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+Project Gutenberg's Zoological Illustrations, Volume I, by William Swainson
+
+This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with
+almost no restrictions whatsoever.  You may copy it, give it away or
+re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included
+with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org
+
+
+Title: Zoological Illustrations, Volume I
+       or Original Figures and Descriptions of New, Rare, or
+       Interesting Animals
+
+Author: William Swainson
+
+Release Date: April 17, 2012 [EBook #39471]
+
+Language: English
+
+Character set encoding: ISO-8859-1
+
+*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK ZOOLOGICAL ILLUSTRATIONS, VOLUME I ***
+
+
+
+
+Produced by Chris Curnow, Keith Edkins and the Online
+Distributed Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net (This
+file was produced from images generously made available
+by The Internet Archive)
+
+
+
+
+
+Transcriber's note: The listed Addenda & Corrigenda have been applied.
+Deleted sections are marked as ...
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+Zoological Illustrations,
+
+OR
+
+ORIGINAL FIGURES AND DESCRIPTIONS
+
+OF
+
+NEW, RARE, OR INTERESTING
+
+ANIMALS,
+
+SELECTED CHIEFLY FROM THE CLASSES OF
+
+Ornithology, Entomology, and Conchology,
+
+AND ARRANGED ON THE PRINCIPLES OF
+
+CUVIER AND OTHER MODERN ZOOLOGISTS.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+BY
+
+WILLIAM SWAINSON, F.R.S., F.L.S.,
+
+MEMBER OF THE WERNERIAN SOCIETY OF EDINBURGH, ETC.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+VOL. I.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+London:
+
+PRINTED BY R. AND A. TAYLOR, SHOE-LANE:
+
+FOR BALDWIN, CRADOCK, AND JOY, PATERNOSTER-ROW;
+AND W. WOOD, STRAND.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+1820-1.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+PREFACE.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+The termination of the first volume of the Zoological Illustrations is
+accomplished, and its contents will not only enable our readers to discern
+the nature of the work, but likewise to form a judgement, on that degree of
+improvement which we have introduced since its first publication, and they
+may safely rely on the continuation being in no respect inferior.
+
+In commencing a work of this nature, we have had two principal objects in
+view: the diffusion of original observations, which, while they might
+further the ends of science, would also be interesting to the general
+reader; and that of discouraging the publication of distorted figures
+copied from old authors, by accustoming the public eye to original designs
+and correct representations of natural objects. How far we may have
+succeeded in this latter object, remains to be judged by others; we are
+however satisfied with having made the attempt, and we hope that abler
+pencils than our own, may engage in the prosecution of this most desirable
+object; for it is only by the publication of original matter, that a check
+can be given to the increasing number of compilations and multiplied copies
+of "ill-shaped" figures, by which error is perpetuated, and science
+retarded.
+
+The only original work that has appeared in this country similar to our
+own, is the Zoological Miscellany by Dr. Leach, which, as it was
+discontinued after the third volume, it may be presumed was unsuccessful:
+although little can be said of many of the figures in the early volumes,
+those in the latter are much to be praised, and the whole are original; the
+descriptions also abound with details highly interesting to the scientific
+world, for which indeed the learned author principally intended it;
+nevertheless it is a question, whether science in the end would not have
+been equally, and perhaps more advanced, had this work been more adapted to
+general readers. Instruction in these days of refinement must be made easy,
+palatable, and enticing; the eye must be pleased, while the understanding
+is improved, and Wisdom in her simple dignified garb will often be deserted
+for Ignorance, decked out in the glittering trappings of Folly.
+
+The _Naturalist's Miscellany_ conducted by Dr. Shaw, in its miscellaneous
+nature also resembled the present work, and reached to the extent of
+twenty-four volumes. What an invaluable fund of information these might
+have contained had their contents been original! Unfortunately, however,
+the exceptions are so few, that the whole may be termed a loose
+compilation, the descriptions being mostly given in as few words as
+possible, and the figures not only copied from wretched representations
+found in old authors, but often coloured from their descriptions only! It
+is indeed lamentable that the Author, whose talents and abilities were
+unquestionable, should have exerted them so little, and thus have descended
+to the rank of a voluminous compiler, for little better can be said of the
+General Zoology, begun and continued under his name: little original matter
+can there be found, excepting in the latter volumes, yet even in these no
+notice whatever is taken of the immense number of new species discovered in
+Africa by Le Vaillant, and long ago published in the _Oiseaux d'Afrique_:
+the engravings also are in like manner copied from old prints, enlarged or
+diminished as occasion offers, without even a regard to the selection of
+the best. It may be as well to observe in this place, that a great number
+of generic distinctions have been made in the two last volumes; which, as
+they have not been followed by any of the great and acknowledged Zoologists
+on the Continent, and appear to us in many instances trivial and
+unnecessary, will not be adopted in this work.
+
+It will be unnecessary to point out with regard to the scientific
+arrangement, that we have avowedly adopted the principles of the modern
+classification; which the strict followers of Linnĉus (in this country
+alone) have so long, but so ineffectually opposed. The first has been
+designated as the natural, and the other the artificial system; and,
+without entering into a critical disquisition on these definitions, it will
+be sufficient to observe, that by the Artificial System we bend nature to
+conform to certain arbitrary principles, which we lay down and to which we
+insist all her productions known and unknown will conform; while in the
+Natural method, we endeavour by tracing her modifications, to adapt our
+system to that which appears to regulate her operations. In the one we give
+laws, in the other receive them; by the first we are taught to believe that
+the highest attainment of the science, is that of ascertaining the name of
+an object in our Museum, or of giving a new one; we record it in our
+favourite system as a grammarian enters a new word in his dictionary, and
+there the matter terminates. Where the artificial system ends, the natural
+begins; for we then proceed to the investigation of affinities founded on
+anatomical construction, economy, and geographic distribution; our
+attention ceases to be confined to individuals, and extends to large
+groups; general facts enable us to draw general conclusions, till the mind
+begins faintly to discern a vast and mighty plan, by which the zones of the
+earth are peopled by their own respective races of animate beings; blending
+their confines unto each other with divine harmony, beauty, and usefulness.
+
+That these inquiries and results have had a most wonderful effect on the
+natural sciences of late years, is abundantly evident. Geology, a subject
+hardly thought of in this country a few years ago, is now found to be a
+science of the first importance; with this, however, Conchology is so
+intimately connected, that without a certain knowledge of it, the geologist
+is frequently unable to prosecute inquiries of the most interesting nature;
+and there is little doubt but that Botany has been raised to the rank it
+now so justly holds, solely because its natural system has been more
+generally studied and advocated in this country, than that of any other
+branch of Natural History. In this science at least, we possess a
+superiority which our continental neighbours cannot dispute; and the name
+of Brown will be enrolled in the brightest page of our philosophic
+inquirers.
+
+That the prejudiced adherence to the strict Linnĉan system, has been the
+primary cause why Zoology has been more neglected with us than on the
+Continent, will admit of little doubt; for by shutting the door to all
+further improvement, it has impressed the generality of our countrymen with
+an idea, that the highest object of the Naturalist was to label the
+contents of a museum, and to arrange stuffed animals, like quaint patterns
+of old china, in glass cases: to thinking minds no less than to the vulgar,
+this idea has produced a feeling of contempt and ridicule, and very few of
+those qualified by nature for accurate investigation and philosophic
+reasoning, have been induced to make the science a study; and thus from
+such an unfortunate prejudice, to use the words of a powerful writer of the
+present day, "some future historian of the progress of human knowledge,
+will have to state that England, till within the few last years, stood
+still at the bottom of the steps where Linnĉus had left her; while her
+neighbours were advancing rapidly towards the entrance of the temple[1]."
+
+Finally--Linnĉus to a comprehensive genius united indefatigable industry;
+yet he could not see and study those innumerable productions that have been
+discovered since his death: in proportion as our knowledge of objects
+increases, so must our systems change, until the natural one is fully
+developed; and the question simply comes to this, Whether the Linnĉan
+method should be upheld as a solitary exception to the mutability of human
+wisdom.
+
+The sun of truth must however finally prevail, and there is every reason to
+think it has already broke, and will gradually disperse these mists of
+prejudice. It is however much to be regretted, that our public institutions
+are wholly inadequate to facilitate not only the advancement of students,
+but the researches of those who are already engaged in prosecuting their
+inquiries: in Scotland alone are founded any Professorships of Natural
+History, and the establishment of our National Museum (in this branch only)
+is confessedly difficult: materials for study are more necessary in this
+science than any other; yet the public Institutions and libraries of the
+metropolis, "rich and rare" in every other department of knowledge, in most
+instances are deficient in this of the most elementary books; setting aside
+those of illustration, which, from being unavoidably expensive and within
+the reach of few purchasers, are more particularly adapted for such general
+repositories of learning. The protracted ill-health of its noble possessor,
+was the cause no doubt of the Banksian magnificent library being left
+deficient in several of the latest continental works; and that of the
+British Museum I have reason to think is still more defective. To the
+honour however of the keepers of the Bodleian and Radcliffe Libraries, it
+should be mentioned, that no pains or expense have been spared to render
+them as perfect in this branch as possible; and we have been told that the
+latter particularly is the most magnificent in the kingdom.
+
+We shall now as briefly as possible advert to the contents of this volume.
+
+In the Ornithological department the systems of Cuvier and Temminck have
+mostly superseded all others: as a whole, we give a decided preference to
+the latter, as being more natural, though it may be doubted if the generic
+distinctions are not too few, while those of Cuvier are too many: both
+however can be considered only as sketches, subject to improvement--as
+natural affinities are more studied.
+
+Regarding that part of our work which relates to Entomology, we have given
+a decided preference to the Lepidoptera, for the simple reason that this
+order has received less attention from all writers, concerning their real
+characters and affinities, than any other; indeed they have been most
+unaccountably neglected even by Latreille, the great founder of the modern
+school: we have therefore thought it necessary to propose in this
+department many new genera, and only have to regret that their definitions
+could not be made more perfect without the destruction of the specimens,
+frequently not our own, and which therefore was unattainable: a more
+extended knowledge of the natural affinities existing in this tribe, will
+alone confirm or annul the propriety of these distinctions.
+
+In _Conchology_ many of the genera long established on the Continent, but
+new to our own collectors, have been characterized and illustrated, as well
+as specific distinctions defined between shells hitherto considered as
+varieties; and here it must be observed that so much latitude has been
+given to the meaning of the term _variety_, that in its general acceptation
+its definition becomes impossible: our own idea of its true meaning is, a
+shell possessing one or more characters which are changeable and uncertain,
+and which consequently will not serve as indications by which it may
+infallibly be distinguished from all others; _variety_ depends on local
+circumstances, and affects the size, colour, and greater or less
+development of the same modification of structure; a _species_ is
+permanent, its structure always the same though more or less developed,
+producing and perpetuating its kind, and depending on formation,
+discernible in youth, and matured in age: we cannot therefore comprehend
+the contradictory term of _permanent varieties_ in a state of nature
+(though such occur in domesticated animals), which some authors have used,
+and which has led to, in many instances, the most erroneous conclusions.
+
+It is lamentable to see the opposition which is still made by our own
+writers against all the modern improvements; yet although Linnĉan
+Introductions to Conchology are constantly issuing from the press, the
+desire of being acquainted with a more natural and intelligible
+classification has already appeared; and as we are frequently questioned on
+the subject, we cannot in this place do better than refer the young student
+to the valuable article on Conchology contained in the late supplement to
+the _Encyclopedia Britannica_, the perusal of which will convey more solid
+information, and less perplexity, than all the Introductions our
+booksellers can boast of.
+
+With respect to the quotations or synonyms, it should be observed that we
+have in most instances limited them only to original works, all doubtful
+ones have been rejected, and such only given as have been actually
+consulted; indeed to this latter cause must be attributed the occasional
+omission of some, existing in books we had not the immediate power of
+consulting; our own library is not small; but the difficulty and expense of
+procuring all the new continental publications, and the impossibility of
+meeting with them at our public libraries[2], may have sometimes led us
+into error, and unintentionally to have passed over the discoveries of
+others.
+
+With the few additions contained in the Appendix we shall now conclude;
+trusting that in the remarks drawn from us by the present state of the
+science in this country, our zeal for truth will not give us an appearance
+of want of candour or of vanity. The truth of our remarks on the labours of
+others, every one at all acquainted with the subject can inquire into, and
+either acknowledge or disprove: we neither deprecate nor despise criticism:
+an author who presumes to instruct others, should have his pretensions
+publicly canvassed, his merits admitted, or his deficiency exposed; no one
+is more sensible than we are that our own pretensions chiefly consist in
+having set an example for others more able to follow: and if we have in any
+way advocated the cause of truth and science, our object will be attained,
+and we shall then gladly retire in the shade.
+
+  LONDON,
+  Sept. 15, 1821.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+LIST OF BOOKS REFERRED TO.
+
+    _Bruguire, Encycl. Meth._ Histoire Naturelle des Vers, par M. Bruguire,
+    1 vol. 4to. and 4 vols. of Plates, forming part 10, 19, 21, 23, of the
+    "Encyclopedie Méthodique." Paris, 1789-1792.
+
+    _Bloch._ Histoire Naturelle des Poissons, en 6 parties, 8vo. Berlin,
+    1796.
+
+    _Cramer._ Papillons Exotiques, 4 vols. 4to. Amsterdam, 1779-1782.
+
+    _Cuvier._ Le Règne Animal, 4 vols. 8vo. Paris, 1817.
+
+    _Chemnitz, Martini._ Neus Systematisches Conchylein Cabinet, 11 vols.
+    Nurnburg, 1781-1795.
+
+    _Dill._ A Descriptive Catalogue of Recent Shells. By F. W. Dillwyn, 2
+    vols. 8vo. London, 1817.
+
+    _Edwards._ A Natural History of uncommon Birds, &c.; and Gleanings of
+    Natural History. By G. Edwards, 7 vols. 4to. 1763, &c.
+
+    _Fab. Ent. Syst._ Entomologia Systematica, emendata et aucta. J. C.
+    Fabricius, 4 vols. 4to. Hafnia, 1792-1794.
+
+    _Gen. Zool._ General Zoology, commenced by Dr. Shaw, and continued by
+    Mr. Stevens, 11 vols. 8vo. to 1819.
+
+    _Gmelin Linn. Syst. Nat._ C. Linné Systema Naturĉ. Cura J. F. Gmelin.
+    Lipsiĉ, 1788-1793.
+
+    _Godart in Encycl. Method._ Encyclopedie Méthodique, t. 9. p. 1. 1819.
+
+    _Gualtieri._ Index Testarum Conchyliorum quĉ adservantur in Musĉo N.
+    Gualtieri. Florentiĉ, 1742.
+
+    _Illiger._ Prod. Systematis Mammalium et Avium, 8vo. Berolini, 1811.
+
+    _Knorr._ Les Delices des Yeux et de l'Esprit, 6 P., 4to. Nuremb. 1760,
+    &c.
+
+    _Klein Hist. Pisc._ Historiĉ Nat. Piscium promovendĉ Missus, 6, 4to.
+    Dantzic, 1740-49.
+
+    _Linn. Syst. Nat._ See Gmelin.
+
+    _Linn. Trans._ Transactions of the Linnean Society of London, 13 vols.
+    4to. 1791-1821.
+
+    _Lister._ M. Lister Historia Conchyliorum, folio. Oxonii, 1770.
+
+    _Lamarck Syst._ Hist. Nat. des Animaux sans Vertèbres. Par le Chevalier
+    de Lamarck, 6 vols. 8vo. Paris, 1815-1819.
+
+    ---- _Anal. Mus._ Annales du Museum d'Histoire Naturelle de Paris, 4to.
+    1802-1821.
+
+    _Lath. Synop. Suppl._ A General Synopsis of Birds. By Dr. J. Latham, 3
+    vols, and 2 Supplements, 4to. London, 1782, &c.
+
+    ---- _Index Ornith._ Index Ornithologicus, 2 vols. 4to. London, 1790.
+
+    _Martyn Univ. Conch._ The Universal Conchologist. By T. Martyn, 4 vols.
+    4to. London, 1784, &c.
+
+    _Martini._ See Chemnitz.
+
+    _Pennant._ British Zoology. By T. Pennant, 4 vols. 8vo. London, 1812.
+
+    _Risso Icth._ Ichtyologie de Nice, 1 vol. 8vo. Paris, 1810.
+
+    _Rumph._ Thesâurium Imaginum Piscium, &c., folio. Hagĉ, 1739.
+
+    _Seba._ Albertus Seba Rerum Naturalium Thesauri, 4 vols. folio.
+    Amsterdam, 1734-1765.
+
+    _Say._ Description of the Land and Fresh-water Shells of the United
+    States. By Thomas Say. Philadelphia, 1819.
+
+    _Shaw in Gen. Zool._ See General Zoology.
+
+    _Temminck Pig. et Gall._ Histoire Naturelle Générale des Pigeons et des
+    Gallinaces. Par C. J. Temminck, 2 vols. 8vo. Amst. 1813.
+
+    ---- _Manuel._ Manuel d'Ornithologie, 2d edit., 2 vols. 8vo. 1820.
+
+    _Le Vaill._ Hist. Nat. des Toucans et des Barbus, folio. Paris, 1806.
+
+    ---- Hist. Nat. des Perroquets, 2 vols. folio. Paris, 1801.
+
+    _White's Voyage._ Journal of a Voyage to N. S. Wales, 4to. Lond. 1790.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+Pl. 1
+
+[Illustration]
+
+PSITTACUS Cayennensis.
+
+_Cayenne gold-winged Parakeet._
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+GENERIC CHARACTER.
+
+    _Rostrum breve, crassum, validissimum, ad basin cute tectum; mandibulâ
+    superiore aduncâ; inferiore sub-recurvatâ, breviore. Nares rotundĉ,
+    nudĉ, fermè verticales. Pedes scansorii._
+
+    Bill short, thick, very strong, covered at the base by a cere; upper
+    mandible sharply hooked; under mandible obtuse, curving upwards, and
+    much shorter. Nostrils round, naked, nearly vertical. Feet scansorial.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+SPECIFIC CHARACTER.
+
+    _P. viridis, alis spuriis aurantiis, remigibus exterioribus basi
+    cĉruleis, caudâ brevi cuneatâ._
+
+    Green Parakeet, with the spurious wings golden-orange: outer quills
+    blue at their base. Tail short, wedged.
+
+    Le Perruche à tache souci. _Le Vaill. pl._ 58, 59. _p._ 169.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+We only thoroughly identified this beautiful little bird, by an inspection
+of the costly work of Le Vaillant on this family, in the Banksian Library:
+for the description of the orange-winged Parakeet of Dr. Latham is not
+applicable; and Dr. Shaw has persisted in the old error of considering this
+species a variety of the Toui Parakeet, although the question had been put
+at rest by the original description and sound reasons of Le Vaillant. There
+is a wide difference between naturalists who compile, and form their
+theories from books, and those who study nature, and think for themselves;
+and nothing will result from the first but mischief to the science, and
+perplexity to the student.
+
+Our figure is from a specimen brought from Demerara by C. Edmonston, Esq.;
+another is in the possession of A. MacLeay, Esq. Though rare in our
+cabinets, M. Le Vaillant says it is common in Cayenne. He has given a
+beautiful figure of the female, which is entirely green.
+
+Total length six inches. Plumage above entirely green, beneath paler and
+inclining to yellow; just under the lower mandible is a small
+snuff-coloured spot, and a very narrow line of the same in front just above
+the nostrils; the quills dark-green, the greater ones on their outside base
+are blue, with which the head is also tinged. The spurious wings are
+entirely of a rich and clear orange. Inner wing-covers green. Quills inside
+greenish-blue, except on each side the shafts, where there is a line of
+black. Tail short, cuneated, hardly projecting an inch beyond the wings,
+both above and below green: the interior margin dirty-yellow, the feathers
+pointed. Bill and legs flesh-colour.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+Pl. 2
+
+[Illustration]
+
+SITTA frontalis.
+
+_Blue Nuthatch._
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+GENERIC CHARACTER.
+
+    _Rostrum rectissimum, acutum, compressum; utroque mandibulo ad apicem
+    ĉque inclinato; apice integro cuneo compresso simili. Nares basales,
+    ovales, apertĉ, plumis setaceis incumbentibus extrinsecus tectĉ. Pedes
+    tribus digitis anticis; uno postico; digitus interior minimus; exterior
+    ad basin medio connexus; hallux productus validus. Ungues
+    compressissimi; antici subĉquales; posticus maximus. Cauda brevis,
+    rectricibus duodecim subĉqualibus._
+
+Typus Genericus _S. Europĉa_.
+
+    Bill very straight, sharp-pointed, compressed; both mandibles equally
+    inclining to the tip, which is entire, and resembles a compressed
+    wedge. Nostrils basal, oval, open, covered externally with incumbent
+    setaceous feathers. Feet with three toes forward and one backward;
+    inner toe very small; outer toe connected to the middle at its base;
+    hind toe lengthened, strong. Claws much compressed; anterior nearly
+    equal, posterior largest. Tail short, of twelve nearly equal feathers.
+
+Generic Type _Sitta Europĉa_.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+SPECIFIC CHARACTER.
+
+    _S. supra cĉrulea; supercilio, fronte, et remigibus lateralibus in
+    medio nigris; subtus cinereo-fusca, auribus lilacinis, mento albo._
+
+    Nuthatch, above blue: line above the eye, front, and middle of the
+    lateral tail-feathers black; beneath cinereous brown, ears lilac, chin
+    white.
+
+    ...
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+The present species is one of the many interesting birds collected in Java
+by my friend Dr. Horsfield: it was not, however, until I had described and
+engraved another specimen, sent to Sir J. Banks from Ceylon, that I
+discovered the species had already been included in the Doctor's account of
+the birds of Java, presented to the Linnĉan Society, where he has described
+it under the name of _Orthorynchus frontalis_.
+
+The specific name of its first describer is of course retained: with
+respect, however, to its generic situation, I must be allowed to dissent
+from considering it as a distinct genus, merely from the prolongation of
+the hinder toe being somewhat more developed than in _Sitta Europĉa_ and
+_Carolinensis_, both which birds are now before me, and which in themselves
+differ in the relative proportion of this part: thus in _S. Carolinensis_
+the hind toe and claw is two-tenths of an inch shorter than the leg; in _S.
+Europĉa_ it is one-tenth shorter; and in the present species it just
+exceeds that of the leg: in every other respect not the slightest
+difference I apprehend will be observed ....
+
+Total length five inches. Size of the European Nuthatch. Bill, from the
+angle of the mouth to the tip, eight lines; front of the head velvet-black,
+continued in a stripe of the same colour over the eye, and terminating
+above the ear feathers: the upper plumage is of a rich blue, more brilliant
+on the head, and paler on the front, and external margins of the quills.
+Spurious wings and lesser quills black margined with blue. Inner
+wing-covers deep black; the under plumage is a light-brown, changing to
+lilac on the ears and sides of the neck, and tinged with cinereous on the
+flanks and vent: the chin is white; tail even, the two middle feathers
+blue, the rest more or less black, having the external margins and tips
+blue. The outer quill of the wings is short, the second and third longest
+and equal, the fourth rather less; the hind toe with the claw, measures one
+inch in a straight line.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+Pl. 3
+
+[Illustration]
+
+MITRA zonata.
+
+_Zoned Mitre._
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+GENERIC CHARACTER.
+
+    _Testa inĉqualiter fusiformis, spirâ productâ attenuatâ, labio
+    exteriore intus edentulo. Columella plicata._
+
+    Shell unequally fusiform. Spire lengthened, attenuated. Outer lip
+    simple, not toothed within. Columella plaited.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+SPECIFIC CHARACTER.
+
+    _M. epidermide luteâ, fulvo-marmoratâ, anfractibus infernè basi nigris,
+    columellâ quinque-plicatâ. Linn. Trans. xii. p. 338._
+
+    Mitre, with the epidermis marbled with brownish-yellow; volutions at
+    their base black; columella five-plaited.
+
+    Mitra zonata. _Marryat in Linn. Trans. vol._ xii. _pl._ 10. _fig._ 1.
+    2.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+This unique and beautiful Mitre has been already described by Captain
+Marryat in the Linnĉan Transactions: the figures, however, are uncoloured,
+and give a very indifferent idea of the graceful symmetry of its form. My
+friend Dr. Leach, with his usual liberality, permitted me to draw the
+accompanying figure of it at the British Museum, where it is now deposited.
+
+It appears to have been taken near Nice in the Mediterranean, adhering to a
+sounding-line, in very deep water; a very singular locality, since nearly
+all the Mitres have generally been supposed to inhabit the tropical seas,
+or at least far from the coasts of Europe. It should, however, be remarked,
+that _Cyprĉa lurida_, an Asiatic shell, I have found on the shores of
+Greece: and C. Ulysses, in his travels in the kingdom of Naples, enumerates
+several shells as inhabiting the warm shores of the Tarentine Bay, which
+are generally known only as natives of the Red Sea and Indian Ocean. These
+facts, with many others, prove the physical distribution of _Molluscĉ_ to
+be less decidedly marked than almost any other class of animals.
+
+This genus is included with that of _Voluta_ by Linnĉus and our own
+writers, although long ago justly separated by the continental zoologists.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+Pl. 4
+
+[Illustration]
+
+BULIMUS melastomus.
+
+_Blackmouthed Bulimus._
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+GENERIC CHARACTER.
+
+    _Testa ovalis, vel oblongo-ovalis. Spira elevata. Os integrum,
+    sub-ovale. Columella lĉvis, simplex. Labium externum crassum, reflexum.
+    Internum ultra medium cavo-inflexum. Operculum nullum._
+
+    Shell oval or oblong-oval. Spire elevated. Mouth entire, sub-oval.
+    Column smooth, simple. Exterior lip thick, reflected. Interior lip
+    beyond the middle inflected, and hollowed beneath. Operculum none.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+SPECIFIC CHARACTER.
+
+    _B. testâ oblongo-ovatâ, albâ, cinereo marmoratâ, spirĉ anfractibus
+    longitudinaliter plicatis, labio exteriore complanato; aperturâ nigrâ._
+
+    Shell oblong-ovate, white, marbled with cinereous. Spiral whorls
+    longitudinally plaited. Outer lip flattened; aperture black.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+The genus _Bulimus_ was long ago formed by Scopoli out of the heterogeneous
+mixture of shells thrown together in the Linnĉan genus _Helix_[3], &c.: it
+comprehends some of the larger and most beautiful of the exotic land
+shells, among which the present species will stand conspicuous both in
+beauty of colouring and excessive rarity. While travelling among the
+forests of Brazil, in the province of Bahia, I found the shell here figured
+one morning on the leaves of a _Solanum_. I not only searched myself, but
+promised as a reward to any of my Indians who would bring me another, a
+two-bladed Birmingham knife!--the greatest temptation they could have!--but
+in vain; for I never saw another before or since.
+
+There are many peculiar characters presented in this species independent of
+its colour: the spiral whorls are strongly plaited longitudinally about
+half their length, and marked very slightly (but sufficiently distinct)
+with several oblique indented striĉ; the principal whorl has a row of
+indented and unequal sulcations near the suture, and a slight appearance of
+elevation along the white transverse band; the outer lip is thick, broad,
+and flattened beneath; but the margin is reflected back, and forms a
+prominent rim on the upper surface. The shell, when viewed closely, appears
+rough with minute scale-like elevations, very much resembling shagreen.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+Pl. 5
+
+[Illustration]
+
+COLIAS Statira.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+GENERIC CHARACTER.
+
+    _Palpi breves, curvati, compressi ad linguam, squamis dense tecti.
+    Articulis tribus; primo longissimo, ad basin curvato, ultrà erecto;
+    secundo erecto, brevi; tertio minimo, proclivi; apice nudo, obtuso.
+    Antennĉ breves, cylindraceĉ, ad apicem nudum et abruptè truncatum
+    sensim incrassatĉ. Alĉ anteriores trigonĉ. Abdomen maris, ultimo
+    articulo acuto, et subtùs tenui unco incurvato; valvis magnis,
+    attenuatis, aduncis._
+
+Typus Genericus _Colias Ebule._
+
+    Palpi short, curved, compressed on the tongue, thickly covered with
+    scales. Articulations three; the first very long, curved at the base,
+    erect beyond; the second erect, short; the third minute, inclining
+    forward; the tip naked, obtuse. Antennĉ short, cylindric, gradually
+    thickening to their tip, which is naked and abruptly truncate. Anterior
+    wings trigonal. Abdomen of the male with the last joint pointed, and a
+    slender incurved hook beneath; the valves large, attenuated and hooked.
+
+Generic Type _Colias Ebule_.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+    SPECIFIC CHARACTER.
+
+    _C. alis dilutè flavis, vel fulvis; anticis suprà, puncto medio
+    margineque extimo, nigris; subtùs ferrugineis; posticis subtùs,
+    singulis duobus niveis punctis inĉqualibus; palpis productis._
+
+    Wings diluted yellow or fulvous; anterior with a black border and
+    central dot, which beneath is ferrugineous; posterior beneath, each
+    with two unequal snowy spots; palpi lengthened.--_Female._
+
+    Papilio Statira. _Cramer, pl._ cxx. _fig._ C. D.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+The present insect is selected to illustrate a very elegant family of
+Butterflies, whose predominant tints are composed of orange, yellow, and
+white, variously blended and disposed in a greater or less degree
+throughout all the species. The generic characters above given will
+distinguish them as peculiar to the tropics, and principally those of South
+America; one or two species only being found in Africa, and five or six
+inhabiting India.
+
+I have no doubt this is the _Pap. Statira_ of Cramer; it is found only in
+Brazil, and has been erroneously considered by Godart and Latreille as a
+variety of _C. Jugurthina_, an Indian insect, and which in fact is not in
+itself a species, being no other than the female of _C. Alcmeone_, as an
+attentive examination of a vast number of both, collected in Java by Dr.
+Horsfield, enabled me to ascertain.
+
+The extraordinary prolongation of the last joint of the palpi, and the
+white borderless spots beneath, which are never silvered, will distinguish
+this species through all the variations; in the ground colour of its wings,
+which in no two specimens are exactly alike, and one before me is nearly
+white; the lesser snowy dot is sometimes very obscure, and often wanting;
+but the prolongation of the palpi is even expressed in Cramer's figure
+above quoted.
+
+I have examined about a dozen specimens, mostly captured by myself, and all
+have been females; and I strongly suspect future and more decided
+observations will prove _C. Evadne_ to be the other sex: it has the palpi
+lengthened, though in a less degree; and the articulations of the antennĉ
+in both insects will be found somewhat thickened at their termination when
+viewed under a magnifier, a peculiarity I have seen in no other species;
+and although I have examined near thirty specimens of _C. Evadne_, they
+have invariably proved to be males.
+
+The palpi in this insect will be found at variance with the generic
+character now given; a striking proof that in a natural system no single
+part can be taken as an unerring criterion for generic distinction, without
+making it eventually an artificial one. The _Colias Drya_ of Fabricius has
+the same formation of palpi, but is a totally different insect.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+Pl. 6
+
+[Illustration]
+
+COLIAS Leachiana.
+
+_Leachian Colias._
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+GENERIC CHARACTER.--See Pl. 5.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+SPECIFIC CHARACTER.
+
+    _C. alis subrotundatis, integris, virescenti-albidis, anticis supra
+    fulvis, margine punctoque medio nigris, singulis subtus maculâ centrali
+    ferrugineâ._ Encycl. Method.
+
+    (Male) wings slightly rounded, entire, greenish white; anterior pair
+    above orange, at their tips, margin, and central dot black: each pair
+    beneath with a central ferrugineous spot. Female ----?
+
+    C. Leachiana. _Godart in Encycl. Method._ vol. ix. p. 91.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+In size this insect is the largest of the genus yet discovered; it was
+first noticed by Godart, who has given it the name of my learned and valued
+friend, Dr. W. E. Leach, of the British Museum, whose talents are too well
+known to need any eulogium in this place.
+
+It appears to inhabit both the northern and southern extremities of Brazil;
+for I have seen it in a box sent from Parà, and my specimens were captured
+in Minas Geraes by my friend Dr. Langsdorff. It is, however, a rare
+species; for I have only seen seven or eight specimens, and they were all
+males: the female, when found, will probably differ as remarkably as in
+most of this genus.
+
+The opaque spot on the inferior wings above is very large; but the tuft of
+hair corresponding beneath the superior wings, is entirely wanting. It
+should be likewise observed, that although this insect in every outward
+respect resembles a genuine _Colias_ (the type of which may be _C. Ebule_),
+it differs very materially in the terminal appendages of the abdomen; the
+last joint being the shortest, and scarcely pointed; and the hook, instead
+of being concealed beneath this segment, is exserted beyond it, and met by
+two others, one at the base of each lateral valve: these valves are also
+much shorter, ovate, and not attenuated, although ending in an incurved
+hook. In the present ignorance in which a true knowledge of the Lepidoptera
+is involved, it is impossible to say how far these dissimilarities may
+point out natural groups; it is therefore of the highest importance to the
+science such facts should be noticed.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+Pl. 7
+
+[Illustration]
+
+CARDUELIS cucullata.
+
+_Hooded Seed-eater._
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+GENERIC CHARACTER.
+
+    _Rostrum breve, validum, conicum, rectissimum; mandibulis subĉqualibus;
+    apice immarginato, recto, acuto; mandibulâ superiore culmine convexâ;
+    inferiore basi marginis angulatâ, utrinque subtusque convexâ._
+
+Typus Genericus _Fringilla Canaria_. Lath., &c.
+
+    Bill short, stout, very conic, without any curvature above; both
+    mandibles nearly equal, the tip entire, straight and sharp; upper
+    mandible convex above: lower one at the base of the margin with an
+    obtuse angle, the sides and under part convex.
+
+Generic Type _Fringilla Canaria_. Latham, &c.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+SPECIFIC CHARACTER.
+
+    _C. aurantia: capite, gutture, fasciâ trans tectrices, remigibus
+    caudâque nigris; remigibus primoribus basi obliquè aurantio fasciatis._
+
+    Orange: head, front of the neck, bar across the wing-covers, quills and
+    tail black; greater quills at their base obliquely barred with orange.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+A richly coloured little bird, much smaller than our Goldfinch, and
+approaching very near to the _Bouvreuil de Bourbon_ of Buffon, from which,
+however, I think it quite distinct. The only one I have yet seen is in the
+possession of E. Falkner, Esq. of Fairfield near Liverpool, who received it
+with a few other rare birds from the Spanish Main.
+
+Total length four inches. Bill blackish and very sharp. The whole head and
+forepart of the neck is black. The plumage of the body is a fine
+reddish-orange, duller on the back and brightest beneath: wing-covers the
+same; the greater ones at their base black, which forms a bar: the quills
+are also black, the greater ones having at their base an oblique bar of
+orange, and some of the lesser ones slightly margined externally with
+white. Tail divaricated and black; some of the lateral feathers faintly
+margined with orange. Spurious wings black. Legs and claws brown.
+
+The _Bouvreuil de Bourbon_, and the _B. du Cap de Bonne Esperance_ of
+Buffon (_Pl. Enl. pl._ 204. _fig._ 1, 2.) appear to have been described as
+the different sexes of one bird (the Orange Grossbeak of Latham) on mere
+conjecture. I think them quite distinct, inhabiting different countries,
+and having all the appearance (in the figures) of being two male birds; for
+the females in this family seldom possess the rich colours of the male; and
+the figure of the last of these birds, has not the slightest habit of a
+female.
+
+The present genus was formed by Cuvier, (though but very slightly defined,)
+and includes the common Goldfinch and Canary-bird.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+Pl. 8
+
+[Illustration]
+
+MEROPS urica.
+
+_Javanese Bee-eater._
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+GENERIC CHARACTER.
+
+    _Rostrum productum, lĉve, subcurvatum, compressum; apice acuto, basi
+    trigono; culmine carinato. Pedes brevissimi, gressorii. Alĉ attenuatĉ._
+
+Typus Genericus _M. apiaster_. Linn., &c.
+
+    Bill lengthened, smooth, slightly curved, terminating in a sharp point;
+    the base triangular, the sides much compressed, the back carinated.
+    Feet very short, gressorial. Wings pointed.
+
+Generic Type _Merops apiaster_. Linn., &c.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+SPECIFIC CHARACTER.
+
+    _M. viridis, infra pallidior; capite, collo suprà rufo; mento, jugulo,
+    sulphureis; lineâ temporali et torque colli nigris; tegminibus
+    uropygioque cĉruleis; caudâ subfurcatâ._
+
+    Green, beneath paler. Head and neck above rufous; chin and throat
+    sulphur; line under the eyes, and collar round the neck, black.
+    Tail-covers and rump pale blue. Tail slightly forked.
+
+    Merops urica. _Horsfield in Linn. Trans._
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+The true Bee-eaters are confined to the old world, principally inhabiting
+Africa and Asia; one species only, the European Bee-eater, being known with
+any degree of certainty to be found in Europe; and this is occasionally
+seen in England. They are all gregarious, feeding on the wing, and in
+general migratory.
+
+Most unwillingly I have again in this instance anticipated my friend Dr.
+Horsfield in describing this bird, which he found in Java, and which I
+engraved after one sent from Ceylon, without knowing it had also fallen
+under his observation.
+
+The figure is less than the natural size, which is nearly that of our
+European species. Bill an inch and a half long from the gape, and black.
+Nostrils small, basal, round, not sulcated, partially defended by incumbent
+hairs; at the angle of the mouth is a row of short, stiff bristles; a black
+line commences from the nostrils, passes under the eye, and terminates with
+the ears. The upper part of the head, neck, and between the wings, rufous.
+The rump and upper tail-covers pale blue: the chin and throat sulphur
+tinged with rufous, where an irregular and narrow collar of black crosses
+the neck. The remaining under parts yellowish-green. Wings and quills
+fulvous green, the latter tipt with black, and all the inner shafts more or
+less rufous: the second quill longest, and the lesser quills and
+tail-feathers notched at their tips. Tail green, slightly forked; the tips
+and under side dusky-black, and three inches and a half long. Wings, when
+closed, four inches one line in length. Vent blueish-white.
+
+The females in this genus may generally be distinguished by the two middle
+tail-feathers being but slightly or not at all elongated.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+Pl. 9
+
+[Illustration]
+
+HELIX auriculata.
+
+_Eared Helix._
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+GENERIC CHARACTER.
+
+    _Testa orbicularis vel globosa. Spira depressa vel paululum elevata.
+    Apertura integra. Labium exterius marginatum. Operculum nullum._
+
+    Shell orbicular or globose. Spire depressed, or but slightly elevated.
+    Aperture entire. Outer lip margined. Operculum, none.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+SPECIFIC CHARACTER.
+
+    _H. testâ depressissimâ, ferrugineo-marmoratâ et bifasciatâ, umbilico
+    magno, profundo, aperturâ auriformi; labio exteriore incrassato,
+    margine interiore dente obsoleto._
+
+    Shell much depressed, marbled and doubly-banded with ferrugineous.
+    Umbilicus large, deep. Aperture ear-shaped. Outer lip thickened,
+    reflected, with a gibbous obsolete tooth within.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+A shell no less remarkable for its form than its extreme rarity. The mouth
+bears a most striking resemblance to the human ear; and the only specimen
+known in this country is the one here figured, from the cabinet of Ch.
+Dubois, Esq., who obligingly favoured me with it for examination; neither
+does the exquisite work on the Land Shells, by M. de Ferrusac, now
+publishing at Paris, contain this species among the numerous matchless
+figures already given of this family.
+
+In the present uncertainty respecting the natural groups of the genus
+_Helix_, as left by Lamarck, I have preferred for the present following the
+example of Cuvier and de Ferrusac, in placing it with that family, in
+preference to adopting the ill-defined and palpably artificial distribution
+of them by D. de Montfort, or of forming a new genus for its reception.
+
+The variegations in its colouring are better seen in the figures than
+described. The whole shell is slightly marked with obsolete longitudinal
+striĉ; the umbilicus is very deep, and the tooth does not extend externally
+beyond the margin of the lip.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+Pl. 10
+
+[Illustration]
+
+STROMBUS.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+GENERIC CHARACTER.
+
+    _Testa ventricosa; basis canali brevi, truncato vel emarginato; labium
+    exterius simpliciter alatum, ala ad basin inferne emarginata; suprà
+    dilatata._
+
+    _Animal marinum, carnivorum, trachelipodum; corpore spirali; pede
+    compresso ad cervicis basin inferiorem._ Leach in Zool. Misc. vol. i.
+    p. 51.
+
+Typus Genericus _S. pugilis._ Linn.
+
+    Shell ventricose; base with a short canal, which is either emarginate
+    or truncate; external lip dilated into a simple wing, notched at the
+    base, and prominent above.
+
+    Animal marine, carnivorous; body spiral, with a compressed foot at the
+    inferior base of the neck.
+
+Generic Type _S. pugilis._ Linn.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+STROMBUS minimus.
+
+_Little Strombus--central figures._
+
+    _S. testâ nodosè plicatâ; spirâ subtilissimè striatâ; labio interiore
+    reflecto, incrassato, suprà obtusè-acuminato; exteriore intrà lĉvi,
+    suprà altè-lobato, anfractui secundo spirali adjuncto._
+
+    Shell with nodulous plaits; the spire finely striated; inner lip
+    thickened and reflected, and obtusely pointed above. Outer lip smooth
+    within, deeply lobed above, attached to the second spiral volution.
+
+    _Lister_ 859. 15. _Chemnitz. tab._ 156. _fig._ 1491, 1492. _Rumph.
+    tab._ 36, P. _Gualtieri, tab._ 32, G.
+
+    Strombus marginatus. _Dillwyn's Cat._ p. 665. no. 18.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+A pretty and diminutive species, scarcely ever more than one inch three
+lines long. The spire long in proportion, and occupying half an inch: when
+in perfection the colour is a deep chesnut, minutely broken into finely
+serrated darker lines, with one, two, or three interrupted bands of white
+on the body whorl, the spire, and margin of the outer lip paler; there are
+two or three nodules above; and the spiral volutions have the carinated row
+of tubercles usual in the _Strombi_, and are besides finely striated
+transversely. The base of the shell is more deeply and distinctly striated;
+both the lips are much thickened, tumid, white, and highly polished;
+terminating above in obtuse points on the second spiral whorl, leaving a
+narrow ascending channel between; the inside of the aperture is a fine
+yellow.
+
+Inhabits the Indian seas, but is not common.
+
+By some unaccountable oversight, Mr. Dillwyn has very well described this
+shell, but under the name and supposition of its being the _S. marginatus_
+of Linnĉus; though a few pages after he brings all the true synonyms
+referring to his shell, under a description purporting to be that of _S.
+minimus_, but which in reality is more applicable to our next species. Why
+this writer should doubt the correctness of Gmelin, Chemnitz, &c.
+respecting the true _S. marginatus_ of Linnĉus, does not appear,
+particularly as he has substituted for it a well known species. I have
+little doubt myself they all mean one and the same shell, which is nothing
+more than a scarce variety of _S. accinctus_, now before me, with which
+Linnĉus's original description pretty well agrees.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+STROMBUS variabilis.
+
+_Variable Strombus--upper figure._
+
+    _S. testâ nodosè plicatâ, spirâ striis nullis; labio interiore
+    simplice, exteriore reflecto, intrà lĉvi, suprà leviter lobato._
+
+    Shell with nodulous plaits, the spire not striated. Inner lip simple.
+    Outer lip reflected, smooth within, and slightly lobed above.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+Shell two inches and a quarter long, the spire occupying little more than
+half an inch. The ground colour generally is white with numerous undulated
+short lines of a darker colour, sometimes crossed by four or five obsolete
+whitish bands: it approaches very near _S. minimus_, but is easily
+distinguished by being in general much larger, by having the inner lip not
+at all thickened above, the outer lip very slightly lobed, and only
+advancing on the first volution of the spire: it varies, however, amazingly
+in colour. There is a small variety, having a brown spot beneath, from
+India; and others (labelled from the So. Seas) in the Banksian collection,
+also small, are purplish-brown, with three or four well-defined bands of
+white: the aperture is always pure white.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+Pl. 11
+
+[Illustration]
+
+DRUSILLA Horsfieldii.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+GENERIC CHARACTER.
+
+    _Antennĉ mediocres, clavâ productâ, gracili, cylindraceâ. Palpi breves,
+    compressissimi, obtusi, remoti, linguam non attingentes; lateribus
+    utrisque hirsutissimis, articulos obtegentibus. Abdomen (in maribus)
+    7-articulatum: 1mo longissimo, ultimo simplici, truncato, suprà
+    integro, subtus unco incurvato, valvis nullis. Alĉ anticĉ (in maribus)
+    basi posticâ dilatatĉ, fasciculum in alas posticas obtegentes._
+
+    (OBS. _Alĉ integerrimĉ, subdiaphanĉ, posticĉ magnĉ, orbiculares. Pedes
+    antici spurii; antennarum articuli basales ad apicem incrassati._)
+
+Typus Genericus _Papilio Jairus_. Fabr.
+
+    Antennĉ moderate, the club lengthened, slender, cylindric. Palpi short,
+    much compressed, obtuse, remote, not touching the tongue, covered
+    equally on both sides with thickset hairs concealing the joints.
+    Abdomen (in the male) 7-jointed, the first very long, the last simple,
+    truncate, and entire above, without valves, and with an incurved hook
+    beneath. Anterior wings (in the male) dilated at the posterior base,
+    concealing a tuft of hair on the inferior wings.
+
+Generic Type _Papilio Jairus_. Fabr.
+
+    (OBS. Wings very entire, sub-diaphanous. Hinder wings large, orbicular.
+    Fore-legs spurious. Basal articulations of the antennĉ thickened at the
+    end.)
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+SPECIFIC CHARACTER.
+
+    _D. alis anticis angustatis, fuscis, concoloribus; margine posteriore
+    et exteriore ĉqualibus: posticis albidis; margine exteriore fusco,
+    suprà uni-ocellato, subtus bi-ocellato._
+
+    Wings, anterior, narrowed, the posterior and exterior margins equal,
+    uniform brown; posterior cream-coloured, with a brown margin, one
+    ocellate spot above, and two beneath.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+This new and elegant insect was discovered by my worthy friend Dr.
+Horsfield (after whom I have named it) in the interior of Java: it forms a
+part of the extensive collections made there by this zealous naturalist for
+the East India Company, and which will make a most important addition to
+our present confined knowledge of the productions of that interesting
+island: indeed these collections exceed in extent, preservation, and value,
+any which have been brought to this country.
+
+The general resemblance of this species with _Papilio Jairus_ of Fabricius
+is so great, that it might pass on a cursory view as a mere variety, did
+not the form of the anterior wings at once point out the difference. In the
+present insect the posterior and exterior margins are of equal length,
+giving a narrow appearance to the wings, much resembling some of the true
+_Papilionidĉ_; but in _P. Jairus_, these wings are much broader, more
+obtuse, and the length of the posterior margin much greater; other minor
+differences exist in the colouring and markings. My valued friend A. H.
+Haworth, Esq., F.L.S., &c. possesses a fine pair of the true _P. Jairus_ in
+his rich and extensive collection; and the liberality with which it is
+constantly and freely opened to me, deserves my warmest thanks.
+
+From these two species I have formed the present genus, the characters of
+which will distinguish it from that of _Hĉtera_ (Fabr.), a scanty genus
+confined to South America; and this seems to occupy its place in India:
+both will come in the natural family of _Hipparchidĉ_. Only one specimen (a
+male) exists in Dr. Horsfield's collections; I could not therefore dissect
+the mouth, &c. On the inner borders of the inferior wings is a lengthened
+tuft of fine hairs: the _anus_ beneath has on each side an obtuse
+lengthened process, partially attached, and which appears to supply the
+place of the lateral valves. It is represented on a sprig of
+
+GĈRTNERA _racemosa_,
+
+which, although differing slightly from the figure of Dr. Roxburgh's
+Coromandel Plants, p. 19. t. 18, Dr. Horsfield considers as the same plant.
+The Javanese name is _Kakas_.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+Pl. 12
+
+[Illustration]
+
+GOBIUS Suerii.
+
+_Suerian Goby._
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+GENERIC CHARACTER.
+
+    _Caput parvum. Oculi approximati. Pinnĉ dorsales duĉ, radiis
+    flexilibus: ventrales conjunctĉ, infundibuliformes. Branchiarum
+    apertura contracta, membranâ 4-radiatâ._
+
+Typus Genericus _Gobius niger_. Pennant.
+
+    Head small. Eyes approximating. Dorsal fins two, the rays flexible.
+    Ventral fins united into the form of a funnel. Gill aperture
+    contracted, the membrane four-rayed.
+
+Generic Type _Gobius niger_. Pennant.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+SPECIFIC CHARACTER.
+
+    _G. olivaceus, caudâ atro-purpureâ. Capite, operculis, pinnâ dorsali et
+    caudali longitudinaliter flavo-lineatis._
+
+    Olivaceous Goby. Tail obscure purple. Head, gills, dorsal and caudal
+    fins with yellow longitudinal lines.
+
+    Gobius Suerii. _Risso Icth. p._ 387. _pl._ 11. _fig._ 43.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+This beautiful little fish never exceeds the size here represented. It is
+not uncommon on the coast of Sicily in the spring months: it has likewise
+been discovered on the shores of Nice by Risso, who is its first describer:
+his figure, however, is so remarkably bad, that it would be impossible to
+recognise it but for his description: in fact, the fish is so delicate,
+that unless the fins are very carefully expanded in water their form and
+colouring will never be seen correctly. It has been named after M. C. A. Le
+Sueur (who accompanied Peron in the French circumnavigation), an able
+zoologist and most inimitable draftsman and engraver.
+
+General colour pale olivaceous yellow, with a few obscure large spots along
+the body somewhat brighter. The head has four yellow oblique bands, between
+which, and behind the eye, is a bright blue spot. Ventral fins blackish.
+The first dorsal fin is trigonal, and has the third ray lengthened and
+longest; the three last rays tipt with deep-black; the second fin is
+lengthened, broadest at the end, the membrane greyish-white with narrow
+longitudinal lines of yellow. Caudal fin lanceolate, pointed,
+blackish-purple, margined and marked with yellow lines parallel with the
+borders. Pectoral fin ovately rounded, with faint yellow transverse bands.
+Anal fin resembling the second dorsal, greyish, with the margin
+dull-purple. Scales large, very deciduous; lateral line invisible; lower
+jaw longest; teeth minute. Body and fins semi-transparent. The first dorsal
+fin has seven rays; the second fifteen; anal fifteen; pectoral twelve;
+caudal seventeen; ventral fourteen.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+Pl. 13
+
+[Illustration]
+
+PLATYRHYNCHUS Ceylonensis.
+
+_Ceylonese Flat-bill._
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+GENERIC CHARACTER.
+
+    _Rostrum breve, rectum, depressissimum, fermè trigonum; mandibulâ
+    superiore ad apicem abruptè aduncâ, emarginatâ; inferiore rectâ,
+    breviore; marginibus superioris inferiorem superplicantibus. Os et
+    Nares longis rigidis vibrissis obtectĉ. Nares, mediĉ inter apicem et
+    hiatum rostri. Cauda plerumque ĉqualis, rectricibus duodecim. Pedes et
+    Tarsi breves, graciles._
+
+    Typi Generici. Div. I. _Todus Platyrhynchos._ Gm. Div. II. _Muscicapa
+    barbata._ Lath.
+
+    Bill short, straight, thin, very depressed, and nearly triangular; the
+    upper mandible abruptly hooked at the tip, and notched; the margins
+    folding over those of the under mandible, which is straight and
+    shorter. Mouth and nostrils defended by long stiff bristles. Nostrils
+    medial between the tip and gape of the bill. Tail mostly even, of
+    twelve feathers. Legs and toes short, slender.
+
+    Generic Types. Div. I. _Todus Platyrhynchos._ Gm. Div. II. _Muscicapa
+    barbata._ Lath.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+SPECIFIC CHARACTER.
+
+_P. olivaceus, subtùs flavus; capite mentoque cinereis._
+
+Olivaceous Flat-bill, beneath yellow. Head and chin cinereous.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+The sober tints of this little bird accord more with those of Europe than
+of India, of which country however it is a native, having been sent from
+Ceylon to the British Museum: it is the only one I have yet seen, and
+appears hitherto undescribed.
+
+The stiff bristles at the corner of the mouth are nearly the length of the
+bill, which is quite flattened: the tail is even, and the whole bird in
+every respect but colour closely resembles the bearded Flycatcher (_Musc.
+barbata_ Lath.).
+
+Cuvier and other modern zoologists have done much in distributing the
+Linnĉan _Muscicapĉ_ into their natural families; but as we are acquainted
+with a great number from descriptions only, the arrangement is by no means
+perfect.
+
+The generic characters now given of the genus _Platyrhynchos_ (very
+slightly noticed by Vieillot) will be found perfectly applicable to the
+separate divisions here formed; the first comprising the _Todus
+Platyrhynchos_ of Gmelin, and a few others having the bill larger and more
+dilated than the second division, which includes the present species,
+together with _M. barbata_, _cĉrulea_, _cuneata_, and no doubt many others.
+The construction of the bill in all these birds will be found precisely the
+same, though more or less developed in each division, and even in the
+species; it thus becomes impossible to draw the line of demarcation without
+refining too much on generic distinctions. Their bills, although so broad,
+are by no means stout; thus enabling them to prey with greater readiness on
+the _Lepidoptera_ and other large winged insects with soft bodies; while
+the long stiff bristles at the base of the bill seem intended to confine
+the resistance their prey would otherwise make by their wings. The
+illustrious Cuvier has well observed, that the true Flycatchers have the
+bill longer, narrowed, less compressed, and the tip but slightly bent.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+Pl. 14
+
+[Illustration]
+
+PICUS rubiginosus.
+
+_Brown Woodpecker._
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+GENERIC CHARACTER.
+
+    _Rostrum polyedrum, rectum, in apicem compressum, cuneatum, attenuatum.
+    Nares basales, ovales, patulĉ, plumis angustis recumbentibus tectĉ.
+    Lingua longissima, jaculatoria, apice sagittato. Cauda rectricibus
+    validis, rigidis, acuminatis,_ 10, _intermediis duabus longioribus.
+    Pedes scansorii._
+
+Typus Genericus _Picus viridis_.
+
+    Bill many-sided, straight, the tip resembling a compressed pointed
+    wedge. Nostrils basal, oval, open, covered externally with narrow
+    recumbent feathers. Tongue very long, retractile, the tip barbed.
+    Tail-feathers ten, strong, rigid, acuminated; the two middle ones
+    longest. Feet climbing.
+
+Generic Type _Picus viridis_.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+SPECIFIC CHARACTER.
+
+    _P. suprà rubiginosus: vertice nigrescente; occipite rubro, subtùs
+    fulvo, fusco-fasciato._
+
+    Above tawny rufous. Crown blackish; hind head crimson, beneath fulvous,
+    with brown transverse bands.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+The Woodpeckers form a most natural family of birds, and are dispersed in
+every part of the known world, excepting the Polar regions. Eight species
+inhabit Europe, five of which are found in our own country. The largest
+however of these, the Great Black Woodpecker, is very rare; and even the
+others are less frequently seen than formerly, from the gradual diminution
+of our few remaining forests.
+
+The present appears an undescribed species, and was sent from the Spanish
+Main to E. Falkner, Esq. of Fairfield. I have since seen the male, which,
+like many others of this genus, is distinguished by a patch of red below
+the eye.
+
+Total length, eight inches and a half; bill one inch long, blackish; front
+and crown cinereous black; the hind head and nape crimson; a dusky whitish
+line (beginning at the nostrils) includes the eye and ear-feathers; below
+this on each side blackish, with longitudinal whitish dots, which in the
+male is mixed near the bill with crimson; chin blackish, speckled with
+white. The general plumage above is uniform tawny rufous brown, becoming
+more olive on the rump. Under parts olivaceous yellow, crossed with
+numerous close bands of blackish brown. Quills with the inner web black,
+the margin pale yellow; shafts and outer web tawny; tail the same, the
+shafts and outer half black, excepting the last pair, which have yellowish
+shafts and dusky tips. Wings inside, pale orange. Legs and claws dusky
+green.
+
+Two or three other individuals have since fallen under my observation: the
+male I saw at Mr. Leadbeater's, Animal Preserver, in Brewer-street, of
+whose liberality and integrity in every way, I can bear the most
+unqualified and cheerful testimony.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+Pl. 15
+
+[Illustration]
+
+LICINIA Melite.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+GENERIC CHARACTER.
+
+    _Antennĉ graciles; clavâ elongatâ, fusiformi, compressâ. Palpi
+    brevissimi, vix ultra caput producti, ad linguam compressi, squamis
+    linearibus tecti, margine ciliati, articulo ultimo sub-nudo, secundo
+    subĉquali. Abdomen elongatum, gracile, in maribus 6-articulatum,
+    articulo ultimo integro; valvis plerumque elongatis, attenuatis, apice
+    acutis. Alĉ anticĉ (in maribus) angustĉ, obtusè-attenuatĉ, (in
+    foeminis) latiores, obliquè rotundatĉ. Alĉ posticĉ (in maribus)
+    dilatatĉ, longitudine anticis penè ĉquales; margine antico opaco, in
+    foeminis breviores, suborbiculares._
+
+Typus Genericus _L. Melite_. Nobis.
+
+    Antennĉ slender, the club elongated, fusiform, and compressed. Palpi
+    very short, hardly projecting beyond the head, compressed on the
+    tongue, covered with scales and margined externally with long hairs,
+    the last joint nearly naked and almost as long as the second joint.
+    Body elongated, slender, in the male with 6 joints, the last entire.
+    Valves generally elongated, attenuated, their tips acutely pointed.
+    Anterior wings (in the male) narrow, obtusely attenuated; in the female
+    broader, and obliquely rounded. Posterior (in the male) dilated, nearly
+    as long as the anterior wings, the fore margin opaque; in the female
+    shorter, and nearly orbicular.
+
+Generic Type _L. Melite_.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+SPECIFIC CHARACTER.
+
+    _L. (Mas.) alis flavis; anteriore suprà nigrâ, fasciâ obliquâ flavâ, et
+    lineâ, basali transversâ, margine posteriore flavo. (Foem.) Alis suprà
+    albis; anteriore apice stigmateque marginali obliquo nigris; posteriore
+    suprà nigro marginatâ, subtùs (in utroque sexu) flavescente, lineis
+    duabus transversis fuscis._
+
+    Male. Wings yellow, anterior above black, with an oblique yellow band
+    and transverse basal line; posterior margin yellow. Fem. Wings above
+    white; anterior, with the tips and marginal oblique stigma black.
+    Posterior, above margined with black; beneath (in both sexes) yellow,
+    with two transverse brown lines.
+
+    Papilio Melite. _Fab. Ent. Syst._ 160, 494. _Cramer, tab._ 153. C. D.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+The remarkable size of the under wings in the male insects of this genus
+will distinguish them even to a casual observer as forming a natural group.
+They are all natives of South America, where I discovered nine species. The
+females differ most strikingly, and have hitherto been mistaken by authors
+not only for distinct species, but as belonging to different genera.
+
+Their natural situation will be among the _Pieridĉ_, with whose general
+habit they accord.
+
+The female of this species resembles _Pap. Licinia_ of Cramer, except in
+having a short black stigma in the middle of the anterior border of the
+fore wings, pointing obliquely to the exterior margin. Cramer's insect,
+however, is the female of another undescribed species in my cabinet.
+
+The under side of the posterior wings in both sexes is the same.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+Pl. 16
+
+[Illustration]
+
+ISMENE Oedipodea.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+GENERIC CHARACTER.
+
+    _Antennĉ cylindraceĉ, juxta medium crassissimĉ, versus apicem subulatĉ,
+    articulis numerosis brevissimis pene detectis. Palpi crassi squamosi,
+    fronte obtusâ, lateribus compressis, marginibus exterioribus ciliatis,
+    articulo ultimo nudo, producto, subhorizontali, lineari, compresso.
+    Oculi (in maribus) magni. Corpus (in maribus) 7-articulatum, articulo
+    ultimo suprà appendice transverso truncato subemarginato terminante,
+    subtùs duobus uncis recurvis obtusis, fasciculo tectis; articulo 1mo et
+    ultimo brevissimis: (in foeminis) articulo ultimo producto,
+    subacuminato._
+
+    Antennĉ cylindrical, thickest near the middle, the terminal half
+    subulate; articulations numerous, very short, hardly perceptible. Palpi
+    thick, scaly; frontal side obtuse; lateral sides compressed; the
+    margins externally fringed with hair; the last joint naked, lengthened,
+    nearly horizontal, linear, compressed. Eyes (in the male) very large.
+    Body (in the male) of seven joints, the last with a transverse,
+    slightly emarginate, truncate appendage above; and two obtuse recurved
+    hooks below, concealed by a tuft of hair; the first and last segment
+    shortest. Body in the female with the last joint lengthened and
+    pointed.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+SPECIFIC CHARACTER.
+
+    _I. alis suprà fuscis, basi nitidè-cĉruleâ, posticis aurantio
+    marginatis, subtùs rufo-fusco nebulosis, basi puncto nigro: anticis (in
+    maribus) basi aurantiis, maculâ nigrâ tomentosâ._
+
+    Wings above fuscous, shining blue at their base; posterior margined
+    with orange; beneath clouded with rufous and brown, and a black dot at
+    the base of the posterior wings. Anterior wings (in the male) orange at
+    the base, and a large velvet-like spot of black.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+The resplendent and changeable azure blue which ornaments the body and part
+of the wings in this very singular insect, can be but ill expressed in the
+figure. It is one of the many new and interesting subjects in entomology
+discovered in Java by Dr. Horsfield; and by his kindness and liberality I
+am enabled to add the figures of the caterpillar and chrysalis, which were
+copied out of a fine series of drawings made in Java under his own eye:
+they do not appear to differ in their formation from others of this family,
+although the perfect insect possesses such striking and peculiar generic
+characters; one of the many facts which prove the impossibility of making
+the _Larvĉ_ a primary consideration in forming the genera of Lepidoptera.
+
+This is a rare insect, I have therefore been obliged to leave the generic
+character imperfect, as the dissection of the mouth, &c. would destroy the
+specimen. The posterior margin in the wings of the male is sinuated; in the
+female it is nearly straight; the underside of the wings in both sexes is
+the same; the anterior pair reddish-brown, paler in the middle; the tip and
+posterior margin whitish: inferior wings reddish-orange towards the inner
+margin, with an obsolete central curved band of the same, and a black dot
+at the base of the inferior wings. The head, palpi, and thorax are margined
+with orange, less conspicuous in the female.
+
+Our knowledge of the genus _Hesperia_ of Latreille (under which the present
+insect would come) is little more than what was known of _Scarabĉus_ twenty
+years ago; nor has Fabricius even noticed one half of the species figured
+by Cramer. The larva feeds on
+
+GĈRTNERA _Javensis_
+
+    _Foliis ovatis, obtusè-acuminatis, caule volubili ramosissimo, ramulis
+    diffusis, deflexis,_
+
+a new species, discovered in Java by Dr. Horsfield, who has distinguished
+it by the above specific character. He informs me the natives give it the
+name of _Kakas-rambat_, which last word signifies twining or trailing. In
+the inflorescence and fruit it differs not from _G. racemosa_.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+Pl. 17
+
+[Illustration]
+
+BULIMUS zonatus.
+
+_Zoned Bulimus._
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+GENERIC CHARACTER.--See Pl. 4.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+SPECIFIC CHARACTER.
+
+    _B. testâ lĉvi conicâ; spirĉ anfractibus quinque; ultimo aliquantulum
+    distorto; albis duabus fasciis ferrugineis inĉqualibus; anfractu basali
+    rufo duabus albis fasciis; aperturâ albâ._
+
+    Shell smooth, conic, of five volutions, the last somewhat distorted;
+    white, with two unequal ferrugineous bands; body whirl rufous, with two
+    white bands. Aperture white.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+A small though very elegant shell, seldom seen in Collections; nor do I
+find such a description of it as will identify the species. One figured by
+Martini, at _tab._ 134, _fig._ 1215, comes near it, but differs
+sufficiently for a specific distinction.
+
+Its precise locality is unknown: a fine specimen exists in my father's
+collection, who thinks it came from the East Indies; and this is the only
+one I have yet seen.
+
+The aperture is more round than ovate, and is less than one half the total
+length of the shell; the outer lip much reflected, and the transverse bands
+on the spiral whirls nearly obsolete.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+Pl. 18
+
+[Illustration]
+
+MITRA contracta.
+
+_Contracted Mitre_--upper figure.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+GENERIC CHARACTER.--_Pl._ 23.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+SPECIFIC CHARACTER.
+
+    _M. (Div. 3.) testâ sublĉvi; margine superiore anfractuum prominente,
+    anfractu basali in medio contracto_
+
+    Shell nearly smooth; upper margin of the volutions prominent; basal
+    whorl contracted in the middle.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+An undescribed species, for the loan of which I am indebted to Mr. G.
+Humphrey, of Leicester-street, whose knowledge as a collector, and
+integrity as a dealer, have gained him respect and confidence through a
+long life: and it is no less singular than true, that many genera of modern
+authors, now universally adopted, were formed by him near twenty-five years
+ago (under different names) in the _Museum Calonianum_, printed in 1797.
+
+Shell one inch and a half long, and smooth; the base and spire with faint
+remote grooves; the spiral whorls are scarcely convex, and their upper
+margins prominent. Outer lip thick, effuse, slightly reflected below, and
+contracted above. Pillar five-plaited; colour yellowish white, with two or
+three waved longitudinal bands of orange, and a few others broad and remote
+on the spire. A finer specimen I have since seen with Mr. Humphrey's was
+one inch three quarters long, the ground-colour pure white, the aperture
+orange, and the bands rich orange-chesnut.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+MITRA australis.
+
+_New Holland Mitre._
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+    _M. (Div. 2) testâ lĉvissimâ; spirâ elongatâ; anfractibus basi
+    castaneo-fuscis; fasciâ albâ in basali anfractu, centrali. Columellâ
+    4-plicatâ._
+
+    Shell very smooth. Spire elongated, chesnut-brown; base of the spiral
+    volutions with a whitish band, which is central on the basal whorl.
+    Pillar four-plaited.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+Dead shells of this new Mitre were received from Van Dieman's Land by Mr.
+Humphrey: it is perfectly destitute of striĉ, excepting a few faint ones at
+the base: the mouth, which is smooth inside, appeared in the few specimens
+he had, to be unformed; it is, however, sufficiently distinct from any
+other.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+Pl. 19
+
+[Illustration]
+
+TINAMUS Tataupa, _var._
+
+_Tataupa Tinamou._
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+GENERIC CHARACTER.
+
+    _Rostrum mediocre, depressum, latius quam altum, apice rotundato
+    obtuso; culmine lato, excelso. Nares laterales, mediĉ, ovatĉ, patulĉ,
+    apertĉ. Pedes tetradactyli, fissi; halluce brevissimo, insistente.
+    Cauda nulla, aut brevissima, plumis uropygii obtecta. Alĉ breves._
+    Temminck, vol. iii. p. 747.
+
+Typus Genericus _T. rufescens_. Latham.
+
+    Bill moderate, depressed, broader than high, tip obtuse, back broad.
+    Nostrils lateral, medial, ovate, expanded and open. Feet four-toed,
+    cleft; hind toe very short. Tail none or very short, concealed by the
+    rump-feathers. Wings short.
+
+Generic Type _T. rufescens_. Latham.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+SPECIFIC CHARACTER.
+
+    _T. corpore suprà fusco-rufo, immaculato; capite et collo fusco-nigro;
+    mento albo; gulâ, collo, pectoreque cinereis; corpore infrà albescente;
+    uropygio lateribusque posticis rufis aut nigris, pennis
+    albo-marginatis._
+
+    Tinamou with the body above dusky-rufous, immaculate. Head and neck
+    dusky-black; chin white; throat, neck and breast, cinereous; body
+    beneath whitish; vent and flanks rufous or black, the feathers margined
+    with white.
+
+    Tinamus Tataupa. _Temminck Pig. et Gall._ iii. _p._ 590 _et_ 752. _Gen.
+    Zool. vol._ xi. _part_ 2. _p._ 416.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+The Tinamous are entirely confined to the new world, where they seem to
+hold the same scale in creation which the Partridges do in the old
+continent. Our knowledge of these singular birds has been much increased by
+the writings of Professor Temminck, who has described twelve species. The
+present bird is nearly the smallest of its family: I found it only once in
+the interior of Bahia in Brazil, where it must be very rare, or frequent to
+particular districts only. Though differing in some respects from the
+description of Temminck, I am inclined to consider it merely as a variety.
+
+Total length (excepting the legs) eight inches and a quarter. The bill is
+one inch one line long from the gape, and, with the irides, is red. The
+head and neck above blackish cinereous; the crown much darker and tinged
+with brown, the rest of the upper plumage uniform reddish-brown; the edges
+of the wing-covers tinged with pale cinereous; the spurious wings and
+quills greyish-brown; the chin is white, changing on the throat, neck,
+breast and their sides to a pale lead-colour, which, on the body, again
+becomes white; the feathers on the flanks are blackish or rufous,
+beautifully margined all round by white, with another internal mark of the
+same kind; those on the vent are similarly marked, but on a pale rufous
+ground; the thighs are rufous-white; the under tail-covers rufous, marked
+by narrow undulated concentric lines of black, the ends whitish. The length
+of the legs (from the knee to the base of the middle toe) one inch two
+lines, and from that to the tip of the claw one inch. Legs blueish-purple.
+Hind toe very short, and elevated above the ground.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+Pl. 20
+
+[Illustration]
+
+PICUS Braziliensis.
+
+_Brazilian Woodpecker._
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+GENERIC CHARACTER.--See Pl. 14.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+SPECIFIC CHARACTER.
+
+    _P. olivaceus, subtùs fulvus, nigrescente-fasciatus; capite
+    subcristato, suprà rubro, utrinque lineis olivaceis, fulvis, et
+    rubris._
+
+    Olive Woodpecker: beneath fulvous, with transverse blackish bands. Head
+    sub-crested, above red, the sides with olive, yellow, and red streaks.
+
+    P. Braziliensis, Swains. in Wern. Trans. 3. p. 291.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+A new species of this already extensive family, inhabiting the interior of
+Brazil in the province of Bahia, where I met with it but once. It was, I
+believe, first described in a paper I sent to the Wernerian Society some
+time ago: the figure is less than the natural size.
+
+Total length nine inches. Bill not quite an inch, and blackish. Irides
+yellow. Head slightly crested; the whole upper part crimson. Orbits and
+cheeks olive-brown; beneath this a narrow line of tawny-yellow begins at
+the nostrils and passes down the sides of the neck; next this is a similar
+stripe crimson on the jaws and olive beyond, leaving the chin and throat in
+front yellowish; the plumage above is tawny-olive. Quills black, within
+edged with rufous: all the under parts tawny-yellow, transversely banded
+with blackish lines; inner wing-covers yellowish. Tail three inches and a
+half long, the feathers black, unspotted, and tinged at their base with
+olive. Feet and claws lead-colour. The neck is very slender. The only one I
+have yet seen was a male.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+Pl. 21
+
+[Illustration]
+
+PROCNIAS hirundacea.
+
+_Swallow Fruit-eater._
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+GENERIC CHARACTER.
+
+    _Rostrum breve, trigonum, basi latissimum, dilatatum, versus apicem
+    contractum: mandibulis emarginatis; marginibus intraflexis; mandibulâ
+    superiore, tomiis curvatis, carinatis; inferiore rectâ, breviore. Nares
+    latĉ, basales, subnudĉ; aperturis orbiculatis, approximantibus, apicem
+    quam malam magis appropinquantibus. Lingua brevissima, angusta. Rictus
+    amplissimi infra oculos aperientes. Pedes insidentes. Alĉ mediocres._
+
+Typus Genericus _Ampelis carunculata_. Latham.
+
+    Bill short, triangular, base very broad, dilated, towards the end
+    contracted; both mandibles notched, the margins bent inward; upper
+    mandible slightly curved and carinated above; lower mandible straight
+    and shortest. Nostrils broad, basal, nearly naked, the aperture much
+    nearer the tip than the gape of the bill. Tongue very short, narrow.
+    Mouth very large, opening beneath the eye. Feet formed for perching.
+    Wings moderate.
+
+Generic Type _Carunculated Chatterer_. Latham.
+
+    OBS. MM. Temminck and Lagier had just before us, and without our
+    knowledge, published this bird under the name of Procnias Ventralis,
+    (Pl. 5.) by which name in right of priority it should stand in the
+    system.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+SPECIFIC CHARACTER.
+
+    _P. (in maribus) cĉrulea; fronte, jugulo, temporibusque nigris; corpore
+    subtùs in medio albo, lateribus striis transversis nigrescentibus._
+
+    _(Foem.) viridis; mento temporibusque griseis; corpore infrà
+    flavescente, striis obscurè-viridibus transversis._
+
+    (Male) blue; front, throat, and temples black; middle of the body
+    beneath white, the sides with blackish transverse striĉ.
+
+    (Female) green; chin and temples grey; body beneath yellowish,
+    transversely striated with dusky-green.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+The birds of this genus are remarkable for the enormous width of their
+mouths, which in some species exceeds that of the Swallow family, thus
+enabling them with ease to swallow the large berries of the _Melastomĉ_ and
+other tropical shrubs, on which they alone subsist; not on insects, as
+Cuvier asserts. Although in the construction of their bills they perfectly
+resemble the Swallows, their wings are not formed for long or rapid flight;
+and their feet are much stronger, and calculated for searching among
+branches for their food, in which situations I have frequently seen them.
+The term "_pedes ambulatorii_," or walking-feet, is applied too generally,
+and should be confined to the gallinaceous and Pigeon tribes.
+
+This genus was formed by Count Hoffmansegg, and the present is the smallest
+species known: our figure is of the male bird. Total length about five
+inches and a half. The bill from the angle to the tip measures seven lines;
+but from the nostrils only three lines and a half. The middle of the body,
+vent, and under tail-covers in the male are pure white; in the female
+yellowish, with a line of olive-green down the middle of each shaft; the
+quills, wing-covers, and tail-feathers are black, margined in the male with
+blue, and in the female with green: the tail is slightly forked. The
+nostrils round and bare; the base of the bill has a few weak setaceous
+hairs. The legs resemble the true Chatterers, having the outer toe rather
+longer than the inner, and attached to the base of the middle.
+
+This is a scarce bird, apparently not hitherto described; I met with it
+only three times in Bahia; but it appears more frequent in the southern
+provinces of Brazil, specimens having been sent me from Minas Geralis and
+Rio de Janeiro.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+Pl. 22
+
+[Illustration]
+
+TERIAS Elvina.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+GENERIC CHARACTER.
+
+    _Antennĉ breves, clavâ subtruncatâ, compressâ. Palpi brevissimi
+    curvati, vix ultra caput producti, ad linguam compressi, densis squamis
+    imbricatis in totum tecti apice nudo. Abdomen elongatum, gracile, in
+    maribus 6-articulatum, articulo ultimo duobus uncis incurvatis
+    approximantibus; valvis latis, incrassatis, truncatis, aduncis. Alĉ
+    utroque sexu similes; latĉ, obtusĉ, rotundatĉ, integerrimĉ._
+
+Typus Genericus _Papilio Hecabe_. Linnĉus.
+
+    Antennĉ short, the club somewhat truncate and compressed. Palpi very
+    short, curved, hardly projecting beyond the head, closely compressed on
+    the tongue, entirely covered with close imbricate scales, the tip
+    naked. Body elongated, slender, in the male six-jointed, the last with
+    two approximating incurved hooks; valves broad, thickened, truncate,
+    and hooked. Wings in both sexes alike, broad, obtuse, rounded, very
+    entire.
+
+Generic Type _Papilio Hecabe_. Linnĉus.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+SPECIFIC CHARACTER.
+
+    _T. alis subdiaphanis, sulphureis, subtùs immaculatis. Anticis suprà
+    apice nigris, posticis (in maribus) margine antico basi gibbosis. Foem.
+    ----?_
+
+    Wings sub-diaphanous, pale sulphur; beneath immaculate. Anterior, above
+    with a black marginal tip; posterior (in the male) with the fore-margin
+    gibbous at the base. Female ----?
+
+    Pieris Elvina. _Godart in Encycl. Method, p._ 158. _no._ 67.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+This is one of the smallest of Butterflies, and from the extreme delicacy
+of its form seems to sanction with truth the poetic idea of living "but for
+a day." It is found in Brazil, inhabiting only the deepest forests, as if
+fearful its little life would be endangered by the scorching rays of a
+tropical sun: in these sombre shades it is seen to fly slowly and feebly
+near those spots where a ray of the sun has partially entered the thick
+canopy of foliage above, which is frequently fifty or sixty feet from the
+ground.
+
+The genus I have now placed it in belongs to the _Coliadĉ_, and appears to
+connect that family with the _Pieridĉ_: their distinctions are obviously
+marked and very constant in all the species I have yet seen, and which are
+tropical: of these, seven I discovered in Brazil; three or four more are
+natives of the southern extremity of North America; and Dr. Horsfield has
+four or five from Java. I know of none from Africa. Their size in general
+is very small.
+
+I think this species is the _Pieris Elvina_ of Godart; although the insect
+he mentions as the female is in reality that of his _Pieris Neda_. The true
+female I have never seen; I suspect it will want the gibbous curve on the
+hinder wings of the male, which sex is, indeed, not common, and is
+generally much smaller, and sometimes half the size only, of the figure.
+
+_Papilio Nicippe_ of Cramer (tab. 210. fig. C. D.) strictly belongs to this
+genus, though placed in that of _Colias_ by Godart, as well as his _Pieris
+Agave_, _Hecabe_, and doubtless many others not now before me.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+Pl. 23
+
+[Illustration]
+
+MITRA vittata.
+
+_Ribbon Mitre._
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+CHARACTER GENERICUS.
+
+    _Testa inĉqualiter fusiformis, spirâ productâ attenuatâ; labio
+    exteriore intùs edentato. Columella plicata_.
+
+DIVISIONES.
+
+      I. _Apertura angusta, linearis, suprà angulata, infrà subcontracta._
+
+            _Mitrĉ vulpecula, plicata, &c._
+
+        OBS. _Testa plerumque longitudinaliter plicata, ĉqualiter
+        fusiformis, labio exteriore lĉvi leviter undulato, interiore ad
+        apicem intrà crassato; gulâ striatâ._
+
+     II. _Apertura suprà acuminata, infrà angusta, extrinsecus curvata._
+
+            _Voluta mitra-abbatis._ Chemnitz, &c.
+
+        OBS. _Testa plerumque spirâ elongatâ, aperturâ ad basin angustatâ,
+        siphone superiore parvo aut nullo._
+
+    III. _Apertura suprà acuminata, extrinsecus recta, infrà rotundata,
+    dilatata, vel effusa._
+
+            _Mitrĉ papalis, episcopalis, &c._
+
+        OBS. _Testâ plerumque lĉvi ad basin obtusâ, truncatâ, labio
+        exteriore margine crenato, gulâ lĉvi._
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+GENERIC CHARACTER.
+
+    Shell unequally fusiform; spire lengthened, attenuated; outer lip
+    simple not toothed within. Columella plaited.
+
+DIVISIONS.
+
+      I. Aperture narrow, linear, above angulated, below a little
+    contracted.
+
+            _Mitrĉ vulpecula, plicata, &c._
+
+        OBS. Shell generally longitudinally plaited, equally fusiform;
+        outer lip smooth, slightly waved; top of the inner lip much
+        thickened within; throat striated.
+
+     II. Aperture above pointed, below narrowed, externally curved.
+
+            _Voluta mitra-abbatis._ Chemnitz, &c.
+
+        OBS. Shell generally with an elongated spire, the aperture below
+        narrowed; upper syphon or channel small or wanting.
+
+    III. Aperture above pointed, externally straight, below rounded,
+    widened or effuse.
+
+            _Mitrĉ papalis, episcopalis, &c._
+
+        OBS. Shell generally smooth, the base thick and truncated; margin
+        of the outer lip crenated; throat smooth. The smaller shells of
+        this division connect the genera _Mitra_ and _Colombella_
+        (Lamarck).
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+SPECIFIC CHARACTER.
+
+    _M. testâ angustâ, basi cancellatâ; spirâ plicis carinatis;
+    interstitiis sulcis transversis confertis; columellâ 4-plicatâ; gulâ 4
+    aut 5 striis remotis._
+
+    Shell narrow, base cancellated. Spire with carinated plaits, the
+    interstices with slender, crowded, transverse grooves. Pillar of four
+    plaits; throat with four to five remote striĉ.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+This superb shell is figured from a matchless specimen brought home by that
+illustrious and lamented patron of science, the late Sir J. Banks, from the
+Pacific Ocean: it is now, together with his entire collection of shells and
+insects, in the Museum of the Linnĉan Society.
+
+It is of great rarity, and the present specimen far exceeds in size any I
+have yet seen. A very perfect one exists in my father's collection which
+measures only two inches one line long: it differs slightly in wanting the
+lower white band and its inferior border: there is also an additional small
+plait between the second and third, a variation not uncommon in the Linnĉan
+Volutes, and which lessens the importance of this character as a specific
+distinction.
+
+It is unfigured, and I believe undescribed, unless perhaps in Solander's
+MSS. In its small state it may have been overlooked as one of the numerous
+varieties of _M. vulpecula_; but the sharp angulated plaitings, the
+cancellated base, and the numerous faintly-grooved lines on the spire, as
+well as the more slender and lengthened form, will at once distinguish it:
+its colours also are very striking and dissimilar.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+Pl. 24
+
+[Illustration]
+
+CONOELIX.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+GENERIC CHARACTER.
+
+    _Testa coniformis; spira brevissima; labium exterius simplex; columella
+    plicata; apertura linearis, angusta, spirâ longior._
+
+Typus Genericus _Conoelix lineatus_. Nobis.
+
+    Shell coniform. Spire very short. Outer lip simple. Columella or pillar
+    plaited. Aperture linear, narrow, longer than the spire.
+
+Generic Type _Conoelix lineatus_.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+CONOELIX marmoratus.
+
+_Marbled Conoelix--upper figures._
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+SPECIFIC CHARACTER.
+
+    _C. testâ striis transversis, remotis, capillaribus; spirâ subproductâ,
+    acuminatâ; anfractibus in medio lineâ sulcatâ; labio exteriore
+    crenato._
+
+    Shell with remote capillary transverse striĉ. Spire slightly produced,
+    acuminated; the whorls with a central indented line. Outer lip
+    crenated.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+The rare little shells composing the group I have now formed into the genus
+_Conoelix_, seem to have escaped the observation of modern systematic
+writers. They form a beautifully defined link connecting the Cones with the
+Volutes, strictly so termed, and their generic characters seem to be very
+constant and clear. The present species varies more or less in the
+regularity of its tessellated markings. The inside of the mouth is brown,
+and the pillar has five plaits. Several specimens are in the Banksian
+Cabinet, from the Pelew Islands. The figures are enlarged to one half more
+than the natural size.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+CONOELIX lineatus.
+
+_Lineated Conoelix--middle figures._
+
+    _C. testâ lĉvi, albescente, lineis transversis, fulvis, capillaribus;
+    spirâ depressâ, apice prominulo; columellâ 6-plicatâ._
+
+    Shell smooth, whitish, with transverse capillary fulvous lines. Spire
+    depressed, the apex prominent. Pillar six-plaited.
+
+Figured of the natural size. The volutions of the spire are somewhat
+convex; the coloured lines are not indented. Inhabits the South Seas?
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+CONOELIX punctatus.
+
+_Punctured Conoelix--lower figures._
+
+    _C. testâ fulvo-albescente, striis transversis capillaribus, intrà
+    minutè punctatis; spirâ brevi; columellâ 5-plicatâ._
+
+    Shell cream-colour, with capillary transverse striĉ, which are minutely
+    punctured. Spire short. Pillar five-plaited.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+Inhabits Otaheite: from the Banksian Collection. The figures are on the
+same scale as _C. marmoratus_.
+
+These are the only three species which I have myself seen. Another is
+figured in _Chemnitz_ x. _tab._.150. _fig._ 1415 and 6. Mr. Humfreys
+informs me he has seen at different times five or six others, all of a
+small size.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+Pl. 25
+
+[Illustration]
+
+PROCNIAS melanocephalus.
+
+_Black-headed Berry-eater._
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+GENERIC CHARACTER.--See Pl. 21.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+SPECIFIC CHARACTER.
+
+    _P. oliva-viridis, subtus flavescens, striis fuscis transversis, capite
+    omnino nigro._
+
+    Olive-green, beneath yellowish, with dusky transverse striĉ. Head
+    entirely black.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+Another new and very rare bird of this singular genus, inhabiting, like all
+the other species, the tropical regions of America. I met with it in Brazil
+but twice in the forests of Pitanga, not far distant from Bahia; and my
+hunters were at a loss for its name, never having seen it before: the eyes
+in the fresh bird are of a beautiful crimson.
+
+Its total length is nine inches and a quarter; the bill is nine lines from
+the gape to the tip, and four from the base of the nostrils, at which part
+the bill is not so proportionably broad as in the Swallow Berryeater (pl.
+21.): the colour blueish-black, paler at the base: the whole head, sides,
+chin, and part of the throat are black, the feathers of the crown a little
+lengthened and pointed, giving a slight appearance of a crest: the wings
+and tail are dusky-black on the inner shafts and green on the outer; the
+whole of the upper plumage olive-green, and of the under pale
+greenish-yellow crossed with short dusky transverse lines from the breast
+downwards; under wing and tail-covers the same. Tail four inches from the
+base, slightly divaricated, and of twelve feathers. Wings four inches and a
+half, the first quill very short, the third, fourth and fifth of equal
+length. Legs black.
+
+This was a male bird: the female I have not seen.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+Pl. 26
+
+[Illustration]
+
+ALCEDO azurea.
+
+_Azure Kingsfisher._
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+GENERIC CHARACTER.
+
+    _Rostrum longissimum, rectum, attenuatum, altius quam latius, in totum
+    compressum, mandibulis carinatis; marginibus lateralibus leviter
+    inflexis. Nares basales, membrana tectĉ, apertura nuda, lineari,
+    obliqua; cauda plerumque brevissima. Pedes gressorii, digito antico
+    interiore minimo aut nullo._
+
+Typus Genericus _Alcedo ispida_. Linn.
+
+    Bill very long, straight and attenuated, higher than broad, compressed
+    the whole length, both mandibles carinated, the margins slightly bent
+    inwards. Nostrils basal, covered by a membrane; the aperture linear,
+    oblique, and naked. Tail mostly very short. Feet gressorial, inner
+    fore-toe small or wanting.
+
+Generic Type _Common Kingsfisher_. Lath. Bewick, &c.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+SPECIFIC CHARACTER.
+
+    _A. Corpore suprà, capitis lateribus colloque nitido cyaneis; subtus
+    rufis; mento gulaque albescentibus, alis nigricantibus; digito antico
+    interiore nullo._
+
+    Body above, sides of the head and neck shining mazarine blue; beneath
+    rufous; chin and throat whitish; wings blackish; inner fore-toe
+    wanting.
+
+      Alcedo azurea. Azure Kingsfisher. _Lath. Synop. Suppl._ ii. _p._ 372.
+                     _Lewin's Birds of New Holland_, _fasc._ i. _pl._ 1.
+
+    Alcedo Tribrachys. Tridigitated Kingsfisher. _Shaw in Gen. Zool._ viii.
+    1. 105.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+The Kingsfishers have such a general similarity of form, that the most
+casual observer is able to distinguish them: a very long straight bill,
+short wings, and (in general) a shorter tail with very small legs, are the
+prominent distinctions of such as are usually seen; and the richness of
+plumage that generally pervades them cannot be better exemplified than in
+our own beautiful species, the common Kingsfisher, not unfrequent in many
+parts of England.
+
+These birds, hitherto placed in systems under one genus, nevertheless
+contain two distinct groups differing materially in the construction of
+that primary organ of supporting life, the bill; and in their physical
+distribution, or the countries they respectively inhabit, two most
+important considerations in the natural arrangement of animals under the
+present elevated views of the philosophic zoologist, with whom the study of
+Nature consists no longer in the study of words, the retention of names, or
+even the accurate description of species.
+
+These considerations have induced me to form these birds into two genera,
+the definitions of which are now given: those retained under the old genus
+of _Alcedo_ appear to be scattered (though sparingly) in every part of the
+old and the new world. Their bills seem formed for swallowing their food
+more in an entire state, similar to the Herons. In each of these genera one
+species exists with only three toes, a remarkable circumstance, which in an
+artificial system would endanger their being united in a separate genus;
+but which, from the remarkable smallness of the inner toe in all the other
+species, cannot I apprehend point out any peculiarity either in their habit
+or economy: and this opinion I find is likewise entertained by Professor
+Temminck.
+
+Total length seven inches and a quarter. Bill from the gape two inches one
+line, the upper mandible rather longest, and both with a slight appearance
+of a notch; the colour black. All the upper plumage, as well as the sides
+of the head, ears, and stripe beyond, fine ultramarine blue, more vivid on
+the rump and tail-covers, and duller on the tail, wing-covers, and lesser
+quill-margins; front blackish; from the nostrils to the eye a whitish line,
+and from the ears on each side the neck a whitish stripe, which almost
+forms a collar round the nape. Quill-feathers sooty black. All the under
+parts orange ferrugineous; throat and belly nearly white. Tail very short,
+nearly hid by the upper covers. Feet red, claws black. The inner fore-toe
+wanting, but a slight rudiment of it exists in my specimen.
+
+Since writing the above, I find this bird is figured and described in a
+beautiful work commenced by Lewin on the birds of New Holland, which Mr.
+Brown, the learned possessor of the Banksian library, pointed out to me. I
+believe but a few copies are known. Lewin observes, "it inhabits heads of
+rivers, visiting dead trees, from the branches of which it darts on its
+prey in the water beneath, and is sometimes completely immersed by the
+velocity of its descent."
+
+Dr. Latham has very well described it, but quite overlooked the
+construction of the feet.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+Pl. 27
+
+[Illustration]
+
+HALCYON collaris.
+
+_Collared Crabeater._
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+GENERIC CHARACTER.
+
+    _Rostrum longissimum, rectum, validum, ad basin latius quam altius,
+    lateribus tetragonis; mandibula superiore rectissima, ad basin
+    rotundata; inferiore carinata, recurvata, margine superioris inferiorem
+    obtegente. Nares basales, membrana tectĉ, apertura nuda, lineari
+    obliqua. Cauda plerumque mediocris. Pedes gressorii, digito antico
+    interiore minimo aut nullo._
+
+Typus Genericus _Alcedo Senegalensis_. Linn.
+
+    Bill very long, straight, thick, the base broader than high; the sides
+    tetragonal; upper mandible very straight, the base rounded; under
+    mandible beneath carinated and recurved, the margins covered by those
+    of the upper. Nostrils basal, covered by a membrane, the aperture
+    naked, linear and oblique. Tail mostly moderate. Feet gressorial:
+    interior fore-toe small or wanting.
+
+Generic Type _Crabeating Kingsfisher_. Latham.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+SPECIFIC CHARACTER.
+
+    _H. viridi-cĉrulea; corpore subtus, lunulaque cerviculi albis._
+
+    Greenish-blue. Body beneath and nuchal collar white.
+
+    Alcedo collaris. _Latham Index Ornith._ i. 250.
+
+    Sacred Kingsfisher, _Var._ D. _Latham Syn._ ii. _p._ 623.
+
+    Collared Kingsfisher. _Gen. Zool._ viii. i. _p._ 80.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+Referring to the observations we have already made on Kingsfishers
+generally, it will be only necessary to observe, that the species now
+formed into the genus _Halcyon_ appear entirely excluded from the American
+continent: their bills are much stronger, thicker, and more rounded than
+the genuine Kingsfishers, and the under mandible beneath invariably
+carinated and curving upwards. One of them (the _Alcedo Senegalensis_ of
+Latham) is known to feed on crabs, the breaking and disjointing of which
+this structure seems admirably calculated to accomplish; and although some
+authors mention insects also as their food, I apprehend it is only in the
+absence of other larger prey more suited to the construction of their
+bills.
+
+Total length eight inches and a half. Bill two inches three lines from the
+gape, and one inch three quarters from the nostrils; upper mandible and
+margin and lip of the lower, black, the rest yellowish-white. The general
+plumage above is pale and changeable greenish-blue, the green predominating
+on the scapulars, head and tail; the upper part of the neck is crossed by a
+white collar, separated from the green of the head by a narrow margin of
+black, which passes on the ear-feathers round the nape; a narrow whitish
+line runs from the nostrils to the eyebrows, and another very short one is
+beneath the eye; the whole of the under plumage white. Quills black edged
+with blue, the second, third and fourth equal and longest. Wings four
+inches and a quarter. Tail even, near three inches long, above blue-green,
+beneath black. Feet dusky; middle and outer claws much longer than the leg.
+
+Inhabits Java and other parts of India, and is I believe unfigured. The
+line at the bottom of the plate is on the scale of an inch.
+
+Since writing the above, Temminck's new edition of the _Manuel
+d'Ornithologie_ has just reached me, in which I perceive he has continued
+the birds of this genus under that of _Alcedo_, observing that their
+plumage is always shining, and that he can find no characters for their
+geographic distribution: yet, notwithstanding the opinion of this eminent
+ornithologist, a close attention will I believe prove, first, that no
+species of Linnĉan _Alcedo_ bearing the characters of _Halcyon_ have yet
+been discovered as natives of America; and secondly, that species of
+genuine _Alcedo_ will be found with plumage quite devoid of any bright or
+shining colours. One or two exist in my own cabinet, but to which I cannot
+now refer.
+
+The situation of _Halcyon_ will be between _Alcedo_ and _Dacelo_; from the
+last of which it is distinguished by its perfectly straight, acute, and
+entire upper mandible, which, on the contrary, in _Dacelo_ is notched, the
+tip bent and obtuse.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+Pl. 28
+
+[Illustration]
+
+HESPERIA Haworthiana.
+
+_Haworth's Hesperia._
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+GENERIC CHARACTER.
+
+    _Antennĉ mediocres vel elongatĉ, rectĉ, graciles; clava subterminali,
+    brevi, crassata, cylindracea; unco abrupto, brevi, acuminato. Palpi in
+    fronte compressi, incurvati, lateribus convexis vel angulatis, articulo
+    ultimo erecto, verticali. Alĉ (sedentes) erectĉ._
+
+DIVISIONES.
+
+      I. _Palpi lati, in fronte compressissimi. Antennĉ breves, clava
+    crassissima._
+
+     II. _Palpi pene quadrati, crassissimi. Antennĉ elongatĉ._
+
+    III. _Palpi articulo ultimo longiore, gracile. Antennĉ mediocres._
+
+Typus Genericus _Hesperia Comma_ Auctorum.
+
+    Antennĉ moderate or elongated, straight, slender, the club nearly
+    terminal, short, thick, cylindric, ending in an abrupt, short and
+    pointed hook. Palpi compressed, incurved in front of the head, the
+    sides convex or angular; the last joint erect, pointing vertically.
+    Wings when at rest erect.
+
+DIVISIONS.
+
+      I. Palpi broad, very compressed in front. Antennĉ short, the club
+    very thick.
+
+     II. Palpi nearly square, very thick. Antennĉ elongated.
+
+    III. Palpi with the last joint lengthened, slender. Antennĉ moderate.
+
+Generic Type _Hesperia Comma_ of Authors.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+SPECIFIC CHARACTER.
+
+    _Hesp. (Div. 2.) alis suprà nigrescente-fuscis, basi nitido-cĉruleis,
+    anticis fascia mediali hyalina, posticis subtus fuscis, lineis duabus
+    longitudinalibus viridi-flavis; pedibus fusco-aurantiis._
+
+    Hesperia (Div. 2.). Wings above blackish-brown, the base shining blue;
+    anterior with a medial hyaline band; posterior beneath brown, with two
+    longitudinal yellow-green lines. Legs brownish-orange.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+The celebrated Latreille, the father of modern Entomology, has well
+observed, that the immense number of insects crowded together in the genus
+_Hesperia_ contain many natural genera, but which the paucity of species
+generally found in cabinets prevents us from discriminating. Having for a
+long time paid attention to this family, and possessing near 300 species in
+my own cabinet, I have had the opportunity of attempting their elucidation;
+and the above generic character is applied to those insects only which I
+propose considering genuine species of the genus _Hesperia_, and which will
+comprise near 170 species.
+
+I have named this new, undescribed and very rare insect, in honour of my
+esteemed friend A. H. Haworth, Esq. F.L.S., &c., well known by the benefits
+his writings have conferred on the sister sciences of entomology and
+botany. The only two insects I ever saw of this species I captured in the
+southern part of Brazil.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+Pl. 29
+
+[Illustration]
+
+MITRA cancellata.
+
+_Basket Mitre_--upper figure.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+GENERIC CHARACTER.--See Pl. 23.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+SPECIFIC CHARACTER.
+
+    _M. (Div. 2.) testa fusiformi, cancellata; striis longitudinalibus
+    incrassatis, spira aperturaque ĉqualibus; columella 5-plicata; spira
+    sublĉvi._
+
+    Shell fusiform, cancellated, the longitudinal striĉ thickened; spire
+    and aperture of equal length; pillar five-plaited; spire nearly smooth.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+Another undescribed species of this elegant family, and of great rarity, in
+the private collection of Mr. G. Humfreys. The whole of the body whorl and
+commencement of the spire is cancellated. The longitudinal striĉ are
+crowded, thickened, and slightly elevated, giving a crenated appearance to
+the suture: the transverse striĉ slender, and filling up the interstices.
+The spire is nearly smooth and a little bent: the ground colour very light
+orange, with three darker interrupted bands on the body: whorl separated by
+two slender lines of the same colour; the spiral whorls have only two bands
+and a line between; the upper margins slightly compressed on the suture;
+the outer lip within smooth.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+MITRA rigida.
+
+_Ribbed Mitre__--middle figures._
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+SPECIFIC CHARACTER.
+
+    _M. testa costis longitudinalibus, elevatis, linearibus, integris,
+    interstitiis lĉvibus ad basin granulatis; spira producta; columella
+    4-plicata; apertura brevi._
+
+    Shell with elevated, longitudinal, obtuse, entire ribs, the interstices
+    smooth, the base granulated; spire lengthened; pillar four-plaited;
+    aperture short.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+Equally rare, and from the same collection as the preceding. In habit it
+approaches nearest to _M. exasperata_ of Chemnitz, but has not the ribs
+angulated or their interstices striated, and is much more narrowed at the
+base than in that shell, which I have seen: the outer lip is also smooth;
+the inside strongly striated. This shell was formerly in the collection of
+Mr. Keate, the elegant author of the "Sketches from Nature."
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+Pl. 30
+
+[Illustration]
+
+ACHATINA marginata.
+
+_Marginated Achatina._
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+GENERIC CHARACTER.
+
+    _Testa ovata, vel oblongo-ovata, spira elevata, apertura subovale.
+    Columella lĉvis, simplex, ad apicem truncata; labium externum tenue,
+    internum inflexum integrum; umbilicus nullus._
+
+Typus Genericus _Bulla Achatina_. Linn.
+
+    Shell ovate, or oblong-ovate; spire elevated; mouth nearly oval.
+    Columella smooth, simple, truncated. Outer lip thin; inner lip entirely
+    inflexed. Umbilicus none.
+
+Generic Type _Bulla Achatina_. Linn.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+SPECIFIC CHARACTER.
+
+    _A. testa ovato-oblonga, strigis inĉqualibus ferrugineis; spira ad
+    apicem obtusa, 5-voluta; sutura depressa linea sulcata marginali._
+
+    Shell ovate-oblong, with irregular ferrugineous stripes; spire obtuse
+    at the top, of five volutions; the suture depressed, with a marginal
+    indented line.
+
+    _Lister_ 579. _fig._ 34. _Gualt. pl._ 45. B. _Knorr_, _vol._ iv. _tab._
+    24. 1. (badly coloured.)
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+The largest shells hitherto discovered as inhabiting the dry land belong to
+this genus, instituted by the celebrated Lamarck, but still divided by the
+strict followers of Linnĉus between the _Bullĉ_ and _Helices_, with a
+singular infelicity of even artificial arrangement. The simple characters
+peculiar in a greater or less degree to all, will readily distinguish them;
+and I apprehend most of the species of the first division (which includes
+the present) will be found to inhabit only the African continent, while
+_Bulla virginea_ and the smaller shells placed in the second division are
+found principally in the new world; where also two or three gigantic
+species of _Bulimus_ occupy the place of the larger African _Achatinĉ_.
+
+Of these, the shell now figured is one of the rarest, and has hitherto been
+overlooked as a variety of the Linnĉan _Bulla Achatina_; the colour of both
+is subject to much variation; but this will be found at best a most
+indecisive and vague character for specific distinction when unaccompanied
+by others more important and connected with the formation of shells. I have
+therefore not hesitated in making this a distinct species, from having had
+the means of examining at different times near twenty specimens, all of
+which presented the following characters. Spire of five whorls, the last or
+terminal one very small and flattened; the apex obtuse; the suture
+depressed, as if flattened on the shell, and margined by one or sometimes
+two indented lines, parallel, and at the top of each whorl. In the colour
+of its mouth it varies in sometimes having a tinge of rose-colour at the
+base and top of the spire, but the mouth is more generally white. The body
+whorl is more or less ventricose; the outer lip is a little reflected, and
+the whole shell, when full grown, much thicker and heavier than any of the
+other species. The epidermis is yellowish-brown, beneath which the shell is
+nearly white, beautifully marked with broad remote stripes of chesnut, with
+others more slender (and sometimes broken into spots) between. I have
+another specimen which agrees tolerably with Lister's figure in being more
+than usually ventricose, and which I think is accidental. The only constant
+variety appears to be that figured by Knorr, ii. tab. 3. fig. 1. having the
+spire entirely rose-colour.
+
+The marginal line and the correct number of whorls in the spire are well
+expressed in the figures of Lister, Gualtieri and Knorr. The first of these
+figures is accidentally more ventricose; the second, like all the other
+figures of Gualtieri, is defective at the apex; and Knorr's I suspect has
+been outrageously coloured from the real pink-mouthed _Achatina_.
+
+It inhabits the coast of Guinea; and I am informed the animal is eaten by
+the natives.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+Pl. 31
+
+[Illustration]
+
+PHIBALURA cristata.
+
+_Crested Shortbill._
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+GENERIC CHARACTER.
+
+    (_Phibalura_ Vieillot.)
+
+    _Rostrum brevissimum, trigonum, latius quam altum; mandibula superiore
+    culmine subcurvata carinata; inferiore recta; utrisque marginatis.
+    Nares basales, simplices, subrotundĉ, plumulis densis incumbentibus in
+    totum obtectĉ. Rictus ampli, infra oculos aperientes. Alĉ attenuatĉ,
+    remigibus spuriis nullis. Cauda elongata, furcata, rectricibus
+    duodecim. Pedes insidentes, digitis anticis ĉqualiter fissis, ad basin
+    subconnexis._
+
+    Bill very short, triangular, broader than high; upper mandible above
+    slightly curved and carinated; lower mandible straight, both notched.
+    Nostrils simple, basal, roundish, entirely concealed by thick-set
+    incumbent feathers. Mouth large, opening beneath the eye. Wings
+    pointed; spurious quills none. Tail elongated, forked, of twelve
+    feathers. Feet formed for sitting; the fore-toes equally cleft and
+    slightly connected at their base.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+SPECIFIC CHARACTER.
+
+    _P. corpore supra nigro flavo variegato; subtus albo, fasciis nigris
+    transversis; mento flavo, capitis crista rufa nigro variegatâ, alis
+    caudaque elongata furcata chalybeis, immaculatis._
+
+    Above black varied with yellow; beneath white, with transverse black
+    bands; chin yellow. Head crested, the feathers rufous, varied with
+    black. Wings, and elongated forked tail raven-black, immaculate.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+For this beautiful and extraordinary bird I am indebted to Miss E. Yeates,
+of the Dingle near Liverpool, who received it from South America. Its
+general habit clearly points it out as belonging to the _Baccavorĉ_ or
+Berryeaters, apparently connecting the genera _Procnias_ and _Pipra_, where
+Temminck with much judgement has also placed it, in the new edition of his
+_Manuel d'Ornithologie_ just received, and before reading which I had
+considered the genus as unpublished.
+
+The total length is nine inches, of which the tail occupies four and a
+half. The bill is whitish, and is remarkably short, measuring only three
+lines from the nostrils to the tip, but three quarters of an inch from the
+angle of the mouth, which opens just under the eye: the plumage is
+singularly variegated: the crown of the head is furnished with a crest,
+which, when not elevated, is scarcely seen, and appears a deep glossy black
+mixed with grey and rufous; but when erected it is very conspicuous, and
+all the feathers are bright rufous tipt more or less with black; the upper
+sides of the head grey, the lower part and ears deep-black; the neck above
+is greyish-white, with blackish transverse lines: the back, scapulars, rump
+and tail-covers are varied transversely with olive, shining black, and
+bright yellow, each feather being olive at the base, black in the middle,
+and yellow at the tip. Beneath the feathers of the chin and part of the
+throat are somewhat lengthened, semi-setaceous, and of a bright yellow; the
+neck and breast are white, with two transverse lines of deep black on each
+feather; these lines diminish, and are broken into spots on the body, and
+nearly disappear on the vent: the edges of the breast-feathers are tipt
+with yellow, which colour increases downwards on the vent and tail-covers,
+which latter are entirely yellow. The wings are four inches long, uniform
+deep black with a blue gloss, much pointed, and calculated for rapid
+flight. Tail the same colour, the exterior basal margins olive: all the
+feathers are narrow, pointed, and gradually lengthening, the middle pair
+being two inches three quarters longer than the outer pair, which exceed
+those next them by an inch. The feet are very pale yellow, and
+three-quarters of an inch from the knee to the claws, the three foremost of
+which are equally connected together (though slightly) nearly as far as the
+first joint; the outer and inner toes equal, and rather shorter than the
+hind-toe: claws slender and much compressed.
+
+Whether this species is the same as the one mentioned by Temminck as
+existing in the French Museum under the name of _P. flavirostris_, it is
+quite impossible to say, as the description of that bird has never been
+published. This leads me to notice a custom several naturalists of the
+present day have lately adopted, of publishing names, and names only, of
+new or undescribed animals, which they then wish to be considered as
+permanently fixed, and as having thus secured to themselves all the merit
+of first describing. Now this at best is but a surreptitious path to fame,
+and in many instances bears the appearance of originating in a petty
+vanity, quite beneath the dignity of true science: it is easily fixing a
+name to an object which we have not before seen, or suspect may be new,
+without the trouble of investigating authors and comparing synonyms: the
+name may remain, but if it should afterwards be discovered as hasty and
+erroneous, its author is in no way amenable to the opinions and criticisms
+of others, for they cannot discover such mistakes when no clue is given
+them beyond a name, which may frequently be applicable to half a dozen
+species. If, on the other hand, the object is really new, the scientific
+world is still in the dark, for without a description the name conveys
+nothing. Besides this, it has a tendency to deprive those writers of their
+well-earned merit, who undergo the laborious but necessary investigation of
+books, the examining and comparing of specimens, and the construction of
+sound characters previous to their publishing a new addition to the great
+volume of Nature. Against this _scientific monopoly_ a stand should be
+made, and all names either of families, genera, or species should be
+totally rejected, unless their meaning is clearly defined. Let those who
+run the race, receive the wreath; and not let it be snatched from the
+winning-post by another, who jumps from behind and claims it as his own.
+
+On a careful examination of my specimen, I find the nostrils are not
+covered by a membrane, as observed by Temminck, but are open, obliquely and
+ovately round, and a narrow rim round the margin. That excellent
+ornithologist likewise remarks that the first and second quill-feathers are
+the longest; but my bird (which, however, is in full plumage) has the first
+and third of equal length and shorter than the second, which is longest.
+These nice distinctions lead me to suppose the species from which his
+generic character was taken, is distinct from this.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+Pl. 32
+
+[Illustration]
+
+PSARIS Cuvierii.
+
+_Cuvier's Psaris._
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+GENERIC CHARACTER.
+
+    _Rostrum validum, crassum, conicum, basi rotundatum, versus apicem
+    leviter compressum, culmine convexo non carinato; mandibulis
+    emarginatis, superiore apice adunco. Nares basales, simplices, rotundĉ,
+    juxta marginem sitĉ, basi paucis plumulis setaceis incumbentibus. Pedes
+    simplices, tribus digitis anticis ĉqualiter fissis. Remiges spuriĉ
+    nullĉ. Cauda brevis: rectricibus duodecim ĉqualibus._
+
+Typus Genericus _Lanius cayanus_. Linn., Lath., &c.
+
+    Bill strong, thick, conic, the base rounded, towards the top slightly
+    compressed, the top convex, not carinated; both mandibles notched, the
+    tip of the upper hooked. Nostrils basal, simple, round, situated near
+    the margin, the base with a few short incumbent setaceous feathers.
+    Feet simple, the three fore-toes equally cleft. Spurious quills none.
+    Tail short, of twelve equal feathers.
+
+Generic Type _Lanius cayanus_. Linn., Lath., &c.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+SPECIFIC CHARACTER.
+
+    _P. olivaceus, subtus albidus; capite suprà nigro; occipite temporibus
+    et colli lateribus cinereis; pectore lateribus tegminibusque infernis
+    flavis._
+
+    Olive, beneath whitish; crown black; nape, sides of the head and neck
+    pale cinereous; breast, sides, and under wing-covers yellow.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+The genus _Psaris_ was first instituted with great propriety by Cuvier; and
+before the discovery of the species now made known, was supposed to consist
+of only one, the Cayenne Shrike of Latham, which with the present bird
+(named in honour of the first zoologist of the age) is found in Brazil. The
+figure is nearly of the natural size.
+
+Total length five inches and a half. Bill blueish, three quarters of an
+inch from the angle of the mouth, and four-tenths from the nostrils, which
+are ovately round, rather large, and simple, being entirely devoid of an
+external membrane, but the base is partially covered with small thick-set,
+short, setaceous feathers; between the eye and base of the bill are a few
+weak and short hairs; the upper part of the head, as far as the nape, is
+capped by deep-black, having a blueish gloss: between the nostrils and the
+eye, as well as on the chin and throat, the colour is white, which changes
+to a pale cinereous grey on the sides of the head and round the neck; the
+ears at their base and margin of the eye tinged with yellow; the rest of
+the upper plumage yellowish-olive. The under plumage on the lower part of
+the neck and breast, the sides, and the inner wing-covers are clear yellow,
+and from that to the vent white. Wings two inches long, the quills brown,
+margined externally with olive and internally with yellow; the first and
+second quill progressively shorter than the third and fourth, which are of
+equal length. Tail short, slightly divaricated; olive, with whitish
+marginal tips. Legs blueish-black; the three fore-toes are equally cleft,
+but a membrane will be found connecting them equally at the base nearly as
+far as the first joint.
+
+Temminck must be mistaken in giving as a generic character to this genus,
+that the external toe is connected to the middle one as far as the first
+joint, and the inner toe cleft to the base; at least such is not the case
+either in my specimens of this bird or in those of the Cayenne Shrike: and
+they have been carefully relaxed in warm water, the best method of
+ascertaining such peculiarities.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+Pl. 33
+
+[Illustration]
+
+TAMYRIS Zeleucus.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+GENERIC CHARACTER.
+
+    _Antennĉ arcuatĉ, clava terminali, crassata, lineari, obtusa, in
+    foeminis graciliore attenuata. Palpi in fronte convexe-compressi, supra
+    linguam obvenientes, articulo ultimo minutissimo, crassato obtuso,
+    approximate, proclivi. Alĉ breves, sedentes horizontaliter divaricatĉ._
+
+    Antennĉ arcuated; the club terminal, thick, linear, obtuse; more
+    slender and attenuated in the female. Palpi compressed convexly on the
+    front of the head, meeting above the tongue; the last joint very
+    minute, thick, obtuse, approximating and bent forward. Wings short,
+    when at rest horizontally divaricated.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+SPECIFIC CHARACTER, ETC.
+
+    _T. Alis chalybeis concoloribus, margine albo; capite apiceque corporis
+    sanguineis._
+
+    Wings uniform blueish-black, with a slender white margin. Head and top
+    of the body bright red.
+
+    Hesp. Zeleucus. _Fab. Ent. Syst._ 3. _pt._ 1. _p._ 346. _no._ 317.
+
+    OBS. _Donovan's Indian Insects_, where that author has figured it by
+    mistake as a native of India.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+This insect is the most common (although hitherto unfigured) of a striking
+natural group belonging to the _Hesperidĉ_; it has therefore been selected
+as the best example for the genus I have now formed them into. I have not
+seen more than twelve or fourteen species, and these were all from
+different parts of South America, to which I have no doubt the genus is
+exclusively confined. The club of their antennĉ is very thick, obtuse, and
+without any terminal hook. The bright red at the end of the abdomen
+(improperly called by Fabricius the tail) is most conspicuous in the
+female, which is also larger and having the wings more obtuse, of which the
+upper and under surfaces are both alike.
+
+The insects of this family fly with amazing rapidity (as is shown by the
+thickness of their thorax, and the sharpness in the make of their wings),
+generally frequenting openings of thick woods and alighting on leaves where
+the sun strikes: I seldom saw them on flowers. Their wings when at rest are
+half expanded in a horizontal direction. Their metamorphosis is unknown.
+
+This individual species is scarce in the northern parts of Brazil, but
+common in the southern provinces.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+Pl. 34
+
+[Illustration]
+
+COLIAS Godartiana.
+
+_Godart's Colias._
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+GENERIC CHARACTER.--See Pl. 5.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+SPECIFIC CHARACTER.
+
+    _C. (Foem.) alis flavescente-fulvis, anticis supra margine punctoque
+    rotundato medio nigris, subtus argenteo rufo 3-fisso, posticis subtus
+    puncto gemino argenteo margine nigro, uno quadrato; palpis productis._
+
+    (Female) Wings fulvous-yellow; anterior above with the outer margin and
+    round central spot black, which beneath is silvery rufous and
+    three-cleft; posterior beneath each with two silvery spots margined
+    with black, one of which is quadrangular. Palpi lengthened.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+An inspection of a vast number of insects of this genus, with the
+possession of nearly all the species noticed by authors, convinces me that
+the insect now figured is perfectly distinct from any other. It is in the
+cabinet of Mr. Haworth, who obligingly lent it me for comparison and
+description, and is the only individual I have hitherto met with. The
+prolongation of the palpi, which is even more obvious than in _C. Statira_,
+is alone a specific distinction; and the form of the spots both on the
+upper and under side differs very much in character from that insect, with
+which it has the most affinity. It may be the _Papilio Drya_ of Fabr.
+(omitting his references); but his description, whether intended for this
+insect or any other, is so vague that I can see no advantage in retaining
+it. Of the two bright silver spots beneath, one is oval, the other larger
+and quadrangular.
+
+I have named it in honour of M. Godart, the intelligent coadjutor of M.
+Latreille in the entomological part of the _Encyclopédie Méthodique_.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+Pl. 35
+
+[Illustration]
+
+MITRA bifasciata.
+
+_Double-banded Mitre._
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+GENERIC CHARACTER.--See Pl. 23.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+SPECIFIC CHARACTER.
+
+    _M. (Div. 1.) testâ lĉvi, castaneo-fusca concolore, anfractu basali
+    fasciis duabus angustis flavescentibus, spirâ unifasciatâ aperturâ
+    lĉvi._
+
+    Shell smooth, uniform chesnut-brown, with two narrow yellowish bands on
+    the basal whorl, and one on the spire; aperture smooth.
+
+      Voluta caffra. _Martini_ iv. _tab._ 148. _fig._ 1369.
+                     _Knorr._ _vol._ v. _tab._ 19. _fig._ 4, 5.
+                     Seba Pl. 49. fig. 21, 22, 41.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+This most elegant shell has been figured from one of the specimens that
+belonged to the late Mr. Jennings, who was well known to spare neither
+expense nor assiduity in procuring the most select and matchless specimens
+of every species; so much so, indeed, that such as are known to have been
+in his possession generally bear a higher price. One of these is now in my
+father's cabinet, the other in that of Mrs. Bolton, of Storr's-hall,
+Windermere. I have seen both, and they appear equally fine.
+
+I cannot help considering this as a distinct species from _Mitra caffra_
+(_Voluta caffra_ Linn.), with which it has hitherto been placed only as a
+variety: it is much larger, the volutions more convex, but compressed on
+the suture, and the whole shell (except near the point) perfectly smooth:
+the beak or channel likewise, which in _M. caffra_ is short and nearly
+straight, is in this lengthened and recurved. The mouth is very narrow
+(occasioned by the outer lip being thick and slightly inflexed) and smooth
+within, the terminal volutions slightly plaited, and the base of the shell
+grooved.
+
+The figures of Knorr and Martini are very bad, and give no correct idea of
+the shell, except its colour.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+Pl. 36
+
+[Illustration]
+
+ACHATINA perversa.
+
+_Reverse Achatina._
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+GENERIC CHARACTER.--See Pl. 30.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+SPECIFIC CHARACTER.
+
+    _A. (Div. 2.) testâ aperturâ perversâ: spirâ productâ, 7-volutâ, apice
+    truncato; albida strigis nebulosis cinereis; linea transversa in basali
+    anfractu; columella margineque labii exterioris castaneis, apertura
+    intus alba._
+
+    Aperture reversed: spire lengthened, of seven volutions, the apex
+    truncated, whiteish with clouded cinereous stripes; central band on the
+    basal volution, pillar, and margin of the outer lip chesnut; mouth
+    within white.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+Reverse shells, or such whose mouth when viewed in front is on the left
+side, are generally held in much estimation by collectors. This deviation
+from the usual form of shells is sometimes accidental, as in our common
+garden Snail and several others; while in some species it appears a
+constant, and therefore a specific distinction. Such I apprehend is the
+case with the shell now figured, a rare and very elegant species,
+apparently not noticed by any writer; two or three existing in the British
+Museum and one in my father's cabinet are all the specimens I have hitherto
+seen. The latter (here figured) came from Bahia in South America. The whole
+shell is very finely marked with longitudinal striĉ, and the colouring
+better seen than described: the buff tinge at the base is occasioned by the
+remaining epidermis.
+
+This shell belongs to the second division of the genus _Achatina_ as
+mentioned at Plate 30, having the aperture much shorter than the spire and
+the base nearly entire. _Bulla virginea_ of Linn. seems to connect the two
+divisions, having the lengthened spire of one and the truncated base of the
+other.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+Pl. 37
+
+[Illustration]
+
+PROCNIAS cucullata.
+
+_Hooded Berry-eater._
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+GENERIC CHARACTER.--See Pl. 21.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+SPECIFIC CHARACTER.
+
+    _P. corpore, collo, pectore nigro cucullata; tergo fusco, alis caudaque
+    nigris; tegminum apice, pectoris lateribus, et corpore subtus flavis;
+    capite subcristato._
+
+    Head, neck and fore-part of the breast hooded with black; back brown,
+    wings and tail black; tip of the wing-covers, sides of the breast and
+    body beneath yellow; head subcrested.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+I am indebted for this new bird to Miss E. Yeates, who received it with a
+few others from some part of Brazil: it seems to connect the genera of
+_Ampelis_ and _Procnias_, having the bill much less dilated at the base
+than any of the latter; it however has a close similitude to _Procnias
+melanocephalus_ (Pl. 25.), which seems further removed from the true
+Chatterers.
+
+Total length eight inches and three quarters. Bill in extreme length near
+an inch; the colour dark cinereous; the base furnished with bristles
+something resembling the Chatterers: the opening of the nostrils large,
+round, terminal, and nearly naked; the feathers on the crown lengthened;
+the whole head, neck, and fore-part of the breast black, bordered above by
+a narrow collar of yellow; back and scapulars brown, rump olive; sides of
+the breast, inner covers, and under parts uniform yellow; wing-covers black
+margined with olive, those on the shoulders tipt with brown, the rest with
+yellow; quills and tail black margined with olive. Wings four inches and
+three-quarters long, the first quill very short, the third longer than the
+second. Tail four inches long.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+Pl. 38
+
+[Illustration]
+
+PICUS bicolor.
+
+_Black and White Woodpecker._
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+GENERIC CHARACTER.--See Pl. 14.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+SPECIFIC CHARACTER.
+
+    _P. albus, collo supra, tergo, alis, lineaque temporali nigris,
+    rectricibus nigris, basi maculisque marginis interioris albis._
+
+    White: neck above, back, wings, and line from the ears to the nape,
+    black; tail-feathers black, with their base and spots on the inner
+    margin white.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+The simplicity of colouring in the plumage of this bird will easily
+distinguish it from among the numerous and intricate species already known
+of this family. It is one of the new birds the recent investigations of
+Brazilian zoology have added to our museums. The individual here figured
+was sent me from the district of Minas Geraies.
+
+Total length eleven inches and a half. Bill from the upper base to the tip
+one inch one line, and from the gape one inch four-tenths; the colour
+blueish-black; the upper mandible above sharply carinated and slightly
+curved; orbits (in the dead bird) yellowish-white; the whole of the head
+and nape, sides of the neck, rump and tail-covers, and all the under
+plumage pure white, with a tinge of yellow down the middle of the belly: a
+narrow black line commences at the ears, and is carried down on each side,
+joining the black of the upper neck; the wings and remaining upper plumage
+are of a uniform dark sooty black; the tips of the quills much paler and
+brownish. Wings six inches and a half long; the inside covers black. Tail
+four inches, and black banded with white at the extreme base; the two outer
+feathers on each side with alternate black and white bands on the inner web
+their whole length; feet and claws dirty-greenish: this was a female.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+Pl. 39
+
+[Illustration]
+
+HESPERIA Itea.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+GENERIC CHARACTER.--See Pl. 28.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+SPECIFIC CHARACTER.
+
+    _Hesp. (Div. 2.) alis supra nigrescente-fuscis, subtus pallidioribus
+    basi fulvis, anticis macula flava tri-fissa, posticis subtus margine
+    exteriore et linea longitudinali fulvis, femoribus rufis._
+
+    H. (Div. 2.) Wings above blackish-brown, beneath paler, base fulvous.
+    Anterior with a three-cleft yellow spot. Posterior beneath with a
+    fulvous outer margin and longitudinal line. Thighs rufous.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+The descriptions left by Fabricius of this as well as many other extensive
+families of _Lepidoptera_, are in general so vague and short, that unless a
+figure is quoted to elucidate them, it becomes totally impossible to
+ascertain the precise species intended. Such is the case with the present
+insect, which will not agree with any described by Fabricius, or figured by
+Cramer.
+
+During my travels in Brazil I never met with this species, but am indebted
+to my liberal friend Dr. Langdorff, Russian Consul-general at Rio de
+Janeiro, for the specimens I possess, as well as a number of other rare and
+fine insects of this family, which were then not in my own collection.
+
+On each side of the palpi adjoining the eye are two yellowish round dots,
+and another behind: the posterior wings above have a narrow whitish margin,
+the colour beneath much paler; but the nerves on this, as well as at the
+tips of the anterior wings, are blackish-brown; the legs at the base and
+the tarsi are black.
+
+This is a male insect; the other sex I have not seen.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+Pl. 40
+
+[Illustration]
+
+HESPERIA Cynisca.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+GENERIC CHARACTER.--See Pl. 28.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+SPECIFIC CHARACTER.
+
+    _Hesp. (Div. 2.) alis nigrescente-fuscis, subtus obscurioribus; anticis
+    supra fasciâ flavâ trifissâ (in feminis albâ); posticis subtus
+    immaculatis, castaneo-fuscis, margine exteriore flavo._
+
+    Hesp. (Div. 2.) Wings blackish-brown; anterior above with a three-cleft
+    yellow band, which in the female is white; posterior beneath
+    immaculate, chesnut-brown, margined externally with yellow.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+The different sexes of this insect will appear so strikingly dissimilar to
+those who are familiarised only with the nice distinctions that separate
+the species of European _Lepidoptera_, that this affinity by such may be
+doubted; nevertheless, observations in their native country, and the close
+examination of several specimens, will we are persuaded confirm the fact.
+
+The male insect is distinguished (like all the _Hesperidĉ_) by having the
+eyes considerably larger, and the anterior wings more narrowed than in the
+other sex: in this species the bands on their wings assume the form of
+three yellowish spots, adjoining which, on the inner side, is a
+semi-lunular villous mark, an almost constant indication (where it exists)
+of this sex. The straw-coloured border beneath the posterior wings is
+narrower and darker than in the female; but in both it forms a slender
+marginal fringe on the upper surface. Legs deep rufous; antennĉ black; the
+club beneath and lunule round the eye straw-coloured.
+
+Inhabits South Brazil, but is not common.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+Pl. 41
+
+[Illustration]
+
+ACHATINA pallida,
+
+_Pale Achatina._
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+GENERIC CHARACTER.--See Pl. 21.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+SPECIFIC CHARACTER.
+
+    _A._ (div. 2.) _testâ cinereo-albâ, fasciis duabus angustis fuscis,
+    spirâ elongatâ rectâ, anfractibus 7 sub-ventricosis, labio interiore
+    roseo, columellâ basi rectâ, integrâ, aperturâ ovato-oblongâ_.
+
+    A. Shell cinereous-white, with two narrow brown bands, spire elongated,
+    straight; volutions seven, slightly ventricose, inner lip rosy, base of
+    the columella straight, entire, aperture ovate-oblong.
+
+    OBS. another specimen of A. pallida quite agreeing with this, is in Mr.
+    Dubois' cabinet.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+The species of this and one or two other genera of land-shells are subject
+to such variability in their colouring, that it becomes extremely difficult
+to ascertain which are species and which varieties. The shell now figured
+might, on a cursory glance, very well pass for one of the Protean varieties
+of the Linnĉan _Bulla fasciata_; but a comparison with that shell will at
+once point out the strong specific difference that exists between them in
+the formation of the mouth. In this, the lower half of the inner lip, or
+more properly the pillar, is nearly straight; the base entire, or without
+any notch or truncated appearance: whereas in the true _A. fasciata_, the
+inner lip at the base is very much curved inward, and notched before it
+joins the outer lip. The mouth is also short and broad: whereas in this it
+is much more oblong, and the base round. Other more obvious characters
+exist in the form of the whorls, spire, and more particularly in the
+colour, of these two shells; but these are in comparison of minor
+importance.
+
+I regret having but one example of this shell, as it prevents me from
+tracing how far the characters here detailed hold good in other specimens.
+They are such, however, as, I think, fully to justify the propriety of
+considering it a species.
+
+Its locality is unknown.
+
+I have little doubt more than one species exist among the supposed
+varieties of the true _Bulla fasciata_ of Linn., which I take to be the
+shell figured by Lister.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+Pl. 42
+
+[Illustration]
+
+OLIVA Braziliana,
+
+_Brazilian Olive_
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+GENERIC CHARACTER.
+
+    _Testa cylindrica, polita; spira conica, acuminata, brevissima; labium
+    exterius simplex, interius incrassatum, tumidum; columella plicis
+    numerosis gracilibus; apertura basi truncata, emarginata._
+
+Typus Genericus _Voluta Porphyrea_ Lin.
+
+    Shell cylindrical, polished, spire conic acuminated, very short; outer
+    lip simple, inner lip thickened, tumid, columella with numerous slender
+    plaits, aperture at the base truncatedly emarginate.
+
+Generic Type _Voluta Porphyrea_ Lin.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+SPECIFIC CHARACTER.
+
+    _O. testâ coniformi, latâ; aperturâ effusâ, labio interiore tumidâ
+    callositate super spiram extendente._
+
+    Shell coniform, broad; aperture effuse, tumid callosity on the inner
+    lip large, and spreading over the spire.
+
+    Oliva Braziliensis. _Martini p._ 130, _tab._ 147 _&_ 8, 1367 _&_ 8.
+
+    Oliva Braziliana. _Lamarck._
+
+    Voluta pinguis. _Dill._ 516. 36.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+No family of shells possess characters more strikingly obvious to common
+observers than the Olives; and yet, although in our English terminology no
+one would ever think of calling them _Volutes_, we still shrink from giving
+them that distinguishing appellation in Latin which we every day use and
+acknowledge in our own language. The strict followers of Linnĉus, by thus
+rejecting generic distinctions, which at once convey a definite idea of
+form and structure, contribute to render systematic arrangement less
+expressive of ideas than the common nomenclature of our sale catalogues: a
+striking proof of the pertinacity with which we cherish those particular
+doctrines we first imbibed, although an unbiassed reasoning and an
+attentive observance of nature would convince us of their fallacy.
+
+The great Linnĉus, at the time he formed that system which laid the
+foundation of systematic nomenclature, had not the materials for gathering
+and combining those natural genera which the immense discoveries made since
+his death have given us a knowledge of. He accordingly arranged those few
+shells known to him, in large, and for the most part natural, groups. That
+of _Voluta_ I consider as one of these last (excepting the first division);
+but the great accession of species now known, and which is still
+increasing, has long ago induced the principal Continental writers to
+divide this very extensive family into the following genera: _Marginella_
+(Date shells), _Oliva_ (Olives), _Mitra_ (Mitres), _Turbinellus_ (Turnip
+shells), _Voluta_ (Volutes), ...; all possessing not only clear but natural
+characters; inasmuch as, by such an arrangement, those interesting links
+and ramifications that connect this family with the _Bullĉ_, _Cones_,
+_Cowries_, _Murices_, and other genera, can be traced; and which perhaps
+affords the most fascinating and intellectual source of contemplation and
+study the science can bestow.
+
+The peculiarity of this species will distinguish it among this numerous and
+intricate family. The basal suture is deeply channeled; those on the spire
+covered by the polished callosity which spreads from the inner lip.
+
+Mr. Dillwyn has adopted the unpublished name of Solander, although the
+shell had long ago been described and named by Martini and Lamarck. I
+consider this as contrary to that principle of nomenclature which awards a
+preference to priority of publication; and I have therefore restored the
+name of those authors who have this undoubted claim. Mr. Dillwyn's
+description is very clear and good.
+
+I cannot learn from what particular part of Brazil this species has been
+received.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+Pl. 43
+
+[Illustration]
+
+MELLIPHAGA auricomis,
+
+_Yellow-tufted Honeysucker._
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+GENERIC CHARACTER.
+
+    (_Melliphaga_, Lewin.)
+
+    _Rostrum mediocre, capite plerumque longius, gracile, curvatum,
+    acuminatum, attenuatum, ad basin altius quam latius, lateribus
+    compressis; culmine carinato. Mandibula superior ad apicem emarginata;
+    inferior lateribus compressis. Nares concavĉ ad medium rostri porrectĉ,
+    membranâ tectĉ, inter rictum et apicem longo fissu aperientes. Lingua
+    longa, extensibilis, fibris cartilaginosis terminata. Pedes simplices,
+    digito exteriore connexo, halluce pervalido._
+
+    Obs. _Cauda rectricibus_ 12, _remigibus_ 1 _et_ 2 _spuriis; rostri
+    margine aliquando subtilissime dentato._
+
+Typus Genericus _Certhia Novĉ Hollandiĉ_ Lath.
+
+    Bill moderate, generally somewhat longer than the head, slender,
+    curved, pointed and acuminated, the base higher than broad, the sides
+    compressed, the top carinated; upper mandible notched at the tip, the
+    under mandible laterally compressed. Nostrils concave, near half the
+    length of the bill, covered by a membrane, opening by a long slit
+    midway between the gape and tip. Tongue long, extensible, terminated by
+    cartilaginous fibres. Feet simple; outer fore-toe connected; hind-toe
+    very strong.
+
+    Obs. Tail-feathers twelve, first and second quills spurious; margin of
+    the bill sometimes minutely toothed.
+
+Generic Type _New Holland Creeper_ Lath., &c.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+SPECIFIC CHARACTER.
+
+    _M. olivaceo fusca; vertice corporeque subtus flavescentibus;
+    temporibus auribusque nigris; gulâ et pennis elongatis pone aures
+    flavis._
+
+    Olive-brown: crown of the head and body beneath yellowish; temples and
+    ear-feathers black; throat and lengthened feathers behind the ears
+    yellow.
+
+    Muscicapa auricomis. M. olivacea, vertice corpore subtus maculaque
+    aurium flavis, per oculos striga alba. _Lath. Ind. Orn. vol._ 2.
+    _Suppl._ xlix. 1. _Gen. Zool._ 10. 2. _p._ 354.
+
+    Yellow-tufted Flycatcher. _Lath. Suppl._ 2. 215. _no._ 4. _Gen. Zool._
+    10. 2. 354.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+The Yellow-tufted Honeysucker, although described by Latham, has hitherto
+remained unfigured; and I therefore select it as an excellent example of a
+tribe of birds which I think are peculiar to Australasia, and which seem to
+hold the same situation among the birds of that vast country as the
+Humming-birds occupy in South America, and the Sun-birds (_Cinnyris_,
+Cuvier) in Africa and India; all of which more or less derive their
+sustenance from the nectar of flowers, and which they extract on the wing
+by means of their long tubular tongues.
+
+It is singular, that while our first ornithological writers were
+distributing the numerous species of these birds in their systems, under
+such of the Linnĉan genera as they thought most adapted for their
+reception, a naturalist of a remote colony should be the first who, by
+creating a new genus, brought them all into their proper situation in
+systematic arrangement; one of the many proofs that Nature, and Nature
+only, is to be studied; and that no system, however ingenious or however
+applauded, can be considered as infallible.
+
+By an error (no doubt of the press) in the specific character of this bird
+in Latham's Index, the eye stripe is called _white_, though in the
+description it is termed black. Mr. Stephens has copied this error into
+"General Zoology;" and his description of this bird, as well as numberless
+others, seems merely an abridgement or alteration of Latham's; a practice
+highly detrimental to science; for, when an original description cannot be
+obtained, it is much better, and safer, to copy without disguise that of
+another.
+
+How far all the birds included by Temminck in this genus really belong to
+it, admits of very great doubt; I have therefore constructed the generic
+character from those birds of New Holland only which Lewin, who founded the
+genus, must have had before him.
+
+Total length seven inches and a half; bill seven-tenths, the frontal
+feathers advancing half its length to the nostrils; those of the ears are
+lengthened, but the yellow tuft behind them is much more so; the feathers
+of the chin are small, thick-set, and ending in fine setaceous hairs curved
+outwards; the breast and body pale brownish-yellow. Quills and tail
+dark-brown, margined with deep-yellowish; the two lateral tail-feathers
+tipt with dirty white; plumage above olive-brown; front and crown of the
+head dark brownish-yellow; bill black; legs brownish, inner-toe very deeply
+cleft. Tail, from the rump, three inches and a half long, and slightly
+rounded.
+
+Latham, who first described this bird, says, "it makes its nest on the
+extreme pendent branches of low trees or shrubs, and by this means escapes
+the plunder of smaller quadrupeds." It appears not uncommon in New South
+Wales.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+Pl. 44
+
+[Illustration]
+
+PTEROGLOSUS sulcatus,
+
+_Grooved-bill Aracari._
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+GENERIC CHARACTER.
+
+    _Rostrum capite longius, crassum, inane, cultratum, basali margine
+    incrassatum, maxillĉ angulo frontali obtuso; tomia serrata: nares
+    superĉ in maxillĉ basi: lingua angusta, pennacea. Cauda elongata,
+    cuneata. Pedes scansorii._ Illiger. Prod. p. 202.
+
+Typus Genericus _Ramph. Aracari_ Linn.
+
+    Bill longer than the head, thick, light, curved, thickened at the basal
+    margin, the frontal angle obtuse, the margins serrated. Nostrils nearly
+    vertical, situated on the base of the bill. Tongue long, slender,
+    feathered. Tail elongated, cuneated. Feet scansorial.
+
+Generic Type _Aracari Toucan_ Lath.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+SPECIFIC CHARACTER.
+
+    _P. viridis, subtus pallidior; jugulo albescente, circa oculos
+    cĉruleus; rostrum duobus sulcis longitudinalibus incisum._
+
+    Green Aracari, beneath paler; throat whitish, round the orbits blue;
+    bill with two lateral longitudinal grooves.
+
+    P. sulcatus. _Swainson, in Journal of Royal Institution, vol._ 9. _p._
+    267.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+All those species of the Linnĉan Toucans having a long wedge-shaped tail,
+and the nostrils passing through the upper part of the bill, are
+comprehended by Illiger and other continental writers under this genus.
+They have been called by the French Aracari; which name I have retained as
+an English generic distinction. They inhabit the same country and
+situations as the real Toucans, which are distinguished by having a short,
+broad, and even tail, and the nostrils placed behind the bill.
+
+A fine example of this very rare bird I first met with in the small
+collection sent to my excellent friend, E. Falkener, Esq. from the Spanish
+Main. I have since noticed another which was in Mr. Bullock's museum, and
+is now in the possession of Lord Stanley: these are the only two specimens
+known.
+
+This bird was first described by me in the Journal of the Royal Institution
+near a year ago. When Professor Temminck was in England, I showed him the
+manuscript description and drawing which I had then made: he assured me he
+had never seen the bird before, otherwise than in Bullock's museum. A short
+time after, my account of it was published. I observe, however, that in the
+new edition of his Manuel he gives this name to a new bird of his own: no
+description however follows, and it is therefore impossible to say if the
+Professor intends it for this identical species.
+
+We must postpone any further observations on this family, and conclude by
+giving the original description above alluded to.
+
+Total length twelve inches, of which the bill in extreme length measures
+three. It is much curved, and more attenuated than any of the Aracaris,
+being thickest at the base; from which it narrows to a sharp point at the
+tip. The upper part is convex, and somewhat thickened; the sides are
+compressed, and the upper mandible has two broad slightly indented grooves
+on each side: the base has a few transverse wrinkles, and the serratures
+deep and unequal. The lower mandible half the depth of the upper, the sides
+concave, and the teeth less. The colour (in the dried bird) black; the base
+of the lower and the upper half of the superior mandible rufous, the base
+with a whitish marginal line. The nostrils are more lateral than usual,
+being placed in a line with the eye; the orbits naked and reddish brown,
+the feathers encircling which (particularly beneath the eye) are vivid
+cerulean blue. The whole upper plumage is parrot green, paler beneath, with
+a gloss of golden yellow on the cheeks and sides: throat dusky white. Wings
+short, five inches long, and rounded; inner shafts of the quills black,
+margined with whiteish. Tail cuneated, green, four inches and a half long,
+the four middle feathers equal. Legs dusky black.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+Pl. 45
+
+[Illustration]
+
+RAMPHASTOS carinatus,
+
+_Sharp-billed Toucan._
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+GENERIC CHARACTER.
+
+    _Rostrum capite longius, maximum, crassum, inane, cultratum, basali
+    margine incrassatum; maxillĉ angulo frontali subtruncato transverso:
+    Nares verticales, pone maxillĉ basin sitĉ; tomia serrata; lingua
+    angusta, pennacea; cauda brevis, ĉqualis; pedes scansorii._ Illiger.
+    Prod, p. 212.
+
+Typus Genericus _R. erythrorynchus_ Lath.
+
+    Bill very large, longer than the head, thick, light, curved, and
+    thickened at the basal margin; the frontal angle transversely
+    sub-truncated, margins serrated. Nostrils vertical, behind the base of
+    the bill. Tongue slender, long, and feathered. Tail short, even. Feet
+    scansorial.
+
+Generic Type _Red-billed Toucan_ Lath.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+SPECIFIC CHARACTER.
+
+    _R. niger; gulâ flavâ; fasciâ pectorale tegminibusque inferioribus
+    rubris; rostro viridi, apice rubro; mandibulâ superiore culmine
+    carinato flavo, lateribus maculâ aurantiâ; inferiore cĉruleo
+    variegata._
+
+    Black; throat yellow; pectoral bar and under tail covers red; bill
+    green, tip red; upper mandible carinated and yellow above, the sides
+    with an orange spot; lower mandible varied with blue.
+
+    Yellow-breasted Toucan. _Edwards, pl._ 329.
+
+    Ramphastos Tucanus. Yellow-breasted Toucan. _Gen. Zool._ 8, 362,
+    (_excluding the Synonyms._)
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+No tribe of Birds appear so void of that symmetry of form that in general
+pervades the feathered creation, as the Toucans and Aracaris in the new,
+and the Hornbills in the old continent. A question naturally arises, why
+the bills of these birds should be so monstrously out of proportion, and
+what possible use they can be applied to. The elucidation of these
+questions is highly interesting, and calls for the most accurate
+observations to be made in their native regions. It will be sufficient for
+the present, however, to point out, with regard to the Linnĉan Toucans,
+that the accurate observations and anatomical knowledge of my valued friend
+Dr. Traill, F.R.S.E., of Liverpool, have clearly proved that an immense
+number of nerves and fibres fill the cavity of these bills, all connected
+with the organs of smelling, which are in the highest state of development.
+A short notice on this subject will be found in the Linnĉan Transactions;
+but as my learned friend is pursuing his inquiries further on the subject,
+I shall for the present confine my remarks to the individual here
+illustrated, observing that no birds are so little understood, even in
+regard to the species, as these.
+
+The indefatigable Edwards appears the first who noticed this bird. His
+description, though in the quaint style of the day, is clear and
+comprehensive; and his figure strengthens it, both being made from the
+living bird. Yet Dr. Latham has quite overlooked it as a variety of another
+species; and Dr. Shaw, although he copies Edwards's account, gives
+references which belong to other birds. It is not in the costly work of Le
+Vaillant, and indeed seems (from its excessive rarity) to have escaped the
+notice of all modern ornithologists. The perfect bill of the bird is,
+however, in my possession, minutely agreeing with Edwards's account; and
+also an original sketch in oil of another individual, by an unknown artist,
+with a note stating it was done from the life at Exeter 'Change. All these
+testimonies put the existence of the bird beyond any doubt.
+
+Having seen only the bill, which is well described by Edwards, I shall
+close this article with such part of his description as appears necessary.
+
+"The bill is very large, compressed sideways, having _a sharp ridge along
+the upper part_; the upper mandible is green, with a long triangular spot
+of yellow colour on each side, and the ridge on the upper part yellow; the
+lower mandible is blue, with a shade of green in the middle, the point is
+red, it hath about five faint dusky bars, which cross the joinings of the
+two mandibles. The iris of the eye is a fair green colour; round the eye is
+a broad space of naked skin of a violet colour: the throat and breast are
+of a bright yellow, below which is a bar of scarlet feathers; the covert
+feathers of the tail are white above, beneath of a bright red; the legs and
+feet are all of a blue or violet colour." Edwards says it was brought from
+Jamaica, but doubts its being rather a native of the continent: he says
+they are very rarely brought home alive.
+
+The bill is full six inches long, and the whole figure on the same scale,
+both in this and in Edwards.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+Pl. 46
+
+[Illustration]
+
+BULIMUS citrinus,
+
+_Citron Bulimus._
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+GENERIC CHARACTER.--See Pl. 4.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+SPECIFIC CHARACTER.
+
+    _B. testâ obovatâ; spirâ conicâ, in medio sub-crassatâ, aperturâ
+    longiore: spirâ anfractibus 6 in suturam depressis; labio exteriore
+    basi subcontracto; umbilico subclauso._
+
+    Shell obovate; spire conic, slightly thickened in the middle, longer
+    than the aperture, and of six volutions depressed on the suture;
+    outer-lip slightly contracted at the base; umbilicus nearly closed.
+
+    Bulimus citrinus, _var._ B. _Bruguiere Encycl. Meth._ 314. _no._ 27.
+
+    _Martini_ 9. _tab._ 110. _fig._ 930.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+This variable species is perhaps the most beautiful and delicate in its
+colouring of all the terrestrial snails; yet, although figured by several
+of the older writers, so little justice has been done it, that we make no
+apology for introducing it into the present work, both on this account, and
+for the purpose of giving such a discriminative specific character as may
+lead to the inquiry, how far all the numerous varieties mentioned by
+authors really belong to this species or not. As far as my own observation
+goes, I have found that the thickened spire, the depression of the whorls
+on the suture, and the narrowness or contraction of the mouth at the base,
+afford the only constant characters; for, in regard to colour and the
+situation of the mouth, both appear subject to great variation, the latter
+being as often reversed as regular. Martini's is the only figure that can
+be safely quoted for this variety.
+
+I am indebted to Mrs. Bolton, of Storr's-hall, Windermere, for the loan of
+this and several other rare shells: it formerly belonged to Mr. Jennings,
+and appears an old shell, being heavy in proportion, the umbilicus thickly
+closed up, and the outer-lip very thick. Another I have seen at Mrs.
+Mawe's, and one is in the British Museum: but the finest specimen in colour
+and preservation is in the possession of my friend W. J. Broderip, Esq., of
+Lincoln's-Inn: from this it seems the spiral whorls are finely and
+delicately marked by transverse elevated striĉ, while those on the basal
+volution are striated transversely, though in a less regular manner.
+
+Bruguiere mentions that this species is generally found in the South
+American islands, Cayenne, and Guiana.
+
+Mr. Dillwyn has given the new name of _aurea_ to this shell, in addition to
+the five others under which different authors have described it. Such
+changing of names and multiplication of synonyms, without strong reasons,
+are very objectionable. I have retained that of _Bruguiere_, as being the
+only author who has placed it in its proper genus.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+Pl. 47
+
+[Illustration]
+
+BULIMUS citrinus (_var_. perversu).
+
+_Reverse, banded Citron Bulimus._
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+GENERIC CHARACTER.--See Pl. 4.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+SPECIFIC CHARACTER.--See Pl. 46.
+
+    SYNONYMS.
+
+    _Martini, vol._ 9. _tab._ 934 & 5. _Knorr_, 4. _tab._ 28. _fig._ 4, 5.
+    (bad.)
+
+    Bulimus citrinus, _var._ B. _Bruguiere_, 314. 27.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+A fine pair of this beautiful and rare variety is in the collection of Mr.
+C. Dubois, to whom I am indebted on this and many other occasions, for the
+facilities he has afforded me in prosecuting the present work: one of these
+is now figured; it differs in no respect from that in the last plate,
+except in being reversed and having the umbilicus not so completely closed;
+a character which, perhaps, exists only in very old shells. The other
+specimen is also reversed and banded, though in a different manner.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+BULIMUS aureus.
+
+_Golden Bulimus.--upper and lower figures._
+
+SPECIFIC CHARACTER.
+
+    _B. testâ obovatâ, spirâ conicâ, anfractibus 5 convexis, suturâ
+    simplici, umbilico aperto._
+
+    Shell obovate; spire conic, of five convex volutions; suture simple;
+    umbilicus open.
+
+    _Lister_ 34. 33. _Martini_ 9. _tab._ 110. 928. 929?
+
+    OBS. BULIMUS _aureus_, in Mr. Spurrett's valuable cabinet is another
+    specimen of this shell minutely agreeing with that here described.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+Having seen but a single specimen of this shell, I have placed it as a
+distinct species, not without some doubts, and principally for the purpose
+of calling the attention of conchologists to a more rigid examination of
+the specific distinctions of this family (unconnected with colour) than has
+heretofore been done. The regular convexity of the whorls, not in any
+degree compressed at the suture, the want of that thickened appearance on
+the spire, and of the contraction at the base of the mouth (all which
+characters I have found in the varieties of _B. citrinus_ to be constant),
+afford a specific distinction which future observations must confirm or
+annul. Bruguiere notices a variety of _B. citrinus_ which is entirely
+yellow, a most beautiful specimen of which is in the British Museum, and
+which possesses (as well as the excellent figure of Gualtieri) all the
+specific characters I have given to _B. citrinus_, but not of the present
+shell. Lister's figure, on the contrary, is rude, though very
+characteristic of this; and Martini's representation, here cited, also
+appears the same.
+
+Mr. Dubois, in whose collection this specimen exists, is unacquainted with
+its locality.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+Pl. 48
+
+[Illustration]
+
+MITRA casta,
+
+_Chesnut-banded Mitre._
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+GENERIC CHARACTER.--See Pl. 23.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+SPECIFIC CHARACTER.
+
+    _Mitra (Div. 3.) testâ albâ, lĉvi, olivĉformi, spirâ aperturâ breviore,
+    anfractibus supra tenuiter reticulatis, basi epidermide castaneam
+    fasciam formante, in anfractu basali centralem et latam._
+
+    Shell white, smooth, olive-formed, spire shorter than the aperture, the
+    volutions finely reticulated above, the lower half with the epidermis
+    forming a chesnut band which is central and broad on the basal whorl.
+
+    Voluta casta. _Chemnitz_ 10, _p._ 138, _vig._ 20 C D.--_figura mala_.
+
+    _Martyn Univ. Conch._ i. _tab._ 20.
+
+    _Dillwyn Catalogue_, _vol._ i. _p._ 554, _no._ 127.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+All the writers I have been able to consult, uniformly describe this
+species as having a coloured band on the white ground of the shell. In the
+Banksian cabinet are two fine specimens, and which have enabled me to
+ascertain that this brown band is nothing more than an epidermis, or
+external coating, with which the shell is only partially covered--a
+circumstance of very rare occurrence; and which, being removed, proves the
+real colour of the shell to be of a uniform polished white. This, together
+with its excessive rarity, and the opportunity of giving original figures,
+has induced me to include it in this work, although it exists both in those
+of Martini and Martyn above quoted. I have neither seen nor heard of
+specimens being in any other collection, besides the two above noticed; and
+which no doubt were collected by their late lamented possessor on some of
+the South Sea islands. A striking affinity exists between this and _M.
+zonata_ figured at the third plate of this work.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+MITRA olivĉformis.
+
+_Olive-shaped Mitre._
+
+    _M. testâ olivĉformi, glabrâ, nitidâ, spirâ brevissimâ,
+    longitudinaliter rugatâ, striâ centrali transversâ; columella
+    4-plicata._
+
+    M. Shell olive-shaped, smooth, polished, spire very short,
+    longitudinally wrinkled, with a central transverse stria, pillar
+    four-plaited.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+I introduce the description of this diminutive and undescribed shell from
+its affinity with the last, and as forming a most interesting transition
+from the Mitres to the Olives: agreeing with the former in the structure of
+the pillar and the sculptured spire, and with the latter in its general
+form and _prima facie_ appearance. Its perfect resemblance, in fact, to a
+small olive, may have occasioned its being hitherto overlooked. The spire
+is slightly wrinkled and striated; the teeth on the pillar very near each
+other, slender, and four in number. The colour pale yellowish; the mouth
+darker, and the tip and base purple. The whole shell is scarcely half an
+inch long.
+
+It was received from the South Seas.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+Pl. 49
+
+[Illustration]
+
+OXYRHYNCUS cristatus.
+
+_Crested Sharpbill._
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+GENERIC CHARACTER.
+
+    _Oxyruncus_ Temminck.
+
+    _Rostrum breve, rectissimum, basi trigonâ, ultra basin attenuatum,
+    apice acutissimum; mandibulâ superiore suprà rotundatâ, utrisque
+    integris. Nares basales, nudĉ, membranâ partim tectĉ, aperturâ lineari
+    ad marginem rostri approximante. Pedes breves, validi, digito medio
+    longiores; digitis anterioribus tribus, exteriore connexo, interiore
+    fisso; halluce valido._
+
+    Bill short, very straight, base trigonal, beyond attenuated to a very
+    fine point; upper mandible above rounded, both entire. Nostrils basal,
+    naked, partially covered by a membrane; aperture linear, near the
+    margin of the bill. Feet short, strong, a little longer than the middle
+    toe; anterior toes three, the outer connected, the inner cleft; hind
+    toe strong.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+SPECIFIC CHARACTER.
+
+    _O. suprà olivaceo-viridis, subtùs flavescente-albus, maculis
+    nigrescentibus; capite cristâ coccineâ incumbente; capitis lateribus
+    lineis transversis flavescente-albis._
+
+    Above olive-green, beneath yellowish-white, with blackish spots. Head
+    with an incumbent crimson crest; sides of the head and neck with
+    transverse yellowish-white lines.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+An elegant and (to the ornithologist) a highly interesting bird, considered
+with much judgement by Professor Temminck as a new genus, having the
+perfect bill and habit of the Wryneck, but totally unlike that bird in the
+position of its toes, which in this are not placed in pairs. The Professor
+has slightly described it, in the new edition of his _Manuel_, without a
+_specific_, but under the _generic_ name of _Oxyruncus_, the spelling of
+which must be presumed as an error of the press: no mention, however, is
+made of the beautiful crimson colour which adorns the crest.
+
+Total length near seven inches. Bill eight-tenths in length from the gape;
+general colour of the bird olive-green, becoming nearly white on the under
+part, and on the transverse stripes on each side the neck, front and
+temples, where there are also obscure bands of black; crown with a
+concealed crest, which is vivid crimson at the base and blackish at the
+tips; inner margin of the covers, quills and tail blackish; inner covers
+yellowish; chin, neck and breast banded with blackish lines, which are
+broken into spots and stripes beyond.
+
+Inhabits Brazil, but is very rare.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+Pl. 50
+
+[Illustration]
+
+ALCEDO Asiatica.
+
+_Asiatic Kingsfisher._
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+GENERIC CHARACTER.--See Pl. 26.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+SPECIFIC CHARACTER.
+
+    _A. capite nigro, fasciis transversis cyaneis, posticè cristato;
+    auribus cyaneis; mento, gulâ, strigâque laterali colli albescentibus;
+    dorso nitidè cĉruleo; corpore subtùs rufo._
+
+    Head black, transversely banded with mazarine blue, the hinder part
+    crested; ears blueish; chin, throat, and lateral stripe on each side
+    the neck whitish; back shining light-blue; body beneath rufous.
+
+    OBS. This bird Dr. Horsfield tells me is his _Alcedo meninting_
+    described in the Linn. Transactions.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+The general resemblance between this and the European Kingsfisher may have
+been the cause why it has remained hitherto unnoticed by ornithologists. It
+bears, however, on closer inspection, a strong and peculiar distinction in
+the crest at the back of the head, in being much smaller in size, and
+especially as inhabiting the hottest parts of India; while our own braves
+the cold of a Siberian winter.
+
+Total length six inches, of which the bill from the angle of the mouth to
+the tip occupies one inch and three-quarters, and is black, with the under
+mandible paler; the ears and the upper part of the head and neck are
+blueish-black, transversely banded with somewhat crescent-shaped narrow
+bands of a rich deep blue, which are broken into spots on the crest and
+ears: from the base of the under mandible is a black stripe richly glossed
+with blue, and carried down on each side the neck, between which and the
+upper part is a whitish stripe beginning just behind the ears (this in the
+European species is rufous). The wing-covers, scapulars and lesser quills
+are blackish glossed with blue, the two former having a bright spot at the
+end of each feather; superior and greater quills entirely blackish; down
+the middle of the back, rump, and tail-covers, light and vivid blue, with a
+slight tinge of greenish; chin and throat cream-colour; line between the
+nostrils and eyes, margin of the shoulders, under wing-covers, and all the
+lower parts of the body, rufous; tail deep and obscure blue; legs red.
+
+My specimen came from some part of India; I have met with others from the
+same place; and Dr. Horsfield has likewise observed it in Java.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+Pl. 51
+
+[Illustration]
+
+COLIAS Pyrene.
+
+_White African Colias._
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+GENERIC CHARACTER.--See Pl. 5.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+SPECIFIC CHARACTER.
+
+    _C. alis albis; anticis suprà punctulo nigro subcentrali oblongo ad
+    apicem approximante; posticis margine integerrimis; singulis subtùs
+    puncto ocellari lineisque fulvis undulatis: sexibus similibus._
+
+    Wings white; anterior with a small, nearly central, oblong, black dot
+    nearest the tip; margin of the posterior wings very entire, beneath all
+    with a brown ocellate spot and undulated fulvous lines: both sexes
+    alike.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+Under the head of _Colias Pyranthe_, M. Godart has united the three insects
+described by Fabricius, as, _Pap. Pyranthe_, _Nepthe_ and _Gnomia_, all
+bearing in their leading colours a very near resemblance to each other. Yet
+as this consideration alone appears to have decided this ingenious author
+in uniting them, without apparently noticing the nicer but more important
+characters of form, proportion, and real sexual distinction, as well as
+geography, I cannot but consider the question still remains doubtful; and
+although I am not at present prepared to offer an opinion as to the actual
+affinity between these three insects, I have little or no doubt that the
+one now figured is a really distinct species from either of the above,
+which all inhabit various parts of India. This, on the contrary, is from
+the interior of the Cape of Good Hope, from whence it was brought by Mr.
+Burchall, among whose insects I have seen about twenty unvarying specimens,
+but they were all males. I discovered however three or four of both sexes,
+varying in size, in Mr. Haworth's cabinet, and the perfect similarity in
+colour of the female with the other sex is very striking: it wants of
+course the little tuft of hair and opaque spot within the borders of the
+wings, so generally found in the male _Coliadĉ_.
+
+The distinctions of _Colias Pyrene_ as a species rest on the areola of the
+anterior wings being considerably larger in proportion than in the others
+allied to it, thus making the black dot (which is always placed at the
+outer extremity of the areola) much nearer the tip than the base: these
+wings are also more sharply trigonal (in the male), and have only the
+slightest appearance of a black margin; the hinder wings are also perfectly
+entire, and not obtusely undulated as in those insects, and the sexes not
+differing in colour. Like most of the insects of this genus, the ocellate
+spots beneath vary considerably; sometimes they are silvery, at other times
+not; the anal valves in the male are short and obtuse, and the wings in the
+female not so sharply pointed.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+Pl. 52
+
+[Illustration]
+
+COLIAS argante.
+
+_Orange Colias._
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+GENERIC CHARACTER.--See Pl. 5.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+SPECIFIC CHARACTER.
+
+    _C. (Mas.) alis aurantiis, suprà immaculatis, posticis subtùs atomis
+    ferrugineis, plerumque puncto gemino argenteo._
+
+    _C. (Foem.) alis aurantio-flavis, anticis suprà, apice punctoque medio
+    atris; posticis subtùs, puncto gemino argenteo atomisque ferrugineis._
+
+    C. (Male.) Wings bright-orange, above immaculate; posterior beneath
+    with minute ferruginous dots, and generally two silvery spots.
+
+    C. (Female.) Wings golden-yellow; anterior above with a central spot
+    and black marginal tip; posterior beneath covered with ferruginous dots
+    and two silvery spots.
+
+  (_Male._) Papilio Hersilia.  Cramer, _pl._ 173. C. D.
+            ----    argante.   _Fab. Ent. Syst._ iii. _pt._ 1. _p._ 189.
+            Colias  argante.   _Godart in Encycl. Method._ 9. 92. _no._ 11.
+
+  (_Female._) Papilio Cipris.  _Cramer_, _pl._ 99. E. F.
+              Colias Cnidia.   _Godart_, 93. _no._ 14.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+No two insects can present a more striking dissimilarity than the sexes of
+this species; and it was only after a considerable degree of attention to
+the subject, in their native climate, that we were at last thoroughly
+convinced that _Colias argante_ and _C. Cnidia_ were, without the least
+remaining doubt, the male and the female of one species. I have had the
+same opinion communicated to me by my friend Dr. Langsdorff, whose long
+residence and observations in Brazil render his opinion of no small
+authority.
+
+As both insects are well known, and their distinctions given in the
+specific character, it will be only necessary to observe, that the under
+surfaces of the wings in both sexes vary much both in the density of the
+minute dots, and short undulated stripes that spread over their surface;
+and that the silvery spots in some males are strongly marked, and in others
+quite obsolete: there is, in very fine individuals of this sex, a faint
+bloom of pink spread on the orange of the upper surface, which heightens
+the vivid yet chaste beauty of the insect. The females are not so common. I
+met with them both in northern and southern Brazil, and have seen them in
+collections from Parà directly under the equinoctial line.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+Pl. 53
+
+[Illustration]
+
+STROMBUS cylindricus.
+
+_False Scarlet-mouthed Strombus_--_Upper and under figures_.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+GENERIC CHARACTER.--See Pl. 10.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+SPECIFIC CHARACTER.
+
+    _S. testâ coniformi, spirâ brevissimâ ad basin depressâ, anfractibus
+    convexis inĉqualibus, labio exteriore suprà lobato, intùs striato;
+    interiore sub-obsoleto, albo._
+
+    Shell coniform; spire short, depressed at the base, the whorls convex
+    and unequal; outer lip lobed above, and internally striated; inner lip
+    nearly obsolete, white.
+
+    _Lister_ 850. 5. (bad.). _Gualt._ 31. 1. _Knorr_, vi. _tab._ 15. 3.
+
+    Strombus luhuanus _Linn._ _Martini_, x. _tab._ 157. 1499. 1500.
+
+    Young. Lip above entire, inside smooth, whorls tuberculated. _Lister_,
+    849. 4. a? _Knorr_, vi. _tab._ 17. 2.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+We introduce this common shell for the purpose of pointing out those
+characters which induce us to consider it more as a distinct species than
+as a variety of _S. Luhuanus_ of authors; and this consists not so much in
+the colour of the inner lip, as in the almost total absence of that
+important part, which this shell invariably exhibits through all its
+growths: it is therefore, I think, contradictory to the meaning of the word
+to term that variable which is found to be constant, particularly where the
+point of distinction rests on a marked difference of _formation_ no less
+than of colour, though both shells are common to the Oriental seas. Minor
+differences exist, in the mouth of this always being pink, the inner lip
+white, and the outer lip but slightly lobed (or cut out) above: in _S.
+Luhuanus_ the mouth is deep scarlet, inner lip black and highly polished,
+and the outer lip deeply notched above; the two former characters, indeed,
+begin to show themselves at a very early growth of the shell.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+STROMBUS Persicus.
+
+_Persian Strombus__--middle figures._
+
+    _S. testâ sub-coniformi, brevi; spirâ conicâ, ĉquali; labio exteriore
+    prominente, suprà sinuato, intùs glabro; interiore polito, albo._
+
+    Shell somewhat coniform, short; spire conic, equal. Outer lip
+    prominent, sinuated above, smooth within; inner lip polished, white.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+Allied, but sufficiently distinct from the last; the mouth is always smooth
+and white. It is a local species: a few received from the Persian Gulf are
+all I have yet seen, some were young, but no other variation was
+observable.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+Pl. 54
+
+[Illustration]
+
+MITRA lyrĉformis.
+
+_Harp Mitre._
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+GENERIC CHARACTER.--See Pl. 23.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+SPECIFIC CHARACTER.
+
+    _M. testâ costis regularibus, carinatis, approximatibus: columellâ
+    striatâ, juxta basin triplicatâ: spirâ subattenuatâ; apice
+    subpapillosâ._
+
+    Shell with regular, carinated, approximating, longitudinal ribs. Pillar
+    striated, three-plaited near the base. Spire somewhat attenuated. Apex
+    slightly papillary.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+This beautiful and highly interesting shell has been generally considered
+_unique_ among the collections in this country. It was originally in the
+possession of the late Mr. Jennings, and, I am informed by Captain Laskey,
+was on first being received, in a much finer state. Mr. Jennings had it
+cleaned, and in so doing many of the delicate transverse striĉ were
+partially obliterated, and the sharp ridges on the longitudinal ribs worn
+down, as indeed was apparent from a drawing Captain L. had made of the
+shell previous to this unmerciful cleaning. It however still remains a very
+fine shell, and is now in the cabinet of Mrs. Bolton, of Storr's-hall, to
+whom I am obliged for the opportunity of now publishing it.
+
+The figure and specific character will sufficiently point out its
+distinctions. The body-whorl is smooth, but strongly granulated at the
+base; the spire delicately striated between the ribs; the two last whorls
+before the apex are close, thick, and somewhat papillary; the apex itself
+small and sharp. The upper part of the inner lip has some faint obsolete
+teeth, but the base has three very strong ones.
+
+It connects in the most beautiful manner the two genera of _Mitra_ and
+_Voluta_. Its country is unknown.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+Pl. 55
+
+[Illustration]
+
+SOLEN ambiguus.
+
+_Ambiguous Solen._
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+GENERIC CHARACTER.
+
+    _Testa bivalvis, ĉquivalvis, transversissimè elongata, utroque latere
+    hians. Dentes cardinales parvi, fragiles, numero variabiles, rarò
+    divaricati. Ligamentum externum; animal ad extremitatem anteriorem pede
+    subcylindraceo; ad posteriorem siphone brevi duos alteros conjunctos
+    continente._ Lamarck.
+
+Typus Genericus _Solen Vagina_ Pennant.
+
+    Shell bivalve, equivalve, very transversely elongated, open at both
+    ends. Cardinal teeth small, fragile, variable in number, and rarely
+    divaricated. Ligament external. Animal with a sub-cylindrical foot at
+    the anterior end, and at the other a short tube containing two others
+    united together. _Lamarck._
+
+Generic Type _Solen Vagina_ Pennant.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+SPECIFIC CHARACTER.
+
+    _S. testâ lineari, crassâ, rectâ, pallidâ, obscurè radiatâ; cardinibus
+    unidentatis, margine anteriore sub-approximantibus._
+
+    Shell linear, strong, straight, pale, obscurely radiated. Cardinal
+    teeth one in each valve, placed near the anterior extremity.
+
+    Solen ambiguus. _Lam. Syst. vol._ iii. _p._ 452. _no._ 7.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+Under the genus _Solen_ (vulgarly called Razors or Pods) are comprehended a
+variety of shells having the common character of both extremities open or
+gaping when the valves are together, yet differing materially in their
+form, teeth, and general appearance: some are long, slender and straight;
+others more or less curved; a few short and oval, or with one end only
+lengthened. Modern writers have, however, retained nearly all these in the
+genus as left by Linnĉus; and this method for the present is more desirable
+than that of creating a multiplicity of genera. Dr. Turton, in his very
+useful Conchological Dictionary, enumerates thirteen species as found on
+the British coast, including the _Solen Novacula_ of Montagu, which the
+Doctor suspects is not truly a species. The original specimens which
+Montagu described I have carefully inspected at the British Museum, and
+have no doubt in my own mind they are in reality no other than _S. Siliqua_
+with one of the cardinal teeth broken off; a circumstance which, from their
+fragility, frequently happens, even in opening the recent shell.
+
+_Solen ambiguus_ was first described by Lamarck, who says it is from North
+America. Two or three specimens are in my possession; but it is a rare
+species, much thicker, and with larger teeth than any other; the epidermis
+is pale-brown, and in some parts obliquely lineated.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+Pl. 56
+
+[Illustration]
+
+RAMPHASTOS vitellinus.
+
+_Sulphur-and-white-breasted Toucan._
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+GENERIC CHARACTER.--See Pl. 45.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+SPECIFIC CHARACTER.
+
+    _R. niger, gulâ flavo-aurantiâ; lateribus auribusque albis; fasciâ
+    pectorali tegminibusque rubris; rostro nigro fasciâ basali cĉruleâ,
+    culmine subcurvato convexo, lateribus incrassatis._
+
+    Black; throat yellowish-orange; the sides and ears white; pectoral bar
+    and tail-covers red; bill black, with a blue basal belt, the top convex
+    and but slightly curved, the sides thickened.
+
+    R. vitellinus. _Illiger_ ----
+
+    Le Pignancoin. _Vaill. pl._ 7.
+
+    _Var._? Le Grand Toucan à ventre rouge. _Vaill. pl._ 6.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+The descriptions of Dr. Latham, and the compilations of Dr. Shaw on the
+various species of Toucans, are so confused, and their synonyms so
+inaccurate, that it is quite impossible to quote them in reference to this
+bird; but which I am informed has already been distinguished by the
+celebrated Illiger as a distinct species, under the name here adopted.
+
+Independent of colour, this differs from _R. Tucanus_ in having the bill
+less curved, the top convex and obscure pink, not flat and blue. The belt
+at the base is always vivid blue (grey in the dead bird), not, as in _R.
+Tucanus_, of a rich yellow. This I have never met with in Brazil; the other
+is common from lat. 8 to 23° S. A drawing from the live bird by the late
+Sydenham Edwards (obligingly lent me by Lord Stanley) confirms others I
+have seen as to the colour of the bill, orbits, &c. It varies, however, in
+that of the throat, breadth of the red band, and in the tail-covers. A
+specimen I possess being somewhat larger, the breast is nearly white, and
+the upper tail-covers sulphur. In young birds the white on the sides is
+tinged with grey. I am inclined to consider the _Grand Toucan à ventre
+rouge_ of Vaillant as a mere variety, having the red pectoral bar very
+broad.
+
+In general size it is rather larger than the Brazilian Toucan. Our figure
+is on the exact scale of four-tenths to an inch. Its precise locality I am
+unacquainted with. We hope to enlarge more on this interesting genus in
+another publication.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+Pl. 57
+
+[Illustration]
+
+UNIO nasutus.
+
+_Rostrated River-Mussel._
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+GENERIC CHARACTER.
+
+    _Testa transversa, ĉquivalvis, non affixa; natibus decorticatis,
+    suberosis; impressio muscularis postica composita. Dens cardinalis
+    unicus, brevis, irregularis, simplex aut bipartitus, substriatus;
+    dentes laterales duo, elongati, compressi, infra pubem producti._
+
+Typus Genericus _Mya Pictorum_. Linn.
+
+    Shell transverse, equivalve, not affixed, the tops decorticated.
+    Posterior muscular depressions double. Cardinal tooth one, short,
+    irregular, simple or double, striated; lateral teeth two, elongated,
+    compressed, and prolonged beneath the corslet.
+
+Generic Type _Mya Pictorum_. Linn.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+SPECIFIC CHARACTER.
+
+    _U. (Div. 2.) testâ transversim elongatâ, margine dorsi rectâ, anticè
+    angulatâ obliquè attenuatâ, extremitate subtruncatâ._
+
+    Unio (Div. 2.). Shell transversely elongated: dorsal margin straight;
+    anterior side angulated, obliquely attenuated, the extremity slightly
+    truncated.
+
+    _Lister, tab._ 151. _fig._ 6.
+
+    Unio nasutus. _Say in Encycl. Am. Conch. pl._ iv. _fig._ 1.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+This is one of the most natural genera in the modern systems of conchology,
+as it includes all fresh-water bivalves having two rough cardinal teeth in
+one valve and one in the other. The colours of all are more or less
+dark-brown, sometimes radiated with green; but the specific characters rest
+on the contour of the shell and the proportion of the teeth.
+
+There can be no doubt this shell is the _Unio nasutus_ of Say, who refers
+to the figure of Lister. The _Unio nasuta_ however of Lamarck I apprehend
+will be found different, as he seems to think; his shell also is purple
+inside with short thick teeth; indeed so much uncertainty hangs on the
+shells of this genus, that the species can only be fixed by ample
+descriptions and very correct figures. The figure is from a shell in the
+Linnĉan Society's cabinet. Mr. Say says it is common in the Delaware River,
+North America.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+Pl. 58
+
+[Illustration]
+
+ACHATINA crenata.
+
+_Green hair-streaked Achatina._
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+GENERIC CHARACTER.--See Pl. 30.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+SPECIFIC CHARACTER.
+
+    _A. (Div. 2.) testâ albâ, fasciis viridibus capillaribus; spirâ
+    elongatâ, subattenuatâ, anfractibus 6 convexis, labio exteriore
+    crenato; basi subtruncatâ._
+
+    Shell white, with capillary green bands; spire elongated,
+    sub-attenuated, of six convex volutions; outer lip crenated; base
+    slightly truncate.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+A few specimens of this most delicate and beautiful shell were found by my
+brother, Mr. J. T. Swainson, jun. in the island of Cuba; nor am I aware of
+its having by any other means reached our cabinets, excepting a distinct
+variety which occurred in Mrs. Angus's, and is now (together with a young
+one of the same) in Mr. Dubois's collection. This has, in addition to the
+green bands on the spire, a row of bead-like cinereous spots at the base of
+the first and second spiral whorl; and others of a longitudinal square form
+on those whorls nearest the tip, which, with the inner lip, is slightly
+tinged with pink. The form of the shell also is shorter; but the general
+contour, and particularly the crenated mouth, common to both, clearly
+proves it can be considered only as a distinct variety. The specimen we
+have figured agrees with all those sent at the same time, in having not the
+slightest appearance of spots, though in a perfect state of preservation.
+The little notches on the margin of the lip are always placed at the
+commencement of each of the green lines; the base of the column is
+straight, and slightly truncated before it joins the outer lip.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+Pl. 59
+
+[Illustration]
+
+PSITTACUS Barrabandii.
+
+_Red-collared Parakeet._
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+GENERIC CHARACTER.--See Pl. 1.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+SPECIFIC CHARACTER.
+
+    _P. viridis, sincipite gulâque flavis; torque coccineo circa medium
+    cervicem extendente; rostro rubro; alis spuriis cĉrulescentibus._
+
+    Green, fore-part of the head and throat yellow; round the middle of the
+    neck in front an orange-red collar; bill red; spurious wings blueish.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+The vast and little known region of New Holland has afforded us some of the
+most beautiful birds of this superb family, and among which the species
+now, as we believe, for the first time published, will stand conspicuous.
+It is from a fine skin in the possession of Mr. Leadbeater, and is named in
+honour of the late M. Barraband, the first ornithological painter that
+France or any other country has produced.
+
+The tail is very long, measuring eight inches three quarters; the total
+length of the bird being near fifteen inches. The green which predominates
+over the plumage is bright and changeable, having a blueish tinge on the
+hind head, which is much darker and stronger on the outer margins of the
+quills and middle of the tail-feathers: the back and scapulars are tinged
+with an olive-brown; the spurious quills and their protecting covers are
+greenish-blue, appearing in some lights entirely of the latter colour; the
+inner margin of the quills and tail, as well as their entire under surface,
+deep brownish-black; but the tips of the tail-feathers beneath are much
+paler; the two middle feathers five inches longer than the outermost, and
+extending near two inches beyond any of the others; their extremities
+instead of being pointed are rather widened and rounded. Bill red; ears and
+space between the eye and bill green; fore-part of the head, chin, and half
+the neck, a clear orange-yellow, which is terminated by a narrow collar of
+a beautiful orange-red; the remaining under plumage pale-green; inner
+wing-covers darker. Legs black. The fourth, fifth and sixth quills notched
+at their tips.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+Pl. 60
+
+[Illustration]
+
+THYREUS Abbottii.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+GENERIC CHARACTER.
+
+    (_Familia Sphingidis_ Latreille.)
+
+    _Antennĉ lineares, in medio incrassatĉ, in maribus extrinsecus ciliatĉ,
+    (sub-barbatĉ) in foeminis simplices, filiformes, mucrone obtuso arcuato
+    sensim terminantes. Palpi breves, obtusi, in utroque sexu similes. Alĉ
+    opacĉ, angulatĉ. Abdomen crassum, barbatum._
+
+    Antennĉ linear, thickened in the middle, externally ciliated in the
+    male, simple and filiform in the female, gradually ending in an
+    arcuated, obtuse hook. Palpi short, obtuse, alike in both sexes. Wings
+    opaque, angulated. Abdomen thick, bearded.
+
+SPECIFIC CHARACTER.
+
+    _T. alis angulatis, anticis testaceis, fusco umbratis et obliquè
+    lineatis; posticis flavis, margine lato nigro._
+
+    T. Wings angulated; anterior testaceous, with lineated brown shades and
+    oblique lines; posterior yellow, with a broad black border.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+A lovely insect, which is unfigured, and, as far as we can ascertain,
+undescribed by any author. It appertains to the Linnĉan genus _Sphinx_,
+which can be viewed (from the immense diversity and great number of the
+species) only as a family containing many and striking natural genera: in
+modern arrangement it is most nearly allied to the _Sesiĉ_ of Fabricius,
+from which, as it strikingly differs in the formation of the palpi and
+antennĉ, I have separated it.
+
+I have named this insect to commemorate the exertions of Mr. Abbott, well
+known as having furnished the materials for that beautiful work the
+Lepidopterous Insects of Georgia, edited by Sir James Edward Smith. And
+from the unpublished drawings of this zealous collector, the larva and pupa
+have been figured. Mr. Abbott writes that it is a rare species in Georgia,
+and feeds on the grape. The female differs not in colour from the male,
+which is here represented.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+Pl. 61
+
+[Illustration]
+
+TAMYRIS Nurscia.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+GENERIC CHARACTER.--See Pl. 33.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+SPECIFIC CHARACTER.
+
+    _T. alis nigris, anticis suprà fasciâ centrali rufescente, infrà
+    punctis duobus ad basim albidis; posticis infrà cĉsiis, cinereis, basi
+    nigris lineâ obsoletâ albidâ; margine nigro._
+
+    Wings black; anterior above with a central reddish band, and two white
+    basal dots beneath; posterior beneath grey and cinereous; base black
+    with an obsolete white line; margin black.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+The marginal fringe of the lower wings in this species has a few white dots
+between the nerves, and the upper surface is sprinkled or powdered in the
+middle with blueish-green atoms; on the under surface of the anterior wings
+the lower part of the band is orange, the upper bright rufous; and within
+the black margin of the posterior wings is a large blueish spot, and two or
+three whitish dots on the sides of the thorax. It seems nearest allied to
+_Hesp. Celsus_ of Fabricius, which is only slightly described from Mr.
+Jones's unpublished drawings.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+TAMYRIS Laonome._--lower figure._
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+SPECIFIC CHARACTER.
+
+    _T. alis utrinque similibus, concoloribus fuscis, margine communi
+    aurantiacis; capite anoque rubris._
+
+    Wings in both sexes alike, uniform brown, with a common margin of
+    orange; head and tail red.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+The under surface of this insect (a female) perfectly resembles the upper:
+it will approach near to _Hesp. Amiatus_ of Fabricius, which no doubt
+belongs to this genus.
+
+For both these interesting insects, not to be found in Fabricius, I am
+indebted to the liberality of my friend Professor Klug, Director of the
+Royal Museum at Berlin: no note accompanied them, I therefore conclude they
+are undescribed, and probably inhabiting South America.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+Pl. 62
+
+[Illustration]
+
+PSITTACUS discolor.
+
+_Red-shouldered Parakeet._
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+GENERIC CHARACTER.--See Pl. 1.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+SPECIFIC CHARACTER.
+
+    _P. viridis; fronte, mento, tegminibus inferioribus, maculâ cervicali,
+    lateribus et scapularibus coccineis; humeris puniceis; vertice,
+    tegminibus exterioribus remigibusque violaceis; rectricibus fulvo
+    marginatis._
+
+    P. Green; front, chin, under wing-covers, and spots in the neck, flanks
+    and scapulars crimson; shoulders dark-red; crown, external wing-covers,
+    and lateral tail-feathers violet-blue; quills blueish-black margined
+    with yellow.
+
+    P. discolor. Red-shouldered Parakeet. _White's Voyage, pl. at p._ 263.
+
+    La Perruche Banks. _Le Vaill, pl._ 50.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+This is another of the splendid little Parakeets inhabiting the forests of
+New Holland; and vivid as the colouring may appear in our figure, it sinks
+into dullness when compared with the bird itself. Dr. Shaw was the first
+who described it in White's Voyage to New South Wales, where it is badly
+represented. It has been since figured by Le Vaillant, probably from a
+female or imperfect specimen, as the tail is represented by far too short,
+and the colours not quite agreeing with that in my collection.
+
+Total length eleven inches. The upper plumage bright green, tinged with
+blue on the sides of the neck, lighter and yellowish beneath; the crown of
+the head sapphire or violet-blue, with a crimson belt in front, and a large
+patch of the same round the chin; paler spots of this colour are also in
+front of the neck, breast, flanks, and under tail-covers; the under
+wing-covers are deep crimson, as well as the inner shafts of some of the
+lesser covers outside; the shoulders dark blood-colour; the outer
+wing-covers deep-blue on the margin of the wings, gradually changing to a
+vivid blue, which blends with the green. Quills black glossed with violet,
+margined externally and internally with yellow. Tail near five inches long,
+the middle feathers dark rufous tipped with blueish; the rest more or less
+rufous at the base, and shining blue beyond. Bill and legs pale.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+Pl. 63
+
+[Illustration]
+
+AMMODYTES.
+
+_Sand-Lance._
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+GENERIC CHARACTER.
+
+    _Corpus gracile, teretiusculum, polyedrum, elongatum, squamis vix
+    conspicuis. Labium superius duplicatum; mandibula inferior angusta,
+    acuminata. Membrana branchiostega septem-radiata. Pinna dorsalis
+    corpore penè ĉqualis, radiis simplicibus flexilibus._
+
+Typus Genericus _Ammodytes Tobianus_. Linn.
+
+    Body slender, roundish, many-sided, with minute scales. Upper lip
+    doubled; lower jaw narrow pointed. Gill membrane seven-rayed. Dorsal
+    fin nearly as long as the body, with simple flexible rays.
+
+Generic Type _Sand-Lance_. Pennant.
+
+    OBS. The _Ammodytes cicerelus_ of my friend Professor Rafinesque must
+    be different from _A. siculus_
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+AMMODYTES Siculus.
+
+_Sicilian Sand-Lance._
+
+    _A. pinnâ dorsali sinuatâ, in medio angustatâ, pone anum altiore._
+
+    Dorsal fin sinuated, narrowed in the middle and broadest behind.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+Of this genus, hitherto considered as possessing only a unique example, we
+were fortunate in discovering while in Sicily the new species now figured,
+and which early in the year visit the coasts near Palermo and Messina in
+prodigious quantities. There is no striking difference between this and _A.
+Tobianus_, excepting the extraordinary shape of the dorsal fin, which is
+invariably undulated and narrowed in the middle. It never grows to a size
+exceeding the figure, and is usually much less; while the British species
+is often found double the length. Like that, also, _A. Siculus_ has the
+lateral line running close to the dorsal fin; for the fine line in the
+middle of the side, as Lacepede has well observed, is that only which
+connects the muscles. That author likewise mentions, that the jaws in _A.
+Tobianus_ have minute teeth, but these I could never discover. The rays of
+the fins are, pect. 16; dorsal 56; anal 30.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+AMMODYTES Tobianus.
+
+_Common Sand-Lance__--upper figure._
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+    _A. pinnâ dorsali lineari, ĉquali._
+
+    Dorsal fin linear, equal.
+
+    _Linn. Syst. Nat. vol._ i. _p._ 1145. _Pennant_ iv. _pl._ 28. _Bloch,
+    pl._ 73. 2.
+
+    _Lacepede_, ii. 275. _Klein Hist. Pisc. fasc._ iv. _tab._ 12. _f._ 10.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+This, though a very common fish, has been figured by all authors as if the
+rays were spined and naked at their extremity; they are, on the contrary,
+soft and connected.
+
+It abounds at certain times on many parts of our coasts. The number of rays
+stand thus: Pectoral 12; dorsal 51; anal 27.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+Pl. 64
+
+[Illustration]
+
+MACROGLOSSUM assimile.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+GENERIC CHARACTER.
+
+    _Antennĉ subfusiformes, sursum versus sensim crassescentes, apice unco
+    brevissimo gracili incurvato abruptè terminato, in maribus sub-barbatĉ,
+    in foeminis simplices et graciliores. Palpi porrecti, crassi, articulo
+    ultimo acuto. Alĉ opacĉ, integrĉ. Abdomen crassum, barbatum._
+
+Typus Genericus _Sphinx stellatarum_. Linn.
+
+    Antennĉ subfusiform, gradually thickest towards the end, the tip
+    abruptly terminating in a very short slender incurved hook; ciliated in
+    the male, simple and more slender in the female. Palpi porrected,
+    thick, the last joint pointed. Wings opaque, entire. Abdomen thick,
+    bearded.
+
+Generic Type _Sphinx stellatarum_. Linn.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+SPECIFIC CHARACTER.
+
+    _M. alis suprà fuscis; anticis fasciis duabus obsoletis, puncto
+    nigrante terminali, posticis in medio, tribus maculisque lateralibus
+    abdominis aurantiacis._
+
+    Wings brown; anterior with two darker obscure bands, and a terminal
+    blackish dot; middle of the posterior wings, and three lateral spots on
+    the body, orange.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+This genus was instituted by Scopoli many years ago, and differs
+principally from _Sesia_ by having opaque wings, and from _Thyreus_ by the
+very great difference in the construction of their antennĉ. Many exotic
+species are known, but only one is found in Europe (_Sphinx stellatarum_ of
+Linn.), which likewise inhabits our own country, and to which this our
+insect is very nearly allied.
+
+Though by no means uncommon in collections, I cannot find this species
+either figured or described, nor indeed am acquainted with its locality.
+The under figure is of the male; the upper of the female; which differs
+only in the wings being rather broader, and in having one segment in the
+body less than in the other sex.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+Pl. 65
+
+[Illustration]
+
+CONUS Augur.
+
+_Girdled Cone._
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+GENERIC CHARACTER.
+
+    _Testa univalvis, turbinata, s. inversè conica, convoluta; apertura
+    longitudinalis, angustata, edentata; basi effusa; spira brevissima._
+
+Typus Genericus _Conus marmoratus_, &c. Linn.
+
+    Shell univalve, turbinated, inversely conic, convolute; aperture
+    longitudinal, narrow, not toothed; base effuse; spire very short.
+
+Generic Type _Conus marmoratus_, &c.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+SPECIFIC CHARACTER.
+
+    _C. testâ glabrâ, fulvo-albidâ, fasciis latis nigro-castaneis,
+    lineisque transversis punctatis; spirâ obtusâ, convexâ, striatâ,
+    depressâ._
+
+    Shell smooth, fulvous-white, with broad dark chesnut bands and
+    transverse lines of dots; spire obtuse, convex, striated, depressed.
+
+    C. augur. _Lamarck Annal. Mus._ xv. 277. _Encycl. Méth._ 333. 6.
+
+    Conus magus. _Gmelin_ 3392. 57. _Martini_ ii. 58. 641.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+The Girdled Cone is conspicuous among the beautiful shells of this
+extensive family, by the broad and rich chesnut bands, which are either two
+or three in number, and more or less broken into spots; in high-coloured
+shells the minute lines of dots between them are also of the same colour.
+It is not a common species, and inhabits the Asiatic ocean.
+
+This is the _Conus Magus_ of Gmelin and Martini, and of our sale
+catalogues: this error has originated from Gmelin having described two
+distinct shells, _C. Augur_ and _C. Magus_, under the latter name.
+
+I have not referred to Lister's figure 755. 7, being doubtful of its
+affinity; and those of Martini and Bruguieres are very bad.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+Pl. 66
+
+[Illustration]
+
+MITRA lugubris.
+
+_White-banded Mitre._
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+GENERIC CHARACTER.--See Pl. 23.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+SPECIFIC CHARACTER.
+
+    _M. testâ inversè pyriformi, fuscâ; sulcis transversis intus punctatis;
+    anfractibus supernè obsoletè plicatis, fasciâque albâ ornatis; labio
+    exteriore tenui, margine crenatâ; columellâ 4-plicatâ; basi albâ,
+    truncatâ._
+
+    Shell inversely pear-shaped, brown, with transverse sulcated grooves,
+    punctured within; volutions above obsoletely plaited and banded with
+    white; outer-lip thin, margin crenated; pillar four-plaited; base
+    white, truncated.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+We have had much difficulty in the investigation of this species: for its
+characters cannot be reconciled with any of those contained in Lamarck's
+Monograph of the genus in the _Annales du Museum_. With regard to the
+unnamed figures in the old authors, it bears the closest resemblance to
+that of _Gualtieri_, tab. 32. G, which Lamarck quotes for his _M. crocata_;
+but then his description is not at all applicable to our shell; and Mr.
+Dillwyn's synonyms of the Linnean _V. nodulosa_ (where he has also included
+_M. crocata_), we are satisfied comprises two or even three distinct
+shells.
+
+This was named by Dr. Solander from the specimen in Mr. G. Humphrys's
+collection here figured: it is exceedingly rare, and its locality unknown.
+In form it resembles a _Buccinum_; the transverse grooves are broad,
+strongly defined, and have large and deep excavated dots within them; the
+upper part of each whorl has an appearance of irregular plaits, which makes
+the suture uneven, and takes off something from the smoothness of the lower
+part of the whorls, but the shell is in no way granulated.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+MITRA ferruginea.
+
+_Thick-lipped Mitre._
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+SPECIFIC CHARACTER.
+
+    _M. testâ nubilâ, maculisque ferrugineis interstinctâ; costis
+    transversis, elevatis; labio exteriore crasso, obtusè crenato;
+    columellâ 4-plicatâ._
+
+    Shell clouded and spotted with ferrugineous, with transverse elevated
+    ribs; outer lip thick, obtusely crenated; pillar four-plaited.
+
+    M. ferruginea. _Lam. Ann. du Mus. vol._ 17. _p._ 200.
+
+    _Young._ Vol. vitulina. _Dill._ 553.--_Martini_ 4. 149. 1380 & 1.
+
+    _Variety_ more elongated. Vol. abbatis. _Dill._ 557. _Chemnitz_ 11.
+    _t._ 177. 1709 & 10.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+This (a common shell) can be no other than the _M. ferruginea_ of Lamarck,
+though neither that author nor any other has noticed its primary
+distinguishing character, that of the uncommon thickness of the outer lip
+at the margin, which is also divided into convex obtuse crenations; in
+young shells this is not apparent; such is Martini's figure. Mr. Dillwyn
+has changed Lamarck's name to _Vitulina_ for this, and given the name of
+_Abbatis_ to the variety more lengthened, figured by Chemnitz; but which,
+from specimens now before us, we consider with Lamarck only as a variety,
+possessing all the essential characters here given to both.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+GENERAL INDEX
+
+TO
+
+VOL. I.
+
+IN THE ORDER OF PUBLICATION.
+
+
+
+                             Pl. ||                                Pl.
+  Psittacus Cayennensis       1  || Parakeet, Cayenne gold-winged   1
+                                 ||
+  Sitta frontalis             2  || Blue Nuthatch                   2
+                                 ||
+  Mitra zonata                3  || Zoned Mitre                     3
+                                 ||
+  Bulimus melastomus          4  || Black-mouthed Bulimus           4
+                                 ||
+  Colias Statira              5  || Colias Statira                  5
+        Leachiana             6  || Leach's Colias                  6
+                                 ||
+  Carduelis cucullata         7  || Hooded Seed-eater               7
+                                 ||
+  Merops urica                8  || Javanese Bee-eater              8
+                                 ||
+  Helix auriculata            9  || Eared Helix                     9
+                                 ||
+  Strombus minimus           10  || Little Strombus                10
+       variabilis            ib. || Variable do.                   ib.
+                                 ||
+  Drusilla Horsfieldii       11  || Drusilla Horsfieldii           11
+                                 ||
+  Gobius Suerii              12  || Suerian Goby                   12
+                                 ||
+  Platyrhynchus Ceylonensis  13  || Ceylonese Flatbill             13
+                                 ||
+  Picus rubiginosus          14  || Brown Woodpecker               14
+                                 ||
+  Licinia Melite             15  || Licinia Melite                 15
+                                 ||
+  Ismene Oedipodea           16  || Ismene Oedipodea               16
+                                 ||
+  Bulimus zonatus            17  || Zoned Bulimus                  17
+                                 ||
+  Mitra contracta            18  || Contracted Mitre               18
+       australis             ib. || Southern do.                   ib.
+                                 ||
+  Tinamus Tataupa            19  || Tataupa Tinamau                19
+                                 ||
+  Picus Braziliensis         20  || Brazilian Woodpecker           20
+                                 ||
+  Procnias hirundacea        21  || Swallow Berry-eater            21
+                                 ||
+  Terias Elvina              22  || Terias Elvina                  22
+                                 ||
+  Mitra vittata              23  || Ribbon Mitre                   23
+                                 ||
+  Conoelix marmoratus        24  || Marbled Conoelix               24
+       lineatus              ib. || Lineated do.                   ib.
+       punctatus             ib. || Punctured do.                  ib.
+                                 ||
+  Procnias Melanocephalus    25  || Black-headed Berry-eater       25
+                                 ||
+  Alcedo azurea              26  || Azure Kingsfisher              26
+                                 ||
+  Halcyon collaris           27  || Collared Crab-eater            27
+                                 ||
+  Hesperia Haworthiana       28  || Haworth's Hesperia             28
+                                 ||
+  Mitra cancellata           29  || Contracted Mitre               29
+       rigida                ib. || Ribbed do.                     ib.
+                                 ||
+  Achatina marginata         30  || Marginated Achatina            30
+                                 ||
+  Phibalura cristata         31  || Crested Shortbill              31
+                                 ||
+  Psaris Cuvierii            32  || Cuvier's Psaris                32
+                                 ||
+  Tamyris Zeleucus           33  || Tamyris Zeleucus               33
+                                 ||
+  Colias Godartiana          34  || Godart's Colias                34
+                                 ||
+  Mitra bifasciata           35  || Double-banded Mitre            35
+                                 ||
+  Achatina perversa          36  || Reverse Achatina               36
+                                 ||
+  Procnias cucullata         37  || Hooded Berry-eater             37
+                                 ||
+  Picus bicolor              38  || Black-and-white Woodpecker     38
+                                 ||
+  Hesperia Itea              39  || Hesperia Itea                  39
+       Cynisca               40  ||      Cynisca                   40
+                                 ||
+  Achatina pallida           41  || Pale Achatina                  41
+                                 ||
+  Oliva Braziliana           42  || Brazilian Olive                42
+                                 ||
+  Melliphaga auricomis       43  || Yellow-tufted Honeysucker      43
+                                 ||
+  Pteroglossus sulcatus      44  || Groove-billed Aracari          44
+                                 ||
+  Ramphastos carinatus       45  || Carinated Toucan               45
+                                 ||
+  Bulimus citrinus           46  || Citron Bulimus                 46
+       citrinus, _var._      47  || Reverse-banded do.             47
+       aureus                ib. || Golden do.                     ib.
+                                 ||
+  Mitra casta                48  || Chesnut-banded Mitre           48
+                                 ||
+  Oxyrhynchus cristatus      49  || Crested Shortbill              49
+                                 ||
+  Alcedo Asiatica            50  || Asiatic Kingsfisher            50
+                                 ||
+  Colias Pyrene              51  || White African Colias           51
+        Argante              52  || Orange Colias                  52
+                                 ||
+  Strombus cylindricus       53  || False scarlet Strombus         53
+       Persicus              ib. || Persian do.                    ib.
+                                 ||
+  Mitra lyrĉformis           54  || Harp Mitre                     54
+                                 ||
+  Solen ambiguus             55  || Ambiguous Solen                55
+                                 ||
+  Ramphastos vitellinus      56  || Sulphur-and-white Toucan       56
+                                 ||
+  Unio nasutus               57  || Rostrated River Mussel         57
+                                 ||
+  Achatina crenata           58  || Green hair-streaked Achatina   58
+                                 ||
+  Psittacus Barrabandii      59  || Red-collared Parakeet          59
+                                 ||
+  Thyreus Abbottii           60  || Thyreus Abbottii               60
+                                 ||
+  Tamyris Nurscia            61  || Tamyris Nurscia                61
+       Laonome               ib. ||      Laonome                   61
+                                 ||
+  Psittacus discolor         62  || Red-shouldered Parakeet        62
+                                 ||
+  Ammodytes Tobianus         63  || Common Sandlance               63
+       Siculus               ib. || Sicilian Sandlance             ib.
+                                 ||
+  Macroglossum assimile      64  || Macroglossum assimile          64
+                                 ||
+  Conus Augur                65  || Girdled Cone                   65
+                                 ||
+  Mitra lugubris             66  || White-banded Mitre             66
+       ferruginea            ib. || Thick-lipped Mitre             ib.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+GENERAL ALPHABETIC INDEX
+
+OF
+
+LATIN AND ENGLISH NAMES
+
+TO
+
+VOLUME I.
+
+
+
+                                           Pl.
+  Achatina, Gen. Char.                     30
+    crenata                                58
+    marginata                              30
+    pallida                                41
+    perversa                               36
+    _green hair-streaked_                  58
+    _marginated_                           30
+    _pale_                                 41
+    _reverse_                              36
+
+  Alcedo, Gen. Char.                       26
+    Asiatica                               50
+    azurea                                 26
+
+  Ammodytes, Gen. Char.                    63
+    Tobianus                               ib.
+    Siculus                                ib.
+
+  _Aracari, Grooved-bill_                  44
+
+  _Bee-eater, Javanese_                     8
+
+  _Berry-eater, black-headed_              25
+    _hooded_                               37
+    _Swallow_                              21
+
+  Bulimus, Gen. Char.                       4
+    aureus                                 47
+    citrinus                               46
+    citrinus, _var._                       47
+    melastomus                              4
+    zonatus                                17
+    _black-mouthed_                         4
+    _Citron_                               46
+    _reverse-banded do._                   47
+    _golden_                               ib.
+    _zoned_                                17
+
+  Carduelis, Gen. Char.                     7
+    cucullata                               7
+
+  Colias, Gen. Char.                        5
+    Argante                                52
+    Godartiana                             34
+    Leachiana                               6
+    Pyrene                                 51
+    Statira                                 5
+    _Godart's_                             34
+    _Leach's_                               6
+    _orange_                               52
+    _white African_                        51
+
+  _Cone, girdled_                          65
+
+  Conus, Gen. Char.                        ib.
+    Augur                                  ib.
+
+  Conoelix, Gen. Char.                     24
+    lineatus                               ib.
+    marmoratus                             ib.
+    punctatus                              ib.
+    _lineated_                             ib.
+    _marbled_                              ib.
+    _punctured_                            ib.
+
+  _Crab-eater, collared_                   27
+
+  Drusilla, Gen. Char.                     11
+    Horsfieldii                            ib.
+
+  _Flatbill, Ceylonese_                    13
+
+  Gobius, Gen. Char.                       12
+    Suerii                                 ib.
+
+  _Goby, Suerian_                          ib.
+
+  Halcyon, Gen. Char.                      27
+    collaris                               ib.
+
+  Helix, Gen. Char.                         9
+    auriculata                             ib.
+    _eared_                                ib.
+
+  Hesperia, Gen. Char.                     28
+    Cynisca                                40
+    Haworthiana                            28
+    Itea                                   39
+    _Haworth's_                            28
+
+  _Honeysucker, yellow-tufted_             43
+
+  Ismene Oedipodea                         16
+
+  _Kingsfisher, Asiatic_                   50
+    _azure_                                26
+
+  Licinia, Gen. Char.                      15
+    melite                                 ib.
+
+  Macroglossum, Gen. Char.                 64
+    assimile                               ib.
+
+  Melliphaga, Gen. Char.                   43
+    auricomis                              ib.
+
+  Merops, Gen. Char.                        8
+    urica                                  ib.
+
+  Mitra, Gen. Char.                     3, 23
+    australis                              18
+    bifasciata                             35
+    cancellata                             29
+    casta                                  48
+    contracta                              18
+    ferruginea                             66
+    lugubris                               ib.
+    lyrĉformis                             54
+    olivĉformis                            48
+    rigida                                 29
+    vittata                                23
+    zonata                                  3
+  _Mitre, contracted_                      18
+    _cancellated_                          29
+    _chesnut-banded_                       48
+    _double do._                           35
+    _Harp_                                 54
+    _olive-shaped_                         48
+    _ribbed_                               29
+    _ribbon_                               23
+    _southern_                             18
+    _thick-lipped_                         66
+    _white-banded_                         ib.
+    _zoned_                                 3
+
+  _Mussel, rostrated, River_               57
+
+  _Nuthatch, blue_                          2
+
+  Oliva, Gen. Char.                        42
+    Braziliana                             ib.
+
+  _Olive, Brazilian_                       ib.
+
+  Oxyrhynchus, Gen. Char.                  49
+    cristatus                              ib.
+
+  _Parakeet, Cayenne gold winged_           1
+    _red-shouldered_                       62
+    _red-collared_                         59
+
+  Phibalura, Gen. Char.                    31
+    cristata                               ib.
+
+  Picus, Gen. Char.                        14
+    Braziliensis                           20
+    bicolor                                38
+    rubiginosus                            14
+
+  Platyrhynchus, Gen. Char.                13
+    Ceylonensis                            ib.
+
+  Procnias, Gen. Char.                     21
+    cucullata                              37
+    hirundacea                             21
+    Melanocephalus                         25
+
+  Psaris, Gen. Char.                       32
+    Cuvierii                               ib.
+    _Cuvier's_                             ib.
+
+  Psittacus, Gen. Char.                     1
+    Cayennensis                            ib.
+    Barrabandii                            59
+    discolor                               62
+
+  Pteroglossus, Gen. Char.                 44
+    sulcatus                               ib.
+
+  Ramphastos, Gen. Char.                   45
+    carinatus                              ib.
+    vitellinus                             56
+
+  Sand-lance, common                       63
+    Sicilian                               ib.
+
+  _Seed-eater, hooded_                      7
+
+  _Sharp-bill, crested_                    49
+
+  _Short-bill, crested_                    31
+
+  Sitta, Gen. Char.                         2
+    frontalis                              ib.
+
+  Solen, Gen. Char.                        55
+    ambiguus                               ib.
+    _ambiguous_                            ib.
+
+  Strombus, Gen. Char.                     10
+    cylindricus                            53
+    minimus                                10
+    Persicus                               53
+    variabilis                             10
+    _little_                               10
+    _false scarlet_                        53
+    _Persian_                              ib.
+    _variable_                             10
+
+  Tamyris, Gen. Char.                      33
+    Laonome                                61
+    Nurscia                                61
+    Zeleucus                               33
+
+  Terias, Gen. Char.                       22
+    Elvina                                 ib.
+
+  Thyreus, Gen. Char.                      60
+    Abbottii                               ib.
+
+  Tinamus, Gen. Char.                      19
+    Tataupa                                ib.
+
+  _Tinamou Tataupa_                        ib.
+
+  _Toucan, carinated_                      45
+    _sulphur-and-white_                    56
+
+  Unio, Gen. Char.                         57
+    nasutus                                ib.
+
+  _Woodpecker, brown_                      14
+    _black-and-white_                      38
+    _Brazilian_                            20
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+SYSTEMATIC INDEX.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+VERTEBROSA.
+
+PART I.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+_ORNITHOLOGY._
+
+                               Pl.
+
+  PSARIS Cuvierii              32
+
+  PROCNIAS hirundacea          21
+    melanocephalus             25
+    cucullata                  37
+
+  PHIBALURA cristata           31
+
+  PLATYRHYNCHUS Ceylonensis    13
+
+  CARDUELIS cucullata           7
+
+  PTEROGLOSSUS sulcatus        44
+
+  RAMPHASTOS carinatus         45
+    vitellinus                 56
+
+  PSITTACUS Cayennensis         1
+    Barrabandii                59
+    discolor                   62
+
+  SITTA frontalis               2
+
+  PICUS rubiginosus            14
+    Braziliensis               20
+    bicolor                    38
+
+  OXYRHYNCUS cristatus         49
+
+  MELIPHAGA auricomis          43
+
+  MEROPS urica                  8
+
+  ALCEDO azurea                26
+    Asiatica                   50
+
+  HALCYON collaris             27
+
+  TINAMUS Tataupa              19
+
+_ICHTHYOLOGY._
+
+  GOBIUS Suerii                12
+
+  AMMODYTES Tobianus           63
+    Siculus                    ib.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+SYSTEMATIC INDEX.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+ENTOMOLOGY.
+
+PART I.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+_DIURNES._
+
+                               Pl.
+  COLIAS Statira                5
+    Leachiana                   6
+    Godartiana                 34
+    Pyrene                     51
+    Argante                    52
+
+  LICINIA Melite               15
+
+  TERIAS Elvina                22
+
+  DRUSILLA Horsfieldii         11
+
+  HESPERIA Haworthiana         28
+    Itea                       39
+    cynisca                    40
+
+  TAMYRIS Zeleucus             33
+    Nurscia                    61
+    Laonome                    ib.
+
+  ISMENE Oedipodia             16
+
+_CREPUSCULARES._
+
+  THYREUS Abbottii             60
+
+  MACROGLOSSUM assimile        64
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+SYSTEMATIC INDEX.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+CONCHOLOGY.
+
+PART I.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+_GASTEROPODES_ (Univalves).
+
+                               Pl.
+  HELIX auriculata              9
+
+  BULIMUS melastomus            4
+    zonatus                    17
+    citrinus                   46
+    do. _var._                 47
+    aureus                     ib.
+
+  ACHATINA marginata           30
+    perversa                   36
+    pallida                    41
+    crenata                    58
+
+  OLIVA Braziliana             42
+
+  CONUS Augur                  65
+
+  CONOELIX marmoratus          24
+    lineatus                   ib.
+    punctatus                  ib.
+
+  MITRA zonata                  3
+    contracta                  18
+    Australis                  ib.
+    vittata                    23
+    cancellata                 29
+    rigida                     ib.
+    bifasciata                 35
+    casta                      48
+    olivĉformis                ib.
+    lyrĉformis                 54
+    lugubris                   66
+    ferruginea                 ib.
+
+  STROMBUS minimus             10
+    variabilis                 ib.
+    cylindricus                53
+    Persicus                   ib.
+
+_ACÉPHALES_ (Bivalves).
+
+  UNIO nasutus                 57
+
+  SOLEN ambiguus               55
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+ADDENDA ET CORRIGENDA.
+
+  Pl. 2. line 6, _for_ Setaceisi numbentibus _read_ setaceis incumbentibus.
+             4, between _postico_ and _interior_ insert _digitus_.
+                _for_ minor _read_ minimus.
+             6, _for_ "postico maximo" _read_ "posticus maximus."
+            17, _for_ aures lilacinĉ _read_ auribus lilacinis.
+                erase Orthorynchus frontalis, Horsfield in Linn. Trans.
+                second side line 10, cancel.
+
+  --  5.  -- 4, _for_ nudam et truncatam _read_ nudum et truncatum.
+
+  --  7.  -- 6, _for_ utrinsecus _read_ utrinque.
+              6 from the bottom, _for_ dulleron _read_ duller on.
+              3 from the bottom, _for_ oi _read_ on.
+            14, _between_ tectrices _and_ remigibus _insert_ a comma.
+
+  --  8.  -- 6, _for_ Horsfeild _read_ Horsfield, and wherever this occurs.
+
+  -- 11.  -- 5, _for_ articulis _read_ articulos.
+                second side, 10 lines from the bottom, _for_ Hipparchiĉ
+                   _read_ Hipparchidĉ.
+
+  -- 13. -- 16, _for_ claws _read_ toes.
+
+  -- 17.  -- 6, _for_ basilari _read_ basali.
+
+  -- 20.        Add to the synonyms. _P. Braziliensis, Swains. in Wern.
+                  Trans._ 3. _p._ 291.
+
+  -- 21.         OBS. MM. Temminck and Lagier had just before us, and
+                   without our knowledge, published this bird under the
+                   name of Procnias Ventralis, (Pl. 5.) by which name in
+                   right of priority it should stand in the system.
+
+  -- 25.         _for_ Fruit-eater _read_ Berry-eater.
+
+  -- 27.   -- 6, _for_ inferiorum _read_ inferiorem.
+
+  -- 31.  -- 18, _for_ variegato _read_ variegatâ.
+                 _after_ furcata _dele_ the comma.
+             19, _after_ chalybeis _insert_ a comma.
+
+  -- 32.   -- 6, _for_ adunca _read_ adunco.
+
+  -- 33.   -- 1, Add to the synonyms _Hesp. Zeleucus_. OBS. _Donovan's
+                   Indian Insects_, where that author has figured it by
+                   mistake as a native of India.
+
+  -- 35.         Add to the synonyms, Seba Pl. 49. fig. 21, 22, 41.
+
+  -- 36.         for ACHATINIA read ACHATINA.
+          -- 6 and 7, _for_ columella margine _read_ columella margineque.
+
+  -- 41.         OBS. another specimen of A. pallida quite agreeing with
+                   this, is in Mr. Dubois' cabinet.
+
+  -- 42.   -- 6, _for_ base _read_ basi.
+                 next page, line 12, _dele_ "and Cimbium (Melons)".
+
+  -- 45.   -- 4, _after_ maxillĉ _insert_ angulo.
+
+  -- 46.         in the Latin specific character _for_ "basi rotundato"
+                   _read_ "basi subcontracto," and in the English _for_
+                   "rounded" _read_ "slightly contracted at the base."
+
+  -- 46.   -- 3, on the back page _for_ Broederip _read_ Broderip.
+
+  -- 47.         OBS. BULIMUS _aureus_, in Mr. Spurrett's valuable cabinet
+                   is another specimen of this shell minutely agreeing with
+                   that here described.
+
+  -- 49.   -- 6, _for_ supr arotundatâ _read_ supra rotundatâ.
+
+  -- 50.         OBS. This bird Dr. Horsfield tells me is his _Alcedo
+                   meninting_ described in the Linn. Transactions.
+
+  -- 53.         2d line from the bottom, _for_ where _read_ were.
+
+  -- 63.         OBS. The _Ammodytes cicerelus_ of my friend Professor
+                   Rafinesque must be different from _A. siculus_, as he
+                   makes no mention in his figure or description of the
+                   peculiarity of the dorsal fin.
+
+  -- 64.         _for_ M. assimilis _read_ M. assimile.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+NOTES
+
+[1] _Horĉ Entomologicĉ_, by W. S. MacLeay, Esq. M.A. of Trinity College,
+Cambridge. London, 1819. A work which for acuteness of reasoning and
+profound research, has never been equalled either in this, or perhaps in
+any other country.
+
+[2] It is truly grievous in those which are privileged to possess
+themselves of the works of their countrymen, however expensive, at free
+cost, and thus to inflict a ruinous fine on authors. Thus--National
+Institutions, founded for the encouragement of learning, are made to
+oppress and impoverish its followers.
+
+[3] Were it necessary at this time of day to point out the unnatural
+separation of shells intimately connected with each other, which the
+Linnĉan arrangement presents, it would be sufficient to observe, that the
+genus _Bulimus_ is formed of shells scattered in the old genera of _Turbo_,
+_Helix_, and _Bulla_: thus we see in Mr. Dillwyn's Catalogue, the large
+pink-mouthed African land-snail put in the same genus with our English
+_Bulla lignaria_, and _aperta_; the one inhabiting the depths of forests,
+and the others the depths of ocean!
+
+
+
+
+
+
+End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of Zoological Illustrations, Volume I, by 
+William Swainson
+
+*** END OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK ZOOLOGICAL ILLUSTRATIONS, VOLUME I ***
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+
+<pre>
+
+Project Gutenberg's Zoological Illustrations, Volume I, by William Swainson
+
+This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with
+almost no restrictions whatsoever.  You may copy it, give it away or
+re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included
+with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org
+
+
+Title: Zoological Illustrations, Volume I
+       or Original Figures and Descriptions of New, Rare, or
+              Interesting Animals
+
+Author: William Swainson
+
+Release Date: April 17, 2012 [EBook #39471]
+
+Language: English
+
+Character set encoding: ISO-8859-1
+
+*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK ZOOLOGICAL ILLUSTRATIONS, VOLUME I ***
+
+
+
+
+Produced by Chris Curnow, Keith Edkins and the Online
+Distributed Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net (This
+file was produced from images generously made available
+by The Internet Archive)
+
+
+
+
+
+
+</pre>
+
+
+<table border="0" cellpadding="10" style="background-color: #ccccff;">
+<tr>
+<td style="width:25%; vertical-align:top">
+Transcriber's note:
+</td>
+<td>
+The listed Addenda &amp; Corrigenda have been applied. Deleted sections are marked as ..., all corrections are highlighted
+<span class="correction" title="explanation will pop up">like this</span>, and the
+nature of the correction will appear when the mouse pointer is moved over the marked
+passage.<br /><br />
+The colourings of Plate 22 (Terias Elvina) and Plate 51 (Colias Pyrene) are wrong in the copy used&mdash;the insects's wings
+should be pale sulphur and white respectively but are portrayed as dull brown.
+</td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+
+<h1>Zoological Illustrations,</h1>
+
+<h5 style="font-size:75%">OR</h5>
+
+<h5>ORIGINAL FIGURES AND DESCRIPTIONS</h5>
+
+<h5 style="font-size:75%">OF</h5>
+
+<h5 style="font-size:75%">NEW, RARE, OR INTERESTING</h5>
+
+<h5 class="lg125 gsp">ANIMALS,</h5>
+
+<h5 style="font-size:60%">SELECTED CHIEFLY FROM THE CLASSES OF</h5>
+
+<h3>Ornithology, Entomology, and Conchology,</h3>
+
+<h5 style="font-size:50%">AND ARRANGED ON THE PRINCIPLES OF</h5>
+
+<h5 style="font-size:75%">CUVIER AND OTHER MODERN ZOOLOGISTS.</h5>
+
+<hr class="plainsp"/>
+
+<h5 style="font-size:75%">BY</h5>
+
+<h5><span class="gesperrt">WILLIAM SWAINSO</span>N, F.R.S., F.L.S.,</h5>
+
+<h5 style="font-size:50%">MEMBER OF THE WERNERIAN SOCIETY OF EDINBURGH, ETC.</h5>
+
+<hr class="plainsp"/>
+
+<h5>VOL. I.</h5>
+
+<h5><img src="images/separator.png" class="middle" style="height:1.5ex;" alt="" /></h5>
+
+<h3>London:</h3>
+
+<h5 style="font-size:50%">PRINTED BY R. AND A. TAYLOR, SHOE-LANE:</h5>
+
+<h5 style="font-size:75%">FOR BALDWIN, CRADOCK, AND JOY, PATERNOSTER-ROW;<br />
+AND W. WOOD, STRAND.</h5>
+
+<hr class="plain"/>
+
+<h5>1820-1.</h5>
+
+  <p><br style="clear:both" /></p>
+<hr class="full" />
+
+<h5 class="lg150 gsp">PREFACE.</h5>
+
+<h5><img src="images/separator.png" class="middle" style="height:1.5ex;" alt="" /></h5>
+
+  <p>The termination of the first volume of the Zoological Illustrations is
+  accomplished, and its contents will not only enable our readers to
+  discern the nature of the work, but likewise to form a judgement, on that
+  degree of improvement which we have introduced since its first
+  publication, and they may safely rely on the continuation being in no
+  respect inferior.</p>
+
+  <p>In commencing a work of this nature, we have had two principal objects
+  in view: the diffusion of original observations, which, while they might
+  further the ends of science, would also be interesting to the general
+  reader; and that of discouraging the publication of distorted figures
+  copied from old authors, by accustoming the public eye to original
+  designs and correct representations of natural objects. How far we may
+  have succeeded in this latter object, remains to be judged by others; we
+  are however satisfied with having made the attempt, and we hope that
+  abler pencils than our own, may engage in the prosecution of this most
+  desirable object; for it is only by the publication of original matter,
+  that a check can be given to the increasing number of compilations and
+  multiplied copies of "ill-shaped" figures, by which error is perpetuated,
+  and science retarded.</p>
+
+  <p>The only original work that has appeared in this country similar to
+  our own, is the Zoological Miscellany by Dr. Leach, which, as it was
+  discontinued after the third volume, it may be presumed was unsuccessful:
+  although little can be said of many of the figures in the early volumes,
+  those in the latter are much to be praised, and the whole are original;
+  the descriptions also abound with details highly interesting to the
+  scientific world, for which indeed the learned author principally
+  intended it; nevertheless it is a question, whether science in the end
+  would not have been equally, and perhaps more advanced, had this work
+  been more adapted to general readers. Instruction in these days of
+  refinement must be made easy, palatable, and enticing; the eye must be
+  pleased, while the understanding is improved, and Wisdom in her simple
+  dignified garb will often be deserted for Ignorance, decked out in the
+  glittering trappings of Folly.</p>
+
+  <p>The <i>Naturalist's Miscellany</i> conducted by Dr. Shaw, in its
+  miscellaneous nature also resembled the present work, and reached to the
+  extent of twenty-four volumes. What an invaluable fund of information
+  these might have contained had their contents been original!
+  Unfortunately, however, the exceptions are so few, that the whole may be
+  termed a loose compilation, the descriptions being mostly given in as few
+  words as possible, and the figures not only copied from wretched
+  representations found in old authors, but often coloured from their
+  descriptions only! It is indeed lamentable that the Author, whose talents
+  and abilities were unquestionable, should have exerted them so little,
+  and thus have descended to the rank of a voluminous compiler, for little
+  better can be said of the General Zoology, begun and continued under his
+  name: little original matter can there be found, excepting in the latter
+  volumes, yet even in these no notice whatever is taken of the immense
+  number of new species discovered in Africa by Le Vaillant, and long ago
+  published in the <i>Oiseaux d'Afrique</i>: the engravings also are in
+  like manner copied from old prints, enlarged or diminished as occasion
+  offers, without even a regard to the selection of the best. It may be as
+  well to observe in this place, that a great number of generic
+  distinctions have been made in the two last volumes; which, as they have
+  not been followed by any of the great and acknowledged Zoologists on the
+  Continent, and appear to us in many instances trivial and unnecessary,
+  will not be adopted in this work.</p>
+
+  <p>It will be unnecessary to point out with regard to the scientific
+  arrangement, that we have avowedly adopted the principles of the modern
+  classification; which the strict followers of Linnĉus (in this country
+  alone) have so long, but so ineffectually opposed. The first has been
+  designated as the natural, and the other the artificial system; and,
+  without entering into a critical disquisition on these definitions, it
+  will be sufficient to observe, that by the Artificial System we bend
+  nature to conform to certain arbitrary principles, which we lay down and
+  to which we insist all her productions known and unknown will conform;
+  while in the Natural method, we endeavour by tracing her modifications,
+  to adapt our system to that which appears to regulate her operations. In
+  the one we give laws, in the other receive them; by the first we are
+  taught to believe that the highest attainment of the science, is that of
+  ascertaining the name of an object in our Museum, or of giving a new one;
+  we record it in our favourite system as a grammarian enters a new word in
+  his dictionary, and there the matter terminates. Where the artificial
+  system ends, the natural begins; for we then proceed to the investigation
+  of affinities founded on anatomical construction, economy, and geographic
+  distribution; our attention ceases to be confined to individuals, and
+  extends to large groups; general facts enable us to draw general
+  conclusions, till the mind begins faintly to discern a vast and mighty
+  plan, by which the zones of the earth are peopled by their own respective
+  races of animate beings; blending their confines unto each other with
+  divine harmony, beauty, and usefulness.</p>
+
+  <p>That these inquiries and results have had a most wonderful effect on
+  the natural sciences of late years, is abundantly evident. Geology, a
+  subject hardly thought of in this country a few years ago, is now found
+  to be a science of the first importance; with this, however, Conchology
+  is so intimately connected, that without a certain knowledge of it, the
+  geologist is frequently unable to prosecute inquiries of the most
+  interesting nature; and there is little doubt but that Botany has been
+  raised to the rank it now so justly holds, solely because its natural
+  system has been more generally studied and advocated in this country,
+  than that of any other branch of Natural History. In this science at
+  least, we possess a superiority which our continental neighbours cannot
+  dispute; and the name of Brown will be enrolled in the brightest page of
+  our philosophic inquirers.</p>
+
+  <p>That the prejudiced adherence to the strict Linnĉan system, has been
+  the primary cause why Zoology has been more neglected with us than on the
+  Continent, will admit of little doubt; for by shutting the door to all
+  further improvement, it has impressed the generality of our countrymen
+  with an idea, that the highest object of the Naturalist was to label the
+  contents of a museum, and to arrange stuffed animals, like quaint
+  patterns of old china, in glass cases: to thinking minds no less than to
+  the vulgar, this idea has produced a feeling of contempt and ridicule,
+  and very few of those qualified by nature for accurate investigation and
+  philosophic reasoning, have been induced to make the science a study; and
+  thus from such an unfortunate prejudice, to use the words of a powerful
+  writer of the present day, "some future historian of the progress of
+  human knowledge, will have to state that England, till within the few
+  last years, stood still at the bottom of the steps where Linnĉus had left
+  her; while her neighbours were advancing rapidly towards the entrance of
+  the temple<a name="NtA_1" href="#Nt_1"><sup>[1]</sup></a>."</p>
+
+  <p>Finally&mdash;Linnĉus to a comprehensive genius united indefatigable
+  industry; yet he could not see and study those innumerable productions
+  that have been discovered since his death: in proportion as our knowledge
+  of objects increases, so must our systems change, until the natural one
+  is fully developed; and the question simply comes to this, Whether the
+  Linnĉan method should be upheld as a solitary exception to the mutability
+  of human wisdom.</p>
+
+  <p>The sun of truth must however finally prevail, and there is every
+  reason to think it has already broke, and will gradually disperse these
+  mists of prejudice. It is however much to be regretted, that our public
+  institutions are wholly inadequate to facilitate not only the advancement
+  of students, but the researches of those who are already engaged in
+  prosecuting their inquiries: in Scotland alone are founded any
+  Professorships of Natural History, and the establishment of our National
+  Museum (in this branch only) is confessedly difficult: materials for
+  study are more necessary in this science than any other; yet the public
+  Institutions and libraries of the metropolis, "rich and rare" in every
+  other department of knowledge, in most instances are deficient in this of
+  the most elementary books; setting aside those of illustration, which,
+  from being unavoidably expensive and within the reach of few purchasers,
+  are more particularly adapted for such general repositories of learning.
+  The protracted ill-health of its noble possessor, was the cause no doubt
+  of the Banksian magnificent library being left deficient in several of
+  the latest continental works; and that of the British Museum I have
+  reason to think is still more defective. To the honour however of the
+  keepers of the Bodleian and Radcliffe Libraries, it should be mentioned,
+  that no pains or expense have been spared to render them as perfect in
+  this branch as possible; and we have been told that the latter
+  particularly is the most magnificent in the kingdom.</p>
+
+  <p>We shall now as briefly as possible advert to the contents of this
+  volume.</p>
+
+  <p>In the Ornithological department the systems of Cuvier and Temminck
+  have mostly superseded all others: as a whole, we give a decided
+  preference to the latter, as being more natural, though it may be doubted
+  if the generic distinctions are not too few, while those of Cuvier are
+  too many: both however can be considered only as sketches, subject to
+  improvement&mdash;as natural affinities are more studied.</p>
+
+  <p>Regarding that part of our work which relates to Entomology, we have
+  given a decided preference to the Lepidoptera, for the simple reason that
+  this order has received less attention from all writers, concerning their
+  real characters and affinities, than any other; indeed they have been
+  most unaccountably neglected even by Latreille, the great founder of the
+  modern school: we have therefore thought it necessary to propose in this
+  department many new genera, and only have to regret that their
+  definitions could not be made more perfect without the destruction of the
+  specimens, frequently not our own, and which therefore was unattainable:
+  a more extended knowledge of the natural affinities existing in this
+  tribe, will alone confirm or annul the propriety of these
+  distinctions.</p>
+
+  <p>In <i>Conchology</i> many of the genera long established on the
+  Continent, but new to our own collectors, have been characterized and
+  illustrated, as well as specific distinctions defined between shells
+  hitherto considered as varieties; and here it must be observed that so
+  much latitude has been given to the meaning of the term <i>variety</i>,
+  that in its general acceptation its definition becomes impossible: our
+  own idea of its true meaning is, a shell possessing one or more
+  characters which are changeable and uncertain, and which consequently
+  will not serve as indications by which it may infallibly be distinguished
+  from all others; <i>variety</i> depends on local circumstances, and
+  affects the size, colour, and greater or less development of the same
+  modification of structure; a <i>species</i> is permanent, its structure
+  always the same though more or less developed, producing and perpetuating
+  its kind, and depending on formation, discernible in youth, and matured
+  in age: we cannot therefore comprehend the contradictory term of
+  <i>permanent varieties</i> in a state of nature (though such occur in
+  domesticated animals), which some authors have used, and which has led
+  to, in many instances, the most erroneous conclusions.</p>
+
+  <p>It is lamentable to see the opposition which is still made by our own
+  writers against all the modern improvements; yet although Linnĉan
+  Introductions to Conchology are constantly issuing from the press, the
+  desire of being acquainted with a more natural and intelligible
+  classification has already appeared; and as we are frequently questioned
+  on the subject, we cannot in this place do better than refer the young
+  student to the valuable article on Conchology contained in the late
+  supplement to the <i>Encyclopedia Britannica</i>, the perusal of which
+  will convey more solid information, and less perplexity, than all the
+  Introductions our booksellers can boast of.</p>
+
+  <p>With respect to the quotations or synonyms, it should be observed that
+  we have in most instances limited them only to original works, all
+  doubtful ones have been rejected, and such only given as have been
+  actually consulted; indeed to this latter cause must be attributed the
+  occasional omission of some, existing in books we had not the immediate
+  power of consulting; our own library is not small; but the difficulty and
+  expense of procuring all the new continental publications, and the
+  impossibility of meeting with them at our public libraries<a name="NtA_2"
+  href="#Nt_2"><sup>[2]</sup></a>, may have sometimes led us into error,
+  and unintentionally to have passed over the discoveries of others.</p>
+
+  <p>With the few additions contained in the Appendix we shall now
+  conclude; trusting that in the remarks drawn from us by the present state
+  of the science in this country, our zeal for truth will not give us an
+  appearance of want of candour or of vanity. The truth of our remarks on
+  the labours of others, every one at all acquainted with the subject can
+  inquire into, and either acknowledge or disprove: we neither deprecate
+  nor despise criticism: an author who presumes to instruct others, should
+  have his pretensions publicly canvassed, his merits admitted, or his
+  deficiency exposed; no one is more sensible than we are that our own
+  pretensions chiefly consist in having set an example for others more able
+  to follow: and if we have in any way advocated the cause of truth and
+  science, our object will be attained, and we shall then gladly retire in
+  the shade.</p>
+
+  <div class="poem">
+    <div class="stanza">
+      <p><span class="sc">London</span>,</p>
+      <p>Sept. 15, 1821.</p>
+    </div>
+  </div>
+
+  <p><br style="clear:both" /></p>
+<hr class="full" />
+
+<h5 class="lg125">LIST OF BOOKS REFERRED TO.</h5>
+
+<blockquote class="b1s">
+
+  <p><i>Bruguire, Encycl. Meth.</i> Histoire Naturelle des Vers, par M.
+  Bruguire, 1 vol. 4to. and 4 vols. of Plates, forming part 10, 19, 21, 23,
+  of the "Encyclopedie Méthodique." Paris, 1789-1792.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Bloch.</i> Histoire Naturelle des Poissons, en 6 parties, 8vo.
+  Berlin, 1796.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Cramer.</i> Papillons Exotiques, 4 vols. 4to. Amsterdam,
+  1779-1782.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Cuvier.</i> Le Règne Animal, 4 vols. 8vo. Paris, 1817.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Chemnitz, Martini.</i> Neus Systematisches Conchylein Cabinet, 11
+  vols. Nurnburg, 1781-1795.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dill.</i> A Descriptive Catalogue of Recent Shells. By F. W.
+  Dillwyn, 2 vols. 8vo. London, 1817.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Edwards.</i> A Natural History of uncommon Birds, &amp;c.; and
+  Gleanings of Natural History. By G. Edwards, 7 vols. 4to. 1763,
+  &amp;c.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Fab. Ent. Syst.</i> Entomologia Systematica, emendata et aucta. J.
+  C. Fabricius, 4 vols. 4to. Hafnia, 1792-1794.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Gen. Zool.</i> General Zoology, commenced by Dr. Shaw, and
+  continued by Mr. Stevens, 11 vols. 8vo. to 1819.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Gmelin Linn. Syst. Nat.</i> C. Linné Systema Naturĉ. Cura J. F.
+  Gmelin. Lipsiĉ, 1788-1793.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Godart in Encycl. Method.</i> Encyclopedie Méthodique, t. 9. p. 1.
+  1819.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Gualtieri.</i> Index Testarum Conchyliorum quĉ adservantur in Musĉo
+  N. Gualtieri. Florentiĉ, 1742.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Illiger.</i> Prod. Systematis Mammalium et Avium, 8vo. Berolini,
+  1811.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Knorr.</i> Les Delices des Yeux et de l'Esprit, 6 P., 4to. Nuremb.
+  1760, &amp;c.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Klein Hist. Pisc.</i> Historiĉ Nat. Piscium promovendĉ Missus, 6,
+  4to. Dantzic, 1740-49.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Linn. Syst. Nat.</i> See Gmelin.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Linn. Trans.</i> Transactions of the Linnean Society of London, 13
+  vols. 4to. 1791-1821.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Lister.</i> M. Lister Historia Conchyliorum, folio. Oxonii,
+  1770.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Lamarck Syst.</i> Hist. Nat. des Animaux sans Vertèbres. Par le
+  Chevalier de Lamarck, 6 vols. 8vo. Paris, 1815-1819.</p>
+
+  <p>&mdash;&mdash; <i>Anal. Mus.</i> Annales du Museum d'Histoire
+  Naturelle de Paris, 4to. 1802-1821.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Lath. Synop. Suppl.</i> A General Synopsis of Birds. By Dr. J.
+  Latham, 3 vols, and 2 Supplements, 4to. London, 1782, &amp;c.</p>
+
+  <p>&mdash;&mdash; <i>Index Ornith.</i> Index Ornithologicus, 2 vols. 4to.
+  London, 1790.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Martyn Univ. Conch.</i> The Universal Conchologist. By T. Martyn, 4
+  vols. 4to. London, 1784, &amp;c.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Martini.</i> See Chemnitz.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Pennant.</i> British Zoology. By T. Pennant, 4 vols. 8vo. London,
+  1812.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Risso Icth.</i> Ichtyologie de Nice, 1 vol. 8vo. Paris, 1810.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Rumph.</i> Thesâurium Imaginum Piscium, &amp;c., folio. Hagĉ,
+  1739.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Seba.</i> Albertus Seba Rerum Naturalium Thesauri, 4 vols. folio.
+  Amsterdam, 1734-1765.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Say.</i> Description of the Land and Fresh-water Shells of the
+  United States. By Thomas Say. Philadelphia, 1819.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Shaw in Gen. Zool.</i> See General Zoology.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Temminck Pig. et Gall.</i> Histoire Naturelle Générale des Pigeons
+  et des Gallinaces. Par C. J. Temminck, 2 vols. 8vo. Amst. 1813.</p>
+
+  <p>&mdash;&mdash; <i>Manuel.</i> Manuel d'Ornithologie, 2d edit., 2 vols.
+  8vo. 1820.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Le Vaill.</i> Hist. Nat. des Toucans et des Barbus, folio. Paris,
+  1806.</p>
+
+  <p>&mdash;&mdash; Hist. Nat. des Perroquets, 2 vols. folio. Paris,
+  1801.</p>
+
+  <p><i>White's Voyage.</i> Journal of a Voyage to N. S. Wales, 4to. Lond.
+  1790.</p>
+
+</blockquote>
+
+  <p><br style="clear:both" /></p>
+<hr class="full" />
+
+  <p><a name="Plate1"></a><span class="platenum"><i>Pl.</i> 1</span></p>
+
+  <div class="figcenter" style="width:33%;">
+      <a href="images/v1_pl1.jpg"><img style="width:100%" src="images/v1_pl1.jpg"
+      alt="Plate 1." title="Plate 1." /></a>
+  </div>
+<h5><span class="lg125"><span class="gesperrt">PSITTACUS</span> Cayennensis.</span></h5>
+
+<h5 class="lg125 mtm1"><i>Cayenne gold-winged Parakeet.</i></h5>
+
+<h5><img src="images/separator.png" class="middle" style="height:1.5ex;" alt="" /></h5>
+
+<h6><span class="sc">Generic Character.</span></h6>
+
+<blockquote class="b1s">
+
+  <p><i>Rostrum breve, crassum, validissimum, ad basin cute tectum;
+  mandibulâ superiore aduncâ; inferiore sub-recurvatâ, breviore. Nares
+  rotundĉ, nudĉ, fermè verticales. Pedes scansorii.</i></p>
+
+  <p>Bill short, thick, very strong, covered at the base by a cere; upper
+  mandible sharply hooked; under mandible obtuse, curving upwards, and much
+  shorter. Nostrils round, naked, nearly vertical. Feet scansorial.</p>
+
+</blockquote>
+
+<hr class="plain"/>
+
+<h6><span class="sc">Specific Character.</span></h6>
+
+<blockquote class="b1s">
+
+  <p><i>P. viridis, alis spuriis aurantiis, remigibus exterioribus basi
+  cĉruleis, caudâ brevi cuneatâ.</i></p>
+
+  <p>Green Parakeet, with the spurious wings golden-orange: outer quills
+  blue at their base. Tail short, wedged.</p>
+
+  <p>Le Perruche à tache souci. <i>Le Vaill. pl.</i> 58, 59. <i>p.</i>
+  169.</p>
+
+</blockquote>
+
+<h5><img src="images/separator.png" class="middle" style="height:1.5ex;" alt="" /></h5>
+
+  <p>We only thoroughly identified this beautiful little bird, by an
+  inspection of the costly work of Le Vaillant on this family, in the
+  Banksian Library: for the description of the orange-winged Parakeet of
+  Dr. Latham is not applicable; and Dr. Shaw has persisted in the old error
+  of considering this species a variety of the Toui Parakeet, although the
+  question had been put at rest by the original description and sound
+  reasons of Le Vaillant. There is a wide difference between naturalists
+  who compile, and form their theories from books, and those who study
+  nature, and think for themselves; and nothing will result from the first
+  but mischief to the science, and perplexity to the student.</p>
+
+  <p>Our figure is from a specimen brought from Demerara by C. Edmonston,
+  Esq.; another is in the possession of A. MacLeay, Esq. Though rare in our
+  cabinets, M. Le Vaillant says it is common in Cayenne. He has given a
+  beautiful figure of the female, which is entirely green.</p>
+
+  <p>Total length six inches. Plumage above entirely green, beneath paler
+  and inclining to yellow; just under the lower mandible is a small
+  snuff-coloured spot, and a very narrow line of the same in front just
+  above the nostrils; the quills dark-green, the greater ones on their
+  outside base are blue, with which the head is also tinged. The spurious
+  wings are entirely of a rich and clear orange. Inner wing-covers green.
+  Quills inside greenish-blue, except on each side the shafts, where there
+  is a line of black. Tail short, cuneated, hardly projecting an inch
+  beyond the wings, both above and below green: the interior margin
+  dirty-yellow, the feathers pointed. Bill and legs flesh-colour.</p>
+
+  <p><br style="clear:both" /></p>
+<hr class="full" />
+
+  <p><a name="Plate2"></a><span class="platenum"><i>Pl.</i> 2</span></p>
+
+  <div class="figcenter" style="width:36%;">
+      <a href="images/v1_pl2.jpg"><img style="width:100%" src="images/v1_pl2.jpg"
+      alt="Plate 2." title="Plate 2." /></a>
+  </div>
+<h5><span class="lg125"><span class="gesperrt">SITTA</span> frontalis.</span></h5>
+
+<h5 class="lg125 mtm1"><i>Blue Nuthatch.</i></h5>
+
+<h5><img src="images/separator.png" class="middle" style="height:1.5ex;" alt="" /></h5>
+
+<h6><span class="sc">Generic Character.</span></h6>
+
+<blockquote class="b1s">
+
+  <p><i>Rostrum rectissimum, acutum, compressum; utroque mandibulo ad
+  apicem ĉque inclinato; apice integro cuneo compresso simili. Nares
+  basales, ovales, apertĉ, plumis <span class="correction" title="Original reads 'setaceisi ncumbentibus', see Addenda et Corrigenda"
+  >setaceis incumbentibus</span> extrinsecus tectĉ. Pedes tribus digitis
+  anticis; uno postico; <span class="correction" title="Added by Addenda et Corrigenda"
+  >digitus</span> interior <span class="correction" title="Original reads 'minor', see Addenda et Corrigenda"
+  >minimus</span>; exterior ad basin medio connexus; hallux productus
+  validus. Ungues compressissimi; antici subĉquales; <span
+  class="correction" title="Original reads 'postico maximo', see Addenda et Corrigenda"
+  >posticus maximus</span>. Cauda brevis, rectricibus duodecim
+  subĉqualibus.</i></p>
+
+</blockquote>
+
+<h6>Typus Genericus <i>S. Europĉa</i>.</h6>
+
+<blockquote class="b1s">
+
+  <p>Bill very straight, sharp-pointed, compressed; both mandibles equally
+  inclining to the tip, which is entire, and resembles a compressed wedge.
+  Nostrils basal, oval, open, covered externally with incumbent setaceous
+  feathers. Feet with three toes forward and one backward; inner toe very
+  small; outer toe connected to the middle at its base; hind toe
+  lengthened, strong. Claws much compressed; anterior nearly equal,
+  posterior largest. Tail short, of twelve nearly equal feathers.</p>
+
+</blockquote>
+
+<h6>Generic Type <i>Sitta Europĉa</i>.</h6>
+
+<hr class="plainsp"/>
+
+<h6><span class="sc">Specific Character.</span></h6>
+
+<blockquote class="b1s">
+
+  <p><i>S. supra cĉrulea; supercilio, fronte, et remigibus lateralibus in
+  medio nigris; subtus cinereo-fusca, <span class="correction" title="Original reads 'aures lilacinĉ', see Addenda et Corrigenda"
+  >auribus lilacinis</span>, mento albo.</i></p>
+
+  <p>Nuthatch, above blue: line above the eye, front, and middle of the
+  lateral tail-feathers black; beneath cinereous brown, ears lilac, chin
+  white.</p>
+
+  <p><span class="correction" title="Original read 'Orthorynchus frontalis. Horsfield in Linn. Trans.', see Addenda et Corrigenda"
+  >...</span></p>
+
+</blockquote>
+
+<h5><img src="images/separator.png" class="middle" style="height:1.5ex;" alt="" /></h5>
+
+  <p>The present species is one of the many interesting birds collected in
+  Java by my friend Dr. Horsfield: it was not, however, until I had
+  described and engraved another specimen, sent to Sir J. Banks from
+  Ceylon, that I discovered the species had already been included in the
+  Doctor's account of the birds of Java, presented to the Linnĉan Society,
+  where he has described it under the name of <i>Orthorynchus
+  frontalis</i>.</p>
+
+  <p>The specific name of its first describer is of course retained: with
+  respect, however, to its generic situation, I must be allowed to dissent
+  from considering it as a distinct genus, merely from the prolongation of
+  the hinder toe being somewhat more developed than in <i>Sitta Europĉa</i>
+  and <i>Carolinensis</i>, both which birds are now before me, and which in
+  themselves differ in the relative proportion of this part: thus in <i>S.
+  Carolinensis</i> the hind toe and claw is two-tenths of an inch shorter
+  than the leg; in <i>S. Europĉa</i> it is one-tenth shorter; and in the
+  present species it just exceeds that of the leg: in every other respect
+  not the slightest difference I apprehend will be observed <span
+  class="correction" title="Original read 'as the foregoing generic character has been drawn up from these three species', see Addenda et Corrigenda"
+  >...</span>.</p>
+
+  <p>Total length five inches. Size of the European Nuthatch. Bill, from
+  the angle of the mouth to the tip, eight lines; front of the head
+  velvet-black, continued in a stripe of the same colour over the eye, and
+  terminating above the ear feathers: the upper plumage is of a rich blue,
+  more brilliant on the head, and paler on the front, and external margins
+  of the quills. Spurious wings and lesser quills black margined with blue.
+  Inner wing-covers deep black; the under plumage is a light-brown,
+  changing to lilac on the ears and sides of the neck, and tinged with
+  cinereous on the flanks and vent: the chin is white; tail even, the two
+  middle feathers blue, the rest more or less black, having the external
+  margins and tips blue. The outer quill of the wings is short, the second
+  and third longest and equal, the fourth rather less; the hind toe with
+  the claw, measures one inch in a straight line.</p>
+
+  <p><br style="clear:both" /></p>
+<hr class="full" />
+
+  <p><a name="Plate3"></a><span class="platenum"><i>Pl.</i> 3</span></p>
+
+  <div class="figcenter" style="width:27%;">
+      <a href="images/v1_pl3.jpg"><img style="width:100%" src="images/v1_pl3.jpg"
+      alt="Plate 3." title="Plate 3." /></a>
+  </div>
+<h5><span class="lg125"><span class="gesperrt">MITRA</span> zonata.</span></h5>
+
+<h5 class="lg125 mtm1"><i>Zoned Mitre.</i></h5>
+
+<h5><img src="images/separator.png" class="middle" style="height:1.5ex;" alt="" /></h5>
+
+<h6><span class="sc">Generic Character.</span></h6>
+
+<blockquote class="b1s">
+
+  <p><i>Testa inĉqualiter fusiformis, spirâ productâ attenuatâ, labio
+  exteriore intus edentulo. Columella plicata.</i></p>
+
+  <p>Shell unequally fusiform. Spire lengthened, attenuated. Outer lip
+  simple, not toothed within. Columella plaited.</p>
+
+</blockquote>
+
+<hr class="plain"/>
+
+<h6><span class="sc">Specific Character.</span></h6>
+
+<blockquote class="b1s">
+
+  <p><i>M. epidermide luteâ, fulvo-marmoratâ, anfractibus infernè basi
+  nigris, columellâ quinque-plicatâ. Linn. Trans. xii. p. 338.</i></p>
+
+  <p>Mitre, with the epidermis marbled with brownish-yellow; volutions at
+  their base black; columella five-plaited.</p>
+
+  <p>Mitra zonata. <i>Marryat in Linn. Trans. vol.</i> xii. <i>pl.</i> 10.
+  <i>fig.</i> 1. 2.</p>
+
+</blockquote>
+
+<h5><img src="images/separator.png" class="middle" style="height:1.5ex;" alt="" /></h5>
+
+  <p>This unique and beautiful Mitre has been already described by Captain
+  Marryat in the Linnĉan Transactions: the figures, however, are
+  uncoloured, and give a very indifferent idea of the graceful symmetry of
+  its form. My friend Dr. Leach, with his usual liberality, permitted me to
+  draw the accompanying figure of it at the British Museum, where it is now
+  deposited.</p>
+
+  <p>It appears to have been taken near Nice in the Mediterranean, adhering
+  to a sounding-line, in very deep water; a very singular locality, since
+  nearly all the Mitres have generally been supposed to inhabit the
+  tropical seas, or at least far from the coasts of Europe. It should,
+  however, be remarked, that <i>Cyprĉa lurida</i>, an Asiatic shell, I have
+  found on the shores of Greece: and C. Ulysses, in his travels in the
+  kingdom of Naples, enumerates several shells as inhabiting the warm
+  shores of the Tarentine Bay, which are generally known only as natives of
+  the Red Sea and Indian Ocean. These facts, with many others, prove the
+  physical distribution of <i>Molluscĉ</i> to be less decidedly marked than
+  almost any other class of animals.</p>
+
+  <p>This genus is included with that of <i>Voluta</i> by Linnĉus and our
+  own writers, although long ago justly separated by the continental
+  zoologists.</p>
+
+  <p><br style="clear:both" /></p>
+<hr class="full" />
+
+  <p><a name="Plate4"></a><span class="platenum"><i>Pl.</i> 4</span></p>
+
+  <div class="figcenter" style="width:29%;">
+      <a href="images/v1_pl4.jpg"><img style="width:100%" src="images/v1_pl4.jpg"
+      alt="Plate 4." title="Plate 4." /></a>
+  </div>
+<h5><span class="lg125"><span class="gesperrt">BULIMUS</span> melastomus.</span></h5>
+
+<h5 class="lg125 mtm1"><i>Blackmouthed Bulimus.</i></h5>
+
+<h5><img src="images/separator.png" class="middle" style="height:1.5ex;" alt="" /></h5>
+
+<h6><span class="sc">Generic Character.</span></h6>
+
+<blockquote class="b1s">
+
+  <p><i>Testa ovalis, vel oblongo-ovalis. Spira elevata. Os integrum,
+  sub-ovale. Columella lĉvis, simplex. Labium externum crassum, reflexum.
+  Internum ultra medium cavo-inflexum. Operculum nullum.</i></p>
+
+  <p>Shell oval or oblong-oval. Spire elevated. Mouth entire, sub-oval.
+  Column smooth, simple. Exterior lip thick, reflected. Interior lip beyond
+  the middle inflected, and hollowed beneath. Operculum none.</p>
+
+</blockquote>
+
+<hr class="plain"/>
+
+<h6><span class="sc">Specific Character.</span></h6>
+
+<blockquote class="b1s">
+
+  <p><i>B. testâ oblongo-ovatâ, albâ, cinereo marmoratâ, spirĉ anfractibus
+  longitudinaliter plicatis, labio exteriore complanato; aperturâ
+  nigrâ.</i></p>
+
+  <p>Shell oblong-ovate, white, marbled with cinereous. Spiral whorls
+  longitudinally plaited. Outer lip flattened; aperture black.</p>
+
+</blockquote>
+
+<h5><img src="images/separator.png" class="middle" style="height:1.5ex;" alt="" /></h5>
+
+  <p>The genus <i>Bulimus</i> was long ago formed by Scopoli out of the
+  heterogeneous mixture of shells thrown together in the Linnĉan genus
+  <i>Helix</i><a name="NtA_3" href="#Nt_3"><sup>[3]</sup></a>, &amp;c.: it
+  comprehends some of the larger and most beautiful of the exotic land
+  shells, among which the present species will stand conspicuous both in
+  beauty of colouring and excessive rarity. While travelling among the
+  forests of Brazil, in the province of Bahia, I found the shell here
+  figured one morning on the leaves of a <i>Solanum</i>. I not only
+  searched myself, but promised as a reward to any of my Indians who would
+  bring me another, a two-bladed Birmingham knife!&mdash;the greatest
+  temptation they could have!&mdash;but in vain; for I never saw another
+  before or since.</p>
+
+  <p>There are many peculiar characters presented in this species
+  independent of its colour: the spiral whorls are strongly plaited
+  longitudinally about half their length, and marked very slightly (but
+  sufficiently distinct) with several oblique indented striĉ; the principal
+  whorl has a row of indented and unequal sulcations near the suture, and a
+  slight appearance of elevation along the white transverse band; the outer
+  lip is thick, broad, and flattened beneath; but the margin is reflected
+  back, and forms a prominent rim on the upper surface. The shell, when
+  viewed closely, appears rough with minute scale-like elevations, very
+  much resembling shagreen.</p>
+
+  <p><br style="clear:both" /></p>
+<hr class="full" />
+
+  <p><a name="Plate5"></a><span class="platenum"><i>Pl.</i> 5</span></p>
+
+  <div class="figcenter" style="width:34%;">
+      <a href="images/v1_pl5.jpg"><img style="width:100%" src="images/v1_pl5.jpg"
+      alt="Plate 5." title="Plate 5." /></a>
+  </div>
+<h5><span class="lg125"><span class="gesperrt">COLIAS</span> Statira.</span></h5>
+
+<h5><img src="images/separator.png" class="middle" style="height:1.5ex;" alt="" /></h5>
+
+<h6><span class="sc">Generic Character.</span></h6>
+
+<blockquote class="b1s">
+
+  <p><i>Palpi breves, curvati, compressi ad linguam, squamis dense tecti.
+  Articulis tribus; primo longissimo, ad basin curvato, ultrà erecto;
+  secundo erecto, brevi; tertio minimo, proclivi; apice nudo, obtuso.
+  Antennĉ breves, cylindraceĉ, ad apicem <span class="correction" title="Original reads 'nudam', see Addenda et Corrigenda"
+  >nudum</span> et abruptè <span class="correction" title="Original reads 'truncatam', see Addenda et Corrigenda"
+  >truncatum</span> sensim incrassatĉ. Alĉ anteriores trigonĉ. Abdomen
+  maris, ultimo articulo acuto, et subtùs tenui unco incurvato; valvis
+  magnis, attenuatis, aduncis.</i></p>
+
+</blockquote>
+
+<h6>Typus Genericus <i>Colias Ebule.</i></h6>
+
+<blockquote class="b1s">
+
+  <p>Palpi short, curved, compressed on the tongue, thickly covered with
+  scales. Articulations three; the first very long, curved at the base,
+  erect beyond; the second erect, short; the third minute, inclining
+  forward; the tip naked, obtuse. Antennĉ short, cylindric, gradually
+  thickening to their tip, which is naked and abruptly truncate. Anterior
+  wings trigonal. Abdomen of the male with the last joint pointed, and a
+  slender incurved hook beneath; the valves large, attenuated and
+  hooked.</p>
+
+</blockquote>
+
+<h6>Generic Type <i>Colias Ebule</i>.</h6>
+
+<hr class="plainsp"/>
+
+<blockquote class="b1s">
+
+<h6><span class="sc">Specific Character.</span></h6>
+
+  <p><i>C. alis dilutè flavis, vel fulvis; anticis suprà, puncto medio
+  margineque extimo, nigris; subtùs ferrugineis; posticis subtùs, singulis
+  duobus niveis punctis inĉqualibus; palpis productis.</i></p>
+
+  <p>Wings diluted yellow or fulvous; anterior with a black border and
+  central dot, which beneath is ferrugineous; posterior beneath, each with
+  two unequal snowy spots; palpi lengthened.&mdash;<i>Female.</i></p>
+
+  <p>Papilio Statira. <i>Cramer, pl.</i> cxx. <i>fig.</i> C. D.</p>
+
+</blockquote>
+
+<h5><img src="images/separator.png" class="middle" style="height:1.5ex;" alt="" /></h5>
+
+  <p>The present insect is selected to illustrate a very elegant family of
+  Butterflies, whose predominant tints are composed of orange, yellow, and
+  white, variously blended and disposed in a greater or less degree
+  throughout all the species. The generic characters above given will
+  distinguish them as peculiar to the tropics, and principally those of
+  South America; one or two species only being found in Africa, and five or
+  six inhabiting India.</p>
+
+  <p>I have no doubt this is the <i>Pap. Statira</i> of Cramer; it is found
+  only in Brazil, and has been erroneously considered by Godart and
+  Latreille as a variety of <i>C. Jugurthina</i>, an Indian insect, and
+  which in fact is not in itself a species, being no other than the female
+  of <i>C. Alcmeone</i>, as an attentive examination of a vast number of
+  both, collected in Java by Dr. Horsfield, enabled me to ascertain.</p>
+
+  <p>The extraordinary prolongation of the last joint of the palpi, and the
+  white borderless spots beneath, which are never silvered, will
+  distinguish this species through all the variations; in the ground colour
+  of its wings, which in no two specimens are exactly alike, and one before
+  me is nearly white; the lesser snowy dot is sometimes very obscure, and
+  often wanting; but the prolongation of the palpi is even expressed in
+  Cramer's figure above quoted.</p>
+
+  <p>I have examined about a dozen specimens, mostly captured by myself,
+  and all have been females; and I strongly suspect future and more decided
+  observations will prove <i>C. Evadne</i> to be the other sex: it has the
+  palpi lengthened, though in a less degree; and the articulations of the
+  antennĉ in both insects will be found somewhat thickened at their
+  termination when viewed under a magnifier, a peculiarity I have seen in
+  no other species; and although I have examined near thirty specimens of
+  <i>C. Evadne</i>, they have invariably proved to be males.</p>
+
+  <p>The palpi in this insect will be found at variance with the generic
+  character now given; a striking proof that in a natural system no single
+  part can be taken as an unerring criterion for generic distinction,
+  without making it eventually an artificial one. The <i>Colias Drya</i> of
+  Fabricius has the same formation of palpi, but is a totally different
+  insect.</p>
+
+  <p><br style="clear:both" /></p>
+<hr class="full" />
+
+  <p><a name="Plate6"></a><span class="platenum"><i>Pl.</i> 6</span></p>
+
+  <div class="figcenter" style="width:36%;">
+      <a href="images/v1_pl6.jpg"><img style="width:100%" src="images/v1_pl6.jpg"
+      alt="Plate 6." title="Plate 6." /></a>
+  </div>
+<h5><span class="lg125"><span class="gesperrt">COLIAS</span> Leachiana.</span></h5>
+
+<h5 class="lg125 mtm1"><i>Leachian Colias.</i></h5>
+
+<h5><img src="images/separator.png" class="middle" style="height:1.5ex;" alt="" /></h5>
+
+<h6><span class="sc">Generic Character.</span>&mdash;See <a href="#Plate5">Pl. 5.</a></h6>
+
+<hr class="plainsp"/>
+
+<h6><span class="sc">Specific Character.</span></h6>
+
+<blockquote class="b1s">
+
+  <p><i>C. alis subrotundatis, integris, virescenti-albidis, anticis supra
+  fulvis, margine punctoque medio nigris, singulis subtus maculâ centrali
+  ferrugineâ.</i> Encycl. Method.</p>
+
+  <p>(Male) wings slightly rounded, entire, greenish white; anterior pair
+  above orange, at their tips, margin, and central dot black: each pair
+  beneath with a central ferrugineous spot. Female &mdash;&mdash;?</p>
+
+  <p>C. Leachiana. <i>Godart in Encycl. Method.</i> vol. ix. p. 91.</p>
+
+</blockquote>
+
+<h5><img src="images/separator.png" class="middle" style="height:1.5ex;" alt="" /></h5>
+
+  <p>In size this insect is the largest of the genus yet discovered; it was
+  first noticed by Godart, who has given it the name of my learned and
+  valued friend, Dr. W. E. Leach, of the British Museum, whose talents are
+  too well known to need any eulogium in this place.</p>
+
+  <p>It appears to inhabit both the northern and southern extremities of
+  Brazil; for I have seen it in a box sent from Parà, and my specimens were
+  captured in Minas Geraes by my friend Dr. Langsdorff. It is, however, a
+  rare species; for I have only seen seven or eight specimens, and they
+  were all males: the female, when found, will probably differ as
+  remarkably as in most of this genus.</p>
+
+  <p>The opaque spot on the inferior wings above is very large; but the
+  tuft of hair corresponding beneath the superior wings, is entirely
+  wanting. It should be likewise observed, that although this insect in
+  every outward respect resembles a genuine <i>Colias</i> (the type of
+  which may be <i>C. Ebule</i>), it differs very materially in the terminal
+  appendages of the abdomen; the last joint being the shortest, and
+  scarcely pointed; and the hook, instead of being concealed beneath this
+  segment, is exserted beyond it, and met by two others, one at the base of
+  each lateral valve: these valves are also much shorter, ovate, and not
+  attenuated, although ending in an incurved hook. In the present ignorance
+  in which a true knowledge of the Lepidoptera is involved, it is
+  impossible to say how far these dissimilarities may point out natural
+  groups; it is therefore of the highest importance to the science such
+  facts should be noticed.</p>
+
+  <p><br style="clear:both" /></p>
+<hr class="full" />
+
+  <p><a name="Plate7"></a><span class="platenum"><i>Pl.</i> 7</span></p>
+
+  <div class="figcenter" style="width:29%;">
+      <a href="images/v1_pl7.jpg"><img style="width:100%" src="images/v1_pl7.jpg"
+      alt="Plate 7." title="Plate 7." /></a>
+  </div>
+<h5><span class="lg125"><span class="gesperrt">CARDUELIS</span> cucullata.</span></h5>
+
+<h5 class="lg125 mtm1"><i>Hooded Seed-eater.</i></h5>
+
+<h5><img src="images/separator.png" class="middle" style="height:1.5ex;" alt="" /></h5>
+
+<h6><span class="sc">Generic Character.</span></h6>
+
+<blockquote class="b1s">
+
+  <p><i>Rostrum breve, validum, conicum, rectissimum; mandibulis
+  subĉqualibus; apice immarginato, recto, acuto; mandibulâ superiore
+  culmine convexâ; inferiore basi marginis angulatâ, <span
+  class="correction" title="Original reads 'utrinsecus', see Addenda et Corrigenda"
+  >utrinque</span> subtusque convexâ.</i></p>
+
+</blockquote>
+
+<h6>Typus Genericus <i>Fringilla Canaria</i>. Lath., &amp;c.</h6>
+
+<blockquote class="b1s">
+
+  <p>Bill short, stout, very conic, without any curvature above; both
+  mandibles nearly equal, the tip entire, straight and sharp; upper
+  mandible convex above: lower one at the base of the margin with an obtuse
+  angle, the sides and under part convex.</p>
+
+</blockquote>
+
+<h6>Generic Type <i>Fringilla Canaria</i>. Latham, &amp;c.</h6>
+
+<hr class="plainsp"/>
+
+<h6><span class="sc">Specific Character</span>.</h6>
+
+<blockquote class="b1s">
+
+  <p><i>C. aurantia: capite, gutture, fasciâ trans tectrices<span
+  class="correction" title="Added by Addenda et Corrigenda">,</span>
+  remigibus caudâque nigris; remigibus primoribus basi obliquè aurantio
+  fasciatis.</i></p>
+
+  <p>Orange: head, front of the neck, bar across the wing-covers, quills
+  and tail black; greater quills at their base obliquely barred with
+  orange.</p>
+
+</blockquote>
+
+<h5><img src="images/separator.png" class="middle" style="height:1.5ex;" alt="" /></h5>
+
+  <p>A richly coloured little bird, much smaller than our Goldfinch, and
+  approaching very near to the <i>Bouvreuil de Bourbon</i> of Buffon, from
+  which, however, I think it quite distinct. The only one I have yet seen
+  is in the possession of E. Falkner, Esq. of Fairfield near Liverpool, who
+  received it with a few other rare birds from the Spanish Main.</p>
+
+  <p>Total length four inches. Bill blackish and very sharp. The whole head
+  and forepart of the neck is black. The plumage of the body is a fine
+  reddish-orange, <span class="correction" title="Original reads 'dulleron', see Addenda et Corrigenda"
+  >duller on</span> the back and brightest beneath: wing-covers the same;
+  the greater ones at their base black, which forms a bar: the quills are
+  also black, the greater ones having at their base an oblique bar of
+  orange, and some of the lesser ones slightly margined externally with
+  white. Tail divaricated and black; some of the lateral feathers faintly
+  margined with orange. Spurious wings black. Legs and claws brown.</p>
+
+  <p>The <i>Bouvreuil de Bourbon</i>, and the <i>B. du Cap de Bonne
+  Esperance</i> of Buffon (<i>Pl. Enl. pl.</i> 204. <i>fig.</i> 1, 2.)
+  appear to have been described as the different sexes of one bird (the
+  Orange Grossbeak of Latham) on mere conjecture. I think them quite
+  distinct, inhabiting different countries, and having all the appearance
+  (in the figures) of being two male birds; for the females in this family
+  seldom possess the rich colours of the male; and the figure of the last
+  of these birds, has not the slightest habit of a female.</p>
+
+  <p>The present genus was formed by Cuvier, (though but very slightly
+  defined,) and includes the common Goldfinch and Canary-bird.</p>
+
+  <p><br style="clear:both" /></p>
+<hr class="full" />
+
+  <p><a name="Plate8"></a><span class="platenum"><i>Pl.</i> 8</span></p>
+
+  <div class="figcenter" style="width:37%;">
+      <a href="images/v1_pl8.jpg"><img style="width:100%" src="images/v1_pl8.jpg"
+      alt="Plate 8." title="Plate 8." /></a>
+  </div>
+<h5><span class="lg125"><span class="gesperrt">MEROPS</span> urica.</span></h5>
+
+<h5 class="lg125 mtm1"><i>Javanese Bee-eater.</i></h5>
+
+<h5><img src="images/separator.png" class="middle" style="height:1.5ex;" alt="" /></h5>
+
+<h6><span class="sc">Generic Character.</span></h6>
+
+<blockquote class="b1s">
+
+  <p><i>Rostrum productum, lĉve, subcurvatum, compressum; apice acuto, basi
+  trigono; culmine carinato. Pedes brevissimi, gressorii. Alĉ
+  attenuatĉ.</i></p>
+
+</blockquote>
+
+<h6>Typus Genericus <i>M. apiaster</i>. Linn., &amp;c.</h6>
+
+<blockquote class="b1s">
+
+  <p>Bill lengthened, smooth, slightly curved, terminating in a sharp
+  point; the base triangular, the sides much compressed, the back
+  carinated. Feet very short, gressorial. Wings pointed.</p>
+
+</blockquote>
+
+<h6>Generic Type <i>Merops apiaster</i>. Linn., &amp;c.</h6>
+
+<hr class="plainsp"/>
+
+<h6><span class="sc">Specific Character.</span></h6>
+
+<blockquote class="b1s">
+
+  <p><i>M. viridis, infra pallidior; capite, collo suprà rufo; mento,
+  jugulo, sulphureis; lineâ temporali et torque colli nigris; tegminibus
+  uropygioque cĉruleis; caudâ subfurcatâ.</i></p>
+
+  <p>Green, beneath paler. Head and neck above rufous; chin and throat
+  sulphur; line under the eyes, and collar round the neck, black.
+  Tail-covers and rump pale blue. Tail slightly forked.</p>
+
+  <p>Merops urica. <i><span class="correction" title="Original reads 'Horsfeild', see Addenda et Corrigenda"
+  >Horsfield</span> in Linn. Trans.</i></p>
+
+</blockquote>
+
+<h5><img src="images/separator.png" class="middle" style="height:1.5ex;" alt="" /></h5>
+
+  <p>The true Bee-eaters are confined to the old world, principally
+  inhabiting Africa and Asia; one species only, the European Bee-eater,
+  being known with any degree of certainty to be found in Europe; and this
+  is occasionally seen in England. They are all gregarious, feeding on the
+  wing, and in general migratory.</p>
+
+  <p>Most unwillingly I have again in this instance anticipated my friend
+  Dr. <span class="correction" title="Original reads 'Horsfeild', see Addenda et Corrigenda"
+  >Horsfield</span> in describing this bird, which he found in Java, and
+  which I engraved after one sent from Ceylon, without knowing it had also
+  fallen under his observation.</p>
+
+  <p>The figure is less than the natural size, which is nearly that of our
+  European species. Bill an inch and a half long from the gape, and black.
+  Nostrils small, basal, round, not sulcated, partially defended by
+  incumbent hairs; at the angle of the mouth is a row of short, stiff
+  bristles; a black line commences from the nostrils, passes under the eye,
+  and terminates with the ears. The upper part of the head, neck, and
+  between the wings, rufous. The rump and upper tail-covers pale blue: the
+  chin and throat sulphur tinged with rufous, where an irregular and narrow
+  collar of black crosses the neck. The remaining under parts
+  yellowish-green. Wings and quills fulvous green, the latter tipt with
+  black, and all the inner shafts more or less rufous: the second quill
+  longest, and the lesser quills and tail-feathers notched at their tips.
+  Tail green, slightly forked; the tips and under side dusky-black, and
+  three inches and a half long. Wings, when closed, four inches one line in
+  length. Vent blueish-white.</p>
+
+  <p>The females in this genus may generally be distinguished by the two
+  middle tail-feathers being but slightly or not at all elongated.</p>
+
+  <p><br style="clear:both" /></p>
+<hr class="full" />
+
+  <p><a name="Plate9"></a><span class="platenum"><i>Pl.</i> 9</span></p>
+
+  <div class="figcenter" style="width:22%;">
+      <a href="images/v1_pl9.jpg"><img style="width:100%" src="images/v1_pl9.jpg"
+      alt="Plate 9." title="Plate 9." /></a>
+  </div>
+<h5><span class="lg125"><span class="gesperrt">HELIX</span> auriculata.</span></h5>
+
+<h5 class="lg125 mtm1"><i>Eared Helix.</i></h5>
+
+<h5><img src="images/separator.png" class="middle" style="height:1.5ex;" alt="" /></h5>
+
+<h6><span class="sc">Generic Character.</span></h6>
+
+<blockquote class="b1s">
+
+  <p><i>Testa orbicularis vel globosa. Spira depressa vel paululum elevata.
+  Apertura integra. Labium exterius marginatum. Operculum nullum.</i></p>
+
+  <p>Shell orbicular or globose. Spire depressed, or but slightly elevated.
+  Aperture entire. Outer lip margined. Operculum, none.</p>
+
+</blockquote>
+
+<hr class="plain"/>
+
+<h6><span class="sc">Specific Character.</span></h6>
+
+<blockquote class="b1s">
+
+  <p><i>H. testâ depressissimâ, ferrugineo-marmoratâ et bifasciatâ,
+  umbilico magno, profundo, aperturâ auriformi; labio exteriore incrassato,
+  margine interiore dente obsoleto.</i></p>
+
+  <p>Shell much depressed, marbled and doubly-banded with ferrugineous.
+  Umbilicus large, deep. Aperture ear-shaped. Outer lip thickened,
+  reflected, with a gibbous obsolete tooth within.</p>
+
+</blockquote>
+
+<h5><img src="images/separator.png" class="middle" style="height:1.5ex;" alt="" /></h5>
+
+  <p>A shell no less remarkable for its form than its extreme rarity. The
+  mouth bears a most striking resemblance to the human ear; and the only
+  specimen known in this country is the one here figured, from the cabinet
+  of Ch. Dubois, Esq., who obligingly favoured me with it for examination;
+  neither does the exquisite work on the Land Shells, by M. de Ferrusac,
+  now publishing at Paris, contain this species among the numerous
+  matchless figures already given of this family.</p>
+
+  <p>In the present uncertainty respecting the natural groups of the genus
+  <i>Helix</i>, as left by Lamarck, I have preferred for the present
+  following the example of Cuvier and de Ferrusac, in placing it with that
+  family, in preference to adopting the ill-defined and palpably artificial
+  distribution of them by D. de Montfort, or of forming a new genus for its
+  reception.</p>
+
+  <p>The variegations in its colouring are better seen in the figures than
+  described. The whole shell is slightly marked with obsolete longitudinal
+  striĉ; the umbilicus is very deep, and the tooth does not extend
+  externally beyond the margin of the lip.</p>
+
+  <p><br style="clear:both" /></p>
+<hr class="full" />
+
+  <p><a name="Plate10"></a><span class="platenum"><i>Pl.</i> 10</span></p>
+
+  <div class="figcenter" style="width:33%;">
+      <a href="images/v1_pl10.jpg"><img style="width:100%" src="images/v1_pl10.jpg"
+      alt="Plate 10." title="Plate 10." /></a>
+  </div>
+<h5><span class="lg125"><span class="gesperrt">STROMBUS.</span> </span></h5>
+
+<h5><img src="images/separator.png" class="middle" style="height:1.5ex;" alt="" /></h5>
+
+<h6><span class="sc">Generic Character.</span></h6>
+
+<blockquote class="b1s">
+
+  <p><i>Testa ventricosa; basis canali brevi, truncato vel emarginato;
+  labium exterius simpliciter alatum, ala ad basin inferne emarginata;
+  suprà dilatata.</i></p>
+
+  <p><i>Animal marinum, carnivorum, trachelipodum; corpore spirali; pede
+  compresso ad cervicis basin inferiorem.</i> Leach in Zool. Misc. vol. i.
+  p. 51.</p>
+
+</blockquote>
+
+<h6>Typus Genericus <i>S. pugilis.</i> Linn.</h6>
+
+<blockquote class="b1s">
+
+  <p>Shell ventricose; base with a short canal, which is either emarginate
+  or truncate; external lip dilated into a simple wing, notched at the
+  base, and prominent above.</p>
+
+  <p>Animal marine, carnivorous; body spiral, with a compressed foot at the
+  inferior base of the neck.</p>
+
+</blockquote>
+
+<h6>Generic Type <i>S. pugilis.</i> Linn.</h6>
+
+<hr class="plainsp"/>
+
+<h5><span class="gesperrt">STROMBUS</span> minimus.</h5>
+
+<h5 class="mtm1"><i>Little Strombus&mdash;central figures.</i></h5>
+
+<blockquote class="b1s">
+
+  <p><i>S. testâ nodosè plicatâ; spirâ subtilissimè striatâ; labio
+  interiore reflecto, incrassato, suprà obtusè-acuminato; exteriore intrà
+  lĉvi, suprà altè-lobato, anfractui secundo spirali adjuncto.</i></p>
+
+  <p>Shell with nodulous plaits; the spire finely striated; inner lip
+  thickened and reflected, and obtusely pointed above. Outer lip smooth
+  within, deeply lobed above, attached to the second spiral volution.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Lister</i> 859. 15. <i>Chemnitz. tab.</i> 156. <i>fig.</i> 1491,
+  1492. <i>Rumph. tab.</i> 36, P. <i>Gualtieri, tab.</i> 32, G.</p>
+
+  <p>Strombus marginatus. <i>Dillwyn's Cat.</i> p. 665. no. 18.</p>
+
+</blockquote>
+
+<h5><img src="images/separator.png" class="middle" style="height:1.5ex;" alt="" /></h5>
+
+  <p>A pretty and diminutive species, scarcely ever more than one inch
+  three lines long. The spire long in proportion, and occupying half an
+  inch: when in perfection the colour is a deep chesnut, minutely broken
+  into finely serrated darker lines, with one, two, or three interrupted
+  bands of white on the body whorl, the spire, and margin of the outer lip
+  paler; there are two or three nodules above; and the spiral volutions
+  have the carinated row of tubercles usual in the <i>Strombi</i>, and are
+  besides finely striated transversely. The base of the shell is more
+  deeply and distinctly striated; both the lips are much thickened, tumid,
+  white, and highly polished; terminating above in obtuse points on the
+  second spiral whorl, leaving a narrow ascending channel between; the
+  inside of the aperture is a fine yellow.</p>
+
+  <p>Inhabits the Indian seas, but is not common.</p>
+
+  <p>By some unaccountable oversight, Mr. Dillwyn has very well described
+  this shell, but under the name and supposition of its being the <i>S.
+  marginatus</i> of Linnĉus; though a few pages after he brings all the
+  true synonyms referring to his shell, under a description purporting to
+  be that of <i>S. minimus</i>, but which in reality is more applicable to
+  our next species. Why this writer should doubt the correctness of Gmelin,
+  Chemnitz, &amp;c. respecting the true <i>S. marginatus</i> of Linnĉus,
+  does not appear, particularly as he has substituted for it a well known
+  species. I have little doubt myself they all mean one and the same shell,
+  which is nothing more than a scarce variety of <i>S. accinctus</i>, now
+  before me, with which Linnĉus's original description pretty well
+  agrees.</p>
+
+<hr class="plain"/>
+
+<h5><span class="gesperrt">STROMBUS</span> variabilis.</h5>
+
+<h5 class="mtm1"><i>Variable Strombus&mdash;upper figure.</i></h5>
+
+<blockquote class="b1s">
+
+  <p><i>S. testâ nodosè plicatâ, spirâ striis nullis; labio interiore
+  simplice, exteriore reflecto, intrà lĉvi, suprà leviter lobato.</i></p>
+
+  <p>Shell with nodulous plaits, the spire not striated. Inner lip simple.
+  Outer lip reflected, smooth within, and slightly lobed above.</p>
+
+</blockquote>
+
+<h5><img src="images/separator.png" class="middle" style="height:1.5ex;" alt="" /></h5>
+
+  <p>Shell two inches and a quarter long, the spire occupying little more
+  than half an inch. The ground colour generally is white with numerous
+  undulated short lines of a darker colour, sometimes crossed by four or
+  five obsolete whitish bands: it approaches very near <i>S. minimus</i>,
+  but is easily distinguished by being in general much larger, by having
+  the inner lip not at all thickened above, the outer lip very slightly
+  lobed, and only advancing on the first volution of the spire: it varies,
+  however, amazingly in colour. There is a small variety, having a brown
+  spot beneath, from India; and others (labelled from the So. Seas) in the
+  Banksian collection, also small, are purplish-brown, with three or four
+  well-defined bands of white: the aperture is always pure white.</p>
+
+  <p><br style="clear:both" /></p>
+<hr class="full" />
+
+  <p><a name="Plate11"></a><span class="platenum"><i>Pl.</i> 11</span></p>
+
+  <div class="figcenter" style="width:37%;">
+      <a href="images/v1_pl11.jpg"><img style="width:100%" src="images/v1_pl11.jpg"
+      alt="Plate 11." title="Plate 11." /></a>
+  </div>
+<h5><span class="lg125"><span class="gesperrt">DRUSILLA</span> <span class="correction" title="Original reads 'Horsfeildii'&#x2c; see Addenda et Corrigenda">Horsfieldii</span>.</span></h5>
+
+<h5><img src="images/separator.png" class="middle" style="height:1.5ex;" alt="" /></h5>
+
+<h6><span class="sc">Generic Character.</span></h6>
+
+<blockquote class="b1s">
+
+  <p><i>Antennĉ mediocres, clavâ productâ, gracili, cylindraceâ. Palpi
+  breves, compressissimi, obtusi, remoti, linguam non attingentes;
+  lateribus utrisque hirsutissimis, <span class="correction" title="Original reads 'articulis', see Addenda et Corrigenda"
+  >articulos</span> obtegentibus. Abdomen (in maribus) 7-articulatum: 1mo
+  longissimo, ultimo simplici, truncato, suprà integro, subtus unco
+  incurvato, valvis nullis. Alĉ anticĉ (in maribus) basi posticâ dilatatĉ,
+  fasciculum in alas posticas obtegentes.</i></p>
+
+  <p>(<span class="sc">Obs.</span> <i>Alĉ integerrimĉ, subdiaphanĉ, posticĉ
+  magnĉ, orbiculares. Pedes antici spurii; antennarum articuli basales ad
+  apicem incrassati.</i>)</p>
+
+</blockquote>
+
+<h6>Typus Genericus <i>Papilio Jairus</i>. Fabr.</h6>
+
+<blockquote class="b1s">
+
+  <p>Antennĉ moderate, the club lengthened, slender, cylindric. Palpi
+  short, much compressed, obtuse, remote, not touching the tongue, covered
+  equally on both sides with thickset hairs concealing the joints. Abdomen
+  (in the male) 7-jointed, the first very long, the last simple, truncate,
+  and entire above, without valves, and with an incurved hook beneath.
+  Anterior wings (in the male) dilated at the posterior base, concealing a
+  tuft of hair on the inferior wings.</p>
+
+</blockquote>
+
+<h6>Generic Type <i>Papilio Jairus</i>. Fabr.</h6>
+
+<blockquote class="b1s">
+
+  <p>(<span class="sc">Obs.</span> Wings very entire, sub-diaphanous.
+  Hinder wings large, orbicular. Fore-legs spurious. Basal articulations of
+  the antennĉ thickened at the end.)</p>
+
+</blockquote>
+
+<hr class="plain"/>
+
+<h6><span class="sc">Specific Character.</span></h6>
+
+<blockquote class="b1s">
+
+  <p><i>D. alis anticis angustatis, fuscis, concoloribus; margine
+  posteriore et exteriore ĉqualibus: posticis albidis; margine exteriore
+  fusco, suprà uni-ocellato, subtus bi-ocellato.</i></p>
+
+  <p>Wings, anterior, narrowed, the posterior and exterior margins equal,
+  uniform brown; posterior cream-coloured, with a brown margin, one
+  ocellate spot above, and two beneath.</p>
+
+</blockquote>
+
+<h5><img src="images/separator.png" class="middle" style="height:1.5ex;" alt="" /></h5>
+
+  <p>This new and elegant insect was discovered by my worthy friend Dr.
+  <span class="correction" title="Original reads 'Horsfeild', see Addenda et Corrigenda"
+  >Horsfield</span> (after whom I have named it) in the interior of Java:
+  it forms a part of the extensive collections made there by this zealous
+  naturalist for the East India Company, and which will make a most
+  important addition to our present confined knowledge of the productions
+  of that interesting island: indeed these collections exceed in extent,
+  preservation, and value, any which have been brought to this country.</p>
+
+  <p>The general resemblance of this species with <i>Papilio Jairus</i> of
+  Fabricius is so great, that it might pass on a cursory view as a mere
+  variety, did not the form of the anterior wings at once point out the
+  difference. In the present insect the posterior and exterior margins are
+  of equal length, giving a narrow appearance to the wings, much resembling
+  some of the true <i>Papilionidĉ</i>; but in <i>P. Jairus</i>, these wings
+  are much broader, more obtuse, and the length of the posterior margin
+  much greater; other minor differences exist in the colouring and
+  markings. My valued friend A. H. Haworth, Esq., F.L.S., &amp;c. possesses
+  a fine pair of the true <i>P. Jairus</i> in his rich and extensive
+  collection; and the liberality with which it is constantly and freely
+  opened to me, deserves my warmest thanks.</p>
+
+  <p>From these two species I have formed the present genus, the characters
+  of which will distinguish it from that of <i>Hĉtera</i> (Fabr.), a scanty
+  genus confined to South America; and this seems to occupy its place in
+  India: both will come in the natural family of <i><span
+  class="correction" title="Original reads 'Hipparchiĉ', see Addenda et Corrigenda"
+  >Hipparchidĉ</span></i>. Only one specimen (a male) exists in Dr. <span
+  class="correction" title="Original reads 'Horsfeild', see Addenda et Corrigenda"
+  >Horsfield</span>'s collections; I could not therefore dissect the mouth,
+  &amp;c. On the inner borders of the inferior wings is a lengthened tuft
+  of fine hairs: the <i>anus</i> beneath has on each side an obtuse
+  lengthened process, partially attached, and which appears to supply the
+  place of the lateral valves. It is represented on a sprig of</p>
+
+<h5><span class="sc"><span class="gesperrt">Gĉrtnera</span></span> <i>racemosa</i>,</h5>
+
+  <p>which, although differing slightly from the figure of Dr. Roxburgh's
+  Coromandel Plants, p. 19. t. 18, Dr. <span class="correction" title="Original reads 'Horsfeild', see Addenda et Corrigenda"
+  >Horsfield</span> considers as the same plant. The Javanese name is
+  <i>Kakas</i>.</p>
+
+  <p><br style="clear:both" /></p>
+<hr class="full" />
+
+  <p><a name="Plate12"></a><span class="platenum"><i>Pl.</i> 12</span></p>
+
+  <div class="figcenter" style="width:34%;">
+      <a href="images/v1_pl12.jpg"><img style="width:100%" src="images/v1_pl12.jpg"
+      alt="Plate 12." title="Plate 12." /></a>
+  </div>
+<h5><span class="lg125"><span class="gesperrt">GOBIUS</span> Suerii.</span></h5>
+
+<h5 class="lg125 mtm1"><i>Suerian Goby.</i></h5>
+
+<h5><img src="images/separator.png" class="middle" style="height:1.5ex;" alt="" /></h5>
+
+<h6><span class="sc">Generic Character.</span></h6>
+
+<blockquote class="b1s">
+
+  <p><i>Caput parvum. Oculi approximati. Pinnĉ dorsales duĉ, radiis
+  flexilibus: ventrales conjunctĉ, infundibuliformes. Branchiarum apertura
+  contracta, membranâ 4-radiatâ.</i></p>
+
+</blockquote>
+
+<h6>Typus Genericus <i>Gobius niger</i>. Pennant.</h6>
+
+<blockquote class="b1s">
+
+  <p>Head small. Eyes approximating. Dorsal fins two, the rays flexible.
+  Ventral fins united into the form of a funnel. Gill aperture contracted,
+  the membrane four-rayed.</p>
+
+</blockquote>
+
+<h6>Generic Type <i>Gobius niger</i>. Pennant.</h6>
+
+<hr class="plainsp"/>
+
+<h6><span class="sc">Specific Character.</span></h6>
+
+<blockquote class="b1s">
+
+  <p><i>G. olivaceus, caudâ atro-purpureâ. Capite, operculis, pinnâ dorsali
+  et caudali longitudinaliter flavo-lineatis.</i></p>
+
+  <p>Olivaceous Goby. Tail obscure purple. Head, gills, dorsal and caudal
+  fins with yellow longitudinal lines.</p>
+
+  <p>Gobius Suerii. <i>Risso Icth. p.</i> 387. <i>pl.</i> 11. <i>fig.</i>
+  43.</p>
+
+</blockquote>
+
+<h5><img src="images/separator.png" class="middle" style="height:1.5ex;" alt="" /></h5>
+
+  <p>This beautiful little fish never exceeds the size here represented. It
+  is not uncommon on the coast of Sicily in the spring months: it has
+  likewise been discovered on the shores of Nice by Risso, who is its first
+  describer: his figure, however, is so remarkably bad, that it would be
+  impossible to recognise it but for his description: in fact, the fish is
+  so delicate, that unless the fins are very carefully expanded in water
+  their form and colouring will never be seen correctly. It has been named
+  after M. C. A. Le Sueur (who accompanied Peron in the French
+  circumnavigation), an able zoologist and most inimitable draftsman and
+  engraver.</p>
+
+  <p>General colour pale olivaceous yellow, with a few obscure large spots
+  along the body somewhat brighter. The head has four yellow oblique bands,
+  between which, and behind the eye, is a bright blue spot. Ventral fins
+  blackish. The first dorsal fin is trigonal, and has the third ray
+  lengthened and longest; the three last rays tipt with deep-black; the
+  second fin is lengthened, broadest at the end, the membrane greyish-white
+  with narrow longitudinal lines of yellow. Caudal fin lanceolate, pointed,
+  blackish-purple, margined and marked with yellow lines parallel with the
+  borders. Pectoral fin ovately rounded, with faint yellow transverse
+  bands. Anal fin resembling the second dorsal, greyish, with the margin
+  dull-purple. Scales large, very deciduous; lateral line invisible; lower
+  jaw longest; teeth minute. Body and fins semi-transparent. The first
+  dorsal fin has seven rays; the second fifteen; anal fifteen; pectoral
+  twelve; caudal seventeen; ventral fourteen.</p>
+
+  <p><br style="clear:both" /></p>
+<hr class="full" />
+
+  <p><a name="Plate13"></a><span class="platenum"><i>Pl.</i> 13</span></p>
+
+  <div class="figcenter" style="width:35%;">
+      <a href="images/v1_pl13.jpg"><img style="width:100%" src="images/v1_pl13.jpg"
+      alt="Plate 13." title="Plate 13." /></a>
+  </div>
+<h5><span class="lg125"><span class="gesperrt">PLATYRHYNCHUS</span> Ceylonensis.</span></h5>
+
+<h5 class="lg125 mtm1"><i>Ceylonese Flat-bill.</i></h5>
+
+<h5><img src="images/separator.png" class="middle" style="height:1.5ex;" alt="" /></h5>
+
+<h6><span class="sc">Generic Character.</span></h6>
+
+<blockquote class="b1s">
+
+  <p><i>Rostrum breve, rectum, depressissimum, fermè trigonum; mandibulâ
+  superiore ad apicem abruptè aduncâ, emarginatâ; inferiore rectâ,
+  breviore; marginibus superioris inferiorem superplicantibus. Os et Nares
+  longis rigidis vibrissis obtectĉ. Nares, mediĉ inter apicem et hiatum
+  rostri. Cauda plerumque ĉqualis, rectricibus duodecim. Pedes et Tarsi
+  breves, graciles.</i></p>
+
+  <p>Typi Generici. Div. I. <i>Todus Platyrhynchos.</i> Gm. Div. II.
+  <i>Muscicapa barbata.</i> Lath.</p>
+
+  <p>Bill short, straight, thin, very depressed, and nearly triangular; the
+  upper mandible abruptly hooked at the tip, and notched; the margins
+  folding over those of the under mandible, which is straight and shorter.
+  Mouth and nostrils defended by long stiff bristles. Nostrils medial
+  between the tip and gape of the bill. Tail mostly even, of twelve
+  feathers. Legs and <span class="correction" title="Original reads 'claws', see Addenda et Corrigenda"
+  >toes</span> short, slender.</p>
+
+  <p>Generic Types. Div. I. <i>Todus Platyrhynchos.</i> Gm. Div. II.
+  <i>Muscicapa barbata.</i> Lath.</p>
+
+</blockquote>
+
+<hr class="plain"/>
+
+<h6><span class="sc">Specific Character.</span></h6>
+
+  <p><i>P. olivaceus, subtùs flavus; capite mentoque cinereis.</i></p>
+
+  <p>Olivaceous Flat-bill, beneath yellow. Head and chin cinereous.</p>
+
+<h5><img src="images/separator.png" class="middle" style="height:1.5ex;" alt="" /></h5>
+
+  <p>The sober tints of this little bird accord more with those of Europe
+  than of India, of which country however it is a native, having been sent
+  from Ceylon to the British Museum: it is the only one I have yet seen,
+  and appears hitherto undescribed.</p>
+
+  <p>The stiff bristles at the corner of the mouth are nearly the length of
+  the bill, which is quite flattened: the tail is even, and the whole bird
+  in every respect but colour closely resembles the bearded Flycatcher
+  (<i>Musc. barbata</i> Lath.).</p>
+
+  <p>Cuvier and other modern zoologists have done much in distributing the
+  Linnĉan <i>Muscicapĉ</i> into their natural families; but as we are
+  acquainted with a great number from descriptions only, the arrangement is
+  by no means perfect.</p>
+
+  <p>The generic characters now given of the genus <i>Platyrhynchos</i>
+  (very slightly noticed by Vieillot) will be found perfectly applicable to
+  the separate divisions here formed; the first comprising the <i>Todus
+  Platyrhynchos</i> of Gmelin, and a few others having the bill larger and
+  more dilated than the second division, which includes the present
+  species, together with <i>M. barbata</i>, <i>cĉrulea</i>, <i>cuneata</i>,
+  and no doubt many others. The construction of the bill in all these birds
+  will be found precisely the same, though more or less developed in each
+  division, and even in the species; it thus becomes impossible to draw the
+  line of demarcation without refining too much on generic distinctions.
+  Their bills, although so broad, are by no means stout; thus enabling them
+  to prey with greater readiness on the <i>Lepidoptera</i> and other large
+  winged insects with soft bodies; while the long stiff bristles at the
+  base of the bill seem intended to confine the resistance their prey would
+  otherwise make by their wings. The illustrious Cuvier has well observed,
+  that the true Flycatchers have the bill longer, narrowed, less
+  compressed, and the tip but slightly bent.</p>
+
+  <p><br style="clear:both" /></p>
+<hr class="full" />
+
+  <p><a name="Plate14"></a><span class="platenum"><i>Pl.</i> 14</span></p>
+
+  <div class="figcenter" style="width:36%;">
+      <a href="images/v1_pl14.jpg"><img style="width:100%" src="images/v1_pl14.jpg"
+      alt="Plate 14." title="Plate 14." /></a>
+  </div>
+<h5><span class="lg125"><span class="gesperrt">PICUS</span> rubiginosus.</span></h5>
+
+<h5 class="lg125 mtm1"><i>Brown Woodpecker.</i></h5>
+
+<h5><img src="images/separator.png" class="middle" style="height:1.5ex;" alt="" /></h5>
+
+<h6><span class="sc">Generic Character.</span></h6>
+
+<blockquote class="b1s">
+
+  <p><i>Rostrum polyedrum, rectum, in apicem compressum, cuneatum,
+  attenuatum. Nares basales, ovales, patulĉ, plumis angustis recumbentibus
+  tectĉ. Lingua longissima, jaculatoria, apice sagittato. Cauda rectricibus
+  validis, rigidis, acuminatis,</i> 10, <i>intermediis duabus longioribus.
+  Pedes scansorii.</i></p>
+
+</blockquote>
+
+<h6>Typus Genericus <i>Picus viridis</i>.</h6>
+
+<blockquote class="b1s">
+
+  <p>Bill many-sided, straight, the tip resembling a compressed pointed
+  wedge. Nostrils basal, oval, open, covered externally with narrow
+  recumbent feathers. Tongue very long, retractile, the tip barbed.
+  Tail-feathers ten, strong, rigid, acuminated; the two middle ones
+  longest. Feet climbing.</p>
+
+</blockquote>
+
+<h6>Generic Type <i>Picus viridis</i>.</h6>
+
+<hr class="plainsp"/>
+
+<h6><span class="sc">Specific Character.</span></h6>
+
+<blockquote class="b1s">
+
+  <p><i>P. suprà rubiginosus: vertice nigrescente; occipite rubro, subtùs
+  fulvo, fusco-fasciato.</i></p>
+
+  <p>Above tawny rufous. Crown blackish; hind head crimson, beneath
+  fulvous, with brown transverse bands.</p>
+
+</blockquote>
+
+<h5><img src="images/separator.png" class="middle" style="height:1.5ex;" alt="" /></h5>
+
+  <p>The Woodpeckers form a most natural family of birds, and are dispersed
+  in every part of the known world, excepting the Polar regions. Eight
+  species inhabit Europe, five of which are found in our own country. The
+  largest however of these, the Great Black Woodpecker, is very rare; and
+  even the others are less frequently seen than formerly, from the gradual
+  diminution of our few remaining forests.</p>
+
+  <p>The present appears an undescribed species, and was sent from the
+  Spanish Main to E. Falkner, Esq. of Fairfield. I have since seen the
+  male, which, like many others of this genus, is distinguished by a patch
+  of red below the eye.</p>
+
+  <p>Total length, eight inches and a half; bill one inch long, blackish;
+  front and crown cinereous black; the hind head and nape crimson; a dusky
+  whitish line (beginning at the nostrils) includes the eye and
+  ear-feathers; below this on each side blackish, with longitudinal whitish
+  dots, which in the male is mixed near the bill with crimson; chin
+  blackish, speckled with white. The general plumage above is uniform tawny
+  rufous brown, becoming more olive on the rump. Under parts olivaceous
+  yellow, crossed with numerous close bands of blackish brown. Quills with
+  the inner web black, the margin pale yellow; shafts and outer web tawny;
+  tail the same, the shafts and outer half black, excepting the last pair,
+  which have yellowish shafts and dusky tips. Wings inside, pale orange.
+  Legs and claws dusky green.</p>
+
+  <p>Two or three other individuals have since fallen under my observation:
+  the male I saw at Mr. Leadbeater's, Animal Preserver, in Brewer-street,
+  of whose liberality and integrity in every way, I can bear the most
+  unqualified and cheerful testimony.</p>
+
+  <p><br style="clear:both" /></p>
+<hr class="full" />
+
+  <p><a name="Plate15"></a><span class="platenum"><i>Pl.</i> 15</span></p>
+
+  <div class="figcenter" style="width:32%;">
+      <a href="images/v1_pl15.jpg"><img style="width:100%" src="images/v1_pl15.jpg"
+      alt="Plate 15." title="Plate 15." /></a>
+  </div>
+<h5><span class="lg125"><span class="gesperrt">LICINIA</span> Melite.</span></h5>
+
+<h5><img src="images/separator.png" class="middle" style="height:1.5ex;" alt="" /></h5>
+
+<h6><span class="sc">Generic Character.</span></h6>
+
+<blockquote class="b1s">
+
+  <p><i>Antennĉ graciles; clavâ elongatâ, fusiformi, compressâ. Palpi
+  brevissimi, vix ultra caput producti, ad linguam compressi, squamis
+  linearibus tecti, margine ciliati, articulo ultimo sub-nudo, secundo
+  subĉquali. Abdomen elongatum, gracile, in maribus 6-articulatum, articulo
+  ultimo integro; valvis plerumque elongatis, attenuatis, apice acutis. Alĉ
+  anticĉ (in maribus) angustĉ, obtusè-attenuatĉ, (in f&oelig;minis)
+  latiores, obliquè rotundatĉ. Alĉ posticĉ (in maribus) dilatatĉ,
+  longitudine anticis penè ĉquales; margine antico opaco, in f&oelig;minis
+  breviores, suborbiculares.</i></p>
+
+</blockquote>
+
+<h6>Typus Genericus <i>L. Melite</i>. Nobis.</h6>
+
+<blockquote class="b1s">
+
+  <p>Antennĉ slender, the club elongated, fusiform, and compressed. Palpi
+  very short, hardly projecting beyond the head, compressed on the tongue,
+  covered with scales and margined externally with long hairs, the last
+  joint nearly naked and almost as long as the second joint. Body
+  elongated, slender, in the male with 6 joints, the last entire. Valves
+  generally elongated, attenuated, their tips acutely pointed. Anterior
+  wings (in the male) narrow, obtusely attenuated; in the female broader,
+  and obliquely rounded. Posterior (in the male) dilated, nearly as long as
+  the anterior wings, the fore margin opaque; in the female shorter, and
+  nearly orbicular.</p>
+
+</blockquote>
+
+<h6>Generic Type <i>L. Melite</i>.</h6>
+
+<hr class="plainsp"/>
+
+<h6><span class="sc">Specific Character.</span></h6>
+
+<blockquote class="b1s">
+
+  <p><i>L. (Mas.) alis flavis; anteriore suprà nigrâ, fasciâ obliquâ flavâ,
+  et lineâ, basali transversâ, margine posteriore flavo. (F&oelig;m.) Alis
+  suprà albis; anteriore apice stigmateque marginali obliquo nigris;
+  posteriore suprà nigro marginatâ, subtùs (in utroque sexu) flavescente,
+  lineis duabus transversis fuscis.</i></p>
+
+  <p>Male. Wings yellow, anterior above black, with an oblique yellow band
+  and transverse basal line; posterior margin yellow. Fem. Wings above
+  white; anterior, with the tips and marginal oblique stigma black.
+  Posterior, above margined with black; beneath (in both sexes) yellow,
+  with two transverse brown lines.</p>
+
+  <p>Papilio Melite. <i>Fab. Ent. Syst.</i> 160, 494. <i>Cramer, tab.</i>
+  153. C. D.</p>
+
+</blockquote>
+
+<h5><img src="images/separator.png" class="middle" style="height:1.5ex;" alt="" /></h5>
+
+  <p>The remarkable size of the under wings in the male insects of this
+  genus will distinguish them even to a casual observer as forming a
+  natural group. They are all natives of South America, where I discovered
+  nine species. The females differ most strikingly, and have hitherto been
+  mistaken by authors not only for distinct species, but as belonging to
+  different genera.</p>
+
+  <p>Their natural situation will be among the <i>Pieridĉ</i>, with whose
+  general habit they accord.</p>
+
+  <p>The female of this species resembles <i>Pap. Licinia</i> of Cramer,
+  except in having a short black stigma in the middle of the anterior
+  border of the fore wings, pointing obliquely to the exterior margin.
+  Cramer's insect, however, is the female of another undescribed species in
+  my cabinet.</p>
+
+  <p>The under side of the posterior wings in both sexes is the same.</p>
+
+  <p><br style="clear:both" /></p>
+<hr class="full" />
+
+  <p><a name="Plate16"></a><span class="platenum"><i>Pl.</i> 16</span></p>
+
+  <div class="figcenter" style="width:38%;">
+      <a href="images/v1_pl16.jpg"><img style="width:100%" src="images/v1_pl16.jpg"
+      alt="Plate 16." title="Plate 16." /></a>
+  </div>
+<h5><span class="lg125"><span class="gesperrt">ISMENE</span> &OElig;dipodea.</span></h5>
+
+<h5><img src="images/separator.png" class="middle" style="height:1.5ex;" alt="" /></h5>
+
+<h6><span class="sc">Generic Character.</span></h6>
+
+<blockquote class="b1s">
+
+  <p><i>Antennĉ cylindraceĉ, juxta medium crassissimĉ, versus apicem
+  subulatĉ, articulis numerosis brevissimis pene detectis. Palpi crassi
+  squamosi, fronte obtusâ, lateribus compressis, marginibus exterioribus
+  ciliatis, articulo ultimo nudo, producto, subhorizontali, lineari,
+  compresso. Oculi (in maribus) magni. Corpus (in maribus) 7-articulatum,
+  articulo ultimo suprà appendice transverso truncato subemarginato
+  terminante, subtùs duobus uncis recurvis obtusis, fasciculo tectis;
+  articulo 1mo et ultimo brevissimis: (in f&oelig;minis) articulo ultimo
+  producto, subacuminato.</i></p>
+
+  <p>Antennĉ cylindrical, thickest near the middle, the terminal half
+  subulate; articulations numerous, very short, hardly perceptible. Palpi
+  thick, scaly; frontal side obtuse; lateral sides compressed; the margins
+  externally fringed with hair; the last joint naked, lengthened, nearly
+  horizontal, linear, compressed. Eyes (in the male) very large. Body (in
+  the male) of seven joints, the last with a transverse, slightly
+  emarginate, truncate appendage above; and two obtuse recurved hooks
+  below, concealed by a tuft of hair; the first and last segment shortest.
+  Body in the female with the last joint lengthened and pointed.</p>
+
+</blockquote>
+
+<hr class="plain"/>
+
+<h6><span class="sc">Specific Character.</span></h6>
+
+<blockquote class="b1s">
+
+  <p><i>I. alis suprà fuscis, basi nitidè-cĉruleâ, posticis aurantio
+  marginatis, subtùs rufo-fusco nebulosis, basi puncto nigro: anticis (in
+  maribus) basi aurantiis, maculâ nigrâ tomentosâ.</i></p>
+
+  <p>Wings above fuscous, shining blue at their base; posterior margined
+  with orange; beneath clouded with rufous and brown, and a black dot at
+  the base of the posterior wings. Anterior wings (in the male) orange at
+  the base, and a large velvet-like spot of black.</p>
+
+</blockquote>
+
+<h5><img src="images/separator.png" class="middle" style="height:1.5ex;" alt="" /></h5>
+
+  <p>The resplendent and changeable azure blue which ornaments the body and
+  part of the wings in this very singular insect, can be but ill expressed
+  in the figure. It is one of the many new and interesting subjects in
+  entomology discovered in Java by Dr. <span class="correction" title="Original reads 'Horsfeild', see Addenda et Corrigenda"
+  >Horsfield</span>; and by his kindness and liberality I am enabled to add
+  the figures of the caterpillar and chrysalis, which were copied out of a
+  fine series of drawings made in Java under his own eye: they do not
+  appear to differ in their formation from others of this family, although
+  the perfect insect possesses such striking and peculiar generic
+  characters; one of the many facts which prove the impossibility of making
+  the <i>Larvĉ</i> a primary consideration in forming the genera of
+  Lepidoptera.</p>
+
+  <p>This is a rare insect, I have therefore been obliged to leave the
+  generic character imperfect, as the dissection of the mouth, &amp;c.
+  would destroy the specimen. The posterior margin in the wings of the male
+  is sinuated; in the female it is nearly straight; the underside of the
+  wings in both sexes is the same; the anterior pair reddish-brown, paler
+  in the middle; the tip and posterior margin whitish: inferior wings
+  reddish-orange towards the inner margin, with an obsolete central curved
+  band of the same, and a black dot at the base of the inferior wings. The
+  head, palpi, and thorax are margined with orange, less conspicuous in the
+  female.</p>
+
+  <p>Our knowledge of the genus <i>Hesperia</i> of Latreille (under which
+  the present insect would come) is little more than what was known of
+  <i>Scarabĉus</i> twenty years ago; nor has Fabricius even noticed one
+  half of the species figured by Cramer. The larva feeds on</p>
+
+<h5><span class="sc"><span class="gesperrt">Gĉrtnera</span></span> <i>Javensis</i></h5>
+
+<blockquote class="b1s">
+
+  <p><i>Foliis ovatis, obtusè-acuminatis, caule volubili ramosissimo,
+  ramulis diffusis, deflexis,</i></p>
+
+</blockquote>
+
+  <p>a new species, discovered in Java by Dr. <span class="correction" title="Original reads 'Horsfeild', see Addenda et Corrigenda"
+  >Horsfield</span>, who has distinguished it by the above specific
+  character. He informs me the natives give it the name of
+  <i>Kakas-rambat</i>, which last word signifies twining or trailing. In
+  the inflorescence and fruit it differs not from <i>G. racemosa</i>.</p>
+
+  <p><br style="clear:both" /></p>
+<hr class="full" />
+
+  <p><a name="Plate17"></a><span class="platenum"><i>Pl.</i> 17</span></p>
+
+  <div class="figcenter" style="width:17%;">
+      <a href="images/v1_pl17.jpg"><img style="width:100%" src="images/v1_pl17.jpg"
+      alt="Plate 17." title="Plate 17." /></a>
+  </div>
+<h5><span class="lg125"><span class="gesperrt">BULIMUS</span> zonatus.</span></h5>
+
+<h5 class="lg125 mtm1"><i>Zoned Bulimus.</i></h5>
+
+<h5><img src="images/separator.png" class="middle" style="height:1.5ex;" alt="" /></h5>
+
+<h6><span class="sc">Generic Character.</span>&mdash;See <a href="#Plate3"><span class="correction" title="Original reads 'Pl. 3'">Pl. 4</span>.</a></h6>
+
+<hr class="plainsp"/>
+
+<h6><span class="sc">Specific Character.</span></h6>
+
+<blockquote class="b1s">
+
+  <p><i>B. testâ lĉvi conicâ; spirĉ anfractibus quinque; ultimo
+  aliquantulum distorto; albis duabus fasciis ferrugineis inĉqualibus;
+  anfractu <span class="correction" title="Original reads 'basilari', see Addenda et Corrigenda"
+  >basali</span> rufo duabus albis fasciis; aperturâ albâ.</i></p>
+
+  <p>Shell smooth, conic, of five volutions, the last somewhat distorted;
+  white, with two unequal ferrugineous bands; body whirl rufous, with two
+  white bands. Aperture white.</p>
+
+</blockquote>
+
+<h5><img src="images/separator.png" class="middle" style="height:1.5ex;" alt="" /></h5>
+
+  <p>A small though very elegant shell, seldom seen in Collections; nor do
+  I find such a description of it as will identify the species. One figured
+  by Martini, at <i>tab.</i> 134, <i>fig.</i> 1215, comes near it, but
+  differs sufficiently for a specific distinction.</p>
+
+  <p>Its precise locality is unknown: a fine specimen exists in my father's
+  collection, who thinks it came from the East Indies; and this is the only
+  one I have yet seen.</p>
+
+  <p>The aperture is more round than ovate, and is less than one half the
+  total length of the shell; the outer lip much reflected, and the
+  transverse bands on the spiral whirls nearly obsolete.</p>
+
+  <p><br style="clear:both" /></p>
+<hr class="full" />
+
+  <p><a name="Plate18"></a><span class="platenum"><i>Pl.</i> 18</span></p>
+
+  <div class="figcenter" style="width:32%;">
+      <a href="images/v1_pl18.jpg"><img style="width:100%" src="images/v1_pl18.jpg"
+      alt="Plate 18." title="Plate 18." /></a>
+  </div>
+<h5><span class="lg125"><span class="gesperrt">MITRA</span> contracta.</span></h5>
+
+<h5><span class="lg125 mtm1"><i>Contracted Mitre</i></span>&mdash;upper figure.</h5>
+
+<h5><img src="images/separator.png" class="middle" style="height:1.5ex;" alt="" /></h5>
+
+<h6><span class="sc">Generic Character.</span>&mdash;<a href="#Plate3"><i>Pl.</i> 23.</a></h6>
+
+<hr class="plainsp"/>
+
+<h6><span class="sc">Specific Character.</span></h6>
+
+<blockquote class="b1s">
+
+  <p><i>M. (Div. 3.) testâ sublĉvi; margine superiore anfractuum
+  prominente, anfractu basali in medio contracto</i></p>
+
+  <p>Shell nearly smooth; upper margin of the volutions prominent; basal
+  whorl contracted in the middle.</p>
+
+</blockquote>
+
+<h5><img src="images/separator.png" class="middle" style="height:1.5ex;" alt="" /></h5>
+
+  <p>An undescribed species, for the loan of which I am indebted to Mr. G.
+  Humphrey, of Leicester-street, whose knowledge as a collector, and
+  integrity as a dealer, have gained him respect and confidence through a
+  long life: and it is no less singular than true, that many genera of
+  modern authors, now universally adopted, were formed by him near
+  twenty-five years ago (under different names) in the <i>Museum
+  Calonianum</i>, printed in 1797.</p>
+
+  <p>Shell one inch and a half long, and smooth; the base and spire with
+  faint remote grooves; the spiral whorls are scarcely convex, and their
+  upper margins prominent. Outer lip thick, effuse, slightly reflected
+  below, and contracted above. Pillar five-plaited; colour yellowish white,
+  with two or three waved longitudinal bands of orange, and a few others
+  broad and remote on the spire. A finer specimen I have since seen with
+  Mr. Humphrey's was one inch three quarters long, the ground-colour pure
+  white, the aperture orange, and the bands rich orange-chesnut.</p>
+
+<hr class="plain"/>
+
+<h5><span class="gesperrt">MITRA</span> australis.</h5>
+
+<h5 class="mtm1"><i>New Holland Mitre.</i></h5>
+
+<hr class="plain"/>
+
+<blockquote class="b1s">
+
+  <p><i>M. (Div. 2) testâ lĉvissimâ; spirâ elongatâ; anfractibus basi
+  castaneo-fuscis; fasciâ albâ in basali anfractu, centrali. Columellâ
+  4-plicatâ.</i></p>
+
+  <p>Shell very smooth. Spire elongated, chesnut-brown; base of the spiral
+  volutions with a whitish band, which is central on the basal whorl.
+  Pillar four-plaited.</p>
+
+</blockquote>
+
+<hr class="plain"/>
+
+  <p>Dead shells of this new Mitre were received from Van Dieman's Land by
+  Mr. Humphrey: it is perfectly destitute of striĉ, excepting a few faint
+  ones at the base: the mouth, which is smooth inside, appeared in the few
+  specimens he had, to be unformed; it is, however, sufficiently distinct
+  from any other.</p>
+
+  <p><br style="clear:both" /></p>
+<hr class="full" />
+
+  <p><a name="Plate19"></a><span class="platenum"><i>Pl.</i> 19</span></p>
+
+  <div class="figcenter" style="width:37%;">
+      <a href="images/v1_pl19.jpg"><img style="width:100%" src="images/v1_pl19.jpg"
+      alt="Plate 19." title="Plate 19." /></a>
+  </div>
+<h5><span class="lg125"><span class="gesperrt">TINAMUS</span> Tataupa&#x2c; <i>var.</i></span></h5>
+
+<h5 class="lg125 mtm1"><i>Tataupa Tinamou.</i></h5>
+
+<h5><img src="images/separator.png" class="middle" style="height:1.5ex;" alt="" /></h5>
+
+<h6><span class="sc">Generic Character.</span></h6>
+
+<blockquote class="b1s">
+
+  <p><i>Rostrum mediocre, depressum, latius quam altum, apice rotundato
+  obtuso; culmine lato, excelso. Nares laterales, mediĉ, ovatĉ, patulĉ,
+  apertĉ. Pedes tetradactyli, fissi; halluce brevissimo, insistente. Cauda
+  nulla, aut brevissima, plumis uropygii obtecta. Alĉ breves.</i> Temminck,
+  vol. iii. p. 747.</p>
+
+</blockquote>
+
+<h6>Typus Genericus <i>T. rufescens</i>. Latham.</h6>
+
+<blockquote class="b1s">
+
+  <p>Bill moderate, depressed, broader than high, tip obtuse, back broad.
+  Nostrils lateral, medial, ovate, expanded and open. Feet four-toed,
+  cleft; hind toe very short. Tail none or very short, concealed by the
+  rump-feathers. Wings short.</p>
+
+</blockquote>
+
+<h6>Generic Type <i>T. rufescens</i>. Latham.</h6>
+
+<hr class="plainsp"/>
+
+<h6><span class="sc">Specific Character.</span></h6>
+
+<blockquote class="b1s">
+
+  <p><i>T. corpore suprà fusco-rufo, immaculato; capite et collo
+  fusco-nigro; mento albo; gulâ, collo, pectoreque cinereis; corpore infrà
+  albescente; uropygio lateribusque posticis rufis aut nigris, pennis
+  albo-marginatis.</i></p>
+
+  <p>Tinamou with the body above dusky-rufous, immaculate. Head and neck
+  dusky-black; chin white; throat, neck and breast, cinereous; body beneath
+  whitish; vent and flanks rufous or black, the feathers margined with
+  white.</p>
+
+  <p>Tinamus Tataupa. <i>Temminck Pig. et Gall.</i> iii. <i>p.</i> 590
+  <i>et</i> 752. <i>Gen. Zool. vol.</i> xi. <i>part</i> 2. <i>p.</i>
+  416.</p>
+
+</blockquote>
+
+<h5><img src="images/separator.png" class="middle" style="height:1.5ex;" alt="" /></h5>
+
+  <p>The Tinamous are entirely confined to the new world, where they seem
+  to hold the same scale in creation which the Partridges do in the old
+  continent. Our knowledge of these singular birds has been much increased
+  by the writings of Professor Temminck, who has described twelve species.
+  The present bird is nearly the smallest of its family: I found it only
+  once in the interior of Bahia in Brazil, where it must be very rare, or
+  frequent to particular districts only. Though differing in some respects
+  from the description of Temminck, I am inclined to consider it merely as
+  a variety.</p>
+
+  <p>Total length (excepting the legs) eight inches and a quarter. The bill
+  is one inch one line long from the gape, and, with the irides, is red.
+  The head and neck above blackish cinereous; the crown much darker and
+  tinged with brown, the rest of the upper plumage uniform reddish-brown;
+  the edges of the wing-covers tinged with pale cinereous; the spurious
+  wings and quills greyish-brown; the chin is white, changing on the
+  throat, neck, breast and their sides to a pale lead-colour, which, on the
+  body, again becomes white; the feathers on the flanks are blackish or
+  rufous, beautifully margined all round by white, with another internal
+  mark of the same kind; those on the vent are similarly marked, but on a
+  pale rufous ground; the thighs are rufous-white; the under tail-covers
+  rufous, marked by narrow undulated concentric lines of black, the ends
+  whitish. The length of the legs (from the knee to the base of the middle
+  toe) one inch two lines, and from that to the tip of the claw one inch.
+  Legs blueish-purple. Hind toe very short, and elevated above the
+  ground.</p>
+
+  <p><br style="clear:both" /></p>
+<hr class="full" />
+
+  <p><a name="Plate20"></a><span class="platenum"><i>Pl.</i> 20</span></p>
+
+  <div class="figcenter" style="width:32%;">
+      <a href="images/v1_pl20.jpg"><img style="width:100%" src="images/v1_pl20.jpg"
+      alt="Plate 20." title="Plate 20." /></a>
+  </div>
+<h5><span class="lg125"><span class="gesperrt">PICUS</span> Braziliensis.</span></h5>
+
+<h5 class="lg125 mtm1"><i>Brazilian Woodpecker.</i></h5>
+
+<h5><img src="images/separator.png" class="middle" style="height:1.5ex;" alt="" /></h5>
+
+<h6><span class="sc">Generic Character.</span>&mdash;See <a href="#Plate14">Pl. 14.</a></h6>
+
+<hr class="plainsp"/>
+
+<h6><span class="sc">Specific Character.</span></h6>
+
+<blockquote class="b1s">
+
+  <p><i>P. olivaceus, subtùs fulvus, nigrescente-fasciatus; capite
+  subcristato, suprà rubro, utrinque lineis olivaceis, fulvis, et
+  rubris.</i></p>
+
+  <p>Olive Woodpecker: beneath fulvous, with transverse blackish bands.
+  Head sub-crested, above red, the sides with olive, yellow, and red
+  streaks.</p>
+
+  <p><span class="correction" title="Added by Addenda et Corrigenda">P.
+  Braziliensis, Swains. in Wern. Trans. 3. p. 291.</span></p>
+
+</blockquote>
+
+<h5><img src="images/separator.png" class="middle" style="height:1.5ex;" alt="" /></h5>
+
+  <p>A new species of this already extensive family, inhabiting the
+  interior of Brazil in the province of Bahia, where I met with it but
+  once. It was, I believe, first described in a paper I sent to the
+  Wernerian Society some time ago: the figure is less than the natural
+  size.</p>
+
+  <p>Total length nine inches. Bill not quite an inch, and blackish. Irides
+  yellow. Head slightly crested; the whole upper part crimson. Orbits and
+  cheeks olive-brown; beneath this a narrow line of tawny-yellow begins at
+  the nostrils and passes down the sides of the neck; next this is a
+  similar stripe crimson on the jaws and olive beyond, leaving the chin and
+  throat in front yellowish; the plumage above is tawny-olive. Quills
+  black, within edged with rufous: all the under parts tawny-yellow,
+  transversely banded with blackish lines; inner wing-covers yellowish.
+  Tail three inches and a half long, the feathers black, unspotted, and
+  tinged at their base with olive. Feet and claws lead-colour. The neck is
+  very slender. The only one I have yet seen was a male.</p>
+
+  <p><br style="clear:both" /></p>
+<hr class="full" />
+
+  <p><a name="Plate21"></a><span class="platenum"><i>Pl.</i> 21</span></p>
+
+  <div class="figcenter" style="width:32%;">
+      <a href="images/v1_pl21.jpg"><img style="width:100%" src="images/v1_pl21.jpg"
+      alt="Plate 21." title="Plate 21." /></a>
+  </div>
+<h5><span class="lg125"><span class="gesperrt">PROCNIAS</span> hirundacea.</span></h5>
+
+<h5 class="lg125 mtm1"><i>Swallow Fruit-eater.</i></h5>
+
+<h5><img src="images/separator.png" class="middle" style="height:1.5ex;" alt="" /></h5>
+
+<h6><span class="sc">Generic Character.</span></h6>
+
+<blockquote class="b1s">
+
+  <p><i>Rostrum breve, trigonum, basi latissimum, dilatatum, versus apicem
+  contractum: mandibulis emarginatis; marginibus intraflexis; mandibulâ
+  superiore, tomiis curvatis, carinatis; inferiore rectâ, breviore. Nares
+  latĉ, basales, subnudĉ; aperturis orbiculatis, approximantibus, apicem
+  quam malam magis appropinquantibus. Lingua brevissima, angusta. Rictus
+  amplissimi infra oculos aperientes. Pedes insidentes. Alĉ
+  mediocres.</i></p>
+
+</blockquote>
+
+<h6>Typus Genericus <i>Ampelis carunculata</i>. Latham.</h6>
+
+<blockquote class="b1s">
+
+  <p>Bill short, triangular, base very broad, dilated, towards the end
+  contracted; both mandibles notched, the margins bent inward; upper
+  mandible slightly curved and carinated above; lower mandible straight and
+  shortest. Nostrils broad, basal, nearly naked, the aperture much nearer
+  the tip than the gape of the bill. Tongue very short, narrow. Mouth very
+  large, opening beneath the eye. Feet formed for perching. Wings
+  moderate.</p>
+
+</blockquote>
+
+<h6>Generic Type <i>Carunculated Chatterer</i>. Latham.</h6>
+
+<blockquote class="b1s">
+
+  <p><span class="correction" title="Added by Addenda et Corrigenda"><span
+  class="sc">Obs.</span> MM. Temminck and Lagier had just before us, and
+  without our knowledge, published this bird under the name of Procnias
+  Ventralis, (Pl. 5.) by which name in right of priority it should stand in
+  the system.</span></p>
+
+</blockquote>
+
+<hr class="plain"/>
+
+<h6><span class="sc">Specific Character.</span></h6>
+
+<blockquote class="b1s">
+
+  <p><i>P. (in maribus) cĉrulea; fronte, jugulo, temporibusque nigris;
+  corpore subtùs in medio albo, lateribus striis transversis
+  nigrescentibus.</i></p>
+
+  <p><i>(F&oelig;m.) viridis; mento temporibusque griseis; corpore infrà
+  flavescente, striis obscurè-viridibus transversis.</i></p>
+
+  <p>(Male) blue; front, throat, and temples black; middle of the body
+  beneath white, the sides with blackish transverse striĉ.</p>
+
+  <p>(Female) green; chin and temples grey; body beneath yellowish,
+  transversely striated with dusky-green.</p>
+
+</blockquote>
+
+<h5><img src="images/separator.png" class="middle" style="height:1.5ex;" alt="" /></h5>
+
+  <p>The birds of this genus are remarkable for the enormous width of their
+  mouths, which in some species exceeds that of the Swallow family, thus
+  enabling them with ease to swallow the large berries of the
+  <i>Melastomĉ</i> and other tropical shrubs, on which they alone subsist;
+  not on insects, as Cuvier asserts. Although in the construction of their
+  bills they perfectly resemble the Swallows, their wings are not formed
+  for long or rapid flight; and their feet are much stronger, and
+  calculated for searching among branches for their food, in which
+  situations I have frequently seen them. The term "<i>pedes
+  ambulatorii</i>," or walking-feet, is applied too generally, and should
+  be confined to the gallinaceous and Pigeon tribes.</p>
+
+  <p>This genus was formed by Count Hoffmansegg, and the present is the
+  smallest species known: our figure is of the male bird. Total length
+  about five inches and a half. The bill from the angle to the tip measures
+  seven lines; but from the nostrils only three lines and a half. The
+  middle of the body, vent, and under tail-covers in the male are pure
+  white; in the female yellowish, with a line of olive-green down the
+  middle of each shaft; the quills, wing-covers, and tail-feathers are
+  black, margined in the male with blue, and in the female with green: the
+  tail is slightly forked. The nostrils round and bare; the base of the
+  bill has a few weak setaceous hairs. The legs resemble the true
+  Chatterers, having the outer toe rather longer than the inner, and
+  attached to the base of the middle.</p>
+
+  <p>This is a scarce bird, apparently not hitherto described; I met with
+  it only three times in Bahia; but it appears more frequent in the
+  southern provinces of Brazil, specimens having been sent me from Minas
+  Geralis and Rio de Janeiro.</p>
+
+  <p><br style="clear:both" /></p>
+<hr class="full" />
+
+  <p><a name="Plate22"></a><span class="platenum"><i>Pl.</i> 22</span></p>
+
+  <div class="figcenter" style="width:30%;">
+      <a href="images/v1_pl22.jpg"><img style="width:100%" src="images/v1_pl22.jpg"
+      alt="Plate 22." title="Plate 22." /></a>
+  </div>
+<h5><span class="lg125"><span class="gesperrt">TERIAS</span> Elvina.</span></h5>
+
+<h5><img src="images/separator.png" class="middle" style="height:1.5ex;" alt="" /></h5>
+
+<h6><span class="sc">Generic Character.</span></h6>
+
+<blockquote class="b1s">
+
+  <p><i>Antennĉ breves, clavâ subtruncatâ, compressâ. Palpi brevissimi
+  curvati, vix ultra caput producti, ad linguam compressi, densis squamis
+  imbricatis in totum tecti apice nudo. Abdomen elongatum, gracile, in
+  maribus 6-articulatum, articulo ultimo duobus uncis incurvatis
+  approximantibus; valvis latis, incrassatis, truncatis, aduncis. Alĉ
+  utroque sexu similes; latĉ, obtusĉ, rotundatĉ, integerrimĉ.</i></p>
+
+</blockquote>
+
+<h6>Typus Genericus <i>Papilio Hecabe</i>. Linnĉus.</h6>
+
+<blockquote class="b1s">
+
+  <p>Antennĉ short, the club somewhat truncate and compressed. Palpi very
+  short, curved, hardly projecting beyond the head, closely compressed on
+  the tongue, entirely covered with close imbricate scales, the tip naked.
+  Body elongated, slender, in the male six-jointed, the last with two
+  approximating incurved hooks; valves broad, thickened, truncate, and
+  hooked. Wings in both sexes alike, broad, obtuse, rounded, very
+  entire.</p>
+
+</blockquote>
+
+<h6>Generic Type <i>Papilio Hecabe</i>. Linnĉus.</h6>
+
+<hr class="plainsp"/>
+
+<h6><span class="sc">Specific Character.</span></h6>
+
+<blockquote class="b1s">
+
+  <p><i>T. alis subdiaphanis, sulphureis, subtùs immaculatis. Anticis suprà
+  apice nigris, posticis (in maribus) margine antico basi gibbosis.
+  F&oelig;m. &mdash;&mdash;?</i></p>
+
+  <p>Wings sub-diaphanous, pale sulphur; beneath immaculate. Anterior,
+  above with a black marginal tip; posterior (in the male) with the
+  fore-margin gibbous at the base. Female &mdash;&mdash;?</p>
+
+  <p>Pieris Elvina. <i>Godart in Encycl. Method, p.</i> 158. <i>no.</i>
+  67.</p>
+
+</blockquote>
+
+<h5><img src="images/separator.png" class="middle" style="height:1.5ex;" alt="" /></h5>
+
+  <p>This is one of the smallest of Butterflies, and from the extreme
+  delicacy of its form seems to sanction with truth the poetic idea of
+  living "but for a day." It is found in Brazil, inhabiting only the
+  deepest forests, as if fearful its little life would be endangered by the
+  scorching rays of a tropical sun: in these sombre shades it is seen to
+  fly slowly and feebly near those spots where a ray of the sun has
+  partially entered the thick canopy of foliage above, which is frequently
+  fifty or sixty feet from the ground.</p>
+
+  <p>The genus I have now placed it in belongs to the <i>Coliadĉ</i>, and
+  appears to connect that family with the <i>Pieridĉ</i>: their
+  distinctions are obviously marked and very constant in all the species I
+  have yet seen, and which are tropical: of these, seven I discovered in
+  Brazil; three or four more are natives of the southern extremity of North
+  America; and Dr. <span class="correction" title="Original reads 'Horsfeild', see Addenda et Corrigenda"
+  >Horsfield</span> has four or five from Java. I know of none from Africa.
+  Their size in general is very small.</p>
+
+  <p>I think this species is the <i>Pieris Elvina</i> of Godart; although
+  the insect he mentions as the female is in reality that of his <i>Pieris
+  Neda</i>. The true female I have never seen; I suspect it will want the
+  gibbous curve on the hinder wings of the male, which sex is, indeed, not
+  common, and is generally much smaller, and sometimes half the size only,
+  of the figure.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Papilio Nicippe</i> of Cramer (tab. 210. fig. C. D.) strictly
+  belongs to this genus, though placed in that of <i>Colias</i> by Godart,
+  as well as his <i>Pieris Agave</i>, <i>Hecabe</i>, and doubtless many
+  others not now before me.</p>
+
+  <p><br style="clear:both" /></p>
+<hr class="full" />
+
+  <p><a name="Plate23"></a><span class="platenum"><i>Pl.</i> 23</span></p>
+
+  <div class="figcenter" style="width:31%;">
+      <a href="images/v1_pl23.jpg"><img style="width:100%" src="images/v1_pl23.jpg"
+      alt="Plate 23." title="Plate 23." /></a>
+  </div>
+<h5><span class="lg125"><span class="gesperrt">MITRA</span> vittata.</span></h5>
+
+<h5 class="lg125 mtm1"><i>Ribbon Mitre.</i></h5>
+
+<h5><img src="images/separator.png" class="middle" style="height:1.5ex;" alt="" /></h5>
+
+<h5><span class="sc">Character Genericus.</span></h5>
+
+<blockquote class="b1s">
+
+  <p><i>Testa inĉqualiter fusiformis, spirâ productâ attenuatâ; labio
+  exteriore intùs edentato. Columella plicata</i>.</p>
+
+</blockquote>
+
+<h6><span class="sc">Divisiones.</span></h6>
+
+<blockquote class="b1s">
+
+  <p><span class="hid">II</span>I. <i>Apertura angusta,
+  linearis, suprà angulata, infrà subcontracta.</i></p>
+
+</blockquote>
+
+<blockquote class="b3s">
+
+  <p><i>Mitrĉ vulpecula, plicata, &amp;c.</i></p>
+
+</blockquote>
+
+<blockquote class="b2s">
+
+  <p><span class="sc">Obs.</span> <i>Testa plerumque longitudinaliter
+  plicata, ĉqualiter fusiformis, labio exteriore lĉvi leviter undulato,
+  interiore ad apicem intrà crassato; gulâ striatâ.</i></p>
+
+</blockquote>
+
+<blockquote class="b1s">
+
+  <p><span class="hid">I</span>II. <i>Apertura suprà
+  acuminata, infrà angusta, extrinsecus curvata.</i></p>
+
+</blockquote>
+
+<blockquote class="b3s">
+
+  <p><i>Voluta mitra-abbatis.</i> Chemnitz, &amp;c.</p>
+
+</blockquote>
+
+<blockquote class="b2s">
+
+  <p><span class="sc">Obs.</span> <i>Testa plerumque spirâ elongatâ,
+  aperturâ ad basin angustatâ, siphone superiore parvo aut nullo.</i></p>
+
+</blockquote>
+
+<blockquote class="b1s">
+
+  <p>III. <i>Apertura suprà acuminata, extrinsecus recta, infrà rotundata,
+  dilatata, vel effusa.</i></p>
+
+</blockquote>
+
+<blockquote class="b3s">
+
+  <p><i>Mitrĉ papalis, episcopalis, &amp;c.</i></p>
+
+</blockquote>
+
+<blockquote class="b2s">
+
+  <p><span class="sc">Obs.</span> <i>Testâ plerumque lĉvi ad basin obtusâ,
+  truncatâ, labio exteriore margine crenato, gulâ lĉvi.</i></p>
+
+</blockquote>
+
+<hr class="plain"/>
+
+<h6><span class="sc">Generic Character.</span></h6>
+
+<blockquote class="b1s">
+
+  <p>Shell unequally fusiform; spire lengthened, attenuated; outer lip
+  simple not toothed within. Columella plaited.</p>
+
+</blockquote>
+
+<h6><span class="sc">Divisions.</span></h6>
+
+<blockquote class="b1s">
+
+  <p><span class="hid">II</span>I. Aperture narrow, linear, above angulated, below a little contracted.</p
+  >
+
+</blockquote>
+
+<blockquote class="b3s">
+
+  <p><i>Mitrĉ vulpecula, plicata, &amp;c.</i></p>
+
+</blockquote>
+
+<blockquote class="b2s">
+
+  <p><span class="sc">Obs.</span> Shell generally longitudinally plaited,
+  equally fusiform; outer lip smooth, slightly waved; top of the inner lip
+  much thickened within; throat striated.</p>
+
+</blockquote>
+
+<blockquote class="b1s">
+
+  <p><span class="hid">I</span>II. Aperture above pointed, below narrowed, externally curved.</p
+  >
+
+</blockquote>
+
+<blockquote class="b3s">
+
+  <p><i>Voluta mitra-abbatis.</i> Chemnitz, &amp;c.</p>
+
+</blockquote>
+
+<blockquote class="b2s">
+
+  <p><span class="sc">Obs.</span> Shell generally with an elongated spire,
+  the aperture below narrowed; upper syphon or channel small or
+  wanting.</p>
+
+</blockquote>
+
+<blockquote class="b1s">
+
+  <p>III. Aperture above pointed, externally straight, below rounded,
+  widened or effuse.</p>
+
+</blockquote>
+
+<blockquote class="b3s">
+
+  <p><i>Mitrĉ papalis, episcopalis, &amp;c.</i></p>
+
+</blockquote>
+
+<blockquote class="b2s">
+
+  <p><span class="sc">Obs.</span> Shell generally smooth, the base thick
+  and truncated; margin of the outer lip crenated; throat smooth. The
+  smaller shells of this division connect the genera <i>Mitra</i> and
+  <i>Colombella</i> (Lamarck).</p>
+
+</blockquote>
+
+<hr class="plain"/>
+
+<h6><span class="sc">Specific Character.</span></h6>
+
+<blockquote class="b1s">
+
+  <p><i>M. testâ angustâ, basi cancellatâ; spirâ plicis carinatis;
+  interstitiis sulcis transversis confertis; columellâ 4-plicatâ; gulâ 4
+  aut 5 striis remotis.</i></p>
+
+  <p>Shell narrow, base cancellated. Spire with carinated plaits, the
+  interstices with slender, crowded, transverse grooves. Pillar of four
+  plaits; throat with four to five remote striĉ.</p>
+
+</blockquote>
+
+<h5><img src="images/separator.png" class="middle" style="height:1.5ex;" alt="" /></h5>
+
+  <p>This superb shell is figured from a matchless specimen brought home by
+  that illustrious and lamented patron of science, the late Sir J. Banks,
+  from the Pacific Ocean: it is now, together with his entire collection of
+  shells and insects, in the Museum of the Linnĉan Society.</p>
+
+  <p>It is of great rarity, and the present specimen far exceeds in size
+  any I have yet seen. A very perfect one exists in my father's collection
+  which measures only two inches one line long: it differs slightly in
+  wanting the lower white band and its inferior border: there is also an
+  additional small plait between the second and third, a variation not
+  uncommon in the Linnĉan Volutes, and which lessens the importance of this
+  character as a specific distinction.</p>
+
+  <p>It is unfigured, and I believe undescribed, unless perhaps in
+  Solander's MSS. In its small state it may have been overlooked as one of
+  the numerous varieties of <i>M. vulpecula</i>; but the sharp angulated
+  plaitings, the cancellated base, and the numerous faintly-grooved lines
+  on the spire, as well as the more slender and lengthened form, will at
+  once distinguish it: its colours also are very striking and
+  dissimilar.</p>
+
+  <p><br style="clear:both" /></p>
+<hr class="full" />
+
+  <p><a name="Plate24"></a><span class="platenum"><i>Pl.</i> 24</span></p>
+
+  <div class="figcenter" style="width:25%;">
+      <a href="images/v1_pl24.jpg"><img style="width:100%" src="images/v1_pl24.jpg"
+      alt="Plate 24." title="Plate 24." /></a>
+  </div>
+<h5><span class="lg125"><span class="gesperrt">CON&OElig;LIX.</span> </span></h5>
+
+<h5><img src="images/separator.png" class="middle" style="height:1.5ex;" alt="" /></h5>
+
+<h6><span class="sc">Generic Character.</span></h6>
+
+<blockquote class="b1s">
+
+  <p><i>Testa coniformis; spira brevissima; labium exterius simplex;
+  columella plicata; apertura linearis, angusta, spirâ longior.</i></p>
+
+</blockquote>
+
+<h6>Typus Genericus <i>Con&oelig;lix lineatus</i>. Nobis.</h6>
+
+<blockquote class="b1s">
+
+  <p>Shell coniform. Spire very short. Outer lip simple. Columella or
+  pillar plaited. Aperture linear, narrow, longer than the spire.</p>
+
+</blockquote>
+
+<h6>Generic Type <i>Con&oelig;lix lineatus</i>.</h6>
+
+<hr class="plainsp"/>
+
+<h5><span class="gesperrt">CON&OElig;LIX</span> marmoratus.</h5>
+
+<h5 class="mtm1"><i>Marbled Con&oelig;lix&mdash;upper figures.</i></h5>
+
+<hr class="plain"/>
+
+<h6><span class="sc">Specific Character.</span></h6>
+
+<blockquote class="b1s">
+
+  <p><i>C. testâ striis transversis, remotis, capillaribus; spirâ
+  subproductâ, acuminatâ; anfractibus in medio lineâ sulcatâ; labio
+  exteriore crenato.</i></p>
+
+  <p>Shell with remote capillary transverse striĉ. Spire slightly produced,
+  acuminated; the whorls with a central indented line. Outer lip
+  crenated.</p>
+
+</blockquote>
+
+<h5><img src="images/separator.png" class="middle" style="height:1.5ex;" alt="" /></h5>
+
+  <p>The rare little shells composing the group I have now formed into the
+  genus <i>Con&oelig;lix</i>, seem to have escaped the observation of
+  modern systematic writers. They form a beautifully defined link
+  connecting the Cones with the Volutes, strictly so termed, and their
+  generic characters seem to be very constant and clear. The present
+  species varies more or less in the regularity of its tessellated
+  markings. The inside of the mouth is brown, and the pillar has five
+  plaits. Several specimens are in the Banksian Cabinet, from the Pelew
+  Islands. The figures are enlarged to one half more than the natural
+  size.</p>
+
+<hr class="plain"/>
+
+<h5><span class="gesperrt">CON&OElig;LIX</span> lineatus.</h5>
+
+<h5 class="mtm1"><i>Lineated Con&oelig;lix&mdash;middle figures.</i></h5>
+
+<blockquote class="b1s">
+
+  <p><i>C. testâ lĉvi, albescente, lineis transversis, fulvis,
+  capillaribus; spirâ depressâ, apice prominulo; columellâ
+  6-plicatâ.</i></p>
+
+  <p>Shell smooth, whitish, with transverse capillary fulvous lines. Spire
+  depressed, the apex prominent. Pillar six-plaited.</p>
+
+</blockquote>
+
+  <p>Figured of the natural size. The volutions of the spire are somewhat
+  convex; the coloured lines are not indented. Inhabits the South Seas?</p>
+
+<hr class="plain"/>
+
+<h5><span class="gesperrt">CON&OElig;LIX</span> punctatus.</h5>
+
+<h5 class="mtm1"><i>Punctured Con&oelig;lix&mdash;lower figures.</i></h5>
+
+<blockquote class="b1s">
+
+  <p><i>C. testâ fulvo-albescente, striis transversis capillaribus, intrà
+  minutè punctatis; spirâ brevi; columellâ 5-plicatâ.</i></p>
+
+  <p>Shell cream-colour, with capillary transverse striĉ, which are
+  minutely punctured. Spire short. Pillar five-plaited.</p>
+
+</blockquote>
+
+<h5><img src="images/separator.png" class="middle" style="height:1.5ex;" alt="" /></h5>
+
+  <p>Inhabits Otaheite: from the Banksian Collection. The figures are on
+  the same scale as <i>C. marmoratus</i>.</p>
+
+  <p>These are the only three species which I have myself seen. Another is
+  figured in <i>Chemnitz</i> x. <i>tab.</i>.150. <i>fig.</i> 1415 and 6.
+  Mr. Humfreys informs me he has seen at different times five or six
+  others, all of a small size.</p>
+
+  <p><br style="clear:both" /></p>
+<hr class="full" />
+
+  <p><a name="Plate25"></a><span class="platenum"><i>Pl.</i> 25</span></p>
+
+  <div class="figcenter" style="width:37%;">
+      <a href="images/v1_pl25.jpg"><img style="width:100%" src="images/v1_pl25.jpg"
+      alt="Plate 25." title="Plate 25." /></a>
+  </div>
+<h5><span class="lg125"><span class="gesperrt">PROCNIAS</span> melanocephalus.</span></h5>
+
+<h5 class="lg125 mtm1"><i>Black-headed <span class="correction" title="Original reads 'Fruiteater'&#x2c; see Addenda et Corrigenda">Berry-eater</span>.</i></h5>
+
+<h5><img src="images/separator.png" class="middle" style="height:1.5ex;" alt="" /></h5>
+
+<h6><span class="sc">Generic Character.</span>&mdash;See <a href="#Plate21">Pl. 21.</a></h6>
+
+<hr class="plainsp"/>
+
+<h6><span class="sc">Specific Character.</span></h6>
+
+<blockquote class="b1s">
+
+  <p><i>P. oliva-viridis, subtus flavescens, striis fuscis transversis,
+  capite omnino nigro.</i></p>
+
+  <p>Olive-green, beneath yellowish, with dusky transverse striĉ. Head
+  entirely black.</p>
+
+</blockquote>
+
+<h5><img src="images/separator.png" class="middle" style="height:1.5ex;" alt="" /></h5>
+
+  <p>Another new and very rare bird of this singular genus, inhabiting,
+  like all the other species, the tropical regions of America. I met with
+  it in Brazil but twice in the forests of Pitanga, not far distant from
+  Bahia; and my hunters were at a loss for its name, never having seen it
+  before: the eyes in the fresh bird are of a beautiful crimson.</p>
+
+  <p>Its total length is nine inches and a quarter; the bill is nine lines
+  from the gape to the tip, and four from the base of the nostrils, at
+  which part the bill is not so proportionably broad as in the Swallow
+  Berryeater (<a href="#Plate21">pl. 21.</a>): the colour blueish-black,
+  paler at the base: the whole head, sides, chin, and part of the throat
+  are black, the feathers of the crown a little lengthened and pointed,
+  giving a slight appearance of a crest: the wings and tail are dusky-black
+  on the inner shafts and green on the outer; the whole of the upper
+  plumage olive-green, and of the under pale greenish-yellow crossed with
+  short dusky transverse lines from the breast downwards; under wing and
+  tail-covers the same. Tail four inches from the base, slightly
+  divaricated, and of twelve feathers. Wings four inches and a half, the
+  first quill very short, the third, fourth and fifth of equal length. Legs
+  black.</p>
+
+  <p>This was a male bird: the female I have not seen.</p>
+
+  <p><br style="clear:both" /></p>
+<hr class="full" />
+
+  <p><a name="Plate26"></a><span class="platenum"><i>Pl.</i> 26</span></p>
+
+  <div class="figcenter" style="width:37%;">
+      <a href="images/v1_pl26.jpg"><img style="width:100%" src="images/v1_pl26.jpg"
+      alt="Plate 26." title="Plate 26." /></a>
+  </div>
+<h5><span class="lg125"><span class="gesperrt">ALCEDO</span> azurea.</span></h5>
+
+<h5 class="lg125 mtm1"><i>Azure Kingsfisher.</i></h5>
+
+<h5><img src="images/separator.png" class="middle" style="height:1.5ex;" alt="" /></h5>
+
+<h6><span class="sc">Generic Character.</span></h6>
+
+<blockquote class="b1s">
+
+  <p><i>Rostrum longissimum, rectum, attenuatum, altius quam latius, in
+  totum compressum, mandibulis carinatis; marginibus lateralibus leviter
+  inflexis. Nares basales, membrana tectĉ, apertura nuda, lineari, obliqua;
+  cauda plerumque brevissima. Pedes gressorii, digito antico interiore
+  minimo aut nullo.</i></p>
+
+</blockquote>
+
+<h6>Typus Genericus <i>Alcedo ispida</i>. Linn.</h6>
+
+<blockquote class="b1s">
+
+  <p>Bill very long, straight and attenuated, higher than broad, compressed
+  the whole length, both mandibles carinated, the margins slightly bent
+  inwards. Nostrils basal, covered by a membrane; the aperture linear,
+  oblique, and naked. Tail mostly very short. Feet gressorial, inner
+  fore-toe small or wanting.</p>
+
+</blockquote>
+
+<h6>Generic Type <i>Common Kingsfisher</i>. Lath. Bewick, &amp;c.</h6>
+
+<hr class="plainsp"/>
+
+<h6><span class="sc">Specific Character.</span></h6>
+
+<blockquote class="b1s">
+
+  <p><i>A. Corpore suprà, capitis lateribus colloque nitido cyaneis; subtus
+  rufis; mento gulaque albescentibus, alis nigricantibus; digito antico
+  interiore nullo.</i></p>
+
+  <p>Body above, sides of the head and neck shining mazarine blue; beneath
+  rufous; chin and throat whitish; wings blackish; inner fore-toe
+  wanting.</p>
+
+<table class="noind"><tr><td class="pl0">Alcedo azurea.</td>
+<td>Azure Kingsfisher. <i>Lath. Synop. Suppl.</i> ii. <i>p.</i> 372.<br/>
+<i>Lewin's Birds of New Holland</i>, <i>fasc.</i> i. <i>pl.</i> 1.</td></tr></table>
+
+  <p>Alcedo Tribrachys. Tridigitated Kingsfisher. <i>Shaw in Gen. Zool.</i>
+  viii. 1. 105.</p>
+
+</blockquote>
+
+<h5><img src="images/separator.png" class="middle" style="height:1.5ex;" alt="" /></h5>
+
+  <p>The Kingsfishers have such a general similarity of form, that the most
+  casual observer is able to distinguish them: a very long straight bill,
+  short wings, and (in general) a shorter tail with very small legs, are
+  the prominent distinctions of such as are usually seen; and the richness
+  of plumage that generally pervades them cannot be better exemplified than
+  in our own beautiful species, the common Kingsfisher, not unfrequent in
+  many parts of England.</p>
+
+  <p>These birds, hitherto placed in systems under one genus, nevertheless
+  contain two distinct groups differing materially in the construction of
+  that primary organ of supporting life, the bill; and in their physical
+  distribution, or the countries they respectively inhabit, two most
+  important considerations in the natural arrangement of animals under the
+  present elevated views of the philosophic zoologist, with whom the study
+  of Nature consists no longer in the study of words, the retention of
+  names, or even the accurate description of species.</p>
+
+  <p>These considerations have induced me to form these birds into two
+  genera, the definitions of which are now given: those retained under the
+  old genus of <i>Alcedo</i> appear to be scattered (though sparingly) in
+  every part of the old and the new world. Their bills seem formed for
+  swallowing their food more in an entire state, similar to the Herons. In
+  each of these genera one species exists with only three toes, a
+  remarkable circumstance, which in an artificial system would endanger
+  their being united in a separate genus; but which, from the remarkable
+  smallness of the inner toe in all the other species, cannot I apprehend
+  point out any peculiarity either in their habit or economy: and this
+  opinion I find is likewise entertained by Professor Temminck.</p>
+
+  <p>Total length seven inches and a quarter. Bill from the gape two inches
+  one line, the upper mandible rather longest, and both with a slight
+  appearance of a notch; the colour black. All the upper plumage, as well
+  as the sides of the head, ears, and stripe beyond, fine ultramarine blue,
+  more vivid on the rump and tail-covers, and duller on the tail,
+  wing-covers, and lesser quill-margins; front blackish; from the nostrils
+  to the eye a whitish line, and from the ears on each side the neck a
+  whitish stripe, which almost forms a collar round the nape.
+  Quill-feathers sooty black. All the under parts orange ferrugineous;
+  throat and belly nearly white. Tail very short, nearly hid by the upper
+  covers. Feet red, claws black. The inner fore-toe wanting, but a slight
+  rudiment of it exists in my specimen.</p>
+
+  <p>Since writing the above, I find this bird is figured and described in
+  a beautiful work commenced by Lewin on the birds of New Holland, which
+  Mr. Brown, the learned possessor of the Banksian library, pointed out to
+  me. I believe but a few copies are known. Lewin observes, "it inhabits
+  heads of rivers, visiting dead trees, from the branches of which it darts
+  on its prey in the water beneath, and is sometimes completely immersed by
+  the velocity of its descent."</p>
+
+  <p>Dr. Latham has very well described it, but quite overlooked the
+  construction of the feet.</p>
+
+  <p><br style="clear:both" /></p>
+<hr class="full" />
+
+  <p><a name="Plate27"></a><span class="platenum"><i>Pl.</i> 27</span></p>
+
+  <div class="figcenter" style="width:37%;">
+      <a href="images/v1_pl27.jpg"><img style="width:100%" src="images/v1_pl27.jpg"
+      alt="Plate 27." title="Plate 27." /></a>
+  </div>
+<h5><span class="lg125"><span class="gesperrt">HALCYON</span> collaris.</span></h5>
+
+<h5 class="lg125 mtm1"><i>Collared Crabeater.</i></h5>
+
+<h5><img src="images/separator.png" class="middle" style="height:1.5ex;" alt="" /></h5>
+
+<h6><span class="sc">Generic Character.</span></h6>
+
+<blockquote class="b1s">
+
+  <p><i>Rostrum longissimum, rectum, validum, ad basin latius quam altius,
+  lateribus tetragonis; mandibula superiore rectissima, ad basin rotundata;
+  inferiore carinata, recurvata, margine superioris <span
+  class="correction" title="Original reads 'inferiorum', see Addenda et Corrigenda"
+  >inferiorem</span> obtegente. Nares basales, membrana tectĉ, apertura
+  nuda, lineari obliqua. Cauda plerumque mediocris. Pedes gressorii, digito
+  antico interiore minimo aut nullo.</i></p>
+
+</blockquote>
+
+<h6>Typus Genericus <i>Alcedo Senegalensis</i>. Linn.</h6>
+
+<blockquote class="b1s">
+
+  <p>Bill very long, straight, thick, the base broader than high; the sides
+  tetragonal; upper mandible very straight, the base rounded; under
+  mandible beneath carinated and recurved, the margins covered by those of
+  the upper. Nostrils basal, covered by a membrane, the aperture naked,
+  linear and oblique. Tail mostly moderate. Feet gressorial: interior
+  fore-toe small or wanting.</p>
+
+</blockquote>
+
+<h6>Generic Type <i>Crabeating Kingsfisher</i>. Latham.</h6>
+
+<hr class="plainsp"/>
+
+<h6><span class="sc">Specific Character.</span></h6>
+
+<blockquote class="b1s">
+
+  <p><i>H. viridi-cĉrulea; corpore subtus, lunulaque cerviculi
+  albis.</i></p>
+
+  <p>Greenish-blue. Body beneath and nuchal collar white.</p>
+
+  <p>Alcedo collaris. <i>Latham Index Ornith.</i> i. 250.</p>
+
+  <p>Sacred Kingsfisher, <i>Var.</i> D. <i>Latham Syn.</i> ii. <i>p.</i>
+  623.</p>
+
+  <p>Collared Kingsfisher. <i>Gen. Zool.</i> viii. i. <i>p.</i> 80.</p>
+
+</blockquote>
+
+<h5><img src="images/separator.png" class="middle" style="height:1.5ex;" alt="" /></h5>
+
+  <p>Referring to the observations we have already made on Kingsfishers
+  generally, it will be only necessary to observe, that the species now
+  formed into the genus <i>Halcyon</i> appear entirely excluded from the
+  American continent: their bills are much stronger, thicker, and more
+  rounded than the genuine Kingsfishers, and the under mandible beneath
+  invariably carinated and curving upwards. One of them (the <i>Alcedo
+  Senegalensis</i> of Latham) is known to feed on crabs, the breaking and
+  disjointing of which this structure seems admirably calculated to
+  accomplish; and although some authors mention insects also as their food,
+  I apprehend it is only in the absence of other larger prey more suited to
+  the construction of their bills.</p>
+
+  <p>Total length eight inches and a half. Bill two inches three lines from
+  the gape, and one inch three quarters from the nostrils; upper mandible
+  and margin and lip of the lower, black, the rest yellowish-white. The
+  general plumage above is pale and changeable greenish-blue, the green
+  predominating on the scapulars, head and tail; the upper part of the neck
+  is crossed by a white collar, separated from the green of the head by a
+  narrow margin of black, which passes on the ear-feathers round the nape;
+  a narrow whitish line runs from the nostrils to the eyebrows, and another
+  very short one is beneath the eye; the whole of the under plumage white.
+  Quills black edged with blue, the second, third and fourth equal and
+  longest. Wings four inches and a quarter. Tail even, near three inches
+  long, above blue-green, beneath black. Feet dusky; middle and outer claws
+  much longer than the leg.</p>
+
+  <p>Inhabits Java and other parts of India, and is I believe unfigured.
+  The line at the bottom of the plate is on the scale of an inch.</p>
+
+  <p>Since writing the above, Temminck's new edition of the <i>Manuel
+  d'Ornithologie</i> has just reached me, in which I perceive he has
+  continued the birds of this genus under that of <i>Alcedo</i>, observing
+  that their plumage is always shining, and that he can find no characters
+  for their geographic distribution: yet, notwithstanding the opinion of
+  this eminent ornithologist, a close attention will I believe prove,
+  first, that no species of Linnĉan <i>Alcedo</i> bearing the characters of
+  <i>Halcyon</i> have yet been discovered as natives of America; and
+  secondly, that species of genuine <i>Alcedo</i> will be found with
+  plumage quite devoid of any bright or shining colours. One or two exist
+  in my own cabinet, but to which I cannot now refer.</p>
+
+  <p>The situation of <i>Halcyon</i> will be between <i>Alcedo</i> and
+  <i>Dacelo</i>; from the last of which it is distinguished by its
+  perfectly straight, acute, and entire upper mandible, which, on the
+  contrary, in <i>Dacelo</i> is notched, the tip bent and obtuse.</p>
+
+  <p><br style="clear:both" /></p>
+<hr class="full" />
+
+  <p><a name="Plate28"></a><span class="platenum"><i>Pl.</i> 28</span></p>
+
+  <div class="figcenter" style="width:29%;">
+      <a href="images/v1_pl28.jpg"><img style="width:100%" src="images/v1_pl28.jpg"
+      alt="Plate 28." title="Plate 28." /></a>
+  </div>
+<h5><span class="lg125"><span class="gesperrt">HESPERIA</span> Haworthiana.</span></h5>
+
+<h5 class="lg125 mtm1"><i>Haworth's Hesperia.</i></h5>
+
+<h5><img src="images/separator.png" class="middle" style="height:1.5ex;" alt="" /></h5>
+
+<h6><span class="sc">Generic Character.</span></h6>
+
+<blockquote class="b1s">
+
+  <p><i>Antennĉ mediocres vel elongatĉ, rectĉ, graciles; clava
+  subterminali, brevi, crassata, cylindracea; unco abrupto, brevi,
+  acuminato. Palpi in fronte compressi, incurvati, lateribus convexis vel
+  angulatis, articulo ultimo erecto, verticali. Alĉ (sedentes)
+  erectĉ.</i></p>
+
+</blockquote>
+
+<h6><span class="sc">Divisiones.</span></h6>
+
+<blockquote class="b1s">
+
+  <p><span class="hid">II</span>I. <i>Palpi lati, in fronte
+  compressissimi. Antennĉ breves, clava crassissima.</i></p>
+
+  <p><span class="hid">I</span>II. <i>Palpi pene quadrati,
+  crassissimi. Antennĉ elongatĉ.</i></p>
+
+  <p>III. <i>Palpi articulo ultimo longiore, gracile. Antennĉ
+  mediocres.</i></p>
+
+</blockquote>
+
+<h6>Typus Genericus <i>Hesperia Comma</i> Auctorum.</h6>
+
+<blockquote class="b1s">
+
+  <p>Antennĉ moderate or elongated, straight, slender, the club nearly
+  terminal, short, thick, cylindric, ending in an abrupt, short and pointed
+  hook. Palpi compressed, incurved in front of the head, the sides convex
+  or angular; the last joint erect, pointing vertically. Wings when at rest
+  erect.</p>
+
+</blockquote>
+
+<h6><span class="sc">Divisions.</span></h6>
+
+<blockquote class="b1s">
+
+  <p><span class="hid">II</span>I. Palpi broad, very compressed in front. Antennĉ short, the club very thick.</p
+  >
+
+  <p><span class="hid">I</span>II. Palpi nearly square, very thick. Antennĉ elongated.</p
+  >
+
+  <p>III. Palpi with the last joint lengthened, slender. Antennĉ
+  moderate.</p>
+
+</blockquote>
+
+<h6>Generic Type <i>Hesperia Comma</i> of Authors.</h6>
+
+<hr class="plainsp"/>
+
+<h6><span class="sc">Specific Character.</span></h6>
+
+<blockquote class="b1s">
+
+  <p><i>Hesp. (Div. 2.) alis suprà nigrescente-fuscis, basi
+  nitido-cĉruleis, anticis fascia mediali hyalina, posticis subtus fuscis,
+  lineis duabus longitudinalibus viridi-flavis; pedibus
+  fusco-aurantiis.</i></p>
+
+  <p>Hesperia (Div. 2.). Wings above blackish-brown, the base shining blue;
+  anterior with a medial hyaline band; posterior beneath brown, with two
+  longitudinal yellow-green lines. Legs brownish-orange.</p>
+
+</blockquote>
+
+<h5><img src="images/separator.png" class="middle" style="height:1.5ex;" alt="" /></h5>
+
+  <p>The celebrated Latreille, the father of modern Entomology, has well
+  observed, that the immense number of insects crowded together in the
+  genus <i>Hesperia</i> contain many natural genera, but which the paucity
+  of species generally found in cabinets prevents us from discriminating.
+  Having for a long time paid attention to this family, and possessing near
+  300 species in my own cabinet, I have had the opportunity of attempting
+  their elucidation; and the above generic character is applied to those
+  insects only which I propose considering genuine species of the genus
+  <i>Hesperia</i>, and which will comprise near 170 species.</p>
+
+  <p>I have named this new, undescribed and very rare insect, in honour of
+  my esteemed friend A. H. Haworth, Esq. F.L.S., &amp;c., well known by the
+  benefits his writings have conferred on the sister sciences of entomology
+  and botany. The only two insects I ever saw of this species I captured in
+  the southern part of Brazil.</p>
+
+  <p><br style="clear:both" /></p>
+<hr class="full" />
+
+  <p><a name="Plate29"></a><span class="platenum"><i>Pl.</i> 29</span></p>
+
+  <div class="figcenter" style="width:32%;">
+      <a href="images/v1_pl29.jpg"><img style="width:100%" src="images/v1_pl29.jpg"
+      alt="Plate 29." title="Plate 29." /></a>
+  </div>
+<h5><span class="lg125"><span class="gesperrt">MITRA</span> cancellata.</span></h5>
+
+<h5><span class="lg125 mtm1"><i>Basket Mitre</i></span>&mdash;upper figure.</h5>
+
+<h5><img src="images/separator.png" class="middle" style="height:1.5ex;" alt="" /></h5>
+
+<h6><span class="sc">Generic Character.</span>&mdash;See <a href="#Plate23">Pl. 23.</a></h6>
+
+<hr class="plainsp"/>
+
+<h6><span class="sc">Specific Character.</span></h6>
+
+<blockquote class="b1s">
+
+  <p><i>M. (Div. 2.) testa fusiformi, cancellata; striis longitudinalibus
+  incrassatis, spira aperturaque ĉqualibus; columella 5-plicata; spira
+  sublĉvi.</i></p>
+
+  <p>Shell fusiform, cancellated, the longitudinal striĉ thickened; spire
+  and aperture of equal length; pillar five-plaited; spire nearly
+  smooth.</p>
+
+</blockquote>
+
+<h5><img src="images/separator.png" class="middle" style="height:1.5ex;" alt="" /></h5>
+
+  <p>Another undescribed species of this elegant family, and of great
+  rarity, in the private collection of Mr. G. Humfreys. The whole of the
+  body whorl and commencement of the spire is cancellated. The longitudinal
+  striĉ are crowded, thickened, and slightly elevated, giving a crenated
+  appearance to the suture: the transverse striĉ slender, and filling up
+  the interstices. The spire is nearly smooth and a little bent: the ground
+  colour very light orange, with three darker interrupted bands on the
+  body: whorl separated by two slender lines of the same colour; the spiral
+  whorls have only two bands and a line between; the upper margins slightly
+  compressed on the suture; the outer lip within smooth.</p>
+
+<hr class="plain"/>
+
+<h5><span class="gesperrt">MITRA</span> rigida.</h5>
+
+<h5><span class="mtm1"><i>Ribbed Mitre</i></span><i>&mdash;middle figures.</i></h5>
+
+<hr class="plain"/>
+
+<h6><span class="sc">Specific Character.</span></h6>
+
+<blockquote class="b1s">
+
+  <p><i>M. testa costis longitudinalibus, elevatis, linearibus, integris,
+  interstitiis lĉvibus ad basin granulatis; spira producta; columella
+  4-plicata; apertura brevi.</i></p>
+
+  <p>Shell with elevated, longitudinal, obtuse, entire ribs, the
+  interstices smooth, the base granulated; spire lengthened; pillar
+  four-plaited; aperture short.</p>
+
+</blockquote>
+
+<h5><img src="images/separator.png" class="middle" style="height:1.5ex;" alt="" /></h5>
+
+  <p>Equally rare, and from the same collection as the preceding. In habit
+  it approaches nearest to <i>M. exasperata</i> of Chemnitz, but has not
+  the ribs angulated or their interstices striated, and is much more
+  narrowed at the base than in that shell, which I have seen: the outer lip
+  is also smooth; the inside strongly striated. This shell was formerly in
+  the collection of Mr. Keate, the elegant author of the "Sketches from
+  Nature."</p>
+
+  <p><br style="clear:both" /></p>
+<hr class="full" />
+
+  <p><a name="Plate30"></a><span class="platenum"><i>Pl.</i> 30</span></p>
+
+  <div class="figcenter" style="width:24%;">
+      <a href="images/v1_pl30.jpg"><img style="width:100%" src="images/v1_pl30.jpg"
+      alt="Plate 30." title="Plate 30." /></a>
+  </div>
+<h5><span class="lg125"><span class="gesperrt">ACHATINA</span> marginata.</span></h5>
+
+<h5 class="lg125 mtm1"><i>Marginated Achatina.</i></h5>
+
+<h5><img src="images/separator.png" class="middle" style="height:1.5ex;" alt="" /></h5>
+
+<h6><span class="sc">Generic Character.</span></h6>
+
+<blockquote class="b1s">
+
+  <p><i>Testa ovata, vel oblongo-ovata, spira elevata, apertura subovale.
+  Columella lĉvis, simplex, ad apicem truncata; labium externum tenue,
+  internum inflexum integrum; umbilicus nullus.</i></p>
+
+</blockquote>
+
+<h6>Typus Genericus <i>Bulla Achatina</i>. Linn.</h6>
+
+<blockquote class="b1s">
+
+  <p>Shell ovate, or oblong-ovate; spire elevated; mouth nearly oval.
+  Columella smooth, simple, truncated. Outer lip thin; inner lip entirely
+  inflexed. Umbilicus none.</p>
+
+</blockquote>
+
+<h6>Generic Type <i>Bulla Achatina</i>. Linn.</h6>
+
+<hr class="plainsp"/>
+
+<h6><span class="sc">Specific Character.</span></h6>
+
+<blockquote class="b1s">
+
+  <p><i>A. testa ovato-oblonga, strigis inĉqualibus ferrugineis; spira ad
+  apicem obtusa, 5-voluta; sutura depressa linea sulcata marginali.</i></p>
+
+  <p>Shell ovate-oblong, with irregular ferrugineous stripes; spire obtuse
+  at the top, of five volutions; the suture depressed, with a marginal
+  indented line.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Lister</i> 579. <i>fig.</i> 34. <i>Gualt. pl.</i> 45. B.
+  <i>Knorr</i>, <i>vol.</i> iv. <i>tab.</i> 24. 1. (badly coloured.)</p>
+
+</blockquote>
+
+<h5><img src="images/separator.png" class="middle" style="height:1.5ex;" alt="" /></h5>
+
+  <p>The largest shells hitherto discovered as inhabiting the dry land
+  belong to this genus, instituted by the celebrated Lamarck, but still
+  divided by the strict followers of Linnĉus between the <i>Bullĉ</i> and
+  <i>Helices</i>, with a singular infelicity of even artificial
+  arrangement. The simple characters peculiar in a greater or less degree
+  to all, will readily distinguish them; and I apprehend most of the
+  species of the first division (which includes the present) will be found
+  to inhabit only the African continent, while <i>Bulla virginea</i> and
+  the smaller shells placed in the second division are found principally in
+  the new world; where also two or three gigantic species of <i>Bulimus</i>
+  occupy the place of the larger African <i>Achatinĉ</i>.</p>
+
+  <p>Of these, the shell now figured is one of the rarest, and has hitherto
+  been overlooked as a variety of the Linnĉan <i>Bulla Achatina</i>; the
+  colour of both is subject to much variation; but this will be found at
+  best a most indecisive and vague character for specific distinction when
+  unaccompanied by others more important and connected with the formation
+  of shells. I have therefore not hesitated in making this a distinct
+  species, from having had the means of examining at different times near
+  twenty specimens, all of which presented the following characters. Spire
+  of five whorls, the last or terminal one very small and flattened; the
+  apex obtuse; the suture depressed, as if flattened on the shell, and
+  margined by one or sometimes two indented lines, parallel, and at the top
+  of each whorl. In the colour of its mouth it varies in sometimes having a
+  tinge of rose-colour at the base and top of the spire, but the mouth is
+  more generally white. The body whorl is more or less ventricose; the
+  outer lip is a little reflected, and the whole shell, when full grown,
+  much thicker and heavier than any of the other species. The epidermis is
+  yellowish-brown, beneath which the shell is nearly white, beautifully
+  marked with broad remote stripes of chesnut, with others more slender
+  (and sometimes broken into spots) between. I have another specimen which
+  agrees tolerably with Lister's figure in being more than usually
+  ventricose, and which I think is accidental. The only constant variety
+  appears to be that figured by Knorr, ii. tab. 3. fig. 1. having the spire
+  entirely rose-colour.</p>
+
+  <p>The marginal line and the correct number of whorls in the spire are
+  well expressed in the figures of Lister, Gualtieri and Knorr. The first
+  of these figures is accidentally more ventricose; the second, like all
+  the other figures of Gualtieri, is defective at the apex; and Knorr's I
+  suspect has been outrageously coloured from the real pink-mouthed
+  <i>Achatina</i>.</p>
+
+  <p>It inhabits the coast of Guinea; and I am informed the animal is eaten
+  by the natives.</p>
+
+  <p><br style="clear:both" /></p>
+<hr class="full" />
+
+  <p><a name="Plate31"></a><span class="platenum"><i>Pl.</i> 31</span></p>
+
+  <div class="figcenter" style="width:33%;">
+      <a href="images/v1_pl31.jpg"><img style="width:100%" src="images/v1_pl31.jpg"
+      alt="Plate 31." title="Plate 31." /></a>
+  </div>
+<h5><span class="lg125"><span class="gesperrt">PHIBALURA</span> cristata.</span></h5>
+
+<h5 class="lg125 mtm1"><i>Crested Shortbill.</i></h5>
+
+<h5><img src="images/separator.png" class="middle" style="height:1.5ex;" alt="" /></h5>
+
+<h6><span class="sc">Generic Character.</span></h6>
+
+<blockquote class="b1s">
+
+  <p>(<i>Phibalura</i> Vieillot.)</p>
+
+  <p><i>Rostrum brevissimum, trigonum, latius quam altum; mandibula
+  superiore culmine subcurvata carinata; inferiore recta; utrisque
+  marginatis. Nares basales, simplices, subrotundĉ, plumulis densis
+  incumbentibus in totum obtectĉ. Rictus ampli, infra oculos aperientes.
+  Alĉ attenuatĉ, remigibus spuriis nullis. Cauda elongata, furcata,
+  rectricibus duodecim. Pedes insidentes, digitis anticis ĉqualiter fissis,
+  ad basin subconnexis.</i></p>
+
+  <p>Bill very short, triangular, broader than high; upper mandible above
+  slightly curved and carinated; lower mandible straight, both notched.
+  Nostrils simple, basal, roundish, entirely concealed by thick-set
+  incumbent feathers. Mouth large, opening beneath the eye. Wings pointed;
+  spurious quills none. Tail elongated, forked, of twelve feathers. Feet
+  formed for sitting; the fore-toes equally cleft and slightly connected at
+  their base.</p>
+
+</blockquote>
+
+<hr class="plain"/>
+
+<h6><span class="sc">Specific Character.</span></h6>
+
+<blockquote class="b1s">
+
+  <p><i>P. corpore supra nigro flavo variegato; subtus albo, fasciis nigris
+  transversis; mento flavo, capitis crista rufa nigro <span
+  class="correction" title="Original reads 'variegato', see Addenda et Corrigenda"
+  >variegatâ</span>, alis caudaque elongata furcata chalybeis,
+  immaculatis.</i></p>
+
+  <p>Above black varied with yellow; beneath white, with transverse black
+  bands; chin yellow. Head crested, the feathers rufous, varied with black.
+  Wings, and elongated forked tail raven-black, immaculate.</p>
+
+</blockquote>
+
+<h5><img src="images/separator.png" class="middle" style="height:1.5ex;" alt="" /></h5>
+
+  <p>For this beautiful and extraordinary bird I am indebted to Miss E.
+  Yeates, of the Dingle near Liverpool, who received it from South America.
+  Its general habit clearly points it out as belonging to the
+  <i>Baccavorĉ</i> or Berryeaters, apparently connecting the genera
+  <i>Procnias</i> and <i>Pipra</i>, where Temminck with much judgement has
+  also placed it, in the new edition of his <i>Manuel d'Ornithologie</i>
+  just received, and before reading which I had considered the genus as
+  unpublished.</p>
+
+  <p>The total length is nine inches, of which the tail occupies four and a
+  half. The bill is whitish, and is remarkably short, measuring only three
+  lines from the nostrils to the tip, but three quarters of an inch from
+  the angle of the mouth, which opens just under the eye: the plumage is
+  singularly variegated: the crown of the head is furnished with a crest,
+  which, when not elevated, is scarcely seen, and appears a deep glossy
+  black mixed with grey and rufous; but when erected it is very
+  conspicuous, and all the feathers are bright rufous tipt more or less
+  with black; the upper sides of the head grey, the lower part and ears
+  deep-black; the neck above is greyish-white, with blackish transverse
+  lines: the back, scapulars, rump and tail-covers are varied transversely
+  with olive, shining black, and bright yellow, each feather being olive at
+  the base, black in the middle, and yellow at the tip. Beneath the
+  feathers of the chin and part of the throat are somewhat lengthened,
+  semi-setaceous, and of a bright yellow; the neck and breast are white,
+  with two transverse lines of deep black on each feather; these lines
+  diminish, and are broken into spots on the body, and nearly disappear on
+  the vent: the edges of the breast-feathers are tipt with yellow, which
+  colour increases downwards on the vent and tail-covers, which latter are
+  entirely yellow. The wings are four inches long, uniform deep black with
+  a blue gloss, much pointed, and calculated for rapid flight. Tail the
+  same colour, the exterior basal margins olive: all the feathers are
+  narrow, pointed, and gradually lengthening, the middle pair being two
+  inches three quarters longer than the outer pair, which exceed those next
+  them by an inch. The feet are very pale yellow, and three-quarters of an
+  inch from the knee to the claws, the three foremost of which are equally
+  connected together (though slightly) nearly as far as the first joint;
+  the outer and inner toes equal, and rather shorter than the hind-toe:
+  claws slender and much compressed.</p>
+
+  <p>Whether this species is the same as the one mentioned by Temminck as
+  existing in the French Museum under the name of <i>P. flavirostris</i>,
+  it is quite impossible to say, as the description of that bird has never
+  been published. This leads me to notice a custom several naturalists of
+  the present day have lately adopted, of publishing names, and names only,
+  of new or undescribed animals, which they then wish to be considered as
+  permanently fixed, and as having thus secured to themselves all the merit
+  of first describing. Now this at best is but a surreptitious path to
+  fame, and in many instances bears the appearance of originating in a
+  petty vanity, quite beneath the dignity of true science: it is easily
+  fixing a name to an object which we have not before seen, or suspect may
+  be new, without the trouble of investigating authors and comparing
+  synonyms: the name may remain, but if it should afterwards be discovered
+  as hasty and erroneous, its author is in no way amenable to the opinions
+  and criticisms of others, for they cannot discover such mistakes when no
+  clue is given them beyond a name, which may frequently be applicable to
+  half a dozen species. If, on the other hand, the object is really new,
+  the scientific world is still in the dark, for without a description the
+  name conveys nothing. Besides this, it has a tendency to deprive those
+  writers of their well-earned merit, who undergo the laborious but
+  necessary investigation of books, the examining and comparing of
+  specimens, and the construction of sound characters previous to their
+  publishing a new addition to the great volume of Nature. Against this
+  <i>scientific monopoly</i> a stand should be made, and all names either
+  of families, genera, or species should be totally rejected, unless their
+  meaning is clearly defined. Let those who run the race, receive the
+  wreath; and not let it be snatched from the winning-post by another, who
+  jumps from behind and claims it as his own.</p>
+
+  <p>On a careful examination of my specimen, I find the nostrils are not
+  covered by a membrane, as observed by Temminck, but are open, obliquely
+  and ovately round, and a narrow rim round the margin. That excellent
+  ornithologist likewise remarks that the first and second quill-feathers
+  are the longest; but my bird (which, however, is in full plumage) has the
+  first and third of equal length and shorter than the second, which is
+  longest. These nice distinctions lead me to suppose the species from
+  which his generic character was taken, is distinct from this.</p>
+
+  <p><br style="clear:both" /></p>
+<hr class="full" />
+
+  <p><a name="Plate32"></a><span class="platenum"><i>Pl.</i> 32</span></p>
+
+  <div class="figcenter" style="width:31%;">
+      <a href="images/v1_pl32.jpg"><img style="width:100%" src="images/v1_pl32.jpg"
+      alt="Plate 32." title="Plate 32." /></a>
+  </div>
+<h5><span class="lg125"><span class="gesperrt">PSARIS</span> Cuvierii.</span></h5>
+
+<h5 class="lg125 mtm1"><i>Cuvier's Psaris.</i></h5>
+
+<h5><img src="images/separator.png" class="middle" style="height:1.5ex;" alt="" /></h5>
+
+<h6><span class="sc">Generic Character.</span></h6>
+
+<blockquote class="b1s">
+
+  <p><i>Rostrum validum, crassum, conicum, basi rotundatum, versus apicem
+  leviter compressum, culmine convexo non carinato; mandibulis emarginatis,
+  superiore apice <span class="correction" title="Original reads 'adunca', see Addenda et Corrigenda"
+  >adunco</span>. Nares basales, simplices, rotundĉ, juxta marginem sitĉ,
+  basi paucis plumulis setaceis incumbentibus. Pedes simplices, tribus
+  digitis anticis ĉqualiter fissis. Remiges spuriĉ nullĉ. Cauda brevis:
+  rectricibus duodecim ĉqualibus.</i></p>
+
+</blockquote>
+
+<h6>Typus Genericus <i>Lanius cayanus</i>. Linn., Lath., &amp;c.</h6>
+
+<blockquote class="b1s">
+
+  <p>Bill strong, thick, conic, the base rounded, towards the top slightly
+  compressed, the top convex, not carinated; both mandibles notched, the
+  tip of the upper hooked. Nostrils basal, simple, round, situated near the
+  margin, the base with a few short incumbent setaceous feathers. Feet
+  simple, the three fore-toes equally cleft. Spurious quills none. Tail
+  short, of twelve equal feathers.</p>
+
+</blockquote>
+
+<h6>Generic Type <i>Lanius cayanus</i>. Linn., Lath., &amp;c.</h6>
+
+<hr class="plainsp"/>
+
+<h6><span class="sc">Specific Character.</span></h6>
+
+<blockquote class="b1s">
+
+  <p><i>P. olivaceus, subtus albidus; capite suprà nigro; occipite
+  temporibus et colli lateribus cinereis; pectore lateribus tegminibusque
+  infernis flavis.</i></p>
+
+  <p>Olive, beneath whitish; crown black; nape, sides of the head and neck
+  pale cinereous; breast, sides, and under wing-covers yellow.</p>
+
+</blockquote>
+
+<h5><img src="images/separator.png" class="middle" style="height:1.5ex;" alt="" /></h5>
+
+  <p>The genus <i>Psaris</i> was first instituted with great propriety by
+  Cuvier; and before the discovery of the species now made known, was
+  supposed to consist of only one, the Cayenne Shrike of Latham, which with
+  the present bird (named in honour of the first zoologist of the age) is
+  found in Brazil. The figure is nearly of the natural size.</p>
+
+  <p>Total length five inches and a half. Bill blueish, three quarters of
+  an inch from the angle of the mouth, and four-tenths from the nostrils,
+  which are ovately round, rather large, and simple, being entirely devoid
+  of an external membrane, but the base is partially covered with small
+  thick-set, short, setaceous feathers; between the eye and base of the
+  bill are a few weak and short hairs; the upper part of the head, as far
+  as the nape, is capped by deep-black, having a blueish gloss: between the
+  nostrils and the eye, as well as on the chin and throat, the colour is
+  white, which changes to a pale cinereous grey on the sides of the head
+  and round the neck; the ears at their base and margin of the eye tinged
+  with yellow; the rest of the upper plumage yellowish-olive. The under
+  plumage on the lower part of the neck and breast, the sides, and the
+  inner wing-covers are clear yellow, and from that to the vent white.
+  Wings two inches long, the quills brown, margined externally with olive
+  and internally with yellow; the first and second quill progressively
+  shorter than the third and fourth, which are of equal length. Tail short,
+  slightly divaricated; olive, with whitish marginal tips. Legs
+  blueish-black; the three fore-toes are equally cleft, but a membrane will
+  be found connecting them equally at the base nearly as far as the first
+  joint.</p>
+
+  <p>Temminck must be mistaken in giving as a generic character to this
+  genus, that the external toe is connected to the middle one as far as the
+  first joint, and the inner toe cleft to the base; at least such is not
+  the case either in my specimens of this bird or in those of the Cayenne
+  Shrike: and they have been carefully relaxed in warm water, the best
+  method of ascertaining such peculiarities.</p>
+
+  <p><br style="clear:both" /></p>
+<hr class="full" />
+
+  <p><a name="Plate33"></a><span class="platenum"><i>Pl.</i> 33</span></p>
+
+  <div class="figcenter" style="width:34%;">
+      <a href="images/v1_pl33.jpg"><img style="width:100%" src="images/v1_pl33.jpg"
+      alt="Plate 33." title="Plate 33." /></a>
+  </div>
+<h5><span class="lg125"><span class="gesperrt">TAMYRIS</span> Zeleucus.</span></h5>
+
+<h5><img src="images/separator.png" class="middle" style="height:1.5ex;" alt="" /></h5>
+
+<h6><span class="sc">Generic Character.</span></h6>
+
+<blockquote class="b1s">
+
+  <p><i>Antennĉ arcuatĉ, clava terminali, crassata, lineari, obtusa, in
+  f&oelig;minis graciliore attenuata. Palpi in fronte convexe-compressi,
+  supra linguam obvenientes, articulo ultimo minutissimo, crassato obtuso,
+  approximate, proclivi. Alĉ breves, sedentes horizontaliter
+  divaricatĉ.</i></p>
+
+  <p>Antennĉ arcuated; the club terminal, thick, linear, obtuse; more
+  slender and attenuated in the female. Palpi compressed convexly on the
+  front of the head, meeting above the tongue; the last joint very minute,
+  thick, obtuse, approximating and bent forward. Wings short, when at rest
+  horizontally divaricated.</p>
+
+</blockquote>
+
+<hr class="plain"/>
+
+<h6><span class="sc">Specific Character, etc.</span></h6>
+
+<blockquote class="b1s">
+
+  <p><i>T. Alis chalybeis concoloribus, margine albo; capite apiceque
+  corporis sanguineis.</i></p>
+
+  <p>Wings uniform blueish-black, with a slender white margin. Head and top
+  of the body bright red.</p>
+
+  <p>Hesp. Zeleucus. <i>Fab. Ent. Syst.</i> 3. <i>pt.</i> 1. <i>p.</i> 346.
+  <i>no.</i> 317.</p>
+
+  <p><span class="correction" title="Added by Addenda et Corrigenda"><span
+  class="sc">Obs.</span> <i>Donovan's Indian Insects</i>, where that author
+  has figured it by mistake as a native of India.</span></p>
+
+</blockquote>
+
+<h5><img src="images/separator.png" class="middle" style="height:1.5ex;" alt="" /></h5>
+
+  <p>This insect is the most common (although hitherto unfigured) of a
+  striking natural group belonging to the <i>Hesperidĉ</i>; it has
+  therefore been selected as the best example for the genus I have now
+  formed them into. I have not seen more than twelve or fourteen species,
+  and these were all from different parts of South America, to which I have
+  no doubt the genus is exclusively confined. The club of their antennĉ is
+  very thick, obtuse, and without any terminal hook. The bright red at the
+  end of the abdomen (improperly called by Fabricius the tail) is most
+  conspicuous in the female, which is also larger and having the wings more
+  obtuse, of which the upper and under surfaces are both alike.</p>
+
+  <p>The insects of this family fly with amazing rapidity (as is shown by
+  the thickness of their thorax, and the sharpness in the make of their
+  wings), generally frequenting openings of thick woods and alighting on
+  leaves where the sun strikes: I seldom saw them on flowers. Their wings
+  when at rest are half expanded in a horizontal direction. Their
+  metamorphosis is unknown.</p>
+
+  <p>This individual species is scarce in the northern parts of Brazil, but
+  common in the southern provinces.</p>
+
+  <p><br style="clear:both" /></p>
+<hr class="full" />
+
+  <p><a name="Plate34"></a><span class="platenum"><i>Pl.</i> 34</span></p>
+
+  <div class="figcenter" style="width:34%;">
+      <a href="images/v1_pl34.jpg"><img style="width:100%" src="images/v1_pl34.jpg"
+      alt="Plate 34." title="Plate 34." /></a>
+  </div>
+<h5><span class="lg125"><span class="gesperrt">COLIAS</span> Godartiana.</span></h5>
+
+<h5 class="lg125 mtm1"><i>Godart's Colias.</i></h5>
+
+<h5><img src="images/separator.png" class="middle" style="height:1.5ex;" alt="" /></h5>
+
+<h6><span class="sc">Generic Character.</span>&mdash;See <a href="#Plate5">Pl. 5.</a></h6>
+
+<hr class="plainsp"/>
+
+<h6><span class="sc">Specific Character.</span></h6>
+
+<blockquote class="b1s">
+
+  <p><i>C. (F&oelig;m.) alis flavescente-fulvis, anticis supra margine
+  punctoque rotundato medio nigris, subtus argenteo rufo 3-fisso, posticis
+  subtus puncto gemino argenteo margine nigro, uno quadrato; palpis
+  productis.</i></p>
+
+  <p>(Female) Wings fulvous-yellow; anterior above with the outer margin
+  and round central spot black, which beneath is silvery rufous and
+  three-cleft; posterior beneath each with two silvery spots margined with
+  black, one of which is quadrangular. Palpi lengthened.</p>
+
+</blockquote>
+
+<h5><img src="images/separator.png" class="middle" style="height:1.5ex;" alt="" /></h5>
+
+  <p>An inspection of a vast number of insects of this genus, with the
+  possession of nearly all the species noticed by authors, convinces me
+  that the insect now figured is perfectly distinct from any other. It is
+  in the cabinet of Mr. Haworth, who obligingly lent it me for comparison
+  and description, and is the only individual I have hitherto met with. The
+  prolongation of the palpi, which is even more obvious than in <i>C.
+  Statira</i>, is alone a specific distinction; and the form of the spots
+  both on the upper and under side differs very much in character from that
+  insect, with which it has the most affinity. It may be the <i>Papilio
+  Drya</i> of Fabr. (omitting his references); but his description, whether
+  intended for this insect or any other, is so vague that I can see no
+  advantage in retaining it. Of the two bright silver spots beneath, one is
+  oval, the other larger and quadrangular.</p>
+
+  <p>I have named it in honour of M. Godart, the intelligent coadjutor of
+  M. Latreille in the entomological part of the <i>Encyclopédie
+  Méthodique</i>.</p>
+
+  <p><br style="clear:both" /></p>
+<hr class="full" />
+
+  <p><a name="Plate35"></a><span class="platenum"><i>Pl.</i> 35</span></p>
+
+  <div class="figcenter" style="width:26%;">
+      <a href="images/v1_pl35.jpg"><img style="width:100%" src="images/v1_pl35.jpg"
+      alt="Plate 35." title="Plate 35." /></a>
+  </div>
+<h5><span class="lg125"><span class="gesperrt">MITRA</span> bifasciata.</span></h5>
+
+<h5 class="lg125 mtm1"><i>Double-banded Mitre.</i></h5>
+
+<h5><img src="images/separator.png" class="middle" style="height:1.5ex;" alt="" /></h5>
+
+<h6><span class="sc">Generic Character.</span>&mdash;See <a href="#Plate23">Pl. 23.</a></h6>
+
+<hr class="plainsp"/>
+
+<h6><span class="sc">Specific Character.</span></h6>
+
+<blockquote class="b1s">
+
+  <p><i>M. (Div. 1.) testâ lĉvi, castaneo-fusca concolore, anfractu basali
+  fasciis duabus angustis flavescentibus, spirâ unifasciatâ aperturâ
+  lĉvi.</i></p>
+
+  <p>Shell smooth, uniform chesnut-brown, with two narrow yellowish bands
+  on the basal whorl, and one on the spire; aperture smooth.</p>
+
+<table class="noind"><tr><td class="pl0">Voluta caffra.</td>
+<td><i>Martini</i> iv. <i>tab.</i> 148. <i>fig.</i> 1369.<br />
+<i>Knorr.</i> <i>vol.</i> v. <i>tab.</i> 19. <i>fig.</i> 4, 5.<br />
+<span class="correction" title="Added by Addenda et Corrigenda"><i>Seba Pl.</i> 49. <i>fig.</i> 21, 22, 41.</span></td></tr></table>
+
+</blockquote>
+
+<h5><img src="images/separator.png" class="middle" style="height:1.5ex;" alt="" /></h5>
+
+  <p>This most elegant shell has been figured from one of the specimens
+  that belonged to the late Mr. Jennings, who was well known to spare
+  neither expense nor assiduity in procuring the most select and matchless
+  specimens of every species; so much so, indeed, that such as are known to
+  have been in his possession generally bear a higher price. One of these
+  is now in my father's cabinet, the other in that of Mrs. Bolton, of
+  Storr's-hall, Windermere. I have seen both, and they appear equally
+  fine.</p>
+
+  <p>I cannot help considering this as a distinct species from <i>Mitra
+  caffra</i> (<i>Voluta caffra</i> Linn.), with which it has hitherto been
+  placed only as a variety: it is much larger, the volutions more convex,
+  but compressed on the suture, and the whole shell (except near the point)
+  perfectly smooth: the beak or channel likewise, which in <i>M. caffra</i>
+  is short and nearly straight, is in this lengthened and recurved. The
+  mouth is very narrow (occasioned by the outer lip being thick and
+  slightly inflexed) and smooth within, the terminal volutions slightly
+  plaited, and the base of the shell grooved.</p>
+
+  <p>The figures of Knorr and Martini are very bad, and give no correct
+  idea of the shell, except its colour.</p>
+
+  <p><br style="clear:both" /></p>
+<hr class="full" />
+
+  <p><a name="Plate36"></a><span class="platenum"><i>Pl.</i> 36</span></p>
+
+  <div class="figcenter" style="width:25%;">
+      <a href="images/v1_pl36.jpg"><img style="width:100%" src="images/v1_pl36.jpg"
+      alt="Plate 36." title="Plate 36." /></a>
+  </div>
+<h5><span class="lg125"><span class="gesperrt"><span class="correction" title="Original reads 'ACHATINIA'&#x2c; see Addenda et Corrigenda">ACHATINA</span></span> perversa.</span></h5>
+
+<h5 class="lg125 mtm1"><i>Reverse Achatina.</i></h5>
+
+<h5><img src="images/separator.png" class="middle" style="height:1.5ex;" alt="" /></h5>
+
+<h6><span class="sc">Generic Character.</span>&mdash;See <a href="#Plate30">Pl. 30.</a></h6>
+
+<h5><img src="images/separator.png" class="middle" style="height:1.5ex;" alt="" /></h5>
+
+<h6><span class="sc">Specific Character.</span></h6>
+
+<blockquote class="b1s">
+
+  <p><i>A. (Div. 2.) testâ aperturâ perversâ: spirâ productâ, 7-volutâ,
+  apice truncato; albida strigis nebulosis cinereis; linea transversa in
+  basali anfractu; <span class="correction" title="Original reads 'columna margine', see Addenda et Corrigenda"
+  >columella margineque</span> labii exterioris castaneis, apertura intus
+  alba.</i></p>
+
+  <p>Aperture reversed: spire lengthened, of seven volutions, the apex
+  truncated, whiteish with clouded cinereous stripes; central band on the
+  basal volution, pillar, and margin of the outer lip chesnut; mouth within
+  white.</p>
+
+</blockquote>
+
+<h5><img src="images/separator.png" class="middle" style="height:1.5ex;" alt="" /></h5>
+
+  <p>Reverse shells, or such whose mouth when viewed in front is on the
+  left side, are generally held in much estimation by collectors. This
+  deviation from the usual form of shells is sometimes accidental, as in
+  our common garden Snail and several others; while in some species it
+  appears a constant, and therefore a specific distinction. Such I
+  apprehend is the case with the shell now figured, a rare and very elegant
+  species, apparently not noticed by any writer; two or three existing in
+  the British Museum and one in my father's cabinet are all the specimens I
+  have hitherto seen. The latter (here figured) came from Bahia in South
+  America. The whole shell is very finely marked with longitudinal striĉ,
+  and the colouring better seen than described: the buff tinge at the base
+  is occasioned by the remaining epidermis.</p>
+
+  <p>This shell belongs to the second division of the genus <i>Achatina</i>
+  as mentioned at <a href="#Plate30">Plate 30</a>, having the aperture much
+  shorter than the spire and the base nearly entire. <i>Bulla virginea</i>
+  of Linn. seems to connect the two divisions, having the lengthened spire
+  of one and the truncated base of the other.</p>
+
+  <p><br style="clear:both" /></p>
+<hr class="full" />
+
+  <p><a name="Plate37"></a><span class="platenum"><i>Pl.</i> 37</span></p>
+
+  <div class="figcenter" style="width:36%;">
+      <a href="images/v1_pl37.jpg"><img style="width:100%" src="images/v1_pl37.jpg"
+      alt="Plate 37." title="Plate 37." /></a>
+  </div>
+<h5><span class="lg125"><span class="gesperrt">PROCNIAS</span> cucullata.</span></h5>
+
+<h5 class="lg125 mtm1"><i>Hooded Berry-eater.</i></h5>
+
+<h5><img src="images/separator.png" class="middle" style="height:1.5ex;" alt="" /></h5>
+
+<h6><span class="sc">Generic Character.</span>&mdash;See <a href="#Plate21">Pl. 21.</a></h6>
+
+<hr class="plainsp"/>
+
+<h6><span class="sc">Specific Character.</span></h6>
+
+<blockquote class="b1s">
+
+  <p><i>P. corpore, collo, pectore nigro cucullata; tergo fusco, alis
+  caudaque nigris; tegminum apice, pectoris lateribus, et corpore subtus
+  flavis; capite subcristato.</i></p>
+
+  <p>Head, neck and fore-part of the breast hooded with black; back brown,
+  wings and tail black; tip of the wing-covers, sides of the breast and
+  body beneath yellow; head subcrested.</p>
+
+</blockquote>
+
+<h5><img src="images/separator.png" class="middle" style="height:1.5ex;" alt="" /></h5>
+
+  <p>I am indebted for this new bird to Miss E. Yeates, who received it
+  with a few others from some part of Brazil: it seems to connect the
+  genera of <i>Ampelis</i> and <i>Procnias</i>, having the bill much less
+  dilated at the base than any of the latter; it however has a close
+  similitude to <i>Procnias melanocephalus</i> (<a href="#Plate25">Pl.
+  25.</a>), which seems further removed from the true Chatterers.</p>
+
+  <p>Total length eight inches and three quarters. Bill in extreme length
+  near an inch; the colour dark cinereous; the base furnished with bristles
+  something resembling the Chatterers: the opening of the nostrils large,
+  round, terminal, and nearly naked; the feathers on the crown lengthened;
+  the whole head, neck, and fore-part of the breast black, bordered above
+  by a narrow collar of yellow; back and scapulars brown, rump olive; sides
+  of the breast, inner covers, and under parts uniform yellow; wing-covers
+  black margined with olive, those on the shoulders tipt with brown, the
+  rest with yellow; quills and tail black margined with olive. Wings four
+  inches and three-quarters long, the first quill very short, the third
+  longer than the second. Tail four inches long.</p>
+
+  <p><br style="clear:both" /></p>
+<hr class="full" />
+
+  <p><a name="Plate38"></a><span class="platenum"><i>Pl.</i> 38</span></p>
+
+  <div class="figcenter" style="width:36%;">
+      <a href="images/v1_pl38.jpg"><img style="width:100%" src="images/v1_pl38.jpg"
+      alt="Plate 38." title="Plate 38." /></a>
+  </div>
+<h5><span class="lg125"><span class="gesperrt">PICUS</span> bicolor.</span></h5>
+
+<h5 class="lg125 mtm1"><i>Black and White Woodpecker.</i></h5>
+
+<h5><img src="images/separator.png" class="middle" style="height:1.5ex;" alt="" /></h5>
+
+<h6><span class="sc">Generic Character.</span>&mdash;See <a href="#Plate14">Pl. 14.</a></h6>
+
+<hr class="plainsp"/>
+
+<h6><span class="sc">Specific Character.</span></h6>
+
+<blockquote class="b1s">
+
+  <p><i>P. albus, collo supra, tergo, alis, lineaque temporali nigris,
+  rectricibus nigris, basi maculisque marginis interioris albis.</i></p>
+
+  <p>White: neck above, back, wings, and line from the ears to the nape,
+  black; tail-feathers black, with their base and spots on the inner margin
+  white.</p>
+
+</blockquote>
+
+<h5><img src="images/separator.png" class="middle" style="height:1.5ex;" alt="" /></h5>
+
+  <p>The simplicity of colouring in the plumage of this bird will easily
+  distinguish it from among the numerous and intricate species already
+  known of this family. It is one of the new birds the recent
+  investigations of Brazilian zoology have added to our museums. The
+  individual here figured was sent me from the district of Minas
+  Geraies.</p>
+
+  <p>Total length eleven inches and a half. Bill from the upper base to the
+  tip one inch one line, and from the gape one inch four-tenths; the colour
+  blueish-black; the upper mandible above sharply carinated and slightly
+  curved; orbits (in the dead bird) yellowish-white; the whole of the head
+  and nape, sides of the neck, rump and tail-covers, and all the under
+  plumage pure white, with a tinge of yellow down the middle of the belly:
+  a narrow black line commences at the ears, and is carried down on each
+  side, joining the black of the upper neck; the wings and remaining upper
+  plumage are of a uniform dark sooty black; the tips of the quills much
+  paler and brownish. Wings six inches and a half long; the inside covers
+  black. Tail four inches, and black banded with white at the extreme base;
+  the two outer feathers on each side with alternate black and white bands
+  on the inner web their whole length; feet and claws dirty-greenish: this
+  was a female.</p>
+
+  <p><br style="clear:both" /></p>
+<hr class="full" />
+
+  <p><a name="Plate39"></a><span class="platenum"><i>Pl.</i> 39</span></p>
+
+  <div class="figcenter" style="width:36%;">
+      <a href="images/v1_pl39.jpg"><img style="width:100%" src="images/v1_pl39.jpg"
+      alt="Plate 39." title="Plate 39." /></a>
+  </div>
+<h5><span class="lg125"><span class="gesperrt">HESPERIA</span> Itea.</span></h5>
+
+<h5><img src="images/separator.png" class="middle" style="height:1.5ex;" alt="" /></h5>
+
+<h6><span class="sc">Generic Character.</span>&mdash;See <a href="#Plate28">Pl. 28.</a></h6>
+
+<hr class="plainsp"/>
+
+<h6><span class="sc">Specific Character.</span></h6>
+
+<blockquote class="b1s">
+
+  <p><i>Hesp. (Div. 2.) alis supra nigrescente-fuscis, subtus pallidioribus
+  basi fulvis, anticis macula flava tri-fissa, posticis subtus margine
+  exteriore et linea longitudinali fulvis, femoribus rufis.</i></p>
+
+  <p>H. (Div. 2.) Wings above blackish-brown, beneath paler, base fulvous.
+  Anterior with a three-cleft yellow spot. Posterior beneath with a fulvous
+  outer margin and longitudinal line. Thighs rufous.</p>
+
+</blockquote>
+
+<h5><img src="images/separator.png" class="middle" style="height:1.5ex;" alt="" /></h5>
+
+  <p>The descriptions left by Fabricius of this as well as many other
+  extensive families of <i>Lepidoptera</i>, are in general so vague and
+  short, that unless a figure is quoted to elucidate them, it becomes
+  totally impossible to ascertain the precise species intended. Such is the
+  case with the present insect, which will not agree with any described by
+  Fabricius, or figured by Cramer.</p>
+
+  <p>During my travels in Brazil I never met with this species, but am
+  indebted to my liberal friend Dr. Langdorff, Russian Consul-general at
+  Rio de Janeiro, for the specimens I possess, as well as a number of other
+  rare and fine insects of this family, which were then not in my own
+  collection.</p>
+
+  <p>On each side of the palpi adjoining the eye are two yellowish round
+  dots, and another behind: the posterior wings above have a narrow whitish
+  margin, the colour beneath much paler; but the nerves on this, as well as
+  at the tips of the anterior wings, are blackish-brown; the legs at the
+  base and the tarsi are black.</p>
+
+  <p>This is a male insect; the other sex I have not seen.</p>
+
+  <p><br style="clear:both" /></p>
+<hr class="full" />
+
+  <p><a name="Plate40"></a><span class="platenum"><i>Pl.</i> 40</span></p>
+
+  <div class="figcenter" style="width:37%;">
+      <a href="images/v1_pl40.jpg"><img style="width:100%" src="images/v1_pl40.jpg"
+      alt="Plate 40." title="Plate 40." /></a>
+  </div>
+<h5><span class="lg125"><span class="gesperrt">HESPERIA</span> Cynisca.</span></h5>
+
+<h5><img src="images/separator.png" class="middle" style="height:1.5ex;" alt="" /></h5>
+
+<h6><span class="sc">Generic Character.</span>&mdash;See <a href="#Plate28">Pl. 28.</a></h6>
+
+<hr class="plainsp"/>
+
+<h6><span class="sc">Specific Character.</span></h6>
+
+<blockquote class="b1s">
+
+  <p><i>Hesp. (Div. 2.) alis nigrescente-fuscis, subtus obscurioribus;
+  anticis supra fasciâ flavâ trifissâ (in feminis albâ); posticis subtus
+  immaculatis, castaneo-fuscis, margine exteriore flavo.</i></p>
+
+  <p>Hesp. (Div. 2.) Wings blackish-brown; anterior above with a
+  three-cleft yellow band, which in the female is white; posterior beneath
+  immaculate, chesnut-brown, margined externally with yellow.</p>
+
+</blockquote>
+
+<h5><img src="images/separator.png" class="middle" style="height:1.5ex;" alt="" /></h5>
+
+  <p>The different sexes of this insect will appear so strikingly
+  dissimilar to those who are familiarised only with the nice distinctions
+  that separate the species of European <i>Lepidoptera</i>, that this
+  affinity by such may be doubted; nevertheless, observations in their
+  native country, and the close examination of several specimens, will we
+  are persuaded confirm the fact.</p>
+
+  <p>The male insect is distinguished (like all the <i>Hesperidĉ</i>) by
+  having the eyes considerably larger, and the anterior wings more narrowed
+  than in the other sex: in this species the bands on their wings assume
+  the form of three yellowish spots, adjoining which, on the inner side, is
+  a semi-lunular villous mark, an almost constant indication (where it
+  exists) of this sex. The straw-coloured border beneath the posterior
+  wings is narrower and darker than in the female; but in both it forms a
+  slender marginal fringe on the upper surface. Legs deep rufous; antennĉ
+  black; the club beneath and lunule round the eye straw-coloured.</p>
+
+  <p>Inhabits South Brazil, but is not common.</p>
+
+  <p><br style="clear:both" /></p>
+<hr class="full" />
+
+  <p><a name="Plate41"></a><span class="platenum"><i>Pl.</i> 41</span></p>
+
+  <div class="figcenter" style="width:27%;">
+      <a href="images/v1_pl41.jpg"><img style="width:100%" src="images/v1_pl41.jpg"
+      alt="Plate 41." title="Plate 41." /></a>
+  </div>
+<h5><span class="lg125"><span class="gesperrt">ACHATINA</span> pallida&#x2c;</span></h5>
+
+<h5 class="lg125 mtm1"><i>Pale Achatina.</i></h5>
+
+<h5><img src="images/separator.png" class="middle" style="height:1.5ex;" alt="" /></h5>
+
+<h6><span class="sc">Generic Character.</span>&mdash;See <a href="#Plate21">Pl. 21.</a></h6>
+
+<hr class="plainsp"/>
+
+<h6><span class="sc">Specific Character.</span></h6>
+
+<blockquote class="b1s">
+
+  <p><i>A.</i> (div. 2.) <i>testâ cinereo-albâ, fasciis duabus angustis
+  fuscis, spirâ elongatâ rectâ, anfractibus 7 sub-ventricosis, labio
+  interiore roseo, columellâ basi rectâ, integrâ, aperturâ
+  ovato-oblongâ</i>.</p>
+
+  <p>A. Shell cinereous-white, with two narrow brown bands, spire
+  elongated, straight; volutions seven, slightly ventricose, inner lip
+  rosy, base of the columella straight, entire, aperture ovate-oblong.</p>
+
+  <p><span class="correction" title="Added by Addenda et Corrigenda"><span
+  class="sc">Obs.</span> another specimen of A. pallida quite agreeing with
+  this, is in Mr. Dubois' cabinet.</span></p>
+
+</blockquote>
+
+<h5><img src="images/separator.png" class="middle" style="height:1.5ex;" alt="" /></h5>
+
+  <p>The species of this and one or two other genera of land-shells are
+  subject to such variability in their colouring, that it becomes extremely
+  difficult to ascertain which are species and which varieties. The shell
+  now figured might, on a cursory glance, very well pass for one of the
+  Protean varieties of the Linnĉan <i>Bulla fasciata</i>; but a comparison
+  with that shell will at once point out the strong specific difference
+  that exists between them in the formation of the mouth. In this, the
+  lower half of the inner lip, or more properly the pillar, is nearly
+  straight; the base entire, or without any notch or truncated appearance:
+  whereas in the true <i>A. fasciata</i>, the inner lip at the base is very
+  much curved inward, and notched before it joins the outer lip. The mouth
+  is also short and broad: whereas in this it is much more oblong, and the
+  base round. Other more obvious characters exist in the form of the
+  whorls, spire, and more particularly in the colour, of these two shells;
+  but these are in comparison of minor importance.</p>
+
+  <p>I regret having but one example of this shell, as it prevents me from
+  tracing how far the characters here detailed hold good in other
+  specimens. They are such, however, as, I think, fully to justify the
+  propriety of considering it a species.</p>
+
+  <p>Its locality is unknown.</p>
+
+  <p>I have little doubt more than one species exist among the supposed
+  varieties of the true <i>Bulla fasciata</i> of Linn., which I take to be
+  the shell figured by Lister.</p>
+
+  <p><br style="clear:both" /></p>
+<hr class="full" />
+
+  <p><a name="Plate42"></a><span class="platenum"><i>Pl.</i> 42</span></p>
+
+  <div class="figcenter" style="width:24%;">
+      <a href="images/v1_pl42.jpg"><img style="width:100%" src="images/v1_pl42.jpg"
+      alt="Plate 42." title="Plate 42." /></a>
+  </div>
+<h5><span class="lg125"><span class="gesperrt">OLIVA</span> Braziliana&#x2c;</span></h5>
+
+<h5 class="lg125 mtm1"><i>Brazilian Olive</i></h5>
+
+<h5><img src="images/separator.png" class="middle" style="height:1.5ex;" alt="" /></h5>
+
+<h6><span class="sc">Generic Character.</span></h6>
+
+<blockquote class="b1s">
+
+  <p><i>Testa cylindrica, polita; spira conica, acuminata, brevissima;
+  labium exterius simplex, interius incrassatum, tumidum; columella plicis
+  numerosis gracilibus; apertura <span class="correction" title="Original reads 'base', see Addenda et Corrigenda"
+  >basi</span> truncata, emarginata.</i></p>
+
+</blockquote>
+
+<h6>Typus Genericus <i>Voluta Porphyrea</i> Lin.</h6>
+
+<blockquote class="b1s">
+
+  <p>Shell cylindrical, polished, spire conic acuminated, very short; outer
+  lip simple, inner lip thickened, tumid, columella with numerous slender
+  plaits, aperture at the base truncatedly emarginate.</p>
+
+</blockquote>
+
+<h6>Generic Type <i>Voluta Porphyrea</i> Lin.</h6>
+
+<hr class="plainsp"/>
+
+<h6><span class="sc">Specific Character.</span></h6>
+
+<blockquote class="b1s">
+
+  <p><i>O. testâ coniformi, latâ; aperturâ effusâ, labio interiore tumidâ
+  callositate super spiram extendente.</i></p>
+
+  <p>Shell coniform, broad; aperture effuse, tumid callosity on the inner
+  lip large, and spreading over the spire.</p>
+
+  <p>Oliva Braziliensis. <i>Martini p.</i> 130, <i>tab.</i> 147
+  <i>&amp;</i> 8, 1367 <i>&amp;</i> 8.</p>
+
+  <p>Oliva Braziliana. <i>Lamarck.</i></p>
+
+  <p>Voluta pinguis. <i>Dill.</i> 516. 36.</p>
+
+</blockquote>
+
+<h5><img src="images/separator.png" class="middle" style="height:1.5ex;" alt="" /></h5>
+
+  <p>No family of shells possess characters more strikingly obvious to
+  common observers than the Olives; and yet, although in our English
+  terminology no one would ever think of calling them <i>Volutes</i>, we
+  still shrink from giving them that distinguishing appellation in Latin
+  which we every day use and acknowledge in our own language. The strict
+  followers of Linnĉus, by thus rejecting generic distinctions, which at
+  once convey a definite idea of form and structure, contribute to render
+  systematic arrangement less expressive of ideas than the common
+  nomenclature of our sale catalogues: a striking proof of the pertinacity
+  with which we cherish those particular doctrines we first imbibed,
+  although an unbiassed reasoning and an attentive observance of nature
+  would convince us of their fallacy.</p>
+
+  <p>The great Linnĉus, at the time he formed that system which laid the
+  foundation of systematic nomenclature, had not the materials for
+  gathering and combining those natural genera which the immense
+  discoveries made since his death have given us a knowledge of. He
+  accordingly arranged those few shells known to him, in large, and for the
+  most part natural, groups. That of <i>Voluta</i> I consider as one of
+  these last (excepting the first division); but the great accession of
+  species now known, and which is still increasing, has long ago induced
+  the principal Continental writers to divide this very extensive family
+  into the following genera: <i>Marginella</i> (Date shells), <i>Oliva</i>
+  (Olives), <i>Mitra</i> (Mitres), <i>Turbinellus</i> (Turnip shells),
+  <i>Voluta</i> (Volutes), <span class="correction" title="Original read 'and Cimbium (Melons)', see Addenda et Corrigenda"
+  >...</span>; all possessing not only clear but natural characters;
+  inasmuch as, by such an arrangement, those interesting links and
+  ramifications that connect this family with the <i>Bullĉ</i>,
+  <i>Cones</i>, <i>Cowries</i>, <i>Murices</i>, and other genera, can be
+  traced; and which perhaps affords the most fascinating and intellectual
+  source of contemplation and study the science can bestow.</p>
+
+  <p>The peculiarity of this species will distinguish it among this
+  numerous and intricate family. The basal suture is deeply channeled;
+  those on the spire covered by the polished callosity which spreads from
+  the inner lip.</p>
+
+  <p>Mr. Dillwyn has adopted the unpublished name of Solander, although the
+  shell had long ago been described and named by Martini and Lamarck. I
+  consider this as contrary to that principle of nomenclature which awards
+  a preference to priority of publication; and I have therefore restored
+  the name of those authors who have this undoubted claim. Mr. Dillwyn's
+  description is very clear and good.</p>
+
+  <p>I cannot learn from what particular part of Brazil this species has
+  been received.</p>
+
+  <p><br style="clear:both" /></p>
+<hr class="full" />
+
+  <p><a name="Plate43"></a><span class="platenum"><i>Pl.</i> 43</span></p>
+
+  <div class="figcenter" style="width:37%;">
+      <a href="images/v1_pl43.jpg"><img style="width:100%" src="images/v1_pl43.jpg"
+      alt="Plate 43." title="Plate 43." /></a>
+  </div>
+<h5><span class="lg125"><span class="gesperrt">MELLIPHAGA</span> auricomis&#x2c;</span></h5>
+
+<h5 class="lg125 mtm1"><i>Yellow-tufted Honeysucker.</i></h5>
+
+<h5><img src="images/separator.png" class="middle" style="height:1.5ex;" alt="" /></h5>
+
+<h6><span class="sc">Generic Character.</span></h6>
+
+<blockquote class="b1s">
+
+  <p>(<i>Melliphaga</i>, Lewin.)</p>
+
+  <p><i>Rostrum mediocre, capite plerumque longius, gracile, curvatum,
+  acuminatum, attenuatum, ad basin altius quam latius, lateribus
+  compressis; culmine carinato. Mandibula superior ad apicem emarginata;
+  inferior lateribus compressis. Nares concavĉ ad medium rostri porrectĉ,
+  membranâ tectĉ, inter rictum et apicem longo fissu aperientes. Lingua
+  longa, extensibilis, fibris cartilaginosis terminata. Pedes simplices,
+  digito exteriore connexo, halluce pervalido.</i></p>
+
+  <p>Obs. <i>Cauda rectricibus</i> 12, <i>remigibus</i> 1 <i>et</i> 2
+  <i>spuriis; rostri margine aliquando subtilissime dentato.</i></p>
+
+</blockquote>
+
+<h6>Typus Genericus <i>Certhia Novĉ Hollandiĉ</i> Lath.</h6>
+
+<blockquote class="b1s">
+
+  <p>Bill moderate, generally somewhat longer than the head, slender,
+  curved, pointed and acuminated, the base higher than broad, the sides
+  compressed, the top carinated; upper mandible notched at the tip, the
+  under mandible laterally compressed. Nostrils concave, near half the
+  length of the bill, covered by a membrane, opening by a long slit midway
+  between the gape and tip. Tongue long, extensible, terminated by
+  cartilaginous fibres. Feet simple; outer fore-toe connected; hind-toe
+  very strong.</p>
+
+  <p>Obs. Tail-feathers twelve, first and second quills spurious; margin of
+  the bill sometimes minutely toothed.</p>
+
+</blockquote>
+
+<h6>Generic Type <i>New Holland Creeper</i> Lath., &amp;c.</h6>
+
+<hr class="plainsp"/>
+
+<h6><span class="sc">Specific Character.</span></h6>
+
+<blockquote class="b1s">
+
+  <p><i>M. olivaceo fusca; vertice corporeque subtus flavescentibus;
+  temporibus auribusque nigris; gulâ et pennis elongatis pone aures
+  flavis.</i></p>
+
+  <p>Olive-brown: crown of the head and body beneath yellowish; temples and
+  ear-feathers black; throat and lengthened feathers behind the ears
+  yellow.</p>
+
+  <p>Muscicapa auricomis. M. olivacea, vertice corpore subtus maculaque
+  aurium flavis, per oculos striga alba. <i>Lath. Ind. Orn. vol.</i> 2.
+  <i>Suppl.</i> xlix. 1. <i>Gen. Zool.</i> 10. 2. <i>p.</i> 354.</p>
+
+  <p>Yellow-tufted Flycatcher. <i>Lath. Suppl.</i> 2. 215. <i>no.</i> 4.
+  <i>Gen. Zool.</i> 10. 2. 354.</p>
+
+</blockquote>
+
+<h5><img src="images/separator.png" class="middle" style="height:1.5ex;" alt="" /></h5>
+
+  <p>The Yellow-tufted Honeysucker, although described by Latham, has
+  hitherto remained unfigured; and I therefore select it as an excellent
+  example of a tribe of birds which I think are peculiar to Australasia,
+  and which seem to hold the same situation among the birds of that vast
+  country as the Humming-birds occupy in South America, and the Sun-birds
+  (<i>Cinnyris</i>, Cuvier) in Africa and India; all of which more or less
+  derive their sustenance from the nectar of flowers, and which they
+  extract on the wing by means of their long tubular tongues.</p>
+
+  <p>It is singular, that while our first ornithological writers were
+  distributing the numerous species of these birds in their systems, under
+  such of the Linnĉan genera as they thought most adapted for their
+  reception, a naturalist of a remote colony should be the first who, by
+  creating a new genus, brought them all into their proper situation in
+  systematic arrangement; one of the many proofs that Nature, and Nature
+  only, is to be studied; and that no system, however ingenious or however
+  applauded, can be considered as infallible.</p>
+
+  <p>By an error (no doubt of the press) in the specific character of this
+  bird in Latham's Index, the eye stripe is called <i>white</i>, though in
+  the description it is termed black. Mr. Stephens has copied this error
+  into "General Zoology;" and his description of this bird, as well as
+  numberless others, seems merely an abridgement or alteration of Latham's;
+  a practice highly detrimental to science; for, when an original
+  description cannot be obtained, it is much better, and safer, to copy
+  without disguise that of another.</p>
+
+  <p>How far all the birds included by Temminck in this genus really belong
+  to it, admits of very great doubt; I have therefore constructed the
+  generic character from those birds of New Holland only which Lewin, who
+  founded the genus, must have had before him.</p>
+
+  <p>Total length seven inches and a half; bill seven-tenths, the frontal
+  feathers advancing half its length to the nostrils; those of the ears are
+  lengthened, but the yellow tuft behind them is much more so; the feathers
+  of the chin are small, thick-set, and ending in fine setaceous hairs
+  curved outwards; the breast and body pale brownish-yellow. Quills and
+  tail dark-brown, margined with deep-yellowish; the two lateral
+  tail-feathers tipt with dirty white; plumage above olive-brown; front and
+  crown of the head dark brownish-yellow; bill black; legs brownish,
+  inner-toe very deeply cleft. Tail, from the rump, three inches and a half
+  long, and slightly rounded.</p>
+
+  <p>Latham, who first described this bird, says, "it makes its nest on the
+  extreme pendent branches of low trees or shrubs, and by this means
+  escapes the plunder of smaller quadrupeds." It appears not uncommon in
+  New South Wales.</p>
+
+  <p><br style="clear:both" /></p>
+<hr class="full" />
+
+  <p><a name="Plate44"></a><span class="platenum"><i>Pl.</i> 44</span></p>
+
+  <div class="figcenter" style="width:37%;">
+      <a href="images/v1_pl44.jpg"><img style="width:100%" src="images/v1_pl44.jpg"
+      alt="Plate 44." title="Plate 44." /></a>
+  </div>
+<h5><span class="lg125"><span class="gesperrt">PTEROGLOSUS</span> sulcatus&#x2c;</span></h5>
+
+<h5 class="lg125 mtm1"><i>Grooved-bill Aracari.</i></h5>
+
+<h5><img src="images/separator.png" class="middle" style="height:1.5ex;" alt="" /></h5>
+
+<h6><span class="sc">Generic Character.</span></h6>
+
+<blockquote class="b1s">
+
+  <p><i>Rostrum capite longius, crassum, inane, cultratum, basali margine
+  incrassatum, maxillĉ angulo frontali obtuso; tomia serrata: nares superĉ
+  in maxillĉ basi: lingua angusta, pennacea. Cauda elongata, cuneata. Pedes
+  scansorii.</i> Illiger. Prod. p. 202.</p>
+
+</blockquote>
+
+<h6>Typus Genericus <i>Ramph. Aracari</i> Linn.</h6>
+
+<blockquote class="b1s">
+
+  <p>Bill longer than the head, thick, light, curved, thickened at the
+  basal margin, the frontal angle obtuse, the margins serrated. Nostrils
+  nearly vertical, situated on the base of the bill. Tongue long, slender,
+  feathered. Tail elongated, cuneated. Feet scansorial.</p>
+
+</blockquote>
+
+<h6>Generic Type <i>Aracari Toucan</i> Lath.</h6>
+
+<hr class="plainsp"/>
+
+<h6><span class="sc">Specific Character.</span></h6>
+
+<blockquote class="b1s">
+
+  <p><i>P. viridis, subtus pallidior; jugulo albescente, circa oculos
+  cĉruleus; rostrum duobus sulcis longitudinalibus incisum.</i></p>
+
+  <p>Green Aracari, beneath paler; throat whitish, round the orbits blue;
+  bill with two lateral longitudinal grooves.</p>
+
+  <p>P. sulcatus. <i>Swainson, in Journal of Royal Institution, vol.</i> 9.
+  <i>p.</i> 267.</p>
+
+</blockquote>
+
+<h5><img src="images/separator.png" class="middle" style="height:1.5ex;" alt="" /></h5>
+
+  <p>All those species of the Linnĉan Toucans having a long wedge-shaped
+  tail, and the nostrils passing through the upper part of the bill, are
+  comprehended by Illiger and other continental writers under this genus.
+  They have been called by the French Aracari; which name I have retained
+  as an English generic distinction. They inhabit the same country and
+  situations as the real Toucans, which are distinguished by having a
+  short, broad, and even tail, and the nostrils placed behind the bill.</p>
+
+  <p>A fine example of this very rare bird I first met with in the small
+  collection sent to my excellent friend, E. Falkener, Esq. from the
+  Spanish Main. I have since noticed another which was in Mr. Bullock's
+  museum, and is now in the possession of Lord Stanley: these are the only
+  two specimens known.</p>
+
+  <p>This bird was first described by me in the Journal of the Royal
+  Institution near a year ago. When Professor Temminck was in England, I
+  showed him the manuscript description and drawing which I had then made:
+  he assured me he had never seen the bird before, otherwise than in
+  Bullock's museum. A short time after, my account of it was published. I
+  observe, however, that in the new edition of his Manuel he gives this
+  name to a new bird of his own: no description however follows, and it is
+  therefore impossible to say if the Professor intends it for this
+  identical species.</p>
+
+  <p>We must postpone any further observations on this family, and conclude
+  by giving the original description above alluded to.</p>
+
+  <p>Total length twelve inches, of which the bill in extreme length
+  measures three. It is much curved, and more attenuated than any of the
+  Aracaris, being thickest at the base; from which it narrows to a sharp
+  point at the tip. The upper part is convex, and somewhat thickened; the
+  sides are compressed, and the upper mandible has two broad slightly
+  indented grooves on each side: the base has a few transverse wrinkles,
+  and the serratures deep and unequal. The lower mandible half the depth of
+  the upper, the sides concave, and the teeth less. The colour (in the
+  dried bird) black; the base of the lower and the upper half of the
+  superior mandible rufous, the base with a whitish marginal line. The
+  nostrils are more lateral than usual, being placed in a line with the
+  eye; the orbits naked and reddish brown, the feathers encircling which
+  (particularly beneath the eye) are vivid cerulean blue. The whole upper
+  plumage is parrot green, paler beneath, with a gloss of golden yellow on
+  the cheeks and sides: throat dusky white. Wings short, five inches long,
+  and rounded; inner shafts of the quills black, margined with whiteish.
+  Tail cuneated, green, four inches and a half long, the four middle
+  feathers equal. Legs dusky black.</p>
+
+  <p><br style="clear:both" /></p>
+<hr class="full" />
+
+  <p><a name="Plate45"></a><span class="platenum"><i>Pl.</i> 45</span></p>
+
+  <div class="figcenter" style="width:37%;">
+      <a href="images/v1_pl45.jpg"><img style="width:100%" src="images/v1_pl45.jpg"
+      alt="Plate 45." title="Plate 45." /></a>
+  </div>
+<h5><span class="lg125"><span class="gesperrt">RAMPHASTOS</span> carinatus&#x2c;</span></h5>
+
+<h5 class="lg125 mtm1"><i>Sharp-billed Toucan.</i></h5>
+
+<h5><img src="images/separator.png" class="middle" style="height:1.5ex;" alt="" /></h5>
+
+<h6><span class="sc">Generic Character.</span></h6>
+
+<blockquote class="b1s">
+
+  <p><i>Rostrum capite longius, maximum, crassum, inane, cultratum, basali
+  margine incrassatum; maxillĉ <span class="correction" title="Added by Addenda et Corrigenda"
+  >angulo</span> frontali subtruncato transverso: Nares verticales, pone
+  maxillĉ basin sitĉ; tomia serrata; lingua angusta, pennacea; cauda
+  brevis, ĉqualis; pedes scansorii.</i> Illiger. Prod, p. 212.</p>
+
+</blockquote>
+
+<h6>Typus Genericus <i>R. erythrorynchus</i> Lath.</h6>
+
+<blockquote class="b1s">
+
+  <p>Bill very large, longer than the head, thick, light, curved, and
+  thickened at the basal margin; the frontal angle transversely
+  sub-truncated, margins serrated. Nostrils vertical, behind the base of
+  the bill. Tongue slender, long, and feathered. Tail short, even. Feet
+  scansorial.</p>
+
+</blockquote>
+
+<h6>Generic Type <i>Red-billed Toucan</i> Lath.</h6>
+
+<hr class="plainsp"/>
+
+<h6><span class="sc">Specific Character.</span></h6>
+
+<blockquote class="b1s">
+
+  <p><i>R. niger; gulâ flavâ; fasciâ pectorale tegminibusque inferioribus
+  rubris; rostro viridi, apice rubro; mandibulâ superiore culmine carinato
+  flavo, lateribus maculâ aurantiâ; inferiore cĉruleo variegata.</i></p>
+
+</blockquote>
+
+<blockquote class="b1s">
+
+  <p>Black; throat yellow; pectoral bar and under tail covers red; bill
+  green, tip red; upper mandible carinated and yellow above, the sides with
+  an orange spot; lower mandible varied with blue.</p>
+
+  <p>Yellow-breasted Toucan. <i>Edwards, pl.</i> 329.</p>
+
+  <p>Ramphastos Tucanus. Yellow-breasted Toucan. <i>Gen. Zool.</i> 8, 362,
+  (<i>excluding the Synonyms.</i>)</p>
+
+</blockquote>
+
+<h5><img src="images/separator.png" class="middle" style="height:1.5ex;" alt="" /></h5>
+
+  <p>No tribe of Birds appear so void of that symmetry of form that in
+  general pervades the feathered creation, as the Toucans and Aracaris in
+  the new, and the Hornbills in the old continent. A question naturally
+  arises, why the bills of these birds should be so monstrously out of
+  proportion, and what possible use they can be applied to. The elucidation
+  of these questions is highly interesting, and calls for the most accurate
+  observations to be made in their native regions. It will be sufficient
+  for the present, however, to point out, with regard to the Linnĉan
+  Toucans, that the accurate observations and anatomical knowledge of my
+  valued friend Dr. Traill, F.R.S.E., of Liverpool, have clearly proved
+  that an immense number of nerves and fibres fill the cavity of these
+  bills, all connected with the organs of smelling, which are in the
+  highest state of development. A short notice on this subject will be
+  found in the Linnĉan Transactions; but as my learned friend is pursuing
+  his inquiries further on the subject, I shall for the present confine my
+  remarks to the individual here illustrated, observing that no birds are
+  so little understood, even in regard to the species, as these.</p>
+
+  <p>The indefatigable Edwards appears the first who noticed this bird. His
+  description, though in the quaint style of the day, is clear and
+  comprehensive; and his figure strengthens it, both being made from the
+  living bird. Yet Dr. Latham has quite overlooked it as a variety of
+  another species; and Dr. Shaw, although he copies Edwards's account,
+  gives references which belong to other birds. It is not in the costly
+  work of Le Vaillant, and indeed seems (from its excessive rarity) to have
+  escaped the notice of all modern ornithologists. The perfect bill of the
+  bird is, however, in my possession, minutely agreeing with Edwards's
+  account; and also an original sketch in oil of another individual, by an
+  unknown artist, with a note stating it was done from the life at Exeter
+  'Change. All these testimonies put the existence of the bird beyond any
+  doubt.</p>
+
+  <p>Having seen only the bill, which is well described by Edwards, I shall
+  close this article with such part of his description as appears
+  necessary.</p>
+
+  <p>"The bill is very large, compressed sideways, having <i>a sharp ridge
+  along the upper part</i>; the upper mandible is green, with a long
+  triangular spot of yellow colour on each side, and the ridge on the upper
+  part yellow; the lower mandible is blue, with a shade of green in the
+  middle, the point is red, it hath about five faint dusky bars, which
+  cross the joinings of the two mandibles. The iris of the eye is a fair
+  green colour; round the eye is a broad space of naked skin of a violet
+  colour: the throat and breast are of a bright yellow, below which is a
+  bar of scarlet feathers; the covert feathers of the tail are white above,
+  beneath of a bright red; the legs and feet are all of a blue or violet
+  colour." Edwards says it was brought from Jamaica, but doubts its being
+  rather a native of the continent: he says they are very rarely brought
+  home alive.</p>
+
+  <p>The bill is full six inches long, and the whole figure on the same
+  scale, both in this and in Edwards.</p>
+
+  <p><br style="clear:both" /></p>
+<hr class="full" />
+
+  <p><a name="Plate46"></a><span class="platenum"><i>Pl.</i> 46</span></p>
+
+  <div class="figcenter" style="width:21%;">
+      <a href="images/v1_pl46.jpg"><img style="width:100%" src="images/v1_pl46.jpg"
+      alt="Plate 46." title="Plate 46." /></a>
+  </div>
+<h5><span class="lg125"><span class="gesperrt">BULIMUS</span> citrinus&#x2c;</span></h5>
+
+<h5 class="lg125 mtm1"><i>Citron Bulimus.</i></h5>
+
+<h5><img src="images/separator.png" class="middle" style="height:1.5ex;" alt="" /></h5>
+
+<h6><span class="sc">Generic Character.</span>&mdash;See <a href="#Plate4">Pl. 4.</a></h6>
+
+<hr class="plainsp"/>
+
+<h6><span class="sc">Specific Character.</span></h6>
+
+<blockquote class="b1s">
+
+  <p><i>B. testâ obovatâ; spirâ conicâ, in medio sub-crassatâ, aperturâ
+  longiore: spirâ anfractibus 6 in suturam depressis; labio exteriore <span
+  class="correction" title="Original reads 'basi rotundato', see Addenda et Corrigenda"
+  >basi subcontracto</span>; umbilico subclauso.</i></p>
+
+  <p>Shell obovate; spire conic, slightly thickened in the middle, longer
+  than the aperture, and of six volutions depressed on the suture;
+  outer-lip <span class="correction" title="Original reads 'rounded', see Addenda et Corrigenda"
+  >slightly contracted</span> at the base; umbilicus nearly closed.</p>
+
+  <p>Bulimus citrinus, <i>var.</i> B. <i>Bruguiere Encycl. Meth.</i> 314.
+  <i>no.</i> 27.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Martini</i> 9. <i>tab.</i> 110. <i>fig.</i> 930.</p>
+
+</blockquote>
+
+<h5><img src="images/separator.png" class="middle" style="height:1.5ex;" alt="" /></h5>
+
+  <p>This variable species is perhaps the most beautiful and delicate in
+  its colouring of all the terrestrial snails; yet, although figured by
+  several of the older writers, so little justice has been done it, that we
+  make no apology for introducing it into the present work, both on this
+  account, and for the purpose of giving such a discriminative specific
+  character as may lead to the inquiry, how far all the numerous varieties
+  mentioned by authors really belong to this species or not. As far as my
+  own observation goes, I have found that the thickened spire, the
+  depression of the whorls on the suture, and the narrowness or contraction
+  of the mouth at the base, afford the only constant characters; for, in
+  regard to colour and the situation of the mouth, both appear subject to
+  great variation, the latter being as often reversed as regular. Martini's
+  is the only figure that can be safely quoted for this variety.</p>
+
+  <p>I am indebted to Mrs. Bolton, of Storr's-hall, Windermere, for the
+  loan of this and several other rare shells: it formerly belonged to Mr.
+  Jennings, and appears an old shell, being heavy in proportion, the
+  umbilicus thickly closed up, and the outer-lip very thick. Another I have
+  seen at Mrs. Mawe's, and one is in the British Museum: but the finest
+  specimen in colour and preservation is in the possession of my friend W.
+  J. <span class="correction" title="Original reads 'Broederip', see Addenda et Corrigenda"
+  >Broderip</span>, Esq., of Lincoln's-Inn: from this it seems the spiral
+  whorls are finely and delicately marked by transverse elevated striĉ,
+  while those on the basal volution are striated transversely, though in a
+  less regular manner.</p>
+
+  <p>Bruguiere mentions that this species is generally found in the South
+  American islands, Cayenne, and Guiana.</p>
+
+  <p>Mr. Dillwyn has given the new name of <i>aurea</i> to this shell, in
+  addition to the five others under which different authors have described
+  it. Such changing of names and multiplication of synonyms, without strong
+  reasons, are very objectionable. I have retained that of
+  <i>Bruguiere</i>, as being the only author who has placed it in its
+  proper genus.</p>
+
+  <p><br style="clear:both" /></p>
+<hr class="full" />
+
+  <p><a name="Plate47"></a><span class="platenum"><i>Pl.</i> 47</span></p>
+
+  <div class="figcenter" style="width:35%;">
+      <a href="images/v1_pl47.jpg"><img style="width:100%" src="images/v1_pl47.jpg"
+      alt="Plate 47." title="Plate 47." /></a>
+  </div>
+<h5><span class="lg125"><span class="gesperrt">BULIMUS</span> citrinus</span> (<i>var</i>. perversu)<span class="lg150">.</span></h5>
+
+<h5 class="lg125 mtm1"><i>Reverse&#x2c; banded Citron Bulimus.</i></h5>
+
+<h5><img src="images/separator.png" class="middle" style="height:1.5ex;" alt="" /></h5>
+
+<h6><span class="sc">Generic Character.</span>&mdash;See <a href="#Plate4">Pl. 4.</a></h6>
+
+<hr class="plainsp"/>
+
+<h6><span class="sc">Specific Character.</span>&mdash;See <a href="#Plate46">Pl. 46.</a></h6>
+
+<blockquote class="b1s">
+
+  <p><span class="sc">Synonyms.</span></p>
+
+  <p><i>Martini, vol.</i> 9. <i>tab.</i> 934 &amp; 5. <i>Knorr</i>, 4.
+  <i>tab.</i> 28. <i>fig.</i> 4, 5. (bad.)</p>
+
+  <p>Bulimus citrinus, <i>var.</i> B. <i>Bruguiere</i>, 314. 27.</p>
+
+</blockquote>
+
+<h5><img src="images/separator.png" class="middle" style="height:1.5ex;" alt="" /></h5>
+
+  <p>A fine pair of this beautiful and rare variety is in the collection of
+  Mr. C. Dubois, to whom I am indebted on this and many other occasions,
+  for the facilities he has afforded me in prosecuting the present work:
+  one of these is now figured; it differs in no respect from that in the
+  last plate, except in being reversed and having the umbilicus not so
+  completely closed; a character which, perhaps, exists only in very old
+  shells. The other specimen is also reversed and banded, though in a
+  different manner.</p>
+
+<hr class="plain"/>
+
+<h5><span class="gesperrt">BULIMUS</span> aureus.</h5>
+
+<h5 class="mtm1"><i>Golden Bulimus.&mdash;upper and lower figures.</i></h5>
+
+<h6><span class="sc">Specific Character.</span></h6>
+
+<blockquote class="b1s">
+
+  <p><i>B. testâ obovatâ, spirâ conicâ, anfractibus 5 convexis, suturâ
+  simplici, umbilico aperto.</i></p>
+
+  <p>Shell obovate; spire conic, of five convex volutions; suture simple;
+  umbilicus open.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Lister</i> 34. 33. <i>Martini</i> 9. <i>tab.</i> 110. 928. 929?</p>
+
+  <p><span class="correction" title="Added by Addenda et Corrigenda"><span
+  class="sc">Obs.</span> <span class="sc">Bulimus</span> <i>aureus</i>, in
+  Mr. Spurrett's valuable cabinet is another specimen of this shell
+  minutely agreeing with that here described.</span></p>
+
+</blockquote>
+
+<h5><img src="images/separator.png" class="middle" style="height:1.5ex;" alt="" /></h5>
+
+  <p>Having seen but a single specimen of this shell, I have placed it as a
+  distinct species, not without some doubts, and principally for the
+  purpose of calling the attention of conchologists to a more rigid
+  examination of the specific distinctions of this family (unconnected with
+  colour) than has heretofore been done. The regular convexity of the
+  whorls, not in any degree compressed at the suture, the want of that
+  thickened appearance on the spire, and of the contraction at the base of
+  the mouth (all which characters I have found in the varieties of <i>B.
+  citrinus</i> to be constant), afford a specific distinction which future
+  observations must confirm or annul. Bruguiere notices a variety of <i>B.
+  citrinus</i> which is entirely yellow, a most beautiful specimen of which
+  is in the British Museum, and which possesses (as well as the excellent
+  figure of Gualtieri) all the specific characters I have given to <i>B.
+  citrinus</i>, but not of the present shell. Lister's figure, on the
+  contrary, is rude, though very characteristic of this; and Martini's
+  representation, here cited, also appears the same.</p>
+
+  <p>Mr. Dubois, in whose collection this specimen exists, is unacquainted
+  with its locality.</p>
+
+  <p><br style="clear:both" /></p>
+<hr class="full" />
+
+  <p><a name="Plate48"></a><span class="platenum"><i>Pl.</i> 48</span></p>
+
+  <div class="figcenter" style="width:22%;">
+      <a href="images/v1_pl48.jpg"><img style="width:100%" src="images/v1_pl48.jpg"
+      alt="Plate 48." title="Plate 48." /></a>
+  </div>
+<h5><span class="lg125"><span class="gesperrt">MITRA</span> casta&#x2c;</span></h5>
+
+<h5 class="lg125 mtm1"><i>Chesnut-banded Mitre.</i></h5>
+
+<h5><img src="images/separator.png" class="middle" style="height:1.5ex;" alt="" /></h5>
+
+<h6><span class="sc">Generic Character.</span>&mdash;See <a href="#Plate23">Pl. 23.</a></h6>
+
+<hr class="plainsp"/>
+
+<h6><span class="sc">Specific Character.</span></h6>
+
+<blockquote class="b1s">
+
+  <p><i>Mitra (Div. 3.) testâ albâ, lĉvi, olivĉformi, spirâ aperturâ
+  breviore, anfractibus supra tenuiter reticulatis, basi epidermide
+  castaneam fasciam formante, in anfractu basali centralem et
+  latam.</i></p>
+
+  <p>Shell white, smooth, olive-formed, spire shorter than the aperture,
+  the volutions finely reticulated above, the lower half with the epidermis
+  forming a chesnut band which is central and broad on the basal whorl.</p>
+
+  <p>Voluta casta. <i>Chemnitz</i> 10, <i>p.</i> 138, <i>vig.</i> 20 <span
+  class="sm">C D.</span>&mdash;<i>figura mala</i>.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Martyn Univ. Conch.</i> i. <i>tab.</i> 20.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dillwyn Catalogue</i>, <i>vol.</i> i. <i>p.</i> 554, <i>no.</i>
+  127.</p>
+
+</blockquote>
+
+<h5><img src="images/separator.png" class="middle" style="height:1.5ex;" alt="" /></h5>
+
+  <p>All the writers I have been able to consult, uniformly describe this
+  species as having a coloured band on the white ground of the shell. In
+  the Banksian cabinet are two fine specimens, and which have enabled me to
+  ascertain that this brown band is nothing more than an epidermis, or
+  external coating, with which the shell is only partially covered&mdash;a
+  circumstance of very rare occurrence; and which, being removed, proves
+  the real colour of the shell to be of a uniform polished white. This,
+  together with its excessive rarity, and the opportunity of giving
+  original figures, has induced me to include it in this work, although it
+  exists both in those of Martini and Martyn above quoted. I have neither
+  seen nor heard of specimens being in any other collection, besides the
+  two above noticed; and which no doubt were collected by their late
+  lamented possessor on some of the South Sea islands. A striking affinity
+  exists between this and <i>M. zonata</i> figured at the <a
+  href="#Plate3">third plate</a> of this work.</p>
+
+<hr class="plain"/>
+
+<h5><span class="gesperrt">MITRA</span> olivĉformis.</h5>
+
+<h5 class="mtm1"><i>Olive-shaped Mitre.</i></h5>
+
+<blockquote class="b1s">
+
+  <p><i>M. testâ olivĉformi, glabrâ, nitidâ, spirâ brevissimâ,
+  longitudinaliter rugatâ, striâ centrali transversâ; columella
+  4-plicata.</i></p>
+
+  <p>M. Shell olive-shaped, smooth, polished, spire very short,
+  longitudinally wrinkled, with a central transverse stria, pillar
+  four-plaited.</p>
+
+</blockquote>
+
+<h5><img src="images/separator.png" class="middle" style="height:1.5ex;" alt="" /></h5>
+
+  <p>I introduce the description of this diminutive and undescribed shell
+  from its affinity with the last, and as forming a most interesting
+  transition from the Mitres to the Olives: agreeing with the former in the
+  structure of the pillar and the sculptured spire, and with the latter in
+  its general form and <i>prima facie</i> appearance. Its perfect
+  resemblance, in fact, to a small olive, may have occasioned its being
+  hitherto overlooked. The spire is slightly wrinkled and striated; the
+  teeth on the pillar very near each other, slender, and four in number.
+  The colour pale yellowish; the mouth darker, and the tip and base purple.
+  The whole shell is scarcely half an inch long.</p>
+
+  <p>It was received from the South Seas.</p>
+
+  <p><br style="clear:both" /></p>
+<hr class="full" />
+
+  <p><a name="Plate49"></a><span class="platenum"><i>Pl.</i> 49</span></p>
+
+  <div class="figcenter" style="width:37%;">
+      <a href="images/v1_pl49.jpg"><img style="width:100%" src="images/v1_pl49.jpg"
+      alt="Plate 49." title="Plate 49." /></a>
+  </div>
+<h5><span class="lg125"><span class="gesperrt">OXYRHYNCUS</span> cristatus.</span></h5>
+
+<h5 class="lg125 mtm1"><i>Crested Sharpbill.</i></h5>
+
+<h5><img src="images/separator.png" class="middle" style="height:1.5ex;" alt="" /></h5>
+
+<h6><span class="sc">Generic Character.</span></h6>
+
+<blockquote class="b1s">
+
+  <p><i>Oxyruncus</i> Temminck.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Rostrum breve, rectissimum, basi trigonâ, ultra basin attenuatum,
+  apice acutissimum; mandibulâ superiore <span class="correction" title="Original reads 'supr àrotundatâ', see Addenda et Corrigenda"
+  >suprà rotundatâ</span>, utrisque integris. Nares basales, nudĉ, membranâ
+  partim tectĉ, aperturâ lineari ad marginem rostri approximante. Pedes
+  breves, validi, digito medio longiores; digitis anterioribus tribus,
+  exteriore connexo, interiore fisso; halluce valido.</i></p>
+
+  <p>Bill short, very straight, base trigonal, beyond attenuated to a very
+  fine point; upper mandible above rounded, both entire. Nostrils basal,
+  naked, partially covered by a membrane; aperture linear, near the margin
+  of the bill. Feet short, strong, a little longer than the middle toe;
+  anterior toes three, the outer connected, the inner cleft; hind toe
+  strong.</p>
+
+</blockquote>
+
+<hr class="plain"/>
+
+<h6><span class="sc">Specific Character.</span></h6>
+
+<blockquote class="b1s">
+
+  <p><i>O. suprà olivaceo-viridis, subtùs flavescente-albus, maculis
+  nigrescentibus; capite cristâ coccineâ incumbente; capitis lateribus
+  lineis transversis flavescente-albis.</i></p>
+
+  <p>Above olive-green, beneath yellowish-white, with blackish spots. Head
+  with an incumbent crimson crest; sides of the head and neck with
+  transverse yellowish-white lines.</p>
+
+</blockquote>
+
+<h5><img src="images/separator.png" class="middle" style="height:1.5ex;" alt="" /></h5>
+
+  <p>An elegant and (to the ornithologist) a highly interesting bird,
+  considered with much judgement by Professor Temminck as a new genus,
+  having the perfect bill and habit of the Wryneck, but totally unlike that
+  bird in the position of its toes, which in this are not placed in pairs.
+  The Professor has slightly described it, in the new edition of his
+  <i>Manuel</i>, without a <i>specific</i>, but under the <i>generic</i>
+  name of <i>Oxyruncus</i>, the spelling of which must be presumed as an
+  error of the press: no mention, however, is made of the beautiful crimson
+  colour which adorns the crest.</p>
+
+  <p>Total length near seven inches. Bill eight-tenths in length from the
+  gape; general colour of the bird olive-green, becoming nearly white on
+  the under part, and on the transverse stripes on each side the neck,
+  front and temples, where there are also obscure bands of black; crown
+  with a concealed crest, which is vivid crimson at the base and blackish
+  at the tips; inner margin of the covers, quills and tail blackish; inner
+  covers yellowish; chin, neck and breast banded with blackish lines, which
+  are broken into spots and stripes beyond.</p>
+
+  <p>Inhabits Brazil, but is very rare.</p>
+
+  <p><br style="clear:both" /></p>
+<hr class="full" />
+
+  <p><a name="Plate50"></a><span class="platenum"><i>Pl.</i> 50</span></p>
+
+  <div class="figcenter" style="width:37%;">
+      <a href="images/v1_pl50.jpg"><img style="width:100%" src="images/v1_pl50.jpg"
+      alt="Plate 50." title="Plate 50." /></a>
+  </div>
+<h5><span class="lg125"><span class="gesperrt">ALCEDO</span> Asiatica.</span></h5>
+
+<h5 class="lg125 mtm1"><i>Asiatic Kingsfisher.</i></h5>
+
+<h5><img src="images/separator.png" class="middle" style="height:1.5ex;" alt="" /></h5>
+
+<h6><span class="sc">Generic Character.</span>&mdash;See <a href="#Plate26">Pl. 26.</a></h6>
+
+<hr class="plainsp"/>
+
+<h6><span class="sc">Specific Character.</span></h6>
+
+<blockquote class="b1s">
+
+  <p><i>A. capite nigro, fasciis transversis cyaneis, posticè cristato;
+  auribus cyaneis; mento, gulâ, strigâque laterali colli albescentibus;
+  dorso nitidè cĉruleo; corpore subtùs rufo.</i></p>
+
+  <p>Head black, transversely banded with mazarine blue, the hinder part
+  crested; ears blueish; chin, throat, and lateral stripe on each side the
+  neck whitish; back shining light-blue; body beneath rufous.</p>
+
+  <p><span class="correction" title="Added by Addenda et Corrigenda"><span
+  class="sc">Obs.</span> This bird Dr. Horsfield tells me is his <i>Alcedo
+  meninting</i> described in the Linn. Transactions.</span></p>
+
+</blockquote>
+
+<h5><img src="images/separator.png" class="middle" style="height:1.5ex;" alt="" /></h5>
+
+  <p>The general resemblance between this and the European Kingsfisher may
+  have been the cause why it has remained hitherto unnoticed by
+  ornithologists. It bears, however, on closer inspection, a strong and
+  peculiar distinction in the crest at the back of the head, in being much
+  smaller in size, and especially as inhabiting the hottest parts of India;
+  while our own braves the cold of a Siberian winter.</p>
+
+  <p>Total length six inches, of which the bill from the angle of the mouth
+  to the tip occupies one inch and three-quarters, and is black, with the
+  under mandible paler; the ears and the upper part of the head and neck
+  are blueish-black, transversely banded with somewhat crescent-shaped
+  narrow bands of a rich deep blue, which are broken into spots on the
+  crest and ears: from the base of the under mandible is a black stripe
+  richly glossed with blue, and carried down on each side the neck, between
+  which and the upper part is a whitish stripe beginning just behind the
+  ears (this in the European species is rufous). The wing-covers, scapulars
+  and lesser quills are blackish glossed with blue, the two former having a
+  bright spot at the end of each feather; superior and greater quills
+  entirely blackish; down the middle of the back, rump, and tail-covers,
+  light and vivid blue, with a slight tinge of greenish; chin and throat
+  cream-colour; line between the nostrils and eyes, margin of the
+  shoulders, under wing-covers, and all the lower parts of the body,
+  rufous; tail deep and obscure blue; legs red.</p>
+
+  <p>My specimen came from some part of India; I have met with others from
+  the same place; and Dr. Horsfield has likewise observed it in Java.</p>
+
+  <p><br style="clear:both" /></p>
+<hr class="full" />
+
+  <p><a name="Plate51"></a><span class="platenum"><i>Pl.</i> 51</span></p>
+
+  <div class="figcenter" style="width:34%;">
+      <a href="images/v1_pl51.jpg"><img style="width:100%" src="images/v1_pl51.jpg"
+      alt="Plate 51." title="Plate 51." /></a>
+  </div>
+<h5><span class="lg125"><span class="gesperrt">COLIAS</span> Pyrene.</span></h5>
+
+<h5 class="lg125 mtm1"><i>White African Colias.</i></h5>
+
+<h5><img src="images/separator.png" class="middle" style="height:1.5ex;" alt="" /></h5>
+
+<h6><span class="sc">Generic Character.</span>&mdash;See <a href="#Plate5">Pl. 5.</a></h6>
+
+<hr class="plainsp"/>
+
+<h6><span class="sc">Specific Character.</span></h6>
+
+<blockquote class="b1s">
+
+  <p><i>C. alis albis; anticis suprà punctulo nigro subcentrali oblongo ad
+  apicem approximante; posticis margine integerrimis; singulis subtùs
+  puncto ocellari lineisque fulvis undulatis: sexibus similibus.</i></p>
+
+  <p>Wings white; anterior with a small, nearly central, oblong, black dot
+  nearest the tip; margin of the posterior wings very entire, beneath all
+  with a brown ocellate spot and undulated fulvous lines: both sexes
+  alike.</p>
+
+</blockquote>
+
+<h5><img src="images/separator.png" class="middle" style="height:1.5ex;" alt="" /></h5>
+
+  <p>Under the head of <i>Colias Pyranthe</i>, M. Godart has united the
+  three insects described by Fabricius, as, <i>Pap. Pyranthe</i>,
+  <i>Nepthe</i> and <i>Gnomia</i>, all bearing in their leading colours a
+  very near resemblance to each other. Yet as this consideration alone
+  appears to have decided this ingenious author in uniting them, without
+  apparently noticing the nicer but more important characters of form,
+  proportion, and real sexual distinction, as well as geography, I cannot
+  but consider the question still remains doubtful; and although I am not
+  at present prepared to offer an opinion as to the actual affinity between
+  these three insects, I have little or no doubt that the one now figured
+  is a really distinct species from either of the above, which all inhabit
+  various parts of India. This, on the contrary, is from the interior of
+  the Cape of Good Hope, from whence it was brought by Mr. Burchall, among
+  whose insects I have seen about twenty unvarying specimens, but they were
+  all males. I discovered however three or four of both sexes, varying in
+  size, in Mr. Haworth's cabinet, and the perfect similarity in colour of
+  the female with the other sex is very striking: it wants of course the
+  little tuft of hair and opaque spot within the borders of the wings, so
+  generally found in the male <i>Coliadĉ</i>.</p>
+
+  <p>The distinctions of <i>Colias Pyrene</i> as a species rest on the
+  areola of the anterior wings being considerably larger in proportion than
+  in the others allied to it, thus making the black dot (which is always
+  placed at the outer extremity of the areola) much nearer the tip than the
+  base: these wings are also more sharply trigonal (in the male), and have
+  only the slightest appearance of a black margin; the hinder wings are
+  also perfectly entire, and not obtusely undulated as in those insects,
+  and the sexes not differing in colour. Like most of the insects of this
+  genus, the ocellate spots beneath vary considerably; sometimes they are
+  silvery, at other times not; the anal valves in the male are short and
+  obtuse, and the wings in the female not so sharply pointed.</p>
+
+  <p><br style="clear:both" /></p>
+<hr class="full" />
+
+  <p><a name="Plate52"></a><span class="platenum"><i>Pl.</i> 52</span></p>
+
+  <div class="figcenter" style="width:37%;">
+      <a href="images/v1_pl52.jpg"><img style="width:100%" src="images/v1_pl52.jpg"
+      alt="Plate 52." title="Plate 52." /></a>
+  </div>
+<h5><span class="lg125"><span class="gesperrt">COLIAS</span> argante.</span></h5>
+
+<h5 class="lg125 mtm1"><i>Orange Colias.</i></h5>
+
+<h5><img src="images/separator.png" class="middle" style="height:1.5ex;" alt="" /></h5>
+
+<h6><span class="sc">Generic Character.</span>&mdash;See <a href="#Plate5">Pl. 5.</a></h6>
+
+<hr class="plainsp"/>
+
+<h6><span class="sc">Specific Character.</span></h6>
+
+<blockquote class="b1s">
+
+  <p><i>C. (Mas.) alis aurantiis, suprà immaculatis, posticis subtùs atomis
+  ferrugineis, plerumque puncto gemino argenteo.</i></p>
+
+  <p><i>C. (F&oelig;m.) alis aurantio-flavis, anticis suprà, apice
+  punctoque medio atris; posticis subtùs, puncto gemino argenteo atomisque
+  ferrugineis.</i></p>
+
+  <p>C. (Male.) Wings bright-orange, above immaculate; posterior beneath
+  with minute ferruginous dots, and generally two silvery spots.</p>
+
+  <p>C. (Female.) Wings golden-yellow; anterior above with a central spot
+  and black marginal tip; posterior beneath covered with ferruginous dots
+  and two silvery spots.</p>
+
+<table class="noind"><tr><td class="pl0">(<i>Male.</i>)</td>
+<td>Papilio Hersilia. Cramer, <i>pl.</i> 173. C. D.<br />
+&mdash;&mdash;&mdash; argante. <i>Fab. Ent. Syst.</i> iii. <i>pt.</i> 1. <i>p.</i> 189.<br />
+Colias argante. <i>Godart in Encycl. Method.</i> 9. 92. <i>no.</i> 11.</td></tr>
+
+<tr><td class="pl0">(<i>Female.</i>)</td>
+<td>Papilio Cipris. <i>Cramer</i>, <i>pl.</i> 99. E. F.<br />
+Colias Cnidia. <i>Godart</i>, 93. <i>no.</i> 14.</td></tr></table>
+
+</blockquote>
+
+<h5><img src="images/separator.png" class="middle" style="height:1.5ex;" alt="" /></h5>
+
+  <p>No two insects can present a more striking dissimilarity than the
+  sexes of this species; and it was only after a considerable degree of
+  attention to the subject, in their native climate, that we were at last
+  thoroughly convinced that <i>Colias argante</i> and <i>C. Cnidia</i>
+  were, without the least remaining doubt, the male and the female of one
+  species. I have had the same opinion communicated to me by my friend Dr.
+  Langsdorff, whose long residence and observations in Brazil render his
+  opinion of no small authority.</p>
+
+  <p>As both insects are well known, and their distinctions given in the
+  specific character, it will be only necessary to observe, that the under
+  surfaces of the wings in both sexes vary much both in the density of the
+  minute dots, and short undulated stripes that spread over their surface;
+  and that the silvery spots in some males are strongly marked, and in
+  others quite obsolete: there is, in very fine individuals of this sex, a
+  faint bloom of pink spread on the orange of the upper surface, which
+  heightens the vivid yet chaste beauty of the insect. The females are not
+  so common. I met with them both in northern and southern Brazil, and have
+  seen them in collections from Parà directly under the equinoctial
+  line.</p>
+
+  <p><br style="clear:both" /></p>
+<hr class="full" />
+
+  <p><a name="Plate53"></a><span class="platenum"><i>Pl.</i> 53</span></p>
+
+  <div class="figcenter" style="width:34%;">
+      <a href="images/v1_pl53.jpg"><img style="width:100%" src="images/v1_pl53.jpg"
+      alt="Plate 53." title="Plate 53." /></a>
+  </div>
+<h5><span class="lg125"><span class="gesperrt">STROMBUS</span> cylindricus.</span></h5>
+
+<h5><span class="lg125 mtm1"><i>False Scarlet-mouthed Strombus</i></span>&mdash;<i>Upper and under figures</i>.</h5>
+
+<h5><img src="images/separator.png" class="middle" style="height:1.5ex;" alt="" /></h5>
+
+<h6><span class="sc">Generic Character.</span>&mdash;See <a href="#Plate10">Pl. 10.</a></h6>
+
+<hr class="plainsp"/>
+
+<h6><span class="sc">Specific Character.</span></h6>
+
+<blockquote class="b1s">
+
+  <p><i>S. testâ coniformi, spirâ brevissimâ ad basin depressâ, anfractibus
+  convexis inĉqualibus, labio exteriore suprà lobato, intùs striato;
+  interiore sub-obsoleto, albo.</i></p>
+
+  <p>Shell coniform; spire short, depressed at the base, the whorls convex
+  and unequal; outer lip lobed above, and internally striated; inner lip
+  nearly obsolete, white.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Lister</i> 850. 5. (bad.). <i>Gualt.</i> 31. 1. <i>Knorr</i>, vi.
+  <i>tab.</i> 15. 3.</p>
+
+  <p>Strombus luhuanus <i>Linn.</i> <i>Martini</i>, x. <i>tab.</i> 157.
+  1499. 1500.</p>
+
+  <p>Young. Lip above entire, inside smooth, whorls tuberculated.
+  <i>Lister</i>, 849. 4. a? <i>Knorr</i>, vi. <i>tab.</i> 17. 2.</p>
+
+</blockquote>
+
+<h5><img src="images/separator.png" class="middle" style="height:1.5ex;" alt="" /></h5>
+
+  <p>We introduce this common shell for the purpose of pointing out those
+  characters which induce us to consider it more as a distinct species than
+  as a variety of <i>S. Luhuanus</i> of authors; and this consists not so
+  much in the colour of the inner lip, as in the almost total absence of
+  that important part, which this shell invariably exhibits through all its
+  growths: it is therefore, I think, contradictory to the meaning of the
+  word to term that variable which is found to be constant, particularly
+  where the point of distinction rests on a marked difference of
+  <i>formation</i> no less than of colour, though both shells are common to
+  the Oriental seas. Minor differences exist, in the mouth of this always
+  being pink, the inner lip white, and the outer lip but slightly lobed (or
+  cut out) above: in <i>S. Luhuanus</i> the mouth is deep scarlet, inner
+  lip black and highly polished, and the outer lip deeply notched above;
+  the two former characters, indeed, begin to show themselves at a very
+  early growth of the shell.</p>
+
+<hr class="plainsp"/>
+
+<h5><span class="gesperrt">STROMBUS</span> Persicus.</h5>
+
+<h5><span class="mtm1"><i>Persian Strombus</i></span><i>&mdash;middle figures.</i></h5>
+
+<blockquote class="b1s">
+
+  <p><i>S. testâ sub-coniformi, brevi; spirâ conicâ, ĉquali; labio
+  exteriore prominente, suprà sinuato, intùs glabro; interiore polito,
+  albo.</i></p>
+
+  <p>Shell somewhat coniform, short; spire conic, equal. Outer lip
+  prominent, sinuated above, smooth within; inner lip polished, white.</p>
+
+</blockquote>
+
+<hr class="plainsp"/>
+
+  <p>Allied, but sufficiently distinct from the last; the mouth is always
+  smooth and white. It is a local species: a few received from the Persian
+  Gulf are all I have yet seen, some <span class="correction" title="Original reads 'where', see Addenda et Corrigenda"
+  >were</span> young, but no other variation was observable.</p>
+
+  <p><br style="clear:both" /></p>
+<hr class="full" />
+
+  <p><a name="Plate54"></a><span class="platenum"><i>Pl.</i> 54</span></p>
+
+  <div class="figcenter" style="width:30%;">
+      <a href="images/v1_pl54.jpg"><img style="width:100%" src="images/v1_pl54.jpg"
+      alt="Plate 54." title="Plate 54." /></a>
+  </div>
+<h5><span class="lg125"><span class="gesperrt">MITRA</span> lyrĉformis.</span></h5>
+
+<h5 class="lg125 mtm1"><i>Harp Mitre.</i></h5>
+
+<h5><img src="images/separator.png" class="middle" style="height:1.5ex;" alt="" /></h5>
+
+<h6><span class="sc">Generic Character.</span>&mdash;See <a href="#Plate23">Pl. 23.</a></h6>
+
+<hr class="plainsp"/>
+
+<h6><span class="sc">Specific Character.</span></h6>
+
+<blockquote class="b1s">
+
+  <p><i>M. testâ costis regularibus, carinatis, approximatibus: columellâ
+  striatâ, juxta basin triplicatâ: spirâ subattenuatâ; apice
+  subpapillosâ.</i></p>
+
+  <p>Shell with regular, carinated, approximating, longitudinal ribs.
+  Pillar striated, three-plaited near the base. Spire somewhat attenuated.
+  Apex slightly papillary.</p>
+
+</blockquote>
+
+<h5><img src="images/separator.png" class="middle" style="height:1.5ex;" alt="" /></h5>
+
+  <p>This beautiful and highly interesting shell has been generally
+  considered <i>unique</i> among the collections in this country. It was
+  originally in the possession of the late Mr. Jennings, and, I am informed
+  by Captain Laskey, was on first being received, in a much finer state.
+  Mr. Jennings had it cleaned, and in so doing many of the delicate
+  transverse striĉ were partially obliterated, and the sharp ridges on the
+  longitudinal ribs worn down, as indeed was apparent from a drawing
+  Captain L. had made of the shell previous to this unmerciful cleaning. It
+  however still remains a very fine shell, and is now in the cabinet of
+  Mrs. Bolton, of Storr's-hall, to whom I am obliged for the opportunity of
+  now publishing it.</p>
+
+  <p>The figure and specific character will sufficiently point out its
+  distinctions. The body-whorl is smooth, but strongly granulated at the
+  base; the spire delicately striated between the ribs; the two last whorls
+  before the apex are close, thick, and somewhat papillary; the apex itself
+  small and sharp. The upper part of the inner lip has some faint obsolete
+  teeth, but the base has three very strong ones.</p>
+
+  <p>It connects in the most beautiful manner the two genera of
+  <i>Mitra</i> and <i>Voluta</i>. Its country is unknown.</p>
+
+  <p><br style="clear:both" /></p>
+<hr class="full" />
+
+  <p><a name="Plate55"></a><span class="platenum"><i>Pl.</i> 55</span></p>
+
+  <div class="figcenter" style="width:36%;">
+      <a href="images/v1_pl55.jpg"><img style="width:100%" src="images/v1_pl55.jpg"
+      alt="Plate 55." title="Plate 55." /></a>
+  </div>
+<h5><span class="lg125"><span class="gesperrt">SOLEN</span> ambiguus.</span></h5>
+
+<h5 class="lg125 mtm1"><i>Ambiguous Solen.</i></h5>
+
+<h5><img src="images/separator.png" class="middle" style="height:1.5ex;" alt="" /></h5>
+
+<h6><span class="sc">Generic Character.</span></h6>
+
+<blockquote class="b1s">
+
+  <p><i>Testa bivalvis, ĉquivalvis, transversissimè elongata, utroque
+  latere hians. Dentes cardinales parvi, fragiles, numero variabiles, rarò
+  divaricati. Ligamentum externum; animal ad extremitatem anteriorem pede
+  subcylindraceo; ad posteriorem siphone brevi duos alteros conjunctos
+  continente.</i> Lamarck.</p>
+
+</blockquote>
+
+<h6>Typus Genericus <i>Solen Vagina</i> Pennant.</h6>
+
+<blockquote class="b1s">
+
+  <p>Shell bivalve, equivalve, very transversely elongated, open at both
+  ends. Cardinal teeth small, fragile, variable in number, and rarely
+  divaricated. Ligament external. Animal with a sub-cylindrical foot at the
+  anterior end, and at the other a short tube containing two others united
+  together. <i>Lamarck.</i></p>
+
+</blockquote>
+
+<h6>Generic Type <i>Solen Vagina</i> Pennant.</h6>
+
+<hr class="plainsp"/>
+
+<h6><span class="sc">Specific Character.</span></h6>
+
+<blockquote class="b1s">
+
+  <p><i>S. testâ lineari, crassâ, rectâ, pallidâ, obscurè radiatâ;
+  cardinibus unidentatis, margine anteriore sub-approximantibus.</i></p>
+
+  <p>Shell linear, strong, straight, pale, obscurely radiated. Cardinal
+  teeth one in each valve, placed near the anterior extremity.</p>
+
+  <p>Solen ambiguus. <i>Lam. Syst. vol.</i> iii. <i>p.</i> 452. <i>no.</i>
+  7.</p>
+
+</blockquote>
+
+<h5><img src="images/separator.png" class="middle" style="height:1.5ex;" alt="" /></h5>
+
+  <p>Under the genus <i>Solen</i> (vulgarly called Razors or Pods) are
+  comprehended a variety of shells having the common character of both
+  extremities open or gaping when the valves are together, yet differing
+  materially in their form, teeth, and general appearance: some are long,
+  slender and straight; others more or less curved; a few short and oval,
+  or with one end only lengthened. Modern writers have, however, retained
+  nearly all these in the genus as left by Linnĉus; and this method for the
+  present is more desirable than that of creating a multiplicity of genera.
+  Dr. Turton, in his very useful Conchological Dictionary, enumerates
+  thirteen species as found on the British coast, including the <i>Solen
+  Novacula</i> of Montagu, which the Doctor suspects is not truly a
+  species. The original specimens which Montagu described I have carefully
+  inspected at the British Museum, and have no doubt in my own mind they
+  are in reality no other than <i>S. Siliqua</i> with one of the cardinal
+  teeth broken off; a circumstance which, from their fragility, frequently
+  happens, even in opening the recent shell.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Solen ambiguus</i> was first described by Lamarck, who says it is
+  from North America. Two or three specimens are in my possession; but it
+  is a rare species, much thicker, and with larger teeth than any other;
+  the epidermis is pale-brown, and in some parts obliquely lineated.</p>
+
+  <p><br style="clear:both" /></p>
+<hr class="full" />
+
+  <p><a name="Plate56"></a><span class="platenum"><i>Pl.</i> 56</span></p>
+
+  <div class="figcenter" style="width:35%;">
+      <a href="images/v1_pl56.jpg"><img style="width:100%" src="images/v1_pl56.jpg"
+      alt="Plate 56." title="Plate 56." /></a>
+  </div>
+<h5><span class="lg125"><span class="gesperrt">RAMPHASTOS</span> vitellinus.</span></h5>
+
+<h5 class="lg125 mtm1"><i>Sulphur-and-white-breasted Toucan.</i></h5>
+
+<h5><img src="images/separator.png" class="middle" style="height:1.5ex;" alt="" /></h5>
+
+<h6><span class="sc">Generic Character.</span>&mdash;See <a href="#Plate45">Pl. 45.</a></h6>
+
+<hr class="plainsp"/>
+
+<h6><span class="sc">Specific Character.</span></h6>
+
+<blockquote class="b1s">
+
+  <p><i>R. niger, gulâ flavo-aurantiâ; lateribus auribusque albis; fasciâ
+  pectorali tegminibusque rubris; rostro nigro fasciâ basali cĉruleâ,
+  culmine subcurvato convexo, lateribus incrassatis.</i></p>
+
+  <p>Black; throat yellowish-orange; the sides and ears white; pectoral bar
+  and tail-covers red; bill black, with a blue basal belt, the top convex
+  and but slightly curved, the sides thickened.</p>
+
+  <p>R. vitellinus. <i>Illiger</i> &mdash;&mdash;</p>
+
+  <p>Le Pignancoin. <i>Vaill. pl.</i> 7.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Var.</i>? Le Grand Toucan à ventre rouge. <i>Vaill. pl.</i> 6.</p>
+
+</blockquote>
+
+<h5><img src="images/separator.png" class="middle" style="height:1.5ex;" alt="" /></h5>
+
+  <p>The descriptions of Dr. Latham, and the compilations of Dr. Shaw on
+  the various species of Toucans, are so confused, and their synonyms so
+  inaccurate, that it is quite impossible to quote them in reference to
+  this bird; but which I am informed has already been distinguished by the
+  celebrated Illiger as a distinct species, under the name here
+  adopted.</p>
+
+  <p>Independent of colour, this differs from <i>R. Tucanus</i> in having
+  the bill less curved, the top convex and obscure pink, not flat and blue.
+  The belt at the base is always vivid blue (grey in the dead bird), not,
+  as in <i>R. Tucanus</i>, of a rich yellow. This I have never met with in
+  Brazil; the other is common from lat. 8 to 23° S. A drawing from the live
+  bird by the late Sydenham Edwards (obligingly lent me by Lord Stanley)
+  confirms others I have seen as to the colour of the bill, orbits, &amp;c.
+  It varies, however, in that of the throat, breadth of the red band, and
+  in the tail-covers. A specimen I possess being somewhat larger, the
+  breast is nearly white, and the upper tail-covers sulphur. In young birds
+  the white on the sides is tinged with grey. I am inclined to consider the
+  <i>Grand Toucan à ventre rouge</i> of Vaillant as a mere variety, having
+  the red pectoral bar very broad.</p>
+
+  <p>In general size it is rather larger than the Brazilian Toucan. Our
+  figure is on the exact scale of four-tenths to an inch. Its precise
+  locality I am unacquainted with. We hope to enlarge more on this
+  interesting genus in another publication.</p>
+
+  <p><br style="clear:both" /></p>
+<hr class="full" />
+
+  <p><a name="Plate57"></a><span class="platenum"><i>Pl.</i> 57</span></p>
+
+  <div class="figcenter" style="width:30%;">
+      <a href="images/v1_pl57.jpg"><img style="width:100%" src="images/v1_pl57.jpg"
+      alt="Plate 57." title="Plate 57." /></a>
+  </div>
+<h5><span class="lg125"><span class="gesperrt">UNIO</span> nasutus.</span></h5>
+
+<h5 class="lg125 mtm1"><i>Rostrated River-Mussel.</i></h5>
+
+<h5><img src="images/separator.png" class="middle" style="height:1.5ex;" alt="" /></h5>
+
+<h6><span class="sc">Generic Character.</span></h6>
+
+<blockquote class="b1s">
+
+  <p><i>Testa transversa, ĉquivalvis, non affixa; natibus decorticatis,
+  suberosis; impressio muscularis postica composita. Dens cardinalis
+  unicus, brevis, irregularis, simplex aut bipartitus, substriatus; dentes
+  laterales duo, elongati, compressi, infra pubem producti.</i></p>
+
+</blockquote>
+
+<h6>Typus Genericus <i>Mya Pictorum</i>. Linn.</h6>
+
+<blockquote class="b1s">
+
+  <p>Shell transverse, equivalve, not affixed, the tops decorticated.
+  Posterior muscular depressions double. Cardinal tooth one, short,
+  irregular, simple or double, striated; lateral teeth two, elongated,
+  compressed, and prolonged beneath the corslet.</p>
+
+</blockquote>
+
+<h6>Generic Type <i>Mya Pictorum</i>. Linn.</h6>
+
+<hr class="plainsp"/>
+
+<h6><span class="sc">Specific Character.</span></h6>
+
+<blockquote class="b1s">
+
+  <p><i>U. (Div. 2.) testâ transversim elongatâ, margine dorsi rectâ,
+  anticè angulatâ obliquè attenuatâ, extremitate subtruncatâ.</i></p>
+
+  <p>Unio (Div. 2.). Shell transversely elongated: dorsal margin straight;
+  anterior side angulated, obliquely attenuated, the extremity slightly
+  truncated.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Lister, tab.</i> 151. <i>fig.</i> 6.</p>
+
+  <p>Unio nasutus. <i>Say in Encycl. Am. Conch. pl.</i> iv. <i>fig.</i>
+  1.</p>
+
+</blockquote>
+
+<h5><img src="images/separator.png" class="middle" style="height:1.5ex;" alt="" /></h5>
+
+  <p>This is one of the most natural genera in the modern systems of
+  conchology, as it includes all fresh-water bivalves having two rough
+  cardinal teeth in one valve and one in the other. The colours of all are
+  more or less dark-brown, sometimes radiated with green; but the specific
+  characters rest on the contour of the shell and the proportion of the
+  teeth.</p>
+
+  <p>There can be no doubt this shell is the <i>Unio nasutus</i> of Say,
+  who refers to the figure of Lister. The <i>Unio nasuta</i> however of
+  Lamarck I apprehend will be found different, as he seems to think; his
+  shell also is purple inside with short thick teeth; indeed so much
+  uncertainty hangs on the shells of this genus, that the species can only
+  be fixed by ample descriptions and very correct figures. The figure is
+  from a shell in the Linnĉan Society's cabinet. Mr. Say says it is common
+  in the Delaware River, North America.</p>
+
+  <p><br style="clear:both" /></p>
+<hr class="full" />
+
+  <p><a name="Plate58"></a><span class="platenum"><i>Pl.</i> 58</span></p>
+
+  <div class="figcenter" style="width:31%;">
+      <a href="images/v1_pl58.jpg"><img style="width:100%" src="images/v1_pl58.jpg"
+      alt="Plate 58." title="Plate 58." /></a>
+  </div>
+<h5><span class="lg125"><span class="gesperrt">ACHATINA</span> crenata.</span></h5>
+
+<h5 class="lg125 mtm1"><i>Green hair-streaked Achatina.</i></h5>
+
+<h5><img src="images/separator.png" class="middle" style="height:1.5ex;" alt="" /></h5>
+
+<h6><span class="sc">Generic Character.</span>&mdash;See <a href="#Plate30">Pl. 30.</a></h6>
+
+<hr class="plainsp"/>
+
+<h6><span class="sc">Specific Character.</span></h6>
+
+<blockquote class="b1s">
+
+  <p><i>A. (Div. 2.) testâ albâ, fasciis viridibus capillaribus; spirâ
+  elongatâ, subattenuatâ, anfractibus 6 convexis, labio exteriore crenato;
+  basi subtruncatâ.</i></p>
+
+  <p>Shell white, with capillary green bands; spire elongated,
+  sub-attenuated, of six convex volutions; outer lip crenated; base
+  slightly truncate.</p>
+
+</blockquote>
+
+<h5><img src="images/separator.png" class="middle" style="height:1.5ex;" alt="" /></h5>
+
+  <p>A few specimens of this most delicate and beautiful shell were found
+  by my brother, Mr. J. T. Swainson, jun. in the island of Cuba; nor am I
+  aware of its having by any other means reached our cabinets, excepting a
+  distinct variety which occurred in Mrs. Angus's, and is now (together
+  with a young one of the same) in Mr. Dubois's collection. This has, in
+  addition to the green bands on the spire, a row of bead-like cinereous
+  spots at the base of the first and second spiral whorl; and others of a
+  longitudinal square form on those whorls nearest the tip, which, with the
+  inner lip, is slightly tinged with pink. The form of the shell also is
+  shorter; but the general contour, and particularly the crenated mouth,
+  common to both, clearly proves it can be considered only as a distinct
+  variety. The specimen we have figured agrees with all those sent at the
+  same time, in having not the slightest appearance of spots, though in a
+  perfect state of preservation. The little notches on the margin of the
+  lip are always placed at the commencement of each of the green lines; the
+  base of the column is straight, and slightly truncated before it joins
+  the outer lip.</p>
+
+  <p><br style="clear:both" /></p>
+<hr class="full" />
+
+  <p><a name="Plate59"></a><span class="platenum"><i>Pl.</i> 59</span></p>
+
+  <div class="figcenter" style="width:33%;">
+      <a href="images/v1_pl59.jpg"><img style="width:100%" src="images/v1_pl59.jpg"
+      alt="Plate 59." title="Plate 59." /></a>
+  </div>
+<h5><span class="lg125"><span class="gesperrt">PSITTACUS</span> Barrabandii.</span></h5>
+
+<h5 class="lg125 mtm1"><i>Red-collared Parakeet.</i></h5>
+
+<h5><img src="images/separator.png" class="middle" style="height:1.5ex;" alt="" /></h5>
+
+<h6><span class="sc">Generic Character.</span>&mdash;See <a href="#Plate1">Pl. 1.</a></h6>
+
+<hr class="plainsp"/>
+
+<h6><span class="sc">Specific Character.</span></h6>
+
+<blockquote class="b1s">
+
+  <p><i>P. viridis, sincipite gulâque flavis; torque coccineo circa medium
+  cervicem extendente; rostro rubro; alis spuriis cĉrulescentibus.</i></p>
+
+  <p>Green, fore-part of the head and throat yellow; round the middle of
+  the neck in front an orange-red collar; bill red; spurious wings
+  blueish.</p>
+
+</blockquote>
+
+<h5><img src="images/separator.png" class="middle" style="height:1.5ex;" alt="" /></h5>
+
+  <p>The vast and little known region of New Holland has afforded us some
+  of the most beautiful birds of this superb family, and among which the
+  species now, as we believe, for the first time published, will stand
+  conspicuous. It is from a fine skin in the possession of Mr. Leadbeater,
+  and is named in honour of the late M. Barraband, the first ornithological
+  painter that France or any other country has produced.</p>
+
+  <p>The tail is very long, measuring eight inches three quarters; the
+  total length of the bird being near fifteen inches. The green which
+  predominates over the plumage is bright and changeable, having a blueish
+  tinge on the hind head, which is much darker and stronger on the outer
+  margins of the quills and middle of the tail-feathers: the back and
+  scapulars are tinged with an olive-brown; the spurious quills and their
+  protecting covers are greenish-blue, appearing in some lights entirely of
+  the latter colour; the inner margin of the quills and tail, as well as
+  their entire under surface, deep brownish-black; but the tips of the
+  tail-feathers beneath are much paler; the two middle feathers five inches
+  longer than the outermost, and extending near two inches beyond any of
+  the others; their extremities instead of being pointed are rather widened
+  and rounded. Bill red; ears and space between the eye and bill green;
+  fore-part of the head, chin, and half the neck, a clear orange-yellow,
+  which is terminated by a narrow collar of a beautiful orange-red; the
+  remaining under plumage pale-green; inner wing-covers darker. Legs black.
+  The fourth, fifth and sixth quills notched at their tips.</p>
+
+  <p><br style="clear:both" /></p>
+<hr class="full" />
+
+  <p><a name="Plate60"></a><span class="platenum"><i>Pl.</i> 60</span></p>
+
+  <div class="figcenter" style="width:34%;">
+      <a href="images/v1_pl60.jpg"><img style="width:100%" src="images/v1_pl60.jpg"
+      alt="Plate 60." title="Plate 60." /></a>
+  </div>
+<h5><span class="lg125"><span class="gesperrt">THYREUS</span> Abbottii.</span></h5>
+
+<h5><img src="images/separator.png" class="middle" style="height:1.5ex;" alt="" /></h5>
+
+<h6><span class="sc">Generic Character.</span></h6>
+
+<blockquote class="b1s">
+
+  <p>(<i>Familia Sphingidis</i> Latreille.)</p>
+
+  <p><i>Antennĉ lineares, in medio incrassatĉ, in maribus extrinsecus
+  ciliatĉ, (sub-barbatĉ) in f&oelig;minis simplices, filiformes, mucrone
+  obtuso arcuato sensim terminantes. Palpi breves, obtusi, in utroque sexu
+  similes. Alĉ opacĉ, angulatĉ. Abdomen crassum, barbatum.</i></p>
+
+  <p>Antennĉ linear, thickened in the middle, externally ciliated in the
+  male, simple and filiform in the female, gradually ending in an arcuated,
+  obtuse hook. Palpi short, obtuse, alike in both sexes. Wings opaque,
+  angulated. Abdomen thick, bearded.</p>
+
+</blockquote>
+
+<h6><span class="sc">Specific Character.</span></h6>
+
+<blockquote class="b1s">
+
+  <p><i>T. alis angulatis, anticis testaceis, fusco umbratis et obliquè
+  lineatis; posticis flavis, margine lato nigro.</i></p>
+
+  <p>T. Wings angulated; anterior testaceous, with lineated brown shades
+  and oblique lines; posterior yellow, with a broad black border.</p>
+
+</blockquote>
+
+<h5><img src="images/separator.png" class="middle" style="height:1.5ex;" alt="" /></h5>
+
+  <p>A lovely insect, which is unfigured, and, as far as we can ascertain,
+  undescribed by any author. It appertains to the Linnĉan genus
+  <i>Sphinx</i>, which can be viewed (from the immense diversity and great
+  number of the species) only as a family containing many and striking
+  natural genera: in modern arrangement it is most nearly allied to the
+  <i>Sesiĉ</i> of Fabricius, from which, as it strikingly differs in the
+  formation of the palpi and antennĉ, I have separated it.</p>
+
+  <p>I have named this insect to commemorate the exertions of Mr. Abbott,
+  well known as having furnished the materials for that beautiful work the
+  Lepidopterous Insects of Georgia, edited by Sir James Edward Smith. And
+  from the unpublished drawings of this zealous collector, the larva and
+  pupa have been figured. Mr. Abbott writes that it is a rare species in
+  Georgia, and feeds on the grape. The female differs not in colour from
+  the male, which is here represented.</p>
+
+  <p><br style="clear:both" /></p>
+<hr class="full" />
+
+  <p><a name="Plate61"></a><span class="platenum"><i>Pl.</i> 61</span></p>
+
+  <div class="figcenter" style="width:35%;">
+      <a href="images/v1_pl61.jpg"><img style="width:100%" src="images/v1_pl61.jpg"
+      alt="Plate 61." title="Plate 61." /></a>
+  </div>
+<h5><span class="lg125"><span class="gesperrt">TAMYRIS</span> Nurscia.</span></h5>
+
+<h5><img src="images/separator.png" class="middle" style="height:1.5ex;" alt="" /></h5>
+
+<h6><span class="sc">Generic Character.</span>&mdash;See <a href="#Plate33">Pl. 33.</a></h6>
+
+<hr class="plainsp"/>
+
+<h6><span class="sc">Specific Character.</span></h6>
+
+<blockquote class="b1s">
+
+  <p><i>T. alis nigris, anticis suprà fasciâ centrali rufescente, infrà
+  punctis duobus ad basim albidis; posticis infrà cĉsiis, cinereis, basi
+  nigris lineâ obsoletâ albidâ; margine nigro.</i></p>
+
+  <p>Wings black; anterior above with a central reddish band, and two white
+  basal dots beneath; posterior beneath grey and cinereous; base black with
+  an obsolete white line; margin black.</p>
+
+</blockquote>
+
+<h5><img src="images/separator.png" class="middle" style="height:1.5ex;" alt="" /></h5>
+
+  <p>The marginal fringe of the lower wings in this species has a few white
+  dots between the nerves, and the upper surface is sprinkled or powdered
+  in the middle with blueish-green atoms; on the under surface of the
+  anterior wings the lower part of the band is orange, the upper bright
+  rufous; and within the black margin of the posterior wings is a large
+  blueish spot, and two or three whitish dots on the sides of the thorax.
+  It seems nearest allied to <i>Hesp. Celsus</i> of Fabricius, which is
+  only slightly described from Mr. Jones's unpublished drawings.</p>
+
+<hr class="plain"/>
+
+<h5><span class="gesperrt">TAMYRIS</span> Laonome.<i>&mdash;lower figure.</i></h5>
+
+<hr class="plain"/>
+
+<h6><span class="sc">Specific Character.</span></h6>
+
+<blockquote class="b1s">
+
+  <p><i>T. alis utrinque similibus, concoloribus fuscis, margine communi
+  aurantiacis; capite anoque rubris.</i></p>
+
+  <p>Wings in both sexes alike, uniform brown, with a common margin of
+  orange; head and tail red.</p>
+
+</blockquote>
+
+<h5><img src="images/separator.png" class="middle" style="height:1.5ex;" alt="" /></h5>
+
+  <p>The under surface of this insect (a female) perfectly resembles the
+  upper: it will approach near to <i>Hesp. Amiatus</i> of Fabricius, which
+  no doubt belongs to this genus.</p>
+
+  <p>For both these interesting insects, not to be found in Fabricius, I am
+  indebted to the liberality of my friend Professor Klug, Director of the
+  Royal Museum at Berlin: no note accompanied them, I therefore conclude
+  they are undescribed, and probably inhabiting South America.</p>
+
+  <p><br style="clear:both" /></p>
+<hr class="full" />
+
+  <p><a name="Plate62"></a><span class="platenum"><i>Pl.</i> 62</span></p>
+
+  <div class="figcenter" style="width:37%;">
+      <a href="images/v1_pl62.jpg"><img style="width:100%" src="images/v1_pl62.jpg"
+      alt="Plate 62." title="Plate 62." /></a>
+  </div>
+<h5><span class="lg125"><span class="gesperrt">PSITTACUS</span> discolor.</span></h5>
+
+<h5 class="lg125 mtm1"><i>Red-shouldered Parakeet.</i></h5>
+
+<h5><img src="images/separator.png" class="middle" style="height:1.5ex;" alt="" /></h5>
+
+<h6><span class="sc">Generic Character.</span>&mdash;See <a href="#Plate1">Pl. 1.</a></h6>
+
+<hr class="plainsp"/>
+
+<h6><span class="sc">Specific Character.</span></h6>
+
+<blockquote class="b1s">
+
+  <p><i>P. viridis; fronte, mento, tegminibus inferioribus, maculâ
+  cervicali, lateribus et scapularibus coccineis; humeris puniceis;
+  vertice, tegminibus exterioribus remigibusque violaceis; rectricibus
+  fulvo marginatis.</i></p>
+
+  <p>P. Green; front, chin, under wing-covers, and spots in the neck,
+  flanks and scapulars crimson; shoulders dark-red; crown, external
+  wing-covers, and lateral tail-feathers violet-blue; quills blueish-black
+  margined with yellow.</p>
+
+  <p>P. discolor. Red-shouldered Parakeet. <i>White's Voyage, pl. at p.</i>
+  263.</p>
+
+  <p>La Perruche Banks. <i>Le Vaill, pl.</i> 50.</p>
+
+</blockquote>
+
+<h5><img src="images/separator.png" class="middle" style="height:1.5ex;" alt="" /></h5>
+
+  <p>This is another of the splendid little Parakeets inhabiting the
+  forests of New Holland; and vivid as the colouring may appear in our
+  figure, it sinks into dullness when compared with the bird itself. Dr.
+  Shaw was the first who described it in White's Voyage to New South Wales,
+  where it is badly represented. It has been since figured by Le Vaillant,
+  probably from a female or imperfect specimen, as the tail is represented
+  by far too short, and the colours not quite agreeing with that in my
+  collection.</p>
+
+  <p>Total length eleven inches. The upper plumage bright green, tinged
+  with blue on the sides of the neck, lighter and yellowish beneath; the
+  crown of the head sapphire or violet-blue, with a crimson belt in front,
+  and a large patch of the same round the chin; paler spots of this colour
+  are also in front of the neck, breast, flanks, and under tail-covers; the
+  under wing-covers are deep crimson, as well as the inner shafts of some
+  of the lesser covers outside; the shoulders dark blood-colour; the outer
+  wing-covers deep-blue on the margin of the wings, gradually changing to a
+  vivid blue, which blends with the green. Quills black glossed with
+  violet, margined externally and internally with yellow. Tail near five
+  inches long, the middle feathers dark rufous tipped with blueish; the
+  rest more or less rufous at the base, and shining blue beyond. Bill and
+  legs pale.</p>
+
+  <p><br style="clear:both" /></p>
+<hr class="full" />
+
+  <p><a name="Plate63"></a><span class="platenum"><i>Pl.</i> 63</span></p>
+
+  <div class="figcenter" style="width:57%;">
+      <a href="images/v1_pl63.jpg"><img style="width:100%" src="images/v1_pl63.jpg"
+      alt="Plate 63." title="Plate 63." /></a>
+  </div>
+<h5><span class="lg125"><span class="gesperrt">AMMODYTES.</span> </span></h5>
+
+<h5 class="lg125 mtm1"><i>Sand-Lance.</i></h5>
+
+<h5><img src="images/separator.png" class="middle" style="height:1.5ex;" alt="" /></h5>
+
+<h6><span class="sc">Generic Character.</span></h6>
+
+<blockquote class="b1s">
+
+  <p><i>Corpus gracile, teretiusculum, polyedrum, elongatum, squamis vix
+  conspicuis. Labium superius duplicatum; mandibula inferior angusta,
+  acuminata. Membrana branchiostega septem-radiata. Pinna dorsalis corpore
+  penè ĉqualis, radiis simplicibus flexilibus.</i></p>
+
+</blockquote>
+
+<h6>Typus Genericus <i>Ammodytes Tobianus</i>. Linn.</h6>
+
+<blockquote class="b1s">
+
+  <p>Body slender, roundish, many-sided, with minute scales. Upper lip
+  doubled; lower jaw narrow pointed. Gill membrane seven-rayed. Dorsal fin
+  nearly as long as the body, with simple flexible rays.</p>
+
+</blockquote>
+
+<h6>Generic Type <i>Sand-Lance</i>. Pennant.</h6>
+
+<blockquote class="b1s">
+
+  <p><span class="correction" title="Added by Addenda et Corrigenda"><span
+  class="sc">Obs.</span> The <i>Ammodytes cicerelus</i> of my friend
+  Professor Rafinesque must be different from <i>A. siculus</i></span></p>
+
+</blockquote>
+
+<hr class="plain"/>
+
+<h5><span class="gesperrt">AMMODYTES</span> Siculus.</h5>
+
+<h5 class="mtm1"><i>Sicilian Sand-Lance.</i></h5>
+
+<blockquote class="b1s">
+
+  <p><i>A. pinnâ dorsali sinuatâ, in medio angustatâ, pone anum
+  altiore.</i></p>
+
+  <p>Dorsal fin sinuated, narrowed in the middle and broadest behind.</p>
+
+</blockquote>
+
+<h5><img src="images/separator.png" class="middle" style="height:1.5ex;" alt="" /></h5>
+
+  <p>Of this genus, hitherto considered as possessing only a unique
+  example, we were fortunate in discovering while in Sicily the new species
+  now figured, and which early in the year visit the coasts near Palermo
+  and Messina in prodigious quantities. There is no striking difference
+  between this and <i>A. Tobianus</i>, excepting the extraordinary shape of
+  the dorsal fin, which is invariably undulated and narrowed in the middle.
+  It never grows to a size exceeding the figure, and is usually much less;
+  while the British species is often found double the length. Like that,
+  also, <i>A. Siculus</i> has the lateral line running close to the dorsal
+  fin; for the fine line in the middle of the side, as Lacepede has well
+  observed, is that only which connects the muscles. That author likewise
+  mentions, that the jaws in <i>A. Tobianus</i> have minute teeth, but
+  these I could never discover. The rays of the fins are, pect. 16; dorsal
+  56; anal 30.</p>
+
+<hr class="plain"/>
+
+<h5><span class="gesperrt">AMMODYTES</span> Tobianus.</h5>
+
+<h5><span class="mtm1"><i>Common Sand-Lance</i></span><i>&mdash;upper figure.</i></h5>
+
+<hr class="plain"/>
+
+<blockquote class="b1s">
+
+  <p><i>A. pinnâ dorsali lineari, ĉquali.</i></p>
+
+  <p>Dorsal fin linear, equal.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Linn. Syst. Nat. vol.</i> i. <i>p.</i> 1145. <i>Pennant</i> iv.
+  <i>pl.</i> 28. <i>Bloch, pl.</i> 73. 2.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Lacepede</i>, ii. 275. <i>Klein Hist. Pisc. fasc.</i> iv.
+  <i>tab.</i> 12. <i>f.</i> 10.</p>
+
+</blockquote>
+
+<h5><img src="images/separator.png" class="middle" style="height:1.5ex;" alt="" /></h5>
+
+  <p>This, though a very common fish, has been figured by all authors as if
+  the rays were spined and naked at their extremity; they are, on the
+  contrary, soft and connected.</p>
+
+  <p>It abounds at certain times on many parts of our coasts. The number of
+  rays stand thus: Pectoral 12; dorsal 51; anal 27.</p>
+
+  <p><br style="clear:both" /></p>
+<hr class="full" />
+
+  <p><a name="Plate64"></a><span class="platenum"><i>Pl.</i> 64</span></p>
+
+  <div class="figcenter" style="width:32%;">
+      <a href="images/v1_pl64.jpg"><img style="width:100%" src="images/v1_pl64.jpg"
+      alt="Plate 64." title="Plate 64." /></a>
+  </div>
+<h5><span class="lg125"><span class="gesperrt">MACROGLOSSUM</span> <span class="correction" title="Original reads 'assimilis'&#x2c; see Addenda et Corrigenda">assimile</span>.</span></h5>
+
+<h5><img src="images/separator.png" class="middle" style="height:1.5ex;" alt="" /></h5>
+
+<h6><span class="sc">Generic Character.</span></h6>
+
+<blockquote class="b1s">
+
+  <p><i>Antennĉ subfusiformes, sursum versus sensim crassescentes, apice
+  unco brevissimo gracili incurvato abruptè terminato, in maribus
+  sub-barbatĉ, in f&oelig;minis simplices et graciliores. Palpi porrecti,
+  crassi, articulo ultimo acuto. Alĉ opacĉ, integrĉ. Abdomen crassum,
+  barbatum.</i></p>
+
+</blockquote>
+
+<h6>Typus Genericus <i>Sphinx stellatarum</i>. Linn.</h6>
+
+<blockquote class="b1s">
+
+  <p>Antennĉ subfusiform, gradually thickest towards the end, the tip
+  abruptly terminating in a very short slender incurved hook; ciliated in
+  the male, simple and more slender in the female. Palpi porrected, thick,
+  the last joint pointed. Wings opaque, entire. Abdomen thick, bearded.</p>
+
+</blockquote>
+
+<h6>Generic Type <i>Sphinx stellatarum</i>. Linn.</h6>
+
+<hr class="plainsp"/>
+
+<h6><span class="sc">Specific Character.</span></h6>
+
+<blockquote class="b1s">
+
+  <p><i>M. alis suprà fuscis; anticis fasciis duabus obsoletis, puncto
+  nigrante terminali, posticis in medio, tribus maculisque lateralibus
+  abdominis aurantiacis.</i></p>
+
+  <p>Wings brown; anterior with two darker obscure bands, and a terminal
+  blackish dot; middle of the posterior wings, and three lateral spots on
+  the body, orange.</p>
+
+</blockquote>
+
+<h5><img src="images/separator.png" class="middle" style="height:1.5ex;" alt="" /></h5>
+
+  <p>This genus was instituted by Scopoli many years ago, and differs
+  principally from <i>Sesia</i> by having opaque wings, and from
+  <i>Thyreus</i> by the very great difference in the construction of their
+  antennĉ. Many exotic species are known, but only one is found in Europe
+  (<i>Sphinx stellatarum</i> of Linn.), which likewise inhabits our own
+  country, and to which this our insect is very nearly allied.</p>
+
+  <p>Though by no means uncommon in collections, I cannot find this species
+  either figured or described, nor indeed am acquainted with its locality.
+  The under figure is of the male; the upper of the female; which differs
+  only in the wings being rather broader, and in having one segment in the
+  body less than in the other sex.</p>
+
+  <p><br style="clear:both" /></p>
+<hr class="full" />
+
+  <p><a name="Plate65"></a><span class="platenum"><i>Pl.</i> 65</span></p>
+
+  <div class="figcenter" style="width:26%;">
+      <a href="images/v1_pl65.jpg"><img style="width:100%" src="images/v1_pl65.jpg"
+      alt="Plate 65." title="Plate 65." /></a>
+  </div>
+<h5><span class="lg125"><span class="gesperrt">CONUS</span> Augur.</span></h5>
+
+<h5 class="lg125 mtm1"><i>Girdled Cone.</i></h5>
+
+<h5><img src="images/separator.png" class="middle" style="height:1.5ex;" alt="" /></h5>
+
+<h6><span class="sc">Generic Character.</span></h6>
+
+<blockquote class="b1s">
+
+  <p><i>Testa univalvis, turbinata, s. inversè conica, convoluta; apertura
+  longitudinalis, angustata, edentata; basi effusa; spira
+  brevissima.</i></p>
+
+</blockquote>
+
+<h6>Typus Genericus <i>Conus marmoratus</i>, &amp;c. Linn.</h6>
+
+<blockquote class="b1s">
+
+  <p>Shell univalve, turbinated, inversely conic, convolute; aperture
+  longitudinal, narrow, not toothed; base effuse; spire very short.</p>
+
+</blockquote>
+
+<h6>Generic Type <i>Conus marmoratus</i>, &amp;c.</h6>
+
+<hr class="plainsp"/>
+
+<h6><span class="sc">Specific Character.</span></h6>
+
+<blockquote class="b1s">
+
+  <p><i>C. testâ glabrâ, fulvo-albidâ, fasciis latis nigro-castaneis,
+  lineisque transversis punctatis; spirâ obtusâ, convexâ, striatâ,
+  depressâ.</i></p>
+
+  <p>Shell smooth, fulvous-white, with broad dark chesnut bands and
+  transverse lines of dots; spire obtuse, convex, striated, depressed.</p>
+
+  <p>C. augur. <i>Lamarck Annal. Mus.</i> xv. 277. <i>Encycl. Méth.</i>
+  333. 6.</p>
+
+  <p>Conus magus. <i>Gmelin</i> 3392. 57. <i>Martini</i> ii. 58. 641.</p>
+
+</blockquote>
+
+<h5><img src="images/separator.png" class="middle" style="height:1.5ex;" alt="" /></h5>
+
+  <p>The Girdled Cone is conspicuous among the beautiful shells of this
+  extensive family, by the broad and rich chesnut bands, which are either
+  two or three in number, and more or less broken into spots; in
+  high-coloured shells the minute lines of dots between them are also of
+  the same colour. It is not a common species, and inhabits the Asiatic
+  ocean.</p>
+
+  <p>This is the <i>Conus Magus</i> of Gmelin and Martini, and of our sale
+  catalogues: this error has originated from Gmelin having described two
+  distinct shells, <i>C. Augur</i> and <i>C. Magus</i>, under the latter
+  name.</p>
+
+  <p>I have not referred to Lister's figure 755. 7, being doubtful of its
+  affinity; and those of Martini and Bruguieres are very bad.</p>
+
+  <p><br style="clear:both" /></p>
+<hr class="full" />
+
+  <p><a name="Plate66"></a><span class="platenum"><i>Pl.</i> 66</span></p>
+
+  <div class="figcenter" style="width:30%;">
+      <a href="images/v1_pl66.jpg"><img style="width:100%" src="images/v1_pl66.jpg"
+      alt="Plate 66." title="Plate 66." /></a>
+  </div>
+<h5><span class="lg125"><span class="gesperrt">MITRA</span> lugubris.</span></h5>
+
+<h5 class="lg125 mtm1"><i>White-banded Mitre.</i></h5>
+
+<h5><img src="images/separator.png" class="middle" style="height:1.5ex;" alt="" /></h5>
+
+<h6><span class="sc">Generic Character.</span>&mdash;See <a href="#Plate3">Pl. 23.</a></h6>
+
+<hr class="plainsp"/>
+
+<h6><span class="sc">Specific Character.</span></h6>
+
+<blockquote class="b1s">
+
+  <p><i>M. testâ inversè pyriformi, fuscâ; sulcis transversis intus
+  punctatis; anfractibus supernè obsoletè plicatis, fasciâque albâ ornatis;
+  labio exteriore tenui, margine crenatâ; columellâ 4-plicatâ; basi albâ,
+  truncatâ.</i></p>
+
+  <p>Shell inversely pear-shaped, brown, with transverse sulcated grooves,
+  punctured within; volutions above obsoletely plaited and banded with
+  white; outer-lip thin, margin crenated; pillar four-plaited; base white,
+  truncated.</p>
+
+</blockquote>
+
+<h5><img src="images/separator.png" class="middle" style="height:1.5ex;" alt="" /></h5>
+
+  <p>We have had much difficulty in the investigation of this species: for
+  its characters cannot be reconciled with any of those contained in
+  Lamarck's Monograph of the genus in the <i>Annales du Museum</i>. With
+  regard to the unnamed figures in the old authors, it bears the closest
+  resemblance to that of <i>Gualtieri</i>, tab. 32. G, which Lamarck quotes
+  for his <i>M. crocata</i>; but then his description is not at all
+  applicable to our shell; and Mr. Dillwyn's synonyms of the Linnean <i>V.
+  nodulosa</i> (where he has also included <i>M. crocata</i>), we are
+  satisfied comprises two or even three distinct shells.</p>
+
+  <p>This was named by Dr. Solander from the specimen in Mr. G. Humphrys's
+  collection here figured: it is exceedingly rare, and its locality
+  unknown. In form it resembles a <i>Buccinum</i>; the transverse grooves
+  are broad, strongly defined, and have large and deep excavated dots
+  within them; the upper part of each whorl has an appearance of irregular
+  plaits, which makes the suture uneven, and takes off something from the
+  smoothness of the lower part of the whorls, but the shell is in no way
+  granulated.</p>
+
+<hr class="plain"/>
+
+<h5><span class="gesperrt">MITRA</span> ferruginea.</h5>
+
+<h5 class="mtm1"><i>Thick-lipped Mitre.</i></h5>
+
+<hr class="plainsp"/>
+
+<h6><span class="sc">Specific Character.</span></h6>
+
+<blockquote class="b1s">
+
+  <p><i>M. testâ nubilâ, maculisque ferrugineis interstinctâ; costis
+  transversis, elevatis; labio exteriore crasso, obtusè crenato; columellâ
+  4-plicatâ.</i></p>
+
+  <p>Shell clouded and spotted with ferrugineous, with transverse elevated
+  ribs; outer lip thick, obtusely crenated; pillar four-plaited.</p>
+
+  <p>M. ferruginea. <i>Lam. Ann. du Mus. vol.</i> 17. <i>p.</i> 200.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Young.</i> Vol. vitulina. <i>Dill.</i> 553.&mdash;<i>Martini</i> 4.
+  149. 1380 &amp; 1.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Variety</i> more elongated. Vol. abbatis. <i>Dill.</i> 557.
+  <i>Chemnitz</i> 11. <i>t.</i> 177. 1709 &amp; 10.</p>
+
+</blockquote>
+
+<h5><img src="images/separator.png" class="middle" style="height:1.5ex;" alt="" /></h5>
+
+  <p>This (a common shell) can be no other than the <i>M. ferruginea</i> of
+  Lamarck, though neither that author nor any other has noticed its primary
+  distinguishing character, that of the uncommon thickness of the outer lip
+  at the margin, which is also divided into convex obtuse crenations; in
+  young shells this is not apparent; such is Martini's figure. Mr. Dillwyn
+  has changed Lamarck's name to <i>Vitulina</i> for this, and given the
+  name of <i>Abbatis</i> to the variety more lengthened, figured by
+  Chemnitz; but which, from specimens now before us, we consider with
+  Lamarck only as a variety, possessing all the essential characters here
+  given to both.</p>
+
+  <p><br style="clear:both" /></p>
+<hr class="full" />
+
+<h5 class="lg125">GENERAL INDEX</h5>
+
+<h6>TO</h6>
+
+<h5>VOL. I.</h5>
+
+<h6>IN THE ORDER OF PUBLICATION.</h6>
+
+  <p>&nbsp;</p>
+
+<table class="mc">
+<tr><td style="width:40%"> </td>
+<td class="ar brdbl pr1" style="width:10%"> Pl.</td>
+<td style="width:40%"> </td>
+<td class="ar" style="width:10%"> Pl.</td></tr>
+<tr><td> Psittacus Cayennensis</td>
+<td class="ar brdbl pr1"> <a href="#Plate1">1</a></td>
+<td> Parakeet, Cayenne gold-winged</td>
+<td class="ar"> <a href="#Plate1">1</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td> Sitta frontalis</td>
+<td class="ar brdbl pr1"> <a href="#Plate2">2</a></td>
+<td> Blue Nuthatch</td>
+<td class="ar"> <a href="#Plate2">2</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td> Mitra zonata</td>
+<td class="ar brdbl pr1"> <a href="#Plate3">3</a></td>
+<td> Zoned Mitre</td>
+<td class="ar"> <a href="#Plate3">3</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td> Bulimus melastomus</td>
+<td class="ar brdbl pr1"> <a href="#Plate4">4</a></td>
+<td> Black-mouthed Bulimus</td>
+<td class="ar"> <a href="#Plate4">4</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td> Colias Statira</td>
+<td class="ar brdbl pr1"> <a href="#Plate5">5</a></td>
+<td> Colias Statira</td>
+<td class="ar"> <a href="#Plate5">5</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="pl2"> Leachiana</td>
+<td class="ar brdbl pr1"> <a href="#Plate6">6</a></td>
+<td> Leach's Colias</td>
+<td class="ar"> <a href="#Plate6">6</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td> Carduelis cucullata</td>
+<td class="ar brdbl pr1"> <a href="#Plate7">7</a></td>
+<td> Hooded Seed-eater</td>
+<td class="ar"> <a href="#Plate7">7</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td> Merops urica</td>
+<td class="ar brdbl pr1"> <a href="#Plate8">8</a></td>
+<td> Javanese Bee-eater</td>
+<td class="ar"> <a href="#Plate8">8</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td> Helix auriculata</td>
+<td class="ar brdbl pr1"> <a href="#Plate9">9</a></td>
+<td> Eared Helix</td>
+<td class="ar"> <a href="#Plate9">9</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td> Strombus minimus</td>
+<td class="ar brdbl pr1"> <a href="#Plate10">10</a></td>
+<td> Little Strombus</td>
+<td class="ar"> <a href="#Plate10">10</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="pl2"> variabilis</td>
+<td class="ar brdbl pr1"> ib.</td>
+<td> Variable do.</td>
+<td class="ar"> ib.</td></tr>
+<tr><td> Drusilla Horsfieldii</td>
+<td class="ar brdbl pr1"> <a href="#Plate11">11</a></td>
+<td> Drusilla Horsfieldii</td>
+<td class="ar"> <a href="#Plate11">11</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td> Gobius Suerii</td>
+<td class="ar brdbl pr1"> <a href="#Plate12">12</a></td>
+<td> Suerian Goby</td>
+<td class="ar"> <a href="#Plate12">12</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td> Platyrhynchus Ceylonensis</td>
+<td class="ar brdbl pr1"> <a href="#Plate13">13</a></td>
+<td> Ceylonese Flatbill</td>
+<td class="ar"> <a href="#Plate13">13</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td> Picus rubiginosus</td>
+<td class="ar brdbl pr1"> <a href="#Plate14">14</a></td>
+<td> Brown Woodpecker</td>
+<td class="ar"> <a href="#Plate14">14</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td> Licinia Melite</td>
+<td class="ar brdbl pr1"> <a href="#Plate15">15</a></td>
+<td> Licinia Melite</td>
+<td class="ar"> <a href="#Plate15">15</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td> Ismene &OElig;dipodea</td>
+<td class="ar brdbl pr1"> <a href="#Plate16">16</a></td>
+<td> Ismene &OElig;dipodea</td>
+<td class="ar"> <a href="#Plate16">16</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td> Bulimus zonatus</td>
+<td class="ar brdbl pr1"> <a href="#Plate17">17</a></td>
+<td> Zoned Bulimus</td>
+<td class="ar"> <a href="#Plate17">17</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td> Mitra contracta</td>
+<td class="ar brdbl pr1"> <a href="#Plate18">18</a></td>
+<td> Contracted Mitre</td>
+<td class="ar"> <a href="#Plate18">18</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="pl2"> australis</td>
+<td class="ar brdbl pr1"> ib.</td>
+<td> Southern do.</td>
+<td class="ar"> ib.</td></tr>
+<tr><td> Tinamus Tataupa</td>
+<td class="ar brdbl pr1"> <a href="#Plate19">19</a></td>
+<td> Tataupa Tinamau</td>
+<td class="ar"> <a href="#Plate19">19</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td> Picus Braziliensis</td>
+<td class="ar brdbl pr1"> <a href="#Plate20">20</a></td>
+<td> Brazilian Woodpecker</td>
+<td class="ar"> <a href="#Plate20">20</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td> Procnias hirundacea</td>
+<td class="ar brdbl pr1"> <a href="#Plate21">21</a></td>
+<td> Swallow Berry-eater</td>
+<td class="ar"> <a href="#Plate21">21</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td> Terias Elvina</td>
+<td class="ar brdbl pr1"> <a href="#Plate22">22</a></td>
+<td> Terias Elvina</td>
+<td class="ar"> <a href="#Plate22">22</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td> Mitra vittata</td>
+<td class="ar brdbl pr1"> <a href="#Plate23">23</a></td>
+<td> Ribbon Mitre</td>
+<td class="ar"> <a href="#Plate23">23</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td> Con&oelig;lix marmoratus</td>
+<td class="ar brdbl pr1"> <a href="#Plate24">24</a></td>
+<td> Marbled Con&oelig;lix</td>
+<td class="ar"> <a href="#Plate24">24</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="pl2"> lineatus</td>
+<td class="ar brdbl pr1"> ib.</td>
+<td> Lineated do.</td>
+<td class="ar"> ib.</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="pl2"> punctatus</td>
+<td class="ar brdbl pr1"> ib.</td>
+<td> Punctured do.</td>
+<td class="ar"> ib.</td></tr>
+<tr><td> Procnias Melanocephalus</td>
+<td class="ar brdbl pr1"> <a href="#Plate25">25</a></td>
+<td> Black-headed Berry-eater</td>
+<td class="ar"> <a href="#Plate25">25</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td> Alcedo azurea</td>
+<td class="ar brdbl pr1"> <a href="#Plate26">26</a></td>
+<td> Azure Kingsfisher</td>
+<td class="ar"> <a href="#Plate26">26</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td> Halcyon collaris</td>
+<td class="ar brdbl pr1"> <a href="#Plate27">27</a></td>
+<td> Collared Crab-eater</td>
+<td class="ar"> <a href="#Plate27">27</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td> Hesperia Haworthiana</td>
+<td class="ar brdbl pr1"> <a href="#Plate28">28</a></td>
+<td> Haworth's Hesperia</td>
+<td class="ar"> <a href="#Plate28">28</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td> Mitra cancellata</td>
+<td class="ar brdbl pr1"> <a href="#Plate29">29</a></td>
+<td> Contracted Mitre</td>
+<td class="ar"> <a href="#Plate29">29</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="pl2"> rigida</td>
+<td class="ar brdbl pr1"> ib.</td>
+<td> Ribbed do.</td>
+<td class="ar"> ib.</td></tr>
+<tr><td> Achatina marginata</td>
+<td class="ar brdbl pr1"> <a href="#Plate30">30</a></td>
+<td> Marginated Achatina</td>
+<td class="ar"> <a href="#Plate30">30</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td> Phibalura cristata</td>
+<td class="ar brdbl pr1"> <a href="#Plate31">31</a></td>
+<td> Crested Shortbill</td>
+<td class="ar"> <a href="#Plate31">31</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td> Psaris Cuvierii</td>
+<td class="ar brdbl pr1"> <a href="#Plate32">32</a></td>
+<td> Cuvier's Psaris</td>
+<td class="ar"> <a href="#Plate32">32</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td> Tamyris Zeleucus</td>
+<td class="ar brdbl pr1"> <a href="#Plate33">33</a></td>
+<td> Tamyris Zeleucus</td>
+<td class="ar"> <a href="#Plate33">33</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td> Colias Godartiana</td>
+<td class="ar brdbl pr1"> <a href="#Plate34">34</a></td>
+<td> Godart's Colias</td>
+<td class="ar"> <a href="#Plate34">34</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td> Mitra bifasciata</td>
+<td class="ar brdbl pr1"> <a href="#Plate35">35</a></td>
+<td> Double-banded Mitre</td>
+<td class="ar"> <a href="#Plate35">35</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td> Achatina perversa</td>
+<td class="ar brdbl pr1"> <a href="#Plate36">36</a></td>
+<td> Reverse Achatina</td>
+<td class="ar"> <a href="#Plate36">36</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td> Procnias cucullata</td>
+<td class="ar brdbl pr1"> <a href="#Plate37">37</a></td>
+<td> Hooded Berry-eater</td>
+<td class="ar"> <a href="#Plate37">37</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td> Picus bicolor</td>
+<td class="ar brdbl pr1"> <a href="#Plate38">38</a></td>
+<td> Black-and-white Woodpecker</td>
+<td class="ar"> <a href="#Plate38">38</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td> Hesperia Itea</td>
+<td class="ar brdbl pr1"> <a href="#Plate39">39</a></td>
+<td> Hesperia Itea</td>
+<td class="ar"> <a href="#Plate39">39</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="pl2"> Cynisca</td>
+<td class="ar brdbl pr1"> <a href="#Plate40">40</a></td>
+<td> <span class="gap"></span>Cynisca</td>
+<td class="ar"> <a href="#Plate40">40</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td> Achatina pallida</td>
+<td class="ar brdbl pr1"> <a href="#Plate41">41</a></td>
+<td> Pale Achatina</td>
+<td class="ar"> <a href="#Plate41">41</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td> Oliva Braziliana</td>
+<td class="ar brdbl pr1"> <a href="#Plate42">42</a></td>
+<td> Brazilian Olive</td>
+<td class="ar"> <a href="#Plate42">42</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td> Melliphaga auricomis</td>
+<td class="ar brdbl pr1"> <a href="#Plate43">43</a></td>
+<td> Yellow-tufted Honeysucker</td>
+<td class="ar"> <a href="#Plate43">43</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td> Pteroglossus sulcatus</td>
+<td class="ar brdbl pr1"> <a href="#Plate44">44</a></td>
+<td> Groove-billed Aracari</td>
+<td class="ar"> <a href="#Plate44">44</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td> Ramphastos carinatus</td>
+<td class="ar brdbl pr1"> <a href="#Plate45">45</a></td>
+<td> Carinated Toucan</td>
+<td class="ar"> <a href="#Plate45">45</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td> Bulimus citrinus</td>
+<td class="ar brdbl pr1"> <a href="#Plate46">46</a></td>
+<td> Citron Bulimus</td>
+<td class="ar"> <a href="#Plate46">46</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="pl2"> citrinus, <i>var.</i></td>
+<td class="ar brdbl pr1"> <a href="#Plate47">47</a></td>
+<td> Reverse-banded do.</td>
+<td class="ar"> <a href="#Plate47">47</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="pl2"> aureus</td>
+<td class="ar brdbl pr1"> ib.</td>
+<td> Golden do.</td>
+<td class="ar"> ib.</td></tr>
+<tr><td> Mitra casta</td>
+<td class="ar brdbl pr1"> <a href="#Plate48">48</a></td>
+<td> Chesnut-banded Mitre</td>
+<td class="ar"> <a href="#Plate48">48</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td> Oxyrhynchus cristatus</td>
+<td class="ar brdbl pr1"> <a href="#Plate49">49</a></td>
+<td> Crested Shortbill</td>
+<td class="ar"> <a href="#Plate49">49</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td> Alcedo Asiatica</td>
+<td class="ar brdbl pr1"> <a href="#Plate50">50</a></td>
+<td> Asiatic Kingsfisher</td>
+<td class="ar"> <a href="#Plate50">50</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td> Colias Pyrene</td>
+<td class="ar brdbl pr1"> <a href="#Plate51">51</a></td>
+<td> White African Colias</td>
+<td class="ar"> <a href="#Plate51">51</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="pl2"> Argante</td>
+<td class="ar brdbl pr1"> <a href="#Plate52">52</a></td>
+<td> Orange Colias</td>
+<td class="ar"> <a href="#Plate52">52</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td> Strombus cylindricus</td>
+<td class="ar brdbl pr1"> <a href="#Plate53">53</a></td>
+<td> False scarlet Strombus</td>
+<td class="ar"> <a href="#Plate53">53</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="pl2"> Persicus</td>
+<td class="ar brdbl pr1"> ib.</td>
+<td> Persian do.</td>
+<td class="ar"> ib.</td></tr>
+<tr><td> Mitra lyrĉformis</td>
+<td class="ar brdbl pr1"> <a href="#Plate54">54</a></td>
+<td> Harp Mitre</td>
+<td class="ar"> <a href="#Plate54">54</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td> Solen ambiguus</td>
+<td class="ar brdbl pr1"> <a href="#Plate55">55</a></td>
+<td> Ambiguous Solen</td>
+<td class="ar"> <a href="#Plate55">55</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td> Ramphastos vitellinus</td>
+<td class="ar brdbl pr1"> <a href="#Plate56">56</a></td>
+<td> Sulphur-and-white Toucan</td>
+<td class="ar"> <a href="#Plate56">56</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td> Unio nasutus</td>
+<td class="ar brdbl pr1"> <a href="#Plate57">57</a></td>
+<td> Rostrated River Mussel</td>
+<td class="ar"> <a href="#Plate57">57</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td> Achatina crenata</td>
+<td class="ar brdbl pr1"> <a href="#Plate58">58</a></td>
+<td> Green hair-streaked Achatina</td>
+<td class="ar"> <a href="#Plate58">58</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td> Psittacus Barrabandii</td>
+<td class="ar brdbl pr1"> <a href="#Plate59">59</a></td>
+<td> Red-collared Parakeet</td>
+<td class="ar"> <a href="#Plate59">59</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td> Thyreus Abbottii</td>
+<td class="ar brdbl pr1"> <a href="#Plate60">60</a></td>
+<td> Thyreus Abbottii</td>
+<td class="ar"> <a href="#Plate60">60</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td> Tamyris Nurscia</td>
+<td class="ar brdbl pr1"> <a href="#Plate61">61</a></td>
+<td> Tamyris Nurscia</td>
+<td class="ar"> <a href="#Plate61">61</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="pl2"> Laonome</td>
+<td class="ar brdbl pr1"> ib.</td>
+<td> <span class="gap"></span>Laonome</td>
+<td class="ar"> <a href="#Plate61">61</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td> Psittacus discolor</td>
+<td class="ar brdbl pr1"> <a href="#Plate62">62</a></td>
+<td> Red-shouldered Parakeet</td>
+<td class="ar"> <a href="#Plate62">62</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td> Ammodytes Tobianus</td>
+<td class="ar brdbl pr1"> <a href="#Plate63">63</a></td>
+<td> Common Sandlance</td>
+<td class="ar"> <a href="#Plate63">63</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="pl2"> Siculus</td>
+<td class="ar brdbl pr1"> ib.</td>
+<td> Sicilian Sandlance</td>
+<td class="ar"> ib.</td></tr>
+<tr><td> Macroglossum assimile</td>
+<td class="ar brdbl pr1"> <a href="#Plate64">64</a></td>
+<td> Macroglossum assimile</td>
+<td class="ar"> <a href="#Plate64">64</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td> Conus Augur</td>
+<td class="ar brdbl pr1"> <a href="#Plate65">65</a></td>
+<td> Girdled Cone</td>
+<td class="ar"> <a href="#Plate65">65</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td> Mitra lugubris</td>
+<td class="ar brdbl pr1"> <a href="#Plate66">66</a></td>
+<td> White-banded Mitre</td>
+<td class="ar"> <a href="#Plate66">66</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="pl2"> ferruginea</td>
+<td class="ar brdbl pr1"> ib.</td>
+<td> Thick-lipped Mitre</td>
+<td class="ar"> ib.</td></tr>
+</table>
+
+  <p><br style="clear:both" /></p>
+<hr class="full" />
+
+<h5 class="lg125">GENERAL ALPHABETIC INDEX</h5>
+
+<h6>OF</h6>
+
+<h5>LATIN AND ENGLISH NAMES</h5>
+
+<h6>TO</h6>
+
+<h5>VOLUME I.</h5>
+
+  <p>&nbsp;</p>
+
+<table class="mc">
+<tr><td style="width:40%"> </td>
+<td class="ar brdbl pr1" style="width:10%"> Pl.</td>
+<td class="pl2" style="width:40%"> </td>
+<td class="ar" style="width:10%"> Pl.</td></tr>
+<tr><td> Achatina, Gen. Char.</td>
+<td class="ar brdbl pr1"> <a href="#Plate30">30</a></td>
+<td> Mitra lugubris</td>
+<td class="ar"> <a href="#Plate66">66</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="pl2"> crenata</td>
+<td class="ar brdbl pr1"> <a href="#Plate58">58</a></td>
+<td class="pl2"> lyrĉformis</td>
+<td class="ar"> <a href="#Plate54">54</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="pl2"> marginata</td>
+<td class="ar brdbl pr1"> <a href="#Plate30">30</a></td>
+<td class="pl2"> olivĉformis</td>
+<td class="ar"> <a href="#Plate48">48</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="pl2"> pallida</td>
+<td class="ar brdbl pr1"> <a href="#Plate41">41</a></td>
+<td class="pl2"> rigida</td>
+<td class="ar"> <a href="#Plate29">29</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="pl2"> perversa</td>
+<td class="ar brdbl pr1"> <a href="#Plate36">36</a></td>
+<td class="pl2"> vittata</td>
+<td class="ar"> <a href="#Plate23">23</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="pl2"> <i>green hair-streaked</i></td>
+<td class="ar brdbl pr1"> <a href="#Plate58">58</a></td>
+<td class="pl2"> zonata</td>
+<td class="ar"> <a href="#Plate3">3</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="pl2"> <i>marginated</i></td>
+<td class="ar brdbl pr1"> <a href="#Plate30">30</a></td>
+<td> <i>Mitre, contracted</i></td>
+<td class="ar"> <a href="#Plate18">18</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="pl2"> <i>pale</i></td>
+<td class="ar brdbl pr1"> <a href="#Plate41">41</a></td>
+<td class="pl2"> <i>cancellated</i></td>
+<td class="ar"> <a href="#Plate29">29</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="pl2"> <i>reverse</i></td>
+<td class="ar brdbl pr1"> <a href="#Plate36">36</a></td>
+<td class="pl2"> <i>chesnut-banded</i></td>
+<td class="ar"> <a href="#Plate48">48</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td> Alcedo, Gen. Char.</td>
+<td class="ar brdbl pr1"> <a href="#Plate26">26</a></td>
+<td class="pl2"> <i>double do.</i></td>
+<td class="ar"> <a href="#Plate35">35</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="pl2"> Asiatica</td>
+<td class="ar brdbl pr1"> <a href="#Plate50">50</a></td>
+<td class="pl2"> <i>Harp</i></td>
+<td class="ar"> <a href="#Plate54">54</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="pl2"> azurea</td>
+<td class="ar brdbl pr1"> <a href="#Plate26">26</a></td>
+<td class="pl2"> <i>olive-shaped</i></td>
+<td class="ar"> <a href="#Plate48">48</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td> Ammodytes, Gen. Char.</td>
+<td class="ar brdbl pr1"> <a href="#Plate63">63</a></td>
+<td class="pl2"> <i>ribbed</i></td>
+<td class="ar"> <a href="#Plate29">29</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="pl2"> Tobianus</td>
+<td class="ar brdbl pr1"> ib.</td>
+<td class="pl2"> <i>ribbon</i></td>
+<td class="ar"> <a href="#Plate23">23</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="pl2"> Siculus</td>
+<td class="ar brdbl pr1"> ib.</td>
+<td class="pl2"> <i>southern</i></td>
+<td class="ar"> <a href="#Plate18">18</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td> <i>Aracari, Grooved-bill</i></td>
+<td class="ar brdbl pr1"> <a href="#Plate44">44</a></td>
+<td class="pl2"> <i>thick-lipped</i></td>
+<td class="ar"> <a href="#Plate66">66</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td> <i>Bee-eater, Javanese</i></td>
+<td class="ar brdbl pr1"> <a href="#Plate8">8</a></td>
+<td class="pl2"> <i>white-banded</i></td>
+<td class="ar"> ib.</td></tr>
+<tr><td> <i>Berry-eater, black-headed</i></td>
+<td class="ar brdbl pr1"> <a href="#Plate25">25</a></td>
+<td class="pl2"> <i>zoned</i></td>
+<td class="ar"> <a href="#Plate3">3</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="pl2"> <i>hooded</i></td>
+<td class="ar brdbl pr1"> <a href="#Plate37">37</a></td>
+<td> <i>Mussel, rostrated, River</i></td>
+<td class="ar"> <a href="#Plate57">57</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="pl2"> <i>Swallow</i></td>
+<td class="ar brdbl pr1"> <a href="#Plate21">21</a></td>
+<td> <i>Nuthatch, blue</i></td>
+<td class="ar"> <a href="#Plate2">2</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td> Bulimus, Gen. Char.</td>
+<td class="ar brdbl pr1"> <a href="#Plate4">4</a></td>
+<td> Oliva, Gen. Char.</td>
+<td class="ar"> <a href="#Plate42">42</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="pl2"> aureus</td>
+<td class="ar brdbl pr1"> <a href="#Plate47">47</a></td>
+<td class="pl2"> Braziliana</td>
+<td class="ar"> ib.</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="pl2"> citrinus</td>
+<td class="ar brdbl pr1"> <a href="#Plate46">46</a></td>
+<td> <i>Olive, Brazilian</i></td>
+<td class="ar"> ib.</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="pl2"> citrinus, <i>var.</i></td>
+<td class="ar brdbl pr1"> <a href="#Plate47">47</a></td>
+<td> Oxyrhynchus, Gen. Char.</td>
+<td class="ar"> <a href="#Plate49">49</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="pl2"> melastomus</td>
+<td class="ar brdbl pr1"> <a href="#Plate4">4</a></td>
+<td class="pl2"> cristatus</td>
+<td class="ar"> ib.</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="pl2"> zonatus</td>
+<td class="ar brdbl pr1"> <a href="#Plate17">17</a></td>
+<td> <i>Parakeet, Cayenne gold winged</i></td>
+<td class="ar"> <a href="#Plate1">1</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="pl2"> <i>black-mouthed</i></td>
+<td class="ar brdbl pr1"> <a href="#Plate4">4</a></td>
+<td class="pl2"> <i>red-shouldered</i></td>
+<td class="ar"> <a href="#Plate62">62</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="pl2"> <i>Citron</i></td>
+<td class="ar brdbl pr1"> <a href="#Plate46">46</a></td>
+<td class="pl2"> <i>red-collared</i></td>
+<td class="ar"> <a href="#Plate59">59</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="pl2"> <i>reverse-banded do.</i></td>
+<td class="ar brdbl pr1"> <a href="#Plate47">47</a></td>
+<td> Phibalura, Gen. Char.</td>
+<td class="ar"> <a href="#Plate31">31</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="pl2"> <i>golden</i></td>
+<td class="ar brdbl pr1"> ib.</td>
+<td class="pl2"> cristata</td>
+<td class="ar"> ib.</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="pl2"> <i>zoned</i></td>
+<td class="ar brdbl pr1"> <a href="#Plate17">17</a></td>
+<td> Picus, Gen. Char.</td>
+<td class="ar"> <a href="#Plate14">14</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td> Carduelis, Gen. Char.</td>
+<td class="ar brdbl pr1"> <a href="#Plate7">7</a></td>
+<td class="pl2"> Braziliensis</td>
+<td class="ar"> <a href="#Plate20">20</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="pl2"> cucullata</td>
+<td class="ar brdbl pr1"> <a href="#Plate7">7</a></td>
+<td class="pl2"> bicolor</td>
+<td class="ar"> <a href="#Plate38">38</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td> Colias, Gen. Char.</td>
+<td class="ar brdbl pr1"> <a href="#Plate5">5</a></td>
+<td class="pl2"> rubiginosus</td>
+<td class="ar"> <a href="#Plate14">14</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="pl2"> Argante</td>
+<td class="ar brdbl pr1"> <a href="#Plate52">52</a></td>
+<td> Platyrhynchus, Gen. Char.</td>
+<td class="ar"> <a href="#Plate13">13</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="pl2"> Godartiana</td>
+<td class="ar brdbl pr1"> <a href="#Plate34">34</a></td>
+<td class="pl2"> Ceylonensis</td>
+<td class="ar"> ib.</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="pl2"> Leachiana</td>
+<td class="ar brdbl pr1"> <a href="#Plate6">6</a></td>
+<td> Procnias, Gen. Char.</td>
+<td class="ar"> <a href="#Plate21">21</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="pl2"> Pyrene</td>
+<td class="ar brdbl pr1"> <a href="#Plate51">51</a></td>
+<td class="pl2"> cucullata</td>
+<td class="ar"> <a href="#Plate37">37</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="pl2"> Statira</td>
+<td class="ar brdbl pr1"> <a href="#Plate5">5</a></td>
+<td class="pl2"> hirundacea</td>
+<td class="ar"> <a href="#Plate21">21</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="pl2"> <i>Godart's</i></td>
+<td class="ar brdbl pr1"> <a href="#Plate34">34</a></td>
+<td class="pl2"> Melanocephalus</td>
+<td class="ar"> <a href="#Plate25">25</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="pl2"> <i>Leach's</i></td>
+<td class="ar brdbl pr1"> <a href="#Plate6">6</a></td>
+<td> Psaris, Gen. Char.</td>
+<td class="ar"> <a href="#Plate32">32</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="pl2"> <i>orange</i></td>
+<td class="ar brdbl pr1"> <a href="#Plate52">52</a></td>
+<td class="pl2"> Cuvierii</td>
+<td class="ar"> ib.</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="pl2"> <i>white African</i></td>
+<td class="ar brdbl pr1"> <a href="#Plate51">51</a></td>
+<td class="pl2"> <i>Cuvier's</i></td>
+<td class="ar"> ib.</td></tr>
+<tr><td> <i>Cone, girdled</i></td>
+<td class="ar brdbl pr1"> <a href="#Plate65">65</a></td>
+<td> Psittacus, Gen. Char.</td>
+<td class="ar"> <a href="#Plate1">1</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td> Conus, Gen. Char.</td>
+<td class="ar brdbl pr1"> ib.</td>
+<td class="pl2"> Cayennensis</td>
+<td class="ar"> ib.</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="pl2"> Augur</td>
+<td class="ar brdbl pr1"> ib.</td>
+<td class="pl2"> Barrabandii</td>
+<td class="ar"> <a href="#Plate59">59</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td> Con&oelig;lix, Gen. Char.</td>
+<td class="ar brdbl pr1"> <a href="#Plate24">24</a></td>
+<td class="pl2"> discolor</td>
+<td class="ar"> <a href="#Plate62">62</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="pl2"> lineatus</td>
+<td class="ar brdbl pr1"> ib.</td>
+<td> Pteroglossus, Gen. Char.</td>
+<td class="ar"> <a href="#Plate44">44</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="pl2"> marmoratus</td>
+<td class="ar brdbl pr1"> ib.</td>
+<td class="pl2"> sulcatus</td>
+<td class="ar"> ib.</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="pl2"> punctatus</td>
+<td class="ar brdbl pr1"> ib.</td>
+<td> Ramphastos, Gen. Char.</td>
+<td class="ar"> <a href="#Plate45">45</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="pl2"> <i>lineated</i></td>
+<td class="ar brdbl pr1"> ib.</td>
+<td class="pl2"> carinatus</td>
+<td class="ar"> ib.</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="pl2"> <i>marbled</i></td>
+<td class="ar brdbl pr1"> ib.</td>
+<td class="pl2"> vitellinus</td>
+<td class="ar"> <a href="#Plate56">56</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="pl2"> <i>punctured</i></td>
+<td class="ar brdbl pr1"> ib.</td>
+<td> Sand-lance, common</td>
+<td class="ar"> <a href="#Plate63">63</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td> <i>Crab-eater, collared</i></td>
+<td class="ar brdbl pr1"> <a href="#Plate27">27</a></td>
+<td class="pl2"> Sicilian</td>
+<td class="ar"> ib.</td></tr>
+<tr><td> Drusilla, Gen. Char.</td>
+<td class="ar brdbl pr1"> <a href="#Plate11">11</a></td>
+<td> <i>Seed-eater, hooded</i></td>
+<td class="ar"> <a href="#Plate7">7</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="pl2"> Horsfieldii</td>
+<td class="ar brdbl pr1"> ib.</td>
+<td> <i>Sharp-bill, crested</i></td>
+<td class="ar"> <a href="#Plate49">49</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td> <i>Flatbill, Ceylonese</i></td>
+<td class="ar brdbl pr1"> <a href="#Plate13">13</a></td>
+<td> <i>Short-bill, crested</i></td>
+<td class="ar"> <a href="#Plate31">31</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td> Gobius, Gen. Char.</td>
+<td class="ar brdbl pr1"> <a href="#Plate12">12</a></td>
+<td> Sitta, Gen. Char.</td>
+<td class="ar"> <a href="#Plate2">2</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="pl2"> Suerii</td>
+<td class="ar brdbl pr1"> ib.</td>
+<td class="pl2"> frontalis</td>
+<td class="ar"> ib.</td></tr>
+<tr><td> <i>Goby, Suerian</i></td>
+<td class="ar brdbl pr1"> ib.</td>
+<td> Solen, Gen. Char.</td>
+<td class="ar"> <a href="#Plate55">55</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td> Halcyon, Gen. Char.</td>
+<td class="ar brdbl pr1"> <a href="#Plate27">27</a></td>
+<td class="pl2"> ambiguus</td>
+<td class="ar"> ib.</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="pl2"> collaris</td>
+<td class="ar brdbl pr1"> ib.</td>
+<td class="pl2"> <i>ambiguous</i></td>
+<td class="ar"> ib.</td></tr>
+<tr><td> Helix, Gen. Char.</td>
+<td class="ar brdbl pr1"> <a href="#Plate9">9</a></td>
+<td> Strombus, Gen. Char.</td>
+<td class="ar"> <a href="#Plate10">10</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="pl2"> auriculata</td>
+<td class="ar brdbl pr1"> ib.</td>
+<td class="pl2"> cylindricus</td>
+<td class="ar"> <a href="#Plate53">53</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="pl2"> <i>eared</i></td>
+<td class="ar brdbl pr1"> ib.</td>
+<td class="pl2"> minimus</td>
+<td class="ar"> <a href="#Plate10">10</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td> Hesperia, Gen. Char.</td>
+<td class="ar brdbl pr1"> <a href="#Plate28">28</a></td>
+<td class="pl2"> Persicus</td>
+<td class="ar"> <a href="#Plate53">53</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="pl2"> Cynisca</td>
+<td class="ar brdbl pr1"> <a href="#Plate40">40</a></td>
+<td class="pl2"> variabilis</td>
+<td class="ar"> <a href="#Plate10">10</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="pl2"> Haworthiana</td>
+<td class="ar brdbl pr1"> <a href="#Plate28">28</a></td>
+<td class="pl2"> <i>little</i></td>
+<td class="ar"> <a href="#Plate10">10</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="pl2"> Itea</td>
+<td class="ar brdbl pr1"> <a href="#Plate39">39</a></td>
+<td class="pl2"> <i>false scarlet</i></td>
+<td class="ar"> <a href="#Plate53">53</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="pl2"> <i>Haworth's</i></td>
+<td class="ar brdbl pr1"> <a href="#Plate28">28</a></td>
+<td class="pl2"> <i>Persian</i></td>
+<td class="ar"> ib.</td></tr>
+<tr><td> <i>Honeysucker, yellow-tufted</i></td>
+<td class="ar brdbl pr1"> <a href="#Plate43">43</a></td>
+<td class="pl2"> <i>variable</i></td>
+<td class="ar"> <a href="#Plate10">10</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td> Ismene &OElig;dipodea</td>
+<td class="ar brdbl pr1"> <a href="#Plate16">16</a></td>
+<td> Tamyris, Gen. Char.</td>
+<td class="ar"> <a href="#Plate33">33</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td> <i>Kingsfisher, Asiatic</i></td>
+<td class="ar brdbl pr1"> <a href="#Plate50">50</a></td>
+<td class="pl2"> Laonome</td>
+<td class="ar"> <a href="#Plate61">61</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="pl2"> <i>azure</i></td>
+<td class="ar brdbl pr1"> <a href="#Plate26">26</a></td>
+<td class="pl2"> Nurscia</td>
+<td class="ar"> <a href="#Plate61">61</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td> Licinia, Gen. Char.</td>
+<td class="ar brdbl pr1"> <a href="#Plate15">15</a></td>
+<td class="pl2"> Zeleucus</td>
+<td class="ar"> <a href="#Plate33">33</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="pl2"> melite</td>
+<td class="ar brdbl pr1"> ib.</td>
+<td> Terias, Gen. Char.</td>
+<td class="ar"> <a href="#Plate22">22</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td> Macroglossum, Gen. Char.</td>
+<td class="ar brdbl pr1"> <a href="#Plate64">64</a></td>
+<td class="pl2"> Elvina</td>
+<td class="ar"> ib.</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="pl2"> assimile</td>
+<td class="ar brdbl pr1"> ib.</td>
+<td> Thyreus, Gen. Char.</td>
+<td class="ar"> <a href="#Plate60">60</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td> Melliphaga, Gen. Char.</td>
+<td class="ar brdbl pr1"> <a href="#Plate43">43</a></td>
+<td class="pl2"> Abbottii</td>
+<td class="ar"> ib.</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="pl2"> auricomis</td>
+<td class="ar brdbl pr1"> ib.</td>
+<td> Tinamus, Gen. Char.</td>
+<td class="ar"> <a href="#Plate19">19</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td> Merops, Gen. Char.</td>
+<td class="ar brdbl pr1"> <a href="#Plate8">8</a></td>
+<td class="pl2"> Tataupa</td>
+<td class="ar"> ib.</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="pl2"> urica</td>
+<td class="ar brdbl pr1"> ib.</td>
+<td> <i>Tinamou Tataupa</i></td>
+<td class="ar"> ib.</td></tr>
+<tr><td> Mitra, Gen. Char.</td>
+<td class="ar brdbl pr1"> <a href="#Plate3">3</a>, <a href="#Plate23">23</a></td>
+<td> <i>Toucan, carinated</i></td>
+<td class="ar"> <a href="#Plate45">45</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="pl2"> australis</td>
+<td class="ar brdbl pr1"> <a href="#Plate18">18</a></td>
+<td class="pl2"> <i>sulphur-and-white</i></td>
+<td class="ar"> <a href="#Plate56">56</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="pl2"> bifasciata</td>
+<td class="ar brdbl pr1"> <a href="#Plate35">35</a></td>
+<td> Unio, Gen. Char.</td>
+<td class="ar"> <a href="#Plate57">57</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="pl2"> cancellata</td>
+<td class="ar brdbl pr1"> <a href="#Plate29">29</a></td>
+<td class="pl2"> nasutus</td>
+<td class="ar"> ib.</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="pl2"> casta</td>
+<td class="ar brdbl pr1"> <a href="#Plate48">48</a></td>
+<td> <i>Woodpecker, brown</i></td>
+<td class="ar"> <a href="#Plate14">14</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="pl2"> contracta</td>
+<td class="ar brdbl pr1"> <a href="#Plate18">18</a></td>
+<td class="pl2"> <i>black-and-white</i></td>
+<td class="ar"> <a href="#Plate38">38</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="pl2"> ferruginea</td>
+<td class="ar brdbl pr1"> <a href="#Plate66">66</a></td>
+<td class="pl2"> <i>Brazilian</i></td>
+<td class="ar"> <a href="#Plate20">20</a></td></tr>
+</table>
+
+  <p><br style="clear:both" /></p>
+<hr class="full" />
+
+<h5 class="lg150">SYSTEMATIC INDEX.</h5>
+
+<hr class="plain"/>
+
+<h5 class="lg125">VERTEBROSA.</h5>
+
+<h5>PART I.</h5>
+
+<hr class="plain"/>
+
+<h5><i>ORNITHOLOGY.</i></h5>
+
+<table class="mc" style="width:16em">
+<tr><td> </td>
+<td class="ar"> Pl.</td></tr>
+<tr><td> <span class="sc">Psaris</span> Cuvierii</td>
+<td class="ar"> <a href="#Plate32">32</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td> <span class="sc">Procnias</span> hirundacea</td>
+<td class="ar"> <a href="#Plate21">21</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="pl2"> melanocephalus</td>
+<td class="ar"> <a href="#Plate25">25</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="pl2"> cucullata</td>
+<td class="ar"> <a href="#Plate37">37</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td> <span class="sc">Phibalura</span> cristata</td>
+<td class="ar"> <a href="#Plate31">31</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td> <span class="sc">Platyrhynchus</span> Ceylonensis</td>
+<td class="ar"> <a href="#Plate13">13</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td> <span class="sc">Carduelis</span> cucullata</td>
+<td class="ar"> <a href="#Plate7">7</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td> <span class="sc">Pteroglossus</span> sulcatus</td>
+<td class="ar"> <a href="#Plate44">44</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td> <span class="sc">Ramphastos</span> carinatus</td>
+<td class="ar"> <a href="#Plate45">45</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="pl2"> vitellinus</td>
+<td class="ar"> <a href="#Plate56">56</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td> <span class="sc">Psittacus</span> Cayennensis</td>
+<td class="ar"> <a href="#Plate1">1</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="pl2"> Barrabandii</td>
+<td class="ar"> <a href="#Plate59">59</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="pl2"> discolor</td>
+<td class="ar"> <a href="#Plate62">62</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td> <span class="sc">Sitta</span> frontalis</td>
+<td class="ar"> <a href="#Plate2">2</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td> <span class="sc">Picus</span> rubiginosus</td>
+<td class="ar"> <a href="#Plate14">14</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="pl2"> Braziliensis</td>
+<td class="ar"> <a href="#Plate20">20</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="pl2"> bicolor</td>
+<td class="ar"> <a href="#Plate38">38</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td> <span class="sc">Oxyrhyncus</span> cristatus</td>
+<td class="ar"> <a href="#Plate49">49</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td> <span class="sc">Meliphaga</span> auricomis</td>
+<td class="ar"> <a href="#Plate43">43</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td> <span class="sc">Merops</span> urica</td>
+<td class="ar"> <a href="#Plate8">8</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td> <span class="sc">Alcedo</span> azurea</td>
+<td class="ar"> <a href="#Plate26">26</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="pl2"> Asiatica</td>
+<td class="ar"> <a href="#Plate50">50</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td> <span class="sc">Halcyon</span> collaris</td>
+<td class="ar"> <a href="#Plate27">27</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td> <span class="sc">Tinamus</span> Tataupa</td>
+<td class="ar"> <a href="#Plate19">19</a></td></tr>
+</table>
+
+<h5><i>ICHTHYOLOGY.</i></h5>
+
+<table class="mc" style="width:16em">
+<tr><td> <span class="sc">Gobius</span> Suerii</td>
+<td class="ar"> <a href="#Plate12">12</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td> <span class="sc">Ammodytes</span> Tobianus</td>
+<td class="ar"> <a href="#Plate63">63</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="pl2"> Siculus</td>
+<td class="ar"> ib.</td></tr>
+</table>
+
+  <p><br style="clear:both" /></p>
+<hr class="full" />
+
+<h5 class="lg150">SYSTEMATIC INDEX.</h5>
+
+<hr class="plain"/>
+
+<h5 class="lg125">ENTOMOLOGY.</h5>
+
+<h5>PART I.</h5>
+
+<hr class="plain"/>
+
+<h5><i>DIURNES.</i></h5>
+
+<table class="mc" style="width:16em">
+<tr><td> </td>
+<td class="ar"> Pl.</td></tr>
+<tr><td> <span class="sc">Colias</span> Statira</td>
+<td class="ar"> <a href="#Plate5">5</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="pl2"> Leachiana</td>
+<td class="ar"> <a href="#Plate6">6</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="pl2"> Godartiana</td>
+<td class="ar"> <a href="#Plate34">34</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="pl2"> Pyrene</td>
+<td class="ar"> <a href="#Plate51">51</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="pl2"> Argante</td>
+<td class="ar"> <a href="#Plate52">52</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td> <span class="sc">Licinia</span> Melite</td>
+<td class="ar"> <a href="#Plate15">15</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td> <span class="sc">Terias</span> Elvina</td>
+<td class="ar"> <a href="#Plate22">22</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td> <span class="sc">Drusilla</span> Horsfieldii</td>
+<td class="ar"> <a href="#Plate11">11</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td> <span class="sc">Hesperia</span> Haworthiana</td>
+<td class="ar"> <a href="#Plate28">28</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="pl2"> Itea</td>
+<td class="ar"> <a href="#Plate39">39</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="pl2"> cynisca</td>
+<td class="ar"> <a href="#Plate40">40</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td> <span class="sc">Tamyris</span> Zeleucus</td>
+<td class="ar"> <a href="#Plate33">33</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="pl2"> Nurscia</td>
+<td class="ar"> <a href="#Plate61">61</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="pl2"> Laonome</td>
+<td class="ar"> ib.</td></tr>
+<tr><td> <span class="sc">Ismene</span> &OElig;dipodia</td>
+<td class="ar"> <a href="#Plate16">16</a></td></tr>
+</table>
+
+<h5><i>CREPUSCULARES.</i></h5>
+
+<table class="mc" style="width:16em">
+<tr><td> <span class="sc">Thyreus</span> Abbottii</td>
+<td class="ar"> <a href="#Plate60">60</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td> <span class="sc">Macroglossum</span> assimile</td>
+<td class="ar"> <a href="#Plate64">64</a></td></tr>
+</table>
+
+  <p><br style="clear:both" /></p>
+<hr class="full" />
+
+<h5 class="lg150">SYSTEMATIC INDEX.</h5>
+
+<hr class="plain"/>
+
+<h5 class="lg125">CONCHOLOGY.</h5>
+
+<h5>PART I.</h5>
+
+<hr class="plain"/>
+
+<h5><i>GASTEROPODES</i> (Univalves).</h5>
+
+<table class="mc" style="width:16em">
+<tr><td> </td>
+<td class="ar"> Pl.</td></tr>
+<tr><td> <span class="sc">Helix</span> auriculata</td>
+<td class="ar"> <a href="#Plate9">9</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td> <span class="sc">Bulimus</span> melastomus</td>
+<td class="ar"> <a href="#Plate4">4</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="pl2"> zonatus</td>
+<td class="ar"> <a href="#Plate17">17</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="pl2"> citrinus</td>
+<td class="ar"> <a href="#Plate46">46</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="pl2"> do. <i>var.</i></td>
+<td class="ar"> <a href="#Plate47">47</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="pl2"> aureus</td>
+<td class="ar"> ib.</td></tr>
+<tr><td> <span class="sc">Achatina</span> marginata</td>
+<td class="ar"> <a href="#Plate30">30</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="pl2"> perversa</td>
+<td class="ar"> <a href="#Plate36">36</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="pl2"> pallida</td>
+<td class="ar"> <a href="#Plate41">41</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="pl2"> crenata</td>
+<td class="ar"> <a href="#Plate58">58</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td> <span class="sc">Oliva</span> Braziliana</td>
+<td class="ar"> <a href="#Plate42">42</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td> <span class="sc">Conus</span> Augur</td>
+<td class="ar"> <a href="#Plate65">65</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td> <span class="sc">Con&oelig;lix</span> marmoratus</td>
+<td class="ar"> <a href="#Plate24">24</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="pl2"> lineatus</td>
+<td class="ar"> ib.</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="pl2"> punctatus</td>
+<td class="ar"> ib.</td></tr>
+<tr><td> <span class="sc">Mitra</span> zonata</td>
+<td class="ar"> <a href="#Plate3">3</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="pl2"> contracta</td>
+<td class="ar"> <a href="#Plate18">18</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="pl2"> Australis</td>
+<td class="ar"> ib.</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="pl2"> vittata</td>
+<td class="ar"> <a href="#Plate23">23</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="pl2"> cancellata</td>
+<td class="ar"> <a href="#Plate29">29</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="pl2"> rigida</td>
+<td class="ar"> ib.</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="pl2"> bifasciata</td>
+<td class="ar"> <a href="#Plate35">35</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="pl2"> casta</td>
+<td class="ar"> <a href="#Plate48">48</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="pl2"> olivĉformis</td>
+<td class="ar"> ib.</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="pl2"> lyrĉformis</td>
+<td class="ar"> <a href="#Plate54">54</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="pl2"> lugubris</td>
+<td class="ar"> <a href="#Plate66">66</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="pl2"> ferruginea</td>
+<td class="ar"> ib.</td></tr>
+<tr><td> <span class="sc">Strombus</span> minimus</td>
+<td class="ar"> <a href="#Plate10">10</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="pl2"> variabilis</td>
+<td class="ar"> ib.</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="pl2"> cylindricus</td>
+<td class="ar"> <a href="#Plate53">53</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="pl2"> Persicus</td>
+<td class="ar"> ib.</td></tr>
+</table>
+
+<h5><i><span class="correction" title="Original reads 'ACEPHALIS', see Addenda et Corrigenda (Vol. III)">ACÉPHALES</span></i> (Bivalves).</h5>
+
+<table class="mc" style="width:16em">
+<tr><td> <span class="sc">Unio</span> nasutus</td>
+<td class="ar"> <a href="#Plate57">57</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td> <span class="sc">Solen</span> ambiguus</td>
+<td class="ar"> <a href="#Plate55">55</a></td></tr>
+</table>
+
+  <p><br style="clear:both" /></p>
+<hr class="full" />
+
+<h5 class="lg125">ADDENDA ET <span class="correction" title="Original reads 'CORREGENDA', see Addenda et Corrigenda (Vol. II)">CORRIGENDA</span>.</h5>
+
+<table>
+<tr><td class="pr025">Pl. 2.</td><td class="ar pl0r025">line 6,</td>
+<td class="pl025"><i>for</i> Setaceisi numbentibus <i>read</i> setaceis incumbentibus.</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="pr025"> </td><td class="ar pl0r025"> 4,</td>
+<td class="pl025">between <i>postico</i> and <i>interior</i> insert <i>digitus</i>.</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="pr025"> </td><td class="ar pl0r025"> </td>
+<td class="pl025"><i>for</i> minor <i>read</i> minimus.</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="pr025"> </td><td class="ar pl0r025"> 6,</td>
+<td class="pl025"><i>for</i> "postico maximo" <i>read</i> "posticus maximus."</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="pr025"> </td><td class="ar pl0r025"> 17,</td>
+<td class="pl025"><i>for</i> aures lilacinĉ <i>read</i> auribus lilacinis.</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="pr025"> </td><td class="ar pl0r025"> </td>
+<td class="pl025">erase Orthorynchus frontalis, Horsfield in Linn. Trans.</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="pr025"> </td><td class="ar pl0r025"> </td>
+<td class="pl025">second side line 10, cancel.</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="pr025">&mdash; 5. </td><td class="ar pl0r025"> &mdash; 4,</td>
+<td class="pl025"><i>for</i> nudam et truncatam <i>read</i> nudum et truncatum.</td></tr>
+
+<tr><td class="pr025">&mdash; 7. </td><td class="ar pl0r025"> &mdash; 6,</td>
+<td class="pl025"><i>for</i> utrinsecus <i>read</i> utrinque.</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="pr025"> </td><td class="ar pl0r025"> 6 </td>
+<td class="pl025">from the bottom, <i>for</i> dulleron <i>read</i> duller on.</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="pr025"> </td><td class="ar pl0r025"> 3 </td>
+<td class="pl025">from the bottom, <i>for</i> oi <i>read</i> on.</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="pr025"> </td><td class="ar pl0r025"> 14,</td>
+<td class="pl025"><i>between</i> tectrices <i>and</i> remigibus <i>insert</i> a comma.</td></tr>
+
+<tr><td class="pr025">&mdash; 8. </td><td class="ar pl0r025"> &mdash; 6,</td>
+<td class="pl025"><i>for</i> Horsfeild <i>read</i> Horsfield, and wherever this occurs.</td></tr>
+
+<tr><td class="pr025">&mdash; 11.</td><td class="ar pl0r025"> &mdash; 5,</td>
+<td class="pl025"><i>for</i> articulis <i>read</i> articulos.</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="pr025"> </td><td class="ar pl0r025"> </td>
+<td class="pl025">second side, 10 lines from the bottom, <i>for</i> Hipparchiĉ <i>read</i> Hipparchidĉ.</td></tr>
+
+<tr><td class="pr025">&mdash; 13.</td><td class="ar pl0r025"> &mdash; 16,</td>
+<td class="pl025"><i>for</i> claws <i>read</i> toes.</td></tr>
+
+<tr><td class="pr025">&mdash; 17.</td><td class="ar pl0r025"> &mdash; 6,</td>
+<td class="pl025"><i>for</i> basilari <i>read</i> basali.</td></tr>
+
+<tr><td class="pr025">&mdash; 20.</td><td class="ar pl0r025"> </td>
+<td class="pl025">Add to the synonyms. <i>P. Braziliensis, Swains. in Wern. Trans.</i> 3. <i>p.</i> 291.</td></tr>
+
+<tr><td class="pr025">&mdash; 21.</td><td class="ar pl0r025"> </td>
+<td class="pl025"><span class="sc">Obs.</span> MM. Temminck and Lagier had just before us, and without our knowledge,
+published this bird under the name of Procnias Ventralis, (Pl. 5.) by which name in right of priority it should stand in the system.</td></tr>
+
+<tr><td class="pr025">&mdash; 25.</td><td class="ar pl0r025"> </td>
+<td class="pl025"><i>for</i> Fruit-eater <i>read</i> Berry-eater.</td></tr>
+
+<tr><td class="pr025">&mdash; 27.</td><td class="ar pl0r025"> &mdash; 6,</td>
+<td class="pl025"><i>for</i> inferiorum <i>read</i> inferiorem.</td></tr>
+
+<tr><td class="pr025">&mdash; 31.</td><td class="ar pl0r025"> &mdash;&nbsp;18,</td>
+<td class="pl025"><i>for</i> variegato <i>read</i> variegatâ.</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="pr025"> </td><td class="ar pl0r025"> </td>
+<td class="pl025"><i>after</i> furcata <i>dele</i> the comma.</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="pr025"> </td><td class="ar pl0r025"> 19,</td>
+<td class="pl025"><i>after</i> chalybeis <i>insert</i> a comma.</td></tr>
+
+<tr><td class="pr025">&mdash; 32.</td><td class="ar pl0r025"> &mdash; 6,</td>
+<td class="pl025"><i>for</i> adunca <i>read</i> adunco.</td></tr>
+
+<tr><td class="pr025">&mdash; 33.</td><td class="ar pl0r025"> &mdash; 1,</td>
+<td class="pl025">Add to the synonyms <i>Hesp. Zeleucus</i>. <span class="sc">Obs.</span> <i>Donovan's Indian Insects</i>,
+where that author has figured it by mistake as a native of India.</td></tr>
+
+<tr><td class="pr025">&mdash; 35.</td><td class="ar pl0r025"> </td>
+<td class="pl025">Add to the synonyms, Seba Pl. 49. fig. 21, 22, 41.</td></tr>
+
+<tr><td class="pr025">&mdash; 36.</td><td class="ar pl0r025"> </td>
+<td class="pl025">for <span class="sc">Achatinia</span> read <span class="sc">Achatina</span>.</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="pr025"> </td>
+<td class="pl025" colspan="2">&mdash; 6 and 7, <i>for</i> columella margine <i>read</i> columella margineque.</td></tr>
+
+<tr><td class="pr025">&mdash; 41.</td><td class="ar pl0r025"> </td>
+<td class="pl025"><span class="sc">Obs.</span> another specimen of A. pallida quite agreeing with this, is in Mr. Dubois' cabinet.</td></tr>
+
+<tr><td class="pr025">&mdash; 42.</td><td class="ar pl0r025"> &mdash; 6,</td>
+<td class="pl025"><i>for</i> base <i>read</i> basi.</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="pr025"> </td><td class="ar pl0r025"> </td>
+<td class="pl025">next page, line 12, <i>dele</i> "and Cimbium (Melons)".</td></tr>
+
+<tr><td class="pr025">&mdash; 45.</td><td class="ar pl0r025"> &mdash; 4,</td>
+<td class="pl025"><i>after</i> maxillĉ <i>insert</i> angulo.</td></tr>
+
+<tr><td class="pr025">&mdash; 46.</td><td class="ar pl0r025"> </td>
+<td class="pl025">in the Latin specific character <i>for</i> "basi rotundato" <i>read</i> "basi subcontracto,"
+and in the English <i>for</i> "rounded" <i>read</i> "slightly contracted at the base."</td></tr>
+
+<tr><td class="pr025">&mdash; 46.</td><td class="ar pl0r025"> &mdash; 3,</td>
+<td class="pl025">on the back page <i>for</i> Broederip <i>read</i> Broderip.</td></tr>
+
+<tr><td class="pr025">&mdash; 47.</td><td class="ar pl0r025"> </td>
+<td class="pl025"><span class="sc">Obs.</span> <span class="sc">Bulimus</span> <i>aureus</i>, in Mr. Spurrett's valuable cabinet is another specimen of this shell
+minutely agreeing with that here described.</td></tr>
+
+<tr><td class="pr025">&mdash; 49.</td><td class="ar pl0r025"> &mdash; 6,</td>
+<td class="pl025"><i>for</i> supr arotundatâ <i>read</i> supra rotundatâ.</td></tr>
+
+<tr><td class="pr025">&mdash; 50.</td><td class="ar pl0r025"> </td>
+<td class="pl025"><span class="sc">Obs</span>. This bird Dr. Horsfield tells me is his <i>Alcedo meninting</i> described in the Linn. Transactions.</td></tr>
+
+<tr><td class="pr025">&mdash; 53.</td><td class="ar pl0r025"> </td>
+<td class="pl025">2d line from the bottom, <i>for</i> where <i>read</i> were.</td></tr>
+
+<tr><td class="pr025">&mdash; 63.</td><td class="ar pl0r025"> </td>
+<td class="pl025"><span class="sc">Obs.</span> The <i>Ammodytes cicerelus</i> of my friend Professor Rafinesque must be different from <i>A. siculus</i>,
+as he makes no mention in his figure or description of the peculiarity of the dorsal fin.</td></tr>
+
+<tr><td class="pr025">&mdash;&nbsp;64.</td><td class="ar pl0r025"> </td>
+<td class="pl025"><i>for</i> M. assimilis <i>read</i> M. assimile.</td></tr>
+</table>
+
+  <p><br style="clear:both" /></p>
+<hr class="full" />
+
+<h3>NOTES</h3>
+
+<div class="note">
+  <p><a name="Nt_1" href="#NtA_1">[1]</a> <i>Horĉ Entomologicĉ</i>, by W.
+  S. MacLeay, Esq. M.A. of Trinity College, Cambridge. London, 1819. A work
+  which for acuteness of reasoning and profound research, has never been
+  equalled either in this, or perhaps in any other country.</p>
+
+  <p><a name="Nt_2" href="#NtA_2">[2]</a> It is truly grievous in those
+  which are privileged to possess themselves of the works of their
+  countrymen, however expensive, at free cost, and thus to inflict a
+  ruinous fine on authors. Thus&mdash;National Institutions, founded for
+  the encouragement of learning, are made to oppress and impoverish its
+  followers.</p>
+
+  <p><a name="Nt_3" href="#NtA_3">[3]</a> Were it necessary at this time of
+  day to point out the unnatural separation of shells intimately connected
+  with each other, which the Linnĉan arrangement presents, it would be
+  sufficient to observe, that the genus <i>Bulimus</i> is formed of shells
+  scattered in the old genera of <i>Turbo</i>, <i>Helix</i>, and
+  <i>Bulla</i>: thus we see in Mr. Dillwyn's Catalogue, the large
+  pink-mouthed African land-snail put in the same genus with our English
+  <i>Bulla lignaria</i>, and <i>aperta</i>; the one inhabiting the depths
+  of forests, and the others the depths of ocean!</p>
+
+</div>
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+<pre>
+
+
+
+
+
+End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of Zoological Illustrations, Volume I, by 
+William Swainson
+
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+</body>
+</html>
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+Project Gutenberg's Zoological Illustrations, Volume I, by William Swainson
+
+This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with
+almost no restrictions whatsoever.  You may copy it, give it away or
+re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included
+with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org
+
+
+Title: Zoological Illustrations, Volume I
+       or Original Figures and Descriptions of New, Rare, or
+       Interesting Animals
+
+Author: William Swainson
+
+Release Date: April 17, 2012 [EBook #39471]
+
+Language: English
+
+Character set encoding: ASCII
+
+*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK ZOOLOGICAL ILLUSTRATIONS, VOLUME I ***
+
+
+
+
+Produced by Chris Curnow, Keith Edkins and the Online
+Distributed Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net (This
+file was produced from images generously made available
+by The Internet Archive)
+
+
+
+
+
+Transcriber's note: The listed Addenda & Corrigenda have been applied.
+Deleted sections are marked as ...
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+Zoological Illustrations,
+
+OR
+
+ORIGINAL FIGURES AND DESCRIPTIONS
+
+OF
+
+NEW, RARE, OR INTERESTING
+
+ANIMALS,
+
+SELECTED CHIEFLY FROM THE CLASSES OF
+
+Ornithology, Entomology, and Conchology,
+
+AND ARRANGED ON THE PRINCIPLES OF
+
+CUVIER AND OTHER MODERN ZOOLOGISTS.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+BY
+
+WILLIAM SWAINSON, F.R.S., F.L.S.,
+
+MEMBER OF THE WERNERIAN SOCIETY OF EDINBURGH, ETC.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+VOL. I.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+London:
+
+PRINTED BY R. AND A. TAYLOR, SHOE-LANE:
+
+FOR BALDWIN, CRADOCK, AND JOY, PATERNOSTER-ROW;
+AND W. WOOD, STRAND.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+1820-1.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+PREFACE.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+The termination of the first volume of the Zoological Illustrations is
+accomplished, and its contents will not only enable our readers to discern
+the nature of the work, but likewise to form a judgement, on that degree of
+improvement which we have introduced since its first publication, and they
+may safely rely on the continuation being in no respect inferior.
+
+In commencing a work of this nature, we have had two principal objects in
+view: the diffusion of original observations, which, while they might
+further the ends of science, would also be interesting to the general
+reader; and that of discouraging the publication of distorted figures
+copied from old authors, by accustoming the public eye to original designs
+and correct representations of natural objects. How far we may have
+succeeded in this latter object, remains to be judged by others; we are
+however satisfied with having made the attempt, and we hope that abler
+pencils than our own, may engage in the prosecution of this most desirable
+object; for it is only by the publication of original matter, that a check
+can be given to the increasing number of compilations and multiplied copies
+of "ill-shaped" figures, by which error is perpetuated, and science
+retarded.
+
+The only original work that has appeared in this country similar to our
+own, is the Zoological Miscellany by Dr. Leach, which, as it was
+discontinued after the third volume, it may be presumed was unsuccessful:
+although little can be said of many of the figures in the early volumes,
+those in the latter are much to be praised, and the whole are original; the
+descriptions also abound with details highly interesting to the scientific
+world, for which indeed the learned author principally intended it;
+nevertheless it is a question, whether science in the end would not have
+been equally, and perhaps more advanced, had this work been more adapted to
+general readers. Instruction in these days of refinement must be made easy,
+palatable, and enticing; the eye must be pleased, while the understanding
+is improved, and Wisdom in her simple dignified garb will often be deserted
+for Ignorance, decked out in the glittering trappings of Folly.
+
+The _Naturalist's Miscellany_ conducted by Dr. Shaw, in its miscellaneous
+nature also resembled the present work, and reached to the extent of
+twenty-four volumes. What an invaluable fund of information these might
+have contained had their contents been original! Unfortunately, however,
+the exceptions are so few, that the whole may be termed a loose
+compilation, the descriptions being mostly given in as few words as
+possible, and the figures not only copied from wretched representations
+found in old authors, but often coloured from their descriptions only! It
+is indeed lamentable that the Author, whose talents and abilities were
+unquestionable, should have exerted them so little, and thus have descended
+to the rank of a voluminous compiler, for little better can be said of the
+General Zoology, begun and continued under his name: little original matter
+can there be found, excepting in the latter volumes, yet even in these no
+notice whatever is taken of the immense number of new species discovered in
+Africa by Le Vaillant, and long ago published in the _Oiseaux d'Afrique_:
+the engravings also are in like manner copied from old prints, enlarged or
+diminished as occasion offers, without even a regard to the selection of
+the best. It may be as well to observe in this place, that a great number
+of generic distinctions have been made in the two last volumes; which, as
+they have not been followed by any of the great and acknowledged Zoologists
+on the Continent, and appear to us in many instances trivial and
+unnecessary, will not be adopted in this work.
+
+It will be unnecessary to point out with regard to the scientific
+arrangement, that we have avowedly adopted the principles of the modern
+classification; which the strict followers of Linnaeus (in this country
+alone) have so long, but so ineffectually opposed. The first has been
+designated as the natural, and the other the artificial system; and,
+without entering into a critical disquisition on these definitions, it will
+be sufficient to observe, that by the Artificial System we bend nature to
+conform to certain arbitrary principles, which we lay down and to which we
+insist all her productions known and unknown will conform; while in the
+Natural method, we endeavour by tracing her modifications, to adapt our
+system to that which appears to regulate her operations. In the one we give
+laws, in the other receive them; by the first we are taught to believe that
+the highest attainment of the science, is that of ascertaining the name of
+an object in our Museum, or of giving a new one; we record it in our
+favourite system as a grammarian enters a new word in his dictionary, and
+there the matter terminates. Where the artificial system ends, the natural
+begins; for we then proceed to the investigation of affinities founded on
+anatomical construction, economy, and geographic distribution; our
+attention ceases to be confined to individuals, and extends to large
+groups; general facts enable us to draw general conclusions, till the mind
+begins faintly to discern a vast and mighty plan, by which the zones of the
+earth are peopled by their own respective races of animate beings; blending
+their confines unto each other with divine harmony, beauty, and usefulness.
+
+That these inquiries and results have had a most wonderful effect on the
+natural sciences of late years, is abundantly evident. Geology, a subject
+hardly thought of in this country a few years ago, is now found to be a
+science of the first importance; with this, however, Conchology is so
+intimately connected, that without a certain knowledge of it, the geologist
+is frequently unable to prosecute inquiries of the most interesting nature;
+and there is little doubt but that Botany has been raised to the rank it
+now so justly holds, solely because its natural system has been more
+generally studied and advocated in this country, than that of any other
+branch of Natural History. In this science at least, we possess a
+superiority which our continental neighbours cannot dispute; and the name
+of Brown will be enrolled in the brightest page of our philosophic
+inquirers.
+
+That the prejudiced adherence to the strict Linnaean system, has been the
+primary cause why Zoology has been more neglected with us than on the
+Continent, will admit of little doubt; for by shutting the door to all
+further improvement, it has impressed the generality of our countrymen with
+an idea, that the highest object of the Naturalist was to label the
+contents of a museum, and to arrange stuffed animals, like quaint patterns
+of old china, in glass cases: to thinking minds no less than to the vulgar,
+this idea has produced a feeling of contempt and ridicule, and very few of
+those qualified by nature for accurate investigation and philosophic
+reasoning, have been induced to make the science a study; and thus from
+such an unfortunate prejudice, to use the words of a powerful writer of the
+present day, "some future historian of the progress of human knowledge,
+will have to state that England, till within the few last years, stood
+still at the bottom of the steps where Linnaeus had left her; while her
+neighbours were advancing rapidly towards the entrance of the temple[1]."
+
+Finally--Linnaeus to a comprehensive genius united indefatigable industry;
+yet he could not see and study those innumerable productions that have been
+discovered since his death: in proportion as our knowledge of objects
+increases, so must our systems change, until the natural one is fully
+developed; and the question simply comes to this, Whether the Linnaean
+method should be upheld as a solitary exception to the mutability of human
+wisdom.
+
+The sun of truth must however finally prevail, and there is every reason to
+think it has already broke, and will gradually disperse these mists of
+prejudice. It is however much to be regretted, that our public institutions
+are wholly inadequate to facilitate not only the advancement of students,
+but the researches of those who are already engaged in prosecuting their
+inquiries: in Scotland alone are founded any Professorships of Natural
+History, and the establishment of our National Museum (in this branch only)
+is confessedly difficult: materials for study are more necessary in this
+science than any other; yet the public Institutions and libraries of the
+metropolis, "rich and rare" in every other department of knowledge, in most
+instances are deficient in this of the most elementary books; setting aside
+those of illustration, which, from being unavoidably expensive and within
+the reach of few purchasers, are more particularly adapted for such general
+repositories of learning. The protracted ill-health of its noble possessor,
+was the cause no doubt of the Banksian magnificent library being left
+deficient in several of the latest continental works; and that of the
+British Museum I have reason to think is still more defective. To the
+honour however of the keepers of the Bodleian and Radcliffe Libraries, it
+should be mentioned, that no pains or expense have been spared to render
+them as perfect in this branch as possible; and we have been told that the
+latter particularly is the most magnificent in the kingdom.
+
+We shall now as briefly as possible advert to the contents of this volume.
+
+In the Ornithological department the systems of Cuvier and Temminck have
+mostly superseded all others: as a whole, we give a decided preference to
+the latter, as being more natural, though it may be doubted if the generic
+distinctions are not too few, while those of Cuvier are too many: both
+however can be considered only as sketches, subject to improvement--as
+natural affinities are more studied.
+
+Regarding that part of our work which relates to Entomology, we have given
+a decided preference to the Lepidoptera, for the simple reason that this
+order has received less attention from all writers, concerning their real
+characters and affinities, than any other; indeed they have been most
+unaccountably neglected even by Latreille, the great founder of the modern
+school: we have therefore thought it necessary to propose in this
+department many new genera, and only have to regret that their definitions
+could not be made more perfect without the destruction of the specimens,
+frequently not our own, and which therefore was unattainable: a more
+extended knowledge of the natural affinities existing in this tribe, will
+alone confirm or annul the propriety of these distinctions.
+
+In _Conchology_ many of the genera long established on the Continent, but
+new to our own collectors, have been characterized and illustrated, as well
+as specific distinctions defined between shells hitherto considered as
+varieties; and here it must be observed that so much latitude has been
+given to the meaning of the term _variety_, that in its general acceptation
+its definition becomes impossible: our own idea of its true meaning is, a
+shell possessing one or more characters which are changeable and uncertain,
+and which consequently will not serve as indications by which it may
+infallibly be distinguished from all others; _variety_ depends on local
+circumstances, and affects the size, colour, and greater or less
+development of the same modification of structure; a _species_ is
+permanent, its structure always the same though more or less developed,
+producing and perpetuating its kind, and depending on formation,
+discernible in youth, and matured in age: we cannot therefore comprehend
+the contradictory term of _permanent varieties_ in a state of nature
+(though such occur in domesticated animals), which some authors have used,
+and which has led to, in many instances, the most erroneous conclusions.
+
+It is lamentable to see the opposition which is still made by our own
+writers against all the modern improvements; yet although Linnaean
+Introductions to Conchology are constantly issuing from the press, the
+desire of being acquainted with a more natural and intelligible
+classification has already appeared; and as we are frequently questioned on
+the subject, we cannot in this place do better than refer the young student
+to the valuable article on Conchology contained in the late supplement to
+the _Encyclopedia Britannica_, the perusal of which will convey more solid
+information, and less perplexity, than all the Introductions our
+booksellers can boast of.
+
+With respect to the quotations or synonyms, it should be observed that we
+have in most instances limited them only to original works, all doubtful
+ones have been rejected, and such only given as have been actually
+consulted; indeed to this latter cause must be attributed the occasional
+omission of some, existing in books we had not the immediate power of
+consulting; our own library is not small; but the difficulty and expense of
+procuring all the new continental publications, and the impossibility of
+meeting with them at our public libraries[2], may have sometimes led us
+into error, and unintentionally to have passed over the discoveries of
+others.
+
+With the few additions contained in the Appendix we shall now conclude;
+trusting that in the remarks drawn from us by the present state of the
+science in this country, our zeal for truth will not give us an appearance
+of want of candour or of vanity. The truth of our remarks on the labours of
+others, every one at all acquainted with the subject can inquire into, and
+either acknowledge or disprove: we neither deprecate nor despise criticism:
+an author who presumes to instruct others, should have his pretensions
+publicly canvassed, his merits admitted, or his deficiency exposed; no one
+is more sensible than we are that our own pretensions chiefly consist in
+having set an example for others more able to follow: and if we have in any
+way advocated the cause of truth and science, our object will be attained,
+and we shall then gladly retire in the shade.
+
+  LONDON,
+  Sept. 15, 1821.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+LIST OF BOOKS REFERRED TO.
+
+    _Bruguire, Encycl. Meth._ Histoire Naturelle des Vers, par M. Bruguire,
+    1 vol. 4to. and 4 vols. of Plates, forming part 10, 19, 21, 23, of the
+    "Encyclopedie Methodique." Paris, 1789-1792.
+
+    _Bloch._ Histoire Naturelle des Poissons, en 6 parties, 8vo. Berlin,
+    1796.
+
+    _Cramer._ Papillons Exotiques, 4 vols. 4to. Amsterdam, 1779-1782.
+
+    _Cuvier._ Le Regne Animal, 4 vols. 8vo. Paris, 1817.
+
+    _Chemnitz, Martini._ Neus Systematisches Conchylein Cabinet, 11 vols.
+    Nurnburg, 1781-1795.
+
+    _Dill._ A Descriptive Catalogue of Recent Shells. By F. W. Dillwyn, 2
+    vols. 8vo. London, 1817.
+
+    _Edwards._ A Natural History of uncommon Birds, &c.; and Gleanings of
+    Natural History. By G. Edwards, 7 vols. 4to. 1763, &c.
+
+    _Fab. Ent. Syst._ Entomologia Systematica, emendata et aucta. J. C.
+    Fabricius, 4 vols. 4to. Hafnia, 1792-1794.
+
+    _Gen. Zool._ General Zoology, commenced by Dr. Shaw, and continued by
+    Mr. Stevens, 11 vols. 8vo. to 1819.
+
+    _Gmelin Linn. Syst. Nat._ C. Linne Systema Naturae. Cura J. F. Gmelin.
+    Lipsiae, 1788-1793.
+
+    _Godart in Encycl. Method._ Encyclopedie Methodique, t. 9. p. 1. 1819.
+
+    _Gualtieri._ Index Testarum Conchyliorum quae adservantur in Musaeo N.
+    Gualtieri. Florentiae, 1742.
+
+    _Illiger._ Prod. Systematis Mammalium et Avium, 8vo. Berolini, 1811.
+
+    _Knorr._ Les Delices des Yeux et de l'Esprit, 6 P., 4to. Nuremb. 1760,
+    &c.
+
+    _Klein Hist. Pisc._ Historiae Nat. Piscium promovendae Missus, 6, 4to.
+    Dantzic, 1740-49.
+
+    _Linn. Syst. Nat._ See Gmelin.
+
+    _Linn. Trans._ Transactions of the Linnean Society of London, 13 vols.
+    4to. 1791-1821.
+
+    _Lister._ M. Lister Historia Conchyliorum, folio. Oxonii, 1770.
+
+    _Lamarck Syst._ Hist. Nat. des Animaux sans Vertebres. Par le Chevalier
+    de Lamarck, 6 vols. 8vo. Paris, 1815-1819.
+
+    ---- _Anal. Mus._ Annales du Museum d'Histoire Naturelle de Paris, 4to.
+    1802-1821.
+
+    _Lath. Synop. Suppl._ A General Synopsis of Birds. By Dr. J. Latham, 3
+    vols, and 2 Supplements, 4to. London, 1782, &c.
+
+    ---- _Index Ornith._ Index Ornithologicus, 2 vols. 4to. London, 1790.
+
+    _Martyn Univ. Conch._ The Universal Conchologist. By T. Martyn, 4 vols.
+    4to. London, 1784, &c.
+
+    _Martini._ See Chemnitz.
+
+    _Pennant._ British Zoology. By T. Pennant, 4 vols. 8vo. London, 1812.
+
+    _Risso Icth._ Ichtyologie de Nice, 1 vol. 8vo. Paris, 1810.
+
+    _Rumph._ Thesaurium Imaginum Piscium, &c., folio. Hagae, 1739.
+
+    _Seba._ Albertus Seba Rerum Naturalium Thesauri, 4 vols. folio.
+    Amsterdam, 1734-1765.
+
+    _Say._ Description of the Land and Fresh-water Shells of the United
+    States. By Thomas Say. Philadelphia, 1819.
+
+    _Shaw in Gen. Zool._ See General Zoology.
+
+    _Temminck Pig. et Gall._ Histoire Naturelle Generale des Pigeons et des
+    Gallinaces. Par C. J. Temminck, 2 vols. 8vo. Amst. 1813.
+
+    ---- _Manuel._ Manuel d'Ornithologie, 2d edit., 2 vols. 8vo. 1820.
+
+    _Le Vaill._ Hist. Nat. des Toucans et des Barbus, folio. Paris, 1806.
+
+    ---- Hist. Nat. des Perroquets, 2 vols. folio. Paris, 1801.
+
+    _White's Voyage._ Journal of a Voyage to N. S. Wales, 4to. Lond. 1790.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+Pl. 1
+
+[Illustration]
+
+PSITTACUS Cayennensis.
+
+_Cayenne gold-winged Parakeet._
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+GENERIC CHARACTER.
+
+    _Rostrum breve, crassum, validissimum, ad basin cute tectum; mandibula
+    superiore adunca; inferiore sub-recurvata, breviore. Nares rotundae,
+    nudae, ferme verticales. Pedes scansorii._
+
+    Bill short, thick, very strong, covered at the base by a cere; upper
+    mandible sharply hooked; under mandible obtuse, curving upwards, and
+    much shorter. Nostrils round, naked, nearly vertical. Feet scansorial.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+SPECIFIC CHARACTER.
+
+    _P. viridis, alis spuriis aurantiis, remigibus exterioribus basi
+    caeruleis, cauda brevi cuneata._
+
+    Green Parakeet, with the spurious wings golden-orange: outer quills
+    blue at their base. Tail short, wedged.
+
+    Le Perruche a tache souci. _Le Vaill. pl._ 58, 59. _p._ 169.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+We only thoroughly identified this beautiful little bird, by an inspection
+of the costly work of Le Vaillant on this family, in the Banksian Library:
+for the description of the orange-winged Parakeet of Dr. Latham is not
+applicable; and Dr. Shaw has persisted in the old error of considering this
+species a variety of the Toui Parakeet, although the question had been put
+at rest by the original description and sound reasons of Le Vaillant. There
+is a wide difference between naturalists who compile, and form their
+theories from books, and those who study nature, and think for themselves;
+and nothing will result from the first but mischief to the science, and
+perplexity to the student.
+
+Our figure is from a specimen brought from Demerara by C. Edmonston, Esq.;
+another is in the possession of A. MacLeay, Esq. Though rare in our
+cabinets, M. Le Vaillant says it is common in Cayenne. He has given a
+beautiful figure of the female, which is entirely green.
+
+Total length six inches. Plumage above entirely green, beneath paler and
+inclining to yellow; just under the lower mandible is a small
+snuff-coloured spot, and a very narrow line of the same in front just above
+the nostrils; the quills dark-green, the greater ones on their outside base
+are blue, with which the head is also tinged. The spurious wings are
+entirely of a rich and clear orange. Inner wing-covers green. Quills inside
+greenish-blue, except on each side the shafts, where there is a line of
+black. Tail short, cuneated, hardly projecting an inch beyond the wings,
+both above and below green: the interior margin dirty-yellow, the feathers
+pointed. Bill and legs flesh-colour.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+Pl. 2
+
+[Illustration]
+
+SITTA frontalis.
+
+_Blue Nuthatch._
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+GENERIC CHARACTER.
+
+    _Rostrum rectissimum, acutum, compressum; utroque mandibulo ad apicem
+    aeque inclinato; apice integro cuneo compresso simili. Nares basales,
+    ovales, apertae, plumis setaceis incumbentibus extrinsecus tectae.
+    Pedes tribus digitis anticis; uno postico; digitus interior minimus;
+    exterior ad basin medio connexus; hallux productus validus. Ungues
+    compressissimi; antici subaequales; posticus maximus. Cauda brevis,
+    rectricibus duodecim subaequalibus._
+
+Typus Genericus _S. Europaea_.
+
+    Bill very straight, sharp-pointed, compressed; both mandibles equally
+    inclining to the tip, which is entire, and resembles a compressed
+    wedge. Nostrils basal, oval, open, covered externally with incumbent
+    setaceous feathers. Feet with three toes forward and one backward;
+    inner toe very small; outer toe connected to the middle at its base;
+    hind toe lengthened, strong. Claws much compressed; anterior nearly
+    equal, posterior largest. Tail short, of twelve nearly equal feathers.
+
+Generic Type _Sitta Europaea_.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+SPECIFIC CHARACTER.
+
+    _S. supra caerulea; supercilio, fronte, et remigibus lateralibus in
+    medio nigris; subtus cinereo-fusca, auribus lilacinis, mento albo._
+
+    Nuthatch, above blue: line above the eye, front, and middle of the
+    lateral tail-feathers black; beneath cinereous brown, ears lilac, chin
+    white.
+
+    ...
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+The present species is one of the many interesting birds collected in Java
+by my friend Dr. Horsfield: it was not, however, until I had described and
+engraved another specimen, sent to Sir J. Banks from Ceylon, that I
+discovered the species had already been included in the Doctor's account of
+the birds of Java, presented to the Linnaean Society, where he has
+described it under the name of _Orthorynchus frontalis_.
+
+The specific name of its first describer is of course retained: with
+respect, however, to its generic situation, I must be allowed to dissent
+from considering it as a distinct genus, merely from the prolongation of
+the hinder toe being somewhat more developed than in _Sitta Europaea_ and
+_Carolinensis_, both which birds are now before me, and which in themselves
+differ in the relative proportion of this part: thus in _S. Carolinensis_
+the hind toe and claw is two-tenths of an inch shorter than the leg; in _S.
+Europaea_ it is one-tenth shorter; and in the present species it just
+exceeds that of the leg: in every other respect not the slightest
+difference I apprehend will be observed ....
+
+Total length five inches. Size of the European Nuthatch. Bill, from the
+angle of the mouth to the tip, eight lines; front of the head velvet-black,
+continued in a stripe of the same colour over the eye, and terminating
+above the ear feathers: the upper plumage is of a rich blue, more brilliant
+on the head, and paler on the front, and external margins of the quills.
+Spurious wings and lesser quills black margined with blue. Inner
+wing-covers deep black; the under plumage is a light-brown, changing to
+lilac on the ears and sides of the neck, and tinged with cinereous on the
+flanks and vent: the chin is white; tail even, the two middle feathers
+blue, the rest more or less black, having the external margins and tips
+blue. The outer quill of the wings is short, the second and third longest
+and equal, the fourth rather less; the hind toe with the claw, measures one
+inch in a straight line.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+Pl. 3
+
+[Illustration]
+
+MITRA zonata.
+
+_Zoned Mitre._
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+GENERIC CHARACTER.
+
+    _Testa inaequaliter fusiformis, spira producta attenuata, labio
+    exteriore intus edentulo. Columella plicata._
+
+    Shell unequally fusiform. Spire lengthened, attenuated. Outer lip
+    simple, not toothed within. Columella plaited.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+SPECIFIC CHARACTER.
+
+    _M. epidermide lutea, fulvo-marmorata, anfractibus inferne basi nigris,
+    columella quinque-plicata. Linn. Trans. xii. p. 338._
+
+    Mitre, with the epidermis marbled with brownish-yellow; volutions at
+    their base black; columella five-plaited.
+
+    Mitra zonata. _Marryat in Linn. Trans. vol._ xii. _pl._ 10. _fig._ 1.
+    2.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+This unique and beautiful Mitre has been already described by Captain
+Marryat in the Linnaean Transactions: the figures, however, are uncoloured,
+and give a very indifferent idea of the graceful symmetry of its form. My
+friend Dr. Leach, with his usual liberality, permitted me to draw the
+accompanying figure of it at the British Museum, where it is now deposited.
+
+It appears to have been taken near Nice in the Mediterranean, adhering to a
+sounding-line, in very deep water; a very singular locality, since nearly
+all the Mitres have generally been supposed to inhabit the tropical seas,
+or at least far from the coasts of Europe. It should, however, be remarked,
+that _Cypraea lurida_, an Asiatic shell, I have found on the shores of
+Greece: and C. Ulysses, in his travels in the kingdom of Naples, enumerates
+several shells as inhabiting the warm shores of the Tarentine Bay, which
+are generally known only as natives of the Red Sea and Indian Ocean. These
+facts, with many others, prove the physical distribution of _Molluscae_ to
+be less decidedly marked than almost any other class of animals.
+
+This genus is included with that of _Voluta_ by Linnaeus and our own
+writers, although long ago justly separated by the continental zoologists.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+Pl. 4
+
+[Illustration]
+
+BULIMUS melastomus.
+
+_Blackmouthed Bulimus._
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+GENERIC CHARACTER.
+
+    _Testa ovalis, vel oblongo-ovalis. Spira elevata. Os integrum,
+    sub-ovale. Columella laevis, simplex. Labium externum crassum,
+    reflexum. Internum ultra medium cavo-inflexum. Operculum nullum._
+
+    Shell oval or oblong-oval. Spire elevated. Mouth entire, sub-oval.
+    Column smooth, simple. Exterior lip thick, reflected. Interior lip
+    beyond the middle inflected, and hollowed beneath. Operculum none.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+SPECIFIC CHARACTER.
+
+    _B. testa oblongo-ovata, alba, cinereo marmorata, spirae anfractibus
+    longitudinaliter plicatis, labio exteriore complanato; apertura nigra._
+
+    Shell oblong-ovate, white, marbled with cinereous. Spiral whorls
+    longitudinally plaited. Outer lip flattened; aperture black.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+The genus _Bulimus_ was long ago formed by Scopoli out of the heterogeneous
+mixture of shells thrown together in the Linnaean genus _Helix_[3], &c.: it
+comprehends some of the larger and most beautiful of the exotic land
+shells, among which the present species will stand conspicuous both in
+beauty of colouring and excessive rarity. While travelling among the
+forests of Brazil, in the province of Bahia, I found the shell here figured
+one morning on the leaves of a _Solanum_. I not only searched myself, but
+promised as a reward to any of my Indians who would bring me another, a
+two-bladed Birmingham knife!--the greatest temptation they could have!--but
+in vain; for I never saw another before or since.
+
+There are many peculiar characters presented in this species independent of
+its colour: the spiral whorls are strongly plaited longitudinally about
+half their length, and marked very slightly (but sufficiently distinct)
+with several oblique indented striae; the principal whorl has a row of
+indented and unequal sulcations near the suture, and a slight appearance of
+elevation along the white transverse band; the outer lip is thick, broad,
+and flattened beneath; but the margin is reflected back, and forms a
+prominent rim on the upper surface. The shell, when viewed closely, appears
+rough with minute scale-like elevations, very much resembling shagreen.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+Pl. 5
+
+[Illustration]
+
+COLIAS Statira.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+GENERIC CHARACTER.
+
+    _Palpi breves, curvati, compressi ad linguam, squamis dense tecti.
+    Articulis tribus; primo longissimo, ad basin curvato, ultra erecto;
+    secundo erecto, brevi; tertio minimo, proclivi; apice nudo, obtuso.
+    Antennae breves, cylindraceae, ad apicem nudum et abrupte truncatum
+    sensim incrassatae. Alae anteriores trigonae. Abdomen maris, ultimo
+    articulo acuto, et subtus tenui unco incurvato; valvis magnis,
+    attenuatis, aduncis._
+
+Typus Genericus _Colias Ebule._
+
+    Palpi short, curved, compressed on the tongue, thickly covered with
+    scales. Articulations three; the first very long, curved at the base,
+    erect beyond; the second erect, short; the third minute, inclining
+    forward; the tip naked, obtuse. Antennae short, cylindric, gradually
+    thickening to their tip, which is naked and abruptly truncate. Anterior
+    wings trigonal. Abdomen of the male with the last joint pointed, and a
+    slender incurved hook beneath; the valves large, attenuated and hooked.
+
+Generic Type _Colias Ebule_.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+    SPECIFIC CHARACTER.
+
+    _C. alis dilute flavis, vel fulvis; anticis supra, puncto medio
+    margineque extimo, nigris; subtus ferrugineis; posticis subtus,
+    singulis duobus niveis punctis inaequalibus; palpis productis._
+
+    Wings diluted yellow or fulvous; anterior with a black border and
+    central dot, which beneath is ferrugineous; posterior beneath, each
+    with two unequal snowy spots; palpi lengthened.--_Female._
+
+    Papilio Statira. _Cramer, pl._ cxx. _fig._ C. D.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+The present insect is selected to illustrate a very elegant family of
+Butterflies, whose predominant tints are composed of orange, yellow, and
+white, variously blended and disposed in a greater or less degree
+throughout all the species. The generic characters above given will
+distinguish them as peculiar to the tropics, and principally those of South
+America; one or two species only being found in Africa, and five or six
+inhabiting India.
+
+I have no doubt this is the _Pap. Statira_ of Cramer; it is found only in
+Brazil, and has been erroneously considered by Godart and Latreille as a
+variety of _C. Jugurthina_, an Indian insect, and which in fact is not in
+itself a species, being no other than the female of _C. Alcmeone_, as an
+attentive examination of a vast number of both, collected in Java by Dr.
+Horsfield, enabled me to ascertain.
+
+The extraordinary prolongation of the last joint of the palpi, and the
+white borderless spots beneath, which are never silvered, will distinguish
+this species through all the variations; in the ground colour of its wings,
+which in no two specimens are exactly alike, and one before me is nearly
+white; the lesser snowy dot is sometimes very obscure, and often wanting;
+but the prolongation of the palpi is even expressed in Cramer's figure
+above quoted.
+
+I have examined about a dozen specimens, mostly captured by myself, and all
+have been females; and I strongly suspect future and more decided
+observations will prove _C. Evadne_ to be the other sex: it has the palpi
+lengthened, though in a less degree; and the articulations of the antennae
+in both insects will be found somewhat thickened at their termination when
+viewed under a magnifier, a peculiarity I have seen in no other species;
+and although I have examined near thirty specimens of _C. Evadne_, they
+have invariably proved to be males.
+
+The palpi in this insect will be found at variance with the generic
+character now given; a striking proof that in a natural system no single
+part can be taken as an unerring criterion for generic distinction, without
+making it eventually an artificial one. The _Colias Drya_ of Fabricius has
+the same formation of palpi, but is a totally different insect.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+Pl. 6
+
+[Illustration]
+
+COLIAS Leachiana.
+
+_Leachian Colias._
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+GENERIC CHARACTER.--See Pl. 5.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+SPECIFIC CHARACTER.
+
+    _C. alis subrotundatis, integris, virescenti-albidis, anticis supra
+    fulvis, margine punctoque medio nigris, singulis subtus macula centrali
+    ferruginea._ Encycl. Method.
+
+    (Male) wings slightly rounded, entire, greenish white; anterior pair
+    above orange, at their tips, margin, and central dot black: each pair
+    beneath with a central ferrugineous spot. Female ----?
+
+    C. Leachiana. _Godart in Encycl. Method._ vol. ix. p. 91.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+In size this insect is the largest of the genus yet discovered; it was
+first noticed by Godart, who has given it the name of my learned and valued
+friend, Dr. W. E. Leach, of the British Museum, whose talents are too well
+known to need any eulogium in this place.
+
+It appears to inhabit both the northern and southern extremities of Brazil;
+for I have seen it in a box sent from Para, and my specimens were captured
+in Minas Geraes by my friend Dr. Langsdorff. It is, however, a rare
+species; for I have only seen seven or eight specimens, and they were all
+males: the female, when found, will probably differ as remarkably as in
+most of this genus.
+
+The opaque spot on the inferior wings above is very large; but the tuft of
+hair corresponding beneath the superior wings, is entirely wanting. It
+should be likewise observed, that although this insect in every outward
+respect resembles a genuine _Colias_ (the type of which may be _C. Ebule_),
+it differs very materially in the terminal appendages of the abdomen; the
+last joint being the shortest, and scarcely pointed; and the hook, instead
+of being concealed beneath this segment, is exserted beyond it, and met by
+two others, one at the base of each lateral valve: these valves are also
+much shorter, ovate, and not attenuated, although ending in an incurved
+hook. In the present ignorance in which a true knowledge of the Lepidoptera
+is involved, it is impossible to say how far these dissimilarities may
+point out natural groups; it is therefore of the highest importance to the
+science such facts should be noticed.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+Pl. 7
+
+[Illustration]
+
+CARDUELIS cucullata.
+
+_Hooded Seed-eater._
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+GENERIC CHARACTER.
+
+    _Rostrum breve, validum, conicum, rectissimum; mandibulis
+    subaequalibus; apice immarginato, recto, acuto; mandibula superiore
+    culmine convexa; inferiore basi marginis angulata, utrinque subtusque
+    convexa._
+
+Typus Genericus _Fringilla Canaria_. Lath., &c.
+
+    Bill short, stout, very conic, without any curvature above; both
+    mandibles nearly equal, the tip entire, straight and sharp; upper
+    mandible convex above: lower one at the base of the margin with an
+    obtuse angle, the sides and under part convex.
+
+Generic Type _Fringilla Canaria_. Latham, &c.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+SPECIFIC CHARACTER.
+
+    _C. aurantia: capite, gutture, fascia trans tectrices, remigibus
+    caudaque nigris; remigibus primoribus basi oblique aurantio fasciatis._
+
+    Orange: head, front of the neck, bar across the wing-covers, quills and
+    tail black; greater quills at their base obliquely barred with orange.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+A richly coloured little bird, much smaller than our Goldfinch, and
+approaching very near to the _Bouvreuil de Bourbon_ of Buffon, from which,
+however, I think it quite distinct. The only one I have yet seen is in the
+possession of E. Falkner, Esq. of Fairfield near Liverpool, who received it
+with a few other rare birds from the Spanish Main.
+
+Total length four inches. Bill blackish and very sharp. The whole head and
+forepart of the neck is black. The plumage of the body is a fine
+reddish-orange, duller on the back and brightest beneath: wing-covers the
+same; the greater ones at their base black, which forms a bar: the quills
+are also black, the greater ones having at their base an oblique bar of
+orange, and some of the lesser ones slightly margined externally with
+white. Tail divaricated and black; some of the lateral feathers faintly
+margined with orange. Spurious wings black. Legs and claws brown.
+
+The _Bouvreuil de Bourbon_, and the _B. du Cap de Bonne Esperance_ of
+Buffon (_Pl. Enl. pl._ 204. _fig._ 1, 2.) appear to have been described as
+the different sexes of one bird (the Orange Grossbeak of Latham) on mere
+conjecture. I think them quite distinct, inhabiting different countries,
+and having all the appearance (in the figures) of being two male birds; for
+the females in this family seldom possess the rich colours of the male; and
+the figure of the last of these birds, has not the slightest habit of a
+female.
+
+The present genus was formed by Cuvier, (though but very slightly defined,)
+and includes the common Goldfinch and Canary-bird.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+Pl. 8
+
+[Illustration]
+
+MEROPS urica.
+
+_Javanese Bee-eater._
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+GENERIC CHARACTER.
+
+    _Rostrum productum, laeve, subcurvatum, compressum; apice acuto, basi
+    trigono; culmine carinato. Pedes brevissimi, gressorii. Alae
+    attenuatae._
+
+Typus Genericus _M. apiaster_. Linn., &c.
+
+    Bill lengthened, smooth, slightly curved, terminating in a sharp point;
+    the base triangular, the sides much compressed, the back carinated.
+    Feet very short, gressorial. Wings pointed.
+
+Generic Type _Merops apiaster_. Linn., &c.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+SPECIFIC CHARACTER.
+
+    _M. viridis, infra pallidior; capite, collo supra rufo; mento, jugulo,
+    sulphureis; linea temporali et torque colli nigris; tegminibus
+    uropygioque caeruleis; cauda subfurcata._
+
+    Green, beneath paler. Head and neck above rufous; chin and throat
+    sulphur; line under the eyes, and collar round the neck, black.
+    Tail-covers and rump pale blue. Tail slightly forked.
+
+    Merops urica. _Horsfield in Linn. Trans._
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+The true Bee-eaters are confined to the old world, principally inhabiting
+Africa and Asia; one species only, the European Bee-eater, being known with
+any degree of certainty to be found in Europe; and this is occasionally
+seen in England. They are all gregarious, feeding on the wing, and in
+general migratory.
+
+Most unwillingly I have again in this instance anticipated my friend Dr.
+Horsfield in describing this bird, which he found in Java, and which I
+engraved after one sent from Ceylon, without knowing it had also fallen
+under his observation.
+
+The figure is less than the natural size, which is nearly that of our
+European species. Bill an inch and a half long from the gape, and black.
+Nostrils small, basal, round, not sulcated, partially defended by incumbent
+hairs; at the angle of the mouth is a row of short, stiff bristles; a black
+line commences from the nostrils, passes under the eye, and terminates with
+the ears. The upper part of the head, neck, and between the wings, rufous.
+The rump and upper tail-covers pale blue: the chin and throat sulphur
+tinged with rufous, where an irregular and narrow collar of black crosses
+the neck. The remaining under parts yellowish-green. Wings and quills
+fulvous green, the latter tipt with black, and all the inner shafts more or
+less rufous: the second quill longest, and the lesser quills and
+tail-feathers notched at their tips. Tail green, slightly forked; the tips
+and under side dusky-black, and three inches and a half long. Wings, when
+closed, four inches one line in length. Vent blueish-white.
+
+The females in this genus may generally be distinguished by the two middle
+tail-feathers being but slightly or not at all elongated.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+Pl. 9
+
+[Illustration]
+
+HELIX auriculata.
+
+_Eared Helix._
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+GENERIC CHARACTER.
+
+    _Testa orbicularis vel globosa. Spira depressa vel paululum elevata.
+    Apertura integra. Labium exterius marginatum. Operculum nullum._
+
+    Shell orbicular or globose. Spire depressed, or but slightly elevated.
+    Aperture entire. Outer lip margined. Operculum, none.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+SPECIFIC CHARACTER.
+
+    _H. testa depressissima, ferrugineo-marmorata et bifasciata, umbilico
+    magno, profundo, apertura auriformi; labio exteriore incrassato,
+    margine interiore dente obsoleto._
+
+    Shell much depressed, marbled and doubly-banded with ferrugineous.
+    Umbilicus large, deep. Aperture ear-shaped. Outer lip thickened,
+    reflected, with a gibbous obsolete tooth within.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+A shell no less remarkable for its form than its extreme rarity. The mouth
+bears a most striking resemblance to the human ear; and the only specimen
+known in this country is the one here figured, from the cabinet of Ch.
+Dubois, Esq., who obligingly favoured me with it for examination; neither
+does the exquisite work on the Land Shells, by M. de Ferrusac, now
+publishing at Paris, contain this species among the numerous matchless
+figures already given of this family.
+
+In the present uncertainty respecting the natural groups of the genus
+_Helix_, as left by Lamarck, I have preferred for the present following the
+example of Cuvier and de Ferrusac, in placing it with that family, in
+preference to adopting the ill-defined and palpably artificial distribution
+of them by D. de Montfort, or of forming a new genus for its reception.
+
+The variegations in its colouring are better seen in the figures than
+described. The whole shell is slightly marked with obsolete longitudinal
+striae; the umbilicus is very deep, and the tooth does not extend
+externally beyond the margin of the lip.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+Pl. 10
+
+[Illustration]
+
+STROMBUS.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+GENERIC CHARACTER.
+
+    _Testa ventricosa; basis canali brevi, truncato vel emarginato; labium
+    exterius simpliciter alatum, ala ad basin inferne emarginata; supra
+    dilatata._
+
+    _Animal marinum, carnivorum, trachelipodum; corpore spirali; pede
+    compresso ad cervicis basin inferiorem._ Leach in Zool. Misc. vol. i.
+    p. 51.
+
+Typus Genericus _S. pugilis._ Linn.
+
+    Shell ventricose; base with a short canal, which is either emarginate
+    or truncate; external lip dilated into a simple wing, notched at the
+    base, and prominent above.
+
+    Animal marine, carnivorous; body spiral, with a compressed foot at the
+    inferior base of the neck.
+
+Generic Type _S. pugilis._ Linn.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+STROMBUS minimus.
+
+_Little Strombus--central figures._
+
+    _S. testa nodose plicata; spira subtilissime striata; labio interiore
+    reflecto, incrassato, supra obtuse-acuminato; exteriore intra laevi,
+    supra alte-lobato, anfractui secundo spirali adjuncto._
+
+    Shell with nodulous plaits; the spire finely striated; inner lip
+    thickened and reflected, and obtusely pointed above. Outer lip smooth
+    within, deeply lobed above, attached to the second spiral volution.
+
+    _Lister_ 859. 15. _Chemnitz. tab._ 156. _fig._ 1491, 1492. _Rumph.
+    tab._ 36, P. _Gualtieri, tab._ 32, G.
+
+    Strombus marginatus. _Dillwyn's Cat._ p. 665. no. 18.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+A pretty and diminutive species, scarcely ever more than one inch three
+lines long. The spire long in proportion, and occupying half an inch: when
+in perfection the colour is a deep chesnut, minutely broken into finely
+serrated darker lines, with one, two, or three interrupted bands of white
+on the body whorl, the spire, and margin of the outer lip paler; there are
+two or three nodules above; and the spiral volutions have the carinated row
+of tubercles usual in the _Strombi_, and are besides finely striated
+transversely. The base of the shell is more deeply and distinctly striated;
+both the lips are much thickened, tumid, white, and highly polished;
+terminating above in obtuse points on the second spiral whorl, leaving a
+narrow ascending channel between; the inside of the aperture is a fine
+yellow.
+
+Inhabits the Indian seas, but is not common.
+
+By some unaccountable oversight, Mr. Dillwyn has very well described this
+shell, but under the name and supposition of its being the _S. marginatus_
+of Linnaeus; though a few pages after he brings all the true synonyms
+referring to his shell, under a description purporting to be that of _S.
+minimus_, but which in reality is more applicable to our next species. Why
+this writer should doubt the correctness of Gmelin, Chemnitz, &c.
+respecting the true _S. marginatus_ of Linnaeus, does not appear,
+particularly as he has substituted for it a well known species. I have
+little doubt myself they all mean one and the same shell, which is nothing
+more than a scarce variety of _S. accinctus_, now before me, with which
+Linnaeus's original description pretty well agrees.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+STROMBUS variabilis.
+
+_Variable Strombus--upper figure._
+
+    _S. testa nodose plicata, spira striis nullis; labio interiore
+    simplice, exteriore reflecto, intra laevi, supra leviter lobato._
+
+    Shell with nodulous plaits, the spire not striated. Inner lip simple.
+    Outer lip reflected, smooth within, and slightly lobed above.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+Shell two inches and a quarter long, the spire occupying little more than
+half an inch. The ground colour generally is white with numerous undulated
+short lines of a darker colour, sometimes crossed by four or five obsolete
+whitish bands: it approaches very near _S. minimus_, but is easily
+distinguished by being in general much larger, by having the inner lip not
+at all thickened above, the outer lip very slightly lobed, and only
+advancing on the first volution of the spire: it varies, however, amazingly
+in colour. There is a small variety, having a brown spot beneath, from
+India; and others (labelled from the So. Seas) in the Banksian collection,
+also small, are purplish-brown, with three or four well-defined bands of
+white: the aperture is always pure white.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+Pl. 11
+
+[Illustration]
+
+DRUSILLA Horsfieldii.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+GENERIC CHARACTER.
+
+    _Antennae mediocres, clava producta, gracili, cylindracea. Palpi
+    breves, compressissimi, obtusi, remoti, linguam non attingentes;
+    lateribus utrisque hirsutissimis, articulos obtegentibus. Abdomen (in
+    maribus) 7-articulatum: 1mo longissimo, ultimo simplici, truncato,
+    supra integro, subtus unco incurvato, valvis nullis. Alae anticae (in
+    maribus) basi postica dilatatae, fasciculum in alas posticas
+    obtegentes._
+
+    (OBS. _Alae integerrimae, subdiaphanae, posticae magnae, orbiculares.
+    Pedes antici spurii; antennarum articuli basales ad apicem
+    incrassati._)
+
+Typus Genericus _Papilio Jairus_. Fabr.
+
+    Antennae moderate, the club lengthened, slender, cylindric. Palpi
+    short, much compressed, obtuse, remote, not touching the tongue,
+    covered equally on both sides with thickset hairs concealing the
+    joints. Abdomen (in the male) 7-jointed, the first very long, the last
+    simple, truncate, and entire above, without valves, and with an
+    incurved hook beneath. Anterior wings (in the male) dilated at the
+    posterior base, concealing a tuft of hair on the inferior wings.
+
+Generic Type _Papilio Jairus_. Fabr.
+
+    (OBS. Wings very entire, sub-diaphanous. Hinder wings large, orbicular.
+    Fore-legs spurious. Basal articulations of the antennae thickened at
+    the end.)
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+SPECIFIC CHARACTER.
+
+    _D. alis anticis angustatis, fuscis, concoloribus; margine posteriore
+    et exteriore aequalibus: posticis albidis; margine exteriore fusco,
+    supra uni-ocellato, subtus bi-ocellato._
+
+    Wings, anterior, narrowed, the posterior and exterior margins equal,
+    uniform brown; posterior cream-coloured, with a brown margin, one
+    ocellate spot above, and two beneath.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+This new and elegant insect was discovered by my worthy friend Dr.
+Horsfield (after whom I have named it) in the interior of Java: it forms a
+part of the extensive collections made there by this zealous naturalist for
+the East India Company, and which will make a most important addition to
+our present confined knowledge of the productions of that interesting
+island: indeed these collections exceed in extent, preservation, and value,
+any which have been brought to this country.
+
+The general resemblance of this species with _Papilio Jairus_ of Fabricius
+is so great, that it might pass on a cursory view as a mere variety, did
+not the form of the anterior wings at once point out the difference. In the
+present insect the posterior and exterior margins are of equal length,
+giving a narrow appearance to the wings, much resembling some of the true
+_Papilionidae_; but in _P. Jairus_, these wings are much broader, more
+obtuse, and the length of the posterior margin much greater; other minor
+differences exist in the colouring and markings. My valued friend A. H.
+Haworth, Esq., F.L.S., &c. possesses a fine pair of the true _P. Jairus_ in
+his rich and extensive collection; and the liberality with which it is
+constantly and freely opened to me, deserves my warmest thanks.
+
+From these two species I have formed the present genus, the characters of
+which will distinguish it from that of _Haetera_ (Fabr.), a scanty genus
+confined to South America; and this seems to occupy its place in India:
+both will come in the natural family of _Hipparchidae_. Only one specimen
+(a male) exists in Dr. Horsfield's collections; I could not therefore
+dissect the mouth, &c. On the inner borders of the inferior wings is a
+lengthened tuft of fine hairs: the _anus_ beneath has on each side an
+obtuse lengthened process, partially attached, and which appears to supply
+the place of the lateral valves. It is represented on a sprig of
+
+GAERTNERA _racemosa_,
+
+which, although differing slightly from the figure of Dr. Roxburgh's
+Coromandel Plants, p. 19. t. 18, Dr. Horsfield considers as the same plant.
+The Javanese name is _Kakas_.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+Pl. 12
+
+[Illustration]
+
+GOBIUS Suerii.
+
+_Suerian Goby._
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+GENERIC CHARACTER.
+
+    _Caput parvum. Oculi approximati. Pinnae dorsales duae, radiis
+    flexilibus: ventrales conjunctae, infundibuliformes. Branchiarum
+    apertura contracta, membrana 4-radiata._
+
+Typus Genericus _Gobius niger_. Pennant.
+
+    Head small. Eyes approximating. Dorsal fins two, the rays flexible.
+    Ventral fins united into the form of a funnel. Gill aperture
+    contracted, the membrane four-rayed.
+
+Generic Type _Gobius niger_. Pennant.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+SPECIFIC CHARACTER.
+
+    _G. olivaceus, cauda atro-purpurea. Capite, operculis, pinna dorsali et
+    caudali longitudinaliter flavo-lineatis._
+
+    Olivaceous Goby. Tail obscure purple. Head, gills, dorsal and caudal
+    fins with yellow longitudinal lines.
+
+    Gobius Suerii. _Risso Icth. p._ 387. _pl._ 11. _fig._ 43.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+This beautiful little fish never exceeds the size here represented. It is
+not uncommon on the coast of Sicily in the spring months: it has likewise
+been discovered on the shores of Nice by Risso, who is its first describer:
+his figure, however, is so remarkably bad, that it would be impossible to
+recognise it but for his description: in fact, the fish is so delicate,
+that unless the fins are very carefully expanded in water their form and
+colouring will never be seen correctly. It has been named after M. C. A. Le
+Sueur (who accompanied Peron in the French circumnavigation), an able
+zoologist and most inimitable draftsman and engraver.
+
+General colour pale olivaceous yellow, with a few obscure large spots along
+the body somewhat brighter. The head has four yellow oblique bands, between
+which, and behind the eye, is a bright blue spot. Ventral fins blackish.
+The first dorsal fin is trigonal, and has the third ray lengthened and
+longest; the three last rays tipt with deep-black; the second fin is
+lengthened, broadest at the end, the membrane greyish-white with narrow
+longitudinal lines of yellow. Caudal fin lanceolate, pointed,
+blackish-purple, margined and marked with yellow lines parallel with the
+borders. Pectoral fin ovately rounded, with faint yellow transverse bands.
+Anal fin resembling the second dorsal, greyish, with the margin
+dull-purple. Scales large, very deciduous; lateral line invisible; lower
+jaw longest; teeth minute. Body and fins semi-transparent. The first dorsal
+fin has seven rays; the second fifteen; anal fifteen; pectoral twelve;
+caudal seventeen; ventral fourteen.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+Pl. 13
+
+[Illustration]
+
+PLATYRHYNCHUS Ceylonensis.
+
+_Ceylonese Flat-bill._
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+GENERIC CHARACTER.
+
+    _Rostrum breve, rectum, depressissimum, ferme trigonum; mandibula
+    superiore ad apicem abrupte adunca, emarginata; inferiore recta,
+    breviore; marginibus superioris inferiorem superplicantibus. Os et
+    Nares longis rigidis vibrissis obtectae. Nares, mediae inter apicem et
+    hiatum rostri. Cauda plerumque aequalis, rectricibus duodecim. Pedes et
+    Tarsi breves, graciles._
+
+    Typi Generici. Div. I. _Todus Platyrhynchos._ Gm. Div. II. _Muscicapa
+    barbata._ Lath.
+
+    Bill short, straight, thin, very depressed, and nearly triangular; the
+    upper mandible abruptly hooked at the tip, and notched; the margins
+    folding over those of the under mandible, which is straight and
+    shorter. Mouth and nostrils defended by long stiff bristles. Nostrils
+    medial between the tip and gape of the bill. Tail mostly even, of
+    twelve feathers. Legs and toes short, slender.
+
+    Generic Types. Div. I. _Todus Platyrhynchos._ Gm. Div. II. _Muscicapa
+    barbata._ Lath.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+SPECIFIC CHARACTER.
+
+_P. olivaceus, subtus flavus; capite mentoque cinereis._
+
+Olivaceous Flat-bill, beneath yellow. Head and chin cinereous.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+The sober tints of this little bird accord more with those of Europe than
+of India, of which country however it is a native, having been sent from
+Ceylon to the British Museum: it is the only one I have yet seen, and
+appears hitherto undescribed.
+
+The stiff bristles at the corner of the mouth are nearly the length of the
+bill, which is quite flattened: the tail is even, and the whole bird in
+every respect but colour closely resembles the bearded Flycatcher (_Musc.
+barbata_ Lath.).
+
+Cuvier and other modern zoologists have done much in distributing the
+Linnaean _Muscicapae_ into their natural families; but as we are acquainted
+with a great number from descriptions only, the arrangement is by no means
+perfect.
+
+The generic characters now given of the genus _Platyrhynchos_ (very
+slightly noticed by Vieillot) will be found perfectly applicable to the
+separate divisions here formed; the first comprising the _Todus
+Platyrhynchos_ of Gmelin, and a few others having the bill larger and more
+dilated than the second division, which includes the present species,
+together with _M. barbata_, _caerulea_, _cuneata_, and no doubt many
+others. The construction of the bill in all these birds will be found
+precisely the same, though more or less developed in each division, and
+even in the species; it thus becomes impossible to draw the line of
+demarcation without refining too much on generic distinctions. Their bills,
+although so broad, are by no means stout; thus enabling them to prey with
+greater readiness on the _Lepidoptera_ and other large winged insects with
+soft bodies; while the long stiff bristles at the base of the bill seem
+intended to confine the resistance their prey would otherwise make by their
+wings. The illustrious Cuvier has well observed, that the true Flycatchers
+have the bill longer, narrowed, less compressed, and the tip but slightly
+bent.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+Pl. 14
+
+[Illustration]
+
+PICUS rubiginosus.
+
+_Brown Woodpecker._
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+GENERIC CHARACTER.
+
+    _Rostrum polyedrum, rectum, in apicem compressum, cuneatum, attenuatum.
+    Nares basales, ovales, patulae, plumis angustis recumbentibus tectae.
+    Lingua longissima, jaculatoria, apice sagittato. Cauda rectricibus
+    validis, rigidis, acuminatis,_ 10, _intermediis duabus longioribus.
+    Pedes scansorii._
+
+Typus Genericus _Picus viridis_.
+
+    Bill many-sided, straight, the tip resembling a compressed pointed
+    wedge. Nostrils basal, oval, open, covered externally with narrow
+    recumbent feathers. Tongue very long, retractile, the tip barbed.
+    Tail-feathers ten, strong, rigid, acuminated; the two middle ones
+    longest. Feet climbing.
+
+Generic Type _Picus viridis_.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+SPECIFIC CHARACTER.
+
+    _P. supra rubiginosus: vertice nigrescente; occipite rubro, subtus
+    fulvo, fusco-fasciato._
+
+    Above tawny rufous. Crown blackish; hind head crimson, beneath fulvous,
+    with brown transverse bands.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+The Woodpeckers form a most natural family of birds, and are dispersed in
+every part of the known world, excepting the Polar regions. Eight species
+inhabit Europe, five of which are found in our own country. The largest
+however of these, the Great Black Woodpecker, is very rare; and even the
+others are less frequently seen than formerly, from the gradual diminution
+of our few remaining forests.
+
+The present appears an undescribed species, and was sent from the Spanish
+Main to E. Falkner, Esq. of Fairfield. I have since seen the male, which,
+like many others of this genus, is distinguished by a patch of red below
+the eye.
+
+Total length, eight inches and a half; bill one inch long, blackish; front
+and crown cinereous black; the hind head and nape crimson; a dusky whitish
+line (beginning at the nostrils) includes the eye and ear-feathers; below
+this on each side blackish, with longitudinal whitish dots, which in the
+male is mixed near the bill with crimson; chin blackish, speckled with
+white. The general plumage above is uniform tawny rufous brown, becoming
+more olive on the rump. Under parts olivaceous yellow, crossed with
+numerous close bands of blackish brown. Quills with the inner web black,
+the margin pale yellow; shafts and outer web tawny; tail the same, the
+shafts and outer half black, excepting the last pair, which have yellowish
+shafts and dusky tips. Wings inside, pale orange. Legs and claws dusky
+green.
+
+Two or three other individuals have since fallen under my observation: the
+male I saw at Mr. Leadbeater's, Animal Preserver, in Brewer-street, of
+whose liberality and integrity in every way, I can bear the most
+unqualified and cheerful testimony.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+Pl. 15
+
+[Illustration]
+
+LICINIA Melite.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+GENERIC CHARACTER.
+
+    _Antennae graciles; clava elongata, fusiformi, compressa. Palpi
+    brevissimi, vix ultra caput producti, ad linguam compressi, squamis
+    linearibus tecti, margine ciliati, articulo ultimo sub-nudo, secundo
+    subaequali. Abdomen elongatum, gracile, in maribus 6-articulatum,
+    articulo ultimo integro; valvis plerumque elongatis, attenuatis, apice
+    acutis. Alae anticae (in maribus) angustae, obtuse-attenuatae, (in
+    foeminis) latiores, oblique rotundatae. Alae posticae (in maribus)
+    dilatatae, longitudine anticis pene aequales; margine antico opaco, in
+    foeminis breviores, suborbiculares._
+
+Typus Genericus _L. Melite_. Nobis.
+
+    Antennae slender, the club elongated, fusiform, and compressed. Palpi
+    very short, hardly projecting beyond the head, compressed on the
+    tongue, covered with scales and margined externally with long hairs,
+    the last joint nearly naked and almost as long as the second joint.
+    Body elongated, slender, in the male with 6 joints, the last entire.
+    Valves generally elongated, attenuated, their tips acutely pointed.
+    Anterior wings (in the male) narrow, obtusely attenuated; in the female
+    broader, and obliquely rounded. Posterior (in the male) dilated, nearly
+    as long as the anterior wings, the fore margin opaque; in the female
+    shorter, and nearly orbicular.
+
+Generic Type _L. Melite_.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+SPECIFIC CHARACTER.
+
+    _L. (Mas.) alis flavis; anteriore supra nigra, fascia obliqua flava, et
+    linea, basali transversa, margine posteriore flavo. (Foem.) Alis supra
+    albis; anteriore apice stigmateque marginali obliquo nigris; posteriore
+    supra nigro marginata, subtus (in utroque sexu) flavescente, lineis
+    duabus transversis fuscis._
+
+    Male. Wings yellow, anterior above black, with an oblique yellow band
+    and transverse basal line; posterior margin yellow. Fem. Wings above
+    white; anterior, with the tips and marginal oblique stigma black.
+    Posterior, above margined with black; beneath (in both sexes) yellow,
+    with two transverse brown lines.
+
+    Papilio Melite. _Fab. Ent. Syst._ 160, 494. _Cramer, tab._ 153. C. D.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+The remarkable size of the under wings in the male insects of this genus
+will distinguish them even to a casual observer as forming a natural group.
+They are all natives of South America, where I discovered nine species. The
+females differ most strikingly, and have hitherto been mistaken by authors
+not only for distinct species, but as belonging to different genera.
+
+Their natural situation will be among the _Pieridae_, with whose general
+habit they accord.
+
+The female of this species resembles _Pap. Licinia_ of Cramer, except in
+having a short black stigma in the middle of the anterior border of the
+fore wings, pointing obliquely to the exterior margin. Cramer's insect,
+however, is the female of another undescribed species in my cabinet.
+
+The under side of the posterior wings in both sexes is the same.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+Pl. 16
+
+[Illustration]
+
+ISMENE Oedipodea.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+GENERIC CHARACTER.
+
+    _Antennae cylindraceae, juxta medium crassissimae, versus apicem
+    subulatae, articulis numerosis brevissimis pene detectis. Palpi crassi
+    squamosi, fronte obtusa, lateribus compressis, marginibus exterioribus
+    ciliatis, articulo ultimo nudo, producto, subhorizontali, lineari,
+    compresso. Oculi (in maribus) magni. Corpus (in maribus) 7-articulatum,
+    articulo ultimo supra appendice transverso truncato subemarginato
+    terminante, subtus duobus uncis recurvis obtusis, fasciculo tectis;
+    articulo 1mo et ultimo brevissimis: (in foeminis) articulo ultimo
+    producto, subacuminato._
+
+    Antennae cylindrical, thickest near the middle, the terminal half
+    subulate; articulations numerous, very short, hardly perceptible. Palpi
+    thick, scaly; frontal side obtuse; lateral sides compressed; the
+    margins externally fringed with hair; the last joint naked, lengthened,
+    nearly horizontal, linear, compressed. Eyes (in the male) very large.
+    Body (in the male) of seven joints, the last with a transverse,
+    slightly emarginate, truncate appendage above; and two obtuse recurved
+    hooks below, concealed by a tuft of hair; the first and last segment
+    shortest. Body in the female with the last joint lengthened and
+    pointed.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+SPECIFIC CHARACTER.
+
+    _I. alis supra fuscis, basi nitide-caerulea, posticis aurantio
+    marginatis, subtus rufo-fusco nebulosis, basi puncto nigro: anticis (in
+    maribus) basi aurantiis, macula nigra tomentosa._
+
+    Wings above fuscous, shining blue at their base; posterior margined
+    with orange; beneath clouded with rufous and brown, and a black dot at
+    the base of the posterior wings. Anterior wings (in the male) orange at
+    the base, and a large velvet-like spot of black.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+The resplendent and changeable azure blue which ornaments the body and part
+of the wings in this very singular insect, can be but ill expressed in the
+figure. It is one of the many new and interesting subjects in entomology
+discovered in Java by Dr. Horsfield; and by his kindness and liberality I
+am enabled to add the figures of the caterpillar and chrysalis, which were
+copied out of a fine series of drawings made in Java under his own eye:
+they do not appear to differ in their formation from others of this family,
+although the perfect insect possesses such striking and peculiar generic
+characters; one of the many facts which prove the impossibility of making
+the _Larvae_ a primary consideration in forming the genera of Lepidoptera.
+
+This is a rare insect, I have therefore been obliged to leave the generic
+character imperfect, as the dissection of the mouth, &c. would destroy the
+specimen. The posterior margin in the wings of the male is sinuated; in the
+female it is nearly straight; the underside of the wings in both sexes is
+the same; the anterior pair reddish-brown, paler in the middle; the tip and
+posterior margin whitish: inferior wings reddish-orange towards the inner
+margin, with an obsolete central curved band of the same, and a black dot
+at the base of the inferior wings. The head, palpi, and thorax are margined
+with orange, less conspicuous in the female.
+
+Our knowledge of the genus _Hesperia_ of Latreille (under which the present
+insect would come) is little more than what was known of _Scarabaeus_
+twenty years ago; nor has Fabricius even noticed one half of the species
+figured by Cramer. The larva feeds on
+
+GAERTNERA _Javensis_
+
+    _Foliis ovatis, obtuse-acuminatis, caule volubili ramosissimo, ramulis
+    diffusis, deflexis,_
+
+a new species, discovered in Java by Dr. Horsfield, who has distinguished
+it by the above specific character. He informs me the natives give it the
+name of _Kakas-rambat_, which last word signifies twining or trailing. In
+the inflorescence and fruit it differs not from _G. racemosa_.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+Pl. 17
+
+[Illustration]
+
+BULIMUS zonatus.
+
+_Zoned Bulimus._
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+GENERIC CHARACTER.--See Pl. 4.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+SPECIFIC CHARACTER.
+
+    _B. testa laevi conica; spirae anfractibus quinque; ultimo aliquantulum
+    distorto; albis duabus fasciis ferrugineis inaequalibus; anfractu
+    basali rufo duabus albis fasciis; apertura alba._
+
+    Shell smooth, conic, of five volutions, the last somewhat distorted;
+    white, with two unequal ferrugineous bands; body whirl rufous, with two
+    white bands. Aperture white.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+A small though very elegant shell, seldom seen in Collections; nor do I
+find such a description of it as will identify the species. One figured by
+Martini, at _tab._ 134, _fig._ 1215, comes near it, but differs
+sufficiently for a specific distinction.
+
+Its precise locality is unknown: a fine specimen exists in my father's
+collection, who thinks it came from the East Indies; and this is the only
+one I have yet seen.
+
+The aperture is more round than ovate, and is less than one half the total
+length of the shell; the outer lip much reflected, and the transverse bands
+on the spiral whirls nearly obsolete.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+Pl. 18
+
+[Illustration]
+
+MITRA contracta.
+
+_Contracted Mitre_--upper figure.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+GENERIC CHARACTER.--_Pl._ 23.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+SPECIFIC CHARACTER.
+
+    _M. (Div. 3.) testa sublaevi; margine superiore anfractuum prominente,
+    anfractu basali in medio contracto_
+
+    Shell nearly smooth; upper margin of the volutions prominent; basal
+    whorl contracted in the middle.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+An undescribed species, for the loan of which I am indebted to Mr. G.
+Humphrey, of Leicester-street, whose knowledge as a collector, and
+integrity as a dealer, have gained him respect and confidence through a
+long life: and it is no less singular than true, that many genera of modern
+authors, now universally adopted, were formed by him near twenty-five years
+ago (under different names) in the _Museum Calonianum_, printed in 1797.
+
+Shell one inch and a half long, and smooth; the base and spire with faint
+remote grooves; the spiral whorls are scarcely convex, and their upper
+margins prominent. Outer lip thick, effuse, slightly reflected below, and
+contracted above. Pillar five-plaited; colour yellowish white, with two or
+three waved longitudinal bands of orange, and a few others broad and remote
+on the spire. A finer specimen I have since seen with Mr. Humphrey's was
+one inch three quarters long, the ground-colour pure white, the aperture
+orange, and the bands rich orange-chesnut.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+MITRA australis.
+
+_New Holland Mitre._
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+    _M. (Div. 2) testa laevissima; spira elongata; anfractibus basi
+    castaneo-fuscis; fascia alba in basali anfractu, centrali. Columella
+    4-plicata._
+
+    Shell very smooth. Spire elongated, chesnut-brown; base of the spiral
+    volutions with a whitish band, which is central on the basal whorl.
+    Pillar four-plaited.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+Dead shells of this new Mitre were received from Van Dieman's Land by Mr.
+Humphrey: it is perfectly destitute of striae, excepting a few faint ones
+at the base: the mouth, which is smooth inside, appeared in the few
+specimens he had, to be unformed; it is, however, sufficiently distinct
+from any other.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+Pl. 19
+
+[Illustration]
+
+TINAMUS Tataupa, _var._
+
+_Tataupa Tinamou._
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+GENERIC CHARACTER.
+
+    _Rostrum mediocre, depressum, latius quam altum, apice rotundato
+    obtuso; culmine lato, excelso. Nares laterales, mediae, ovatae,
+    patulae, apertae. Pedes tetradactyli, fissi; halluce brevissimo,
+    insistente. Cauda nulla, aut brevissima, plumis uropygii obtecta. Alae
+    breves._ Temminck, vol. iii. p. 747.
+
+Typus Genericus _T. rufescens_. Latham.
+
+    Bill moderate, depressed, broader than high, tip obtuse, back broad.
+    Nostrils lateral, medial, ovate, expanded and open. Feet four-toed,
+    cleft; hind toe very short. Tail none or very short, concealed by the
+    rump-feathers. Wings short.
+
+Generic Type _T. rufescens_. Latham.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+SPECIFIC CHARACTER.
+
+    _T. corpore supra fusco-rufo, immaculato; capite et collo fusco-nigro;
+    mento albo; gula, collo, pectoreque cinereis; corpore infra albescente;
+    uropygio lateribusque posticis rufis aut nigris, pennis
+    albo-marginatis._
+
+    Tinamou with the body above dusky-rufous, immaculate. Head and neck
+    dusky-black; chin white; throat, neck and breast, cinereous; body
+    beneath whitish; vent and flanks rufous or black, the feathers margined
+    with white.
+
+    Tinamus Tataupa. _Temminck Pig. et Gall._ iii. _p._ 590 _et_ 752. _Gen.
+    Zool. vol._ xi. _part_ 2. _p._ 416.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+The Tinamous are entirely confined to the new world, where they seem to
+hold the same scale in creation which the Partridges do in the old
+continent. Our knowledge of these singular birds has been much increased by
+the writings of Professor Temminck, who has described twelve species. The
+present bird is nearly the smallest of its family: I found it only once in
+the interior of Bahia in Brazil, where it must be very rare, or frequent to
+particular districts only. Though differing in some respects from the
+description of Temminck, I am inclined to consider it merely as a variety.
+
+Total length (excepting the legs) eight inches and a quarter. The bill is
+one inch one line long from the gape, and, with the irides, is red. The
+head and neck above blackish cinereous; the crown much darker and tinged
+with brown, the rest of the upper plumage uniform reddish-brown; the edges
+of the wing-covers tinged with pale cinereous; the spurious wings and
+quills greyish-brown; the chin is white, changing on the throat, neck,
+breast and their sides to a pale lead-colour, which, on the body, again
+becomes white; the feathers on the flanks are blackish or rufous,
+beautifully margined all round by white, with another internal mark of the
+same kind; those on the vent are similarly marked, but on a pale rufous
+ground; the thighs are rufous-white; the under tail-covers rufous, marked
+by narrow undulated concentric lines of black, the ends whitish. The length
+of the legs (from the knee to the base of the middle toe) one inch two
+lines, and from that to the tip of the claw one inch. Legs blueish-purple.
+Hind toe very short, and elevated above the ground.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+Pl. 20
+
+[Illustration]
+
+PICUS Braziliensis.
+
+_Brazilian Woodpecker._
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+GENERIC CHARACTER.--See Pl. 14.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+SPECIFIC CHARACTER.
+
+    _P. olivaceus, subtus fulvus, nigrescente-fasciatus; capite
+    subcristato, supra rubro, utrinque lineis olivaceis, fulvis, et
+    rubris._
+
+    Olive Woodpecker: beneath fulvous, with transverse blackish bands. Head
+    sub-crested, above red, the sides with olive, yellow, and red streaks.
+
+    P. Braziliensis, Swains. in Wern. Trans. 3. p. 291.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+A new species of this already extensive family, inhabiting the interior of
+Brazil in the province of Bahia, where I met with it but once. It was, I
+believe, first described in a paper I sent to the Wernerian Society some
+time ago: the figure is less than the natural size.
+
+Total length nine inches. Bill not quite an inch, and blackish. Irides
+yellow. Head slightly crested; the whole upper part crimson. Orbits and
+cheeks olive-brown; beneath this a narrow line of tawny-yellow begins at
+the nostrils and passes down the sides of the neck; next this is a similar
+stripe crimson on the jaws and olive beyond, leaving the chin and throat in
+front yellowish; the plumage above is tawny-olive. Quills black, within
+edged with rufous: all the under parts tawny-yellow, transversely banded
+with blackish lines; inner wing-covers yellowish. Tail three inches and a
+half long, the feathers black, unspotted, and tinged at their base with
+olive. Feet and claws lead-colour. The neck is very slender. The only one I
+have yet seen was a male.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+Pl. 21
+
+[Illustration]
+
+PROCNIAS hirundacea.
+
+_Swallow Fruit-eater._
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+GENERIC CHARACTER.
+
+    _Rostrum breve, trigonum, basi latissimum, dilatatum, versus apicem
+    contractum: mandibulis emarginatis; marginibus intraflexis; mandibula
+    superiore, tomiis curvatis, carinatis; inferiore recta, breviore. Nares
+    latae, basales, subnudae; aperturis orbiculatis, approximantibus,
+    apicem quam malam magis appropinquantibus. Lingua brevissima, angusta.
+    Rictus amplissimi infra oculos aperientes. Pedes insidentes. Alae
+    mediocres._
+
+Typus Genericus _Ampelis carunculata_. Latham.
+
+    Bill short, triangular, base very broad, dilated, towards the end
+    contracted; both mandibles notched, the margins bent inward; upper
+    mandible slightly curved and carinated above; lower mandible straight
+    and shortest. Nostrils broad, basal, nearly naked, the aperture much
+    nearer the tip than the gape of the bill. Tongue very short, narrow.
+    Mouth very large, opening beneath the eye. Feet formed for perching.
+    Wings moderate.
+
+Generic Type _Carunculated Chatterer_. Latham.
+
+    OBS. MM. Temminck and Lagier had just before us, and without our
+    knowledge, published this bird under the name of Procnias Ventralis,
+    (Pl. 5.) by which name in right of priority it should stand in the
+    system.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+SPECIFIC CHARACTER.
+
+    _P. (in maribus) caerulea; fronte, jugulo, temporibusque nigris;
+    corpore subtus in medio albo, lateribus striis transversis
+    nigrescentibus._
+
+    _(Foem.) viridis; mento temporibusque griseis; corpore infra
+    flavescente, striis obscure-viridibus transversis._
+
+    (Male) blue; front, throat, and temples black; middle of the body
+    beneath white, the sides with blackish transverse striae.
+
+    (Female) green; chin and temples grey; body beneath yellowish,
+    transversely striated with dusky-green.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+The birds of this genus are remarkable for the enormous width of their
+mouths, which in some species exceeds that of the Swallow family, thus
+enabling them with ease to swallow the large berries of the _Melastomae_
+and other tropical shrubs, on which they alone subsist; not on insects, as
+Cuvier asserts. Although in the construction of their bills they perfectly
+resemble the Swallows, their wings are not formed for long or rapid flight;
+and their feet are much stronger, and calculated for searching among
+branches for their food, in which situations I have frequently seen them.
+The term "_pedes ambulatorii_," or walking-feet, is applied too generally,
+and should be confined to the gallinaceous and Pigeon tribes.
+
+This genus was formed by Count Hoffmansegg, and the present is the smallest
+species known: our figure is of the male bird. Total length about five
+inches and a half. The bill from the angle to the tip measures seven lines;
+but from the nostrils only three lines and a half. The middle of the body,
+vent, and under tail-covers in the male are pure white; in the female
+yellowish, with a line of olive-green down the middle of each shaft; the
+quills, wing-covers, and tail-feathers are black, margined in the male with
+blue, and in the female with green: the tail is slightly forked. The
+nostrils round and bare; the base of the bill has a few weak setaceous
+hairs. The legs resemble the true Chatterers, having the outer toe rather
+longer than the inner, and attached to the base of the middle.
+
+This is a scarce bird, apparently not hitherto described; I met with it
+only three times in Bahia; but it appears more frequent in the southern
+provinces of Brazil, specimens having been sent me from Minas Geralis and
+Rio de Janeiro.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+Pl. 22
+
+[Illustration]
+
+TERIAS Elvina.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+GENERIC CHARACTER.
+
+    _Antennae breves, clava subtruncata, compressa. Palpi brevissimi
+    curvati, vix ultra caput producti, ad linguam compressi, densis squamis
+    imbricatis in totum tecti apice nudo. Abdomen elongatum, gracile, in
+    maribus 6-articulatum, articulo ultimo duobus uncis incurvatis
+    approximantibus; valvis latis, incrassatis, truncatis, aduncis. Alae
+    utroque sexu similes; latae, obtusae, rotundatae, integerrimae._
+
+Typus Genericus _Papilio Hecabe_. Linnaeus.
+
+    Antennae short, the club somewhat truncate and compressed. Palpi very
+    short, curved, hardly projecting beyond the head, closely compressed on
+    the tongue, entirely covered with close imbricate scales, the tip
+    naked. Body elongated, slender, in the male six-jointed, the last with
+    two approximating incurved hooks; valves broad, thickened, truncate,
+    and hooked. Wings in both sexes alike, broad, obtuse, rounded, very
+    entire.
+
+Generic Type _Papilio Hecabe_. Linnaeus.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+SPECIFIC CHARACTER.
+
+    _T. alis subdiaphanis, sulphureis, subtus immaculatis. Anticis supra
+    apice nigris, posticis (in maribus) margine antico basi gibbosis. Foem.
+    ----?_
+
+    Wings sub-diaphanous, pale sulphur; beneath immaculate. Anterior, above
+    with a black marginal tip; posterior (in the male) with the fore-margin
+    gibbous at the base. Female ----?
+
+    Pieris Elvina. _Godart in Encycl. Method, p._ 158. _no._ 67.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+This is one of the smallest of Butterflies, and from the extreme delicacy
+of its form seems to sanction with truth the poetic idea of living "but for
+a day." It is found in Brazil, inhabiting only the deepest forests, as if
+fearful its little life would be endangered by the scorching rays of a
+tropical sun: in these sombre shades it is seen to fly slowly and feebly
+near those spots where a ray of the sun has partially entered the thick
+canopy of foliage above, which is frequently fifty or sixty feet from the
+ground.
+
+The genus I have now placed it in belongs to the _Coliadae_, and appears to
+connect that family with the _Pieridae_: their distinctions are obviously
+marked and very constant in all the species I have yet seen, and which are
+tropical: of these, seven I discovered in Brazil; three or four more are
+natives of the southern extremity of North America; and Dr. Horsfield has
+four or five from Java. I know of none from Africa. Their size in general
+is very small.
+
+I think this species is the _Pieris Elvina_ of Godart; although the insect
+he mentions as the female is in reality that of his _Pieris Neda_. The true
+female I have never seen; I suspect it will want the gibbous curve on the
+hinder wings of the male, which sex is, indeed, not common, and is
+generally much smaller, and sometimes half the size only, of the figure.
+
+_Papilio Nicippe_ of Cramer (tab. 210. fig. C. D.) strictly belongs to this
+genus, though placed in that of _Colias_ by Godart, as well as his _Pieris
+Agave_, _Hecabe_, and doubtless many others not now before me.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+Pl. 23
+
+[Illustration]
+
+MITRA vittata.
+
+_Ribbon Mitre._
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+CHARACTER GENERICUS.
+
+    _Testa inaequaliter fusiformis, spira producta attenuata; labio
+    exteriore intus edentato. Columella plicata_.
+
+DIVISIONES.
+
+      I. _Apertura angusta, linearis, supra angulata, infra subcontracta._
+
+            _Mitrae vulpecula, plicata, &c._
+
+        OBS. _Testa plerumque longitudinaliter plicata, aequaliter
+        fusiformis, labio exteriore laevi leviter undulato, interiore ad
+        apicem intra crassato; gula striata._
+
+     II. _Apertura supra acuminata, infra angusta, extrinsecus curvata._
+
+            _Voluta mitra-abbatis._ Chemnitz, &c.
+
+        OBS. _Testa plerumque spira elongata, apertura ad basin angustata,
+        siphone superiore parvo aut nullo._
+
+    III. _Apertura supra acuminata, extrinsecus recta, infra rotundata,
+    dilatata, vel effusa._
+
+            _Mitrae papalis, episcopalis, &c._
+
+        OBS. _Testa plerumque laevi ad basin obtusa, truncata, labio
+        exteriore margine crenato, gula laevi._
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+GENERIC CHARACTER.
+
+    Shell unequally fusiform; spire lengthened, attenuated; outer lip
+    simple not toothed within. Columella plaited.
+
+DIVISIONS.
+
+      I. Aperture narrow, linear, above angulated, below a little
+    contracted.
+
+            _Mitrae vulpecula, plicata, &c._
+
+        OBS. Shell generally longitudinally plaited, equally fusiform;
+        outer lip smooth, slightly waved; top of the inner lip much
+        thickened within; throat striated.
+
+     II. Aperture above pointed, below narrowed, externally curved.
+
+            _Voluta mitra-abbatis._ Chemnitz, &c.
+
+        OBS. Shell generally with an elongated spire, the aperture below
+        narrowed; upper syphon or channel small or wanting.
+
+    III. Aperture above pointed, externally straight, below rounded,
+    widened or effuse.
+
+            _Mitrae papalis, episcopalis, &c._
+
+        OBS. Shell generally smooth, the base thick and truncated; margin
+        of the outer lip crenated; throat smooth. The smaller shells of
+        this division connect the genera _Mitra_ and _Colombella_
+        (Lamarck).
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+SPECIFIC CHARACTER.
+
+    _M. testa angusta, basi cancellata; spira plicis carinatis;
+    interstitiis sulcis transversis confertis; columella 4-plicata; gula 4
+    aut 5 striis remotis._
+
+    Shell narrow, base cancellated. Spire with carinated plaits, the
+    interstices with slender, crowded, transverse grooves. Pillar of four
+    plaits; throat with four to five remote striae.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+This superb shell is figured from a matchless specimen brought home by that
+illustrious and lamented patron of science, the late Sir J. Banks, from the
+Pacific Ocean: it is now, together with his entire collection of shells and
+insects, in the Museum of the Linnaean Society.
+
+It is of great rarity, and the present specimen far exceeds in size any I
+have yet seen. A very perfect one exists in my father's collection which
+measures only two inches one line long: it differs slightly in wanting the
+lower white band and its inferior border: there is also an additional small
+plait between the second and third, a variation not uncommon in the
+Linnaean Volutes, and which lessens the importance of this character as a
+specific distinction.
+
+It is unfigured, and I believe undescribed, unless perhaps in Solander's
+MSS. In its small state it may have been overlooked as one of the numerous
+varieties of _M. vulpecula_; but the sharp angulated plaitings, the
+cancellated base, and the numerous faintly-grooved lines on the spire, as
+well as the more slender and lengthened form, will at once distinguish it:
+its colours also are very striking and dissimilar.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+Pl. 24
+
+[Illustration]
+
+CONOELIX.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+GENERIC CHARACTER.
+
+    _Testa coniformis; spira brevissima; labium exterius simplex; columella
+    plicata; apertura linearis, angusta, spira longior._
+
+Typus Genericus _Conoelix lineatus_. Nobis.
+
+    Shell coniform. Spire very short. Outer lip simple. Columella or pillar
+    plaited. Aperture linear, narrow, longer than the spire.
+
+Generic Type _Conoelix lineatus_.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+CONOELIX marmoratus.
+
+_Marbled Conoelix--upper figures._
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+SPECIFIC CHARACTER.
+
+    _C. testa striis transversis, remotis, capillaribus; spira subproducta,
+    acuminata; anfractibus in medio linea sulcata; labio exteriore
+    crenato._
+
+    Shell with remote capillary transverse striae. Spire slightly produced,
+    acuminated; the whorls with a central indented line. Outer lip
+    crenated.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+The rare little shells composing the group I have now formed into the genus
+_Conoelix_, seem to have escaped the observation of modern systematic
+writers. They form a beautifully defined link connecting the Cones with the
+Volutes, strictly so termed, and their generic characters seem to be very
+constant and clear. The present species varies more or less in the
+regularity of its tessellated markings. The inside of the mouth is brown,
+and the pillar has five plaits. Several specimens are in the Banksian
+Cabinet, from the Pelew Islands. The figures are enlarged to one half more
+than the natural size.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+CONOELIX lineatus.
+
+_Lineated Conoelix--middle figures._
+
+    _C. testa laevi, albescente, lineis transversis, fulvis, capillaribus;
+    spira depressa, apice prominulo; columella 6-plicata._
+
+    Shell smooth, whitish, with transverse capillary fulvous lines. Spire
+    depressed, the apex prominent. Pillar six-plaited.
+
+Figured of the natural size. The volutions of the spire are somewhat
+convex; the coloured lines are not indented. Inhabits the South Seas?
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+CONOELIX punctatus.
+
+_Punctured Conoelix--lower figures._
+
+    _C. testa fulvo-albescente, striis transversis capillaribus, intra
+    minute punctatis; spira brevi; columella 5-plicata._
+
+    Shell cream-colour, with capillary transverse striae, which are
+    minutely punctured. Spire short. Pillar five-plaited.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+Inhabits Otaheite: from the Banksian Collection. The figures are on the
+same scale as _C. marmoratus_.
+
+These are the only three species which I have myself seen. Another is
+figured in _Chemnitz_ x. _tab._.150. _fig._ 1415 and 6. Mr. Humfreys
+informs me he has seen at different times five or six others, all of a
+small size.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+Pl. 25
+
+[Illustration]
+
+PROCNIAS melanocephalus.
+
+_Black-headed Berry-eater._
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+GENERIC CHARACTER.--See Pl. 21.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+SPECIFIC CHARACTER.
+
+    _P. oliva-viridis, subtus flavescens, striis fuscis transversis, capite
+    omnino nigro._
+
+    Olive-green, beneath yellowish, with dusky transverse striae. Head
+    entirely black.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+Another new and very rare bird of this singular genus, inhabiting, like all
+the other species, the tropical regions of America. I met with it in Brazil
+but twice in the forests of Pitanga, not far distant from Bahia; and my
+hunters were at a loss for its name, never having seen it before: the eyes
+in the fresh bird are of a beautiful crimson.
+
+Its total length is nine inches and a quarter; the bill is nine lines from
+the gape to the tip, and four from the base of the nostrils, at which part
+the bill is not so proportionably broad as in the Swallow Berryeater (pl.
+21.): the colour blueish-black, paler at the base: the whole head, sides,
+chin, and part of the throat are black, the feathers of the crown a little
+lengthened and pointed, giving a slight appearance of a crest: the wings
+and tail are dusky-black on the inner shafts and green on the outer; the
+whole of the upper plumage olive-green, and of the under pale
+greenish-yellow crossed with short dusky transverse lines from the breast
+downwards; under wing and tail-covers the same. Tail four inches from the
+base, slightly divaricated, and of twelve feathers. Wings four inches and a
+half, the first quill very short, the third, fourth and fifth of equal
+length. Legs black.
+
+This was a male bird: the female I have not seen.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+Pl. 26
+
+[Illustration]
+
+ALCEDO azurea.
+
+_Azure Kingsfisher._
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+GENERIC CHARACTER.
+
+    _Rostrum longissimum, rectum, attenuatum, altius quam latius, in totum
+    compressum, mandibulis carinatis; marginibus lateralibus leviter
+    inflexis. Nares basales, membrana tectae, apertura nuda, lineari,
+    obliqua; cauda plerumque brevissima. Pedes gressorii, digito antico
+    interiore minimo aut nullo._
+
+Typus Genericus _Alcedo ispida_. Linn.
+
+    Bill very long, straight and attenuated, higher than broad, compressed
+    the whole length, both mandibles carinated, the margins slightly bent
+    inwards. Nostrils basal, covered by a membrane; the aperture linear,
+    oblique, and naked. Tail mostly very short. Feet gressorial, inner
+    fore-toe small or wanting.
+
+Generic Type _Common Kingsfisher_. Lath. Bewick, &c.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+SPECIFIC CHARACTER.
+
+    _A. Corpore supra, capitis lateribus colloque nitido cyaneis; subtus
+    rufis; mento gulaque albescentibus, alis nigricantibus; digito antico
+    interiore nullo._
+
+    Body above, sides of the head and neck shining mazarine blue; beneath
+    rufous; chin and throat whitish; wings blackish; inner fore-toe
+    wanting.
+
+      Alcedo azurea. Azure Kingsfisher. _Lath. Synop. Suppl._ ii. _p._ 372.
+                     _Lewin's Birds of New Holland_, _fasc._ i. _pl._ 1.
+
+    Alcedo Tribrachys. Tridigitated Kingsfisher. _Shaw in Gen. Zool._ viii.
+    1. 105.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+The Kingsfishers have such a general similarity of form, that the most
+casual observer is able to distinguish them: a very long straight bill,
+short wings, and (in general) a shorter tail with very small legs, are the
+prominent distinctions of such as are usually seen; and the richness of
+plumage that generally pervades them cannot be better exemplified than in
+our own beautiful species, the common Kingsfisher, not unfrequent in many
+parts of England.
+
+These birds, hitherto placed in systems under one genus, nevertheless
+contain two distinct groups differing materially in the construction of
+that primary organ of supporting life, the bill; and in their physical
+distribution, or the countries they respectively inhabit, two most
+important considerations in the natural arrangement of animals under the
+present elevated views of the philosophic zoologist, with whom the study of
+Nature consists no longer in the study of words, the retention of names, or
+even the accurate description of species.
+
+These considerations have induced me to form these birds into two genera,
+the definitions of which are now given: those retained under the old genus
+of _Alcedo_ appear to be scattered (though sparingly) in every part of the
+old and the new world. Their bills seem formed for swallowing their food
+more in an entire state, similar to the Herons. In each of these genera one
+species exists with only three toes, a remarkable circumstance, which in an
+artificial system would endanger their being united in a separate genus;
+but which, from the remarkable smallness of the inner toe in all the other
+species, cannot I apprehend point out any peculiarity either in their habit
+or economy: and this opinion I find is likewise entertained by Professor
+Temminck.
+
+Total length seven inches and a quarter. Bill from the gape two inches one
+line, the upper mandible rather longest, and both with a slight appearance
+of a notch; the colour black. All the upper plumage, as well as the sides
+of the head, ears, and stripe beyond, fine ultramarine blue, more vivid on
+the rump and tail-covers, and duller on the tail, wing-covers, and lesser
+quill-margins; front blackish; from the nostrils to the eye a whitish line,
+and from the ears on each side the neck a whitish stripe, which almost
+forms a collar round the nape. Quill-feathers sooty black. All the under
+parts orange ferrugineous; throat and belly nearly white. Tail very short,
+nearly hid by the upper covers. Feet red, claws black. The inner fore-toe
+wanting, but a slight rudiment of it exists in my specimen.
+
+Since writing the above, I find this bird is figured and described in a
+beautiful work commenced by Lewin on the birds of New Holland, which Mr.
+Brown, the learned possessor of the Banksian library, pointed out to me. I
+believe but a few copies are known. Lewin observes, "it inhabits heads of
+rivers, visiting dead trees, from the branches of which it darts on its
+prey in the water beneath, and is sometimes completely immersed by the
+velocity of its descent."
+
+Dr. Latham has very well described it, but quite overlooked the
+construction of the feet.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+Pl. 27
+
+[Illustration]
+
+HALCYON collaris.
+
+_Collared Crabeater._
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+GENERIC CHARACTER.
+
+    _Rostrum longissimum, rectum, validum, ad basin latius quam altius,
+    lateribus tetragonis; mandibula superiore rectissima, ad basin
+    rotundata; inferiore carinata, recurvata, margine superioris inferiorem
+    obtegente. Nares basales, membrana tectae, apertura nuda, lineari
+    obliqua. Cauda plerumque mediocris. Pedes gressorii, digito antico
+    interiore minimo aut nullo._
+
+Typus Genericus _Alcedo Senegalensis_. Linn.
+
+    Bill very long, straight, thick, the base broader than high; the sides
+    tetragonal; upper mandible very straight, the base rounded; under
+    mandible beneath carinated and recurved, the margins covered by those
+    of the upper. Nostrils basal, covered by a membrane, the aperture
+    naked, linear and oblique. Tail mostly moderate. Feet gressorial:
+    interior fore-toe small or wanting.
+
+Generic Type _Crabeating Kingsfisher_. Latham.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+SPECIFIC CHARACTER.
+
+    _H. viridi-caerulea; corpore subtus, lunulaque cerviculi albis._
+
+    Greenish-blue. Body beneath and nuchal collar white.
+
+    Alcedo collaris. _Latham Index Ornith._ i. 250.
+
+    Sacred Kingsfisher, _Var._ D. _Latham Syn._ ii. _p._ 623.
+
+    Collared Kingsfisher. _Gen. Zool._ viii. i. _p._ 80.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+Referring to the observations we have already made on Kingsfishers
+generally, it will be only necessary to observe, that the species now
+formed into the genus _Halcyon_ appear entirely excluded from the American
+continent: their bills are much stronger, thicker, and more rounded than
+the genuine Kingsfishers, and the under mandible beneath invariably
+carinated and curving upwards. One of them (the _Alcedo Senegalensis_ of
+Latham) is known to feed on crabs, the breaking and disjointing of which
+this structure seems admirably calculated to accomplish; and although some
+authors mention insects also as their food, I apprehend it is only in the
+absence of other larger prey more suited to the construction of their
+bills.
+
+Total length eight inches and a half. Bill two inches three lines from the
+gape, and one inch three quarters from the nostrils; upper mandible and
+margin and lip of the lower, black, the rest yellowish-white. The general
+plumage above is pale and changeable greenish-blue, the green predominating
+on the scapulars, head and tail; the upper part of the neck is crossed by a
+white collar, separated from the green of the head by a narrow margin of
+black, which passes on the ear-feathers round the nape; a narrow whitish
+line runs from the nostrils to the eyebrows, and another very short one is
+beneath the eye; the whole of the under plumage white. Quills black edged
+with blue, the second, third and fourth equal and longest. Wings four
+inches and a quarter. Tail even, near three inches long, above blue-green,
+beneath black. Feet dusky; middle and outer claws much longer than the leg.
+
+Inhabits Java and other parts of India, and is I believe unfigured. The
+line at the bottom of the plate is on the scale of an inch.
+
+Since writing the above, Temminck's new edition of the _Manuel
+d'Ornithologie_ has just reached me, in which I perceive he has continued
+the birds of this genus under that of _Alcedo_, observing that their
+plumage is always shining, and that he can find no characters for their
+geographic distribution: yet, notwithstanding the opinion of this eminent
+ornithologist, a close attention will I believe prove, first, that no
+species of Linnaean _Alcedo_ bearing the characters of _Halcyon_ have yet
+been discovered as natives of America; and secondly, that species of
+genuine _Alcedo_ will be found with plumage quite devoid of any bright or
+shining colours. One or two exist in my own cabinet, but to which I cannot
+now refer.
+
+The situation of _Halcyon_ will be between _Alcedo_ and _Dacelo_; from the
+last of which it is distinguished by its perfectly straight, acute, and
+entire upper mandible, which, on the contrary, in _Dacelo_ is notched, the
+tip bent and obtuse.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+Pl. 28
+
+[Illustration]
+
+HESPERIA Haworthiana.
+
+_Haworth's Hesperia._
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+GENERIC CHARACTER.
+
+    _Antennae mediocres vel elongatae, rectae, graciles; clava
+    subterminali, brevi, crassata, cylindracea; unco abrupto, brevi,
+    acuminato. Palpi in fronte compressi, incurvati, lateribus convexis vel
+    angulatis, articulo ultimo erecto, verticali. Alae (sedentes) erectae._
+
+DIVISIONES.
+
+      I. _Palpi lati, in fronte compressissimi. Antennae breves, clava
+    crassissima._
+
+     II. _Palpi pene quadrati, crassissimi. Antennae elongatae._
+
+    III. _Palpi articulo ultimo longiore, gracile. Antennae mediocres._
+
+Typus Genericus _Hesperia Comma_ Auctorum.
+
+    Antennae moderate or elongated, straight, slender, the club nearly
+    terminal, short, thick, cylindric, ending in an abrupt, short and
+    pointed hook. Palpi compressed, incurved in front of the head, the
+    sides convex or angular; the last joint erect, pointing vertically.
+    Wings when at rest erect.
+
+DIVISIONS.
+
+      I. Palpi broad, very compressed in front. Antennae short, the club
+    very thick.
+
+     II. Palpi nearly square, very thick. Antennae elongated.
+
+    III. Palpi with the last joint lengthened, slender. Antennae moderate.
+
+Generic Type _Hesperia Comma_ of Authors.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+SPECIFIC CHARACTER.
+
+    _Hesp. (Div. 2.) alis supra nigrescente-fuscis, basi nitido-caeruleis,
+    anticis fascia mediali hyalina, posticis subtus fuscis, lineis duabus
+    longitudinalibus viridi-flavis; pedibus fusco-aurantiis._
+
+    Hesperia (Div. 2.). Wings above blackish-brown, the base shining blue;
+    anterior with a medial hyaline band; posterior beneath brown, with two
+    longitudinal yellow-green lines. Legs brownish-orange.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+The celebrated Latreille, the father of modern Entomology, has well
+observed, that the immense number of insects crowded together in the genus
+_Hesperia_ contain many natural genera, but which the paucity of species
+generally found in cabinets prevents us from discriminating. Having for a
+long time paid attention to this family, and possessing near 300 species in
+my own cabinet, I have had the opportunity of attempting their elucidation;
+and the above generic character is applied to those insects only which I
+propose considering genuine species of the genus _Hesperia_, and which will
+comprise near 170 species.
+
+I have named this new, undescribed and very rare insect, in honour of my
+esteemed friend A. H. Haworth, Esq. F.L.S., &c., well known by the benefits
+his writings have conferred on the sister sciences of entomology and
+botany. The only two insects I ever saw of this species I captured in the
+southern part of Brazil.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+Pl. 29
+
+[Illustration]
+
+MITRA cancellata.
+
+_Basket Mitre_--upper figure.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+GENERIC CHARACTER.--See Pl. 23.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+SPECIFIC CHARACTER.
+
+    _M. (Div. 2.) testa fusiformi, cancellata; striis longitudinalibus
+    incrassatis, spira aperturaque aequalibus; columella 5-plicata; spira
+    sublaevi._
+
+    Shell fusiform, cancellated, the longitudinal striae thickened; spire
+    and aperture of equal length; pillar five-plaited; spire nearly smooth.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+Another undescribed species of this elegant family, and of great rarity, in
+the private collection of Mr. G. Humfreys. The whole of the body whorl and
+commencement of the spire is cancellated. The longitudinal striae are
+crowded, thickened, and slightly elevated, giving a crenated appearance to
+the suture: the transverse striae slender, and filling up the interstices.
+The spire is nearly smooth and a little bent: the ground colour very light
+orange, with three darker interrupted bands on the body: whorl separated by
+two slender lines of the same colour; the spiral whorls have only two bands
+and a line between; the upper margins slightly compressed on the suture;
+the outer lip within smooth.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+MITRA rigida.
+
+_Ribbed Mitre__--middle figures._
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+SPECIFIC CHARACTER.
+
+    _M. testa costis longitudinalibus, elevatis, linearibus, integris,
+    interstitiis laevibus ad basin granulatis; spira producta; columella
+    4-plicata; apertura brevi._
+
+    Shell with elevated, longitudinal, obtuse, entire ribs, the interstices
+    smooth, the base granulated; spire lengthened; pillar four-plaited;
+    aperture short.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+Equally rare, and from the same collection as the preceding. In habit it
+approaches nearest to _M. exasperata_ of Chemnitz, but has not the ribs
+angulated or their interstices striated, and is much more narrowed at the
+base than in that shell, which I have seen: the outer lip is also smooth;
+the inside strongly striated. This shell was formerly in the collection of
+Mr. Keate, the elegant author of the "Sketches from Nature."
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+Pl. 30
+
+[Illustration]
+
+ACHATINA marginata.
+
+_Marginated Achatina._
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+GENERIC CHARACTER.
+
+    _Testa ovata, vel oblongo-ovata, spira elevata, apertura subovale.
+    Columella laevis, simplex, ad apicem truncata; labium externum tenue,
+    internum inflexum integrum; umbilicus nullus._
+
+Typus Genericus _Bulla Achatina_. Linn.
+
+    Shell ovate, or oblong-ovate; spire elevated; mouth nearly oval.
+    Columella smooth, simple, truncated. Outer lip thin; inner lip entirely
+    inflexed. Umbilicus none.
+
+Generic Type _Bulla Achatina_. Linn.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+SPECIFIC CHARACTER.
+
+    _A. testa ovato-oblonga, strigis inaequalibus ferrugineis; spira ad
+    apicem obtusa, 5-voluta; sutura depressa linea sulcata marginali._
+
+    Shell ovate-oblong, with irregular ferrugineous stripes; spire obtuse
+    at the top, of five volutions; the suture depressed, with a marginal
+    indented line.
+
+    _Lister_ 579. _fig._ 34. _Gualt. pl._ 45. B. _Knorr_, _vol._ iv. _tab._
+    24. 1. (badly coloured.)
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+The largest shells hitherto discovered as inhabiting the dry land belong to
+this genus, instituted by the celebrated Lamarck, but still divided by the
+strict followers of Linnaeus between the _Bullae_ and _Helices_, with a
+singular infelicity of even artificial arrangement. The simple characters
+peculiar in a greater or less degree to all, will readily distinguish them;
+and I apprehend most of the species of the first division (which includes
+the present) will be found to inhabit only the African continent, while
+_Bulla virginea_ and the smaller shells placed in the second division are
+found principally in the new world; where also two or three gigantic
+species of _Bulimus_ occupy the place of the larger African _Achatinae_.
+
+Of these, the shell now figured is one of the rarest, and has hitherto been
+overlooked as a variety of the Linnaean _Bulla Achatina_; the colour of
+both is subject to much variation; but this will be found at best a most
+indecisive and vague character for specific distinction when unaccompanied
+by others more important and connected with the formation of shells. I have
+therefore not hesitated in making this a distinct species, from having had
+the means of examining at different times near twenty specimens, all of
+which presented the following characters. Spire of five whorls, the last or
+terminal one very small and flattened; the apex obtuse; the suture
+depressed, as if flattened on the shell, and margined by one or sometimes
+two indented lines, parallel, and at the top of each whorl. In the colour
+of its mouth it varies in sometimes having a tinge of rose-colour at the
+base and top of the spire, but the mouth is more generally white. The body
+whorl is more or less ventricose; the outer lip is a little reflected, and
+the whole shell, when full grown, much thicker and heavier than any of the
+other species. The epidermis is yellowish-brown, beneath which the shell is
+nearly white, beautifully marked with broad remote stripes of chesnut, with
+others more slender (and sometimes broken into spots) between. I have
+another specimen which agrees tolerably with Lister's figure in being more
+than usually ventricose, and which I think is accidental. The only constant
+variety appears to be that figured by Knorr, ii. tab. 3. fig. 1. having the
+spire entirely rose-colour.
+
+The marginal line and the correct number of whorls in the spire are well
+expressed in the figures of Lister, Gualtieri and Knorr. The first of these
+figures is accidentally more ventricose; the second, like all the other
+figures of Gualtieri, is defective at the apex; and Knorr's I suspect has
+been outrageously coloured from the real pink-mouthed _Achatina_.
+
+It inhabits the coast of Guinea; and I am informed the animal is eaten by
+the natives.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+Pl. 31
+
+[Illustration]
+
+PHIBALURA cristata.
+
+_Crested Shortbill._
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+GENERIC CHARACTER.
+
+    (_Phibalura_ Vieillot.)
+
+    _Rostrum brevissimum, trigonum, latius quam altum; mandibula superiore
+    culmine subcurvata carinata; inferiore recta; utrisque marginatis.
+    Nares basales, simplices, subrotundae, plumulis densis incumbentibus in
+    totum obtectae. Rictus ampli, infra oculos aperientes. Alae attenuatae,
+    remigibus spuriis nullis. Cauda elongata, furcata, rectricibus
+    duodecim. Pedes insidentes, digitis anticis aequaliter fissis, ad basin
+    subconnexis._
+
+    Bill very short, triangular, broader than high; upper mandible above
+    slightly curved and carinated; lower mandible straight, both notched.
+    Nostrils simple, basal, roundish, entirely concealed by thick-set
+    incumbent feathers. Mouth large, opening beneath the eye. Wings
+    pointed; spurious quills none. Tail elongated, forked, of twelve
+    feathers. Feet formed for sitting; the fore-toes equally cleft and
+    slightly connected at their base.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+SPECIFIC CHARACTER.
+
+    _P. corpore supra nigro flavo variegato; subtus albo, fasciis nigris
+    transversis; mento flavo, capitis crista rufa nigro variegata, alis
+    caudaque elongata furcata chalybeis, immaculatis._
+
+    Above black varied with yellow; beneath white, with transverse black
+    bands; chin yellow. Head crested, the feathers rufous, varied with
+    black. Wings, and elongated forked tail raven-black, immaculate.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+For this beautiful and extraordinary bird I am indebted to Miss E. Yeates,
+of the Dingle near Liverpool, who received it from South America. Its
+general habit clearly points it out as belonging to the _Baccavorae_ or
+Berryeaters, apparently connecting the genera _Procnias_ and _Pipra_, where
+Temminck with much judgement has also placed it, in the new edition of his
+_Manuel d'Ornithologie_ just received, and before reading which I had
+considered the genus as unpublished.
+
+The total length is nine inches, of which the tail occupies four and a
+half. The bill is whitish, and is remarkably short, measuring only three
+lines from the nostrils to the tip, but three quarters of an inch from the
+angle of the mouth, which opens just under the eye: the plumage is
+singularly variegated: the crown of the head is furnished with a crest,
+which, when not elevated, is scarcely seen, and appears a deep glossy black
+mixed with grey and rufous; but when erected it is very conspicuous, and
+all the feathers are bright rufous tipt more or less with black; the upper
+sides of the head grey, the lower part and ears deep-black; the neck above
+is greyish-white, with blackish transverse lines: the back, scapulars, rump
+and tail-covers are varied transversely with olive, shining black, and
+bright yellow, each feather being olive at the base, black in the middle,
+and yellow at the tip. Beneath the feathers of the chin and part of the
+throat are somewhat lengthened, semi-setaceous, and of a bright yellow; the
+neck and breast are white, with two transverse lines of deep black on each
+feather; these lines diminish, and are broken into spots on the body, and
+nearly disappear on the vent: the edges of the breast-feathers are tipt
+with yellow, which colour increases downwards on the vent and tail-covers,
+which latter are entirely yellow. The wings are four inches long, uniform
+deep black with a blue gloss, much pointed, and calculated for rapid
+flight. Tail the same colour, the exterior basal margins olive: all the
+feathers are narrow, pointed, and gradually lengthening, the middle pair
+being two inches three quarters longer than the outer pair, which exceed
+those next them by an inch. The feet are very pale yellow, and
+three-quarters of an inch from the knee to the claws, the three foremost of
+which are equally connected together (though slightly) nearly as far as the
+first joint; the outer and inner toes equal, and rather shorter than the
+hind-toe: claws slender and much compressed.
+
+Whether this species is the same as the one mentioned by Temminck as
+existing in the French Museum under the name of _P. flavirostris_, it is
+quite impossible to say, as the description of that bird has never been
+published. This leads me to notice a custom several naturalists of the
+present day have lately adopted, of publishing names, and names only, of
+new or undescribed animals, which they then wish to be considered as
+permanently fixed, and as having thus secured to themselves all the merit
+of first describing. Now this at best is but a surreptitious path to fame,
+and in many instances bears the appearance of originating in a petty
+vanity, quite beneath the dignity of true science: it is easily fixing a
+name to an object which we have not before seen, or suspect may be new,
+without the trouble of investigating authors and comparing synonyms: the
+name may remain, but if it should afterwards be discovered as hasty and
+erroneous, its author is in no way amenable to the opinions and criticisms
+of others, for they cannot discover such mistakes when no clue is given
+them beyond a name, which may frequently be applicable to half a dozen
+species. If, on the other hand, the object is really new, the scientific
+world is still in the dark, for without a description the name conveys
+nothing. Besides this, it has a tendency to deprive those writers of their
+well-earned merit, who undergo the laborious but necessary investigation of
+books, the examining and comparing of specimens, and the construction of
+sound characters previous to their publishing a new addition to the great
+volume of Nature. Against this _scientific monopoly_ a stand should be
+made, and all names either of families, genera, or species should be
+totally rejected, unless their meaning is clearly defined. Let those who
+run the race, receive the wreath; and not let it be snatched from the
+winning-post by another, who jumps from behind and claims it as his own.
+
+On a careful examination of my specimen, I find the nostrils are not
+covered by a membrane, as observed by Temminck, but are open, obliquely and
+ovately round, and a narrow rim round the margin. That excellent
+ornithologist likewise remarks that the first and second quill-feathers are
+the longest; but my bird (which, however, is in full plumage) has the first
+and third of equal length and shorter than the second, which is longest.
+These nice distinctions lead me to suppose the species from which his
+generic character was taken, is distinct from this.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+Pl. 32
+
+[Illustration]
+
+PSARIS Cuvierii.
+
+_Cuvier's Psaris._
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+GENERIC CHARACTER.
+
+    _Rostrum validum, crassum, conicum, basi rotundatum, versus apicem
+    leviter compressum, culmine convexo non carinato; mandibulis
+    emarginatis, superiore apice adunco. Nares basales, simplices,
+    rotundae, juxta marginem sitae, basi paucis plumulis setaceis
+    incumbentibus. Pedes simplices, tribus digitis anticis aequaliter
+    fissis. Remiges spuriae nullae. Cauda brevis: rectricibus duodecim
+    aequalibus._
+
+Typus Genericus _Lanius cayanus_. Linn., Lath., &c.
+
+    Bill strong, thick, conic, the base rounded, towards the top slightly
+    compressed, the top convex, not carinated; both mandibles notched, the
+    tip of the upper hooked. Nostrils basal, simple, round, situated near
+    the margin, the base with a few short incumbent setaceous feathers.
+    Feet simple, the three fore-toes equally cleft. Spurious quills none.
+    Tail short, of twelve equal feathers.
+
+Generic Type _Lanius cayanus_. Linn., Lath., &c.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+SPECIFIC CHARACTER.
+
+    _P. olivaceus, subtus albidus; capite supra nigro; occipite temporibus
+    et colli lateribus cinereis; pectore lateribus tegminibusque infernis
+    flavis._
+
+    Olive, beneath whitish; crown black; nape, sides of the head and neck
+    pale cinereous; breast, sides, and under wing-covers yellow.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+The genus _Psaris_ was first instituted with great propriety by Cuvier; and
+before the discovery of the species now made known, was supposed to consist
+of only one, the Cayenne Shrike of Latham, which with the present bird
+(named in honour of the first zoologist of the age) is found in Brazil. The
+figure is nearly of the natural size.
+
+Total length five inches and a half. Bill blueish, three quarters of an
+inch from the angle of the mouth, and four-tenths from the nostrils, which
+are ovately round, rather large, and simple, being entirely devoid of an
+external membrane, but the base is partially covered with small thick-set,
+short, setaceous feathers; between the eye and base of the bill are a few
+weak and short hairs; the upper part of the head, as far as the nape, is
+capped by deep-black, having a blueish gloss: between the nostrils and the
+eye, as well as on the chin and throat, the colour is white, which changes
+to a pale cinereous grey on the sides of the head and round the neck; the
+ears at their base and margin of the eye tinged with yellow; the rest of
+the upper plumage yellowish-olive. The under plumage on the lower part of
+the neck and breast, the sides, and the inner wing-covers are clear yellow,
+and from that to the vent white. Wings two inches long, the quills brown,
+margined externally with olive and internally with yellow; the first and
+second quill progressively shorter than the third and fourth, which are of
+equal length. Tail short, slightly divaricated; olive, with whitish
+marginal tips. Legs blueish-black; the three fore-toes are equally cleft,
+but a membrane will be found connecting them equally at the base nearly as
+far as the first joint.
+
+Temminck must be mistaken in giving as a generic character to this genus,
+that the external toe is connected to the middle one as far as the first
+joint, and the inner toe cleft to the base; at least such is not the case
+either in my specimens of this bird or in those of the Cayenne Shrike: and
+they have been carefully relaxed in warm water, the best method of
+ascertaining such peculiarities.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+Pl. 33
+
+[Illustration]
+
+TAMYRIS Zeleucus.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+GENERIC CHARACTER.
+
+    _Antennae arcuatae, clava terminali, crassata, lineari, obtusa, in
+    foeminis graciliore attenuata. Palpi in fronte convexe-compressi, supra
+    linguam obvenientes, articulo ultimo minutissimo, crassato obtuso,
+    approximate, proclivi. Alae breves, sedentes horizontaliter
+    divaricatae._
+
+    Antennae arcuated; the club terminal, thick, linear, obtuse; more
+    slender and attenuated in the female. Palpi compressed convexly on the
+    front of the head, meeting above the tongue; the last joint very
+    minute, thick, obtuse, approximating and bent forward. Wings short,
+    when at rest horizontally divaricated.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+SPECIFIC CHARACTER, ETC.
+
+    _T. Alis chalybeis concoloribus, margine albo; capite apiceque corporis
+    sanguineis._
+
+    Wings uniform blueish-black, with a slender white margin. Head and top
+    of the body bright red.
+
+    Hesp. Zeleucus. _Fab. Ent. Syst._ 3. _pt._ 1. _p._ 346. _no._ 317.
+
+    OBS. _Donovan's Indian Insects_, where that author has figured it by
+    mistake as a native of India.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+This insect is the most common (although hitherto unfigured) of a striking
+natural group belonging to the _Hesperidae_; it has therefore been selected
+as the best example for the genus I have now formed them into. I have not
+seen more than twelve or fourteen species, and these were all from
+different parts of South America, to which I have no doubt the genus is
+exclusively confined. The club of their antennae is very thick, obtuse, and
+without any terminal hook. The bright red at the end of the abdomen
+(improperly called by Fabricius the tail) is most conspicuous in the
+female, which is also larger and having the wings more obtuse, of which the
+upper and under surfaces are both alike.
+
+The insects of this family fly with amazing rapidity (as is shown by the
+thickness of their thorax, and the sharpness in the make of their wings),
+generally frequenting openings of thick woods and alighting on leaves where
+the sun strikes: I seldom saw them on flowers. Their wings when at rest are
+half expanded in a horizontal direction. Their metamorphosis is unknown.
+
+This individual species is scarce in the northern parts of Brazil, but
+common in the southern provinces.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+Pl. 34
+
+[Illustration]
+
+COLIAS Godartiana.
+
+_Godart's Colias._
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+GENERIC CHARACTER.--See Pl. 5.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+SPECIFIC CHARACTER.
+
+    _C. (Foem.) alis flavescente-fulvis, anticis supra margine punctoque
+    rotundato medio nigris, subtus argenteo rufo 3-fisso, posticis subtus
+    puncto gemino argenteo margine nigro, uno quadrato; palpis productis._
+
+    (Female) Wings fulvous-yellow; anterior above with the outer margin and
+    round central spot black, which beneath is silvery rufous and
+    three-cleft; posterior beneath each with two silvery spots margined
+    with black, one of which is quadrangular. Palpi lengthened.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+An inspection of a vast number of insects of this genus, with the
+possession of nearly all the species noticed by authors, convinces me that
+the insect now figured is perfectly distinct from any other. It is in the
+cabinet of Mr. Haworth, who obligingly lent it me for comparison and
+description, and is the only individual I have hitherto met with. The
+prolongation of the palpi, which is even more obvious than in _C. Statira_,
+is alone a specific distinction; and the form of the spots both on the
+upper and under side differs very much in character from that insect, with
+which it has the most affinity. It may be the _Papilio Drya_ of Fabr.
+(omitting his references); but his description, whether intended for this
+insect or any other, is so vague that I can see no advantage in retaining
+it. Of the two bright silver spots beneath, one is oval, the other larger
+and quadrangular.
+
+I have named it in honour of M. Godart, the intelligent coadjutor of M.
+Latreille in the entomological part of the _Encyclopedie Methodique_.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+Pl. 35
+
+[Illustration]
+
+MITRA bifasciata.
+
+_Double-banded Mitre._
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+GENERIC CHARACTER.--See Pl. 23.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+SPECIFIC CHARACTER.
+
+    _M. (Div. 1.) testa laevi, castaneo-fusca concolore, anfractu basali
+    fasciis duabus angustis flavescentibus, spira unifasciata apertura
+    laevi._
+
+    Shell smooth, uniform chesnut-brown, with two narrow yellowish bands on
+    the basal whorl, and one on the spire; aperture smooth.
+
+      Voluta caffra. _Martini_ iv. _tab._ 148. _fig._ 1369.
+                     _Knorr._ _vol._ v. _tab._ 19. _fig._ 4, 5.
+                     Seba Pl. 49. fig. 21, 22, 41.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+This most elegant shell has been figured from one of the specimens that
+belonged to the late Mr. Jennings, who was well known to spare neither
+expense nor assiduity in procuring the most select and matchless specimens
+of every species; so much so, indeed, that such as are known to have been
+in his possession generally bear a higher price. One of these is now in my
+father's cabinet, the other in that of Mrs. Bolton, of Storr's-hall,
+Windermere. I have seen both, and they appear equally fine.
+
+I cannot help considering this as a distinct species from _Mitra caffra_
+(_Voluta caffra_ Linn.), with which it has hitherto been placed only as a
+variety: it is much larger, the volutions more convex, but compressed on
+the suture, and the whole shell (except near the point) perfectly smooth:
+the beak or channel likewise, which in _M. caffra_ is short and nearly
+straight, is in this lengthened and recurved. The mouth is very narrow
+(occasioned by the outer lip being thick and slightly inflexed) and smooth
+within, the terminal volutions slightly plaited, and the base of the shell
+grooved.
+
+The figures of Knorr and Martini are very bad, and give no correct idea of
+the shell, except its colour.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+Pl. 36
+
+[Illustration]
+
+ACHATINA perversa.
+
+_Reverse Achatina._
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+GENERIC CHARACTER.--See Pl. 30.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+SPECIFIC CHARACTER.
+
+    _A. (Div. 2.) testa apertura perversa: spira producta, 7-voluta, apice
+    truncato; albida strigis nebulosis cinereis; linea transversa in basali
+    anfractu; columella margineque labii exterioris castaneis, apertura
+    intus alba._
+
+    Aperture reversed: spire lengthened, of seven volutions, the apex
+    truncated, whiteish with clouded cinereous stripes; central band on the
+    basal volution, pillar, and margin of the outer lip chesnut; mouth
+    within white.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+Reverse shells, or such whose mouth when viewed in front is on the left
+side, are generally held in much estimation by collectors. This deviation
+from the usual form of shells is sometimes accidental, as in our common
+garden Snail and several others; while in some species it appears a
+constant, and therefore a specific distinction. Such I apprehend is the
+case with the shell now figured, a rare and very elegant species,
+apparently not noticed by any writer; two or three existing in the British
+Museum and one in my father's cabinet are all the specimens I have hitherto
+seen. The latter (here figured) came from Bahia in South America. The whole
+shell is very finely marked with longitudinal striae, and the colouring
+better seen than described: the buff tinge at the base is occasioned by the
+remaining epidermis.
+
+This shell belongs to the second division of the genus _Achatina_ as
+mentioned at Plate 30, having the aperture much shorter than the spire and
+the base nearly entire. _Bulla virginea_ of Linn. seems to connect the two
+divisions, having the lengthened spire of one and the truncated base of the
+other.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+Pl. 37
+
+[Illustration]
+
+PROCNIAS cucullata.
+
+_Hooded Berry-eater._
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+GENERIC CHARACTER.--See Pl. 21.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+SPECIFIC CHARACTER.
+
+    _P. corpore, collo, pectore nigro cucullata; tergo fusco, alis caudaque
+    nigris; tegminum apice, pectoris lateribus, et corpore subtus flavis;
+    capite subcristato._
+
+    Head, neck and fore-part of the breast hooded with black; back brown,
+    wings and tail black; tip of the wing-covers, sides of the breast and
+    body beneath yellow; head subcrested.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+I am indebted for this new bird to Miss E. Yeates, who received it with a
+few others from some part of Brazil: it seems to connect the genera of
+_Ampelis_ and _Procnias_, having the bill much less dilated at the base
+than any of the latter; it however has a close similitude to _Procnias
+melanocephalus_ (Pl. 25.), which seems further removed from the true
+Chatterers.
+
+Total length eight inches and three quarters. Bill in extreme length near
+an inch; the colour dark cinereous; the base furnished with bristles
+something resembling the Chatterers: the opening of the nostrils large,
+round, terminal, and nearly naked; the feathers on the crown lengthened;
+the whole head, neck, and fore-part of the breast black, bordered above by
+a narrow collar of yellow; back and scapulars brown, rump olive; sides of
+the breast, inner covers, and under parts uniform yellow; wing-covers black
+margined with olive, those on the shoulders tipt with brown, the rest with
+yellow; quills and tail black margined with olive. Wings four inches and
+three-quarters long, the first quill very short, the third longer than the
+second. Tail four inches long.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+Pl. 38
+
+[Illustration]
+
+PICUS bicolor.
+
+_Black and White Woodpecker._
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+GENERIC CHARACTER.--See Pl. 14.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+SPECIFIC CHARACTER.
+
+    _P. albus, collo supra, tergo, alis, lineaque temporali nigris,
+    rectricibus nigris, basi maculisque marginis interioris albis._
+
+    White: neck above, back, wings, and line from the ears to the nape,
+    black; tail-feathers black, with their base and spots on the inner
+    margin white.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+The simplicity of colouring in the plumage of this bird will easily
+distinguish it from among the numerous and intricate species already known
+of this family. It is one of the new birds the recent investigations of
+Brazilian zoology have added to our museums. The individual here figured
+was sent me from the district of Minas Geraies.
+
+Total length eleven inches and a half. Bill from the upper base to the tip
+one inch one line, and from the gape one inch four-tenths; the colour
+blueish-black; the upper mandible above sharply carinated and slightly
+curved; orbits (in the dead bird) yellowish-white; the whole of the head
+and nape, sides of the neck, rump and tail-covers, and all the under
+plumage pure white, with a tinge of yellow down the middle of the belly: a
+narrow black line commences at the ears, and is carried down on each side,
+joining the black of the upper neck; the wings and remaining upper plumage
+are of a uniform dark sooty black; the tips of the quills much paler and
+brownish. Wings six inches and a half long; the inside covers black. Tail
+four inches, and black banded with white at the extreme base; the two outer
+feathers on each side with alternate black and white bands on the inner web
+their whole length; feet and claws dirty-greenish: this was a female.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+Pl. 39
+
+[Illustration]
+
+HESPERIA Itea.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+GENERIC CHARACTER.--See Pl. 28.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+SPECIFIC CHARACTER.
+
+    _Hesp. (Div. 2.) alis supra nigrescente-fuscis, subtus pallidioribus
+    basi fulvis, anticis macula flava tri-fissa, posticis subtus margine
+    exteriore et linea longitudinali fulvis, femoribus rufis._
+
+    H. (Div. 2.) Wings above blackish-brown, beneath paler, base fulvous.
+    Anterior with a three-cleft yellow spot. Posterior beneath with a
+    fulvous outer margin and longitudinal line. Thighs rufous.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+The descriptions left by Fabricius of this as well as many other extensive
+families of _Lepidoptera_, are in general so vague and short, that unless a
+figure is quoted to elucidate them, it becomes totally impossible to
+ascertain the precise species intended. Such is the case with the present
+insect, which will not agree with any described by Fabricius, or figured by
+Cramer.
+
+During my travels in Brazil I never met with this species, but am indebted
+to my liberal friend Dr. Langdorff, Russian Consul-general at Rio de
+Janeiro, for the specimens I possess, as well as a number of other rare and
+fine insects of this family, which were then not in my own collection.
+
+On each side of the palpi adjoining the eye are two yellowish round dots,
+and another behind: the posterior wings above have a narrow whitish margin,
+the colour beneath much paler; but the nerves on this, as well as at the
+tips of the anterior wings, are blackish-brown; the legs at the base and
+the tarsi are black.
+
+This is a male insect; the other sex I have not seen.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+Pl. 40
+
+[Illustration]
+
+HESPERIA Cynisca.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+GENERIC CHARACTER.--See Pl. 28.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+SPECIFIC CHARACTER.
+
+    _Hesp. (Div. 2.) alis nigrescente-fuscis, subtus obscurioribus; anticis
+    supra fascia flava trifissa (in feminis alba); posticis subtus
+    immaculatis, castaneo-fuscis, margine exteriore flavo._
+
+    Hesp. (Div. 2.) Wings blackish-brown; anterior above with a three-cleft
+    yellow band, which in the female is white; posterior beneath
+    immaculate, chesnut-brown, margined externally with yellow.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+The different sexes of this insect will appear so strikingly dissimilar to
+those who are familiarised only with the nice distinctions that separate
+the species of European _Lepidoptera_, that this affinity by such may be
+doubted; nevertheless, observations in their native country, and the close
+examination of several specimens, will we are persuaded confirm the fact.
+
+The male insect is distinguished (like all the _Hesperidae_) by having the
+eyes considerably larger, and the anterior wings more narrowed than in the
+other sex: in this species the bands on their wings assume the form of
+three yellowish spots, adjoining which, on the inner side, is a
+semi-lunular villous mark, an almost constant indication (where it exists)
+of this sex. The straw-coloured border beneath the posterior wings is
+narrower and darker than in the female; but in both it forms a slender
+marginal fringe on the upper surface. Legs deep rufous; antennae black; the
+club beneath and lunule round the eye straw-coloured.
+
+Inhabits South Brazil, but is not common.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+Pl. 41
+
+[Illustration]
+
+ACHATINA pallida,
+
+_Pale Achatina._
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+GENERIC CHARACTER.--See Pl. 21.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+SPECIFIC CHARACTER.
+
+    _A._ (div. 2.) _testa cinereo-alba, fasciis duabus angustis fuscis,
+    spira elongata recta, anfractibus 7 sub-ventricosis, labio interiore
+    roseo, columella basi recta, integra, apertura ovato-oblonga_.
+
+    A. Shell cinereous-white, with two narrow brown bands, spire elongated,
+    straight; volutions seven, slightly ventricose, inner lip rosy, base of
+    the columella straight, entire, aperture ovate-oblong.
+
+    OBS. another specimen of A. pallida quite agreeing with this, is in Mr.
+    Dubois' cabinet.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+The species of this and one or two other genera of land-shells are subject
+to such variability in their colouring, that it becomes extremely difficult
+to ascertain which are species and which varieties. The shell now figured
+might, on a cursory glance, very well pass for one of the Protean varieties
+of the Linnaean _Bulla fasciata_; but a comparison with that shell will at
+once point out the strong specific difference that exists between them in
+the formation of the mouth. In this, the lower half of the inner lip, or
+more properly the pillar, is nearly straight; the base entire, or without
+any notch or truncated appearance: whereas in the true _A. fasciata_, the
+inner lip at the base is very much curved inward, and notched before it
+joins the outer lip. The mouth is also short and broad: whereas in this it
+is much more oblong, and the base round. Other more obvious characters
+exist in the form of the whorls, spire, and more particularly in the
+colour, of these two shells; but these are in comparison of minor
+importance.
+
+I regret having but one example of this shell, as it prevents me from
+tracing how far the characters here detailed hold good in other specimens.
+They are such, however, as, I think, fully to justify the propriety of
+considering it a species.
+
+Its locality is unknown.
+
+I have little doubt more than one species exist among the supposed
+varieties of the true _Bulla fasciata_ of Linn., which I take to be the
+shell figured by Lister.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+Pl. 42
+
+[Illustration]
+
+OLIVA Braziliana,
+
+_Brazilian Olive_
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+GENERIC CHARACTER.
+
+    _Testa cylindrica, polita; spira conica, acuminata, brevissima; labium
+    exterius simplex, interius incrassatum, tumidum; columella plicis
+    numerosis gracilibus; apertura basi truncata, emarginata._
+
+Typus Genericus _Voluta Porphyrea_ Lin.
+
+    Shell cylindrical, polished, spire conic acuminated, very short; outer
+    lip simple, inner lip thickened, tumid, columella with numerous slender
+    plaits, aperture at the base truncatedly emarginate.
+
+Generic Type _Voluta Porphyrea_ Lin.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+SPECIFIC CHARACTER.
+
+    _O. testa coniformi, lata; apertura effusa, labio interiore tumida
+    callositate super spiram extendente._
+
+    Shell coniform, broad; aperture effuse, tumid callosity on the inner
+    lip large, and spreading over the spire.
+
+    Oliva Braziliensis. _Martini p._ 130, _tab._ 147 _&_ 8, 1367 _&_ 8.
+
+    Oliva Braziliana. _Lamarck._
+
+    Voluta pinguis. _Dill._ 516. 36.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+No family of shells possess characters more strikingly obvious to common
+observers than the Olives; and yet, although in our English terminology no
+one would ever think of calling them _Volutes_, we still shrink from giving
+them that distinguishing appellation in Latin which we every day use and
+acknowledge in our own language. The strict followers of Linnaeus, by thus
+rejecting generic distinctions, which at once convey a definite idea of
+form and structure, contribute to render systematic arrangement less
+expressive of ideas than the common nomenclature of our sale catalogues: a
+striking proof of the pertinacity with which we cherish those particular
+doctrines we first imbibed, although an unbiassed reasoning and an
+attentive observance of nature would convince us of their fallacy.
+
+The great Linnaeus, at the time he formed that system which laid the
+foundation of systematic nomenclature, had not the materials for gathering
+and combining those natural genera which the immense discoveries made since
+his death have given us a knowledge of. He accordingly arranged those few
+shells known to him, in large, and for the most part natural, groups. That
+of _Voluta_ I consider as one of these last (excepting the first division);
+but the great accession of species now known, and which is still
+increasing, has long ago induced the principal Continental writers to
+divide this very extensive family into the following genera: _Marginella_
+(Date shells), _Oliva_ (Olives), _Mitra_ (Mitres), _Turbinellus_ (Turnip
+shells), _Voluta_ (Volutes), ...; all possessing not only clear but natural
+characters; inasmuch as, by such an arrangement, those interesting links
+and ramifications that connect this family with the _Bullae_, _Cones_,
+_Cowries_, _Murices_, and other genera, can be traced; and which perhaps
+affords the most fascinating and intellectual source of contemplation and
+study the science can bestow.
+
+The peculiarity of this species will distinguish it among this numerous and
+intricate family. The basal suture is deeply channeled; those on the spire
+covered by the polished callosity which spreads from the inner lip.
+
+Mr. Dillwyn has adopted the unpublished name of Solander, although the
+shell had long ago been described and named by Martini and Lamarck. I
+consider this as contrary to that principle of nomenclature which awards a
+preference to priority of publication; and I have therefore restored the
+name of those authors who have this undoubted claim. Mr. Dillwyn's
+description is very clear and good.
+
+I cannot learn from what particular part of Brazil this species has been
+received.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+Pl. 43
+
+[Illustration]
+
+MELLIPHAGA auricomis,
+
+_Yellow-tufted Honeysucker._
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+GENERIC CHARACTER.
+
+    (_Melliphaga_, Lewin.)
+
+    _Rostrum mediocre, capite plerumque longius, gracile, curvatum,
+    acuminatum, attenuatum, ad basin altius quam latius, lateribus
+    compressis; culmine carinato. Mandibula superior ad apicem emarginata;
+    inferior lateribus compressis. Nares concavae ad medium rostri
+    porrectae, membrana tectae, inter rictum et apicem longo fissu
+    aperientes. Lingua longa, extensibilis, fibris cartilaginosis
+    terminata. Pedes simplices, digito exteriore connexo, halluce
+    pervalido._
+
+    Obs. _Cauda rectricibus_ 12, _remigibus_ 1 _et_ 2 _spuriis; rostri
+    margine aliquando subtilissime dentato._
+
+Typus Genericus _Certhia Novae Hollandiae_ Lath.
+
+    Bill moderate, generally somewhat longer than the head, slender,
+    curved, pointed and acuminated, the base higher than broad, the sides
+    compressed, the top carinated; upper mandible notched at the tip, the
+    under mandible laterally compressed. Nostrils concave, near half the
+    length of the bill, covered by a membrane, opening by a long slit
+    midway between the gape and tip. Tongue long, extensible, terminated by
+    cartilaginous fibres. Feet simple; outer fore-toe connected; hind-toe
+    very strong.
+
+    Obs. Tail-feathers twelve, first and second quills spurious; margin of
+    the bill sometimes minutely toothed.
+
+Generic Type _New Holland Creeper_ Lath., &c.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+SPECIFIC CHARACTER.
+
+    _M. olivaceo fusca; vertice corporeque subtus flavescentibus;
+    temporibus auribusque nigris; gula et pennis elongatis pone aures
+    flavis._
+
+    Olive-brown: crown of the head and body beneath yellowish; temples and
+    ear-feathers black; throat and lengthened feathers behind the ears
+    yellow.
+
+    Muscicapa auricomis. M. olivacea, vertice corpore subtus maculaque
+    aurium flavis, per oculos striga alba. _Lath. Ind. Orn. vol._ 2.
+    _Suppl._ xlix. 1. _Gen. Zool._ 10. 2. _p._ 354.
+
+    Yellow-tufted Flycatcher. _Lath. Suppl._ 2. 215. _no._ 4. _Gen. Zool._
+    10. 2. 354.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+The Yellow-tufted Honeysucker, although described by Latham, has hitherto
+remained unfigured; and I therefore select it as an excellent example of a
+tribe of birds which I think are peculiar to Australasia, and which seem to
+hold the same situation among the birds of that vast country as the
+Humming-birds occupy in South America, and the Sun-birds (_Cinnyris_,
+Cuvier) in Africa and India; all of which more or less derive their
+sustenance from the nectar of flowers, and which they extract on the wing
+by means of their long tubular tongues.
+
+It is singular, that while our first ornithological writers were
+distributing the numerous species of these birds in their systems, under
+such of the Linnaean genera as they thought most adapted for their
+reception, a naturalist of a remote colony should be the first who, by
+creating a new genus, brought them all into their proper situation in
+systematic arrangement; one of the many proofs that Nature, and Nature
+only, is to be studied; and that no system, however ingenious or however
+applauded, can be considered as infallible.
+
+By an error (no doubt of the press) in the specific character of this bird
+in Latham's Index, the eye stripe is called _white_, though in the
+description it is termed black. Mr. Stephens has copied this error into
+"General Zoology;" and his description of this bird, as well as numberless
+others, seems merely an abridgement or alteration of Latham's; a practice
+highly detrimental to science; for, when an original description cannot be
+obtained, it is much better, and safer, to copy without disguise that of
+another.
+
+How far all the birds included by Temminck in this genus really belong to
+it, admits of very great doubt; I have therefore constructed the generic
+character from those birds of New Holland only which Lewin, who founded the
+genus, must have had before him.
+
+Total length seven inches and a half; bill seven-tenths, the frontal
+feathers advancing half its length to the nostrils; those of the ears are
+lengthened, but the yellow tuft behind them is much more so; the feathers
+of the chin are small, thick-set, and ending in fine setaceous hairs curved
+outwards; the breast and body pale brownish-yellow. Quills and tail
+dark-brown, margined with deep-yellowish; the two lateral tail-feathers
+tipt with dirty white; plumage above olive-brown; front and crown of the
+head dark brownish-yellow; bill black; legs brownish, inner-toe very deeply
+cleft. Tail, from the rump, three inches and a half long, and slightly
+rounded.
+
+Latham, who first described this bird, says, "it makes its nest on the
+extreme pendent branches of low trees or shrubs, and by this means escapes
+the plunder of smaller quadrupeds." It appears not uncommon in New South
+Wales.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+Pl. 44
+
+[Illustration]
+
+PTEROGLOSUS sulcatus,
+
+_Grooved-bill Aracari._
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+GENERIC CHARACTER.
+
+    _Rostrum capite longius, crassum, inane, cultratum, basali margine
+    incrassatum, maxillae angulo frontali obtuso; tomia serrata: nares
+    superae in maxillae basi: lingua angusta, pennacea. Cauda elongata,
+    cuneata. Pedes scansorii._ Illiger. Prod. p. 202.
+
+Typus Genericus _Ramph. Aracari_ Linn.
+
+    Bill longer than the head, thick, light, curved, thickened at the basal
+    margin, the frontal angle obtuse, the margins serrated. Nostrils nearly
+    vertical, situated on the base of the bill. Tongue long, slender,
+    feathered. Tail elongated, cuneated. Feet scansorial.
+
+Generic Type _Aracari Toucan_ Lath.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+SPECIFIC CHARACTER.
+
+    _P. viridis, subtus pallidior; jugulo albescente, circa oculos
+    caeruleus; rostrum duobus sulcis longitudinalibus incisum._
+
+    Green Aracari, beneath paler; throat whitish, round the orbits blue;
+    bill with two lateral longitudinal grooves.
+
+    P. sulcatus. _Swainson, in Journal of Royal Institution, vol._ 9. _p._
+    267.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+All those species of the Linnaean Toucans having a long wedge-shaped tail,
+and the nostrils passing through the upper part of the bill, are
+comprehended by Illiger and other continental writers under this genus.
+They have been called by the French Aracari; which name I have retained as
+an English generic distinction. They inhabit the same country and
+situations as the real Toucans, which are distinguished by having a short,
+broad, and even tail, and the nostrils placed behind the bill.
+
+A fine example of this very rare bird I first met with in the small
+collection sent to my excellent friend, E. Falkener, Esq. from the Spanish
+Main. I have since noticed another which was in Mr. Bullock's museum, and
+is now in the possession of Lord Stanley: these are the only two specimens
+known.
+
+This bird was first described by me in the Journal of the Royal Institution
+near a year ago. When Professor Temminck was in England, I showed him the
+manuscript description and drawing which I had then made: he assured me he
+had never seen the bird before, otherwise than in Bullock's museum. A short
+time after, my account of it was published. I observe, however, that in the
+new edition of his Manuel he gives this name to a new bird of his own: no
+description however follows, and it is therefore impossible to say if the
+Professor intends it for this identical species.
+
+We must postpone any further observations on this family, and conclude by
+giving the original description above alluded to.
+
+Total length twelve inches, of which the bill in extreme length measures
+three. It is much curved, and more attenuated than any of the Aracaris,
+being thickest at the base; from which it narrows to a sharp point at the
+tip. The upper part is convex, and somewhat thickened; the sides are
+compressed, and the upper mandible has two broad slightly indented grooves
+on each side: the base has a few transverse wrinkles, and the serratures
+deep and unequal. The lower mandible half the depth of the upper, the sides
+concave, and the teeth less. The colour (in the dried bird) black; the base
+of the lower and the upper half of the superior mandible rufous, the base
+with a whitish marginal line. The nostrils are more lateral than usual,
+being placed in a line with the eye; the orbits naked and reddish brown,
+the feathers encircling which (particularly beneath the eye) are vivid
+cerulean blue. The whole upper plumage is parrot green, paler beneath, with
+a gloss of golden yellow on the cheeks and sides: throat dusky white. Wings
+short, five inches long, and rounded; inner shafts of the quills black,
+margined with whiteish. Tail cuneated, green, four inches and a half long,
+the four middle feathers equal. Legs dusky black.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+Pl. 45
+
+[Illustration]
+
+RAMPHASTOS carinatus,
+
+_Sharp-billed Toucan._
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+GENERIC CHARACTER.
+
+    _Rostrum capite longius, maximum, crassum, inane, cultratum, basali
+    margine incrassatum; maxillae angulo frontali subtruncato transverso:
+    Nares verticales, pone maxillae basin sitae; tomia serrata; lingua
+    angusta, pennacea; cauda brevis, aequalis; pedes scansorii._ Illiger.
+    Prod, p. 212.
+
+Typus Genericus _R. erythrorynchus_ Lath.
+
+    Bill very large, longer than the head, thick, light, curved, and
+    thickened at the basal margin; the frontal angle transversely
+    sub-truncated, margins serrated. Nostrils vertical, behind the base of
+    the bill. Tongue slender, long, and feathered. Tail short, even. Feet
+    scansorial.
+
+Generic Type _Red-billed Toucan_ Lath.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+SPECIFIC CHARACTER.
+
+    _R. niger; gula flava; fascia pectorale tegminibusque inferioribus
+    rubris; rostro viridi, apice rubro; mandibula superiore culmine
+    carinato flavo, lateribus macula aurantia; inferiore caeruleo
+    variegata._
+
+    Black; throat yellow; pectoral bar and under tail covers red; bill
+    green, tip red; upper mandible carinated and yellow above, the sides
+    with an orange spot; lower mandible varied with blue.
+
+    Yellow-breasted Toucan. _Edwards, pl._ 329.
+
+    Ramphastos Tucanus. Yellow-breasted Toucan. _Gen. Zool._ 8, 362,
+    (_excluding the Synonyms._)
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+No tribe of Birds appear so void of that symmetry of form that in general
+pervades the feathered creation, as the Toucans and Aracaris in the new,
+and the Hornbills in the old continent. A question naturally arises, why
+the bills of these birds should be so monstrously out of proportion, and
+what possible use they can be applied to. The elucidation of these
+questions is highly interesting, and calls for the most accurate
+observations to be made in their native regions. It will be sufficient for
+the present, however, to point out, with regard to the Linnaean Toucans,
+that the accurate observations and anatomical knowledge of my valued friend
+Dr. Traill, F.R.S.E., of Liverpool, have clearly proved that an immense
+number of nerves and fibres fill the cavity of these bills, all connected
+with the organs of smelling, which are in the highest state of development.
+A short notice on this subject will be found in the Linnaean Transactions;
+but as my learned friend is pursuing his inquiries further on the subject,
+I shall for the present confine my remarks to the individual here
+illustrated, observing that no birds are so little understood, even in
+regard to the species, as these.
+
+The indefatigable Edwards appears the first who noticed this bird. His
+description, though in the quaint style of the day, is clear and
+comprehensive; and his figure strengthens it, both being made from the
+living bird. Yet Dr. Latham has quite overlooked it as a variety of another
+species; and Dr. Shaw, although he copies Edwards's account, gives
+references which belong to other birds. It is not in the costly work of Le
+Vaillant, and indeed seems (from its excessive rarity) to have escaped the
+notice of all modern ornithologists. The perfect bill of the bird is,
+however, in my possession, minutely agreeing with Edwards's account; and
+also an original sketch in oil of another individual, by an unknown artist,
+with a note stating it was done from the life at Exeter 'Change. All these
+testimonies put the existence of the bird beyond any doubt.
+
+Having seen only the bill, which is well described by Edwards, I shall
+close this article with such part of his description as appears necessary.
+
+"The bill is very large, compressed sideways, having _a sharp ridge along
+the upper part_; the upper mandible is green, with a long triangular spot
+of yellow colour on each side, and the ridge on the upper part yellow; the
+lower mandible is blue, with a shade of green in the middle, the point is
+red, it hath about five faint dusky bars, which cross the joinings of the
+two mandibles. The iris of the eye is a fair green colour; round the eye is
+a broad space of naked skin of a violet colour: the throat and breast are
+of a bright yellow, below which is a bar of scarlet feathers; the covert
+feathers of the tail are white above, beneath of a bright red; the legs and
+feet are all of a blue or violet colour." Edwards says it was brought from
+Jamaica, but doubts its being rather a native of the continent: he says
+they are very rarely brought home alive.
+
+The bill is full six inches long, and the whole figure on the same scale,
+both in this and in Edwards.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+Pl. 46
+
+[Illustration]
+
+BULIMUS citrinus,
+
+_Citron Bulimus._
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+GENERIC CHARACTER.--See Pl. 4.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+SPECIFIC CHARACTER.
+
+    _B. testa obovata; spira conica, in medio sub-crassata, apertura
+    longiore: spira anfractibus 6 in suturam depressis; labio exteriore
+    basi subcontracto; umbilico subclauso._
+
+    Shell obovate; spire conic, slightly thickened in the middle, longer
+    than the aperture, and of six volutions depressed on the suture;
+    outer-lip slightly contracted at the base; umbilicus nearly closed.
+
+    Bulimus citrinus, _var._ B. _Bruguiere Encycl. Meth._ 314. _no._ 27.
+
+    _Martini_ 9. _tab._ 110. _fig._ 930.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+This variable species is perhaps the most beautiful and delicate in its
+colouring of all the terrestrial snails; yet, although figured by several
+of the older writers, so little justice has been done it, that we make no
+apology for introducing it into the present work, both on this account, and
+for the purpose of giving such a discriminative specific character as may
+lead to the inquiry, how far all the numerous varieties mentioned by
+authors really belong to this species or not. As far as my own observation
+goes, I have found that the thickened spire, the depression of the whorls
+on the suture, and the narrowness or contraction of the mouth at the base,
+afford the only constant characters; for, in regard to colour and the
+situation of the mouth, both appear subject to great variation, the latter
+being as often reversed as regular. Martini's is the only figure that can
+be safely quoted for this variety.
+
+I am indebted to Mrs. Bolton, of Storr's-hall, Windermere, for the loan of
+this and several other rare shells: it formerly belonged to Mr. Jennings,
+and appears an old shell, being heavy in proportion, the umbilicus thickly
+closed up, and the outer-lip very thick. Another I have seen at Mrs.
+Mawe's, and one is in the British Museum: but the finest specimen in colour
+and preservation is in the possession of my friend W. J. Broderip, Esq., of
+Lincoln's-Inn: from this it seems the spiral whorls are finely and
+delicately marked by transverse elevated striae, while those on the basal
+volution are striated transversely, though in a less regular manner.
+
+Bruguiere mentions that this species is generally found in the South
+American islands, Cayenne, and Guiana.
+
+Mr. Dillwyn has given the new name of _aurea_ to this shell, in addition to
+the five others under which different authors have described it. Such
+changing of names and multiplication of synonyms, without strong reasons,
+are very objectionable. I have retained that of _Bruguiere_, as being the
+only author who has placed it in its proper genus.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+Pl. 47
+
+[Illustration]
+
+BULIMUS citrinus (_var_. perversu).
+
+_Reverse, banded Citron Bulimus._
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+GENERIC CHARACTER.--See Pl. 4.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+SPECIFIC CHARACTER.--See Pl. 46.
+
+    SYNONYMS.
+
+    _Martini, vol._ 9. _tab._ 934 & 5. _Knorr_, 4. _tab._ 28. _fig._ 4, 5.
+    (bad.)
+
+    Bulimus citrinus, _var._ B. _Bruguiere_, 314. 27.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+A fine pair of this beautiful and rare variety is in the collection of Mr.
+C. Dubois, to whom I am indebted on this and many other occasions, for the
+facilities he has afforded me in prosecuting the present work: one of these
+is now figured; it differs in no respect from that in the last plate,
+except in being reversed and having the umbilicus not so completely closed;
+a character which, perhaps, exists only in very old shells. The other
+specimen is also reversed and banded, though in a different manner.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+BULIMUS aureus.
+
+_Golden Bulimus.--upper and lower figures._
+
+SPECIFIC CHARACTER.
+
+    _B. testa obovata, spira conica, anfractibus 5 convexis, sutura
+    simplici, umbilico aperto._
+
+    Shell obovate; spire conic, of five convex volutions; suture simple;
+    umbilicus open.
+
+    _Lister_ 34. 33. _Martini_ 9. _tab._ 110. 928. 929?
+
+    OBS. BULIMUS _aureus_, in Mr. Spurrett's valuable cabinet is another
+    specimen of this shell minutely agreeing with that here described.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+Having seen but a single specimen of this shell, I have placed it as a
+distinct species, not without some doubts, and principally for the purpose
+of calling the attention of conchologists to a more rigid examination of
+the specific distinctions of this family (unconnected with colour) than has
+heretofore been done. The regular convexity of the whorls, not in any
+degree compressed at the suture, the want of that thickened appearance on
+the spire, and of the contraction at the base of the mouth (all which
+characters I have found in the varieties of _B. citrinus_ to be constant),
+afford a specific distinction which future observations must confirm or
+annul. Bruguiere notices a variety of _B. citrinus_ which is entirely
+yellow, a most beautiful specimen of which is in the British Museum, and
+which possesses (as well as the excellent figure of Gualtieri) all the
+specific characters I have given to _B. citrinus_, but not of the present
+shell. Lister's figure, on the contrary, is rude, though very
+characteristic of this; and Martini's representation, here cited, also
+appears the same.
+
+Mr. Dubois, in whose collection this specimen exists, is unacquainted with
+its locality.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+Pl. 48
+
+[Illustration]
+
+MITRA casta,
+
+_Chesnut-banded Mitre._
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+GENERIC CHARACTER.--See Pl. 23.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+SPECIFIC CHARACTER.
+
+    _Mitra (Div. 3.) testa alba, laevi, olivaeformi, spira apertura
+    breviore, anfractibus supra tenuiter reticulatis, basi epidermide
+    castaneam fasciam formante, in anfractu basali centralem et latam._
+
+    Shell white, smooth, olive-formed, spire shorter than the aperture, the
+    volutions finely reticulated above, the lower half with the epidermis
+    forming a chesnut band which is central and broad on the basal whorl.
+
+    Voluta casta. _Chemnitz_ 10, _p._ 138, _vig._ 20 C D.--_figura mala_.
+
+    _Martyn Univ. Conch._ i. _tab._ 20.
+
+    _Dillwyn Catalogue_, _vol._ i. _p._ 554, _no._ 127.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+All the writers I have been able to consult, uniformly describe this
+species as having a coloured band on the white ground of the shell. In the
+Banksian cabinet are two fine specimens, and which have enabled me to
+ascertain that this brown band is nothing more than an epidermis, or
+external coating, with which the shell is only partially covered--a
+circumstance of very rare occurrence; and which, being removed, proves the
+real colour of the shell to be of a uniform polished white. This, together
+with its excessive rarity, and the opportunity of giving original figures,
+has induced me to include it in this work, although it exists both in those
+of Martini and Martyn above quoted. I have neither seen nor heard of
+specimens being in any other collection, besides the two above noticed; and
+which no doubt were collected by their late lamented possessor on some of
+the South Sea islands. A striking affinity exists between this and _M.
+zonata_ figured at the third plate of this work.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+MITRA olivaeformis.
+
+_Olive-shaped Mitre._
+
+    _M. testa olivaeformi, glabra, nitida, spira brevissima,
+    longitudinaliter rugata, stria centrali transversa; columella
+    4-plicata._
+
+    M. Shell olive-shaped, smooth, polished, spire very short,
+    longitudinally wrinkled, with a central transverse stria, pillar
+    four-plaited.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+I introduce the description of this diminutive and undescribed shell from
+its affinity with the last, and as forming a most interesting transition
+from the Mitres to the Olives: agreeing with the former in the structure of
+the pillar and the sculptured spire, and with the latter in its general
+form and _prima facie_ appearance. Its perfect resemblance, in fact, to a
+small olive, may have occasioned its being hitherto overlooked. The spire
+is slightly wrinkled and striated; the teeth on the pillar very near each
+other, slender, and four in number. The colour pale yellowish; the mouth
+darker, and the tip and base purple. The whole shell is scarcely half an
+inch long.
+
+It was received from the South Seas.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+Pl. 49
+
+[Illustration]
+
+OXYRHYNCUS cristatus.
+
+_Crested Sharpbill._
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+GENERIC CHARACTER.
+
+    _Oxyruncus_ Temminck.
+
+    _Rostrum breve, rectissimum, basi trigona, ultra basin attenuatum,
+    apice acutissimum; mandibula superiore supra rotundata, utrisque
+    integris. Nares basales, nudae, membrana partim tectae, apertura
+    lineari ad marginem rostri approximante. Pedes breves, validi, digito
+    medio longiores; digitis anterioribus tribus, exteriore connexo,
+    interiore fisso; halluce valido._
+
+    Bill short, very straight, base trigonal, beyond attenuated to a very
+    fine point; upper mandible above rounded, both entire. Nostrils basal,
+    naked, partially covered by a membrane; aperture linear, near the
+    margin of the bill. Feet short, strong, a little longer than the middle
+    toe; anterior toes three, the outer connected, the inner cleft; hind
+    toe strong.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+SPECIFIC CHARACTER.
+
+    _O. supra olivaceo-viridis, subtus flavescente-albus, maculis
+    nigrescentibus; capite crista coccinea incumbente; capitis lateribus
+    lineis transversis flavescente-albis._
+
+    Above olive-green, beneath yellowish-white, with blackish spots. Head
+    with an incumbent crimson crest; sides of the head and neck with
+    transverse yellowish-white lines.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+An elegant and (to the ornithologist) a highly interesting bird, considered
+with much judgement by Professor Temminck as a new genus, having the
+perfect bill and habit of the Wryneck, but totally unlike that bird in the
+position of its toes, which in this are not placed in pairs. The Professor
+has slightly described it, in the new edition of his _Manuel_, without a
+_specific_, but under the _generic_ name of _Oxyruncus_, the spelling of
+which must be presumed as an error of the press: no mention, however, is
+made of the beautiful crimson colour which adorns the crest.
+
+Total length near seven inches. Bill eight-tenths in length from the gape;
+general colour of the bird olive-green, becoming nearly white on the under
+part, and on the transverse stripes on each side the neck, front and
+temples, where there are also obscure bands of black; crown with a
+concealed crest, which is vivid crimson at the base and blackish at the
+tips; inner margin of the covers, quills and tail blackish; inner covers
+yellowish; chin, neck and breast banded with blackish lines, which are
+broken into spots and stripes beyond.
+
+Inhabits Brazil, but is very rare.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+Pl. 50
+
+[Illustration]
+
+ALCEDO Asiatica.
+
+_Asiatic Kingsfisher._
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+GENERIC CHARACTER.--See Pl. 26.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+SPECIFIC CHARACTER.
+
+    _A. capite nigro, fasciis transversis cyaneis, postice cristato;
+    auribus cyaneis; mento, gula, strigaque laterali colli albescentibus;
+    dorso nitide caeruleo; corpore subtus rufo._
+
+    Head black, transversely banded with mazarine blue, the hinder part
+    crested; ears blueish; chin, throat, and lateral stripe on each side
+    the neck whitish; back shining light-blue; body beneath rufous.
+
+    OBS. This bird Dr. Horsfield tells me is his _Alcedo meninting_
+    described in the Linn. Transactions.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+The general resemblance between this and the European Kingsfisher may have
+been the cause why it has remained hitherto unnoticed by ornithologists. It
+bears, however, on closer inspection, a strong and peculiar distinction in
+the crest at the back of the head, in being much smaller in size, and
+especially as inhabiting the hottest parts of India; while our own braves
+the cold of a Siberian winter.
+
+Total length six inches, of which the bill from the angle of the mouth to
+the tip occupies one inch and three-quarters, and is black, with the under
+mandible paler; the ears and the upper part of the head and neck are
+blueish-black, transversely banded with somewhat crescent-shaped narrow
+bands of a rich deep blue, which are broken into spots on the crest and
+ears: from the base of the under mandible is a black stripe richly glossed
+with blue, and carried down on each side the neck, between which and the
+upper part is a whitish stripe beginning just behind the ears (this in the
+European species is rufous). The wing-covers, scapulars and lesser quills
+are blackish glossed with blue, the two former having a bright spot at the
+end of each feather; superior and greater quills entirely blackish; down
+the middle of the back, rump, and tail-covers, light and vivid blue, with a
+slight tinge of greenish; chin and throat cream-colour; line between the
+nostrils and eyes, margin of the shoulders, under wing-covers, and all the
+lower parts of the body, rufous; tail deep and obscure blue; legs red.
+
+My specimen came from some part of India; I have met with others from the
+same place; and Dr. Horsfield has likewise observed it in Java.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+Pl. 51
+
+[Illustration]
+
+COLIAS Pyrene.
+
+_White African Colias._
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+GENERIC CHARACTER.--See Pl. 5.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+SPECIFIC CHARACTER.
+
+    _C. alis albis; anticis supra punctulo nigro subcentrali oblongo ad
+    apicem approximante; posticis margine integerrimis; singulis subtus
+    puncto ocellari lineisque fulvis undulatis: sexibus similibus._
+
+    Wings white; anterior with a small, nearly central, oblong, black dot
+    nearest the tip; margin of the posterior wings very entire, beneath all
+    with a brown ocellate spot and undulated fulvous lines: both sexes
+    alike.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+Under the head of _Colias Pyranthe_, M. Godart has united the three insects
+described by Fabricius, as, _Pap. Pyranthe_, _Nepthe_ and _Gnomia_, all
+bearing in their leading colours a very near resemblance to each other. Yet
+as this consideration alone appears to have decided this ingenious author
+in uniting them, without apparently noticing the nicer but more important
+characters of form, proportion, and real sexual distinction, as well as
+geography, I cannot but consider the question still remains doubtful; and
+although I am not at present prepared to offer an opinion as to the actual
+affinity between these three insects, I have little or no doubt that the
+one now figured is a really distinct species from either of the above,
+which all inhabit various parts of India. This, on the contrary, is from
+the interior of the Cape of Good Hope, from whence it was brought by Mr.
+Burchall, among whose insects I have seen about twenty unvarying specimens,
+but they were all males. I discovered however three or four of both sexes,
+varying in size, in Mr. Haworth's cabinet, and the perfect similarity in
+colour of the female with the other sex is very striking: it wants of
+course the little tuft of hair and opaque spot within the borders of the
+wings, so generally found in the male _Coliadae_.
+
+The distinctions of _Colias Pyrene_ as a species rest on the areola of the
+anterior wings being considerably larger in proportion than in the others
+allied to it, thus making the black dot (which is always placed at the
+outer extremity of the areola) much nearer the tip than the base: these
+wings are also more sharply trigonal (in the male), and have only the
+slightest appearance of a black margin; the hinder wings are also perfectly
+entire, and not obtusely undulated as in those insects, and the sexes not
+differing in colour. Like most of the insects of this genus, the ocellate
+spots beneath vary considerably; sometimes they are silvery, at other times
+not; the anal valves in the male are short and obtuse, and the wings in the
+female not so sharply pointed.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+Pl. 52
+
+[Illustration]
+
+COLIAS argante.
+
+_Orange Colias._
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+GENERIC CHARACTER.--See Pl. 5.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+SPECIFIC CHARACTER.
+
+    _C. (Mas.) alis aurantiis, supra immaculatis, posticis subtus atomis
+    ferrugineis, plerumque puncto gemino argenteo._
+
+    _C. (Foem.) alis aurantio-flavis, anticis supra, apice punctoque medio
+    atris; posticis subtus, puncto gemino argenteo atomisque ferrugineis._
+
+    C. (Male.) Wings bright-orange, above immaculate; posterior beneath
+    with minute ferruginous dots, and generally two silvery spots.
+
+    C. (Female.) Wings golden-yellow; anterior above with a central spot
+    and black marginal tip; posterior beneath covered with ferruginous dots
+    and two silvery spots.
+
+  (_Male._) Papilio Hersilia.  Cramer, _pl._ 173. C. D.
+            ----    argante.   _Fab. Ent. Syst._ iii. _pt._ 1. _p._ 189.
+            Colias  argante.   _Godart in Encycl. Method._ 9. 92. _no._ 11.
+
+  (_Female._) Papilio Cipris.  _Cramer_, _pl._ 99. E. F.
+              Colias Cnidia.   _Godart_, 93. _no._ 14.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+No two insects can present a more striking dissimilarity than the sexes of
+this species; and it was only after a considerable degree of attention to
+the subject, in their native climate, that we were at last thoroughly
+convinced that _Colias argante_ and _C. Cnidia_ were, without the least
+remaining doubt, the male and the female of one species. I have had the
+same opinion communicated to me by my friend Dr. Langsdorff, whose long
+residence and observations in Brazil render his opinion of no small
+authority.
+
+As both insects are well known, and their distinctions given in the
+specific character, it will be only necessary to observe, that the under
+surfaces of the wings in both sexes vary much both in the density of the
+minute dots, and short undulated stripes that spread over their surface;
+and that the silvery spots in some males are strongly marked, and in others
+quite obsolete: there is, in very fine individuals of this sex, a faint
+bloom of pink spread on the orange of the upper surface, which heightens
+the vivid yet chaste beauty of the insect. The females are not so common. I
+met with them both in northern and southern Brazil, and have seen them in
+collections from Para directly under the equinoctial line.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+Pl. 53
+
+[Illustration]
+
+STROMBUS cylindricus.
+
+_False Scarlet-mouthed Strombus_--_Upper and under figures_.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+GENERIC CHARACTER.--See Pl. 10.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+SPECIFIC CHARACTER.
+
+    _S. testa coniformi, spira brevissima ad basin depressa, anfractibus
+    convexis inaequalibus, labio exteriore supra lobato, intus striato;
+    interiore sub-obsoleto, albo._
+
+    Shell coniform; spire short, depressed at the base, the whorls convex
+    and unequal; outer lip lobed above, and internally striated; inner lip
+    nearly obsolete, white.
+
+    _Lister_ 850. 5. (bad.). _Gualt._ 31. 1. _Knorr_, vi. _tab._ 15. 3.
+
+    Strombus luhuanus _Linn._ _Martini_, x. _tab._ 157. 1499. 1500.
+
+    Young. Lip above entire, inside smooth, whorls tuberculated. _Lister_,
+    849. 4. a? _Knorr_, vi. _tab._ 17. 2.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+We introduce this common shell for the purpose of pointing out those
+characters which induce us to consider it more as a distinct species than
+as a variety of _S. Luhuanus_ of authors; and this consists not so much in
+the colour of the inner lip, as in the almost total absence of that
+important part, which this shell invariably exhibits through all its
+growths: it is therefore, I think, contradictory to the meaning of the word
+to term that variable which is found to be constant, particularly where the
+point of distinction rests on a marked difference of _formation_ no less
+than of colour, though both shells are common to the Oriental seas. Minor
+differences exist, in the mouth of this always being pink, the inner lip
+white, and the outer lip but slightly lobed (or cut out) above: in _S.
+Luhuanus_ the mouth is deep scarlet, inner lip black and highly polished,
+and the outer lip deeply notched above; the two former characters, indeed,
+begin to show themselves at a very early growth of the shell.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+STROMBUS Persicus.
+
+_Persian Strombus__--middle figures._
+
+    _S. testa sub-coniformi, brevi; spira conica, aequali; labio exteriore
+    prominente, supra sinuato, intus glabro; interiore polito, albo._
+
+    Shell somewhat coniform, short; spire conic, equal. Outer lip
+    prominent, sinuated above, smooth within; inner lip polished, white.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+Allied, but sufficiently distinct from the last; the mouth is always smooth
+and white. It is a local species: a few received from the Persian Gulf are
+all I have yet seen, some were young, but no other variation was
+observable.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+Pl. 54
+
+[Illustration]
+
+MITRA lyraeformis.
+
+_Harp Mitre._
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+GENERIC CHARACTER.--See Pl. 23.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+SPECIFIC CHARACTER.
+
+    _M. testa costis regularibus, carinatis, approximatibus: columella
+    striata, juxta basin triplicata: spira subattenuata; apice
+    subpapillosa._
+
+    Shell with regular, carinated, approximating, longitudinal ribs. Pillar
+    striated, three-plaited near the base. Spire somewhat attenuated. Apex
+    slightly papillary.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+This beautiful and highly interesting shell has been generally considered
+_unique_ among the collections in this country. It was originally in the
+possession of the late Mr. Jennings, and, I am informed by Captain Laskey,
+was on first being received, in a much finer state. Mr. Jennings had it
+cleaned, and in so doing many of the delicate transverse striae were
+partially obliterated, and the sharp ridges on the longitudinal ribs worn
+down, as indeed was apparent from a drawing Captain L. had made of the
+shell previous to this unmerciful cleaning. It however still remains a very
+fine shell, and is now in the cabinet of Mrs. Bolton, of Storr's-hall, to
+whom I am obliged for the opportunity of now publishing it.
+
+The figure and specific character will sufficiently point out its
+distinctions. The body-whorl is smooth, but strongly granulated at the
+base; the spire delicately striated between the ribs; the two last whorls
+before the apex are close, thick, and somewhat papillary; the apex itself
+small and sharp. The upper part of the inner lip has some faint obsolete
+teeth, but the base has three very strong ones.
+
+It connects in the most beautiful manner the two genera of _Mitra_ and
+_Voluta_. Its country is unknown.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+Pl. 55
+
+[Illustration]
+
+SOLEN ambiguus.
+
+_Ambiguous Solen._
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+GENERIC CHARACTER.
+
+    _Testa bivalvis, aequivalvis, transversissime elongata, utroque latere
+    hians. Dentes cardinales parvi, fragiles, numero variabiles, raro
+    divaricati. Ligamentum externum; animal ad extremitatem anteriorem pede
+    subcylindraceo; ad posteriorem siphone brevi duos alteros conjunctos
+    continente._ Lamarck.
+
+Typus Genericus _Solen Vagina_ Pennant.
+
+    Shell bivalve, equivalve, very transversely elongated, open at both
+    ends. Cardinal teeth small, fragile, variable in number, and rarely
+    divaricated. Ligament external. Animal with a sub-cylindrical foot at
+    the anterior end, and at the other a short tube containing two others
+    united together. _Lamarck._
+
+Generic Type _Solen Vagina_ Pennant.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+SPECIFIC CHARACTER.
+
+    _S. testa lineari, crassa, recta, pallida, obscure radiata; cardinibus
+    unidentatis, margine anteriore sub-approximantibus._
+
+    Shell linear, strong, straight, pale, obscurely radiated. Cardinal
+    teeth one in each valve, placed near the anterior extremity.
+
+    Solen ambiguus. _Lam. Syst. vol._ iii. _p._ 452. _no._ 7.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+Under the genus _Solen_ (vulgarly called Razors or Pods) are comprehended a
+variety of shells having the common character of both extremities open or
+gaping when the valves are together, yet differing materially in their
+form, teeth, and general appearance: some are long, slender and straight;
+others more or less curved; a few short and oval, or with one end only
+lengthened. Modern writers have, however, retained nearly all these in the
+genus as left by Linnaeus; and this method for the present is more
+desirable than that of creating a multiplicity of genera. Dr. Turton, in
+his very useful Conchological Dictionary, enumerates thirteen species as
+found on the British coast, including the _Solen Novacula_ of Montagu,
+which the Doctor suspects is not truly a species. The original specimens
+which Montagu described I have carefully inspected at the British Museum,
+and have no doubt in my own mind they are in reality no other than _S.
+Siliqua_ with one of the cardinal teeth broken off; a circumstance which,
+from their fragility, frequently happens, even in opening the recent shell.
+
+_Solen ambiguus_ was first described by Lamarck, who says it is from North
+America. Two or three specimens are in my possession; but it is a rare
+species, much thicker, and with larger teeth than any other; the epidermis
+is pale-brown, and in some parts obliquely lineated.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+Pl. 56
+
+[Illustration]
+
+RAMPHASTOS vitellinus.
+
+_Sulphur-and-white-breasted Toucan._
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+GENERIC CHARACTER.--See Pl. 45.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+SPECIFIC CHARACTER.
+
+    _R. niger, gula flavo-aurantia; lateribus auribusque albis; fascia
+    pectorali tegminibusque rubris; rostro nigro fascia basali caerulea,
+    culmine subcurvato convexo, lateribus incrassatis._
+
+    Black; throat yellowish-orange; the sides and ears white; pectoral bar
+    and tail-covers red; bill black, with a blue basal belt, the top convex
+    and but slightly curved, the sides thickened.
+
+    R. vitellinus. _Illiger_ ----
+
+    Le Pignancoin. _Vaill. pl._ 7.
+
+    _Var._? Le Grand Toucan a ventre rouge. _Vaill. pl._ 6.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+The descriptions of Dr. Latham, and the compilations of Dr. Shaw on the
+various species of Toucans, are so confused, and their synonyms so
+inaccurate, that it is quite impossible to quote them in reference to this
+bird; but which I am informed has already been distinguished by the
+celebrated Illiger as a distinct species, under the name here adopted.
+
+Independent of colour, this differs from _R. Tucanus_ in having the bill
+less curved, the top convex and obscure pink, not flat and blue. The belt
+at the base is always vivid blue (grey in the dead bird), not, as in _R.
+Tucanus_, of a rich yellow. This I have never met with in Brazil; the other
+is common from lat. 8 to 23deg S. A drawing from the live bird by the late
+Sydenham Edwards (obligingly lent me by Lord Stanley) confirms others I
+have seen as to the colour of the bill, orbits, &c. It varies, however, in
+that of the throat, breadth of the red band, and in the tail-covers. A
+specimen I possess being somewhat larger, the breast is nearly white, and
+the upper tail-covers sulphur. In young birds the white on the sides is
+tinged with grey. I am inclined to consider the _Grand Toucan a ventre
+rouge_ of Vaillant as a mere variety, having the red pectoral bar very
+broad.
+
+In general size it is rather larger than the Brazilian Toucan. Our figure
+is on the exact scale of four-tenths to an inch. Its precise locality I am
+unacquainted with. We hope to enlarge more on this interesting genus in
+another publication.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+Pl. 57
+
+[Illustration]
+
+UNIO nasutus.
+
+_Rostrated River-Mussel._
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+GENERIC CHARACTER.
+
+    _Testa transversa, aequivalvis, non affixa; natibus decorticatis,
+    suberosis; impressio muscularis postica composita. Dens cardinalis
+    unicus, brevis, irregularis, simplex aut bipartitus, substriatus;
+    dentes laterales duo, elongati, compressi, infra pubem producti._
+
+Typus Genericus _Mya Pictorum_. Linn.
+
+    Shell transverse, equivalve, not affixed, the tops decorticated.
+    Posterior muscular depressions double. Cardinal tooth one, short,
+    irregular, simple or double, striated; lateral teeth two, elongated,
+    compressed, and prolonged beneath the corslet.
+
+Generic Type _Mya Pictorum_. Linn.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+SPECIFIC CHARACTER.
+
+    _U. (Div. 2.) testa transversim elongata, margine dorsi recta, antice
+    angulata oblique attenuata, extremitate subtruncata._
+
+    Unio (Div. 2.). Shell transversely elongated: dorsal margin straight;
+    anterior side angulated, obliquely attenuated, the extremity slightly
+    truncated.
+
+    _Lister, tab._ 151. _fig._ 6.
+
+    Unio nasutus. _Say in Encycl. Am. Conch. pl._ iv. _fig._ 1.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+This is one of the most natural genera in the modern systems of conchology,
+as it includes all fresh-water bivalves having two rough cardinal teeth in
+one valve and one in the other. The colours of all are more or less
+dark-brown, sometimes radiated with green; but the specific characters rest
+on the contour of the shell and the proportion of the teeth.
+
+There can be no doubt this shell is the _Unio nasutus_ of Say, who refers
+to the figure of Lister. The _Unio nasuta_ however of Lamarck I apprehend
+will be found different, as he seems to think; his shell also is purple
+inside with short thick teeth; indeed so much uncertainty hangs on the
+shells of this genus, that the species can only be fixed by ample
+descriptions and very correct figures. The figure is from a shell in the
+Linnaean Society's cabinet. Mr. Say says it is common in the Delaware
+River, North America.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+Pl. 58
+
+[Illustration]
+
+ACHATINA crenata.
+
+_Green hair-streaked Achatina._
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+GENERIC CHARACTER.--See Pl. 30.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+SPECIFIC CHARACTER.
+
+    _A. (Div. 2.) testa alba, fasciis viridibus capillaribus; spira
+    elongata, subattenuata, anfractibus 6 convexis, labio exteriore
+    crenato; basi subtruncata._
+
+    Shell white, with capillary green bands; spire elongated,
+    sub-attenuated, of six convex volutions; outer lip crenated; base
+    slightly truncate.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+A few specimens of this most delicate and beautiful shell were found by my
+brother, Mr. J. T. Swainson, jun. in the island of Cuba; nor am I aware of
+its having by any other means reached our cabinets, excepting a distinct
+variety which occurred in Mrs. Angus's, and is now (together with a young
+one of the same) in Mr. Dubois's collection. This has, in addition to the
+green bands on the spire, a row of bead-like cinereous spots at the base of
+the first and second spiral whorl; and others of a longitudinal square form
+on those whorls nearest the tip, which, with the inner lip, is slightly
+tinged with pink. The form of the shell also is shorter; but the general
+contour, and particularly the crenated mouth, common to both, clearly
+proves it can be considered only as a distinct variety. The specimen we
+have figured agrees with all those sent at the same time, in having not the
+slightest appearance of spots, though in a perfect state of preservation.
+The little notches on the margin of the lip are always placed at the
+commencement of each of the green lines; the base of the column is
+straight, and slightly truncated before it joins the outer lip.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+Pl. 59
+
+[Illustration]
+
+PSITTACUS Barrabandii.
+
+_Red-collared Parakeet._
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+GENERIC CHARACTER.--See Pl. 1.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+SPECIFIC CHARACTER.
+
+    _P. viridis, sincipite gulaque flavis; torque coccineo circa medium
+    cervicem extendente; rostro rubro; alis spuriis caerulescentibus._
+
+    Green, fore-part of the head and throat yellow; round the middle of the
+    neck in front an orange-red collar; bill red; spurious wings blueish.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+The vast and little known region of New Holland has afforded us some of the
+most beautiful birds of this superb family, and among which the species
+now, as we believe, for the first time published, will stand conspicuous.
+It is from a fine skin in the possession of Mr. Leadbeater, and is named in
+honour of the late M. Barraband, the first ornithological painter that
+France or any other country has produced.
+
+The tail is very long, measuring eight inches three quarters; the total
+length of the bird being near fifteen inches. The green which predominates
+over the plumage is bright and changeable, having a blueish tinge on the
+hind head, which is much darker and stronger on the outer margins of the
+quills and middle of the tail-feathers: the back and scapulars are tinged
+with an olive-brown; the spurious quills and their protecting covers are
+greenish-blue, appearing in some lights entirely of the latter colour; the
+inner margin of the quills and tail, as well as their entire under surface,
+deep brownish-black; but the tips of the tail-feathers beneath are much
+paler; the two middle feathers five inches longer than the outermost, and
+extending near two inches beyond any of the others; their extremities
+instead of being pointed are rather widened and rounded. Bill red; ears and
+space between the eye and bill green; fore-part of the head, chin, and half
+the neck, a clear orange-yellow, which is terminated by a narrow collar of
+a beautiful orange-red; the remaining under plumage pale-green; inner
+wing-covers darker. Legs black. The fourth, fifth and sixth quills notched
+at their tips.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+Pl. 60
+
+[Illustration]
+
+THYREUS Abbottii.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+GENERIC CHARACTER.
+
+    (_Familia Sphingidis_ Latreille.)
+
+    _Antennae lineares, in medio incrassatae, in maribus extrinsecus
+    ciliatae, (sub-barbatae) in foeminis simplices, filiformes, mucrone
+    obtuso arcuato sensim terminantes. Palpi breves, obtusi, in utroque
+    sexu similes. Alae opacae, angulatae. Abdomen crassum, barbatum._
+
+    Antennae linear, thickened in the middle, externally ciliated in the
+    male, simple and filiform in the female, gradually ending in an
+    arcuated, obtuse hook. Palpi short, obtuse, alike in both sexes. Wings
+    opaque, angulated. Abdomen thick, bearded.
+
+SPECIFIC CHARACTER.
+
+    _T. alis angulatis, anticis testaceis, fusco umbratis et oblique
+    lineatis; posticis flavis, margine lato nigro._
+
+    T. Wings angulated; anterior testaceous, with lineated brown shades and
+    oblique lines; posterior yellow, with a broad black border.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+A lovely insect, which is unfigured, and, as far as we can ascertain,
+undescribed by any author. It appertains to the Linnaean genus _Sphinx_,
+which can be viewed (from the immense diversity and great number of the
+species) only as a family containing many and striking natural genera: in
+modern arrangement it is most nearly allied to the _Sesiae_ of Fabricius,
+from which, as it strikingly differs in the formation of the palpi and
+antennae, I have separated it.
+
+I have named this insect to commemorate the exertions of Mr. Abbott, well
+known as having furnished the materials for that beautiful work the
+Lepidopterous Insects of Georgia, edited by Sir James Edward Smith. And
+from the unpublished drawings of this zealous collector, the larva and pupa
+have been figured. Mr. Abbott writes that it is a rare species in Georgia,
+and feeds on the grape. The female differs not in colour from the male,
+which is here represented.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+Pl. 61
+
+[Illustration]
+
+TAMYRIS Nurscia.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+GENERIC CHARACTER.--See Pl. 33.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+SPECIFIC CHARACTER.
+
+    _T. alis nigris, anticis supra fascia centrali rufescente, infra
+    punctis duobus ad basim albidis; posticis infra caesiis, cinereis, basi
+    nigris linea obsoleta albida; margine nigro._
+
+    Wings black; anterior above with a central reddish band, and two white
+    basal dots beneath; posterior beneath grey and cinereous; base black
+    with an obsolete white line; margin black.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+The marginal fringe of the lower wings in this species has a few white dots
+between the nerves, and the upper surface is sprinkled or powdered in the
+middle with blueish-green atoms; on the under surface of the anterior wings
+the lower part of the band is orange, the upper bright rufous; and within
+the black margin of the posterior wings is a large blueish spot, and two or
+three whitish dots on the sides of the thorax. It seems nearest allied to
+_Hesp. Celsus_ of Fabricius, which is only slightly described from Mr.
+Jones's unpublished drawings.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+TAMYRIS Laonome._--lower figure._
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+SPECIFIC CHARACTER.
+
+    _T. alis utrinque similibus, concoloribus fuscis, margine communi
+    aurantiacis; capite anoque rubris._
+
+    Wings in both sexes alike, uniform brown, with a common margin of
+    orange; head and tail red.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+The under surface of this insect (a female) perfectly resembles the upper:
+it will approach near to _Hesp. Amiatus_ of Fabricius, which no doubt
+belongs to this genus.
+
+For both these interesting insects, not to be found in Fabricius, I am
+indebted to the liberality of my friend Professor Klug, Director of the
+Royal Museum at Berlin: no note accompanied them, I therefore conclude they
+are undescribed, and probably inhabiting South America.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+Pl. 62
+
+[Illustration]
+
+PSITTACUS discolor.
+
+_Red-shouldered Parakeet._
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+GENERIC CHARACTER.--See Pl. 1.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+SPECIFIC CHARACTER.
+
+    _P. viridis; fronte, mento, tegminibus inferioribus, macula cervicali,
+    lateribus et scapularibus coccineis; humeris puniceis; vertice,
+    tegminibus exterioribus remigibusque violaceis; rectricibus fulvo
+    marginatis._
+
+    P. Green; front, chin, under wing-covers, and spots in the neck, flanks
+    and scapulars crimson; shoulders dark-red; crown, external wing-covers,
+    and lateral tail-feathers violet-blue; quills blueish-black margined
+    with yellow.
+
+    P. discolor. Red-shouldered Parakeet. _White's Voyage, pl. at p._ 263.
+
+    La Perruche Banks. _Le Vaill, pl._ 50.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+This is another of the splendid little Parakeets inhabiting the forests of
+New Holland; and vivid as the colouring may appear in our figure, it sinks
+into dullness when compared with the bird itself. Dr. Shaw was the first
+who described it in White's Voyage to New South Wales, where it is badly
+represented. It has been since figured by Le Vaillant, probably from a
+female or imperfect specimen, as the tail is represented by far too short,
+and the colours not quite agreeing with that in my collection.
+
+Total length eleven inches. The upper plumage bright green, tinged with
+blue on the sides of the neck, lighter and yellowish beneath; the crown of
+the head sapphire or violet-blue, with a crimson belt in front, and a large
+patch of the same round the chin; paler spots of this colour are also in
+front of the neck, breast, flanks, and under tail-covers; the under
+wing-covers are deep crimson, as well as the inner shafts of some of the
+lesser covers outside; the shoulders dark blood-colour; the outer
+wing-covers deep-blue on the margin of the wings, gradually changing to a
+vivid blue, which blends with the green. Quills black glossed with violet,
+margined externally and internally with yellow. Tail near five inches long,
+the middle feathers dark rufous tipped with blueish; the rest more or less
+rufous at the base, and shining blue beyond. Bill and legs pale.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+Pl. 63
+
+[Illustration]
+
+AMMODYTES.
+
+_Sand-Lance._
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+GENERIC CHARACTER.
+
+    _Corpus gracile, teretiusculum, polyedrum, elongatum, squamis vix
+    conspicuis. Labium superius duplicatum; mandibula inferior angusta,
+    acuminata. Membrana branchiostega septem-radiata. Pinna dorsalis
+    corpore pene aequalis, radiis simplicibus flexilibus._
+
+Typus Genericus _Ammodytes Tobianus_. Linn.
+
+    Body slender, roundish, many-sided, with minute scales. Upper lip
+    doubled; lower jaw narrow pointed. Gill membrane seven-rayed. Dorsal
+    fin nearly as long as the body, with simple flexible rays.
+
+Generic Type _Sand-Lance_. Pennant.
+
+    OBS. The _Ammodytes cicerelus_ of my friend Professor Rafinesque must
+    be different from _A. siculus_
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+AMMODYTES Siculus.
+
+_Sicilian Sand-Lance._
+
+    _A. pinna dorsali sinuata, in medio angustata, pone anum altiore._
+
+    Dorsal fin sinuated, narrowed in the middle and broadest behind.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+Of this genus, hitherto considered as possessing only a unique example, we
+were fortunate in discovering while in Sicily the new species now figured,
+and which early in the year visit the coasts near Palermo and Messina in
+prodigious quantities. There is no striking difference between this and _A.
+Tobianus_, excepting the extraordinary shape of the dorsal fin, which is
+invariably undulated and narrowed in the middle. It never grows to a size
+exceeding the figure, and is usually much less; while the British species
+is often found double the length. Like that, also, _A. Siculus_ has the
+lateral line running close to the dorsal fin; for the fine line in the
+middle of the side, as Lacepede has well observed, is that only which
+connects the muscles. That author likewise mentions, that the jaws in _A.
+Tobianus_ have minute teeth, but these I could never discover. The rays of
+the fins are, pect. 16; dorsal 56; anal 30.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+AMMODYTES Tobianus.
+
+_Common Sand-Lance__--upper figure._
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+    _A. pinna dorsali lineari, aequali._
+
+    Dorsal fin linear, equal.
+
+    _Linn. Syst. Nat. vol._ i. _p._ 1145. _Pennant_ iv. _pl._ 28. _Bloch,
+    pl._ 73. 2.
+
+    _Lacepede_, ii. 275. _Klein Hist. Pisc. fasc._ iv. _tab._ 12. _f._ 10.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+This, though a very common fish, has been figured by all authors as if the
+rays were spined and naked at their extremity; they are, on the contrary,
+soft and connected.
+
+It abounds at certain times on many parts of our coasts. The number of rays
+stand thus: Pectoral 12; dorsal 51; anal 27.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+Pl. 64
+
+[Illustration]
+
+MACROGLOSSUM assimile.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+GENERIC CHARACTER.
+
+    _Antennae subfusiformes, sursum versus sensim crassescentes, apice unco
+    brevissimo gracili incurvato abrupte terminato, in maribus
+    sub-barbatae, in foeminis simplices et graciliores. Palpi porrecti,
+    crassi, articulo ultimo acuto. Alae opacae, integrae. Abdomen crassum,
+    barbatum._
+
+Typus Genericus _Sphinx stellatarum_. Linn.
+
+    Antennae subfusiform, gradually thickest towards the end, the tip
+    abruptly terminating in a very short slender incurved hook; ciliated in
+    the male, simple and more slender in the female. Palpi porrected,
+    thick, the last joint pointed. Wings opaque, entire. Abdomen thick,
+    bearded.
+
+Generic Type _Sphinx stellatarum_. Linn.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+SPECIFIC CHARACTER.
+
+    _M. alis supra fuscis; anticis fasciis duabus obsoletis, puncto
+    nigrante terminali, posticis in medio, tribus maculisque lateralibus
+    abdominis aurantiacis._
+
+    Wings brown; anterior with two darker obscure bands, and a terminal
+    blackish dot; middle of the posterior wings, and three lateral spots on
+    the body, orange.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+This genus was instituted by Scopoli many years ago, and differs
+principally from _Sesia_ by having opaque wings, and from _Thyreus_ by the
+very great difference in the construction of their antennae. Many exotic
+species are known, but only one is found in Europe (_Sphinx stellatarum_ of
+Linn.), which likewise inhabits our own country, and to which this our
+insect is very nearly allied.
+
+Though by no means uncommon in collections, I cannot find this species
+either figured or described, nor indeed am acquainted with its locality.
+The under figure is of the male; the upper of the female; which differs
+only in the wings being rather broader, and in having one segment in the
+body less than in the other sex.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+Pl. 65
+
+[Illustration]
+
+CONUS Augur.
+
+_Girdled Cone._
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+GENERIC CHARACTER.
+
+    _Testa univalvis, turbinata, s. inverse conica, convoluta; apertura
+    longitudinalis, angustata, edentata; basi effusa; spira brevissima._
+
+Typus Genericus _Conus marmoratus_, &c. Linn.
+
+    Shell univalve, turbinated, inversely conic, convolute; aperture
+    longitudinal, narrow, not toothed; base effuse; spire very short.
+
+Generic Type _Conus marmoratus_, &c.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+SPECIFIC CHARACTER.
+
+    _C. testa glabra, fulvo-albida, fasciis latis nigro-castaneis,
+    lineisque transversis punctatis; spira obtusa, convexa, striata,
+    depressa._
+
+    Shell smooth, fulvous-white, with broad dark chesnut bands and
+    transverse lines of dots; spire obtuse, convex, striated, depressed.
+
+    C. augur. _Lamarck Annal. Mus._ xv. 277. _Encycl. Meth._ 333. 6.
+
+    Conus magus. _Gmelin_ 3392. 57. _Martini_ ii. 58. 641.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+The Girdled Cone is conspicuous among the beautiful shells of this
+extensive family, by the broad and rich chesnut bands, which are either two
+or three in number, and more or less broken into spots; in high-coloured
+shells the minute lines of dots between them are also of the same colour.
+It is not a common species, and inhabits the Asiatic ocean.
+
+This is the _Conus Magus_ of Gmelin and Martini, and of our sale
+catalogues: this error has originated from Gmelin having described two
+distinct shells, _C. Augur_ and _C. Magus_, under the latter name.
+
+I have not referred to Lister's figure 755. 7, being doubtful of its
+affinity; and those of Martini and Bruguieres are very bad.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+Pl. 66
+
+[Illustration]
+
+MITRA lugubris.
+
+_White-banded Mitre._
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+GENERIC CHARACTER.--See Pl. 23.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+SPECIFIC CHARACTER.
+
+    _M. testa inverse pyriformi, fusca; sulcis transversis intus punctatis;
+    anfractibus superne obsolete plicatis, fasciaque alba ornatis; labio
+    exteriore tenui, margine crenata; columella 4-plicata; basi alba,
+    truncata._
+
+    Shell inversely pear-shaped, brown, with transverse sulcated grooves,
+    punctured within; volutions above obsoletely plaited and banded with
+    white; outer-lip thin, margin crenated; pillar four-plaited; base
+    white, truncated.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+We have had much difficulty in the investigation of this species: for its
+characters cannot be reconciled with any of those contained in Lamarck's
+Monograph of the genus in the _Annales du Museum_. With regard to the
+unnamed figures in the old authors, it bears the closest resemblance to
+that of _Gualtieri_, tab. 32. G, which Lamarck quotes for his _M. crocata_;
+but then his description is not at all applicable to our shell; and Mr.
+Dillwyn's synonyms of the Linnean _V. nodulosa_ (where he has also included
+_M. crocata_), we are satisfied comprises two or even three distinct
+shells.
+
+This was named by Dr. Solander from the specimen in Mr. G. Humphrys's
+collection here figured: it is exceedingly rare, and its locality unknown.
+In form it resembles a _Buccinum_; the transverse grooves are broad,
+strongly defined, and have large and deep excavated dots within them; the
+upper part of each whorl has an appearance of irregular plaits, which makes
+the suture uneven, and takes off something from the smoothness of the lower
+part of the whorls, but the shell is in no way granulated.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+MITRA ferruginea.
+
+_Thick-lipped Mitre._
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+SPECIFIC CHARACTER.
+
+    _M. testa nubila, maculisque ferrugineis interstincta; costis
+    transversis, elevatis; labio exteriore crasso, obtuse crenato;
+    columella 4-plicata._
+
+    Shell clouded and spotted with ferrugineous, with transverse elevated
+    ribs; outer lip thick, obtusely crenated; pillar four-plaited.
+
+    M. ferruginea. _Lam. Ann. du Mus. vol._ 17. _p._ 200.
+
+    _Young._ Vol. vitulina. _Dill._ 553.--_Martini_ 4. 149. 1380 & 1.
+
+    _Variety_ more elongated. Vol. abbatis. _Dill._ 557. _Chemnitz_ 11.
+    _t._ 177. 1709 & 10.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+This (a common shell) can be no other than the _M. ferruginea_ of Lamarck,
+though neither that author nor any other has noticed its primary
+distinguishing character, that of the uncommon thickness of the outer lip
+at the margin, which is also divided into convex obtuse crenations; in
+young shells this is not apparent; such is Martini's figure. Mr. Dillwyn
+has changed Lamarck's name to _Vitulina_ for this, and given the name of
+_Abbatis_ to the variety more lengthened, figured by Chemnitz; but which,
+from specimens now before us, we consider with Lamarck only as a variety,
+possessing all the essential characters here given to both.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+GENERAL INDEX
+
+TO
+
+VOL. I.
+
+IN THE ORDER OF PUBLICATION.
+
+
+
+                             Pl. ||                                Pl.
+  Psittacus Cayennensis       1  || Parakeet, Cayenne gold-winged   1
+                                 ||
+  Sitta frontalis             2  || Blue Nuthatch                   2
+                                 ||
+  Mitra zonata                3  || Zoned Mitre                     3
+                                 ||
+  Bulimus melastomus          4  || Black-mouthed Bulimus           4
+                                 ||
+  Colias Statira              5  || Colias Statira                  5
+        Leachiana             6  || Leach's Colias                  6
+                                 ||
+  Carduelis cucullata         7  || Hooded Seed-eater               7
+                                 ||
+  Merops urica                8  || Javanese Bee-eater              8
+                                 ||
+  Helix auriculata            9  || Eared Helix                     9
+                                 ||
+  Strombus minimus           10  || Little Strombus                10
+       variabilis            ib. || Variable do.                   ib.
+                                 ||
+  Drusilla Horsfieldii       11  || Drusilla Horsfieldii           11
+                                 ||
+  Gobius Suerii              12  || Suerian Goby                   12
+                                 ||
+  Platyrhynchus Ceylonensis  13  || Ceylonese Flatbill             13
+                                 ||
+  Picus rubiginosus          14  || Brown Woodpecker               14
+                                 ||
+  Licinia Melite             15  || Licinia Melite                 15
+                                 ||
+  Ismene Oedipodea           16  || Ismene Oedipodea               16
+                                 ||
+  Bulimus zonatus            17  || Zoned Bulimus                  17
+                                 ||
+  Mitra contracta            18  || Contracted Mitre               18
+       australis             ib. || Southern do.                   ib.
+                                 ||
+  Tinamus Tataupa            19  || Tataupa Tinamau                19
+                                 ||
+  Picus Braziliensis         20  || Brazilian Woodpecker           20
+                                 ||
+  Procnias hirundacea        21  || Swallow Berry-eater            21
+                                 ||
+  Terias Elvina              22  || Terias Elvina                  22
+                                 ||
+  Mitra vittata              23  || Ribbon Mitre                   23
+                                 ||
+  Conoelix marmoratus        24  || Marbled Conoelix               24
+       lineatus              ib. || Lineated do.                   ib.
+       punctatus             ib. || Punctured do.                  ib.
+                                 ||
+  Procnias Melanocephalus    25  || Black-headed Berry-eater       25
+                                 ||
+  Alcedo azurea              26  || Azure Kingsfisher              26
+                                 ||
+  Halcyon collaris           27  || Collared Crab-eater            27
+                                 ||
+  Hesperia Haworthiana       28  || Haworth's Hesperia             28
+                                 ||
+  Mitra cancellata           29  || Contracted Mitre               29
+       rigida                ib. || Ribbed do.                     ib.
+                                 ||
+  Achatina marginata         30  || Marginated Achatina            30
+                                 ||
+  Phibalura cristata         31  || Crested Shortbill              31
+                                 ||
+  Psaris Cuvierii            32  || Cuvier's Psaris                32
+                                 ||
+  Tamyris Zeleucus           33  || Tamyris Zeleucus               33
+                                 ||
+  Colias Godartiana          34  || Godart's Colias                34
+                                 ||
+  Mitra bifasciata           35  || Double-banded Mitre            35
+                                 ||
+  Achatina perversa          36  || Reverse Achatina               36
+                                 ||
+  Procnias cucullata         37  || Hooded Berry-eater             37
+                                 ||
+  Picus bicolor              38  || Black-and-white Woodpecker     38
+                                 ||
+  Hesperia Itea              39  || Hesperia Itea                  39
+       Cynisca               40  ||      Cynisca                   40
+                                 ||
+  Achatina pallida           41  || Pale Achatina                  41
+                                 ||
+  Oliva Braziliana           42  || Brazilian Olive                42
+                                 ||
+  Melliphaga auricomis       43  || Yellow-tufted Honeysucker      43
+                                 ||
+  Pteroglossus sulcatus      44  || Groove-billed Aracari          44
+                                 ||
+  Ramphastos carinatus       45  || Carinated Toucan               45
+                                 ||
+  Bulimus citrinus           46  || Citron Bulimus                 46
+       citrinus, _var._      47  || Reverse-banded do.             47
+       aureus                ib. || Golden do.                     ib.
+                                 ||
+  Mitra casta                48  || Chesnut-banded Mitre           48
+                                 ||
+  Oxyrhynchus cristatus      49  || Crested Shortbill              49
+                                 ||
+  Alcedo Asiatica            50  || Asiatic Kingsfisher            50
+                                 ||
+  Colias Pyrene              51  || White African Colias           51
+        Argante              52  || Orange Colias                  52
+                                 ||
+  Strombus cylindricus       53  || False scarlet Strombus         53
+       Persicus              ib. || Persian do.                    ib.
+                                 ||
+  Mitra lyraeformis          54  || Harp Mitre                     54
+                                 ||
+  Solen ambiguus             55  || Ambiguous Solen                55
+                                 ||
+  Ramphastos vitellinus      56  || Sulphur-and-white Toucan       56
+                                 ||
+  Unio nasutus               57  || Rostrated River Mussel         57
+                                 ||
+  Achatina crenata           58  || Green hair-streaked Achatina   58
+                                 ||
+  Psittacus Barrabandii      59  || Red-collared Parakeet          59
+                                 ||
+  Thyreus Abbottii           60  || Thyreus Abbottii               60
+                                 ||
+  Tamyris Nurscia            61  || Tamyris Nurscia                61
+       Laonome               ib. ||      Laonome                   61
+                                 ||
+  Psittacus discolor         62  || Red-shouldered Parakeet        62
+                                 ||
+  Ammodytes Tobianus         63  || Common Sandlance               63
+       Siculus               ib. || Sicilian Sandlance             ib.
+                                 ||
+  Macroglossum assimile      64  || Macroglossum assimile          64
+                                 ||
+  Conus Augur                65  || Girdled Cone                   65
+                                 ||
+  Mitra lugubris             66  || White-banded Mitre             66
+       ferruginea            ib. || Thick-lipped Mitre             ib.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+GENERAL ALPHABETIC INDEX
+
+OF
+
+LATIN AND ENGLISH NAMES
+
+TO
+
+VOLUME I.
+
+
+
+                                           Pl.
+  Achatina, Gen. Char.                     30
+    crenata                                58
+    marginata                              30
+    pallida                                41
+    perversa                               36
+    _green hair-streaked_                  58
+    _marginated_                           30
+    _pale_                                 41
+    _reverse_                              36
+
+  Alcedo, Gen. Char.                       26
+    Asiatica                               50
+    azurea                                 26
+
+  Ammodytes, Gen. Char.                    63
+    Tobianus                               ib.
+    Siculus                                ib.
+
+  _Aracari, Grooved-bill_                  44
+
+  _Bee-eater, Javanese_                     8
+
+  _Berry-eater, black-headed_              25
+    _hooded_                               37
+    _Swallow_                              21
+
+  Bulimus, Gen. Char.                       4
+    aureus                                 47
+    citrinus                               46
+    citrinus, _var._                       47
+    melastomus                              4
+    zonatus                                17
+    _black-mouthed_                         4
+    _Citron_                               46
+    _reverse-banded do._                   47
+    _golden_                               ib.
+    _zoned_                                17
+
+  Carduelis, Gen. Char.                     7
+    cucullata                               7
+
+  Colias, Gen. Char.                        5
+    Argante                                52
+    Godartiana                             34
+    Leachiana                               6
+    Pyrene                                 51
+    Statira                                 5
+    _Godart's_                             34
+    _Leach's_                               6
+    _orange_                               52
+    _white African_                        51
+
+  _Cone, girdled_                          65
+
+  Conus, Gen. Char.                        ib.
+    Augur                                  ib.
+
+  Conoelix, Gen. Char.                     24
+    lineatus                               ib.
+    marmoratus                             ib.
+    punctatus                              ib.
+    _lineated_                             ib.
+    _marbled_                              ib.
+    _punctured_                            ib.
+
+  _Crab-eater, collared_                   27
+
+  Drusilla, Gen. Char.                     11
+    Horsfieldii                            ib.
+
+  _Flatbill, Ceylonese_                    13
+
+  Gobius, Gen. Char.                       12
+    Suerii                                 ib.
+
+  _Goby, Suerian_                          ib.
+
+  Halcyon, Gen. Char.                      27
+    collaris                               ib.
+
+  Helix, Gen. Char.                         9
+    auriculata                             ib.
+    _eared_                                ib.
+
+  Hesperia, Gen. Char.                     28
+    Cynisca                                40
+    Haworthiana                            28
+    Itea                                   39
+    _Haworth's_                            28
+
+  _Honeysucker, yellow-tufted_             43
+
+  Ismene Oedipodea                         16
+
+  _Kingsfisher, Asiatic_                   50
+    _azure_                                26
+
+  Licinia, Gen. Char.                      15
+    melite                                 ib.
+
+  Macroglossum, Gen. Char.                 64
+    assimile                               ib.
+
+  Melliphaga, Gen. Char.                   43
+    auricomis                              ib.
+
+  Merops, Gen. Char.                        8
+    urica                                  ib.
+
+  Mitra, Gen. Char.                     3, 23
+    australis                              18
+    bifasciata                             35
+    cancellata                             29
+    casta                                  48
+    contracta                              18
+    ferruginea                             66
+    lugubris                               ib.
+    lyraeformis                            54
+    olivaeformis                           48
+    rigida                                 29
+    vittata                                23
+    zonata                                  3
+  _Mitre, contracted_                      18
+    _cancellated_                          29
+    _chesnut-banded_                       48
+    _double do._                           35
+    _Harp_                                 54
+    _olive-shaped_                         48
+    _ribbed_                               29
+    _ribbon_                               23
+    _southern_                             18
+    _thick-lipped_                         66
+    _white-banded_                         ib.
+    _zoned_                                 3
+
+  _Mussel, rostrated, River_               57
+
+  _Nuthatch, blue_                          2
+
+  Oliva, Gen. Char.                        42
+    Braziliana                             ib.
+
+  _Olive, Brazilian_                       ib.
+
+  Oxyrhynchus, Gen. Char.                  49
+    cristatus                              ib.
+
+  _Parakeet, Cayenne gold winged_           1
+    _red-shouldered_                       62
+    _red-collared_                         59
+
+  Phibalura, Gen. Char.                    31
+    cristata                               ib.
+
+  Picus, Gen. Char.                        14
+    Braziliensis                           20
+    bicolor                                38
+    rubiginosus                            14
+
+  Platyrhynchus, Gen. Char.                13
+    Ceylonensis                            ib.
+
+  Procnias, Gen. Char.                     21
+    cucullata                              37
+    hirundacea                             21
+    Melanocephalus                         25
+
+  Psaris, Gen. Char.                       32
+    Cuvierii                               ib.
+    _Cuvier's_                             ib.
+
+  Psittacus, Gen. Char.                     1
+    Cayennensis                            ib.
+    Barrabandii                            59
+    discolor                               62
+
+  Pteroglossus, Gen. Char.                 44
+    sulcatus                               ib.
+
+  Ramphastos, Gen. Char.                   45
+    carinatus                              ib.
+    vitellinus                             56
+
+  Sand-lance, common                       63
+    Sicilian                               ib.
+
+  _Seed-eater, hooded_                      7
+
+  _Sharp-bill, crested_                    49
+
+  _Short-bill, crested_                    31
+
+  Sitta, Gen. Char.                         2
+    frontalis                              ib.
+
+  Solen, Gen. Char.                        55
+    ambiguus                               ib.
+    _ambiguous_                            ib.
+
+  Strombus, Gen. Char.                     10
+    cylindricus                            53
+    minimus                                10
+    Persicus                               53
+    variabilis                             10
+    _little_                               10
+    _false scarlet_                        53
+    _Persian_                              ib.
+    _variable_                             10
+
+  Tamyris, Gen. Char.                      33
+    Laonome                                61
+    Nurscia                                61
+    Zeleucus                               33
+
+  Terias, Gen. Char.                       22
+    Elvina                                 ib.
+
+  Thyreus, Gen. Char.                      60
+    Abbottii                               ib.
+
+  Tinamus, Gen. Char.                      19
+    Tataupa                                ib.
+
+  _Tinamou Tataupa_                        ib.
+
+  _Toucan, carinated_                      45
+    _sulphur-and-white_                    56
+
+  Unio, Gen. Char.                         57
+    nasutus                                ib.
+
+  _Woodpecker, brown_                      14
+    _black-and-white_                      38
+    _Brazilian_                            20
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+SYSTEMATIC INDEX.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+VERTEBROSA.
+
+PART I.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+_ORNITHOLOGY._
+
+                               Pl.
+
+  PSARIS Cuvierii              32
+
+  PROCNIAS hirundacea          21
+    melanocephalus             25
+    cucullata                  37
+
+  PHIBALURA cristata           31
+
+  PLATYRHYNCHUS Ceylonensis    13
+
+  CARDUELIS cucullata           7
+
+  PTEROGLOSSUS sulcatus        44
+
+  RAMPHASTOS carinatus         45
+    vitellinus                 56
+
+  PSITTACUS Cayennensis         1
+    Barrabandii                59
+    discolor                   62
+
+  SITTA frontalis               2
+
+  PICUS rubiginosus            14
+    Braziliensis               20
+    bicolor                    38
+
+  OXYRHYNCUS cristatus         49
+
+  MELIPHAGA auricomis          43
+
+  MEROPS urica                  8
+
+  ALCEDO azurea                26
+    Asiatica                   50
+
+  HALCYON collaris             27
+
+  TINAMUS Tataupa              19
+
+_ICHTHYOLOGY._
+
+  GOBIUS Suerii                12
+
+  AMMODYTES Tobianus           63
+    Siculus                    ib.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+SYSTEMATIC INDEX.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+ENTOMOLOGY.
+
+PART I.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+_DIURNES._
+
+                               Pl.
+  COLIAS Statira                5
+    Leachiana                   6
+    Godartiana                 34
+    Pyrene                     51
+    Argante                    52
+
+  LICINIA Melite               15
+
+  TERIAS Elvina                22
+
+  DRUSILLA Horsfieldii         11
+
+  HESPERIA Haworthiana         28
+    Itea                       39
+    cynisca                    40
+
+  TAMYRIS Zeleucus             33
+    Nurscia                    61
+    Laonome                    ib.
+
+  ISMENE Oedipodia             16
+
+_CREPUSCULARES._
+
+  THYREUS Abbottii             60
+
+  MACROGLOSSUM assimile        64
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+SYSTEMATIC INDEX.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+CONCHOLOGY.
+
+PART I.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+_GASTEROPODES_ (Univalves).
+
+                               Pl.
+  HELIX auriculata              9
+
+  BULIMUS melastomus            4
+    zonatus                    17
+    citrinus                   46
+    do. _var._                 47
+    aureus                     ib.
+
+  ACHATINA marginata           30
+    perversa                   36
+    pallida                    41
+    crenata                    58
+
+  OLIVA Braziliana             42
+
+  CONUS Augur                  65
+
+  CONOELIX marmoratus          24
+    lineatus                   ib.
+    punctatus                  ib.
+
+  MITRA zonata                  3
+    contracta                  18
+    Australis                  ib.
+    vittata                    23
+    cancellata                 29
+    rigida                     ib.
+    bifasciata                 35
+    casta                      48
+    olivaeformis               ib.
+    lyraeformis                54
+    lugubris                   66
+    ferruginea                 ib.
+
+  STROMBUS minimus             10
+    variabilis                 ib.
+    cylindricus                53
+    Persicus                   ib.
+
+_ACEPHALES_ (Bivalves).
+
+  UNIO nasutus                 57
+
+  SOLEN ambiguus               55
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+ADDENDA ET CORRIGENDA.
+
+  Pl. 2. line 6, _for_ Setaceisi numbentibus _read_ setaceis incumbentibus.
+             4, between _postico_ and _interior_ insert _digitus_.
+                _for_ minor _read_ minimus.
+             6, _for_ "postico maximo" _read_ "posticus maximus."
+            17, _for_ aures lilacinae _read_ auribus lilacinis.
+                erase Orthorynchus frontalis, Horsfield in Linn. Trans.
+                second side line 10, cancel.
+
+  --  5.  -- 4, _for_ nudam et truncatam _read_ nudum et truncatum.
+
+  --  7.  -- 6, _for_ utrinsecus _read_ utrinque.
+              6 from the bottom, _for_ dulleron _read_ duller on.
+              3 from the bottom, _for_ oi _read_ on.
+            14, _between_ tectrices _and_ remigibus _insert_ a comma.
+
+  --  8.  -- 6, _for_ Horsfeild _read_ Horsfield, and wherever this occurs.
+
+  -- 11.  -- 5, _for_ articulis _read_ articulos.
+                second side, 10 lines from the bottom, _for_ Hipparchiae
+                   _read_ Hipparchidae.
+
+  -- 13. -- 16, _for_ claws _read_ toes.
+
+  -- 17.  -- 6, _for_ basilari _read_ basali.
+
+  -- 20.        Add to the synonyms. _P. Braziliensis, Swains. in Wern.
+                  Trans._ 3. _p._ 291.
+
+  -- 21.         OBS. MM. Temminck and Lagier had just before us, and
+                   without our knowledge, published this bird under the
+                   name of Procnias Ventralis, (Pl. 5.) by which name in
+                   right of priority it should stand in the system.
+
+  -- 25.         _for_ Fruit-eater _read_ Berry-eater.
+
+  -- 27.   -- 6, _for_ inferiorum _read_ inferiorem.
+
+  -- 31.  -- 18, _for_ variegato _read_ variegata.
+                 _after_ furcata _dele_ the comma.
+             19, _after_ chalybeis _insert_ a comma.
+
+  -- 32.   -- 6, _for_ adunca _read_ adunco.
+
+  -- 33.   -- 1, Add to the synonyms _Hesp. Zeleucus_. OBS. _Donovan's
+                   Indian Insects_, where that author has figured it by
+                   mistake as a native of India.
+
+  -- 35.         Add to the synonyms, Seba Pl. 49. fig. 21, 22, 41.
+
+  -- 36.         for ACHATINIA read ACHATINA.
+          -- 6 and 7, _for_ columella margine _read_ columella margineque.
+
+  -- 41.         OBS. another specimen of A. pallida quite agreeing with
+                   this, is in Mr. Dubois' cabinet.
+
+  -- 42.   -- 6, _for_ base _read_ basi.
+                 next page, line 12, _dele_ "and Cimbium (Melons)".
+
+  -- 45.   -- 4, _after_ maxillae _insert_ angulo.
+
+  -- 46.         in the Latin specific character _for_ "basi rotundato"
+                   _read_ "basi subcontracto," and in the English _for_
+                   "rounded" _read_ "slightly contracted at the base."
+
+  -- 46.   -- 3, on the back page _for_ Broederip _read_ Broderip.
+
+  -- 47.         OBS. BULIMUS _aureus_, in Mr. Spurrett's valuable cabinet
+                   is another specimen of this shell minutely agreeing with
+                   that here described.
+
+  -- 49.   -- 6, _for_ supr arotundata _read_ supra rotundata.
+
+  -- 50.         OBS. This bird Dr. Horsfield tells me is his _Alcedo
+                   meninting_ described in the Linn. Transactions.
+
+  -- 53.         2d line from the bottom, _for_ where _read_ were.
+
+  -- 63.         OBS. The _Ammodytes cicerelus_ of my friend Professor
+                   Rafinesque must be different from _A. siculus_, as he
+                   makes no mention in his figure or description of the
+                   peculiarity of the dorsal fin.
+
+  -- 64.         _for_ M. assimilis _read_ M. assimile.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+NOTES
+
+[1] _Horae Entomologicae_, by W. S. MacLeay, Esq. M.A. of Trinity College,
+Cambridge. London, 1819. A work which for acuteness of reasoning and
+profound research, has never been equalled either in this, or perhaps in
+any other country.
+
+[2] It is truly grievous in those which are privileged to possess
+themselves of the works of their countrymen, however expensive, at free
+cost, and thus to inflict a ruinous fine on authors. Thus--National
+Institutions, founded for the encouragement of learning, are made to
+oppress and impoverish its followers.
+
+[3] Were it necessary at this time of day to point out the unnatural
+separation of shells intimately connected with each other, which the
+Linnaean arrangement presents, it would be sufficient to observe, that the
+genus _Bulimus_ is formed of shells scattered in the old genera of _Turbo_,
+_Helix_, and _Bulla_: thus we see in Mr. Dillwyn's Catalogue, the large
+pink-mouthed African land-snail put in the same genus with our English
+_Bulla lignaria_, and _aperta_; the one inhabiting the depths of forests,
+and the others the depths of ocean!
+
+
+
+
+
+
+End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of Zoological Illustrations, Volume I, by 
+William Swainson
+
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+Project Gutenberg (https://www.gutenberg.org) public repository for
+eBook #39471 (https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/39471)