibus 6 convexis, labio exteriore + crenato; basi subtruncata._ + + Shell white, with capillary green bands; spire elongated, + sub-attenuated, of six convex volutions; outer lip crenated; base + slightly truncate. + + * * * * * + +A few specimens of this most delicate and beautiful shell were found by my +brother, Mr. J. T. Swainson, jun. in the island of Cuba; nor am I aware of +its having by any other means reached our cabinets, excepting a distinct +variety which occurred in Mrs. Angus's, and is now (together with a young +one of the same) in Mr. Dubois's collection. This has, in addition to the +green bands on the spire, a row of bead-like cinereous spots at the base of +the first and second spiral whorl; and others of a longitudinal square form +on those whorls nearest the tip, which, with the inner lip, is slightly +tinged with pink. The form of the shell also is shorter; but the general +contour, and particularly the crenated mouth, common to both, clearly +proves it can be considered only as a distinct variety. The specimen we +have figured agrees with all those sent at the same time, in having not the +slightest appearance of spots, though in a perfect state of preservation. +The little notches on the margin of the lip are always placed at the +commencement of each of the green lines; the base of the column is +straight, and slightly truncated before it joins the outer lip. + + * * * * * + + +Pl. 59 + +[Illustration] + +PSITTACUS Barrabandii. + +_Red-collared Parakeet._ + + * * * * * + +GENERIC CHARACTER.--See Pl. 1. + + * * * * * + +SPECIFIC CHARACTER. + + _P. viridis, sincipite gulaque flavis; torque coccineo circa medium + cervicem extendente; rostro rubro; alis spuriis caerulescentibus._ + + Green, fore-part of the head and throat yellow; round the middle of the + neck in front an orange-red collar; bill red; spurious wings blueish. + + * * * * * + +The vast and little known region of New Holland has afforded us some of the +most beautiful birds of this superb family, and among which the species +now, as we believe, for the first time published, will stand conspicuous. +It is from a fine skin in the possession of Mr. Leadbeater, and is named in +honour of the late M. Barraband, the first ornithological painter that +France or any other country has produced. + +The tail is very long, measuring eight inches three quarters; the total +length of the bird being near fifteen inches. The green which predominates +over the plumage is bright and changeable, having a blueish tinge on the +hind head, which is much darker and stronger on the outer margins of the +quills and middle of the tail-feathers: the back and scapulars are tinged +with an olive-brown; the spurious quills and their protecting covers are +greenish-blue, appearing in some lights entirely of the latter colour; the +inner margin of the quills and tail, as well as their entire under surface, +deep brownish-black; but the tips of the tail-feathers beneath are much +paler; the two middle feathers five inches longer than the outermost, and +extending near two inches beyond any of the others; their extremities +instead of being pointed are rather widened and rounded. Bill red; ears and +space between the eye and bill green; fore-part of the head, chin, and half +the neck, a clear orange-yellow, which is terminated by a narrow collar of +a beautiful orange-red; the remaining under plumage pale-green; inner +wing-covers darker. Legs black. The fourth, fifth and sixth quills notched +at their tips. + + * * * * * + + +Pl. 60 + +[Illustration] + +THYREUS Abbottii. + + * * * * * + +GENERIC CHARACTER. + + (_Familia Sphingidis_ Latreille.) + + _Antennae lineares, in medio incrassatae, in maribus extrinsecus + ciliatae, (sub-barbatae) in foeminis simplices, filiformes, mucrone + obtuso arcuato sensim terminantes. Palpi breves, obtusi, in utroque + sexu similes. Alae opacae, angulatae. Abdomen crassum, barbatum._ + + Antennae linear, thickened in the middle, externally ciliated in the + male, simple and filiform in the female, gradually ending in an + arcuated, obtuse hook. Palpi short, obtuse, alike in both sexes. Wings + opaque, angulated. Abdomen thick, bearded. + +SPECIFIC CHARACTER. + + _T. alis angulatis, anticis testaceis, fusco umbratis et oblique + lineatis; posticis flavis, margine lato nigro._ + + T. Wings angulated; anterior testaceous, with lineated brown shades and + oblique lines; posterior yellow, with a broad black border. + + * * * * * + +A lovely insect, which is unfigured, and, as far as we can ascertain, +undescribed by any author. It appertains to the Linnaean genus _Sphinx_, +which can be viewed (from the immense diversity and great number of the +species) only as a family containing many and striking natural genera: in +modern arrangement it is most nearly allied to the _Sesiae_ of Fabricius, +from which, as it strikingly differs in the formation of the palpi and +antennae, I have separated it. + +I have named this insect to commemorate the exertions of Mr. Abbott, well +known as having furnished the materials for that beautiful work the +Lepidopterous Insects of Georgia, edited by Sir James Edward Smith. And +from the unpublished drawings of this zealous collector, the larva and pupa +have been figured. Mr. Abbott writes that it is a rare species in Georgia, +and feeds on the grape. The female differs not in colour from the male, +which is here represented. + + * * * * * + + +Pl. 61 + +[Illustration] + +TAMYRIS Nurscia. + + * * * * * + +GENERIC CHARACTER.--See Pl. 33. + + * * * * * + +SPECIFIC CHARACTER. + + _T. alis nigris, anticis supra fascia centrali rufescente, infra + punctis duobus ad basim albidis; posticis infra caesiis, cinereis, basi + nigris linea obsoleta albida; margine nigro._ + + Wings black; anterior above with a central reddish band, and two white + basal dots beneath; posterior beneath grey and cinereous; base black + with an obsolete white line; margin black. + + * * * * * + +The marginal fringe of the lower wings in this species has a few white dots +between the nerves, and the upper surface is sprinkled or powdered in the +middle with blueish-green atoms; on the under surface of the anterior wings +the lower part of the band is orange, the upper bright rufous; and within +the black margin of the posterior wings is a large blueish spot, and two or +three whitish dots on the sides of the thorax. It seems nearest allied to +_Hesp. Celsus_ of Fabricius, which is only slightly described from Mr. +Jones's unpublished drawings. + + * * * * * + +TAMYRIS Laonome._--lower figure._ + + * * * * * + +SPECIFIC CHARACTER. + + _T. alis utrinque similibus, concoloribus fuscis, margine communi + aurantiacis; capite anoque rubris._ + + Wings in both sexes alike, uniform brown, with a common margin of + orange; head and tail red. + + * * * * * + +The under surface of this insect (a female) perfectly resembles the upper: +it will approach near to _Hesp. Amiatus_ of Fabricius, which no doubt +belongs to this genus. + +For both these interesting insects, not to be found in Fabricius, I am +indebted to the liberality of my friend Professor Klug, Director of the +Royal Museum at Berlin: no note accompanied them, I therefore conclude they +are undescribed, and probably inhabiting South America. + + * * * * * + + +Pl. 62 + +[Illustration] + +PSITTACUS discolor. + +_Red-shouldered Parakeet._ + + * * * * * + +GENERIC CHARACTER.--See Pl. 1. + + * * * * * + +SPECIFIC CHARACTER. + + _P. viridis; fronte, mento, tegminibus inferioribus, macula cervicali, + lateribus et scapularibus coccineis; humeris puniceis; vertice, + tegminibus exterioribus remigibusque violaceis; rectricibus fulvo + marginatis._ + + P. Green; front, chin, under wing-covers, and spots in the neck, flanks + and scapulars crimson; shoulders dark-red; crown, external wing-covers, + and lateral tail-feathers violet-blue; quills blueish-black margined + with yellow. + + P. discolor. Red-shouldered Parakeet. _White's Voyage, pl. at p._ 263. + + La Perruche Banks. _Le Vaill, pl._ 50. + + * * * * * + +This is another of the splendid little Parakeets inhabiting the forests of +New Holland; and vivid as the colouring may appear in our figure, it sinks +into dullness when compared with the bird itself. Dr. Shaw was the first +who described it in White's Voyage to New South Wales, where it is badly +represented. It has been since figured by Le Vaillant, probably from a +female or imperfect specimen, as the tail is represented by far too short, +and the colours not quite agreeing with that in my collection. + +Total length eleven inches. The upper plumage bright green, tinged with +blue on the sides of the neck, lighter and yellowish beneath; the crown of +the head sapphire or violet-blue, with a crimson belt in front, and a large +patch of the same round the chin; paler spots of this colour are also in +front of the neck, breast, flanks, and under tail-covers; the under +wing-covers are deep crimson, as well as the inner shafts of some of the +lesser covers outside; the shoulders dark blood-colour; the outer +wing-covers deep-blue on the margin of the wings, gradually changing to a +vivid blue, which blends with the green. Quills black glossed with violet, +margined externally and internally with yellow. Tail near five inches long, +the middle feathers dark rufous tipped with blueish; the rest more or less +rufous at the base, and shining blue beyond. Bill and legs pale. + + * * * * * + + +Pl. 63 + +[Illustration] + +AMMODYTES. + +_Sand-Lance._ + + * * * * * + +GENERIC CHARACTER. + + _Corpus gracile, teretiusculum, polyedrum, elongatum, squamis vix + conspicuis. Labium superius duplicatum; mandibula inferior angusta, + acuminata. Membrana branchiostega septem-radiata. Pinna dorsalis + corpore pene aequalis, radiis simplicibus flexilibus._ + +Typus Genericus _Ammodytes Tobianus_. Linn. + + Body slender, roundish, many-sided, with minute scales. Upper lip + doubled; lower jaw narrow pointed. Gill membrane seven-rayed. Dorsal + fin nearly as long as the body, with simple flexible rays. + +Generic Type _Sand-Lance_. Pennant. + + OBS. The _Ammodytes cicerelus_ of my friend Professor Rafinesque must + be different from _A. siculus_ + + * * * * * + +AMMODYTES Siculus. + +_Sicilian Sand-Lance._ + + _A. pinna dorsali sinuata, in medio angustata, pone anum altiore._ + + Dorsal fin sinuated, narrowed in the middle and broadest behind. + + * * * * * + +Of this genus, hitherto considered as possessing only a unique example, we +were fortunate in discovering while in Sicily the new species now figured, +and which early in the year visit the coasts near Palermo and Messina in +prodigious quantities. There is no striking difference between this and _A. +Tobianus_, excepting the extraordinary shape of the dorsal fin, which is +invariably undulated and narrowed in the middle. It never grows to a size +exceeding the figure, and is usually much less; while the British species +is often found double the length. Like that, also, _A. Siculus_ has the +lateral line running close to the dorsal fin; for the fine line in the +middle of the side, as Lacepede has well observed, is that only which +connects the muscles. That author likewise mentions, that the jaws in _A. +Tobianus_ have minute teeth, but these I could never discover. The rays of +the fins are, pect. 16; dorsal 56; anal 30. + + * * * * * + +AMMODYTES Tobianus. + +_Common Sand-Lance__--upper figure._ + + * * * * * + + _A. pinna dorsali lineari, aequali._ + + Dorsal fin linear, equal. + + _Linn. Syst. Nat. vol._ i. _p._ 1145. _Pennant_ iv. _pl._ 28. _Bloch, + pl._ 73. 2. + + _Lacepede_, ii. 275. _Klein Hist. Pisc. fasc._ iv. _tab._ 12. _f._ 10. + + * * * * * + +This, though a very common fish, has been figured by all authors as if the +rays were spined and naked at their extremity; they are, on the contrary, +soft and connected. + +It abounds at certain times on many parts of our coasts. The number of rays +stand thus: Pectoral 12; dorsal 51; anal 27. + + * * * * * + + +Pl. 64 + +[Illustration] + +MACROGLOSSUM assimile. + + * * * * * + +GENERIC CHARACTER. + + _Antennae subfusiformes, sursum versus sensim crassescentes, apice unco + brevissimo gracili incurvato abrupte terminato, in maribus + sub-barbatae, in foeminis simplices et graciliores. Palpi porrecti, + crassi, articulo ultimo acuto. Alae opacae, integrae. Abdomen crassum, + barbatum._ + +Typus Genericus _Sphinx stellatarum_. Linn. + + Antennae subfusiform, gradually thickest towards the end, the tip + abruptly terminating in a very short slender incurved hook; ciliated in + the male, simple and more slender in the female. Palpi porrected, + thick, the last joint pointed. Wings opaque, entire. Abdomen thick, + bearded. + +Generic Type _Sphinx stellatarum_. Linn. + + * * * * * + +SPECIFIC CHARACTER. + + _M. alis supra fuscis; anticis fasciis duabus obsoletis, puncto + nigrante terminali, posticis in medio, tribus maculisque lateralibus + abdominis aurantiacis._ + + Wings brown; anterior with two darker obscure bands, and a terminal + blackish dot; middle of the posterior wings, and three lateral spots on + the body, orange. + + * * * * * + +This genus was instituted by Scopoli many years ago, and differs +principally from _Sesia_ by having opaque wings, and from _Thyreus_ by the +very great difference in the construction of their antennae. Many exotic +species are known, but only one is found in Europe (_Sphinx stellatarum_ of +Linn.), which likewise inhabits our own country, and to which this our +insect is very nearly allied. + +Though by no means uncommon in collections, I cannot find this species +either figured or described, nor indeed am acquainted with its locality. +The under figure is of the male; the upper of the female; which differs +only in the wings being rather broader, and in having one segment in the +body less than in the other sex. + + * * * * * + + +Pl. 65 + +[Illustration] + +CONUS Augur. + +_Girdled Cone._ + + * * * * * + +GENERIC CHARACTER. + + _Testa univalvis, turbinata, s. inverse conica, convoluta; apertura + longitudinalis, angustata, edentata; basi effusa; spira brevissima._ + +Typus Genericus _Conus marmoratus_, &c. Linn. + + Shell univalve, turbinated, inversely conic, convolute; aperture + longitudinal, narrow, not toothed; base effuse; spire very short. + +Generic Type _Conus marmoratus_, &c. + + * * * * * + +SPECIFIC CHARACTER. + + _C. testa glabra, fulvo-albida, fasciis latis nigro-castaneis, + lineisque transversis punctatis; spira obtusa, convexa, striata, + depressa._ + + Shell smooth, fulvous-white, with broad dark chesnut bands and + transverse lines of dots; spire obtuse, convex, striated, depressed. + + C. augur. _Lamarck Annal. Mus._ xv. 277. _Encycl. Meth._ 333. 6. + + Conus magus. _Gmelin_ 3392. 57. _Martini_ ii. 58. 641. + + * * * * * + +The Girdled Cone is conspicuous among the beautiful shells of this +extensive family, by the broad and rich chesnut bands, which are either two +or three in number, and more or less broken into spots; in high-coloured +shells the minute lines of dots between them are also of the same colour. +It is not a common species, and inhabits the Asiatic ocean. + +This is the _Conus Magus_ of Gmelin and Martini, and of our sale +catalogues: this error has originated from Gmelin having described two +distinct shells, _C. Augur_ and _C. Magus_, under the latter name. + +I have not referred to Lister's figure 755. 7, being doubtful of its +affinity; and those of Martini and Bruguieres are very bad. + + * * * * * + + +Pl. 66 + +[Illustration] + +MITRA lugubris. + +_White-banded Mitre._ + + * * * * * + +GENERIC CHARACTER.--See Pl. 23. + + * * * * * + +SPECIFIC CHARACTER. + + _M. testa inverse pyriformi, fusca; sulcis transversis intus punctatis; + anfractibus superne obsolete plicatis, fasciaque alba ornatis; labio + exteriore tenui, margine crenata; columella 4-plicata; basi alba, + truncata._ + + Shell inversely pear-shaped, brown, with transverse sulcated grooves, + punctured within; volutions above obsoletely plaited and banded with + white; outer-lip thin, margin crenated; pillar four-plaited; base + white, truncated. + + * * * * * + +We have had much difficulty in the investigation of this species: for its +characters cannot be reconciled with any of those contained in Lamarck's +Monograph of the genus in the _Annales du Museum_. With regard to the +unnamed figures in the old authors, it bears the closest resemblance to +that of _Gualtieri_, tab. 32. G, which Lamarck quotes for his _M. crocata_; +but then his description is not at all applicable to our shell; and Mr. +Dillwyn's synonyms of the Linnean _V. nodulosa_ (where he has also included +_M. crocata_), we are satisfied comprises two or even three distinct +shells. + +This was named by Dr. Solander from the specimen in Mr. G. Humphrys's +collection here figured: it is exceedingly rare, and its locality unknown. +In form it resembles a _Buccinum_; the transverse grooves are broad, +strongly defined, and have large and deep excavated dots within them; the +upper part of each whorl has an appearance of irregular plaits, which makes +the suture uneven, and takes off something from the smoothness of the lower +part of the whorls, but the shell is in no way granulated. + + * * * * * + +MITRA ferruginea. + +_Thick-lipped Mitre._ + + * * * * * + +SPECIFIC CHARACTER. + + _M. testa nubila, maculisque ferrugineis interstincta; costis + transversis, elevatis; labio exteriore crasso, obtuse crenato; + columella 4-plicata._ + + Shell clouded and spotted with ferrugineous, with transverse elevated + ribs; outer lip thick, obtusely crenated; pillar four-plaited. + + M. ferruginea. _Lam. Ann. du Mus. vol._ 17. _p._ 200. + + _Young._ Vol. vitulina. _Dill._ 553.--_Martini_ 4. 149. 1380 & 1. + + _Variety_ more elongated. Vol. abbatis. _Dill._ 557. _Chemnitz_ 11. + _t._ 177. 1709 & 10. + + * * * * * + +This (a common shell) can be no other than the _M. ferruginea_ of Lamarck, +though neither that author nor any other has noticed its primary +distinguishing character, that of the uncommon thickness of the outer lip +at the margin, which is also divided into convex obtuse crenations; in +young shells this is not apparent; such is Martini's figure. Mr. Dillwyn +has changed Lamarck's name to _Vitulina_ for this, and given the name of +_Abbatis_ to the variety more lengthened, figured by Chemnitz; but which, +from specimens now before us, we consider with Lamarck only as a variety, +possessing all the essential characters here given to both. + + * * * * * + + +GENERAL INDEX + +TO + +VOL. I. + +IN THE ORDER OF PUBLICATION. + + + + Pl. || Pl. + Psittacus Cayennensis 1 || Parakeet, Cayenne gold-winged 1 + || + Sitta frontalis 2 || Blue Nuthatch 2 + || + Mitra zonata 3 || Zoned Mitre 3 + || + Bulimus melastomus 4 || Black-mouthed Bulimus 4 + || + Colias Statira 5 || Colias Statira 5 + Leachiana 6 || Leach's Colias 6 + || + Carduelis cucullata 7 || Hooded Seed-eater 7 + || + Merops urica 8 || Javanese Bee-eater 8 + || + Helix auriculata 9 || Eared Helix 9 + || + Strombus minimus 10 || Little Strombus 10 + variabilis ib. || Variable do. ib. + || + Drusilla Horsfieldii 11 || Drusilla Horsfieldii 11 + || + Gobius Suerii 12 || Suerian Goby 12 + || + Platyrhynchus Ceylonensis 13 || Ceylonese Flatbill 13 + || + Picus rubiginosus 14 || Brown Woodpecker 14 + || + Licinia Melite 15 || Licinia Melite 15 + || + Ismene Oedipodea 16 || Ismene Oedipodea 16 + || + Bulimus zonatus 17 || Zoned Bulimus 17 + || + Mitra contracta 18 || Contracted Mitre 18 + australis ib. || Southern do. ib. + || + Tinamus Tataupa 19 || Tataupa Tinamau 19 + || + Picus Braziliensis 20 || Brazilian Woodpecker 20 + || + Procnias hirundacea 21 || Swallow Berry-eater 21 + || + Terias Elvina 22 || Terias Elvina 22 + || + Mitra vittata 23 || Ribbon Mitre 23 + || + Conoelix marmoratus 24 || Marbled Conoelix 24 + lineatus ib. || Lineated do. ib. + punctatus ib. || Punctured do. ib. + || + Procnias Melanocephalus 25 || Black-headed Berry-eater 25 + || + Alcedo azurea 26 || Azure Kingsfisher 26 + || + Halcyon collaris 27 || Collared Crab-eater 27 + || + Hesperia Haworthiana 28 || Haworth's Hesperia 28 + || + Mitra cancellata 29 || Contracted Mitre 29 + rigida ib. || Ribbed do. ib. + || + Achatina marginata 30 || Marginated Achatina 30 + || + Phibalura cristata 31 || Crested Shortbill 31 + || + Psaris Cuvierii 32 || Cuvier's Psaris 32 + || + Tamyris Zeleucus 33 || Tamyris Zeleucus 33 + || + Colias Godartiana 34 || Godart's Colias 34 + || + Mitra bifasciata 35 || Double-banded Mitre 35 + || + Achatina perversa 36 || Reverse Achatina 36 + || + Procnias cucullata 37 || Hooded Berry-eater 37 + || + Picus bicolor 38 || Black-and-white Woodpecker 38 + || + Hesperia Itea 39 || Hesperia Itea 39 + Cynisca 40 || Cynisca 40 + || + Achatina pallida 41 || Pale Achatina 41 + || + Oliva Braziliana 42 || Brazilian Olive 42 + || + Melliphaga auricomis 43 || Yellow-tufted Honeysucker 43 + || + Pteroglossus sulcatus 44 || Groove-billed Aracari 44 + || + Ramphastos carinatus 45 || Carinated Toucan 45 + || + Bulimus citrinus 46 || Citron Bulimus 46 + citrinus, _var._ 47 || Reverse-banded do. 47 + aureus ib. || Golden do. ib. + || + Mitra casta 48 || Chesnut-banded Mitre 48 + || + Oxyrhynchus cristatus 49 || Crested Shortbill 49 + || + Alcedo Asiatica 50 || Asiatic Kingsfisher 50 + || + Colias Pyrene 51 || White African Colias 51 + Argante 52 || Orange Colias 52 + || + Strombus cylindricus 53 || False scarlet Strombus 53 + Persicus ib. || Persian do. ib. + || + Mitra lyraeformis 54 || Harp Mitre 54 + || + Solen ambiguus 55 || Ambiguous Solen 55 + || + Ramphastos vitellinus 56 || Sulphur-and-white Toucan 56 + || + Unio nasutus 57 || Rostrated River Mussel 57 + || + Achatina crenata 58 || Green hair-streaked Achatina 58 + || + Psittacus Barrabandii 59 || Red-collared Parakeet 59 + || + Thyreus Abbottii 60 || Thyreus Abbottii 60 + || + Tamyris Nurscia 61 || Tamyris Nurscia 61 + Laonome ib. || Laonome 61 + || + Psittacus discolor 62 || Red-shouldered Parakeet 62 + || + Ammodytes Tobianus 63 || Common Sandlance 63 + Siculus ib. || Sicilian Sandlance ib. + || + Macroglossum assimile 64 || Macroglossum assimile 64 + || + Conus Augur 65 || Girdled Cone 65 + || + Mitra lugubris 66 || White-banded Mitre 66 + ferruginea ib. || Thick-lipped Mitre ib. + + * * * * * + + +GENERAL ALPHABETIC INDEX + +OF + +LATIN AND ENGLISH NAMES + +TO + +VOLUME I. + + + + Pl. + Achatina, Gen. Char. 30 + crenata 58 + marginata 30 + pallida 41 + perversa 36 + _green hair-streaked_ 58 + _marginated_ 30 + _pale_ 41 + _reverse_ 36 + + Alcedo, Gen. Char. 26 + Asiatica 50 + azurea 26 + + Ammodytes, Gen. Char. 63 + Tobianus ib. + Siculus ib. + + _Aracari, Grooved-bill_ 44 + + _Bee-eater, Javanese_ 8 + + _Berry-eater, black-headed_ 25 + _hooded_ 37 + _Swallow_ 21 + + Bulimus, Gen. Char. 4 + aureus 47 + citrinus 46 + citrinus, _var._ 47 + melastomus 4 + zonatus 17 + _black-mouthed_ 4 + _Citron_ 46 + _reverse-banded do._ 47 + _golden_ ib. + _zoned_ 17 + + Carduelis, Gen. Char. 7 + cucullata 7 + + Colias, Gen. Char. 5 + Argante 52 + Godartiana 34 + Leachiana 6 + Pyrene 51 + Statira 5 + _Godart's_ 34 + _Leach's_ 6 + _orange_ 52 + _white African_ 51 + + _Cone, girdled_ 65 + + Conus, Gen. Char. ib. + Augur ib. + + Conoelix, Gen. Char. 24 + lineatus ib. + marmoratus ib. + punctatus ib. + _lineated_ ib. + _marbled_ ib. + _punctured_ ib. + + _Crab-eater, collared_ 27 + + Drusilla, Gen. Char. 11 + Horsfieldii ib. + + _Flatbill, Ceylonese_ 13 + + Gobius, Gen. Char. 12 + Suerii ib. + + _Goby, Suerian_ ib. + + Halcyon, Gen. Char. 27 + collaris ib. + + Helix, Gen. Char. 9 + auriculata ib. + _eared_ ib. + + Hesperia, Gen. Char. 28 + Cynisca 40 + Haworthiana 28 + Itea 39 + _Haworth's_ 28 + + _Honeysucker, yellow-tufted_ 43 + + Ismene Oedipodea 16 + + _Kingsfisher, Asiatic_ 50 + _azure_ 26 + + Licinia, Gen. Char. 15 + melite ib. + + Macroglossum, Gen. Char. 64 + assimile ib. + + Melliphaga, Gen. Char. 43 + auricomis ib. + + Merops, Gen. Char. 8 + urica ib. + + Mitra, Gen. Char. 3, 23 + australis 18 + bifasciata 35 + cancellata 29 + casta 48 + contracta 18 + ferruginea 66 + lugubris ib. + lyraeformis 54 + olivaeformis 48 + rigida 29 + vittata 23 + zonata 3 + _Mitre, contracted_ 18 + _cancellated_ 29 + _chesnut-banded_ 48 + _double do._ 35 + _Harp_ 54 + _olive-shaped_ 48 + _ribbed_ 29 + _ribbon_ 23 + _southern_ 18 + _thick-lipped_ 66 + _white-banded_ ib. + _zoned_ 3 + + _Mussel, rostrated, River_ 57 + + _Nuthatch, blue_ 2 + + Oliva, Gen. Char. 42 + Braziliana ib. + + _Olive, Brazilian_ ib. + + Oxyrhynchus, Gen. Char. 49 + cristatus ib. + + _Parakeet, Cayenne gold winged_ 1 + _red-shouldered_ 62 + _red-collared_ 59 + + Phibalura, Gen. Char. 31 + cristata ib. + + Picus, Gen. Char. 14 + Braziliensis 20 + bicolor 38 + rubiginosus 14 + + Platyrhynchus, Gen. Char. 13 + Ceylonensis ib. + + Procnias, Gen. Char. 21 + cucullata 37 + hirundacea 21 + Melanocephalus 25 + + Psaris, Gen. Char. 32 + Cuvierii ib. + _Cuvier's_ ib. + + Psittacus, Gen. Char. 1 + Cayennensis ib. + Barrabandii 59 + discolor 62 + + Pteroglossus, Gen. Char. 44 + sulcatus ib. + + Ramphastos, Gen. Char. 45 + carinatus ib. + vitellinus 56 + + Sand-lance, common 63 + Sicilian ib. + + _Seed-eater, hooded_ 7 + + _Sharp-bill, crested_ 49 + + _Short-bill, crested_ 31 + + Sitta, Gen. Char. 2 + frontalis ib. + + Solen, Gen. Char. 55 + ambiguus ib. + _ambiguous_ ib. + + Strombus, Gen. Char. 10 + cylindricus 53 + minimus 10 + Persicus 53 + variabilis 10 + _little_ 10 + _false scarlet_ 53 + _Persian_ ib. + _variable_ 10 + + Tamyris, Gen. Char. 33 + Laonome 61 + Nurscia 61 + Zeleucus 33 + + Terias, Gen. Char. 22 + Elvina ib. + + Thyreus, Gen. Char. 60 + Abbottii ib. + + Tinamus, Gen. Char. 19 + Tataupa ib. + + _Tinamou Tataupa_ ib. + + _Toucan, carinated_ 45 + _sulphur-and-white_ 56 + + Unio, Gen. Char. 57 + nasutus ib. + + _Woodpecker, brown_ 14 + _black-and-white_ 38 + _Brazilian_ 20 + + * * * * * + + +SYSTEMATIC INDEX. + + * * * * * + +VERTEBROSA. + +PART I. + + * * * * * + +_ORNITHOLOGY._ + + Pl. + + PSARIS Cuvierii 32 + + PROCNIAS hirundacea 21 + melanocephalus 25 + cucullata 37 + + PHIBALURA cristata 31 + + PLATYRHYNCHUS Ceylonensis 13 + + CARDUELIS cucullata 7 + + PTEROGLOSSUS sulcatus 44 + + RAMPHASTOS carinatus 45 + vitellinus 56 + + PSITTACUS Cayennensis 1 + Barrabandii 59 + discolor 62 + + SITTA frontalis 2 + + PICUS rubiginosus 14 + Braziliensis 20 + bicolor 38 + + OXYRHYNCUS cristatus 49 + + MELIPHAGA auricomis 43 + + MEROPS urica 8 + + ALCEDO azurea 26 + Asiatica 50 + + HALCYON collaris 27 + + TINAMUS Tataupa 19 + +_ICHTHYOLOGY._ + + GOBIUS Suerii 12 + + AMMODYTES Tobianus 63 + Siculus ib. + + * * * * * + + +SYSTEMATIC INDEX. + + * * * * * + +ENTOMOLOGY. + +PART I. + + * * * * * + +_DIURNES._ + + Pl. + COLIAS Statira 5 + Leachiana 6 + Godartiana 34 + Pyrene 51 + Argante 52 + + LICINIA Melite 15 + + TERIAS Elvina 22 + + DRUSILLA Horsfieldii 11 + + HESPERIA Haworthiana 28 + Itea 39 + cynisca 40 + + TAMYRIS Zeleucus 33 + Nurscia 61 + Laonome ib. + + ISMENE Oedipodia 16 + +_CREPUSCULARES._ + + THYREUS Abbottii 60 + + MACROGLOSSUM assimile 64 + + * * * * * + + +SYSTEMATIC INDEX. + + * * * * * + +CONCHOLOGY. + +PART I. + + * * * * * + +_GASTEROPODES_ (Univalves). + + Pl. + HELIX auriculata 9 + + BULIMUS melastomus 4 + zonatus 17 + citrinus 46 + do. _var._ 47 + aureus ib. + + ACHATINA marginata 30 + perversa 36 + pallida 41 + crenata 58 + + OLIVA Braziliana 42 + + CONUS Augur 65 + + CONOELIX marmoratus 24 + lineatus ib. + punctatus ib. + + MITRA zonata 3 + contracta 18 + Australis ib. + vittata 23 + cancellata 29 + rigida ib. + bifasciata 35 + casta 48 + olivaeformis ib. + lyraeformis 54 + lugubris 66 + ferruginea ib. + + STROMBUS minimus 10 + variabilis ib. + cylindricus 53 + Persicus ib. + +_ACEPHALES_ (Bivalves). + + UNIO nasutus 57 + + SOLEN ambiguus 55 + + * * * * * + + +ADDENDA ET CORRIGENDA. + + Pl. 2. line 6, _for_ Setaceisi numbentibus _read_ setaceis incumbentibus. + 4, between _postico_ and _interior_ insert _digitus_. + _for_ minor _read_ minimus. + 6, _for_ "postico maximo" _read_ "posticus maximus." + 17, _for_ aures lilacinae _read_ auribus lilacinis. + erase Orthorynchus frontalis, Horsfield in Linn. Trans. + second side line 10, cancel. + + -- 5. -- 4, _for_ nudam et truncatam _read_ nudum et truncatum. + + -- 7. -- 6, _for_ utrinsecus _read_ utrinque. + 6 from the bottom, _for_ dulleron _read_ duller on. + 3 from the bottom, _for_ oi _read_ on. + 14, _between_ tectrices _and_ remigibus _insert_ a comma. + + -- 8. -- 6, _for_ Horsfeild _read_ Horsfield, and wherever this occurs. + + -- 11. -- 5, _for_ articulis _read_ articulos. + second side, 10 lines from the bottom, _for_ Hipparchiae + _read_ Hipparchidae. + + -- 13. -- 16, _for_ claws _read_ toes. + + -- 17. -- 6, _for_ basilari _read_ basali. + + -- 20. Add to the synonyms. _P. Braziliensis, Swains. in Wern. + Trans._ 3. _p._ 291. + + -- 21. OBS. MM. Temminck and Lagier had just before us, and + without our knowledge, published this bird under the + name of Procnias Ventralis, (Pl. 5.) by which name in + right of priority it should stand in the system. + + -- 25. _for_ Fruit-eater _read_ Berry-eater. + + -- 27. -- 6, _for_ inferiorum _read_ inferiorem. + + -- 31. -- 18, _for_ variegato _read_ variegata. + _after_ furcata _dele_ the comma. + 19, _after_ chalybeis _insert_ a comma. + + -- 32. -- 6, _for_ adunca _read_ adunco. + + -- 33. -- 1, Add to the synonyms _Hesp. Zeleucus_. OBS. _Donovan's + Indian Insects_, where that author has figured it by + mistake as a native of India. + + -- 35. Add to the synonyms, Seba Pl. 49. fig. 21, 22, 41. + + -- 36. for ACHATINIA read ACHATINA. + -- 6 and 7, _for_ columella margine _read_ columella margineque. + + -- 41. OBS. another specimen of A. pallida quite agreeing with + this, is in Mr. Dubois' cabinet. + + -- 42. -- 6, _for_ base _read_ basi. + next page, line 12, _dele_ "and Cimbium (Melons)". + + -- 45. -- 4, _after_ maxillae _insert_ angulo. + + -- 46. in the Latin specific character _for_ "basi rotundato" + _read_ "basi subcontracto," and in the English _for_ + "rounded" _read_ "slightly contracted at the base." + + -- 46. -- 3, on the back page _for_ Broederip _read_ Broderip. + + -- 47. OBS. BULIMUS _aureus_, in Mr. Spurrett's valuable cabinet + is another specimen of this shell minutely agreeing with + that here described. + + -- 49. -- 6, _for_ supr arotundata _read_ supra rotundata. + + -- 50. OBS. This bird Dr. Horsfield tells me is his _Alcedo + meninting_ described in the Linn. Transactions. + + -- 53. 2d line from the bottom, _for_ where _read_ were. + + -- 63. OBS. The _Ammodytes cicerelus_ of my friend Professor + Rafinesque must be different from _A. siculus_, as he + makes no mention in his figure or description of the + peculiarity of the dorsal fin. + + -- 64. _for_ M. assimilis _read_ M. assimile. + + * * * * * + + +NOTES + +[1] _Horae Entomologicae_, by W. S. MacLeay, Esq. M.A. of Trinity College, +Cambridge. London, 1819. A work which for acuteness of reasoning and +profound research, has never been equalled either in this, or perhaps in +any other country. + +[2] It is truly grievous in those which are privileged to possess +themselves of the works of their countrymen, however expensive, at free +cost, and thus to inflict a ruinous fine on authors. Thus--National +Institutions, founded for the encouragement of learning, are made to +oppress and impoverish its followers. + +[3] Were it necessary at this time of day to point out the unnatural +separation of shells intimately connected with each other, which the +Linnaean arrangement presents, it would be sufficient to observe, that the +genus _Bulimus_ is formed of shells scattered in the old genera of _Turbo_, +_Helix_, and _Bulla_: thus we see in Mr. Dillwyn's Catalogue, the large +pink-mouthed African land-snail put in the same genus with our English +_Bulla lignaria_, and _aperta_; the one inhabiting the depths of forests, +and the others the depths of ocean! + + + + + + +End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of Zoological Illustrations, Volume I, by +William Swainson + +*** END OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK ZOOLOGICAL ILLUSTRATIONS, VOLUME I *** + +***** This file should be named 39471.txt or 39471.zip ***** +This and all associated files of various formats will be found in: + http://www.gutenberg.org/3/9/4/7/39471/ + +Produced by Chris Curnow, Keith Edkins and the Online +Distributed Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net (This +file was produced from images generously made available +by The Internet Archive) + + +Updated editions will replace the previous one--the old editions +will be renamed. + +Creating the works from public domain print editions means that no +one owns a United States copyright in these works, so the Foundation +(and you!) can copy and distribute it in the United States without +permission and without paying copyright royalties. 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