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diff --git a/39355-0.txt b/39355-0.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..9c496f7 --- /dev/null +++ b/39355-0.txt @@ -0,0 +1,9607 @@ +The Project Gutenberg EBook of Cicero, Catilinarian Orations, by Cicero + +This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with +almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or +re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included +with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org + + +Title: Cicero, Catilinarian Orations + Cicero, Speeches against Catilina + +Author: Cicero + +Release Date: April 2, 2012 [EBook #39355] + +Language: Latin + +Character set encoding: UTF-8 + +*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK CICERO, CATILINARIAN ORATIONS *** + + + + +Produced by A www.PGDP.net Volunteer, Margo Romberg, Riikka +Talonpoika and the Online Distributed Proofreading Team +at http://www.pgdp.net + + + + + + + + + + CICERO + + CATILINARIAN ORATIONS + + _E. A. UPCOTT_ + + + + + HENRY FROWDE, M.A. + PUBLISHER TO THE UNIVERSITY OF OXFORD + LONDON, EDINBURGH, NEW YORK, TORONTO + MELBOURNE AND BOMBAY + + + + + CICERO + + SPEECHES AGAINST CATILINA + + _WITH INTRODUCTION AND NOTES_ + + BY + + E. A. UPCOTT, M.A. + + LATE SCHOLAR OF BALLIOL COLLEGE, OXFORD + ASSISTANT MASTER IN WELLINGTON COLLEGE + + + =PART I.--INTRODUCTION AND TEXT= + + _THIRD EDITION, REVISED_ + + + OXFORD + + AT THE CLARENDON PRESS + + 1900 + + + + +NOTE. + + +The text adopted in the following Orations is that of Halm (11th +Edition, Berlin, 1882), from whose notes I have derived much help. I +have also consulted the English edition of the Speeches, based on that +of Halm, by Mr. A. S. Wilkins. My best thanks are due to Mr. Evelyn +Abbott, Fellow and Tutor of Balliol College, the Editor of the Series, +for his kind assistance in superintending the printing of the book. + + E. A. U. + + WELLINGTON COLLEGE, + + _June, 1887._ + + + + +INTRODUCTION. + + +The four speeches against Catilina were delivered during the latter part +of the year B.C. 63, when Cicero was Consul. + +L. Sergius Catilina, the author of the conspiracy against which they +were directed, was descended from one of the oldest patrician families +of Rome, though for many years no one of his house had held any public +office. He was a man of ambitious and energetic disposition, +distinguished among his contemporaries for great powers both of mind and +body, which enabled him to exercise a remarkable degree of influence +over others[1]. At the same time he was notorious for the dissoluteness +and extravagance of his life, which were excessive even in an age when +such characteristics were common; he was, moreover, suspected of grave +crimes, such as the murder of his wife and son. But as these charges +rest to a great extent upon the authority of his opponent Cicero, it is +possible that they have been exaggerated. + +He was born probably about B.C. 108, though the exact date is unknown. +His first appearance in public life was during the dictatorship of Sulla +(B.C. 82-79). When the latter issued his proscription list, Catilina was +among those who took an active part in carrying out the work of +bloodshed and confiscation. This, however, was from personal motives, +and not from any sympathy with the Senatorial party which had triumphed +under Sulla; for he subsequently attached himself entirely to the +popular side. + +In B.C. 68 he filled the office of Praetor in Rome; the following year +he governed the province of Africa as Propraetor. Immediately on his +return home he became a candidate for the Consulship for the year 65[2]. +He was obliged, however, to withdraw, as an indictment for extortion in +his province was brought against him, and Roman law did not allow a +citizen against whom a legal suit was pending to be a candidate for any +magistracy. It so happened that the Consuls elect for 65, P. Autronius +Paetus and P. Cornelius Sulla, were convicted of bribery. Their election +consequently became void, and L. Aurelius Cotta and L. Manlius Torquatus +were declared Consuls in their stead. Enraged at his disappointment, +Autronius entered into communication with Catilina, and the two, in +conjunction with Cn. Piso and others, formed a plot, sometimes known as +the 'First Catilinarian conspiracy.' The intention was, it is said, to +murder Cotta and Torquatus on the day of their entering upon office +(January 1, 65). Catilina and Autronius were then to proclaim themselves +Consuls, while they were to be supported by an army which Piso was to +raise on their behalf in Spain. The execution of this plot was +postponed, however, until February 5, when it failed, as we are told, +through Catilina's impatience in giving the signal too soon, before the +armed bands on which he relied had collected in sufficient number. It is +to this conspiracy that Cicero alludes in Cat. 1. §15. It was asserted +that both Caesar and Crassus were concerned in it, but the facts are +surrounded by a great deal of mystery. Whatever the design was, it came +to nothing, and the Senate did not take steps against anyone in +consequence. + +During this year (65) Catilina was acquitted on the charge of extortion. +The trial had, however, been postponed long enough to prevent him from +standing for the Consulship for the year 64. + +He was obliged, therefore, to postpone his candidature till the next +year, when he had among his competitors M. Tullius Cicero and C. +Antonius Hybrida, of whom the latter was believed to be partly in +sympathy with him. He was known to entertain revolutionary designs of +the most sweeping character, which he hoped as Consul to carry out. +Prominent among these was a declaration of _novae tabulae_[3], or +general cancelling of debts, and a wholesale confiscation of property. +Many of the Roman aristocracy were hopelessly in debt, and he thus +collected round him a numerous body of adherents, partly composed of +those to whom his designs seemed to promise relief from their +embarrassments, partly also of wild and turbulent spirits to whom any +prospect of revolution was welcome. Alarmed at these schemes, the +Optimates[4] threw their influence upon the side of Cicero, overcoming +their natural jealousy of a _novus homo_, that is, one whose ancestors +had never held any curule office. He was also strongly supported by the +Equites[5], who, as the wealthiest class in Rome, were naturally most +opposed to any general attack upon property. Accordingly, he was elected +by a large majority. Antonius was returned as his colleague by a small +majority over Catilina. + +Defeated in his immediate object, Catilina began to entertain the idea +of carrying out his designs by force. The time was eminently favourable +for an armed insurrection against the government. Seventeen years +before, Sulla had rewarded the soldiers of his victorious army by +establishing them in colonies in various parts of Italy, and assigning +them allotments of land. Unsuited for an agricultural life, these men +had for the most part mismanaged their farms and exhausted their +resources. Accordingly they were restless and discontented, and desired +nothing so much as a return of the civil wars, with fresh chances of +plunder. From among these and other discontented spirits, Catilina began +secretly to recruit and organize an army, selecting as his leader one +Manlius, who had served with distinction under Sulla as centurion. At +the same time he opened secret negotiations with the schools of +gladiators in different parts of Italy. Thus prepared, he again stood +for the Consulship for the year 62; his intention being to bring about a +general rising if he should be once more defeated. + +The situation of the government was dangerous in the extreme, for there +was no regular army in Italy, and the only general of distinction, Cn. +Pompeius, was absent in the East, where after bringing the third +Mithridatic war to a close (65) he was occupied in settling the affairs +of Syria, and could not be expected to return for some time. + +Cicero, however, was kept accurately informed of the progress of the +conspiracy. One of its members, Q. Curius, had talked of the plot to his +mistress Fulvia. She had not kept the secret; and Cicero, employing her +as his agent, had induced Curius by large promises to reveal to him all +the details. The consular elections were this year postponed somewhat +beyond their usual time. On the day before they should have been held, +Cicero induced the Senate to resolve that they should on the next day, +instead of holding the election, take into consideration the state of +public affairs. He thereupon revealed to them what he knew of the +conspiracy, and invited Catilina to clear himself of the charges against +him. The latter replied in threatening language; but, notwithstanding +his violence, the Senate took no decisive resolution[6]. Shortly +afterwards the elections were held; Cicero appearing with a cuirass +under his toga, and surrounded by a guard of his friends, to testify to +the designs upon his life[7]. Catilina was again defeated, and D. Junius +Silanus and L. Licinius Murena elected as Consuls for 62. + +Thus once more foiled, Catilina resolved to proceed to active measures. +Alarmed at the news that an army was actually collecting in Etruria, and +roused by further disclosures from Cicero[8], the Senate, on October 21, +passed what was known as the 'Ultimum Decretum;' '_videant consules ne +quid detrimenti respublica capiat._' This, the usual formula in cases of +emergency, declared the State to be in danger, and called on the Consuls +as the executive magistrates to take measures for its safety. Whether it +actually conferred any additional powers upon them, is not certain[9]. +At the same time they placed the gladiatorial schools under strict +surveillance, established patrols in the city, and offered large rewards +for information. The praetors, Q. Pompeius Rufus and Q. Metellus Celer, +were sent to Capua and Picenum respectively to raise what troops they +could. Cicero had already detached his colleague Antonius from the +conspiracy, and induced him to support the cause of order, by ceding to +him the lucrative province of Macedonia[10]. + +On October 27 Manlius set up his standard at Faesulae in Etruria. +Catilina proposed to go thither himself shortly; he was anxious however +to conceal his designs as long as possible, and having been indicted for +inciting to riot (_de vi_) by L. Paullus, he had offered to place +himself in free custody[11] under the charge of some citizen of +reputation in order to disarm suspicion. + +On the night of November 6, he assembled his partisans in the house of +M. Porcius Laeca. There he disclosed his plans, and declared it to be +essential to success that Cicero should be removed before his own +departure. Two of his adherents, C. Cornelius and L. Vargunteius, +undertook the duty of visiting Cicero's house in the early morning, +under pretence of giving the customary salutation, and there murdering +him. + +The attempt was actually made, though probably not until the morning of +November 8[12]. But Cicero, who was informed of the plot through the +agency previously described, refused his visitors admittance. He +immediately summoned the Senate to meet, for the sake of safety, in the +temple of Jupiter Stator on the Palatine. The equites thronged the hill +in large numbers, to secure the safety of the Consul, and to protest +against the designs of the conspirators. Catilina did not scruple to +attend, whereupon Cicero rose, and delivered the speech known as the +_First Catilinarian Oration_. He revealed to the Senate all the +particulars of the plot, including the attempt upon his own life, +denounced Catilina as a public enemy, and called upon him to leave the +city. His adversary attempted a few words of exculpation, but the +feeling roused by the Consul's address was too strong, and finding +himself assailed on all sides by reproaches, he left the Senate +abruptly, declaring that his enemies were driving him to ruin, but that +if he was to fall he would involve others in his overthrow. The same +evening he left the city for Etruria, travelling by the Via Aurelia, +which was the coast road, in order to create the impression that he was +going into exile at Massilia. He left in the city a large number of +adherents, the chief of whom was P. Cornelius Lentulus Sura, with +directions to prosecute the plans previously agreed upon. Cicero on the +following day assembled the people in the Forum, and in the _Second +Catilinarian Oration_ recounted to them what had taken place in the +Senate, explaining and justifying his own action. + +In a few days the news arrived that Catilina had joined the camp of +Manlius at Faesulae. Upon this the Senate declared them both public +enemies. At the same time they issued a proclamation promising immunity +to those of their adherents who should lay down their arms before a +fixed date. Meanwhile the Consul Antonius was directed to take such +military measures as might be necessary against the insurgents, Cicero +being retained for the protection of the city. + +The proclamation did not have any effect in reducing the number of +Catilina's forces, nor did the rewards previously offered lead to any +disclosures. Cicero had hoped that the effect of his speeches would be +to drive all the conspirators into open rebellion, as they would thus be +more easily dealt with. In this he was disappointed, for though the +chief had left the city, his agents had remained in Rome, and Cicero +could not venture to proceed against them without direct evidence. It +was not long, however, before their carelessness put into his hands the +proofs he desired. + +The Allobroges, a tribe of Transalpine Gaul, had sent delegates to +petition the Senate for relief from certain exactions to which they were +subjected. Knowing that these men, from their desperate condition, were +likely to favour a revolution, Lentulus opened negotiations with them, +with a view to securing the aid of their countrymen for the +conspirators. They took counsel however of their 'patronus' Q. Fabius +Sanga, and by his advice revealed the whole affair to Cicero. Acting +under his directions they pretended to enter heartily into the schemes +of Lentulus, and obtained from him letters written and sealed by himself +and his friends, addressed to their nation, stating and confirming by +oath the rewards they were to receive for their assistance. A letter was +also given them for Catilina, whose camp they were to visit on their way +home. With these letters they set out from Rome on the night of December +2, accompanied by T. Volturcius, the agent of Lentulus. Cicero, as +previously agreed upon, posted two Praetors with an armed force at the +Mulvian Bridge, on the Via Flaminia, a few miles to the north of Rome. +They there arrested the whole party, and carried them, with the +compromising papers, to the Consul. He at once summoned the chief +conspirators to his presence. One, Caeparius, made his escape, though he +was eventually recaptured; but Lentulus, Cethegus, Statilius, and +Gabinius came unsuspectingly, and were at once conveyed by Cicero to the +presence of the Senate, which he had convoked at the Temple of Concord. +There Volturcius, under promise of impunity, made a full disclosure, and +the conspirators were further confronted with the evidence of the +Allobroges, and their own letters, the authenticity of which they were +compelled to acknowledge. Lentulus, who was Praetor at the time, was +obliged to abdicate his office, and he and his companions were placed in +free custody under the charge of several prominent citizens. Rewards +were voted to the informers, and a 'supplicatio' or thanksgiving for the +averted danger decreed in honour of Cicero, who after leaving the Senate +addressed to the people assembled in the Forum the _Third Catilinarian +Oration_, giving a full account of what had just taken place. + +Two days later (December 5) the Senate was once more convened, and +Cicero as Consul put to them the formal question, 'what was their advice +with respect to the conspirators actually in custody?' + +The Consul elect, D. Silanus, who was first asked for his vote, proposed +that they should be put to death. The other consulars supported him. +When it came to the turn of Caesar, who was praetor elect, he proposed +as an alternative that their property should be confiscated, and that +they should be imprisoned for life in some of the provincial towns of +Italy. These two proposals were before the Senate when Cicero intervened +with the _Fourth Catilinarian Oration_. It does not pronounce a formal +_sententia_, for the Consul, as president, would not himself vote, but +places the alternative proposals before the house for their +consideration; indicating, however, a preference for that of Silanus. +But Caesar's speech had made a great impression, and Silanus announced +that he would agree to a motion for a postponement of the decision, +which had been suggested as a compromise. The matter was eventually +decided by a speech of M. Cato, who was tribune elect. He attacked the +conspirators with great vigour, and proposed that they should be +summarily put to death _more maiorum._ His words produced such an effect +that his proposal was carried forthwith. Lentulus, Cethegus, Statilius, +Gabinius and Caeparius were at once conducted to the Tullianum, the +prison underneath the slopes of the Capitol, and there strangled[13]. + +This summary proceeding effectually checked the plans of Catilina. From +this moment he received no fresh reinforcements, and his original +adherents began to leave him. The retreat of his army into Gaul was +blocked by the Praetor Metellus Celer, while M. Petreius, acting as the +legate of Antonius, advanced against him from the south. Early in the +following year (62) the opposing forces met at Pistoria in Etruria, +where Catilina and his followers, after fighting with desperate courage, +were defeated and slain to a man. + + +FOOTNOTES: + +[1] See 3. §§16, 17 and Cic. pro Caelio, ch. 5. + +[2] The Consuls were elected by the Comitia Centuriata, generally in +July. They entered on their office on the succeeding first of January. +Thus the Consuls for 65 would be elected in July 66; during the interval +they were called 'Consules designati.' + +[3] See note on 2. §18. + +[4] See note on _bonorum_, 1. §1. + +[5] The 'equites' were all those citizens, not senators, who had +property to the amount of 400,000 sesterces (£3,200). They were so +called from the fact that in earlier times, all who had sufficient +property were obliged to serve in the citizen cavalry, but they had long +ceased to have any connection with the army. They were now the +mercantile class in Rome, having most of the trading operations in their +hands, and forming a body intermediate between the aristocracy and the +populace. + +[6] See Cic. pro Murena, chs. 25, 26. This is often identified with the +meeting in the Senate on Oct. 21; but Cicero, after describing his +speech and Catilina's answer on this occasion, says expressly 'neque +tamen (senatus) satis severe pro rei indignitate decrevit' which he +could not have said had they then passed the 'ultimum decretum' (see +page 11). + +[7] 1. §11. + +[8] 1. §7. + +[9] On this question see below Note B. + +[10] See on 4. §23. + +[11] See on 1. §19. + +[12] There is some uncertainty about the dates here. Cicero (pro Sulla +§52) says the meeting in Laeca's house took place _nocte ea quae +consecuta est posterum diem Nonarum Novembrium_; this (if genuine) fixes +it to the night of Nov. 6. At this meeting his assassination was +resolved upon. We should naturally suppose that the attempt was made on +the morning of Nov. 7; and this agrees with Sallust Cat. 28 and Cic. in +Cat. 1. §9 (_illa ipsa nocte_). But elsewhere (see esp. 1. §1, 1. §8, 2. +§13) Cicero seems to distinguish between what had happened on the 'night +before last' (_superiore_ or _priore nocte_), i.e. the meeting in +Laeca's house; and 'last night' (_proxima nocte_), i.e. the attempt on +his own life. Hence it seems better to assume that there was an interval +of a day between the meeting and the attempted murder. + +[13] On the whole question as to the jurisdiction of the Senate and the +legality of the execution, see below Note B. + + + * * * * * + + +NOTE A. + +The above sketch follows in the main the traditional account of the +Catilinarian conspiracy, which has been generally accepted by later +historians. It is fair to add that some writers have adopted a different +view, which may be thus briefly stated. They believe that historians +have been mistaken in regarding Catilina as the leader of a mere band of +desperadoes; that his so-called 'conspiracy' was really an act of revolt +against the authority of the Senate on the part of the whole democratic +party, of which he was the recognized leader (a similar movement, in +fact, to those which had been organized by Gaius Gracchus in 123 B.C., +by Saturninus in 100 B.C., by M. Lepidus in 78 B.C., and others); that +he was driven to use force by the opposition of the Optimates to his +schemes, and that Cicero, as the spokesman of the latter, purposely +misrepresented him as the leader of an anarchist conspiracy, whose sole +object was confiscation and plunder. + +The received account is derived almost entirely from two sources; the +speeches and writings of Cicero; and the 'History of the Catilinarian +Conspiracy' by Sallust, written probably about 44 B.C. The former is +undoubtedly a prejudiced witness, and statements resting on his +authority alone must be received with caution. Sallust, however, was a +partisan of Caesar, and a member of the democratic party. He had +consequently no motive to represent the character of Catilina as worse +than it really was, especially as his patron Caesar was commonly +supposed to have been implicated in the first conspiracy (66 B.C.)[14], +if not the second also. He certainly hints that the worst charges +against Catilina, which he repeats, rested on very doubtful authority; +but as to the main features of the conspiracy, he confirms Cicero on +every point; and this is a strong argument in favour of the received +account. The question is too large to be fully discussed within the +limits of this book; those who wish to see the contrary view maintained +with great spirit and ability should read the very interesting article +in 'Catiline, Clodius and Tiberius,' by Professor E. S. Beesly[15]. + + +FOOTNOTES: + +[14] See page 8. + +[15] See also the criticism on this in the Introduction to Capes' +Sallust, pp. 24-27. + + + * * * * * + + +NOTE B. + +_On the Legality of the Execution._ + +On account of his action in this matter, Cicero was afterwards attacked +by Clodius, who, as tribune in 58 B.C., carried a law enacting that 'any +one who had put Roman citizens to death without trial should be +forbidden fire and water.' As Clodius was supported by Caesar and +Pompeius, Cicero did not make any resistance, but retired temporarily +into exile. + +Had his action been really illegal or not? The Valerian, Porcian, and +Sempronian laws certainly enacted that no citizen should be put to death +except by vote of the people, after a formal trial before them. Cicero +justifies his apparent violation of these laws on two grounds-- + +(1) That the conspirators, having become _hostes_ by their own act, and +having been recognised as such by resolution of the Senate, had _ipso +facto_ forfeited the rights of citizens (1. §28; 4. §10). + +As regards this, we may remark that, though the conduct of the +conspirators might justify the adoption of active measures against them, +it could not _legally_ be held to deprive them, when arrested, of the +benefit of trial. For the question, whether they had acted as _hostes_ +or not, would be exactly the point which the law-court would have to +decide. The argument is, in fact, from the legal point of view, a +_petitio principii_. + +(2) That the 'ultimum decretum' of the Senate (see Introduction, page +11) invested the Consul with dictatorial powers, including the right of +summary execution. (1. §4 _habemus senatus consultum_, etc.) + +In support of this he recalls the fact that C. Gracchus (121) and +Saturninus (100) had been killed by the Consuls Opimius and Marius +respectively, acting under a similar decree. It is certain that a party +in the Senate claimed the right of thus arming the Consul with +exceptional powers in cases of emergency, and Sallust (Cat. 29) +distinctly says that they possessed it. On the other hand, the right had +never been admitted by the popular leaders, who had, as a protest, +brought Opimius to trial for the murder of C. Gracchus, though they had +not secured a conviction. They had, moreover, during this year (63) +accused of murder one C. Rabirius, who had been concerned in the death +of Saturninus thirty-seven years before. The trial was avowedly +instituted for the purpose of contesting the right of the Senate to +invest the Consul with dictatorial powers. Cicero, who defended +Rabirius, claimed that the 'ultimum decretum' acquitted his client of +all liability. But it seems probable that he would have been condemned, +had not his supporters found means to prevent the trial from coming to a +decision. + +It is on this point that the question of legality or illegality really +turns, and as the Romans were not themselves agreed upon it, we can +scarcely pronounce a decision. If the Consul did possess dictatorial +powers in virtue of the 'ultimum decretum,' then the execution was +legal; if (as seems, perhaps, the more reasonable view) he did not, then +it was illegal. In any case, it is clear that the _Senate_, as such, +could not order the execution of any citizen. They could only arm the +Consul, and though he was at liberty to consult them on this, as on any +matter of importance, the responsibility of the particular measures +taken rested with him alone. + +Unconstitutional actions may, however, sometimes be justified on the +ground of the necessities of the case; and Cicero might fairly plead +that the executions had proved efficacious in checking the spread of the +conspiracy, (a result which the measures previously taken had entirely +failed to secure,) and that it was very doubtful whether, if the +prisoners had been kept for trial, a general rising could have been +avoided. + +The position of Caesar is somewhat hard to understand. As a popular +leader, he must have held the view that neither the Consul nor the +Senate had the right of dealing summarily with the accused; yet by +proposing the alternative punishment of imprisonment he seems to admit +their jurisdiction. Possibly he took this course as the best means of +saving their lives for the moment, but if so it is not clear why he +should have added the provision that their property should be +confiscated. + + * * * * * + +The first and fourth speeches are _orationes pro senatu habitae_, the +second and third are _contiones ad populum_. + + + + +IN CATILINAM ORATIONES. + + + + +ORATION I. + +BEFORE THE SENATE. + + + _How long, Catilina, will you abuse our patience? Can you not + read the signs of public excitement which show that your + designs are known to all of us? Yet you dare to come here, and + we hesitate to inflict upon you the death you deserve. Your + predecessors in revolution were summarily dealt with_; we _have + allowed the Senate's decree to lie idle for twenty days._ + +=1.= Quo usque tandem abutere, Catilina, patientia nostra? quam 1 +diu etiam furor iste tuus eludet? quem ad finem sese effrenata iactabit +audacia? Nihilne te nocturnum praesidium Palatii, nihil urbis vigiliae, +nihil timor populi, nihil concursus bonorum omnium, nihil hic +munitissimus habendi senatus locus, nihil horum ora vultusque moverunt? +Patere tua consilia non sentis? constrictam omnium horum scientia teneri +coniurationem tuam non vides? Quid proxima, quid superiore nocte egeris, +ubi fueris, quos convocaveris, quid consilii ceperis, quem nostrum +ignorare arbitraris? O tempora, o mores! senatus haec intellegit, 2 +consul videt: hic tamen vivit. Vivit? immo vero etiam in senatum venit, +fit publici consilii particeps, notat et designat oculis ad caedem unum +quemque nostrum. Nos autem, viri fortes, satis facere rei publicae +videmur, si istius furorem ac tela vitemus. Ad mortem te, Catilina, duci +iussu consulis iam pridem oportebat, in te conferri pestem istam, quam +tu in nos machinaris. An vero vir amplissimus, P. Scipio, 3 +pontifex maximus, Ti. Gracchum, mediocriter labefactantem statum rei +publicae, privatus interfecit: Catilinam, orbem terrae caede atque +incendiis vastare cupientem, nos consules perferemus? Nam illa nimis +antiqua praetereo, quod C. Servilius Ahala Sp. Maelium, novis rebus +studentem, manu sua occidit. Fuit, fuit ista quondam in hac re publica +virtus, ut viri fortes acrioribus suppliciis civem perniciosum quam +acerbissimum hostem coërcerent. Habemus senatus consultum in te, +Catilina, vehemens et grave; non deest rei publicae consilium neque +auctoritas huius ordinis: nos, nos, dico aperte, consules desumus. + +=2.= Decrevit quondam senatus, ut L. Opimius consul videret, ne 4 +quid res publica detrimenti caperet: nox nulla intercessit; interfectus +est propter quasdam seditionum suspiciones C. Gracchus, clarissimo +patre, avo, maioribus; occisus est cum liberis M. Fulvius consularis. +Simili senatus consulto C. Mario et L. Valerio consulibus est permissa +res publica; num unum diem postea L. Saturninum tribunum pl. et C. +Servilium praetorem mors ac rei publicae poena remorata est? At vero nos +vicesimum iam diem patimur hebescere aciem horum auctoritatis. + + + _You have presumed upon our leniency; you are now collecting an + army in Etruria. All good citizens would applaud me, if I put + you to death; but I spare your life, though I keep a check upon + your designs, till all the world shall recognise the justice of + your punishment._ + +Habemus enim huius modi senatus consultum, verum inclusum in tabulis, +tamquam in vagina reconditum, quo ex senatus consulto confestim +interfectum te esse, Catilina, convenit. Vivis, et vivis non ad +deponendam, sed ad confirmandam audaciam. Cupio, patres conscripti, me +esse clementem, cupio in tantis rei publicae periculis me non dissolutum +videri, sed iam me ipse inertiae nequitiaeque condemno. Castra 5 +sunt in Italia contra populum Romanum in Etruriae faucibus conlocata, +crescit in dies singulos hostium numerus, eorum autem castrorum +imperatorem ducemque hostium intra moenia atque adeo in senatu videmus +intestinam aliquam cotidie perniciem rei publicae molientem. Si te iam, +Catilina, comprehendi, si interfici iussero, credo, erit verendum mihi, +ne non potius hoc omnes boni serius a me quam quisquam crudelius factum +esse dicat. Verum ego hoc, quod iam pridem factum esse oportuit, certa +de causa nondum adducor ut faciam. Tum denique interficiere, cum iam +nemo tam improbus, tam perditus, tam tui similis inveniri poterit, qui +id non iure factum esse fateatur. Quam diu quisquam erit, qui te 6 +defendere audeat, vives, sed vives ita, ut vivis, multis meis et firmis +praesidiis oppressus, ne commovere te contra rem publicam possis. +Multorum te etiam oculi et aures non sentientem, sicut adhuc fecerunt, +speculabuntur atque custodient. + + + _You had better abandon those designs; for they are known. I + told the Senate that you would be in arms on Oct. 27, and I was + not mistaken. I foretold and prevented your intended massacre + of the aristocracy, and your attempt upon Praeneste._ + +=3.= Etenim quid est, Catilina, quod iam amplius exspectes, si neque nox +tenebris obscurare coeptus nefarios neque privata domus parietibus +continere voces coniurationis tuae potest? si inlustrantur, si erumpunt +omnia? Muta iam istam mentem, mihi crede: obliviscere caedis atque +incendiorum. Teneris undique; luce sunt clariora nobis tua consilia +omnia, quae iam mecum licet recognoscas. Meministine me ante diem 7 +xii Kalendas Novembres dicere in senatu, fore in armis certo die, qui +dies futurus esset ante diem VI Kalendas Novembres, C. Manlium, audaciae +satellitem atque administrum tuae? Num me fefellit, Catilina, non modo +res tanta, tam atrox tamque incredibilis, verum, id quod multo magis est +admirandum, dies? Dixi ego idem in senatu, caedem te optimatium +contulisse in ante diem v Kalendas Novembres, tum cum multi principes +civitatis Roma non tam sui conservandi quam tuorum consiliorum +reprimendorum causa profugerunt. Num infitiari potes te illo die meis +praesidiis, mea diligentia circumclusum commovere te contra rem publicam +non potuisse, cum te discessu ceterorum nostra tamen, qui remansissemus, +caede contentum esse dicebas? Quid? cum tu te Praeneste Kalendis 8 +ipsis Novembribus occupaturum nocturno impetu esse confideres, +sensistine illam coloniam meo iussu meis praesidiis, custodiis +vigiliisque esse munitam? Nihil agis, nihil moliris, nihil cogitas, quod +non ego non modo audiam, sed etiam videam planeque sentiam. + + + _The night before last, you and your associates met at Laeca's + house, and laid your plans; you sent two of them to murder me + this morning; but I was forewarned and shut them out._ + +=4.= Recognosce mecum tandem noctem illam superiorem: iam intelleges +multo me vigilare acrius ad salutem quam te ad perniciem rei publicae. +Dico te priore nocte venisse inter falcarios--non agam obscure--in M. +Laecae domum; convenisse eodem complures eiusdem amentiae scelerisque +socios. Num negare audes? quid taces? convincam, si negas; video enim +esse hic in senatu quosdam, qui tecum una fuerunt. O di 9 +immortales! ubinam gentium sumus? quam rem publicam habemus? in qua urbe +vivimus? Hic, hic sunt in nostro numero, patres conscripti, in hoc orbis +terrae sanctissimo gravissimoque consilio, qui de nostrum omnium +interitu, qui de huius urbis atque adeo de orbis terrarum exitio +cogitent. Hosce ego video et de re publica sententiam rogo, et quos +ferro trucidari oportebat, eos nondum voce vulnero. Fuisti igitur apud +Laecam illa nocte, Catilina; distribuisti partes Italiae; statuisti quo +quemque proficisci placeret, delegisti quos Romae relinqueres, quos +tecum educeres, discripsisti urbis partes ad incendia, confirmasti te +ipsum iam esse exiturum, dixisti paululum tibi esse etiam nunc morae, +quod ego viverem. Reperti sunt duo equites Romani, qui te ista cura +liberarent et sese illa ipsa nocte paulo ante lucem me in meo lectulo +interfecturos esse pollicerentur. Haec ego omnia, vixdum etiam 10 +coetu vestro dimisso, comperi, domum meam maioribus praesidiis munivi +atque firmavi, exclusi eos, quos tu ad me salutatum [mane] miseras, cum +illi ipsi venissent, quos ego iam multis ac summis viris ad me id +temporis venturos praedixeram. + + + _Now I bid you leave the city. So long as you attacked me only, + I resisted you single-handed; now you are attacking the State. + I will not kill you, for that would not rid us of your + adherents. No, leave the city--for exile, if you will--and take + them with you._ + +=5.= Quae cum ita sint, Catilina, perge quo coepisti, egredere aliquando +ex urbe; patent portae: proficiscere. Nimium diu te imperatorem tua illa +Manliana castra desiderant. Educ tecum etiam omnes tuos, si minus, quam +plurimos; purga urbem. Magno me metu liberabis, dum modo inter me atque +te murus intersit. Nobiscum versari iam diutius non potes: non feram, +non patiar, non sinam. Magna dis immortalibus habenda est atque 11 +huic ipsi Iovi Statori, antiquissimo custodi huius urbis, gratia, quod +hanc tam taetram, tam horribilem tamque infestam rei publicae pestem +totiens iam effugimus. Non est saepius in uno homine summa salus +periclitanda rei publicae. Quam diu mihi, consuli designato, Catilina, +insidiatus es, non publico me praesidio, sed privata diligentia defendi. +Cum proximis comitiis consularibus me consulem in campo et competitores +tuos interficere voluisti, compressi conatus tuos nefarios amicorum +praesidio et copiis, nullo tumultu publice concitato; denique, +quotienscumque me petisti, per me tibi obstiti, quamquam videbam +perniciem meam cum magna calamitate rei publicae esse coniunctam. +Nunc iam aperte rem publicam universam petis; templa deorum 12 +immortalium, tecta urbis, vitam omnium civium, Italiam denique totam ad +exitium ac vastitatem vocas. Quare quoniam id, quod est primum et quod +huius imperii disciplinaeque maiorum proprium est, facere nondum audeo, +faciam id, quod est ad severitatem lenius et ad communem salutem +utilius. Nam si te interfici iussero, residebit in re publica reliqua +coniuratorum manus: sin tu, quod te iam dudum hortor, exieris, +exhaurietur ex urbe tuorum comitum magna et perniciosa sentina rei +publicae. Quid est, Catilina? num dubitas id imperante me facere, 13 +quod iam tua sponte faciebas? Exire ex urbe iubet consul hostem. +Interrogas me: num in exilium? non iubeo, sed, si me consulis, suadeo. + + + _You cannot wish to stay where your crimes are notorious. Ruin + stares you in the face. Your repeated attempts on my life have + failed; the senators, by their conduct, show how they hate you. + The State, our common mother, fears you and bids you leave her. + Your very offers to place yourself under restraint are a + self-condemnation._ + +=6.= Quid est enim, Catilina, quod te iam in hac urbe delectare possit? +in qua nemo est extra istam coniurationem perditorum hominum, qui te non +metuat, nemo, qui non oderit. Quae nota domesticae turpitudinis non +inusta vitae tuae est? quod privatarum rerum dedecus non haeret in fama? +quae libido ab oculis, quod facinus a manibus umquam tuis, quod +flagitium a toto corpore afuit? cui tu adulescentulo, quem corruptelarum +inlecebris inretisses, non aut ad audaciam ferrum aut ad libidinem facem +praetulisti? Quid vero? nuper, cum morte superioris uxoris novis 14 +nuptiis domum vacuefecisses, nonne etiam alio incredibili scelere hoc +scelus cumulasti? quod ego praetermitto et facile patior sileri, ne in +hac civitate tanti facinoris immanitas aut exstitisse aut non vindicata +esse videatur. Praetermitto ruinas fortunarum tuarum, quas omnes +impendere tibi proximis Idibus senties: ad illa venio, quae non ad +privatam ignominiam vitiorum tuorum, non ad domesticam tuam +difficultatem ac turpitudinem, sed ad summam rem publicam atque ad +omnium nostrum vitam salutemque pertinent. Potestne tibi haec 15 +lux, Catilina, aut huius caeli spiritus esse iucundus, cum scias esse +horum neminem qui nesciat, te pridie Kalendas Ianuariis Lepido et Tullo +consulibus stetisse in comitio cum telo? manum consulum et principum +civitatis interficiendorum causa paravisse? sceleri ac furori tuo non +mentem aliquam aut timorem tuum, sed fortunam populi Romani obstitisse? +Ac iam illa omitto--neque enim sunt aut obscura aut non multa commissa +postea--: quotiens tu me designatum, quotiens consulem interficere +voluisti! quot ego tuas petitiones ita coniectas, ut vitari posse non +viderentur, parva quadam declinatione et, ut aiunt, corpore effugi! +Nihil adsequeris, neque tamen conari ac velle desistis. Quotiens 16 +tibi iam extorta est sica ista de manibus! quotiens excidit aliquo casu +et elapsa est! quae quidem quibus abs te initiata sacris ac devota sit, +nescio, quod eam necesse putas esse in consulis corpore defigere. + +=7.= Nunc vero quae tua est ista vita? Sic enim iam tecum loquar, non ut +odio permotus esse videar, quo debeo, sed ut misericordia, quae tibi +nulla debetur. Venisti paulo ante in senatum. Quis te ex hac tanta +frequentia, tot ex tuis amicis ac necessariis salutavit? Si hoc post +hominum memoriam contigit nemini, vocis exspectas contumeliam, cum sis +gravissimo iudicio taciturnitatis oppressus? Quid, quod adventu tuo ista +subsellia vacuefacta sunt, quod omnes consulares, qui tibi persaepe ad +caedem constituti fuerunt, simul atque adsedisti, partem istam +subselliorum nudam atque inanem reliquerunt, quo tandem animo hoc tibi +ferendum putas? Servi me hercule mei si me isto pacto metuerent, 17 +ut te metuunt omnes cives tui, domum meam relinquendam putarem: tu tibi +urbem non arbitraris? et si me meis civibus iniuria suspectum tam +graviter atque offensum viderem, carere me aspectu civium quam infestis +oculis omnium conspici mallem: tu cum conscientia scelerum tuorum +agnoscas odium omnium iustum et iam diu tibi debitum, dubitas, quorum +mentes sensusque vulneras, eorum aspectum praesentiamque vitare? Si te +parentes timerent atque odissent tui nec eos ulla ratione placare +posses, ut opinor, ab eorum oculis aliquo concederes: nunc te patria, +quae communis est parens omnium nostrum, odit ac metuit et iam diu +nihil te iudicat nisi de parricidio suo cogitare: huius tu neque +auctoritatem verebere nec iudicium sequere nec vim pertimesces? +Quae tecum, Catilina, sic agit et quodam modo tacita loquitur: 18 +'Nullum iam aliquot annis facinus exstitit nisi per te, nullum flagitium +sine te; tibi uni multorum civium neces, tibi vexatio direptioque +sociorum impunita fuit ac libera; tu non solum ad neglegendas leges et +quaestiones, verum etiam ad evertendas perfringendasque valuisti. +Superiora illa, quamquam ferenda non fuerunt, tamen, ut potui, tuli: +nunc vero me totam esse in metu propter unum te, quidquid increpuerit +Catilinam timeri, nullum videri contra me consilium iniri posse, quod a +tuo scelere abhorreat, non est ferendum. Quam ob rem discede atque hunc +mihi timorem eripe, si est verus, ne opprimar, sin falsus, ut tandem +aliquando timere desinam. + +=8.= Haec si tecum, ut dixi, patria loquatur, nonne impetrare 19 +debeat, etiam si vim adhibere non possit? Quid, quod tu te ipse in +custodiam dedisti? quod vitandae suspicionis causa ad M'. Lepidum te +habitare velle dixisti? a quo non receptus etiam ad me venire ausus es +atque ut domi meae te adservarem rogasti. Cum a me quoque id responsum +tulisses, me nullo modo posse eisdem parietibus tuto esse tecum, qui +magno in periculo essem, quod eisdem moenibus contineremur, ad Q. +Metellum praetorem venisti: a quo repudiatus ad sodalem tuum, virum +optimum, M. Metellum demigrasti, quem tu videlicet et ad custodiendum +diligentissimum et ad suspicandum sagacissimum et ad vindicandum +fortissimum fore putasti. Sed quam longe videtur a carcere atque a +vinculis abesse debere, qui se ipse iam dignum custodia iudicarit? + + + _You challenge me to take a vote of the Senate. Without doing + so, I can show you what they think. When I bid you go into + exile, they give consent by their silence. They would not let + me speak to others thus. As for the knights, they are ready to + kill you._ + +Quae cum ita sint, Catilina, dubitas, si emori aequo animo non 20 +potes, abire in aliquas terras et vitam istam, multis suppliciis iustis +debitisque ereptam, fugae solitudinique mandare? 'Refer' inquis 'ad +senatum'; id enim postulas, et, si hic ordo sibi placere decreverit te +ire in exilium, obtemperaturum te esse dicis. Non referam, id quod +abhorret a meis moribus, et tamen faciam ut intellegas, quid hi de te +sentiant. Egredere ex urbe, Catilina, libera rem publicam metu, in +exilium, si hanc vocem exspectas, proficiscere. Quid est, Catilina? +ecquid attendis, ecquid animadvertis horum silentium? Patiuntur, tacent. +Quid exspectas auctoritatem loquentium, quorum voluntatem tacitorum +perspicis? At si hoc idem adulescenti optimo, P. Sestio, si 21 +fortissimo viro, M. Marcello, dixissem, iam mihi consuli hoc ipso in +templo iure optimo senatus vim et manus intulisset. De te autem, +Catilina, cum quiescunt, probant, cum patiuntur, decernunt, cum tacent, +clamant; neque hi solum, quorum tibi auctoritas est videlicet cara, vita +vilissima, sed etiam illi equites Romani, honestissimi atque optimi +viri, ceterique fortissimi cives, qui stant circum senatum, quorum tu et +frequentiam videre et studia perspicere et voces paulo ante exaudire +potuisti. Quorum ego vix abs te iam diu manus ac tela contineo, eosdem +facile adducam, ut te haec, quae iam pridem vastare studes, relinquentem +usque ad portas prosequantur. + + + _But it is vain to speak of exile. I wish there were a chance + of it, in spite of the hatred I should incur. Go then to the + camp of Manlius, as you have already arranged. Surrounded by + every kind of wickedness, you will be in your element there._ + +=9.= Quamquam quid loquor? te ut ulla res frangat? tu ut umquam 22 +te corrigas? tu ut ullam fugam meditere? tu ut exilium cogites? Utinam +tibi istam mentem di immortales duint! etsi video, si mea voce +perterritus ire in exilium animum induxeris, quanta tempestas invidiae +nobis, si minus in praesens tempus, recenti memoria scelerum tuorum, at +in posteritatem impendeat. Sed est tanti, dummodo ista sit privata +calamitas et a rei publicae periculis seiungatur. Sed tu ut vitiis tuis +commoveare, ut legum poenas pertimescas, ut temporibus rei publicae +cedas, non est postulandum; neque enim is es, Catilina, ut te aut pudor +umquam a turpitudine aut metus a periculo aut ratio a furore +revocaverit. Quam ob rem, ut saepe iam dixi, proficiscere, ac, 23 +si mihi inimico, ut praedicas, tuo conflare vis invidiam, recta perge in +exilium: vix feram sermones hominum, si id feceris; vix molem istius +invidiae, si in exilium iussu consulis ieris, sustinebo. Sin autem +servire meae laudi et gloriae mavis, egredere cum importuna sceleratorum +manu, confer te ad Manlium, concita perditos cives, secerne te a bonis, +infer patriae bellum, exsulta impio latrocinio, ut a me non eiectus ad +alienos, sed invitatus ad tuos esse videaris. Quamquam quid ego 24 +te invitem, a quo iam sciam esse praemissos, qui tibi ad Forum Aurelium +praestolarentur armati? cui sciam pactam et constitutam cum Manlio diem? +a quo etiam aquilam illam argenteam, quam tibi ac tuis omnibus +perniciosam esse confido ac funestam futuram, cui domi tuae sacrarium +[scelerum tuorum] constitutum fuit, sciam esse praemissam? Tu ut ilia +diutius carere possis, quam venerari ad caedem proficiscens solebas, a +cuius altaribus saepe istam impiam dexteram ad necem civium +transtulisti? =10.= Ibis tandem aliquando, quo te iam pridem 25 +ista tua cupiditas effrenata ac furiosa rapiebat; neque enim tibi haec +res adfert dolorem, sed quandam incredibilem voluptatem. Ad hanc te +amentiam natura peperit, voluntas exercuit, fortuna servavit. Numquam tu +non modo otium, sed ne bellum quidem nisi nefarium concupisti. Nanctus +es ex perditis atque ab omni non modo fortuna, verum etiam spe +derelictis conflatam improborum manum. Hic tu qua laetitia 26 +perfruere! quibus gaudiis exsultabis! quanta in voluptate bacchabere, +cum in tanto numero tuorum neque audies virum bonum quemquam neque +videbis. Ad huius vitae studium meditati illi sunt qui feruntur labores +tui, iacere humi non solum ad obsidendum stuprum, verum etiam ad facinus +obeundum, vigilare non solum insidiantem somno maritorum, verum etiam +bonis otiosorum. Habes, ubi ostentes illam tuam praeclaram patientiam +famis, frigoris, inopiae rerum omnium, quibus te brevi tempore confectum +senties. Tantum profeci tum, cum te a consulatu reppuli, ut 27 +exsul potius tentare quam consul vexare rem publicam posses, atque ut +id, quod est abs te scelerate susceptum, latrocinium potius quam bellum +nominaretur. + + + _Some may charge me with remissness in letting slip a public + enemy. It is no fear of illegality, or unpopularity that + influences me. But Catilina's departure to his camp will purge + the city of his adherents, and show everyone what his plans + really are. His death would give us only a temporary relief. + Let them leave us then for their wicked work, and Jupiter will + defend us from their attacks._ + +=11.= Nunc ut a me, patres conscripti, quandam prope iustam patriae +querimoniam detester ac deprecer, percipite, quaeso, diligenter quae +dicam, et ea penitus animis vestris mentibusque mandate. Etenim si mecum +patria, quae mihi vita mea multo est carior, si cuncta Italia, si omnis +res publica sic loquatur: 'M. Tulli, quid agis? tune eum, quem esse +hostem comperisti, quem ducem belli futurum vides, quem exspectari +imperatorem in castris hostium sentis, auctorem sceleris, principem +coniurationis, evocatorem servorum et civium perditorum, exire patiere, +ut abs te non emissus ex urbe, sed inmissus in urbem esse videatur? +Nonne hunc in vincula duci, non ad mortem rapi, non summo supplicio +mactari imperabis? Quid tandem te impedit? mosne maiorum? At 28 +persaepe etiam privati in hac re publica perniciosos cives morte +multarunt. An leges, quae de civium Romanorum supplicio rogatae sunt? At +numquam in hac urbe, qui a re publica defecerunt, civium iura tenuerunt. +An invidiam posteritatis times? Praeclaram vero populo Romano refers +gratiam, qui te, hominem per te cognitum, nulla commendatione maiorum +tam mature ad summum imperium per omnes honorum gradus extulit, si +propter invidiam aut alicuius periculi metum salutem civium tuorum +neglegis. Sed si quis est invidiae metus, num est vehementius 29 +severitatis ac fortitudinis invidia quam inertiae ac nequitiae +pertimescenda? An cum bello vastabitur Italia, vexabuntur urbes, tecta +ardebunt, tum te non existimas invidiae incendio conflagraturum?' + +=12.= His ego sanctissimis rei publicae vocibus et eorum hominum, qui +hoc idem sentiunt, mentibus pauca respondebo. Ego, si hoc optimum factu +iudicarem, patres conscripti, Catilinam morte multari, unius usuram +horae gladiatori isti ad vivendum non dedissem. Etenim si summi viri et +clarissimi cives Saturnini et Gracchorum et Flacci et superiorum +complurium sanguine non modo se non contaminarunt, sed etiam +honestarunt, certe verendum mihi non erat, ne quid hoc parricida civium +interfecto invidiae mihi in posteritatem redundaret. Quodsi ea mihi +maxime impenderet, tamen hoc animo fui semper, ut invidiam virtute +partam gloriam, non invidiam putarem. Quamquam nonnulli sunt in 30 +hoc ordine, qui aut ea quae imminent non videant, aut ea quae vident +dissimulent, qui spem Catilinae mollibus sententiis aluerunt +coniurationemque nascentem non credendo conroboraverunt: quorum +auctoritatem secuti multi, non solum improbi, verum etiam imperiti, si +in hunc animadvertissem, crudeliter et regie factum esse dicerent. Nunc +intellego, si iste, quo intendit, in Manliana castra pervenerit, neminem +tam stultum fore, qui non videat coniurationem esse factam, neminem tam +improbum, qui non fateatur. Hoc autem uno interfecto intellego hanc rei +publicae pestem paulisper reprimi, non in perpetuum comprimi posse. +Quodsi se eiecerit secumque suos eduxerit et eodem ceteros undique +collectos naufragos adgregaverit, exstinguetur atque delebitur non modo +haec tam adulta rei publicae pestis, verum etiam stirps ac semen malorum +omnium. =13.= Etenim iam diu, patres conscripti, in his 31 +periculis coniurationis insidiisque versamur, sed nescio quo pacto +omnium scelerum ac veteris furoris et audaciae maturitas in nostri +consulatus tempus erupit. Quodsi ex tanto latrocinio iste unus tolletur, +videbimur fortasse ad breve quoddam tempus cura et metu esse relevati, +periculum autem residebit et erit inclusum penitus in venis atque in +visceribus rei publicae. Ut saepe homines aegri morbo gravi, cum aestu +febrique iactantur, si aquam gelidam biberunt, primo relevari videntur, +deinde multo gravius vehementiusque adflictantur, sic hic morbus, qui +est in re publica, relevatus istius poena, vehementius vivis reliquis +ingravescet. Quare secedant improbi, secernant se a bonis, unum 32 +in locum congregentur, muro denique, id quod saepe iam dixi, +discernantur a nobis; desinant insidiari domi suae consuli, circumstare +tribunal praetoris urbani, obsidere cum gladiis curiam, malleolos et +faces ad inflammandam urbem comparare: sit denique inscriptum in fronte +unius cuiusque, quid de re publica sentiat. Polliceor vobis hoc, patres +conscripti, tantam in nobis consulibus fore diligentiam, tantam in vobis +auctoritatem, tantam in equitibus Romanis virtutem, tantam in omnibus +bonis consensionem, ut Catilinae profectione omnia patefacta inlustrata, +oppressa vindicata esse videatis. + +Hisce ominibus, Catilina, cum summa rei publicae salute, cum 33 +tua peste ac pernicie cumque eorum exitio, qui se tecum omni scelere +parricidioque iunxerunt, proficiscere ad impium bellum ac nefarium. Tum +tu, Iuppiter, qui eisdem quibus haec urbs auspiciis a Romulo es +constitutus, quem Statorem huius urbis atque imperii vere nominamus, +hunc et huius socios a tuis aris ceterisque templis, a tectis urbis ac +moenibus, a vita fortunisque civium arcebis, et homines bonorum +inimicos, hostes patriae, latrones Italiae, scelerum foedere inter se ac +nefaria societate coniunctos, aeternis suppliciis vivos mortuosque +mactabis. + + + + +ORATION II. + +BEFORE THE PEOPLE. + + + _Citizens! We have driven Catilina from the city! We need no + longer fear his secret plots; he must now fight us openly. This + is a great success, as he feels._ + +=1.= Tandem aliquando, Quirites, L. Catilinam, furentem audacia, 1 +scelus anhelantem, pestem patriae nefarie molientem, vobis atque huic +urbi ferro flammaque minitantem, ex urbe vel eiecimus vel emisimus vel +ipsum egredientem verbis prosecuti sumus. Abiit excessit, evasit erupit. +Nulla iam pernicies a monstro illo atque prodigio moenibus ipsis intra +moenia comparabitur. Atque hunc quidem unum huius belli domestici ducem +sine controversia vicimus. Non enim iam inter latera nostra sica illa +versabitur; non in campo, non in foro, non in curia, non denique intra +domesticos parietes perhorrescemus. Loco ille motus est, cum ex urbe est +expulsus. Palam iam cum hoste nullo impediente bellum geremus. Sine +dubio perdidimus hominem magnificeque vicimus, cum illum ex occultis +insidiis in apertum latrocinium coniecimus. Quod vero non 2 +cruentum mucronem, ut voluit, extulit, quod vivis nobis egressus est, +quod ei ferrum e manibus extorsimus, quod incolumes cives, quod stantem +urbem reliquit, quanto tandem illum maerore esse adflictum et +profligatum putatis? Iacet ille nunc prostratusque est et se perculsum +atque abiectum esse sentit, et retorquet oculos profecto saepe ad hanc +urbem, quam e suis faucibus ereptam esse luget: quae quidem laetari mihi +videtur, quod tantam pestem evomuerit forasque proiecerit. + + + _Some may say, 'You should have arrested him.' Had I done so, + many would not have believed my accusations. For their sakes I + was obliged to make him declare himself. Once outside, I do not + fear him; I wish indeed he had taken all his adherents with + him. Our armies can easily deal with the band of bankrupts and + swindlers he has assembled; it is the conspirators of high + rank, whom he has left behind, that we have now to fear. They + see that we know their plans, yet they persist._ + +=2.= Ac si quis est talis, quales omnes esse oportebat, qui in 3 +hoc ipso, in quo exsultat et triumphat oratio mea, me vehementer +accuset, quod tam capitalem hostem non comprehenderim potius quam +emiserim, non est ista mea culpa, sed temporum. Interfectum esse L. +Catilinam et gravissimo supplicio adfectum iam pridem oportebat, idque a +me et mos maiorum et huius imperii severitas et res publica postulabat. +Sed quam multos fuisse putatis, qui quae ego deferrem non crederent? +quam multos, qui etiam defenderent? Ac si illo sublato depelli a vobis +omne periculum iudicarem, iam pridem ego L. Catilinam non modo invidiae +meae, verum etiam vitae periculo sustulissem. Sed cum viderem, ne 4 +vobis quidem omnibus re etiam tum probata, si illum, ut erat meritus, +morte multassem, fore ut eius socios invidia oppressus persequi non +possem, rem huc deduxi, ut tum palam pugnare possetis, cum hostem aperte +videretis. Quem quidem ego hostem, Quirites, quam vehementer foris esse +timendum putem, licet hinc intellegatis, quod etiam moleste fero, quod +ex urbe parum comitatus exierit. Utinam ille omnes secum copias suas +eduxisset! Tongilium mihi eduxit, quem amare in praetexta coeperat, +Publicium et Munatium, quorum aes alienum contractum in popina nullum +rei publicae motum adferre poterat: reliquit quos viros! quanto aere +alieno, quam valentes, quam nobiles! =3.= Itaque ego illum 5 +exercitum prae Gallicanis legionibus et hoc dilectu, quem in agro Piceno +et Gallico Q. Metellus habuit, et his copiis, quae a nobis cotidie +comparantur, magno opere contemno, collectum ex senibus desperatis, ex +agresti luxuria, ex rusticis decoctoribus, ex iis, qui vadimonia +deserere quam illum exercitum maluerunt: quibus ego non modo si aciem +exercitus nostri, verum etiam si edictum praetoris ostendero, concident. +Hos, quos video volitare in foro, quos stare ad curiam, quos etiam in +senatum venire, qui nitent unguentis, qui fulgent purpura, mallem secum +suos milites eduxisset: qui si hic permanent, mementote non tam +exercitum illum esse nobis quam hos, qui exercitum deseruerunt, +pertimescendos. Atque hoc etiam sunt timendi magis, quod quid cogitent +me scire sentiunt, neque tamen permoventur. Video, cui sit Apulia 6 +attributa, quis habeat Etruriam, quis agrum Picenum, quis Gallicum, quis +sibi has urbanas insidias caedis atque incendiorum depoposcerit; omnia +superioris noctis consilia ad me delata esse sentiunt; patefeci in +senatu hesterno die; Catilina ipse pertimuit, profugit: hi quid +exspectant? Ne illi vehementer errant, si illam meam pristinam lenitatem +perpetuam sperant futuram. + + + _I give them one more chance; let them follow their leader. + Happy for us if we can be quit of them! Catilina's departure + alone has relieved us much. He is the friend of every criminal, + the corrupter of youth, the support of bankrupts, the hero of + gladiators and actors. His adherents are monsters of crime; we + cannot endure them any longer. Their destruction is at hand. + Our general has given us peace abroad; under my leadership let + us declare war upon our domestic enemy._ + +=4.= Quod exspectavi, iam sum adsecutus, ut vos omnes factam esse aperte +coniurationem contra rem publicam videretis: nisi vero si quis est, qui +Catilinae similes cum Catilina sentire non putet. Non est iam lenitati +locus; severitatem res ipsa flagitat. Unum etiam nunc concedam: exeant, +proficiscantur, ne patiantur desiderio sui Catilinam miserum tabescere. +Demonstrabo iter: Aurelia via profectus est; si accelerare volent, ad +vesperam consequentur. O fortunatam rem publicam, si quidem 7 +hanc sentinam urbis huius eiecerit! Uno me hercule Catilina exhausto +relevata mihi et recreata res publica videtur. Quid enim mali aut +sceleris fingi aut cogitari potest, quod non ille conceperit? quis tota +Italia veneficus, quis gladiator, quis latro, quis sicarius, quis +parricida, quis testamentorum subiector, quis circumscriptor, quis +ganeo, quis nepos, quis adulter, quae mulier infamis, quis corruptor +iuventutis, quis corruptus, quis perditus inveniri potest, qui se cum +Catilina non familiarissime vixisse fateatur? Quae caedes per hosce +annos sine illo facta est? quod nefarium stuprum non per illum? +Iam vero quae tanta umquam in ullo homine iuventutis inlecebra 8 +fuit, quanta in illo? qui alios amabat ipse turpissime, aliorum amori +flagitiosissime serviebat, aliis fructum libidinum, aliis mortem +parentum non modo impellendo, verum etiam adiuvando pollicebatur. Nunc +vero quam subito non solum ex urbe, verum etiam ex agris ingentem +numerum perditorum hominum collegerat! Nemo non modo Romae, sed 9 +ne ullo quidem in angulo totius Italiae oppressus aere alieno fuit, quem +non ad hoc incredibile sceleris foedus adsciverit. =5.= Atque ut eius +diversa studia in dissimili ratione perspicere possitis, nemo est in +ludo gladiatorio paulo ad facinus audacior, qui se non intimum +Catilinae, nemo in scaena levior et nequior, qui se non eiusdem prope +sodalem fuisse commemoret. Atque idem tamen, stuprorum et scelerum +exercitatione adsuefactus frigore et fame ac siti et vigiliis +perferendis, fortis ab istis praedicabatur, cum industriae subsidia +atque instrumenta virtutis in libidine audaciaque consumerentur. +Hunc vero si secuti erunt sui comites, si ex urbe exierint 10 +desperatorum hominum flagitiosi greges, o nos beatos, o rem publicam +fortunatam, o praeclaram laudem consulatus mei! Non enim iam sunt +mediocres hominum libidines, non humanae ac tolerandae audaciae: nihil +cogitant nisi caedes, nisi incendia, nisi rapinas. Patrimonia sua +profuderunt, fortunas suas obligaverunt, res eos iam pridem, fides nuper +deficere coepit: eadem tamen illa, quae erat in abundantia, libido +manet. Quodsi in vino et alea comissationes solum et scorta quaererent, +essent illi quidem desperandi, sed tamen essent ferendi: hoc vero quis +ferre possit, inertes homines fortissimis viris insidiari, stultissimos +prudentissimis, ebriosos sobriis, dormientes vigilantibus? qui +adcubantes in conviviis, complexi mulieres impudicas, vino languidi, +conferti cibo, sertis redimiti, unguentis obliti, debilitati stupris +eructant sermonibus suis caedem bonorum atque urbis incendia. +Quibus ego confido impendere fatum aliquod et poenam iam diu 11 +improbitati, nequitiae, sceleri, libidini debitam aut instare iam plane +aut certe adpropinquare. Quos si meus consulatus, quoniam sanare non +potest, sustulerit, non breve nescio quod tempus, sed multa saecula +propagarit rei publicae. Nulla est enim natio, quam pertimescamus, +nullus rex, qui bellum populo Romano facere possit; omnia sunt externa +unius virtute terra marique pacata: domesticum bellum manet, intus +insidiae sunt, intus inclusum periculum est, intus est hostis: cum +luxuria nobis, cum amentia, cum scelere certandum est. Huic ego me bello +ducem profiteor, Quirites, suscipio inimicitias hominum perditorum: quae +sanari poterunt, quacumque ratione sanabo; quae resecanda erunt, non +patiar ad perniciem civitatis manere. Proinde aut exeant aut quiescant +aut, si et in urbe et in eadem mente permanent, ea quae merentur +exspectent. + + + _Others reproach me with having driven Catilina into exile. + What I did was to declare to the Senate--who showed their + approval of what I said--the details of his plans. I bade him + betake himself to the camp of Manlius, whither I knew he meant + to go. Was that driving him into exile? Yet now if he should + change his mind, and really go into exile, I am to be called a + tyrant. I would gladly bear it, if war might be so averted. But + there is no chance of it; in three days he will be in arms. + Those who thus reproach me are really his secret partisans._ + +=6.= At etiam sunt qui dicant, Quirites, a me in exilium eiectum 12 +esse Catilinam. Quod ego si verbo adsequi possem, istos ipsos eicerem, +qui haec loquuntur. Homo enim videlicet timidus aut etiam permodestus +vocem consulis ferre non potuit; simul atque ire in exilium iussus est, +paruit atque ivit. Hesterno die, cum domi meae paene interfectus essem, +senatum in aedem Iovis Statoris vocavi, rem omnem ad patres conscriptos +detuli: quo cum Catilina venisset, quis eum senator appellavit? quis +salutavit? quis denique ita aspexit ut perditum civem, ac non potius ut +importunissimum hostem? quin etiam principes eius ordinis partem illam +subselliorum, ad quam ille accesserat, nudam atque inanem reliquerunt. +Hic ego vehemens ille consul, qui verbo cives in exilium eicio, quaesivi +a Catilina, in nocturno conventu apud M. Laecam fuisset necne. +Cum ille, homo audacissimus, conscientia convictus primo 13 +reticuisset, patefeci cetera: quid ea nocte egisset, quid in proximam +constituisset, quem ad modum esset ei ratio totius belli descripta, +edocui. Cum haesitaret, cum teneretur, quaesivi, quid dubitaret +proficisci eo, quo iam pridem pararet, cum arma, cum secures, cum +fasces, cum tubas, cum signa militaria, cum aquilam illam argenteam, cui +ille etiam sacrarium domi suae fecerat, scirem esse praemissam. +In exilium eiciebam, quem iam ingressum esse in bellum videbam? 14 +Etenim, credo, Manlius iste centurio, qui in agro Faesulano castra +posuit, bellum populo Romano suo nomine indixit, et illa castra nunc non +Catilinam ducem exspectant, et ille eiectus in exilium se Massiliam, ut +aiunt, non in haec castra conferet. + +=7.= O condicionem miseram non modo administrandae, verum etiam +conservandae rei publicae! Nunc si L. Catilina consiliis, laboribus, +periculis meis circumclusus ac debilitatus subito pertimuerit, +sententiam mutaverit, deseruerit suos, consilium belli faciendi +abiecerit, ex hoc cursu sceleris et belli iter ad fugam atque in exilium +converterit, non ille a me spoliatus armis audaciae, non obstupefactus +ac perterritus mea diligentia, non de spe conatuque depulsus, sed +indemnatus, innocens in exilium eiectus a consule vi et minis dicetur, +et erunt qui illum, si hoc fecerit, non improbum, sed miserum, me non +diligentissimum consulem, sed crudelissimum tyrannum existimari velint. +Est mihi tanti, Quirites, huius invidiae falsae atque iniquae 15 +tempestatem subire dummodo a vobis huius horribilis belli ac nefarii +periculum depellatur. Dicatur sane eiectus esse a me, dummodo eat in +exilium: sed, mihi credite, non est iturus. Numquam ego a dis +immortalibus optabo, Quirites, invidiae meae levandae causa, ut L. +Catilinam ducere exercitum hostium atque in armis volitare audiatis, sed +triduo tamen audietis; multoque magis illud timeo, ne mihi sit +invidiosum aliquando, quod illum emiserim, potius quam quod eiecerim. +Sed cum sint homines, qui illum, cum profectus sit, eiectum esse dicant, +eidem, si interfectus esset, quid dicerent? Quamquam isti, qui 16 +Catilinam Massiliam ire dictitant, non tam hoc queruntur quam verentur. +Nemo est istorum tam misericors, qui illum non ad Manlium quam ad +Massilienses ire malit. Ille autem, si me hercule hoc, quod agit, +numquam antea cogitasset, tamen latrocinantem se interfici mallet quam +exulem vivere. Nunc vero, cum ei nihil adhuc praeter ipsius voluntatem +cogitationemque acciderit, nisi quod vivis nobis Roma profectus est, +optemus potius ut eat in exilium quam queramur. + + + _Of his adherents there are six classes._ (1) _Men with large + debts, but larger estates, which they will not part with, + hoping that Catilina will declare an abolition of debts. Their + only chance is a measure of compulsory sale, which I offer + them._ (2) _Those who hope by the revolution to obtain power + and office. Let these mark the forces against them, and + remember that, if it succeeds, the chief power will not fall to + them._ (3) _The Sullan colonists, who want fresh chances of + plunder. But the State will not endure a new proscription._ (4) + _The hopeless bankrupts. Their ruin is certain, but they need + not involve the whole State in it._ (5) _Criminals of every + class; let them stay with Catilina._ (6) _The dissolute youth + of Rome, his special favourites._ + +=8.= Sed cur tam diu de uno hoste loquimur, et de eo hoste, qui 17 +iam fatetur se esse hostem et quem, quia, quod semper volui, murus +interest, non timeo: de his, qui dissimulant, qui Romae remanent, qui +nobiscum sunt, nihil dicimus? Quos quidem ego, si ullo modo fieri +possit, non tam ulcisci studeo quam sanare sibi ipsos, placare rei +publicae, neque, id quare fieri non possit, si me audire volent, +intellego. Exponam enim vobis, Quirites, ex quibus generibus hominum +istae copiae comparentur; deinde singulis medicinam consilii atque +orationis meae, si quam potero, adferam. Unum genus est eorum, 18 +qui magno in aere alieno maiores etiam possessiones habent, quarum amore +adducti dissolvi nullo modo possunt. Horum hominum species est +honestissima--sunt enim locupletes--, voluntas vero et causa +impudentissima. Tu agris, tu aedificiis, tu argento, tu familia, tu +rebus omnibus ornatus et copiosus sis, et dubites de possessione +detrahere, adquirere ad fidem? Quid enim exspectas? bellum? Quid ergo? +in vastatione omnium tuas possessiones sacrosanctas futuras putas? An +tabulas novas? Errant qui istas a Catilina exspectant: meo beneficio +tabulae novae proferentur, verum auctionariae; neque enim isti, qui +possessiones habent, alia ratione ulla salvi esse possunt. Quod si +maturius facere voluissent neque, id quod stultissimum est, certare cum +usuris fructibus praediorum, et locupletioribus his et melioribus +civibus uteremur. Sed hosce homines minime puto pertimescendos, quod aut +deduci de sententia possunt aut, si permanebunt, magis mihi videntur +vota facturi contra rem publicam quam arma laturi. + +=9.= Alterum genus est eorum qui, quamquam premuntur aere 19 +alieno, dominationem tamen exspectant, rerum potiri volunt, honores, +quos quieta re publica desperant, perturbata consequi se posse +arbitrantur. Quibus hoc praecipiendum videtur, unum scilicet et idem +quod reliquis omnibus, ut desperent se id quod conantur consequi posse: +primum omnium me ipsum vigilare, adesse, providere rei publicae; deinde +magnos animos esse in bonis viris, magnam concordiam, [maximam +multitudinem] magnas praeterea copias militum; deos denique immortales +huic invicto populo, clarissimo imperio, pulcherrimae urbi contra tantam +vim sceleris praesentes auxilium esse laturos. Quodsi iam sint id, quod +summo furore cupiunt, adepti, num illi in cinere urbis et in sanguine +civium, quae mente scelerata ac nefaria concupiverunt, se consules aut +dictatores aut etiam reges sperant futuros? Non vident id se cupere, +quod si adepti sint, fugitivo alicui aut gladiatori concedi sit necesse. +Tertium genus est aetate iam adfectum, sed tamen exercitatione 20 +robustum, quo ex genere est ipse Manlius, cui nunc Catilina succedit. +Sunt homines ex iis coloniis, quas Sulla constituit: quas ego universas +civium esse optimorum et fortissimorum virorum sentio, sed tamen ii sunt +coloni, qui se in insperatis ac repentinis pecuniis sumptuosius +insolentiusque iactarunt. Hi dum aedificant tamquam beati, dum praediis, +lecticis, familiis magnis, conviviis adparatis delectantur, in tantum +aes alienum inciderunt, ut, si salvi esse velint, Sulla sit iis ab +inferis excitandus: qui etiam nonnullos agrestes, homines tenues atque +egentes, in eandem illam spem rapinarum veterum impulerunt. Quos ego +utrosque in eodem genere praedatorum direptorumque pono, sed eos hoc +moneo: desinant furere et proscriptiones et dictaturas cogitare. Tantus +enim illorum temporum dolor inustus est civitati, ut iam ista non modo +homines, sed ne pecudes quidem mihi passurae esse videantur. + +=10.= Quartum genus est sane varium et mixtum et turbulentum, 21 +qui iam pridem premuntur, qui numquam emergunt, qui partim inertia, +partim male gerendo negotio, partim etiam sumptibus in vetere aere +alieno vacillant, qui vadimoniis, iudiciis, proscriptionibus bonorum +defatigati, permulti et ex urbe et ex agris se in illa castra conferre +dicuntur. Hosce ego non tam milites acres quam infitiatores lentos esse +arbitror. Qui homines quam primum, si stare non possunt, corruant, sed +ita, ut non modo civitas, sed ne vicini quidem proximi sentiant. Nam +illud non intellego, quam ob rem, si vivere honeste non possunt, perire +turpiter velint, aut cur minore dolore perituros se cum multis, quam si +soli pereant, arbitrentur. Quintum genus est parricidarum, 22 +sicariorum, denique omnium facinorosorum: quos ego a Catilina non +revoco; nam neque divelli ab eo possunt et pereant sane in latrocinio, +quoniam sunt ita multi, ut eos carcer capere non possit. Postremum autem +genus est, non solum numero, verum etiam genere ipso atque vita, quod +proprium Catilinae est, de eius dilectu, immo vero de complexu eius ac +sinu, quos pexo capillo nitidos aut imberbes aut bene barbatos videtis, +manicatis et talaribus tunicis, velis amictos, non togis, quorum omnis +industria vitae et vigilandi labor in antelucanis cenis expromitur. +In his gregibus omnes aleatores, omnes adulteri, omnes impuri 23 +impudicique versantur. Hi pueri tam lepidi ac delicati non solum amare +et amari, neque cantare et saltare, sed etiam sicas vibrare et spargere +venena didicerunt: qui nisi exeunt, nisi pereunt, etiam si Catilina +perierit, scitote hoc in re publica seminarium Catilinarum futurum. +Verum tamen quid sibi isti miseri volunt? num suas secum mulierculas +sunt in castra ducturi? Quemadmodum autem illis carere poterunt, his +praesertim iam noctibus? quo autem pacto illi Appenninum atque illas +pruinas ac nives perferent? nisi idcirco se facilius hiemem toleraturos +putant, quod nudi in conviviis saltare didicerunt. + + + _We scarcely need the armies of the State to defeat such + contemptible opponents. We have all the resources of the + government, they have nothing; it is the cause of all good + against all evil. In such a contest the result is certain. + Guard your own homes, and we will do our duty._ + +=11.= O bellum magno opere pertimescendum, cum hanc sit 24 +habiturus Catilina scortorum cohortem praetoriam! Instruite nunc, +Quirites, contra has tam praeclaras Catilinae copias vestra praesidia +vestrosque exercitus: et primum gladiatori illi confecto et saucio +consules imperatoresque vestros opponite; deinde contra illam +naufragorum eiectam ac debilitatam manum florem totius Italiae ac robur +educite. Iam vero urbes coloniarum ac municipiorum respondebunt +Catilinae tumulis silvestribus. Neque ego ceteras copias, ornamenta, +praesidia vestra cum illius latronis inopia atque egestate conferre +debeo. Sed si omissis his rebus, quibus nos suppeditamur, eget 25 +ille, senatu, equitibus Romanis, urbe, aerario, vectigalibus, cuncta +Italia, provinciis omnibus, exteris nationibus, si his rebus omissis +causas ipsas, quae inter se confligunt, contendere velimus, ex eo ipso, +quam valde illi iaceant, intellegere possumus. Ex hac enim parte pudor +pugnat, illinc petulantia; hinc pudicitia, illinc stuprum; hinc fides, +illinc fraudatio; hinc pietas, illinc scelus; hinc constantia, illinc +furor; hinc honestas, illinc turpitudo; hinc continentia, illinc libido; +denique aequitas, temperantia, fortitudo, prudentia, virtutes omnes +certant cum iniquitate, luxuria, ignavia, temeritate, cum vitiis +omnibus; postremo copia cum egestate, bona ratio cum perdita, mens sana +cum amentia, bona denique spes cum omnium rerum desperatione confligit. +In eius modi certamine ac proelio nonne, etiam si hominum studia +deficiant, di ipsi immortales cogant ab his praeclarissimis virtutibus +tot et tanta vitia superari? + +=12.= Quae cum ita sint, Quirites, vos, quem ad modum iam antea 26 +dixi, vestra tecta vigiliis custodiisque defendite: mihi, ut urbi sine +vestro motu ac sine ullo tumultu satis esset praesidii, consultum atque +provisum est. Coloni omnes municipesque vestri, certiores a me facti de +hac nocturna excursione Catilinae, facile urbes suas finesque defendent. +Gladiatores, quam sibi ille manum certissimam fore putavit--quamquam +animo meliore sunt quam pars patriciorum,--potestate nostra +continebuntur. Q. Metellus, quem ego hoc prospiciens in agrum Gallicum +Picenumque praemisi, aut opprimet hominem aut omnes eius motus +conatusque prohibebit. Reliquis autem de rebus constituendis, +maturandis, agendis iam ad senatum referemus, quem vocari videtis. + + + _One more appeal to the conspirators who are still in the city. + They can go out if they will, but any attempt at violence here + will be crushed. This shall be done under my direction, with as + little disturbance as possible. I rely upon the protection of + the gods, to whom you must address your prayers._ + +Nunc illos, qui in urbe remanserunt, atque adeo qui contra urbis 27 +salutem omniumque nostrum in urbe a Catilina relicti sunt, quamquam sunt +hostes, tamen, quia sunt cives, monitos etiam atque etiam volo. Mea +lenitas adhuc si cui solutior visa est, hoc exspectavit, ut id, quod +latebat, erumperet. Quod reliquum est, iam non possum oblivisci, meam +hanc esse patriam, me horum esse consulem, mihi aut cum his vivendum aut +pro his esse moriendum. Nullus est portis custos, nullus insidiator +viae; si qui exire volunt, conivere possum: qui vero se in urbe +commoverit, cuius ego non modo factum, sed inceptum ullum conatumve +contra patriam deprehendero, sentiet in hac urbe esse consules +vigilantes, esse magistratus egregios, esse fortem senatum, esse arma, +esse carcerem, quem vindicem nefariorum ac manifestorum scelerum maiores +nostri esse voluerunt. + +=13.= Atque haec omnia sic agentur, Quirites, ut maximae res 28 +minimo motu, pericula summa nullo tumultu, bellum intestinum ac +domesticum post hominum memoriam crudelissimum et maximum me uno togato +duce et imperatore sedetur. Quod ego sic administrabo, Quirites, ut, si +ullo modo fieri poterit, ne improbus quidem quisquam in hac urbe poenam +sui sceleris sufferat. Sed si vis manifestae audaciae, si impendens +patriae periculum me necessario de hac animi lenitate deduxerit, illud +profecto perficiam, quod in tanto et tam insidioso bello vix optandum +videtur, ut neque bonus quisquam intereat paucorumque poena vos iam +omnes salvi esse possitis. Quae quidem ego neque mea prudentia 29 +neque humanis consiliis fretus polliceor vobis, Quirites, sed multis et +non dubiis deorum immortalium significationibus, quibus ego ducibus in +hanc spem sententiamque sum ingressus: qui iam non procul, ut quondam +solebant, ab externo hoste atque longinquo, sed hic praesentes suo +numine atque auxilio sua templa atque urbis tecta defendent. Quos vos, +Quirites, precari, venerari, implorare debetis, ut, quam urbem +pulcherrimam florentissimamque esse voluerunt, hanc omnibus hostium +copiis terra marique superatis a perditissimorum civium nefario scelere +defendant. + + + + +ORATION III. + +BEFORE THE PEOPLE. + + + _Citizens! This day I have saved the State, and may claim equal + honour with its founder. Let me tell you what has taken place + in the Senate._ + +=1.= Rem publicam, Quirites, vitamque omnium vestrum, bona 1 +fortunas, coniuges liberosque vestros atque hoc domicilium clarissimi +imperii, fortunatissimam pulcherrimamque urbem hodierno die deorum +immortalium summo erga vos amore, laboribus consiliis periculis meis e +flamma atque ferro ac paene ex faucibus fati ereptam et vobis +conservatam ac restitutam videtis. Et si non minus nobis 2 +iucundi atque inlustres sunt ii dies, quibus conservamur, quam illi, +quibus nascimur, quod salutis certa laetitia est, nascendi incerta +condicio, et quod sine sensu nascimur, cum voluptate servamur, profecto, +quoniam illum, qui hanc urbem condidit, ad deos immortales benevolentia +famaque sustulimus, esse apud vos posterosque vestros in honore debebit +is, qui eandem hanc urbem conditam amplificatamque servavit. Nam toti +urbi, templis delubris, tectis ac moenibus subiectos prope iam ignes +circumdatosque restinximus, eidemque gladios in rem publicam destrictos +rettudimus mucronesque eorum a iugulis vestris deiecimus. Quae 3 +quoniam in senatu inlustrata, patefacta, comperta sunt per me, vobis +iam exponam breviter, Quirites, ut et quanta et quam manifesta et qua +ratione investigata et comprehensa sint, vos, qui ignoratis et +exspectatis, scire possitis. + + + _Since Catilina departed, I have been on the watch for evidence + against his confederates. I found that Lentulus had been + tampering with the delegates of the Allobroges, and was sending + letters by them to Gaul and to Catilina. Here was my + opportunity. By my orders, two of the praetors last night + arrested the delegates with Volturcius, the agent of Lentulus, + at the Mulvian Bridge, seized their letters and brought them to + me. I sent for Lentulus, Cethegus, Statilius, and Gabinius, + convoked the Senate, and conveyed thither the whole party, with + the letters unopened. Another praetor, sent by me, seized a + collection of arms in the house of Cethegus._ + +Principio, ut Catilina paucis ante diebus erupit ex urbe, cum sceleris +sui socios, huiusce nefarii belli acerrimos duces, Romae reliquisset, +semper vigilavi et providi, Quirites, quem ad modum in tantis et tam +absconditis insidiis salvi esse possemus. =2.= Nam tum, cum ex urbe +Catilinam eiciebam--non enim iam vereor huius verbi invidiam, cum illa +magis sit timenda, quod vivus exierit,--sed tum, cum illum exterminari +volebam, aut reliquam coniuratorum manum simul exituram aut eos, qui +restitissent, infirmos sine illo ac debiles fore putabam. Atque 4 +ego ut vidi, quos maximo furore et scelere esse inflammatos sciebam, eos +nobiscum esse et Romae remansisse, in eo omnes dies noctesque consumpsi, +ut, quid agerent, quid molirentur, sentirem ac viderem, ut, quoniam +auribus vestris propter incredibilem magnitudinem sceleris minorem fidem +faceret oratio mea, rem ita comprehenderem, ut tum demum animis saluti +vestrae provideretis, cum oculis maleficium ipsum videretis. Itaque ut +comperi, legatos Allobrogum belli Transalpini et tumultus Gallici +excitandi causa a P. Lentulo esse sollicitatos, eosque in Galliam ad +suos cives eodemque itinere [cum litteris mandatisque] ad Catilinam esse +missos, comitemque iis adiunctum esse T. Volturcium atque huic ad +Catilinam esse datas litteras, facultatem mihi oblatam putavi, ut, quod +erat difficillimum quodque ego semper optabam ab dis immortalibus, tota +res non solum a me, sed etiam a senatu et a vobis manifesto +deprehenderetur. Itaque hesterno die L. Flaccum et C. Pomptinum 5 +praetores, fortissimos atque amantissimos rei publicae viros, ad me +vocavi, rem exposui, quid fieri placeret ostendi. Illi autem, qui omnia +de re publica praeclara atque egregia sentirent, sine recusatione ac +sine ulla mora negotium susceperunt et, cum advesperasceret, occulte ad +pontem Mulvium pervenerunt atque ibi in proximis villis ita bipertito +fuerunt, ut Tiberis inter eos et pons interesset. Eodem autem et ipsi +sine cuiusquam suspicione multos fortes viros eduxerant, et ego ex +praefectura Reatina complures delectos adulescentes, quorum opera utor +assidue in rei publicae praesidio, cum gladiis miseram. Interim 6 +tertia fere vigilia exacta, cum iam pontem magno comitatu legati +Allobrogum ingredi inciperent unaque Volturcius, fit in eos impetus; +educuntur et ab illis gladii et a nostris. Res praetoribus erat nota +solis, ignorabatur a ceteris. =3.= Tum interventu Pomptini atque Flacci +pugna, quae erat commissa, sedatur. Litterae, quaecumque erant in eo +comitatu, integris signis praetoribus traduntur; ipsi comprehensi ad me, +cum iam dilucesceret, deducuntur. Atque horum omnium scelerum +improbissimum machinatorem Cimbrum Gabinium statim ad me, nihildum +suspicantem, vocavi; deinde item arcessitus est L. Statilius et post eum +C. Cethegus; tardissime autem Lentulus venit, credo, quod in litteris +dandis praeter consuetudinem proxima nocte vigilarat. Cum summis 7 +et clarissimis huius civitatis viris, qui audita re frequentes ad me +mane convenerant, litteras a me prius aperiri quam ad senatum deferri +placeret, ne, si nihil esset inventum, temere a me tantus tumultus +iniectus civitati videretur, negavi me esse facturum, ut de periculo +publico non ad consilium publicum rem integram deferrem. Etenim, +Quirites, si ea, quae erant ad me delata, reperta non essent, tamen ego +non arbitrabar in tantis rei publicae periculis esse mihi nimiam +diligentiam pertimescendam. Senatum frequentem celeriter, ut 8 +vidistis, coëgi. Atque interea statim admonitu Allobrogum C. Sulpicium +praetorem, fortem virum, misi, qui ex aedibus Cethegi, si quid telorum +esset, efferret, ex quibus ille maximum sicarum numerum et gladiorum +extulit. + + + _Before the Senate, Volturcius made a confession. The Gauls + disclosed their dealings with the conspirators; and the + letters, which their writers, Cethegus, Statilius, and + Lentulus, were forced to acknowledge, were found, when read, to + confirm their evidence. Cethegus gave up his defence; Lentulus + tried to cross-examine the Gauls, but broke down, especially + when his letter to Catilina was read. Finally Gabinius, like + the rest, was reduced to silence._ + +=4.= Introduxi Volturcium sine Gallis, fidem publicam iussu senatus +dedi, hortatus sum ut ea quae sciret sine timore indicaret. Tum ille +dixit, cum vix se ex magno timore recreasset, a P. Lentulo se habere ad +Catilinam mandata et litteras, ut servorum praesidio uteretur, ut ad +urbem quam primum cum exercitu accederet; id autem, eo consilio, ut, cum +urbem ex omnibus partibus, quem ad modum descriptum distributumque erat, +incendissent caedemque infinitam civium fecissent, praesto esset ille, +qui et fugientes exciperet et se cum his urbanis ducibus coniungeret. +Introducti autem Galli ius iurandum sibi et litteras ab Lentulo, 9 +Cethego, Statilio ad suam gentem data esse dixerunt, atque ita sibi ab +his et a L. Cassio esse praescriptum, ut equitatum in Italiam quam +primum mitterent; pedestres sibi copias non defuturas: Lentulum autem +sibi confirmasse ex fatis Sibyllinis haruspicumque responsis, se esse +illum tertium Cornelium, ad quem regnum huius urbis atque imperium +pervenire esset necesse; Cinnam ante se et Sullam fuisse: eundemque +dixisse fatalem hunc esse annum ad interitum huius urbis atque imperii, +qui esset annus decimus post virginum absolutionem, post Capitolii autem +incensionem vicesimus. Hanc autem Cethego cum ceteris 10 +controversiam fuisse dixerunt, quod Lentulo et aliis Saturnalibus caedem +fieri atque urbem incendi placeret, Cethego nimium id longum videretur. + +=5.= Ac ne longum sit, Quirites, tabellas proferri iussimus, quae a +quoque dicebantur datae. Primo ostendimus Cethego signum: cognovit; nos +linum incidimus, legimus. Erat scriptum ipsius manu Allobrogum senatui +et populo, sese quae eorum legatis confirmasset facturum esse; orare ut +item illi facerent quae sibi legati eorum recepissent. Tum Cethegus, qui +paulo ante aliquid tamen de gladiis ac sicis, quae apud ipsum erant +deprehensa, respondisset dixissetque se semper bonorum ferramentorum +studiosum fuisse, recitatis litteris debilitatus atque abiectus +conscientia repente conticuit. Introductus est Statilius; cognovit et +signum et manum suam: recitatae sunt tabellae in eandem fere sententiam; +confessus est. Tum ostendi tabellas Lentulo et quaesivi, cognosceretne +signum. Adnuit. 'Est vero' inquam 'notum quidem signum, imago avi tui, +clarissimi viri, qui amavit unice patriam et cives suos, quae quidem te +a tanto scelere etiam muta revocare debuit.' Leguntur eadem 11 +ratione ad senatum Allobrogum populumque litterae. Si quid de his rebus +dicere vellet, feci potestatem. Atque ille primo quidem negavit; post +autem aliquanto, toto iam indicio exposito atque edito, surrexit, +quaesivit a Gallis, quid sibi esset cum iis, quam ob rem domum suam +venissent, itemque a Volturcio. Qui cum illi breviter constanterque +respondissent, per quem ad eum quotiensque venissent, quaesissentque ab +eo, nihilne secum esset de fatis Sibyllinis locutus, tum ille subito +scelere demens, quanta conscientiae vis esset, ostendit: nam cum id +posset infitiari, repente praeter opinionem omnium confessus est. Ita +eum non modo ingenium illud et dicendi exercitatio, qua semper valuit, +sed etiam propter vim manifesti atque deprehensi sceleris impudentia, +qua superabat omnes, improbitasque defecit. Volturcius vero 12 +subito litteras proferri atque aperiri iubet, quas sibi a Lentulo ad +Catilinam datas esse dicebat. Atque ibi vehementissime perturbatus +Lentulus tamen et signum et manum suam cognovit. Erant autem sine +nomine, sed ita: 'Quis sim, scies ex hoc, quem ad te misi. Cura ut vir +sis et cogita, quem in locum sis progressus; vide, quid iam tibi sit +necesse, et cura ut omnium tibi auxilia adiungas, etiam infimorum.' +Gabinius deinde introductus, cum primo impudenter respondere coepisset, +ad extremum nihil ex iis, quae Galli insimulabant, negavit. Ac 13 +mihi quidem, Quirites, cum illa certissima visa sunt argumenta atque +indicia sceleris, tabellae, signa, manus, denique unius cuiusque +confessio, tum multo certiora illa, color, oculi, vultus, taciturnitas. +Sic enim obstipuerant, sic terram intuebantur, sic furtim nonnumquam +inter se aspiciebant, ut non iam ab aliis indicari, sed indicare se ipsi +viderentur. + + + _The Senate then voted thanks to me, my colleague, and the + praetors; placed under arrest Lentulus (who had resigned his + praetorship) and eight others; and decreed a supplicatio in my + name, an honour never before bestowed on a civil magistrate._ + +=6.= Indiciis expositis atque editis, Quirites, senatum consului, de +summa re publica quid fieri placeret. Dictae sunt a principibus +acerrimae ac fortissimae sententiae, quas senatus sine ulla varietate +est secutus. Et quoniam nondum est perscriptum senatus consultum, ex +memoria vobis, Quirites, quid senatus censuerit exponam. Primum 14 +mihi gratiae verbis amplissimis aguntur, quod virtute, consilio, +providentia mea res publica maximis periculis sit liberata; deinde L. +Flaccus et C. Pomptinus praetores, quod eorum opera forti fidelique usus +essem, merito ac iure laudantur; atque etiam viro forti, collegae meo, +laus impertitur, quod eos, qui huius coniurationis participes fuissent, +a suis et rei publicae consiliis removisset. Atque ita censuerunt, ut P. +Lentulus, cum se praetura abdicasset, in custodiam traderetur; itemque +uti C. Cethegus, L. Statilius, P. Gabinius, qui omnes praesentes erant, +in custodiam traderentur; atque idem hoc decretum est in L. Cassium, qui +sibi procurationem incendendae urbis depoposcerat, in M. Ceparium, cui +ad sollicitandos pastores Apuliam attributam esse erat indicatum, in P. +Furium, qui est de iis colonis, quos Faesulas L. Sulla deduxit, in Q. +Annium Chilonem, qui una cum hoc Furio semper erat in hac Allobrogum +sollicitatione versatus, in P. Umbrenum, libertinum hominem, a quo +primum Gallos ad Gabinium perductos esse constabat. Atque ea 15 +lenitate senatus usus est, Quirites, ut ex tanta coniuratione tantaque +hac multitudine domesticorum hostium novem hominum perditissimorum poena +re publica conservata, reliquorum mentes sanari posse arbitraretur. +Atque etiam supplicatio dis immortalibus pro singulari eorum merito meo +nomine decreta est, quod mihi primum post hanc urbem conditam togato +contigit, et his verbis decreta est: quod urbem incendiis, caede cives, +Italiam bello liberassem. Quae supplicatio si cum ceteris +[supplicationibus] conferatur, hoc interest, quod ceterae bene gesta, +haec una conservata re publica constituta est. Atque illud, quod +faciendum primum fuit, factum atque transactum est. Nam P. Lentulus, +quamquam, patefactus indiciis et confessionibus suis, iudicio senatus +non modo praetoris ius, verum etiam civis amiserat, tamen magistratu se +abdicavit, ut, quae religio C. Mario, clarissimo viro, non fuerat quo +minus C. Glauciam, de quo nihil nominatim erat decretum, praetorem +occideret, ea nos religione in privato P. Lentulo puniendo liberaremur. + + + _We have thus defeated the conspiracy; but the struggle would + have been much more severe, if Catilina had remained in the + city._ + +=7.= Nunc quoniam, Quirites, consceleratissimi periculosissimique 16 +belli nefarios duces captos iam et comprehensos tenetis, existimare +debetis, omnes Catilinae copias, omnes spes atque opes his depulsis +urbis periculis concidisse. Quem quidem ego cum ex urbe pellebam, hoc +providebam animo, Quirites, remoto Catilina non mihi esse P. Lentuli +somnum nec L. Cassii adipes nec C. Cethegi furiosam temeritatem +pertimescendam. Ille erat unus timendus ex istis omnibus, sed tam diu, +dum urbis moenibus continebatur. Omnia norat, omnium aditus tenebat; +appellare, tentare, sollicitare poterat, audebat; erat ei consilium ad +facinus aptum, consilio autem neque lingua neque manus deerat. Iam ad +certas res conficiendas certos homines delectos ac descriptos habebat. +Neque vero, cum aliquid mandarat, confectum putabat: nihil erat quod +non ipse obiret occurreret, vigilaret laboraret; frigus, sitim, famem +ferre poterat. Hunc ego hominem tam acrem, tam audacem, tam 17 +paratum, tam callidum, tam in scelere vigilantem, tam in perditis rebus +diligentem nisi ex domesticis insidiis in castrense latrocinium +compulissem, dicam id quod sentio, Quirites, non facile hanc tantam +molem mali a vestris cervicibus depulissem. Non ille nobis Saturnalia +constituisset neque tanto ante exitii ac fati diem rei publicae +denuntiavisset, neque commisisset ut signum, ut litterae suae testes +manifesti sceleris deprehenderentur. Quae nunc illo absente sic gesta +sunt, ut nullum in privata domo furtum umquam sit tam palam inventum, +quam haec tanta in re publica coniuratio manifesto inventa atque +deprehensa est. Quodsi Catilina in urbe ad hanc diem remansisset, +quamquam, quoad fuit, omnibus eius consiliis occurri atque obstiti, +tamen, ut levissime dicam, dimicandum nobis cum illo fuisset, neque nos +umquam, dum ille in urbe hostis esset, tantis periculis rem publicam +tanta pace, tanto otio, tanto silentio liberassemus. + + + _Many signs show that the Gods have had us under their special + protection. The soothsayers warned us of our danger two years + ago, when the Capitol was struck by lightning. They bade us + avert it by making a new statue of Jupiter, and turning it + towards the Forum; it was erected this day, at the very moment + when the conspiracy was being detected. It is Jupiter alone who + has preserved us._ + +=8.= Quamquam haec omnia, Quirites, ita sunt a me administrata, 18 +ut deorum immortalium nutu atque consilio et gesta et provisa esse +videantur; idque cum coniectura consequi possumus, quod vix videtur +humani consilii tantarum rerum gubernatio esse potuisse, tum vero ita +praesentes his temporibus opem et auxilium nobis tulerunt, ut eos paene +oculis videre possemus. Nam ut illa omittam, visas nocturno tempore ab +occidente faces ardoremque caeli, ut fulminum iactus, ut terrae motus +relinquam, ut omittam cetera, quae ita multa nobis consulibus facta +sunt, ut haec, quae nunc fiunt, canere di immortales viderentur, hoc +certe, quod sum dicturus, neque praetermittendum neque relinquendum est. +Nam profecto memoria tenetis, Cotta et Torquato consulibus 19 +complures in Capitolio res de caelo esse percussas, cum et simulacra +deorum depulsa sunt et statuae veterum hominum deiectae et legum aera +liquefacta et tactus etiam ille, qui hanc urbem condidit, Romulus, quem +inauratum in Capitolio parvum atque lactantem, uberibus lupinis +inhiantem, fuisse meministis. Quo quidem tempore cum haruspices ex tota +Etruria convenissent, caedes atque incendia et legum interitum et bellum +civile ac domesticum et totius urbis atque imperii occasum adpropinquare +dixerunt, nisi di immortales omni ratione placati suo numine prope fata +ipsa flexissent. Itaque illorum responsis tum et ludi per dies 20 +decem facti sunt, neque res ulla, quae ad placandos deos pertineret, +praetermissa est: eidemque iusserunt simulacrum Iovis facere maius et in +excelso collocare et contra atque antea fuerat, ad orientem convertere; +ac se sperare dixerunt, si illud signum, quod videtis, solis ortum et +forum curiamque conspiceret, fore ut ea consilia, quae clam essent inita +contra salutem urbis atque imperii, inlustrarentur, ut a senatu +populoque Romano perspici possent. Atque illud signum collocandum +consules illi locaverunt, sed tanta fuit operis tarditas, ut neque +superioribus consulibus neque nobis ante hodiernum diem collocaretur. +=9.= Hic quis potest esse, Quirites, tam aversus a vero, tam 21 +praeceps, tam mente captus, qui neget haec omnia, quae videmus, +praecipueque hanc urbem deorum immortalium nutu ac potestate +administrari? Etenim cum esset ita responsum, caedes, incendia, +interitum rei publicae comparari, et ea per cives, quae tum propter +magnitudinem scelerum nonnullis incredibilia videbantur, ea non modo +cogitata a nefariis civibus, verum etiam suscepta sensistis. Illud vero +nonne ita praesens est, ut nutu Iovis Optimi Maximi factum esse +videatur, ut, cum hodierno die mane per forum meo iussu et coniurati et +eorum indices in aedem Concordiae ducerentur, eo ipso tempore signum +statueretur? quo collocato atque ad vos senatumque converso, omnia, quae +erant cogitata contra salutem omnium, inlustrata et patefacta vidistis. +Quo etiam maiore sunt isti odio supplicioque digni, qui non 22 +solum vestris domiciliis atque tectis, sed etiam deorum templis atque +delubris sunt funestos ac nefarios ignes inferre conati. Quibus ego si +me restitisse dicam, nimium mihi sumam et non sim ferendus: ille, ille +Iuppiter restitit; ille Capitolium, ille haec templa, ille cunctam +urbem, ille vos omnes salvos esse voluit. Dis ego immortalibus ducibus +hanc mentem voluntatemque suscepi atque ad haec tanta indicia perveni. +Iam vero ab Lentulo ceterisque domesticis hostibus tam dementer tantae +res creditae et ignotis et barbaris commissaeque litterae numquam essent +profecto, nisi ab dis immortalibus huic tantae audaciae consilium esset +ereptum. Quid vero? ut homines Galli ex civitate male pacata, quae gens +una restat, quae bellum populo Romano facere posse et non nolle +videatur, spem imperii ac rerum amplissimarum ultro sibi a patriciis +hominibus oblatam neglegerent vestramque salutem suis opibus +anteponerent, id non divinitus factum esse putatis? praesertim qui nos +non pugnando, sed tacendo superare potuerint. + + + _Celebrate, then, the thanksgiving: never was one better + deserved. We have had many civil disturbances in the last + twenty years, and much bloodshed; but in these revolution was + the object, not the destruction of the State._ + +=10.= Quam ob rem, Quirites, quoniam ad omnia pulvinaria 23 +supplicatio decreta est, celebratote illos dies cum coniugibus ac +liberis vestris. Nam multi saepe honores dis immortalibus iusti habiti +sunt ac debiti, sed profecto iustiores numquam. Erepti enim estis ex +crudelissimo ac miserrimo interitu: sine caede, sine sanguine, sine +exercitu, sine dimicatione togati me uno togato duce et imperatore +vicistis. Etenim recordamini, Quirites, omnes civiles 24 +dissensiones, non solum eas, quas audistis, sed eas, quas vosmet ipsi +meministis atque vidistis. L. Sulla P. Sulpicium oppressit: C. Marium, +custodem huius urbis, multosque fortes viros partim eiecit ex civitate, +partim interemit. Cn. Octavius consul armis expulit ex urbe collegam: +omnis hic locus acervis corporum et civium sanguine redundavit. +Superavit postea Cinna cum Mario: tum vero, clarissimis viris +interfectis, lumina civitatis exstincta sunt. Ultus est huius victoriae +crudelitatem postea Sulla, ne dici quidem opus est, quanta deminutione +civium et quanta calamitate rei publicae. Dissensit M. Lepidus a +clarissimo ac fortissimo viro Q. Catulo: attulit non tam ipsius +interitus rei publicae luctum quam ceterorum. Atque illae tamen 25 +omnes dissensiones, quae non ad delendam, sed ad commutandam rem +publicam pertinebant--non illi nullam esse rem publicam, sed in ea, quae +esset, se esse principes, neque hanc urbem conflagrare, sed se in hac +urbe florere voluerunt,--eius modi fuerunt, ut non reconciliatione +concordiae, sed internecione civium diiudicatae sint. In hoc autem uno +post hominum memoriam maximo crudelissimoque bello, quale bellum nulla +umquam barbaria cum sua gente gessit, quo in bello lex haec fuit a +Lentulo, Catilina, Cethego, Cassio constituta, ut omnes, qui salva urbe +salvi esse possent, in hostium numero ducerentur, ita me gessi, +Quirites, ut omnes salvi conservaremini, et, cum hostes vestri tantum +civium superfuturum putassent, quantum infinitae caedi restitisset, +tantum autem urbis, quantum flamma obire non potuisset, et urbem et +cives integros incolumesque servavi. + + + _I ask no reward but your recollection of my services. Unlike + foreign conquerors, I must live side by side with my enemies; + be it yours to see that I do not suffer from the hatred of the + wicked which I have provoked. Life can give me no greater + honour; I will strive to prove worthy of it in future._ + + _Make your prayers, then, to Jupiter, and guard your homes + to-night; the danger will soon be over._ + +=11.= Quibus pro tantis rebus, Quirites, nullum ego a vobis 26 +praemium virtutis, nullum insigne honoris, nullum monimentum laudis +postulo praeterquam huius diei memoriam sempiternam. In animis ego +vestris omnes triumphos meos, omnia ornamenta honoris, monimenta +gloriae, laudis insignia condi et collocari volo. Nihil me mutum potest +delectare, nihil tacitum, nihil denique eius modi, quod etiam minus +digni adsequi possint. Memoria vestra, Quirites, res nostrae alentur, +sermonibus crescent, litterarum monimentis inveterascent et +conroborabuntur; eandemque diem intellego, quam spero aeternam fore, +propagatam esse et ad salutem urbis et ad memoriam consulatus mei, +unoque tempore in hac re publica duos cives exstitisse, quorum alter +fines vestri imperii non terrae, sed caeli regionibus terminaret, alter +eiusdem imperii domicilium sedesque servaret. =12.= Sed quoniam 27 +earum rerum, quas ego gessi, non eadem est fortuna atque condicio quae +illorum, qui externa bella gesserunt, quod mihi cum iis vivendum est, +quos vici ac subegi, illi hostes aut interfectos aut oppressos +reliquerunt, vestrum est, Quirites, si ceteris facta sua recte prosunt, +mihi mea ne quando obsint providere. Mentes enim hominum audacissimorum +sceleratae ac nefariae ne vobis nocere possent ego providi: ne mihi +noceant vestrum est providere. Quamquam, Quirites, mihi quidem ipsi +nihil ab istis iam noceri potest. Magnum enim est in bonis praesidium, +quod mihi in perpetuum comparatum est, magna in re publica dignitas, +quae me semper tacita defendet, magna vis conscientiae, quam qui +neglegunt, cum me violare volent, se ipsi indicabunt. Est etiam 28 +in nobis is animus, Quirites, ut non modo nullius audaciae cedamus, sed +etiam omnes improbos ultro semper lacessamus. Quodsi omnis impetus +domesticorum hostium, depulsus a vobis, se in me unum converterit, vobis +erit videndum, Quirites, qua condicione posthac eos esse velitis, qui se +pro salute vestra obtulerint invidiae periculisque omnibus: mihi quidem +ipsi quid est, quod iam ad vitae fructum possit adquiri, cum praesertim +neque in honore vestro neque in gloria virtutis quidquam videam altius, +quo mihi lubeat ascendere? Illud profecto perficiam, Quirites, 29 +ut ea, quae gessi in consulatu, privatus tuear atque ornem, ut, si qua +est invidia conservanda re publica suscepta, laedat invidos, mihi valeat +ad gloriam. Denique ita me in re publica tractabo, ut meminerim semper +quae gesserim, curemque ut ea virtute, non casu gesta esse videantur. +Vos, Quirites, quoniam iam nox est, venerati Iovem illum, custodem huius +urbis ac vestrum, in vestra tecta discedite et ea, quamquam iam est +periculum depulsum, tamen aeque ac priore nocte custodiis vigiliisque +defendite. Id ne vobis diutius faciendum sit atque ut in perpetua pace +esse possitis providebo. + + + + +ORATION IV. + +BEFORE THE SENATE. + + + _Senators! I see all eyes turned upon me. I appreciate your + anxiety on my behalf, but dismiss all care for me from your + minds. I am ready to meet all contingencies, though not unmoved + by the fears of those dear to me._ + +=1.= Video, patres conscripti, in me omnium vestrum ora atque 1 +oculos esse conversos; video vos non solum de vestro ac rei publicae, +verum etiam, si id depulsum sit, de meo periculo esse sollicitos. Est +mihi iucunda in malis et grata in dolore vestra erga me voluntas, sed +eam, per deos immortales, deponite atque obliti salutis meae de vobis ac +de vestris cogitate. Mihi si haec condicio consulatus data est, ut omnes +acerbitates, omnes dolores cruciatusque perferrem, feram non solum +fortiter, verum etiam lubenter, dummodo meis laboribus vobis populoque +Romano dignitas salusque pariatur. Ego sum ille consul, patres 2 +conscripti, cui non forum, in quo omnis aequitas continetur, non campus, +consularibus auspiciis consecratus, non curia, summum auxilium omnium +gentium, non domus, commune perfugium, non lectus, ad quietem datus, non +denique haec sedes honoris umquam vacua mortis periculo atque insidiis +fuit. Ego multa tacui, multa pertuli, multa concessi, multa meo quodam +dolore in vestro timore sanavi. Nunc si hunc exitum consulatus mei di +immortales esse voluerunt, ut vos populumque Romanum ex caede miserrima, +coniuges liberosque vestros virginesque Vestales ex acerbissima +vexatione, templa atque delubra, hanc pulcherrimam patriam omnium +nostrum ex foedissima flamma, totam Italiam ex bello et vastitate +eriperem, quaecumque mihi uni proponetur fortuna, subeatur. Etenim si P. +Lentulus suum nomen inductus a vatibus fatale ad perniciem rei publicae +fore putavit, cur ego non laeter meum consulatum ad salutem populi +Romani prope fatalem exstitisse? =2.= Quare, patres conscripti, 3 +consulite vobis, prospicite patriae, conservate vos, coniuges, liberos +fortunasque vestras, populi Romani nomen salutemque defendite: mihi +parcere ac de me cogitare desinite. Nam primum debeo sperare, omnes +deos, qui huic urbi praesident, pro eo mihi ac mereor relaturos esse +gratiam: deinde, si quid obtigerit, aequo animo paratoque moriar. Nam +neque turpis mors forti viro potest accidere neque immatura consulari +neque misera sapienti. Nec tamen ego sum ille ferreus, qui fratris +carissimi et amantissimi praesentis maerore non movear horumque omnium +lacrimis, a quibus me circumsessum videtis: neque meam mentem non domum +saepe revocat exanimata uxor et abiecta metu filia et parvulus filius, +quem mihi videtur amplecti res publica tamquam obsidem consulatus mei, +neque ille, qui exspectans huius exitum diei stat in conspectu meo, +gener. Moveor his rebus omnibus, sed in eam partem, uti salvi sint +vobiscum omnes, etiam si me vis aliqua oppresserit, potius, quam et illi +et nos una rei publicae peste pereamus. + + + _Think of the gravity of the situation. You have already by + your measures shown your view of the case, but I will put it + before you as though it were still an open question. Only + remember that the evil is widespread, and calls for energetic + action._ + +Quare, patres conscripti, incumbite ad salutem rei publicae, 4 +circumspicite omnes procellas, quae impendent, nisi providetis. Non Ti. +Gracchus, quod iterum tribunus pl. fieri voluit, non C. Gracchus, quod +agrarios concitare conatus est, non L. Saturninus, quod C. Memmium +occidit, in discrimen aliquod atque in vestrae severitatis iudicium +adducitur: tenentur ii, qui ad urbis incendium, ad vestram omnium +caedem, ad Catilinam accipiendum Romae restiterunt; tenentur litterae, +signa, manus, denique unius cuiusque confessio; sollicitantur +Allobroges, servitia excitantur, Catilina arcessitur, id est initum +consilium, ut interfectis omnibus nemo ne ad deplorandum quidem populi +Romani nomen atque ad lamentandam tanti imperii calamitatem relinquatur. +=3.= Haec omnia indices detulerunt, rei confessi sunt, vos multis 5 +iam iudiciis iudicavistis, primum quod mihi gratias egistis singularibus +verbis et mea virtute atque diligentia perditorum hominum coniurationem +patefactam esse decrevistis, deinde quod P. Lentulum se abdicare +praetura coëgistis, tum quod eum et ceteros, de quibus iudicastis, in +custodiam dandos censuistis, maximeque quod meo nomine supplicationem +decrevistis, qui honos togato habitus ante me est nemini; postremo +hesterno die praemia legatis Allobrogum Titoque Volturcio dedistis +amplissima. Quae sunt omnia eius modi, ut ii, qui in custodiam nominatim +dati sunt, sine ulla dubitatione a vobis damnati esse videantur. + +Sed ego institui referre ad vos, patres conscripti, tamquam 6 +integrum, et de facto quid iudicetis et de poena quid censeatis. Illa +praedicam, quae sunt consulis. Ego magnum in re publica versari furorem +et nova quaedam misceri et concitari mala iam pridem videbam, sed hanc +tantam, tam exitiosam haberi coniurationem a civibus numquam putavi. +Nunc quidquid est, quocumque vestrae mentes inclinant atque sententiae, +statuendum vobis ante noctem est. Quantum facinus ad vos delatum sit, +videtis. Huic si paucos putatis adfines esse, vehementer erratis. Latius +opinione disseminatum est hoc malum: manavit non solum per Italiam, +verum etiam transcendit Alpes et obscure serpens multas iam provincias +occupavit. Id opprimi sustentando et prolatando nullo pacto potest: +quacumque ratione placet, celeriter vobis vindicandum est. + + + _Two proposals are before us. D. Silanus would put the + conspirators to death; C. Caesar would imprison them in some + municipium for life; a plan difficult to carry out, and perhaps + really more severe than the other._ + +=4.= Video adhuc duas esse sententias, unam D. Silani, qui censet 7 +eos, qui haec delere conati sunt, morte esse multandos, alteram +C. Caesaris, qui mortis poenam removet, ceterorum suppliciorum omnes +acerbitates amplectitur. Uterque et pro sua dignitate et pro rerum +magnitudine in summa severitate versatur. Alter eos, qui nos omnes vita +privare conati sunt, qui delere imperium, qui populi Romani nomen +exstinguere, punctum temporis frui vita et hoc communi spiritu non putat +oportere, atque hoc genus poenae saepe in improbos cives in hac re +publica esse usurpatum recordatur. Alter intellegit mortem ab dis +immortalibus non esse supplicii causa constitutam, sed aut necessitatem +naturae aut laborum ac miseriarum quietem. Itaque eam sapientes numquam +inviti, fortes saepe etiam lubenter oppetiverunt. Vincula vero et ea +sempiterna certe ad singularem poenam nefarii sceleris inventa sunt. +Municipiis dispertiri iubet. Habere videtur ista res iniquitatem, si +imperare velis, difficultatem, si rogare: decernatur tamen, si placet. +Ego enim suscipiam, et, ut spero, reperiam, qui id, quod salutis 8 +omnium causa statueritis, non putent esse suae dignitatis +recusare. Adiungit gravem poenam municipiis, si quis eorum vincula +ruperit: horribiles custodias circumdat et dignas scelere hominum +perditorum. Sancit, ne quis eorum poenam, quos condemnat, aut per +senatum aut per populum possit levare: eripit etiam spem, quae sola +homines in miseriis consolari solet. Bona praeterea publicari iubet: +vitam solam relinquit nefariis hominibus, quam si eripuisset, multas uno +dolore animi atque corporis aerumnas et omnes scelerum poenas ademisset. +Itaque ut aliqua in vita formido improbis esset posita, apud inferos +eius modi quaedam illi antiqui supplicia impiis constituta esse +voluerunt, quod videlicet intelligebant iis remotis non esse mortem +ipsam pertimescendam. + + + _My personal interest is clear. As Caesar is a popular leader, + I shall not, if you adopt his proposal, have to fear so much + the attacks of that party. Some of its members I see are + absent, as though they questioned our jurisdiction in this + matter. Caesar has shown that he has no such scruples._ + +=5.= Nunc ego, patres conscripti, mea video quid intersit. Si 9 +eritis secuti sententiam C. Caesaris, quoniam hanc is in re publica +viam, quae popularis habetur, secutus est, fortasse minus erunt, hoc +auctore et cognitore huiusce sententiae, mihi populares impetus +pertimescendi: sin illam alteram, nescio an amplius mihi negotii +contrahatur. Sed tamen meorum periculorum rationes utilitas rei +publicae vincat. Habemus enim a Caesare, sicut ipsius dignitas et +maiorum eius amplitudo postulabat, sententiam tamquam obsidem perpetuae +in rem publicam voluntatis. Intellectum est, quid interesset inter +levitatem contionatorum et animum vere popularem, saluti populi +consulentem. Video de istis, qui se populares haberi volunt, 10 +abesse non neminem, ne de capite videlicet civium Romanorum sententiam +ferat. Is et nudius tertius in custodiam cives Romanos dedit et +supplicationem mihi decrevit et indices hesterno die maximis praemiis +adfecit. Iam hoc nemini dubium est, qui reo custodiam, quaesitori +gratulationem, indici praemium decrerit, quid de tota re et causa +iudicarit. At vero C. Caesar intellegit, legem Semproniam esse de +civibus Romanis constitutam, qui autem rei publicae sit hostis, eum +civem nullo modo esse posse; denique ipsum latorem Semproniae legis +iniussu populi poenas rei publicae dependisse. Idem ipsum Lentulum, +largitorem et prodigum, non putat, cum de pernicie populi Romani, exitio +huius urbis, tam acerbe, tam crudeliter cogitarit, etiam appellari posse +popularem. Itaque homo mitissimus atque lenissimus non dubitat P. +Lentulum aeternis tenebris vinculisque mandare et sancit in posterum, ne +quis huius supplicio levando se iactare et in perniciem populi Romani +posthac popularis esse possit: adiungit etiam publicationem bonorum, ut +omnes animi cruciatus et corporis etiam egestas ac mendicitas +consequatur. + + + _In any case we need not fear the charge of cruelty. In + punishing crimes like these, severity is the truest humanity. + Remember what L. Caesar said yesterday; yet the offences of C. + Gracchus cannot be compared to Catilina's._ + +=6.= Quam ob rem sive hoc statueritis, dederitis mihi comitem ad 11 +contionem populo carum atque iucundum, sive Silani sententiam sequi +malueritis, facile me atque vos crudelitatis vituperatione populus +Romanus exsolvet, atque obtinebo eam multo leniorem fuisse. Quamquam, +patres conscripti, quae potest esse in tanti sceleris immanitate +punienda crudelitas? Ego enim de meo sensu iudico. Nam ita mihi salva re +publica vobiscum perfrui liceat, ut ego, quod in hac causa vehementior +sum, non atrocitate animi moveor--quis est enim me mitior?--sed +singulari quadam humanitate et misericordia. Videor enim mihi videre +hanc urbem, lucem orbis terrarum atque arcem omnium gentium, subito uno +incendio concidentem; cerno animo sepulta in patria miseros atque +insepultos acervos civium; versatur mihi ante oculos aspectus Cethegi et +furor in vestra caede bacchantis. Cum vero mihi proposui 12 +regnantem Lentulum, sicut ipse se sperasse ex fatis confessus est, +purpuratum esse huic Gabinium, cum exercitu venisse Catilinam, tum +lamentationem matrum familias, tum fugam virginum atque puerorum ac +vexationem [virginum] Vestalium perhorresco, et quia mihi vehementer +haec videntur misera atque miseranda, idcirco in eos, qui ea perficere +voluerunt, me severum vehementemque praebeo. Etenim quaero, si quis +pater familias, liberis suis a servo interfectis, uxore occisa, incensa +domo, supplicium de servo non quam acerbissimum sumpserit, utrum is +clemens ac misericors an inhumanissimus et crudelissimus esse videatur? +Mihi vero importunus ac ferreus, qui non dolore et cruciatu nocentis +suum dolorem cruciatumque lenierit. Sic nos in his hominibus, qui nos, +qui coniuges, qui liberos nostros trucidare voluerunt, qui singulas +unius cuiusque nostrum domos et hoc universum rei publicae domicilium +delere conati sunt, qui id egerunt, ut gentem Allobrogum in vestigiis +huius urbis atque in cinere deflagrati imperii conlocarent, si +vehementissimi fuerimus, misericordes habebimur: sin remissiores esse +voluerimus, summae nobis crudelitatis in patriae civiumque pernicie fama +subeunda est. Nisi vero cuipiam L. Caesar, vir fortissimus et 13 +amantissimus rei publicae, crudelior nudius tertius visus est, cum +sororis suae, feminae lectissimae, virum praesentem et audientem vita +privandum esse dixit, cum avum suum iussu consulis interfectum filiumque +eius impuberem, legatum a patre missum, in carcere necatum esse dixit. +Quorum quod simile factum? quod initum delendae rei publicae consilium? +Largitionis voluntas tum in re publica versata est et partium quaedam +contentio. Atque eo tempore huius avus Lentuli, vir clarissimus, armatus +Gracchum est persecutus; ille etiam grave tum vulnus accepit, ne quid de +summa re publica deminueretur: hic ad evertenda fundamenta rei publicae +Gallos arcessit, servitia concitat, Catilinam vocat, attribuit nos +trucidandos Cethego et ceteros cives interficiendos Gabinio, urbem +inflammandam Cassio, Italiam totam vastandam diripiendamque Catilinae. +Vereamini censeo, ne in hoc scelere tam immani ac tam nefando nimis +aliquid severe statuisse videamini: multo magis est verendum, ne +remissione poenae crudeliores in patriam, quam ne severitate +animadversionis nimis vehementes in acerbissimos hostes fuisse +videamini. + + + _You need not fear that we shall lack strength to carry out our + decision. Every class in the State is with us: the knights, the + civil servants, the freedmen, even the slaves. It is true that + the shopkeepers have been solicited by Lentulus, but in vain._ + +=7.= Sed ea, quae exaudio, patres conscripti, dissimulare non 14 +possum. Iaciuntur enim voces, quae perveniunt ad aures meas, eorum qui +vereri videntur, ut habeam satis praesidii ad ea, quae vos statueritis +hodierno die, transigunda. Omnia et provisa et parata et constituta +sunt, patres conscripti, cum mea summa cura atque diligentia tum etiam +multo maiore populi Romani ad summum imperium retinendum et ad communes +fortunas conservandas voluntate. Omnes adsunt omnium ordinum homines, +omnium generum, omnium denique aetatum; plenum est forum, plena templa +circum forum, pleni omnes aditus huius loci ac templi. Causa est enim +post urbem conditam haec inventa sola, in qua omnes sentirent unum atque +idem, praeter eos, qui cum sibi viderent esse pereundum, cum omnibus +potius quam soli perire voluerunt. Hosce ego homines excipio et 15 +secerno lubenter; neque enim in improborum civium, sed in acerbissimorum +hostium numero habendos puto. Ceteri vero, di immortales, qua +frequentia, quo studio, qua virtute ad communem salutem dignitatemque +consentiunt! Quid ego equites Romanos commemorem? qui vobis ita summam +ordinis consiliique concedunt, ut vobiscum de amore rei publicae +certent; quos ex multorum annorum dissensione huius ordinis ad +societatem concordiamque revocatos hodiernus dies vobiscum atque haec +causa coniungit: quam si coniunctionem, confirmatam in consulatu meo, +perpetuam in re publica tenuerimus, confirmo vobis nullum posthac malum +civile ac domesticum ad ullam rei publicae partem esse venturum. Pari +studio defendundae rei publicae convenisse video tribunos aerarios, +fortissimos viros; scribas item universos, quos cum casu hic dies ad +aerarium frequentasset, video ab exspectatione sortis ad salutem +communem esse conversos. Omnis ingenuorum adest multitudo, etiam 16 +tenuissimorum. Quis enim est, cui non haec templa, aspectus urbis, +possessio libertatis, lux denique haec ipsa et hoc commune patriae solum +cum sit carum, tum vero dulce atque iucundum? =8.= Operae pretium est, +patres conscripti, libertinorum hominum studia cognoscere, qui sua +virtute fortunam huius civitatis consecuti hanc suam patriam iudicant, +quam quidam hic nati et summo loco nati non patriam suam, sed urbem +hostium esse iudicaverunt. Sed quid ego hosce homines ordinesque +commemoro, quos privatae fortunae, quos communis res publica, quos +denique libertas, ea quae dulcissima est, ad salutem patriae defendendam +excitavit? Servus est nemo, qui modo tolerabili condicione sit +servitutis, qui non audaciam civium perhorrescat, qui non haec stare +cupiat, qui non tantum, quantum audet et quantum potest, conferat ad +communem salutem voluntatis. Quare si quem vestrum forte 17 +commovet hoc, quod auditum est, lenonem quendam Lentuli concursare +circum tabernas, pretio sperare posse sollicitari animos egentium atque +imperitorum, est id quidem coeptum atque tentatum, sed nulli sunt +inventi tam aut fortuna miseri aut voluntate perditi, qui non illum +ipsum sellae atque operis et quaestus cotidiani locum, qui non cubile +atque lectulum suum, qui denique non cursum hunc otiosum vitae suae +salvum esse velint. Multo vero maxima pars eorum, qui in tabernis sunt, +immo vero--id enim potius est dicendum--genus hoc universum amantissimum +est otii. Etenim omne instrumentum, omnis opera atque quaestus +frequentia civium sustentatur, alitur otio: quorum si quaestus occlusis +tabernis minui solet, quid tandem incensis futurum fuit? + + + _The people will not fail you; do not fail them. Take advantage + of their unanimity, and think of the gravity of the crisis._ + +=9.= Quae cum ita sint, patres conscripti, vobis populi Romani 18 +praesidia non desunt: vos ne populo Romano deesse videamini providete. +Habetis consulem ex plurimis periculis et insidiis atque ex media morte +non ad vitam suam, sed ad salutem vestram reservatum; omnes ordines ad +conservandam rem publicam mente, voluntate, studio, virtute, voce +consentiunt; obsessa facibus et telis impiae coniurationis vobis supplex +manus tendit patria communis, vobis se, vobis vitam omnium civium, vobis +arcem et Capitolium, vobis aras Penatium, vobis ignem illum Vestae +sempiternum, vobis omnium deorum templa atque delubra, vobis muros atque +urbis tecta commendat. Praeterea de vestra vita, de coniugum vestrarum +atque liberorum anima, de fortunis omnium, de sedibus, de focis vestris +hodierno die vobis iudicandum est. Habetis ducem memorem vestri, 19 +oblitum sui, quae non semper facultas datur; habetis omnes ordines, +omnes homines, universum populum Romanum, id quod in civili causa +hodierno die primum videmus, unum atque idem sentientem. Cogitate, +quantis laboribus fundatum imperium, quanta virtute stabilitam +libertatem, quanta deorum benignitate auctas exaggeratasque fortunas una +nox paene delerit. Id ne umquam posthac non modo confici, sed ne +cogitari quidem possit a civibus, hodierno die providendum est. Atque +haec, non ut vos, qui mihi studio paene praecurritis, excitarem, locutus +sum, sed ut mea vox, quae debet esse in re publica princeps, officio +functa consulari videretur. + + + _I know the danger I incur; but whatever comes I shall never + repent of what I have done. My achievements will find a place + with those of our national heroes. My domestic enemies will + wage eternal war upon me; but I trust in the protection of all + good citizens._ + +=10.= Nunc antequam ad sententiam redeo, de me pauca dicam. Ego, 20 +quanta manus est coniuratorum, quam videtis esse permagnam, tantam me +inimicorum multitudinem suscepisse video, sed eam iudico esse turpem et +infirmam et contemptam et abiectam. Quodsi aliquando alicuius furore et +scelere concitata manus ista plus valuerit quam vestra ac rei publicae +dignitas, me tamen meorum factorum atque consiliorum numquam, patres +conscripti, paenitebit. Etenim mors, quam illi mihi fortasse minitantur, +omnibus est parata: vitae tantam laudem, quanta vos me vestris decretis +honestastis, nemo est adsecutus; ceteris enim bene gestae, mihi uni +conservatae rei publicae gratulationem decrevistis. Sit Scipio 21 +clarus ille, cuius consilio atque virtute Hannibal in Africam redire +atque ex Italia decedere coactus est; ornetur alter eximia laude +Africanus, qui duas urbes huic imperio infestissimas, Karthaginem +Numantiamque, delevit; habeatur vir egregius Paullus ille, cuius currum +rex potentissimus quondam et nobilissimus Perses honestavit; sit aeterna +gloria Marius, qui bis Italiam obsidione et metu servitutis liberavit; +anteponatur omnibus Pompeius, cuius res gestae atque virtutes eisdem +quibus solis cursus regionibus ac terminis continentur: erit profecto +inter horum laudes aliquid loci nostrae gloriae, nisi forte maius est +patefacere nobis provincias, quo exire possimus, quam curare ut etiam +illi, qui absunt, habeant quo victores revertantur. Quamquam est 22 +uno loco condicio melior externae victoriae quam domesticae, quia hostes +alienigenae aut oppressi serviunt aut recepti in amicitiam beneficio se +obligatos putant; qui autem ex numero civium, dementia aliqua depravati, +hostes patriae semel esse coeperunt, eos cum a pernicie rei publicae +reppuleris, nec vi coërcere nec beneficio placare possis. Quare mihi cum +perditis civibus aeternum bellum susceptum esse video. Id ego vestro +bonorumque omnium auxilio memoriaque tantorum periculorum, quae non modo +in hoc populo, qui servatus est, sed in omnium gentium sermonibus ac +mentibus semper haerebit, a me atque a meis facile propulsari posse +confido. Neque ulla profecto tanta vis reperietur, quae coniunctionem +vestram equitumque Romanorum et tantam conspirationem bonorum omnium +confringere et labefactare possit. + + + _One reward I ask for my sacrifices and exertions--your + recollection of my services, and your protection of my son. + Vote then bravely, remembering the interests at stake, and I + will carry out your decision._ + +=11.= Quae cum ita sint, pro imperio, pro exercitu, pro 23 +provincia, quam neglexi, pro triumpho ceterisque laudis insignibus, quae +sunt a me propter urbis vestraeque salutis custodiam repudiata, pro +clientelis hospitiisque provincialibus, quae tamen urbanis opibus non +minore labore tueor quam comparo, pro his igitur omnibus rebus et pro +meis in vos singularibus studiis et pro hac, quam perspicitis, ad +conservandam rem publicam diligentia nihil a vobis nisi huius temporis +totiusque mei consulatus memoriam postulo: quae dum erit in vestris fixa +mentibus, tutissimo me muro saeptum esse arbitrabor. Quodsi meam spem +vis improborum fefellerit atque superaverit, commendo vobis meum parvum +filium, cui profecto satis erit praesidii non solum ad salutem, verum +etiam ad dignitatem, si eius, qui haec omnia suo solius periculo +conservaverit, illum filium esse memineritis. Quapropter de 24 +summa salute vestra populique Romani, de vestris coniugibus ac liberis, +de aris ac focis, de fanis ac templis, de totius urbis tectis ac +sedibus, de imperio ac libertate, de salute Italiae, de universa re +publica decernite diligenter, ut instituistis, ac fortiter. Habetis eum +consulem, qui et parere vestris decretis non dubitet et ea, quae +statueritis, quoad vivet, defendere et per se ipsum praestare. + + + + + CICERO + + SPEECHES AGAINST CATILINA + + _WITH INTRODUCTION AND NOTES_ + + BY + + E. A. UPCOTT, M.A. + + LATE SCHOLAR OF BALLIOL COLLEGE, OXFORD + ASSISTANT MASTER IN WELLINGTON COLLEGE + + + + + PART II.--NOTES + + _THIRD EDITION, REVISED_ + + + OXFORD + + AT THE CLARENDON PRESS + + 1900 + + + + +NOTES. + +[N.B.--_The references are to the sections._] + + + + +ORATION I. + + +§1. + +=tandem= often strengthens interrogatives. 'How long, pray?' or 'How +long, I ask?' Cf. 1. 16 'quo tandem animo hoc tibi ferendum putas?' and +2. 2 'quanto tandem maerore?' So also with imperatives, as in 1. 8 +'Recognosce tandem.' + +=abutere=, future, as is shown by 'eludet,' 'iactabit.' + +=quam diu=, etc. 'How long will your madness yet have full play?' +Connect 'etiam' with 'quamdiu,' as in Sall. Cat. 61 'Catilina repertus +est paullulum etiam spirans.' For 'eludet' used absolutely cf. Livy 2. +45 'adeo superbe insolenterque hostis eludebat.' But some editors read +'_nos_ eludet' ('make sport of us'). + +=nocturnum praesidium Palatii=. The Palatium, or 'Mons Palatinus,' was +one of the seven hills, occupying a central position S. E. of the +Capitoline. It was now protected at night by a guard against any sudden +attempt of the conspirators to seize it. Augustus and his successors had +their residence there; hence, in later times, 'palatium' came to mean 'a +palace.' + +=urbis vigiliae=, 'the patrols of the city.' + +=bonorum=, perhaps in a general sense 'respectable citizens,' but with +special reference to the senatorial party at Rome, who called themselves +_boni cives_ or _optimates_; just as the aristocratic party at Athens +called themselves καλοκἀγαθοί. + +=hic munitissimus=, etc. They were assembled in the temple of Iuppiter +Stator on the Palatine, which was protected by the Equites in arms. The +ordinary place of meeting was the Curia Hostilia, on the north side of +the Forum. + +=horum=, the senators. + +=constrictam . . . coniurationem tuam=, 'that your conspiracy is fast +held and bound in the knowledge of all here present,' (i.e. it is +powerless, because everybody knows of it). + +=Quid proxima . . . arbitraris?= 'Quem' is the direct interrogative; +'quid egeris,' 'ubi fueris,' etc., indirect questions depending upon +'ignorare'; they are put first in the sentence for the sake of emphasis. + +=proxima nocte=, 'last night,' on which the attempt on Cicero's life was +made, superiore, 'the night before last,' when the meeting in the house +of Laeca was held. See Introduction, pp. 11, 12, and note. + + +§2. + +=immo vero= is used when the speaker wishes to correct, either by +addition or qualification, something that has been said, like the Greek +μὲν oῦν. 'Lives, did I say? Nay, he actually comes into the senate.' Cf. +4. 17 'maxima pars . . . immo vero genus universum.' + +=publici consilii=. _Consilium_ properly = 'deliberation,' 'counsel.' +Hence, as here, 'the deliberating body,' a sense which more properly +belongs to _concilium_. Any state-constituted assemblage of persons for +deliberation was called 'consilium publicum' (e.g. a board of _iudices_ +assembled to try a case at law). + +=unum quemque nostrum=, not 'each one of us,' but 'us, one by one,' +'individually.' + +=viri fortes=, ironical. + +=si vitemus=. The subj. is used in the protasis, because the idea of +contingency is contained in 'satisfacere videmur,' which is substituted +for the more regular 'satisfaciamus.' Cf. 4. 7 'habere videtur ista res +iniquitatem, si imperare velis,' and 2. 25 'si contendere velimus, +intelligere possumus.' + +=iussu consulis=. The Lex Valeria (see note on 1. 28) secured to every +citizen the right of appeal to the people against the sentence of a +magistrate. On the question whether Cicero was on this occasion legally +entitled to put Catilina to death on his own authority, see Intr. Note +B. + + +§3. + +=An vero, etc=. Tiberius Gracchus was tribune 133 B.C. His law for the +distribution of the public land roused against him the hatred of the +aristocratic party. On the day of the tribunician election for the next +year he was attacked and killed with 300 of his adherents by a body of +senators headed by P. Scipio Nasica. _Privatus_ is strongly opposed to +_consules_ in the next clause. It appears that Nasica was not actually +Pontifex Maximus at the time, but in any case the office was not +regarded as a magistracy. + +=mediocriter labefactantem= is similarly contrasted with the more +serious designs of Catilina. Cicero here mentions the violent +proceedings against the Gracchi and their successors with approval, +because he wished to plead for similar measures against Catilina. In +another speech delivered during this year (de Lege Agraria 2. 5. 10) he +calls them 'amantissimi plebis Romanae viri,' and says, 'Non sum autem +is consul, qui, ut plerique, nefas esse arbitrer Gracchos laudare.' + +=C. Servilius, etc=. Spurius Maelius, a rich plebeian, sold corn to the +populace at low rates during a famine in 440 B.C. He was accused of +aiming at the supreme power. Cincinnatus was appointed dictator, with C. +Servilius Ahala as his master of the horse; the latter killed Sp. +Maelius with his own hand. + +=quod . . . occidit=, 'the fact that,' in apposition to illa, which, as +often, refers to what follows, like ἐκεῖνος in Greek. + +=Habemus senatus consultum=, i.e. the _ultimum decretum_, passed Oct. +21. See Introduction, p. 11. + +=non deest=, etc. The senate, as the deliberative and authorizing body, +have done their part; the consuls, as the executive, fail. + + +§4. + +=Decrevit quondam=, etc. This was in 121 B.C. Gaius Gracchus (tribune +123, 122) had carried a series of measures tending to overthrow the +authority of the senate. They took the opportunity of a tumult to pass +the _ultimum decretum_, whereupon L. Opimius the consul, with an armed +force, attacked the Aventine, where the adherents of Gracchus were +assembled. Gracchus himself and his supporter M. Fulvius were killed. + +=propter quasdam=, etc., a mild expression, intended once more to point +the contrast between the Gracchi and Catilina. + +=patre=. Ti. Sempronius Gracchus, who was twice consul and twice +triumphed. + +=avo=. His mother was Cornelia, daughter of P. Cornelius Scipio +Africanus, the conqueror of Hannibal. + +=Simili senatus consulto=, etc. In 100 B.C. revolutionary measures were +proposed by L. Appuleius Saturninus and C. Servilius Glaucia. In their +fear of violence, the senate passed the _ultimum decretum_ and called +upon the consul Marius to protect them, though he had been a supporter +of Saturninus. In the tumult which followed, the latter and his +adherents were shut up in the senate house, where their opponents, +taking off the tiles, stoned them to death. + +=mors ac reipublicae poena=. 'Ac' is explanatory, 'death, (which was) +the penalty inflicted by the state.' + +=remorata est=, literally, 'Did death keep them waiting a day longer?' +i.e. 'Had they to wait a single day longer for their death?' He means +that they were put to death on the same day as that on which the +_ultimum decretum_ was passed. + +=vicesimum diem=. He speaks in round numbers. The exact time since Oct. +21 (by the Roman reckoning) was eighteen or nineteen days, according as +we fix the date of this speech to Nov. 7 or Nov. 8. See Introduction, p. +12, note. + +=interfectum te esse convenit=, 'you might well have been put to death.' + +=patres conscripti=. The regular title used in addressing the senate. +The traditional explanation of it is as follows. The original senators +were called _patres_ (patricians); after the expulsion of the kings 160 +new senators were enrolled (partly plebeians); these were called +_conscripti_. Hence the whole body were addressed as _patres et +conscripti_ and by abbreviation _patres conscripti_. But this would seem +to require _adscripti_ rather than _conscripti_, and 'it is possible the +senators were originally called _patres conscripti_ to distinguish them +from those _patres_ who were not senators.' [Gow's Companion to School +Classics, p. 192.] + + +§5. + +=in Etruriae faucibus=, at Faesulae (now Fiesole), on the south-west +slope of the Apennines, commanding one of the passes into Cisalpine +Gaul. + +=adeo=, 'even,' 'actually.' Cf. 1. 9 'atque adeo de orbis terrarum +exitio.' + +=si te iam=, etc. 'Credo,' as usual, marks the sentence as ironical. He +might conceivably fear two opposite criticisms on his conduct-- + +(_a_) 'ne omnes boni serius factum esse dicant,' + +(_b_) 'ne quisquam crudelius factum esse dicat.' + +He really fears (_a_); hence speaking ironically he reverses the case, +and says, I shall have to fear, I suppose, not rather (_a_) than (_b_) +(i.e. not so much (_a_) as (_b_)). Translate the whole--'I shall have to +fear I suppose--not that all good citizens may call my action tardy--but +that some one may say it was excessively cruel.' + + +§6. + +=quisquam=, besides its regular use in negative sentences and questions +implying a negative, is used in affirmative sentences, in the sense of +'_any one at all_,' where it is implied that there can be none, or at +most but one or two. + +=mihi crede=, 'trust to me,' 'take my advice.' + + +§7. + +=me . . . dicere=. The pres. inf. is often used after _memini_ when the +speaker refers to his own experience. The past event is for the moment +actually present to his mind. So in English 'do you remember my saying?' +Cf. Virg. Ecl. 1. 17 'de caelo tactas memini praedicere quercus.' + +=a. d. xii Kal. Nov.= Oct. 21. See Intr. page 11. + +=futurus esset=, subj. as part of what Cicero said in the senate. + +=a. d. vi Kal. Nov.= Oct. 27. The reading is not certain, the MSS. +varying between vi and ix. + +=audaciae satellitem=, etc., 'servant and helper.' 'Satelles' implies a +lower, less free relation than 'administer.' Cf. in Verr. 3. 21 +'ministri ac satellites cupiditatum.' + +=Num me fefellit=, 'Was I not right, not only as to the gravity of the +design, savage and incredible as it was, but--what is more +remarkable--in the date?' + +=optimatium=. See note on 'bonorum' 1. 1. + +=sui=, neut. gen. sing. from 'suus,' used to supply the place of gen. +pl. of 'se.' Cf. the similar use of 'nostri,' 'vestri.' + +=cum . . . profugerunt=. When _cum_ simply means 'at the time when' (quo +tempore) and does not contain any idea of consequence or cause, it is +usually (though by no means invariably) followed by the indicative; +especially when, as here, the time is fixed by the preceding +demonstrative _tum_. Cf. below 'cum . . . dicebas,' and 1. 21 'cum +quiescunt, probant,' 2. 1 'loco ille motus est, cum ex urbe est +expulsus.' Nothing is known of this exodus. + +=qui remansissemus=. The antecedent to 'qui' must be understood from +'nostra.' Subj. because part of the Oratio Obliqua. Catilina said, +'caede illorum qui remanserunt contentus sum.' + + +§8. + +=Quid?= a particle of transition, frequent in rhetorical passages. +'Again.' 'Nay more.' Cf. 'Quid vero?' 1. 14. + +=cum=, 'although.' + +=Praeneste=, twenty miles S. E. of Rome, occupying a strong position in +the Hernican mountains. It had been the last stronghold of the younger +Marius in 82 B.C.; on its capitulation Sulla put most of the citizens to +death, and subsequently established one of his colonies on the site. +Catilina hoped to use it as a fortified post. + +=quod non ego=, etc. 'Quod' is consecutive, = 'tale ut.' 'Non' negatives +the whole clause 'ego . . . sentiam.' Others for 'quod non' read 'quin' +[= 'qui-ne,' lit. 'in such a way that not'], i.e. 'you can do nothing +without my hearing it.' + +=tandem=. See on 1. 1. + +=noctem illam superiorem=, 'the night before last'; 'last night' would +be 'hanc noctem' or 'proximam noctem.' Below he says 'priore nocte,' to +avoid repeating the same word. See Introduction, p. 12, note. + +=ad=, 'with a view to.' Cf. 1. 26 'ad hoc studium meditati.' + +=inter falcarios=, 'in the street of the scythemakers.' Cf. 'inter +lignarios,' 'in the street of the carpenters.' Livy 35. 441. + + +§9. + +=ubinam gentium=, 'Where _in the world_?' A genitive is sometimes joined +to an adverb of place or time to define it more exactly. Cf. 'ibidem +loci' = 'in the same place'; 'nusquam gentium' = 'nowhere in the +world;' 'postea loci' (Sallust, Jug. 102. 1), 'afterwards,' and the +Greek ποῦ γῆς; + +=de re publica sententiam rogo=. The consul collected the opinion of the +senate by asking each senator successively for his vote (_sententia_) on +the question before the house. The senator might either give it without +comment or make a speech in support of his views. + +=illa ipsa nocte=. See Introduction, p. 12, note. + +=duo equites Romani=. On _equites_ see Introduction, p. 9, note. Their +names were C. Cornelius and L. Vargunteius (Sallust, Cat. 28). + + +§10. + +=salutatum=, supine. The early morning was the usual time for +complimentary calls. Cf. Martial 4. 8. 1 'Prima salutantes atque altera +conterit hora.' + +=id temporis=, adverbial phrase, 'at that particular time.' Cf. Cic. Pro +Roscio Amerino 97 'ut id temporis Roma proficisceretur'; Tac. Ann. 5. 9 +'oblisis faucibus id aetatis corpora in Gemonias abjecta.' For this use +of the accusative, cf. phrases like 'ceterum,' 'suam vicem,' etc. + +=aliquando= often strengthens imperatives, implying that now at length +the time has come for doing what is requested. Cf. Cic. Phil. 2. 46. 118 +'Respice, quaeso, aliquando'; and in Verrem 2. 1. 28 'audite, quaeso, et +aliquando miseremini sociorum.' So in Greek μέθες ποτέ (Soph. Phil. +816). Cf. also 'tandem aliquando' 1. 18, 2. 1. + + +§11. + +=Iovi Statori=. The senate were assembled in the temple of Iuppiter +Stator on the Palatine. See on 1.33. + +=in uno homine=, 'in the person of a single man.' + +=consuli designato=. He was 'designatus' during the latter part of 64. +We do not know that Catilina then made any attempt on his life. + +=proximis comitiis consularibus=, 'at the late assembly for the election +of the consuls.' + +=campo=. The Comitia Centuriata, which elected the consuls, met in the +Campus Martius; the Comitia Tributa in the Forum. + +=nullo tumultu publice concitato=, 'without any official summons to +arms.' + +=per me=, 'by myself,' i.e. by my own exertions without calling in other +help. Cf. 1. 28 'hominem per te cognitum,' 4. 24 'per se ipsum +praestare.' + + +§12. + +=quod est primum=, etc. 'Since I cannot yet venture to take the course +which is the most obvious, and the most suited to the authority I hold +and the strict traditions of our ancestors.' _Imperium_ is the consular +authority (not 'empire'). Cf. 2. 3 'huius imperii severitas.' + +=ad=. Greek πρός. 'With respect to.' Cf. 2. 18 'adquirere ad fidem.' + +=sentina rei publicae=, ('the refuse of the state'), forms a single +expression upon which the explanatory genitive 'tuorum comitum' +('consisting of your comrades') depends. + + +§13. + +=faciebas=, 'were just doing,' 'ready to do.' + +=exilium=. See on §20 below. + +=domesticae turpitudinis= refers especially to family scandals, such as +the story of his wife and son (§14). =privatarum rerum dedecus=, to +offences extending beyond the family, but still confined to private +life, i.e. having no political object. + +=inretisses=. Subjunctive, because the antecedent to 'quem' does not +refer to any particular individual, but stands for a class. + +=ad audaciam=, etc. The sword and the torch are the instruments by which +'audacia' and 'libido' attain their objects; the former to strike the +blow, the latter to show the way in the darkness. + + +§14. + +=alio incredibili scelere=. Sallust (Cat. 15) says that Catilina, +wishing to marry the profligate Orestilla, poisoned his son because she +objected to his presence. The further charge, that he had killed his +first wife, is mentioned by Cicero alone. + +=aut non vindicata esse=, understand 'si exstiterit.' + +=proximis Idibus=. The Kalends, Nones, and Ides were the 'settling-days' +at Rome. Cicero means that Catilina will realize his failure on the next +settling-day, when his creditors will demand their money. Cf. Hor. Sat. +1. 3. 87 'Cum misero tristes venere Kalendae,' and Epodes 2. 69 'Omnem +redegit Idibus pecuniam, Curat Kalendis ponere,' where the money-lender +calls in his money on the Ides of one month, and on the Kalends of the +next lends it out again. + + +§15. + +=te pridie Kalendas=, etc., i.e. December 31, 66 B.C. This refers to the +so-called 'first conspiracy,' on which see Introduction, page 8. + +=comitio=. The singular _comitium_ denotes the place of assembly; the +plural _comitia_ the assembly itself. + +=mentem=, 'reflection.' + +=fortunam=, because the plot only failed through his accidentally giving +the signal too soon. + +=neque enim=, etc. 'Neque' negatives the whole sentence, and 'non' goes +closely with 'multa'; 'for they are no secret, nor have your later +offences been few.' + +=parva quadam declinatione et, ut aiunt, corpore=. Hendiadys, 'by a mere +turn of the body, so to speak.' The metaphor is taken from fencing, ('ut +aiunt' being introduced, like the Greek ὡς εἰπεῖν, to soften the +abruptness). Cf. Virg. Aen. 5. 437 (of boxing) + + 'Stat gravis Entellus, nisuque immotus eodem + Corpore tela modo atque oculis vigilantibus exit.' + + +§16. + +=initiata ac devota=. 'Consecrated and vowed'; alluding to the common +practice of assassins, of dedicating the weapon to some patron deity, in +case of the attempt being successful. 'Quae' is the connecting relative, +and 'quibus . . . sit,' an indirect question depending on 'nescio.' + +=nulla=, adverbial, 'which you do not deserve _at all_.' + +=tibi persaepe=. In prose (except after the gerundive) the dative of the +agent is only used with personal pronouns, and when the thing is done +for the interest of as well as by the person. In poetry there is no such +restriction. Other instances are 1. 24 '_cui_ sciam pactam cum Manlio +diem,' 2.13 'quem ad modum esset _ei_ ratio belli descripta,' 2. 26 +'_mihi_ consultum ac provisum est.' + +=tandem=. See on 1. 1. + + +§17. + +=pacto=, used adverbially like 'modo.' Cf. 'quo pacto' = 'how?' + +=metuerent=. See on 'loquatur' 1. 19 below. + +=urbem=. Sc. 'relinquendam esse.' + +=iniuria=, 'undeservedly.' + +=aliquo=, 'to some spot or other,' 'somewhither'; cf. 'in aliquas +terras' 1. 20. Cf. Ter. And. 339 'dum proficiscor aliquo.' + +=nunc=, 'as it is.' So νῦν in Greek. + + +§18. + +=tacita loquitur=. Oxymoron, lit. 'speaks without voice,' 'silently +appeals to you.' + +=multorum civium neces=, alluding to his share in carrying out the +proscriptions of Sulla. + +=vexatio direptioque sociorum=. He had been propraetor of Africa 67 +B.C., brought to trial for extortion, but acquitted in spite of strong +evidence of guilt. The term _socii_ had been originally confined to +those Italians who were not _cives_; but since the franchise had been +given to all Italians (90-89 B.C.) it had been extended to the +provincials. + +=quaestiones=, 'law-courts' (_quaestio_ from _quaero_, lit. 'an +investigation'). Criminal jurisdiction belonged legally to the people +assembled in the Comitia Centuriata. As it soon became impossible for +the whole body of citizens to try every case, trials were delegated +from time to time to commissions (_quaestiones_) specially appointed. +Hence arose the idea of establishing standing commissions (_quaestiones +perpetuae_) to try particular classes of offences. The earliest of these +was the _quaestio perpetua de repetundis_ (149 B.C.), which had +cognizance of all cases of extortion. Catilina would have been indicted +before it. Other _quaestiones perpetuae_ were subsequently added, and +the whole system was regulated and extended by Sulla. + +=tandem aliquando=. See on 1. 10. + + +§19. + +=si loquatur . . . debeat=. Contrast this with the conditional sentence +in §17 above, 'si metuerent . . . putarem.' Both the imperf. and the +pres. subj. make an imaginary supposition; but the imperfect, throwing +it into the past, marks it as impossible; the present regards it as +still conceivable. Thus 'si metuerent' (εἰ ἐφοβοῦντο) = 'if they feared' +(which they do not); but 'si loquatur' (εἰ λέγοι) = 'if it were to +speak' (now or at any future time). + +=custodiam=. A citizen was not imprisoned pending his trial on a +criminal charge. As a rule, he simply gave bail for his appearance; +sometimes however he was placed in the charge of some citizen of +reputation, who became responsible for his safe keeping (_libera +custodia_). Catilina had offered to place himself under some such +restraint on his indictment for inciting to riot (_de vi_) by L. +Paullus. See Introduction, page 11. The trial never took place, owing to +the subsequent events. + +=parietibus . . . moenibus=. _Paries_ is the wall of a house; _moenia_ +the walls of a town; _murus_ the general term. + +=videlicet=, ironical ('videre licet,' like 'scilicet' = 'scire licet'). + + +§20. + +=aliquas=, cf. 'aliquo,' 1. 17 and note there. + +=ad senatum referre=, the technical term for bringing a matter before +the senate for discussion. This could only be done by the consul (or +other magistrate) who summoned and presided over the meeting. + +=non referam=. The real reason of his refusal was that the senate, not +being a judicial court, had no power to pass sentence upon any +individual. Moreover exile was not technically a punishment known to +Roman law; it was merely a recognized means of anticipating a sentence. +See on §28 below. + +=hi=, the senators. + +After =proficiscere= Cicero pauses, to give time for an expression of +opinion from the senators. As they are silent he resumes, 'Quid est,' +etc. Cf. the rhetorical artifice in Demosth. de Cor. §52. + +=auctoritatem=, expressed request; =voluntatem=, unexpressed desire. + + +§21. + +=P. Sestio=. Now quaestor; tribune in 57 B.C. when he was active in +promoting Cicero's return from exile. In 56 Cicero defended him on a +charge of riot. + +=M. Marcello=, consul 51 B.C. Opposed Caesar; but was recalled from +exile by him and pardoned 46 B.C. + +=vim et manus=, hendiadys. + +=cum=, with indicative, see note on 1. 7. 'By their silence, they +approve.' + +=cara=, because he professed himself ready to submit to a decree of the +senate ordering his exile. + +=iam pridem studes=, 'have long been desiring.' Cf. the Greek πάλαι +ἐπιθυμεῖ. + + +§22. + +=te ut ulla res frangat?= 'What? anything break _your_ resolution?' This +is exactly like the exclamatory use of the acc. and inf. in phrases like +'Mene incepto desistere victam?' (Virg. Aen. 1. 37) only here 'ut' with +subj. takes the place of the more usual acc. and infin. (i.e. he might +have said, 'Tene ullam rem frangere?') Cf. below §24 'tu ut illa diutius +carere possis?' 'Hoccine ut ego nomine appellem eversores huius +imperii?' (pro Sestio §17), 'Utne tegam spurco Damae latus?' (Hor. Sat. +2. 5. 18). + +=duint=. Subj. from 'duo' (perhaps an older form of 'do') with _i_ as +the characteristic vowel, in the place of the more usual _a_, as in +'sim,' 'velim,' 'possim,' 'edim,' etc. The form is found frequently in +Plautus, Terence, and old legal phrases. See Roby's Lat. Gr. vol. i. +§589. + +=sed est tanti=, 'but it is worth while' (to risk the unpopularity). + +=privata=, i.e. affects me only as a private citizen. + +=legum poenas=, 'the punishment _prescribed by_ the laws.' Cf. 'rei +publicae poena' 1. 4. + +=temporibus rei publicae cedas=, 'yield to the exigencies of the state'; +'tempora,' as often, of a political crisis. Catilina is to yield to +these in the sense that he is to sacrifice his personal convenience for +the public advantage. + +=ratio=, 'sound reasoning,' 'reflection.' The consecutive sentence is +best translated by turning 'revocaverit' into a passive, 'you are not +the man to have been recalled,' etc. + +=exsulta=, 'revel.' Lit. 'leap about,' 'gambol.' Cf. §26 below. + + +§23. + +=latrocinio=, 'brigandage' opposed to 'bellum,' §27. 'Latro,' originally +'a mercenary,' connected with λατρεύω; hence a brigand, because +mercenary troops were addicted to indiscriminate plundering. + + +§24. + +=sciam=, subjunctive, as giving a reason, '_seeing that_ I know you have +sent on,' etc. + +=Forum Aurelium=, a small place on the Via Aurelia, about fifty miles +from Rome. + +=cui=. See note on 1. 16. + +=aquilam=. Marius introduced the silver eagle as the standard of the +legion. The one in question had been used (according to Sallust) in the +war against the Cimbri. + +=cui domi tuae=, etc. The place where the eagles were set up in the camp +was regarded as sacred. Catilina prepares a similar sacred spot for his +in his own house. _Sacrarium_ means (1) a shrine, (2) any secret place; +it is here used in both senses; hence trans. 'for which you have +consecrated at your house the secret chamber of your crimes.' But Halm +would omit 'scelerum tuorum' as an interpolation. + +=tu ut illa=, etc. See above on §22. + +=altaribus=, 'the altar'; the singular form is not found in classical +Latin. + + +§25. + +=haec res=, i.e. making war upon your country. + +=tu non modo otium=, sed ne bellum quidem, etc. As the two clauses have +the same verb ('concupisti') the negative is _expressed_ only in the +second which contains the verb, and must be understood from it to the +first, i.e. 'non concupisti' must be understood after 'non modo.' +Literally, 'you not only (did not want) peace, but did not even want a +war unless it were wicked.' Observe that the negation in these two +clauses does not cancel but _repeats_ the original negative 'nunquam.' +This is the regular usage where a negative proposition branches out into +two clauses. Cf. 'Ea Caesar nunquam neque fecit neque fecisset' (Cic. ad +Fam. 14. 13), 'Caesar never did nor would have done those things.' See +Kennedy's Public Sch. Lat. Gr. §84. In English we may avoid the +repetition of negatives and say, 'you have never desired--I will not say +peace--but even war that was anything but criminal.' Exactly parallel is +2. 8 'Nemo non modo Romae, sed ne ullo quidem in angulo totius Italiae +fuit' Cf. also 2. 20 'ut iam,' etc.; 2. 21 'ut non modo,' etc. + +=conflatam=. Metaphor from working metals, 'fused,' 'welded together.' +Cf. Virg. Georg. 1. 508 'falces conflantur in ensem,' and pro Roscio §1 +'iniuriam novo scelere conflatam.' So συμφυσᾶν in Greek; cf. Ar. +Knights 468 + + καὶ ταῦτ' ἐφ' οἷσίν ἐστι συμφυσώμενα + ἐγᾦδα. + + +§26. + +=meditati=, in passive sense, as the participles of many other +deponents; e.g. 'ultus,' 'complexus,' 'testatus,' 'adeptus,' etc. Cf. +Phil. 2. 34. 85 'meditatum et cogitatum scelus.' + +=qui feruntur labores=, οἱ λεγόμενοι πόνοι, 'those exertions of yours +they talk of.' + +=iacere=, =vigilare=, infinitives in apposition to labores. + + +§27. + +=a consulatu=. At the election of consuls for 62, held a few weeks +before, Cicero had used his influence to defeat Catilina. See +Introduction, page 10. On 'cum' with indic. see 1. 7. + +=est=. Generally a verb dependent on a subjunctive is itself +subjunctive. Here however the relative clause is not really part of the +consecutive sentence, but a mere epithet explanatory of 'id,' added by +the speaker, hence _est_ not _esset_. Cf. 3. 21 '(quis est) qui neget +haec omnia quae _videmus_,' etc. + +=latrocinium=. See on §23 above. + +=detester=, 'detestari' = 'to avert by entreaty.' + +=si loquatur=. The apodosis is not expressed, owing to the length of the +following address. On pres. subj. see note on 1. 19. + +=mactari=. Cicero and Caesar only use the acc. and inf. after 'impero' +with _passive_ verbs; in other cases 'ut' and subj. + + +§28. + +=persaepe etiam privati=, an exaggeration. The only case of a 'privatus' +putting an offender to death which Cicero quotes is that of P. Scipio +Nasica and Ti. Gracchus. See note on 1. 3. + +=An leges=, etc. The earliest of these was the Lex Valeria (509 B.C.), +which secured the right of appeal to the people from the magistrate +('_ne quis magistratus civem Romanum adversus provocationem necaret neve +verberaret_'). This was re-enacted, and the penalty for violating it +strengthened by the Lex Porcia (197 B.C.) and the Lex Sempronia (122 +B.C., Gaius Gracchus). Notice that these laws only forbade the +magistrate to inflict death or scourging on his own authority. The power +to do so, after trial and condemnation, remained with the people; but it +was seldom or never exercised, because the right of the accused to +anticipate the sentence by voluntary exile was universally recognized, +and even according to Sallust secured by law. See Cat. 51 'aliae leges +condemnatis civibus non animam eripi sed exilium permitti iubent.' + +=at nunquam=, etc. Cf. 4.10; on the validity of this argument see Intr. +Note B. + +=invidiam posteritatis=. Subjective genitive, 'hatred of (felt by) +posterity.' =fortitudinis=, just below, is objective, 'unpopularity of +(attaching to) firmness.' + +=per te cognitum=, 'known by your own exertions only'; cf. 1. 11 'per +me tibi obstiti.' Cicero was a _novus homo_; i.e. none of his ancestors +had held a curule office. + +=tam mature=. The age which a citizen must attain before becoming a +candidate for the several offices was fixed by the Lex Villia Annalis +(180 B.C.). Cicero appears to have been chosen for each magistracy _suo +anno_, i.e. as soon as he was legally eligible. He was now 43. + +=per omnes honorum gradus=, 'through all the degrees of office.' By the +Leges Annales of Sulla, the offices of quaestor, praetor, consul, had to +be filled successively in the order named. + + +§29. + +=si summi viri=, etc. See notes on 1. 3, 4. + +=parricida=, because he is attacking the 'patria' which is 'omnium +nostrum communis parens.' But the word is sometimes used in a more +extended sense of wilful murder or sacrilege. + +=redundaret=. Metaphor from the overflowing of a stream: 'lest any flood +of unpopularity should overwhelm me in the future.' (Cf. the English +phrase 'to redound to one's credit.') + + +§30. + +=Quamquam=, etc. The first 'qui' is consecutive ('tales ut'), the second +is the connecting relative ('hi autem'), hence followed by indic. +'aluerunt.' + +=dissimulent=, sc. 'se videre.' + +=sententiis=, 'votes' (in the senate). See on 1. 9. + +=regie=, 'tyrannically,' i.e. like a despot, not like the magistrate of +a free state. Gk. τυραννικῶς. Cf. 2. 14 'crudelissimum tyrannum.' + +=naufragos=, 'castaways.' Cf. 2. 24 'illam naufragorum manum.' + + +§31. + +=nescio quo pacto=, 'somehow.' 'Nescio quis' is treated as a single +word, hence _erupit_ not _eruperit_. + +=latrocinio=, abstract for concrete; 'band of brigands.' + +=aestu febrique=, hendiadys, 'in the burning heat of fever.' + +=biberunt=, v.l. 'biberint.' + +=relevatus= represents the protasis, 'si relevatus erit.' + + +§32. + +=praetoris urbani=. The business of the praetors during their year of +office was mainly judicial. They were now eight in number; two presided +in the civil court; of these the _praetor urbanus_ tried suits between +citizens at a fixed tribunal in the Forum; the _praetor peregrinus_ +suits between citizens and foreigners. The remaining six (without +distinctive name) acted as judges in criminal cases. Cicero means that +Catilina and his friends tried to intimidate the praetor in the +discharge of his duties. + +=malleolos=. The 'malleolus' was a missile used in sieges. It was filled +with tow, which was ignited before it was thrown, and had an arrow +affixed. The name seems to be derived from the shape, which resembled a +mallet. + +=tantam in vobis, etc=., i.e. he would as consul secure the execution of +whatever the senate might decree. + + +§33. + +=cum=. Used of the attendant circumstances of an action. In English, 'to +the salvation of the state, the destruction of yourself,' etc. + +=Iuppiter=. The temple of Iuppiter Stator (the 'Stayer of flight,' the +'Stablisher,') was vowed by Romulus during the fight with the Sabines +(Livy 1. 12); it was not, however, built till 294 B.C. (Livy 10. 37). + +=auspicia=, augury from the flight of birds, which always preceded any +important undertaking. As the auspices were taken by the chief, 'to do a +thing under a person's auspices' came to mean 'to act under his +leadership and protection.' + + + + +ORATION II. + + +§1. + +=Quirites=, the regular title by which citizens were addressed when +assembled in their civil capacity. Cf. the opening of the third speech, +also addressed to the people. The derivation is uncertain; some suppose +the word to be a form of 'Curetes,' i.e. inhabitants of the Sabine town +'Cures,' others derive it from 'Quiris,' a Sabine word meaning 'spear.' + +=ferro flammaque=, another reading is 'ferrum flammamque.' We can say +either 'minitari alicui aliquid,' or 'minitari alicui aliqua re.' + +=vel . . . vel . . . vel=. Each 'vel' substitutes a milder form of +expression for the preceding. 'We have driven him out,--let him go, if +you will,--at least bidden him good speed on his voluntary departure.' +ipsum = 'sua sponte.' verbis prosecuti is of course ironical. + +=abiit, etc.= Note the absence of connecting particles (asyndeton) and +the increased force of each word rising to a climax in 'erupit.' + +=versabitur=, 'will play around.' + +=campo=, the Campus Martius. + +=loco=, 'post,' 'vantage-ground.' + +=cum= (= 'quo tempore'), 'at the very moment when.' The two actions were +simultaneous, there is no idea of cause or consequence; hence +indicative. See on 1. 7, and cf. below 'cum . . . eiecimus.' + +=hoste= is emphatic. By his action he has declared himself the enemy of +the state. After bellum some MSS. insert 'iustum,' 'regular.' + + +§2. + +=extulit=, indicative because the _fact_ that he did not carry away his +dagger stained with blood is emphasized; 'extulerit' would have made it +an expression of Catilina's feelings, as 'laetari quod evomuerit' below +expresses the feelings of the citizens. Cf. also 'quod non +comprehenderim' §3 ad init. + +=tandem= adds force to the question. Cf. 1. 1 'quousque tandem?' and +note there. + +=iacet=, 'he lies helpless.' Cf. 2. 25 'quam valde illi iaceant.' + + +§3. + +=in hoc ipso=, 'in this very point,' explained by 'quod non +comprehenderim,' 'that I have not (as they complain) arrested.' + +=capitalem=, threatening the 'caput' or principle of life; 'deadly.' + +=huius imperii severitas=, 'the strict traditions of my (consular) +authority.' + +=crederent=, consecutive subj., as regularly after 'sunt qui,' where the +relative refers not to certain specified individuals, but to a class. + +=non modo invidiae=, etc., 'at the risk not merely of unpopularity, but +of life.' + + +§4. + +=cum viderem=, etc. 'Re probata' is ablative absolute; not 'approved by +you,' but 'proved, demonstrated _to_ you.' 'Since I saw that the facts +were even then not fully established to the satisfaction of all of +_you_,' (much less to those inclined to sympathize with Catilina; this +is the force of 'quidem,') 'and that, if I punished him as he deserved, +I should not, under the burden of the unpopularity of that act, be able +to attack his associates, I brought the matter to this point,' etc. The +direct form of the conditional sentence would have been 'si multavero, +non potero'; this becomes in Oratio Obliqua 'cum viderem, si multassem, +fore ut non possem' (periphrasis being necessary because 'possum' has no +future participle). + +=quam vehementer=, ironical. =foris= is emphatic; once outside the city +he does not fear him at all, as the context shows. + +=exierit=, subjunctive, because the whole sentence stands as the object +of 'fero.' + +=mihi=, the so-called 'Ethic' dative; 'Tongilius, I see, he has taken +with him.' The use of 'me' in the same sense is frequent in Shakespeare, +as in the phrases 'Knock me on this door,' 'he steps me to her +trencher,' etc., but is becoming obsolete in modern English. + +=praetexta= (sc. 'toga'), the purple-edged 'toga' worn by boys up to the +age of sixteen, when they assumed the 'toga virilis,' which was plain +white. + + +§5. + +=prae=, 'in comparison with.' + +=Gallicanis legionibus=, the regular troops stationed in Cisalpine Gaul. +The coast district of Umbria from the Rubicon to the Aesis was known as +'ager Gallicus,' having been originally the home of the Senonian Gauls. +The praetor Q. Metellus had been ordered by the senate to levy troops in +this district and Picenum for the defence of the government. + +=agresti luxuria=, abstract for concrete. He is thinking particularly of +the Sullan colonists. See Introduction p. 9, and §20 below. + +=decoctoribus=, 'bankrupts.' _Decoquo_, lit. 'to boil down,' so to +squander one's property, become bankrupt. Cf. Cic. Phil. 2. ch. 18 +'Tenesne memoria, te praetextatum decoxisse?' + +=vadimonia=, 'bail,' i.e. security given for appearance in court when +called upon. Hence _vadimonia deserere_, 'to desert one's legal +obligations,' 'make default.' + +=edictum praetoris=. Every praetor, on entering upon his office, +published an _edictum_, stating the rules to which he would adhere in +the administration of justice. Hence Cicero says, 'they will collapse +when I display to them the edict of the praetor,' i.e. remind them of +the penalties to which they will be liable by their non-appearance in +court to answer to their bail. + +=hos=, strongly opposed to exercitum illum. He is not afraid of the +ruined spendthrifts who compose Catilina's army; he _is_ afraid of the +conspirators left behind in the city, who have, as it were, deserted +that army. (Lentulus, Cethegus, etc. are pointed at.) + +=suos milites eduxisset=, 'taken with him _as_ his force.' + +=quod quid cogitent=, etc., i.e. because they must have some secret +force at their back, which gives them confidence. + + +§6. + +=superioris noctis consilia=, i.e. at the meeting in Laeca's house (1. +8), either the night before last or the last night but two. See +Introduction, p. 12 note. + +=ne=, 'truly' (like the Greek ναί, νή), to be distinguished from the +conjunction. Used with pronouns only. + +=nisi si quis=, 'nisi' is used like an adverb; hence the repetition of +'si.' Cf. Thuc. 1. 17 εἰ μὴ εἴ τι. + +=ne patiantur=, 'in order that they may not permit.' Not prohibitive, +which according to Cicero's usage would require the perfect subjunctive. + +=Aurelia via=. This was the coast road, the shortest route to Massilia, +whither Catilina pretended to be going. + + +§7. + +=exhausto= keeps up the metaphor of draining away refuse contained in +'sentina.' + +=subiector=, 'forger,' from 'subicere' in the sense of 'substitute.' + +=nepos=, 'spendthrift,' 'prodigal.' Cf. the bad sense sometimes +attaching to νεανίας in Greek. + + +§8. + +=Iam vero=, frequent in transitions; 'once more,' 'again.' He is passing +to a fresh aspect of Catilina's character. Cf. 3. 22 and de Lege Manilia +11, where, after speaking of the military experience of Pompeius, he +goes on 'Iam vero virtuti Cn. Pompeii quae potest oratio par inveniri?' + +=fructum=, 'enjoyment,' 'satisfaction.' + + +§9. + +=Nemo non modo Romae=, etc. Understand 'non fuit' from the second clause +after 'non modo' and see note on 1. 25 for full explanation. + +=ut eius diversa studia=, etc., 'to help you to understand other tastes +of his in quite a different sphere of life' ('ratio,' lit. 'way,' +'method,' 'plan'). + +=ludo=, 'school,' where gladiators were trained under a fencing-master +(_lanista_). + +=in scaena= (σκηνή), 'on the stage.' The profession of an actor was +considered degrading (_infamis_) for a Roman citizen, and was generally +left to slaves and freedmen. + +=levior et nequior=, 'a little more frivolous and worthless' (than his +fellows). + +=cum=, 'although.' + +=instrumenta=, 'the instruments,' i.e. the powers of mind and body by +which a virtuous disposition makes itself felt. + + +§10. + +=fortunas=, 'estates,' as distinguished from property in money. + +=obligaverunt=, 'mortgaged.' + +=res=, 'money,' fides, 'credit.' This has just begun to fail them, +because in view of the break-down of their schemes, their creditors will +not trust them any longer. See on 'proximis Idibus' 1. 14. + +=bonorum=. See on 1. 1. + + +§11. + +=propagarit=, 'propago' ('pro' and 'pag-' root of 'pango,' 'to fasten +down'), originally a botanical term; 'to generate by slips,' hence +generally 'to extend,' 'prolong.' Tr. 'will have prolonged the existence +of the state, not merely for a brief period, but for many generations.' +A variation for the more usual construction 'in multa saecula propagarit +rempublicam.' + +=rex . . . unius=. Pompeius, invested with the supreme command by the +Gabinian and Manilian laws, had just crushed the pirates of Cilicia +('mari'), and brought to a close the third war against Mithridates king +of Pontus ('terra'), by the battle of Nicopolis (B.C. 66). + + +§12. + +Having answered those who might think his measures not strong enough +(§§3-11) Cicero now (§§12-16) addresses those who might urge that he had +acted tyrannically and abused his consular authority by driving Catilina +from the city. + +=exilium= is emphatic. They pretend that he has been unlawfully forced +into exile; whereas really, so far from going into exile, he has +voluntarily departed for the camp of his lieutenant Manlius. + +=verbo=, 'by a mere word' (as they pretend I did in Catilina's case). + +=videlicet= = 'videre licet,' 'it is easy to see,' 'of course.' He is +sarcastically quoting the language of his assailants; his own reply +begins at 'Hesterno die.' + +=quin etiam= adds a still stronger testimony. 'Why, even,' etc. + +=vehemens ille consul=, 'your violent consul.' + +=quaesivi=, see 1. 8. + +=necne= is used in indirect disjunctive questions, 'annon' in direct. + + +§13. + +=homo audacissimus=, 'with all his audacity.' + +=conscientia=, 'by his guilty knowledge.' + +=constituisset=, sc. 'agendum.' + +=ei=. See note on dative of the agent, 1. 16. + +=ratio=, 'plan.' + +=quo iam pridem pararet=, 'whither (I knew) he had long been preparing +to go.' + +=secures . . . fasces=, etc. Catilina meant to assume all the insignia +of a consul commanding an army in the field. + +=sacrarium=, see on 1. 24. + +=fecerat=, indic., because the sentence is a parenthesis added by Cicero +here for the information of his hearers. It is not a quotation from his +speech to the senate, for this would have required _fecisset_. + + +§14. + +=credo=, strongly ironical. + +=suo= is emphatic; 'in his _own_ name'; (Catilina, you ask us to +believe, had nothing to do with it.) + +=condicionem=, the external circumstances, given conditions under which +a thing must be done. Here perhaps 'task' gives the meaning best; but it +may also be rendered by 'lot,' 'position,' 'terms,' according to the +context. Cf. 'nascendi condicio' 3. 2, 'consulatus condicio' 4. 1 and 3. +27. + +=vi et minis=, hendiadys. + +=tyrannum=. Cf. 'regie factum' 1. 30. + + +§15. + +=Est mihi tanti=, 'I think it worth while.' + +=falsae=, 'misdirected.' + +=sane=, 'by all means.' + +=non est iturus=, stronger than 'ibit,' 'he has no intention of going.' + +=illud= refers to what _follows_ ('ne sit,' etc.). Cf. the use of ἐκεῖνο +in Greek. + + +§16. + +=Quamquam=, etc. 'And yet those, who keep saying that Catilina is going +to Massilia, do not really regret, so much as fear it. No one of them is +tender hearted enough to wish him to go thither rather than to Manlius.' +If their motive were really (as they pretend) disinterested pity for +Catilina, they would be glad to hear he had gone to Massilia, because +that is his only chance of escaping destruction. The truth is that they +are secret partisans of his schemes, and are afraid he may be going to +abandon them by voluntary exile. + + +§17. + +=sanare sibi ipsos=, 'to restore them to themselves,' i.e. to their +right minds. + + +§18. + +=possessiones=, of landed property exclusively ('estates'); =maiores=, +i.e. more than enough to pay their debts, if they were sold. + +=dissolvi=, in a kind of middle sense, 'free themselves'; 'solvo' is the +technical word for payment of debts. Cf. the English 'liquidate.' + +=species=, 'outward appearance.' + +=voluntas et causa=, 'intentions and position.' + +=tu . . . sis=, etc., dubitative subjunctive, implying incredulous +astonishment. 'Can you be?' 'is it possible that you are?' It is the +ordinary potential subj., ('velim,' 'I could wish,' etc.) thrown into an +interrogative form. Cf. Cic. ad Q. F. 1. 3 'Ego tibi irascerer, mi +frater?' 'I, angry with you, my brother?' and pro Sulla 44 'Tu tantam +rem ementiare?' 'You to utter such a falsehood?' Also Virg. Aen. 12. 947 +'Tunc hinc spoliis indute meorum | Eripiare mihi?' Translate here, 'You +to be luxuriously and abundantly supplied with estates and houses, +silver plate and slaves, everything in short that you can wish for, and +yet to hesitate, by sacrificing a part of your estate, to gain in +respect of credit?' For ad, 'with respect to,' cf. 1. 12 'ad severitatem +lenius.' He wishes them to sell some of their land and pay their debts +with the proceeds; this, though apparently a sacrifice, would really be +a gain, because by restoring their solvency it would improve their +credit. + +=tabulas novas=, lit. 'clean tablets,' 'new account books'; a phrase +implying a general cancelling of all debts, which Catilina promised. + +=meo beneficio=, etc., 'thanks to me, there shall be an issue of new +tablets, but (they shall be) those of the auctioneers.' He means that he +would propose a law, compelling those debtors who had land to sell it by +auction, and pay with the proceeds. The necessary catalogues of sale +('auctionariae tabulae') would be 'novae tabulae' in a double sense, +(1) because such a law would be a novelty; (2) because it would lead to +freedom from debt, only by legal methods, instead of arbitrary +repudiation of the creditor's claims. + +=salvi=, 'solvent.' + +=certare cum usuris=, etc., 'instead of matching the produce of their +estates against the interest' (on their loans). They had borrowed +largely, and tried to pay the interest on the loans with the income +derived from their land. It was a contest ('certare') between the two, +in which the interest to be paid tended constantly to outstrip their +income. + +=uteremur=, 'we should find them.' Cf. Gk. χρῶμαι in the same sense. + + +§19. + +=dominationem=, 'tyranny,' 'despotism,' used always (like 'dominus') of +the rule of a single person. + +=honores=, 'offices.' + +=scilicet=, 'that is to say.' + +=in bonis viris=, see note on 'bonorum' 1. 1. + +=maximam multitudinem=, if genuine, must mean 'that their number is very +great,' but the words are probably an interpolation; 'in maxima +multitudine' (to be connected with 'magnam concordiam') has been +conjectured. + +=si sint adepti=, a very remote contingency, 'supposing they were to +obtain.' + +=fugitivo alicui=, etc., i.e. in the event of success the real power +would be seized by the most worthless of their own party. + + +§20. + +=Sunt homines=, etc. Sulla during his dictatorship (82-80 B.C.) rewarded +his victorious soldiers to the number of 120,000, by distributing them +in military colonies throughout Italy, assigning an allotment of land to +each. Faesulae was one of these colonies. + +=universas=, 'taken as a whole.' Cicero is careful to speak with respect +of Sulla, because he had been the great champion of the aristocratic +party, which was now supporting the orator against Catilina. But further +on he alludes to the horror which the recollection of the proscriptions +still inspired. + +=sed tamen ii sunt coloni=, etc. Note that 'qui . . . iactarunt' is not +consecutive. Hence tr. 'Nevertheless the men in question are colonists +who,' etc. For 'ii' which seems awkward, 'in iis' has been conjectured. + +=beati=, here, as often, of material prosperity, 'well-to-do.' + +=familiis=, 'establishments,' (of slaves and dependents). + +=illorum temporum=, i.e. the reign of terror under Marius and Cinna (87, +86 B.C.), during which many of the aristocratic leaders perished; and +the period of Sulla's dictatorship, with its wholesale proscriptions of +the popular party. + +=tantus= is adverbial; 'to such an extent.' Cf. 1. 16 'quae tibi _nulla_ +videtur.' + +=non modo homines=, etc. Understand 'non passuri esse videantur' after +'non modo,' and see note on 1. 25 for explanation. + + +§21. + +=iam pridem premuntur=, 'have long been overwhelmed.' + +=emergunt=, 'get their heads above water.' Cf. Juvenal 3. 164 + + 'Haud facile emergunt, quorum virtutibus obstat + Res angusta domi.' + +=vetere=, 'long-standing.' + +=vadimoniis=, etc, alludes to the three stages of legal proceedings +against a debtor. _Vadimonium_, security given for appearance in court; +_iudicium_, the trial and legal decision; _proscriptio bonorum_, the +confiscation of the property for the benefit of the creditors. + +=infitiator= is one who denies his legal obligations; 'lentos' is added +to point the antithesis to 'acres'; 'not so much keen soldiers as +shirking defaulters.' + +=non modo=, sc. 'non sentiat.' + + +§22. + +=carcer=. The 'Tullianum' under the Capitol was the only public prison +in Rome. + +=postremum=, 'the last,' i.e. 'the lowest,' both in point of number and +morality. + +=proprium=, 'Catilina's particular favourites; his special choice,--let +me say rather his most cherished and bosom friends.' + +=immo vero=, see on 1. 2. + +=imberbes=, 'beardless,' i.e. effeminate. + +=bene barbatos=, the wearing of a beard was contrary to the Roman custom +at this time and held to be a mark of dissoluteness. + +=quorum omnis=, etc., 'who spend all their life's energy and sacrifice +their rest in banquets lasting until daybreak,' =antelucanis=, lit. +before dawn, i.e. prolonged till dawn. + + +§24. + +=cohortem praetoriam=, the troop employed as the general's body guard; +first organized by the younger Scipio during the siege of Numantia (133 +B.C.) (Cf. _Praetorium_ = the headquarters in the camp.) Out of this +grew the Praetorian Guard of the Emperors, which played such an +important part in the history of imperial Rome. + +=nunc=, ironical, 'now' (if you think it worth while). + +=eiectam=, 'castaway,' keeping up the metaphor contained in +'naufragorum.' + +=Iam vero=, 'Why, already,' etc. + +=urbes coloniarum ac municipiorum=. Originally _colonia_ meant a colony +whose citizens enjoyed the full Roman franchise; _municipium_ a town +possessed of 'Latin rights' only. But since 89 B.C., when the franchise +had been extended to all Italians, the distinction had ceased to exist. + +=respondebunt=, 'will be a match for.' Catilina's rustic strongholds +('tumuli silvestres') are contemptuously contrasted with the fortified +towns ('urbes') which were in the hands of the government. + + +§25. + +=urbe=, i.e. the capital. + +=eget ille= is opposed to nos suppeditamur, the contrast being +emphasized by the omission of the connecting particle and the +arrangement of the words (Chiasmus). + +=causas ipsas quae=, etc., 'simply the causes which are arrayed against +one another.' + +=velimus=, subj. because in the apodosis 'intelligere possumus' is +equivalent to the potential subjunctive 'intelligamus.' Cf. 1. 2 +'satisfacere videmur, si vitemus,' and note. + +=iaceant=. See on 2. 2. + +=denique aequitas=, etc., sums up the preceding; the four cardinal +virtues (justice, temperance, bravery, wisdom) are set against the +corresponding vices. The antithesis must be carefully kept in +translation. + +=bona ratio cum perdita=, 'upright against corrupt principles.' + + +§26. + +=mihi=, dative of agent. See on 1. 16. + +=gladiatores=. There were in Italy a number of schools (_ludi_) where +gladiators were trained. Catilina had hoped to avail himself of these, +but by decree of the senate (October 21) they had been placed under +special guard. See Introduction, page 11. + +=agrum Gallicum=. See on 2. 5. + + +§27. + +=adeo= adds an emphasis, 'who indeed.' + +=monitos=, sc. 'esse.' For the acc. and infin. construction after 'volo' +cf. 1. 4 'cupio me esse clementem.' + +=qui commoverit= is subject to =sentiet=. + +=cuius= = 'si illius.' + +=carcerem=, as a place of execution ('vindicem') not of detention, for +imprisonment was not employed as a punishment in the case of citizens. + + +§28. + +=togato duce et imperatore=. The toga was the civil dress of the +magistrate in the city, opposed to the military cloak (_paludamentum_) +worn by the general in the field. Tr. 'with me, a civil magistrate, as +your leader and general.' Cicero especially prided himself on the fact +that he defeated Catilina in his civil capacity as consul, without the +aid of an army. Cf. 3. 15, 23, and the words of his own poem on the +subject, 'Cedant arma togae.' + +=illud=, explained by ut neque, etc. Cf. 2. 15. + + + + +ORATION III. + + +§2. + +=quod salutis, etc.=, 'because the pleasure of safety is assured, while +our lot at birth is doubtful; because again we are not conscious of our +birth, while we can feel the delight of preservation.' =nascendi +condicio= = the external circumstances, surroundings to which we are +born. See on 2. 14. + +=illum=, i.e. Romulus. + +=benevolentia famaque=, hendiadys, 'with affectionate praise.' + +=templum= is the consecrated ground (τέμενος); =delubrum= the actual +shrine (ναός). + + +§3. + +=ut= = 'ex quo tempore,' 'ever since.' Cf. Cic. ad Att. 1. 13. 2 'ut +Brundisio profectus es, nullae mihi abs te sunt redditae litterae,' and +Hor. Od. 4. 4. 42. + +=paucis ante diebus=. Really, it was nearly a month ago (Nov. 8-Dec. 3). + +=cum . . . eiciebam=, indic. because 'cum' = 'quo tempore,' 'at the time +when.' Cf. 2. 1 and 1. 7, note. + +=exterminari=, 'banished' (ex, terminus). The sense 'exterminated' is +not found in classical Latin. + + +§4. + +=fidem faceret=, 'would command confidence.' + +=tumultus=, used exclusively of disturbances in Italy and Gaul. Cf. Cic. +Phil. 8. ch. 1 'itaque maiores nostri tumultum Italicum, quod erat +domesticus, tumultum Gallicum, quod erat Italiae finitimus, praeterea +nullum nominabant,' and the whole passage. On the Allobroges, see +Introduction, p. 13. + +=ad Catilinam=, 'addressed to Catilina.' + + +§5. + +=qui omnia=, etc., 'like men whose political sentiments were entirely +sound and excellent.' sentirent is subj. because qui is causal. + +=pontem Mulvium=, on the Via Flaminia, two miles N. of Rome; now called +Ponte Molle. + +=praefectura= was the name given to a provincial town governed by a +magistrate sent annually from Rome, whereas the _municipia_ elected +their own magistrates. + +=Reate= was a Sabine town, of which Cicero was _patronus_. + +=in reipublicae praesidio=, v.l. 'in republica,' 'praesidio' being then +connected with 'miseram' as dat. of complement. + + +§6. + +=tertia=, etc., i.e. between three and four a. m. The time between +sunset and sunrise was divided into four _vigiliae_. + +=integris signis=. See on §10 below. + +=ipsi=, i.e. = Volturcius and the Gauls. + +=vocavi=. The consul had the right of summoning citizens to his presence +(_ius vocationis_), by force if necessary (_ius prehensionis_). + + +§7. + +=si nihil esset inventum=. Virtual Oratio Obliqua, representing their +words 'si nihil inventum erit.' + +=temere=, 'heedlessly,' =i.e. = without due cause. + +=negavi=, etc. 'Ut . . . deferrem' is _not_ a final, but a substantival +clause, standing as the object to 'facturum,' the whole being a more +emphatic way of saying 'negavi me non delaturum esse'; 'I said that in a +danger which threatened the state, I could not but bring the facts +unprejudiced before the council of the state.' Cf. 3. 17 'commisisset ut +deprehenderentur.' + + +§8. + +=fidem publicam dedi=. Lit. = 'pledged him the faith of the state,' i.e. +promised him in the name of the state that he should not be prosecuted +in respect of any disclosures, =iussu senatus=, because the consul could +not do this unless authorized by the senate. + +=erat=, indic. because an explanation added by Cicero; not part of what +Volturcius said. + + +§9. + +=data esse= (for the gender see note on 'deprehensa' §10), to be taken, +by zeugma, with both 'iusiurandum' and 'litteras,' 'that an oath (had +been sworn) and a letter given them addressed to their nation.' + +=atque ita, etc.= Upon the main verb 'dixerunt' depend three +subordinates: 'esse praescriptum'; 'confirmasse'; 'dixisse'; each of +which has in its turn a subordinate clause depending upon it. This will +be best seen by the following scheme; + +Galli dixerunt:-- + + (_a_) ita sibi ab his et { ut equitatum mitterent; pedestres + a L. Cassio esse praescriptum { sibi copias non defuturas. + + (_b_) Lentulum autem sibi { se esse ilium ... Sullam + confirmasse ex fatis, etc. { fuisse. + + (_c_) eundemque dixisse { fatalem hunc esse ... + { vicesimus. + +The reflexive pronoun refers in each case to the subject of the verb +upon which the subordinate sentence _immediately_ depends. + +=pedestres sibi, etc.= This is part of what Cassius and the others said, +depending upon some verb of 'saying' to be understood from +'praescriptum'; 'they said that these men and L. Cassius had requested +them to send cavalry into Italy as soon as possible, (adding that) they +should have no lack of infantry.' + +=fatis Sibyllinis=, the original 'libri Sibyllini' (containing +prophecies in Greek) were said to have been brought by the Sibyl of +Cumae to Tarquinius Superbus; they were kept in the Capitol and +consulted in times of difficulty. In 83 B.C. they were burnt and a fresh +collection of Sibylline prophecies was made, which was sifted by order +of Augustus and Tiberius. See Tac. Ann. 6. 12. + +=tertium Cornelium=, his full name was P. Cornelius Lentulus Sura. On +Cinna and Sulla see note on 3.24. + +=virginum=, sc. = 'Vestalium.' Nothing is known of the event alluded to, +but the trial of a Vestal Virgin was always regarded as an event of +great significance. + +=Capitolii incensionem=. The Capitol and adjacent buildings had been +burnt down B.C. 83. + + +§10. + +=Saturnalibus=, the festival of Saturn at the end of December. It was a +general holiday, when special license was allowed to slaves; hence a +good opportunity for a rising. + +=Primo ostendimus, etc.= Letters were generally written with a stylus on +wax tablets; these were then put together face inwards and tied with +string, which was secured by the seal of the sender. When, as often, +they were written by slaves from dictation, the seal was the only means +of recognising the authorship, as they were not generally signed. + +=cognovit=, 'acknowledged it.' + +=recepissent=, 'had promised'; _recipio_ = 'to take upon oneself, +engage.' =sibi=, the writer. + +=quae . . . deprehensa=, a relative is generally neuter pl. when it +refers, as here, to two inanimate antecedents ('gladii' and 'sicae') of +different genders. So also adjectives and participles. Cf. 3. 9 'data.' +They may however agree with the nearest word, as in 3. 18 'visas . . . +faces ardoremque caeli.' + +=qui . . . respondisset=, 'although he had answered.' =tamen=, i.e. in +spite of the appearances against him. + +=se semper=, etc., 'that he had always had a fancy for good steel +implements.' He purposely avoids using the word 'tela,' pretending that +the weapons were only part of a collection. + +=conscientia=, 'his consciousness of guilt.' For 'abiectus' cf. 4. 3 +'abiecta metu filia.' + +=in eandem fere sententiam=, 'to much the same effect.' + +=avi=, P. Cornelius Lentulus, consul 162 B.C. Cf. 4. 13. + + +§11. + +=eadem ratione=, either with =litterae=, 'of the same tenor,' or with +leguntur, 'in the same way,' i.e. 'with the same formalities.' + +=per quem=, the agent was P. Umbrenus. Cf. §14 below. + +=subito=, adverb, with =demens=. + +=cum=, 'although.' + +=dicendi exercitatio=. Lit. 'practice in speaking,' i.e. 'fluency.' + + +§12. + +=Quis sim=, etc. The general sense of the letter is similarly given by +Sallust (Cat. 44) with verbal differences. + +=locum=, 'position.' + +=etiam infimorum=, i.e. he was to arm the slaves. + + +§13. + +=cum . . . tum=, 'just as ... so also.' Cf. 3. 18. illa in each clause +refers to what follows. Note that 'certiora' follows 'certissima,' +showing that the latter means 'very sure,' not 'the surest possible.' +Cicero is fond of using the superlative in this sense. + +=de summa re publica=, 'on a matter so vital to the state.' Cf. 1. 14 +'ad summam rempublicam pertinent.' + +=principibus=, the leaders. + +=sententiae=. See on 1. 9. + +=senatus consultum=, the regular word for a decree of the senate. When +passed, it was written down, and the names of the principal supporters +appended. + + +§14. + +=liberata . . . sit=, etc. Subj. because he is quoting the substance of +the decree. =usus essem= is plup. because 'laudantur' (historic present) +is regarded as a past tense. + +=viro forti, collegae meo=. This was C. Antonius Hybrida. He had been +associated with Catilina, but Cicero induced him to come over to the +side of the senate by giving up to him the province of Macedonia. See +note on 4. 23. + +=a suis et rei publicae=, etc., i.e. he had ceased to hold any +communication with them, either on his private affairs, or his public +duties. + +=cum se praetura=, etc. Note the construction of 'abdico.' Strictly +speaking, a magistrate could not be deprived of his office except by his +own act; but resignation was practically compulsory under certain +circumstances (e.g. when the election was proved to have been obtained +by bribery). As praetor, Lentulus could not have been placed under +arrest, for the person of a magistrate was inviolable (_sacrosanctus_). + +=in custodiam=. See on 1. 19. + +=de iis colonis=. See on 2. 20. + + +§15. + +=supplicatio=, i.e. a period of public prayer and thanksgiving. This was +accompanied by the ceremony called _lectisternium_, when the images of +the gods were placed on couches (_pulvinaria_) before their temples, +with banquets beside them. Here the people came to worship. Cf. 3. 23 +'ad omnia pulvinaria,' and Horace, Odes 1. 37. 2 + + 'nunc Saliaribus + Ornare pulvinar Deorum + Tempus erat dapibus, sodales.' + +A _supplicatio_ was generally a thanksgiving for victory; to the general +it was an honour only inferior to a triumph, which it often preceded. +More rarely, it was a period of national humiliation in time of +disaster. Thus a _supplicatio_ was decreed at the beginning of 217 B.C., +and again after the defeat of Cannae. See Livy 22. 1, 23. 11. + +=meo nomine=, 'in my name,' 'in my honour.' This was the only instance +of a _supplicatio_ decreed in honour of a citizen not holding a military +command. + +=interest= instead of 'interesse videatur,' because he means to state +positively that the difference is there, whether the comparison be made +or not. So we can say, 'If you compare, there is this difference,' +instead of the more strictly grammatical, '_You will find_ that there is +this difference.' Cf. de Amic. §104 'Si illis orbatus essem, tamen +_affert_ nihi aetas ipsa solatium'; where the existence of the +consolation does not depend on the need for it. + +=se abdicavit=, 'was allowed to resign.' + +=ut quae religio=, etc. A magistrate being 'sacrosanctus,' religious +scruples would forbid his punishment. Cicero says that owing to +Lentulus' abdication, they will not have _this_ scruple to stand in +their way, though reminding them that it did not protect Glaucia. (See +on 1. 4.) Tr. 'So that we can punish Lentulus as a private citizen +without hindrance from any religious scruple; though such scruples did +not prevent C. Marius,' etc. + + +§16. + +=cum pellebam=. See on 1. 7. + +=somnum=, 'the sleepiness.' + +=aditus=, 'the means of approaching.' Cf. Virg. Aen. 4. 423 + + 'Sola viri molles aditus et tempora noras.' + +Note the striking picture of Catilina's abilities as a leader here +given, and contrast it with Cicero's contemptuous expressions elsewhere, +esp. 2. 9. + +=certos=, 'particular,' 'definite.' + +=mandarat=. The pluperf. indic. is rare after _cum_ even when (as here) +the connection is of time only. + +=quod= constructed with 'obiret' as the nearest verb. 'occurreret' by +itself would require dative. + +=vigilaret=, =laboraret= do not grammatically construct with 'quod' at +all. They are an amplification of 'obiret occurreret'; such +amplification being more commonly expressed by an adverbial clause such +as 'per vigilias et labores.' Cf. Aesch. P. V. 331 + + πάντων μετασχὼν καὶ τετολμηκὼς ἐμοί, + +where καὶ τετολμηκώς is an amplification of μετασχών, and does not +construct with ἐμοί. + + +§17. + +=tanto ante=, because it was now only Dec. 3 and the Saturnalia (3. 10) +did not begin till Dec. 17. + +=commisisset ut=, etc. 'have made the mistake of allowing to be +arrested.' Cf. 3. 7 'negavi me facturum esse ut non deferrem.' + + +§18. + +=cum . . . tum=, 'not only ... but also.' Cf. 3. 13. + +=Nam ut illa=, etc. Cicero must here be suiting his language to his +audience; for he probably did not believe in miraculous signs. His tone +in the second and third speeches, where he is addressing the people, is +throughout less refined than in the first and fourth, where he is +speaking to the senate. + +=canere=, 'foretell,' often used of prophetic utterances. + + +§19. + +=Cotta et Torquato consulibus=, B.C. 65. + +=de caelo=, i.e. struck by lightning. + +=legum aera=, the brazen tablets on which the laws were engraved. + +=tactus=, etc. In the Capitoline Museum at Rome may be seen a bronze +figure of a wolf giving suck to the twins Romulus and Remus. It is just +possible that this may be the group alluded to here, as one of the legs +shows an injury such as would be caused by lightning; but it is more +probably a mediaeval copy of an ancient original. + +=Etruria=, the original home of augury. + +=adpropinquare dixerunt nisi . . . flexissent=. The soothsayers said +'adpropinquant, nisi flexerint,' the fut. perf. becoming plup. subj. in +Oratio Obliqua, according to rule. Not _adpropinquabunt_, because +futurity is sufficiently expressed by the word itself, = 'they are +drawing near,' 'are upon you.' + +=suo numine=, 'by their influence.' The gods are regarded as subject to +Destiny, yet able to mitigate its decrees by their intercession. =prope= +apologizes as it were for the boldness of the expression. Cf. 4. 2 ad +fin. + + +§20. + +=ad orientem=, etc. The Forum stretched S.E. from the Capitol, so that a +statue on the latter facing E. would overlook it. + +=collocandum . . . locaverunt=, 'gave a contract for its erection'; +_loco_ (lit. 'to place out') is used of the person for whom the work is +done; _conduco_ of the contractor. + +=superioribus consulibus=, those of 64 B.C., L. Caesar and C. Figulus. + + +§21. + +=praesens=, perhaps 'clear,' i.e. a visible evidence of the hand of the +gods; or it may be simply 'opportune.' + +=ut . . . videatur= is consecutive, =ut . . . statueretur=, +substantival, explanatory of =illud=, '_the fact_ that the statue was +being erected at that particular moment.' + +=eorum indices=, 'the witnesses against them.' The Temple of Concord was +on the Capitol; Cicero's house on the Palatine; so that the Forum would +have to be crossed in passing from one to the other. + +=ducerentur= follows the mood of its main verb 'statueretur.' Otherwise +as 'cum' = 'quo tempore' we should probably have had the indic. on the +analogy of 1. 7 (where see note) and other instances. + + +§22. + +=templis atque delubris=. See on 3. 2. + +=mentem voluntatemque=, 'disposition and purpose.' + +Some editions read 'iam vero illa Allobrogum sollicitatio, iam ab +Lentulo,' etc. For iam vero see on 2. 8. + +=ut . . . neglegerent=, substantival ('the fact that') in apposition to +'id' below. + +=ex civitate male pacata=. The limits of Transalpine Gaul were not +accurately defined at this time, and disturbances on the borders were +frequent. The Allobroges actually revolted two years later, and were +suppressed temporarily by C. Pomptinus; they shared in the universal +subjugation of Gaul by Caesar, 58-51 B.C. + +=ultro=, 'spontaneously,' 'unsought,' because the first advances were +made by Lentulus. + +=potuerint=, 'especially as they (were men who) might have,' etc. + + +§23. + +=ad omnia pulvinaria=. See on _supplicatio_ 3. 15. + +=togati=. See on 2. 28. + + +§24. + +The historical allusions in this section will be best explained by the +following sketch. + +In 88 B.C. Sulla was consul, and had just ended the Social War. P. +Sulpicius made certain proposals in the interests of the democratic +party, one of which was to transfer the command against Mithridates of +Pontus from Sulla to Marius. Sulla marched on Rome; Sulpicius, with a +few adherents, was killed; Marius, with others, escaped with difficulty. +Sulla thereupon departed for the East. + +In 87 Cinna, as consul, revived the schemes of Sulpicius. His colleague +Octavius drove him from the city; he collected an army, was joined by +Marius, and effected his return by force. A reign of terror followed, +during which many aristocrats were killed. Marius died in 86; Cinna was +killed in a mutiny two years later. + +In 82 Sulla came back from the East, defeated the younger Marius (in +alliance with the revolted Samnites), at the Colline Gate, and was +created 'dictator reipublicae constituendae.' As such he issued a +proscription list, ordering the execution of most of the democratic +leaders. Having reformed the constitution in the interest of the +optimates, he resigned his power. + +After his death M. Lepidus (consul 78) tried to reverse his acts, but +was expelled by his colleague Q. Catulus. He raised an army and tried, +like Cinna, to effect his return by force, but was defeated by Catulus +at the Mulvian Bridge, B.C. 77; he escaped to Sardinia, where he died. + +=vidistis=, because they had all taken place within the last twenty-five +years. + +=custodem huius urbis=, he had saved Rome by defeating the Teutones and +Cimbri (102, 101 B.C.). + +=redundavit= only suits 'sanguine,' but is applied (by zeugma) to +'acervis corporum' as well, '(was choked) with heaps of corpses and +flooded with blood.' + +=clarissimis viris=. Among these were L. Caesar (consul 90, and one of +the enfranchisers of the Italians) and Q. Catulus (consul 102) the +colleague of Marius in the war against the Cimbri. + +=ne dici quidem, etc=. The victims of the Sullan proscriptions numbered +from four to five thousand. + +=Q. Catulo=, son of the Catulus mentioned above. + +=non tam ipsius=, i.e. it was not the fate of Lepidus himself which +excited sympathy, but of those who were involved in it. + + +§25. + +The reading in this section is uncertain, owing to interpolations having +been introduced into the original MS. The text given is Halm's +conjectural emendation; the principal variation is as follows:-- + +'Atque illae tamen omnes dissensiones _erant eiusmodi Quirites_, quae +non ad delendam, sed ad commutandam rempublicam _pertinerent_; non illi +nullam esse rempublicam, sed in ea quae esset, se esse principes; neque +hanc urbem conflagrare, sed se in hac urbe florere voluerunt. [_Atque +illae tamen omnes dissensiones, quarum nulla exitium reipublicae +quaesivit_, eiusmodi fuerunt, ut non reconciliatione concordiae, sed +internecione civium diiudicatae sint.'] + +According to this reading, the sentence in brackets is regarded as a +gloss; i.e. an explanation added in the margin by a transcriber, which +afterwards found its way into the text. + +=diiudicatae sint=. In consecutive sentences the perf. subj. is used in +preference to the imperf. where the _fact_ of the result is emphasized. +It answers to ὥστε with indicative: the imperfect to ὥστε with +infinitive. + +=tantum=, '_only_ so much.' + +=infinitae caedi restitisset= (resto), =lit=. 'had remained over to +bloodshed,' i.e. as the only thing left for it to destroy. Cf. Virg. +Aen. 1. 679. + + 'Dona ferens, pelago et flammis restantia Troiae.' + + +§26. + +=insigne honoris=, 'mark of distinction,' may perhaps refer to some +purely personal honour (such as the title 'pater patriae'); =monimentum +laudis=, 'memorial of renown,' to something more external (such as a +statue). But see below. + +=ornamenta honoris=, etc. The three expressions seem to be practically +synonymous, unless 'laudis insignia' be meant to include the other two. +'Every honourable decoration, every glorious memorial, every outward +mark of distinction.' + +=alentur=, 'will be cherished.' + +=literarum monimentis=, 'in the records of literature,' i.e. history. + +=eandemque diem=, etc. 'Diem' here = 'period.' He means that he has +preserved the state for an unlimited period, and that during that period +the recollection of his consulship will last; the two will go together, +hence 'eandem.' Tr. 'I feel that one and the same term--a term which I +trust will have no limit--has been extended to the safe existence of the +state and the recollection of my consulship.' + +=exstitisse= may either depend upon 'intellego,' or (better) upon a verb +to be understood from 'memoriam'; 'and (the recollection) that there +were,' etc. + +=alter=, i.e. Pompeius, who was extending the empire by his conquests in +the East, which added the province of Syria to the Roman dominions. +Cicero speaks with rhetorical exaggeration. + + +§27. + +=condicio=, 'circumstances,' 'position.' See on 2. 14. + +=recte=, 'as is just.' + +=bonis=. See on 'bonorum' 1. 1. + + +§28. + +=Quodsi=, etc. Cicero's fears were realized by the motion for his +banishment (for having put Roman citizens to death without trial) +carried by Clodius, 58 B.C. + +=vitae fructum=, 'the _results_ of life.' + +=honore vestro=, 'the honours you can bestow'; =gloria virtutis=, +'renown won by merit.' + + +§29. + +=Illud=, explained by 'ut . . . tuear,' etc. + + + + +ORATION IV. + + +§1. + +=depulsum sit=. Subj. because he is putting their thoughts into words. + +=vestris=. Some editions add _liberis_. + +=condicio=. See on 2. 14, 'if these were the terms on which I received +the consulship.' + + +§2. + +=in quo omnis aequitas continetur=, 'the home of all justice,' because +the praetor's courts were held in the Forum and adjacent buildings. + +=consularibus auspiciis=, 'the auspices taken at the election of the +consuls.' They were elected by the Comitia Centuriata, which met in the +Campus Martius. For 'auspicia' see on 1. 33. + +=summum auxilium=, etc. The control of foreign relations belonged +particularly to the senate. + +=ad quietem datus=, epithet of 'lectus' ('datus' must not be mistaken +for the main verb, which is 'fuit'). + +=sedea honoris=. Some MSS. add the explanatory words 'sella curulis.' + +=multa tacui=. He hints at the suppression of the names of certain +persons suspected by him to be implicated. Crassus and Caesar may have +been among these. See Sall. Cat. 48, 49. + +=meo quodam dolore=, abl. of attendant circumstances, 'at some pain to +myself.' + +=templa atque delubra=. See on 3. 2. + +=fatale ad perniciem=, 'destined to the destruction of,' referring to +his belief that he was the third Cornelius who should rule over Rome (3. +9). In the second clause 'prope' ('I may almost say') is added because +the expression might seem too arrogant without qualification. Cf. 3. 19 +'nisi di immortales _prope_ fata ipsa flexissent.' + + +§3. + +=pro eo ac mereor=, 'in proportion to my deserts.' Cf. 'simul ac,' +'aeque ac,' 'aliter ac,' etc. + +=consulari=, 'to one who has been consul,' because no higher honour +remained to be won. + +=misera sapienti=. The Stoic philosophy, of which Cicero was an +adherent, taught that true happiness consisted in being independent of +the external accidents of life. + +=ille ferreus=, 'a man of such iron nature.' + +=fratris=. Q. Cicero, now praetor designatus. + +=uxor=, Terentia; =filia=, Tullia; =filius=, Marcus, now two years old. + +=gener=, C. Calpurnius Piso, Tullia's first husband. Not being yet a +senator he was not seated in the assembly, but standing with the crowd +at the open doors of the temple. + +=sed in eam partem uti=, etc., 'but only in the direction (of wishing) +that,' etc. + + +§4. + +=Non Ti. Gracchus=, etc. The negatives go closely with the proper names, +and the _present_ 'adducitur' is emphatic. Tr. 'It is no Ti. Gracchus, +for proposing to become tribune a second time, no C. Gracchus, for +attempting to incite the agrarian party to violence, no L. Saturninus, +for the murder of C. Memmius, that is _now_ brought to trial before the +bar of your severity; you have in your hands men who,' etc. He uses the +indic. ('voluit,' 'conatus est,' etc.) instead of the subj. to emphasize +the fact that the persons named had actually committed the offences in +question; he is not simply quoting the grounds of an accusation which +might or might not have been true. + +=iterum=, the election of the same person in successive years was +illegal. Ti. Gracchus was tribune 133 B.C. In attempting to secure his +re-election for the next year he fell a victim to the armed attack of +the senate. + +=agrarios=, properly those interested in the distribution of the public +land. C. Gracchus carried on the agrarian schemes of his brother, but it +was not the most important part of his legislation. He trusted no doubt +for support to the agricultural population of Italy, but this was rather +in view of his plans for admitting them all to the franchise. + +=C. Memmius=, a popular leader at the time of the Jugurthine War; he +changed sides, and was murdered by Saturninus and Glaucia on opposing +the latter in the consular election for 99 B.C. + +=restiterunt= (=resto=), 'have stayed behind.' + +=servitia=, abstract for concrete. + + +§5. + +=vos multis iam=, etc. 'You have affirmed by many proofs of your +judgment'; i.e. the senate, by the measures they had already taken, had +practically affirmed their belief in the conspirators' guilt. + +=in custodiam=. See on 1. 19. + +=qui honos=, etc. Cf. 3. 15 and 2. 28. + + +§6. + +The object of =referre= is =de facto quid iudicetis=, etc.; =tanquam +integrum=, 'as though it were an open question.' + +=ego magnum=, etc. 'I had long seen that a dangerous madness was abroad, +and that evils of an unheard-of kind were seething and stirring in the +state.' + +=latius opinione=, 'more widely than you think.' The following sentence +should be noted, as showing that Cicero recognized that the importance +of the decision lay in the effect it would have upon Catilina's +adherents abroad. + + +§7. + +=sententias=, the technical word for the senator's formal declaration of +his vote. See on 1. 9. Tr. 'proposals.' + +=D. Silani=, now consul designatus. + +=censet=, not 'thinks,' but 'gives it as his opinion,' 'votes.' + +=haec=, i.e. all that is around us, the houses, temples, etc. + +=C. Caesaris=, now praetor designatus. + +=recordatur=, 'remembers.' Cicero suggests that the recollection +influenced Silanus, not that he actually mentioned the precedents. + +=aut necessitatem=, etc. Each _=aut=_ still further qualifies the idea +of death. So far from being a punishment, it is the common necessity of +our nature, or may even sometimes be an actual benefit. + +=municipiis=, 'provincial towns.' See on 2. 24. + +=si velis=. Subj. because contingency is expressed by 'habere videtur' +(= 'habeat'), 'seems to have,' 'might have.' Cf. 1. 2 'satisfacere +videmur si vitemus.' The sense is: it would be unfair to order any town +to undertake the duty, and difficult to induce any to do so if they +merely asked it as a favour. + + +§8. + +=Adiungit=, sc. Caesar. + +=aut per senatum=, etc., i.e. either by a 'senatus consultum,' or a +'lex' passed by the Comitia. + +=illi antiqui=, the well-known writers of old time. The order of the +words is 'illi antiqui voluerunt eius modi quaedam supplicia apud +inferos impiis constituta esse.' voluerunt, lit. 'wished,' i.e. 'would +have had us believe.' Cf. Virg. Aen. 1. 626 'Seque ortum antiqua +Teucrorum ab stirpe volebat.' Contrast Cicero's language here (where he +is speaking to a more intelligent audience) with that in 3. 18-22. + +=ipsam=, 'by itself.' + + +§9. + +=mea quid intersit=, 'what is for my own interest.' + +=quoniam hanc=. 'Viam' is 'path,' 'course.' In English we may perhaps +change the metaphor, and say 'since he has taken what we agree to call +the popular _side_ in politics.' The 'populares' were the opponents of +the 'optimates'; they aimed at breaking down the aristocratic rule of +the senate. + +=cognitore=, properly one who acts for another in a law-suit, +'advocate.' + +=nescio an=, lit. 'I hardly know whether'; so affirmatively = 'I am +disposed to think.' + +=rationes=, 'considerations.' + +=enim=, used like γάρ, to introduce a narrative or discussion of a +point. 'Now we have,' etc. + +=obsidem=, 'pledge.' + +=intellectum est, etc=. 'We understood (when we heard Caesar) how great +was the contrast between the frivolity of demagogues and the true +democratic spirit, which has the interest of the people at heart.' + + +§10. + +=ne de capite=, i.e. because the senate had no legal right to decide +questions affecting the _caput_ (life, or civil rights) of a citizen, +which ought to come before the Comitia Centuriata. On this question see +Introd. Note B. + +=nudius tertius=='nunc dies tertius,' 'the day before yesterday,' +according to the Roman inclusive method of reckoning. + +=hoc=, explained by =quid iudicarit=. The order is 'hoc, quid (ille) qui +. . . decrerit de tota re et causa iudicarit, nemini dubium est.' Cicero +argues that the absent senators, by assenting to the previous measures, +have acknowledged their jurisdiction in the matter. It appears that +these measures had been unanimously adopted. + +=quaesitori=, properly of the president of a law-court: here of Cicero, +as the conductor of the investigations. Cf. Virg. Aen. 6. 432 'Quaesitor +Minos urnam movet.' + +=legem Semproniam=. What this was is not quite certain; but C. Gracchus +seems to have passed a law still further securing the right of citizens +to appeal to the people as against the arbitrary sentence of a +magistrate, though this was already provided by the Lex Valeria and the +Lex Porcia (see on 1. 28). Cicero refers to the Lex Sempronia here as +being the most recent legislation on the subject, and because the fact +that summary measures were taken against its author strengthens his +argument. + +=qui autem=, etc. On this see Introd. Note B. + +=iniussu= is a conjectural emendation for the MS. reading _iussu_, +because C. Gracchus was not put to death by order of the people; he was +killed by the agents of the consul Opimius, who professed to rely upon +the 'ultimum decretum' previously passed by the senate (see on 1. 4). +Cicero quotes it as a precedent exactly suiting the present case. + + +§11. + +=sive=, 'if on the one hand,' answered by sive below. =dederitis= is the +apodosis to the first clause, =exsolvet= to the second. + +=comitem=. Cicero would be expected to address the people after the +meeting, to acquaint them with the senate's decision (cf. the Third +Oration), and according to usage he would be accompanied by the proposer +of the successful motion. Connect =populo= with =carum atque iucundum=. + +=populus Romanus exsolvet=. The reading of the MSS. here is +unintelligible; that in the text is a conjectural emendation. Other +suggestions are 'apud populum Romanum exsolvam,' 'populo Romano +exsolveritis.' + +=obtinebo=, 'I shall maintain.' eam, sc: 'sententiam.' + +=ita . . . ut=. A common way of emphasizing a declaration, by expressing +a wish that the welfare of the speaker may depend upon its truth. 'So +may it be mine to enjoy with you the blessings of preservation, as I am +moved,' etc. Cf. the phrase 'ita di me ament, ut,' and the formula 'So +help me God' appended to oaths in English law-courts. + + +§12. + +=purpuratum=. A name for ministers at Eastern courts, from the +magnificence of their dress; 'with Gabinius as his grand vizier.' + +=qui non lenierit=, causal, 'in that he did not alleviate.' + +=id egerunt, ut=, 'have made it their object to place,' etc. + + +§13. + +=L. Caesar=, consul 64 B.C., not to be confused with C. Julius Caesar. +=sororis suae virum=, Lentulus; =avum=, M. Fulvius Flaccus, the friend +and adherent of C. Gracchus, whose fate he shared. When the disturbance +broke out he sent his young son to treat with the consul Opimius, who +had him arrested and put to death. + +The following table will show the relationship: + + M. Fulvius Flaccus (cos. 125) + | + | + ------------------------------ + | | + | | + M.F. Flaccus Fulvia m. L.J. Caesar (cos. 90) + (filius) | + | + -------------------------- + | | + | | + L.J. Caesar (cos. 64) Julia m. (1) M. Antonius Creticus. + (2) P.C. Lentulus. + +=nudius tertius=. At the meeting of the senate described in the Third +Speech. + +=quorum=, etc. 'What had they (i.e. Flaccus and C. Gracchus) done that +could compare with this' (the present conspiracy)? factum is treated as +a substantive. + +=largitionis voluntas=, etc. 'Designs of largess were then rife in the +state, accompanied by some party rivalry.' C. Gracchus passed a law +providing the people with corn at low rates. He also transferred the +right of sitting as _iudices_ in the law-courts from the senate to the +equites, and thus stirred up strife ('partium contentio') between the +two orders. + +Cicero purposely makes light of those measures, which had really very +important effects, in order to give point to his argument, which is--If +such comparatively moderate designs as those of C. Gracchus met with so +signal a punishment, what do the violent schemes of Catilina deserve? +Cf. 1. 4. + +=avus=. P. Cornelius Lentulus, consul 162 B.C., and _princeps senatus_ +at the time of Gracchus' death. Cf. 3. 10. + +=ne quid=, etc., 'lest the majesty of the state should be in any degree +impaired.' + +=Vereamini censeo=, lit. 'it is my opinion that you should fear' ('ut' +being omitted, as often after 'censeo'). Ironical advice, where the +contrary is really intended. 'You had better be afraid, I should think.' +Cf. the similar ironical passage in Sallust, Cat. 52 (Cato is speaking +in favour of executing the conspirators), 'Misereamini censeo--deliquere +homines adulescentuli per ambitionem--atque etiam armatos dimittatis.' +=multo magis= verendum, etc. below gives his serious opinion. + + +§14. + +Note the distinction between _vereri ut_ and _vereri ne_. + +=imperium=, i.e. the sovereign authority of the Comitia, for which a +revolution might substitute that of a despot. Cf. 'regnantem Lentulum' +§12. + +=loci=, the Temple of Concord, on the Capitol. + +=in qua= = 'talis, ut in ea,' followed by consec. subj. 'sentirent.' + + +§15. + +=Ceteri=. He goes through all the classes in turn; first the knights +(the disposition of the senate being already clear); then the official +classes (the Civil Service as we might say); then the general body of +freeborn citizens; lastly, the freedmen and slaves. + +=equites=, see Introd. p. 9, note. As large holders of property, they +dreaded Catilina's schemes, and supported Cicero by occupying the +Capitol in arms, in order to protect the Senate. + +=ita= . . . ut. 'Ut' has a limiting force; it shows with what +reservation the main statement is to be accepted. 'Only so far ... +that.' In English, 'who yield to you the first place in rank and wisdom, +only to rival you in patriotism.' Cf. Cic. de Off. 1. 88 'ita probanda +est mansuetudo, ut adhibeatur reipublicae causa severitas,' and Livy 23. +3 'ita vos irae indulgere oportet, ut potiorem ira salutem habeatis.' + +=ex=, 'after.' The ground of quarrel was the right of sitting as +_iudices_ in the law-courts. Transferred from the senate to the +_equites_ by C. Gracchus, it had been restored by Sulla, and was now +shared between the two and the _tribuni aerarii_ (see below). + +Cicero's great hope for the state lay in a union between the two orders +(cf. §22 ad fin.), but that now existing was soon broken. + +=tribunos aerarios=, probably revenue officers of some kind, but not +much is known about them. + +=scribas=, etc., the permanent government clerks, a certain number of +whom were attached to each magistrate. On this day (Dec. 5) the +quaestors for the next year entered on their office, and the _scribae_ +had to draw lots to decide which quaestor they should severally attend. +This drawing took place at the treasury, which was in the Temple of +Saturn at the west end of the Forum, in full view of the Temple of +Concord. Hence tr.: 'the entire body of clerks also, who having been +brought to-day by chance to the treasury have I see been diverted from +the anticipation of the lot to thoughts of the public safety.' + + +§16. + +=ingenuorum=, 'freeborn citizens,' opposed to _libertini_, who though +citizens were not freeborn. + +=sit=, not subj. after 'cum' (which = 'not only'), but consecutive. + +=operae pretium est=, 'it is worth while.' + +=sua virtute=, etc., 'who by their own exertions have won the advantages +of our citizenship'; because only those would be manumitted whose +industry and energy deserved it. + +=qui modo sit . . . qui non=, etc., the first relative clause limits the +subject ('servus'); the second is consecutive. 'There is no slave,--none +at least whose condition of servitude is bearable--who does not,' etc. +Cf. in Pisonem §45 'Nemo denique civis est, qui modo se civem esse +meminerit, qui vos non oculis fugiat.' + +=voluntatis=, gen. after 'tantum.' + + +§17. + +=aut fortuna miseri=, etc., 'so poverty-stricken or so disaffected.' + +=immo vero= corrects the preceding. 'The greater part, nay the whole'; +see on 1. 2. A large part of the retail trade at Rome was in the hands +of slaves. + +=instrumentum=, 'means of trade.' + +=futurum fuit=, 'was about to happen,' i.e. 'would have happened'; +incensis represents the protasis, 'si incensae essent.' Cf. Livy 2. 1 +'Quid enim futurum fuit, si illa plebs agitari coepta esset tribuniciis +procellis?' + + +§18. + +=ignem illum Vestae=, pointing perhaps to the Temple of Vesta in the +Forum below him. + + +§19. + +=in civili causa=, 'on a political question.' + +=cogitate=, etc. A short form of expression combining two really +distinct indirect questions, (1) 'cogitate quantis laboribus imperium +fundatum sit,' and (2) 'cogitate ut una nox paene (imperium) delerit.' +In English, 'Think by what toil was the empire established, _which_ one +night nearly destroyed.' + +=una nox=, the night of the arrest of the Allobroges. See pro Flacco +§102 'O nox illa, quae paene aeternas huic urbi tenebras attulisti, cum +Galli ad bellum, Catilina ad urbem, coniurati ad ferrum et flammam +vocabantur.' + +=non modo=, understand 'non possit' after confici, and see on 1. 25. + + +§20. + +=sententiam=, sc. 'rogandam,' see on 1. 9. The consul would not +pronounce a formal 'sententia' himself. + +=Quodsi=, etc. Cicero's fears were realized five years later (58 B.C.), +when Clodius carried a motion for his banishment. + + +§21. + +=Scipio=. The elder Scipio restored the Roman supremacy in Spain during +the Second Punic War, and invaded Africa. Hannibal returned from Italy +to oppose him, and was defeated at Zama (202 B.C.). + +=alter Africanus=. P. Cornelius Scipio (Aemilianus) Africanus, son of +Aemilius Paullus, but adopted by the elder Scipio's son. He took and +destroyed Carthage 146, Numantia 133 B.C. + +=Paullus=. L. Aem. Paullus defeated and made prisoner Perseus king of +Macedonia at Pydna, 168 B.C. + +=bis=. He defeated the Teutones at Aquae Sextiae (102), the Cimbri near +Vercellae on the Campus Raudius (101). + +=Pompeius=, see on 2. 11. Note the rhetorical exaggeration in 'eisdem +quibus solis cursus,' etc. + + +§22. + +=uno loco=, 'in one point' + +=serviunt=, 'become slaves.' + +=possis= is the apodosis of a conditional sentence with the protasis +suppressed. 'You would not be able (if you were to try),' i.e. 'you can +never hope to be able.' + +=neque ulla=, etc. This hope was not realized. The immediate danger +being removed, the equites fell back into their habitual attitude of +opposition to the senate. + + +§23. + +=pro imperio=, 'in the place of military command.' The _imperium_ was +the authority vested in a general in virtue of which he controlled his +army by martial law. It belonged equally to all the higher magistrates, +but within the walls of Rome itself its exercise was restricted. Cicero +was not going to govern a province, and therefore not to command an +army. + +=pro provincia=. Sulla had ordained that each of the ten chief +magistrates (two consuls and eight praetors) should, after the +expiration of his year of office in the city, govern a province as +proconsul or propraetor. The senate decided which should be the consular +provinces, and the consuls settled between themselves (by lot or +otherwise) which each should take. The consular provinces for 62 B.C. +were Macedonia and Cisalpine Gaul. As Macedonia was a rich province, +Cicero had given it up to Antonius, in order to secure his support +against the conspirators. His own province would therefore in the +ordinary course have been Cisalpine Gaul. But subsequently he asked to +be allowed to resign it, and it fell to the praetor Metellus Celer. (See +Ep. ad Att. 2. 1 'cum provinciam in contione deposui,' and ad Fam. 5. 2, +where writing to Metellus Celer he says 'si hoc dicam, me tui causa +praetermisisse provinciam, tibi ipsi levior videar esse.') By resigning +his province he gave up the command of an army, and with it the chance +of a triumph. + +=pro clientelis=, etc. Provincial communities often attached themselves +as 'clients' to their former governors, who became their 'patroni' and +were specially bound to look after their interests. Cicero here says +that by giving up a province he has given up the best opportunities of +forming such connections; nevertheless though confined to the city he +will still do his best in that direction. Tr. 'In the place of ties of +clientship and mutual friendship with provincials, which nevertheless by +such influence as I can exercise in the city (urbanis opibus) I strive +to acquire as zealously as I maintain them' (when acquired). + +=pro meis=, etc. Note that 'pro' is here used in a different sense from +the foregoing; '_in return for_ my zeal,' etc. + +=suo solius periculo=. Cf. phrases like 'mea ipsius manu.' 'Solius' +agrees with the genitive of the personal pronoun to be understood from +'suo.' + + +§24. + +=per se ipsum=, 'by himself'; cf. 1. 11 'per me tibi obstiti.' + +=praestare= is 'to be responsible for,' 'guarantee,' and so, 'to +execute.' He means that he will take upon himself the sole +responsibility of carrying out the senate's decrees. + + + + +INDEX. + + +accusative in adverbial phrases, 1. 10. + +ager Gallicus, 2. 5, 2. 26. + +agrarii, 4. 4. + +Ahala, C. Servilius, 1. 3. + +Allobroges, Intr. 13, 3. 4-13. + +Antonius, C., Intr. 8, 3. 14. + +asyndeton, 2. 1. + +auspicia, 1. 33 _n._ + + +Caesar, C. Julius, Intr. 8, 14, 18, 4. 7-10. + +Caesar, L. Julius, 4. 13. + +caput, 4. 10. + +Cato, M., Intr. 15. + +Cethegus, 3. 6-14. + +Cinna, 3. 9, 3. 24. + +clientelae provinciales, 4. 23. + +cognitor, 4. 9. + +colonia, 2. 24 _n._ + +comitium, 1. 15. + +condicio, 2. 14 _n._, 3. 2, 3. 27, 4. 1, 4. 22. + +conditional sentences, special forms of, 1. 2 _n._, 1. 19 _n._, 2. 25, +3. 15, 4. 7. + +consilium, 1. 2. + +contio, 4. 11. + +cum with indic., 1. 7 _n._ + +custodia libera, 1. 19 _n._ + + +dative of agent, 1. 16 _n._ + +decoctor, 2. 5. + +duint, 1. 22. + + +edictum praetoris, 2. 5. + +eludo, 1. 1. + +equites, Intr. 9 _n._, 1. 21, 4. 15. + +Ethic dative, 2. 4. + +exilium. 1. 20 _n._ + +exterminor, 3. 3. + + +fides publica, 3.8. + +First conspiracy, Intr. 8. + +Flaccus, M. Fulvius, 1. 4, 4. 13. + + +Gabinius, 3. 6-14. + +Glaucia, C. Servilius, 1. 4, 3. 15. + +Gracchus, C., 1. 4, 4. 4, 4. 10, 4. 13. + +Gracchus, Ti., 1. 3, 4. 4. + + +hendiadys, 1. 15, 1. 21, 1. 31, 2. 14, 3. 2. + +honores, 1. 28. + + +Idus, 1. 14 _n._ + +immo vero, 1. 2, 2. 22, 4. 17. + +imperium, 4. 23 _n._ + +indic. in oratio obliqua, 2. 13, 3.8. + +inter falcarios, 1. 8. + +ita ut, idiomatic uses of, 4. 11, 4. 15. + + +Laeca, M., 1. 8, 2. 12. + +latrocinium, 1. 23, 1. 31. + +Lentulus, P. Cornelius, 3. 4-16, 4. 2, 4. 5, 4. 10. + +Lepidus, M., 3. 24. + +Lex Porcia, 1. 28 _n._ + +Lex Sempronia, 1. 28 _n._, 4. 10. + +Lex Valeria, 1. 28 _n._ + +Lex Villia Annalis, 1.28 _n._ + +libertini, 4. 16. + +loco, 3. 20. + + +malleolus, 1. 32. + +Manlius, Intr. 10, 1. 7, 1. 23, 2. 14, 2. 20. + +Marius, C., 1. 4, 3. 15, 3. 24, 4. 21. + +Memmius, C., 4. 4. + +municipium, 2. 24 _n._, 4. 7. + + +non modo, 1. 25 _n._, 2. 9, 2. 20, 2. 21, 4. 19. + + +Octavius, Cn., 3. 24. + +Opimius, L., 1. 4. + +optimates, 1. 1 _n._ + +oxymoron, 1. 18. + + +Palatium, 1. 1. + +parricida, 1. 29. + +patres conscripti, 1. 4 _n._ + +Paullus, L. Aemilius, 4. 21. + +Pistoria, Intr. 15. + +Pompeius, 2. 11, 3. 26, 4. 21. + +populares, 4. 9 _n._ + +possessio, 2. 18. + +praefectura, 3. 5. + +Praeneste, 1. 8. + +praetexta, 2. 4. + +praetor urbanus, 1. 32 _n._ + +praetor peregrinus, 1. 32 _n._ + +praetoria cohors, 2. 24. + +propago, 2. 11, 3. 26. + +proscriptio bonorum, 2. 21. + +provinces (consular), 4. 23 _n._ + +pulvinar, 3. 23. + +purpuratus, 4. 12. + + +quaesitor, 4. 10. + +quaestio, 1. 18 _n._ + +Quirites, 2. 1 _n._ + +quisquam in affirm. sentences, 1. 6 _n._ + + +Rabirius, C., Intr. 17. + +Reate, 3. 5. + + +sacrarium, 1. 24. + +satelles, 1. 7. + +Saturnalia, 3. 10. + +Saturninus, L., 1. 4, 4. 4. + +Scipio Aemilianus, 4. 21. + +Scipio Africanus, 4. 21. + +Scipio Nasica, 1. 3. + +scribae, 4. 15. + +sententia, 1. 9 _n._ + +Sibylline prophecies, 3. 9. + +Silanus, D., 4. 7. + +socii, 1. 18 _n._ + +Spurius Maelius, 1. 3. + +Statilius, 3. 6-14. + +subiector, 2. 7. + +subjunctive, interrogative, 2. 18. + +Sulla, 3. 9, 3. 24. + +Sullan colonies, 2. 20. + +Sulpicius, P., 3. 24. + +supplicatio, 3. 15. + + +tabulae auctionariae, 2. 18. + +tabulae novae, 2. 18. + +togatus, 2. 28, 3. 15, 3. 23, 4. 5. + +tribuni aerarii, 4. 15. + +tumultus, 3. 4. + + +Ultimum decretum, Intr. 11, 17, 1. 3. + +ut with subj. in exclamations, 1. 22, 1. 24. + + +vadimonium, 2. 5, 2. 21. + +Via Aurelia, 2. 6. + +Volturcius, T., 3. 4-13, 4. 5. + + +zeugma, 3. 9, 3. 24. + + +THE END. + + +OXFORD: PRINTED AT THE CLARENDON PRESS +BY HORACE HART, M.A., PRINTER TO THE UNIVERSITY + + + + +PROPER NAMES. + + +This index does not contain all the proper names occurring in the +Orations; those about which information is either unnecessary or +supplied in the notes or introduction are omitted. + +Final _o_ is long. All other long single vowels are marked, unless they +are followed by two consonants, in which case the syllable is long. + + +A + +=Allobroges=, =-um=, a people of Gaul dwelling south-west of the Lake of +Geneva, between the Rhone and the Isère. + +=Appenī=, =-i=, _m._ the Apennines, the mountain chain extending along +the centre of Italy. + +=Apūlia=, =-ae=, _f._ a country on the east coast of Italy, between +Calabria and Samnium; now Puglia. + + +C + +=Caesar, C. Iulius=, born 102 or 100 B.C. Elected Pontifex Maximus in +63, the year of Cicero's consulship. After the coalition with Pompeius +and Crassus, which is called the First Triumvirate, he became consul in +59, and in the next year he entered on the government of the Province of +Gaul and began his conquest of the tribes hitherto independent. In 49 he +marched into Italy as the declared enemy of the Senatorial party, and in +48 overthrew its champion, Pompeius, at Pharsālus. On his return to Rome +he was made Dictator for life, and four years afterwards, on the 15th of +March, 44 B.C., he was murdered at a meeting of the Senate. + +=Capitōlium=, =-i=, _n._, the Capitol, one of the two summits of the +Capitoline hill and the great temple of Jupiter on it, the other summit +being called the =arx= or citadel. + +=Cicero, M. Tullius=, born at Arpīnum of an Equestrian family, 106 B.C. +His first extant speech was delivered in 81. He impeached Verres in 70 +for his misgovernment in Sicily, crushed the Catilinarian conspiracy +when he was consul in 63, and in 58 went into exile on a charge of +illegal conduct in ordering the execution of the conspirators. He was +recalled in the following year. When the civil war broke out between +Caesar and Pompeius, he supported the Senatorial party, but he became +reconciled to Caesar after his victory over Pompeius at Pharsālus. After +the murder of Caesar he attacked Antonius violently in the +_Philippics_, and, being put on the list of the 'proscribed' by Augustus +and Antonius, he was murdered at Formiae by the soldiers of Antonius on +the 7th of December, 43 B.C. + +=Cimber=, =-bri=, a _cognōmen_ or additional name given by Cicero to P. +Gabīnius Cepito, one of the conspirators. + +=Concordia=, =-ae=, _f._ harmony, concord; personified as a goddess. + + +E + +=Etrūria=, =-ae=, _f._ a country on the west coast of Italy, between the +Tiber and the Arno. + + +F + +=Faesulae=, =-ārum=, _f. plur._ a city of Etrūria; now Fiesole, near +Florence. + +=Faesulānus=, =-a=, =-um=, of Faesulae. + +=Flaccus, M. Fulvius=, a supporter of C. Gracchus; killed with him 121 +B.C. + + +I + +=Iānuārius=, =-a=, =-um=, of January. + +=Īdūs=, =-uum=, _f. plur._ the Ides, the fifteenth day of March, May, +July, October, the thirteenth of the other months. + + +K + +=Kalendae=, =-ārum=, _f. plur._ the Calends, the first day of the month; +=prīdiē Kalendās=, the day before the Calends. + + +L + +=Lepidus, M. Aemilius=, (1) consul 78 B.C., (2) consul 66 B.C. + + +M + +=Manliānus=, =-a=, =-um=, of Manlius, the commander of Catiline's +troops. + +=Marius, C=., born 157 B.C. He was consul seven times. His great +exploits were the conquest of Jugurtha (106), the destruction of the +Teutoni at Aquae Sextiae (102) and of the Cimbri at Vercellae (101). In +his sixth consulship he crushed the insurrection of Sāturnīnus and +Glaucia. In the civil war against Sulla he was forced to flee from +Italy, but he soon returned, entered Rome with Cinna and massacred great +numbers of the aristocratical party opposed to him. He died in the +following year, 86 B.C. + +=Massilia=, =-ae=, _f._ Marseilles, a Greek settlement near the mouth of +the Rhone, in the Roman Province (Gallia Narbōnensis). + +=Massiliensēs=, =-ium=, the people of Massilia. + + +N + +=November= _or_ =Novembris=, =-bris=, of November; =Kalendae Novembrēs=, +the 1st of November. + + +P + +=Penātēs=, =-ium=, _m._ the guardian gods of the State. + +=Pīcēnus=, =-a,=, =-um=, of Pīcēnum, a district on the east coast of +Italy, north of Apūlia. + +=Pompeius, Cn. Pompeius Magnus=, was born 106 B.C. When he was still +quite young, he showed great military ability in the service of Sulla +during the war in Italy against the generals of the Marian party. In 77 +he was sent to Spain, and for five years conducted the operations +against Sertorius. In 66 he cleared the Mediterranean of the Cilician +pirates, and was appointed by the Manilian law to succeed Lucullus in +the command against Mithridātes. In 60 he made the coalition with Caesar +and Crassus called the First Triumvirate, but when the civil war broke +out, he supported the Senate against Caesar and was conquered by him at +Pharsālus, 48 B.C. He fled to Egypt and was murdered there. + + +R + +=Reātīnus=, =-a=, =-um=, of Reāte, a Sabine town. + + +S + +=Sāturnālia=, =-ium= _or_ =-orum=, _n. plur._ the Festival of Saturn, +celebrated on the 17th of December and several days following. + + +T + +=Transalpīnus=, =-a=, =-um=, that lies beyond the Alps, Transalpine. + +=Tullus, L. Volcātius=, consul 66 B.C. + + +V + +=Vesta=, =-ae=, goddess of the hearth and household. + +=Vestālis=, =-e=, of Vesta, Vestal; especially =Virginēs Vestālēs=, the +virgin priestesses of Vesta, who kept the holy fire burning in her +temple. + + + + +VOCABULARY. + + +Final _i_ and _o_ are long, if they are not marked. All other long +single vowels are marked, unless they are followed by two consonants, in +which case the syllable is necessarily long. + +Perfects and supines of all verbs of the third conjugation are given. +Under other verbs they are not given, unless they are irregular. + +An asterisk (*) prefixed to a word indicates that the word itself is not +found. + +A + +=ā=, =ab=, =abs=, _prep. c. abl._ from, by. + +=ab-dico= (1), _tr._ reject; + =abdico mē= (_c. abl._), resign. + +=ab-eo=, =-ii=, =-itum=, =-īre=, _intr._ go away. + +=ab-horreo=, =-ui=,----(2), _intr._ shrink from, differ from, am +unconnected with, am inconsistent with. + +=ab-icio=, =-iēci=, =-iectum= (3), _tr._ cast away, degrade, humble; + =abiectus=, =-a=, =-um=, downcast, disheartened, prostrated. + +=abs-condo=, =-di= _or_ =-didi=, =-ditum= (3), _tr._ hide, conceal. + +=absens=, =-ntis=, absent. + +=absolūtio=, =-ōnis=, _f._ acquittal. + +=ab-sum=, =āfui=, =abesse=, _intr._ am away, am distant. + +=abundantia=, =-ae=, _f._ plenty. + +=ab-ūtor=, =-ūsus sum= (3), _intr._ _c. abl._ misuse, abuse. + +=ac=, _see_ =atque=. + +=ac-cēdo=, =-cessi=, =-cessum= (3), _intr._ come, approach. + +=ac-celero= (1), _tr. or intr._ hasten, make haste. + +=ac-cido=, =-cidi=, =----= (3), _intr._ happen. + +=ac-cipio=, =-cēpi=, =-ceptum= (3), _tr._ receive. + +=ac-cūso= (1), _tr._ reproach, blame. + +=ācer=, =ācris=, =ācre=, sharp, keen, active, vigorous, violent, +severe. + +=acerbē=, _adv._ bitterly, violently. + +=acerbitās=, =-ātis=, _f._ harshness, pain, affliction. + +=acerbus=, =-a=, =-um=, bitter, violent. + +=acervus=, =-i=, _m._ heap. + +=aciēs=, =-ēi=, _f._ sharp edge, edge; line of battle, battle array. + +=acriter=, _adv._ keenly, energetically; + _compar._ =acrius=. + +=ad=, _prep. c. acc._ to, at, near, with, for, with respect to. + +=ad-cubo=, =----=, =----= (1), _intr._ recline. + +=ad-dūco=, =-xi=, =-ctum= (3), _tr._ bring, bring up, lead, induce, +prevail upon. + +=adeo=, _adv._ so far, so, even. + +=adeps=, =-ipis=, _c._ fat; + _plur._ corpulence. + +=ad-fero=, =-tuli=, =-lātum=, =-ferre=, _tr._ bring to, apply. + +=ad-ficio=, =-fēci=, =-fectum= (3), _tr._ treat, honour, weaken, &c. +(_varied in meaning by the abl. that qualifies it_). + +=adfīnis=, =-e=, related, associated. + +=ad-flicto= (1), _tr._ vex, distress. + +=ad-flīgo=, =-xi=, =-ctum= (3), _tr._ strike down, cast down. + +=ad-grego= (1), _tr._ gather together. + +=ad-hibeo= (2), _tr._ apply, use. + +=adhūc=, _adv._ hitherto. + +=ad-imo=, =-ēmi=, =-emptum= (3), _tr._ take away. + +=ad-ipiscor=, =-eptus sum= (3), _tr._ get, obtain. + +=aditus=, =-ūs=, _m._ means of approaching, approach, access. + +=ad-iungo=, =-nxi=, =-nctum= (3), _tr._ join, add, unite. + +=ad-iuvo=, =-iūvi=, =-iūtum= (1), _tr._ help. + +=administer=, =-tri=, _m._ assistant, helper. + +=ad-ministro= (1), _tr._ manage, govern. + +=ad-mīror= (1), _tr._ wonder at. + +=admonitus=, =-ūs=, _m._ suggestion, request. + +=ad-nuo=, =-ui=, =-ūtum= (3), _intr._ nod, assent. + +=adparātus=, =-a=, =-um=, splendid, sumptuous. + +=ad-propinquo= (1), _intr._ approach. + +=ad-quīro=, =-sīvi=, =-sītum= (3), _tr._ get, gain. + +=ad-scisco=, =-scīvi=, =-scītum= (3), _tr._ admit. + +=ad-sequor=, =-secūtus sum= (3), _tr._ overtake, gain, obtain. + +=ad-servo= (1), _tr._ keep safe. + +=ad-sideo=, =-sēdi=, =-sessum= (2), _intr._ sit, sit down. + +=ad-suēfacio=, =-fēci=, =-factum= (3), _tr._ accustom, habituate. + +=ad-sum=, =-fui=, =-esse=, _intr._ am near, am at hand. + +=adulescens=, =-ntis=, _m._ youth. + +=adulescentulus=, =-i=, _m._ very young man, youth. + +=adulter=, =-eri=, _m._ adulterer. + +=adultus=, =-a=, =-um=, full-grown. + +=adventus=, =-ūs=, _m._ coming, arrival. + +=ad-vesperascit=, =-āvit=, =----=, _impers._ (3), _intr._ evening +approaches. + +=aedēs=, =-is=, _f._ temple; + _plur._ house. + +=aedificium=, =-i=, _n._ building, house. + +=aedifico= (1), _tr._ build. + +=aeger=, =-gra=, =-grum=, sick, ill. + +=aequē=, _adv._ equally, in like manner; + =aequē ac=, just as. + +=aequitās=, =-ātis=, _f._ justice. + +=aequus=, =-a=, =-um=, level, equal, untroubled. + +=aerārium=, =-i=, _n._ treasury. + +=aerārius=, =-a=, =-um=, belonging to the treasury; + =tribūni aerārii=, paymasters. + +=aerumna=, =-ae=, _f._ trouble, distress. + +=aes=, =aeris=, _n._ copper, bronze; money; + _plur._ bronze tablets; + =aes aliēnum=, debt. + +=aestus=, =-ūs=, _m._ heat. + +=aetās=, =-ātis=, _f._ age. + +=aeternus=, =-a=, =-um=, eternal, endless. + +=ager=, =-gri=, _m._ territory; land. + +=agnosco= (=ad-gnosco=), =-gnōvi=, =-gnitum= (3), _tr._ recognize. + +=ago=, =ēgi=, =actum= (3), _tr._ drive, do, carry out; + _intr._ plead, speak. + +=agrārius=, =-a=, =-um=, of the land, agrarian; + =agrārii=, =-ōrum=, _m. plur._ partisans of the agrarian laws. + +=agrestis=, =-e=, of the country, of the fields; + =agrestis=, =-is=, _m._ countryman, peasant. + +=aio=, =ais=, =ait=, _defect. intr._ say. + +=ālea=, =-ae=, _f._ game of hazard, gambling. + +=āleātor=, =-ōris=, _m._ gambler. + +=aliēnigena=, =-ae=, foreign, alien. + +=aliēnus=, =-a=, =-um=, strange, belonging to another; + =aliēnus=, =-i=, _m._ stranger. + +=aliquando=, _adv._ at some time, now at length. + +=aliquanto=, _adv._ somewhat, a little. + +=aliqui=, =-qua=, =-quod=, _indef. adj._ some. + +=aliquis=, =-quid=, _indef. pron._ some one, something. + +=aliquo=, _adv._ to some place. + +=aliquot=, _indecl. adj._ several, a number of. + +=alius=, =-a=, =-ud=, other; + =alii . . . alii=, some ... others. + +=alo=, =-ui=, =-tum= (3), _tr._ feed, nourish, cherish, maintain, +support. + +=altāria=, =-ium=, _n. plur._ altar. + +=alter=, =-era=, =-erum=, the other, second; + =alter . . . alter=, the one ... the other. + +=altus=, =-a=, =-um=, high, lofty. + +=āmentia=, =-ae=, _f._ senselessness, madness. + +=amicio=, =-icui= _or_ =-ixi=, =-ictum= (3), _tr._ wrap, cover. + +=amīcitia=, =-ae=, _f._ friendship. + +=amīcus=, =-a=, =-um=, _m._ friend. + +=ā-mitto=, =-mīsi=, =-missum= (3), _tr._ lose. + +=amo= (1), _tr._ love; + =amans=, =-ntis=, loving, affectionate, devoted to (_gen._). + +=amor=, =-ōris=, _m._ love, passion. + +=amplector=, =-plexus sum= (3), _tr._ embrace, include. + +=amplifico= (1), _tr._ extend, enlarge. + +=amplitūdo=, =-inis=, _f._ grandeur, distinction. + +=amplus=, =-a=, =-um=, considerable, great, illustrious; handsome (_of +words or rewards_); + + _neut. compar._ =amplius=, _noun_, more; _adv._ further, besides. + +=an=, _conj._ or, _after_ =utrum= _or_ =-ne=; + _also used elliptically to ask a single question_. + +=angulus=, =-i=, _m._ corner. + +=anhelo= (1), _tr. or intr._ breathe out, exhale; pant, gasp. + +=anima=, =-ae=, _f_. breath, life. + +=animadversio=, =-ōnis=, _f._ punishment, chastisement. + +=animadverto=, =-ti=, =-sum= (3), _tr._ notice, observe; + _intr._ =animadverto in=, punish. + +=animus=, =-i=, _m._ mind, heart, feeling; + _plur._ spirit, courage. + +=annus=, =-ī=, _m._ year. + +=ante=, _adv. or prep._ before. + +=anteā=, _adv._ before, formerly. + +=antelūcānus=, =-a=, =-um=, before light, lasting till daybreak. + +=ante-pōno=, =-posui=, =-positum= (3), _tr._ prefer. + +=antequam=, _conj._ before. + +=antīquus=, =-a=, =-um=, ancient, old. + +=aperio=, =-ui=, =-tum= (4), _tr._ open. + +=apertē=, _adv._ openly. + +=appello= (1), _tr._ speak to, address. + +=aptus=, =-a=, =-um=, fit. + +=apud=, _prep. c. acc._ near, with, among, at the house of. + +=aqua=, =-ae=, _f._ water. + +=aquila=, =-ae=, _f._ eagle. + +=āra=, =-ae=, _f._ altar. + +=arbitror= (1), _tr. or intr._ think. + +=arceo=, =-ui=, =-tum= (2), _tr._ keep away, repel. + +=arcesso=, =-īvi=, =-ītum= (3), _tr._ call, summon. + +=ardeo=, =arsi=, =arsum= (2), _intr._ burn. + +=ardor=, =-ōris=, _m._ fire, heat, brightness. + +=argenteus=, =-a=, =-um=, of silver, silver. + +=argentum=, =-i=, _n._ silver, silver plate. + +=argūmentum=, =-i=, _n._ proof, evidence. + +=arma=, =-ōrum=, _n. plur._ arms. + +=armātus=, =-a=, =-um=, armed. + +=arx=, =arcis=, _f._ citadel, stronghold. + +=ascendo= (=ad-scendo=), =-di=, =-sum= (3), _intr._ mount, climb. + +=aspectus=, =-ūs=, _m._ gaze, sight. + +=aspicio= (=ad-spicio=), =-spexi=, =-spectum= (3), _tr._ look at. + +=assiduē=, _adv._ constantly. + +=at=, _conj._ but; + _adv._ yet. + +=atque= _or_ =ac=, _conj._ and, as. + +=atrōcitās=, =-ātis=, _f._ savageness, cruelty. + +=atrox=, =-ōcis=, horrible, hideous. + +=at-tendo=, =-di=, =-tum= (3), _tr._ direct to; + _sc._ =animum=, give heed to. + +=at-tribuo=, =-ui=, =-ūtum= (3), _tr._ assign, allot. + +=auctiōnārius=, =-a=, =-um=, of an auction. + +=auctor=,=-ōris=, _m._ originator, author, proposer, doer. + +=auctōritās=, =-ātis=, _f._ influence, authority, bidding. + +=audācia=, =-ae=, _f._ boldness, insolence, violence. + +=audax=, =-ācis=, bold, violent. + +=audeo=, =ausus sum= (2), _tr. or intr._ dare. + +=audio= (4), _tr._ hear. + +=augeo=, =-xi=, =-ctum= (2), _tr._ increase, enlarge. + +=auris=, =-is=, _f._ ear. + +=auspicium=, =-i=, _n._ augury. + +=aut=, _conj._ or; + =aut . . . aut=, either ... or. + +=autem=, _conj._ but. + +=auxilium=, =-i=, _n._ help. + +=ā-verto=, =-ti=, =-sum= (3), _tr._ turn away; + =āversus ā=, opposed to. + +=avus=, =-i=, _m._ grandfather. + + +B + +=bacchor= (1), _intr._ revel, run wanton. + +=barbaria=, =-ae=, _f._ foreign country, barbarous country. + +=barbarus=, =-a=, =-um=, foreign, barbarous. + +=barbātus=, =-a=, =-um=, bearded. + +=beātus=, =-a=, =-um=, blessed, happy, well-to-do. + +=bellum=, =-i=, _n._ war. + +=bene=, _adv._ well. + +=beneficium=, =-i=, _n._ kindness, service. + +=benevolentia=, =-ae=, _f._ good-will, affection. + +=benignitās=, =-ātis=, _f._ kindness, favour. + +=bibo=, =bibi=, =----= (3), _tr._ drink. + +=bipertīto=, _adv._ in two divisions. + +=bis=, _adv._ twice. + +=bonus=, =-a=, =-um=, good, honest, respectable; + =bona=, =-ōrum=, _n. plur._ property. + +=brevis=, =-e=, short. + +=breviter=, _adv._ shortly. + + +C + +=caedēs=, =-is=, _f._ bloodshed, murder, massacre. + +=caelum=, =-i=, _n._ heaven, sky. + +=calamitās=, =-ātis=, _f._ disaster. + +=callidus=, =-a=, =-um=, skilful, crafty. + +=campus=, =-i=, _m._ plain (_especially the Campus Martius_). + +=cano=, =cecini=, =cantum= (3), _tr. or intr._ sing, foretell. + +=canto= (1), _intr._ sing. + +=capillus=, =-i=, _m._ hair. + +=capio=, =cēpi=, =captum= (3), _tr._ take, hold, make, form; + =mente captus=, =-a=, =-um=, weakened in sense, insane. + +=capitālis=, =-e=, belonging to the head, capital, deadly. + +=caput=, =-itis=, _n._ head; life, civil rights. + +=carcer=, =-eris=, _m._ prison. + +=careo= (2), _intr. c. abl._ am without, forgo. + +=cārus=, =-a=, =-um=, dear. + +=castra=, =-ōrum=, _n. plur._ camp. + +=castrensis=, =-e=, of the camp. + +=cāsus=, =-ūs=, _m._ chance. + +=causa=, =-ae=, _f._ cause, reason, question; position; + =causā= (_gen._), for the purpose of. + +=cēdo=, =cessi=, =cessum= (3), _intr._ yield; + _c. dat._ yield to. + +=celebro= (1), _tr._ throng, celebrate. + +=celeriter=, _adv._ quickly. + +=cēna=, =-ae=, _f._ dinner, supper. + +=censeo=, =-ui=, =-um= (2), _tr._ judge, propose, vote. + +=centurio=, =-ōnis=, _m._ centurion. + +=cerno=, =crēvi=, =crētum= (3), _tr._ discern, perceive. + +=certāmen=, =-inis=, _n._ contest. + +=certē=, _adv._ certainly, assuredly. + +=certo= (1), _intr._ contend, struggle, fight, rival. + +=certus=, =-a=, =-um=, certain, sure, trustworthy; + =certiōrem facio=, inform. + +=cervix=, =-īcis=, _f._ neck; _usually plur. in prose_. + +=cēteri=, =-ae=, =-a=, the rest, all other. + +=cibus=, =-i=, _m._ food. + +=cinis=, =-eris=, _m._ ashes. + +=circum=, _adv. or prep._, _c. acc._ around, about. + +=circum-clūdo=, =-si=, =-sum= (3), _tr._ shut in, hem in. + +=circum-do=, =-dedi=, =-datum= (1), _tr._ put round. + +=circumscriptor=, =-ōris=, _m._ cheat. + +=circum-sedeo=, =-sēdi=, =-sessum= (2), _tr._ surround. + +=circum-spicio=, =-exi=, =-ectum= (3), _tr. or intr._ look round, look +round on, give heed to. + +=circum-sto=, =-steti=, =----= (1), _tr. or intr._ stand round. + +=cīvīlis=, =-e=, civil, political. + +=cīvis=, =-is=, _c._ citizen. + +=cīvitās=, =-ātis=, _f._ state. + +=clam=, _adv._ secretly. + +=clāmo= (1), _intr._ cry out. + +=clārus=, =-a=, =-um=, bright, manifest, famous. + +=clēmens=, =-ntis=, merciful. + +=clientēla=, =-ae=, _f._ clientship (_the relation of patron and +dependent at Rome_). + +=coepi=, _defect._ (3), _tr. or intr._ began, have begun; + =coeptus=, =-a=, =-um=, begun. + +=coeptus=, =-ūs=, _m._ attempt. + +=co-erceo= (2), _tr._ check, restrain, repress. + +=coetus=, =-ūs=, _m._ assemblage, company. + +=cōgitātio=, =-ōnis=, _f._ thought, intent. + +=cōgito= (1), _tr._ reflect upon, meditate, design. + +=cognitor=, =-ōris=, _m._ advocate. + +=co-gnosco=, =-gnōvi=, =-gnitum= (3), _tr._ learn, recognize, know. + +=cōgo= (=co-ago=), =coēgi=, =coactum= (3), _tr._ call together, collect, +compel. + +=cohors=, =-rtis=, _f._ cohort (_one tenth of a legion_). + +=collēga=, =-ae=, _m._ colleague. + +=col-ligo=, =-lēgi=, =-lectum= (3), _tr._ bring together, collect. + +=col-loco=, _see_ =con-loco=. + +=colōnia=, =-ae=, _f._ settlement, colony. + +=colōnus=, =-i=, _m._ settler, colonist. + +=color=, =-ōris=, _m._ colour. + +=comes=, =-itis=, _c._ companion. + +=cōmissātīo=, =-ōnis=, _f._ revelling. + +=comitātus=, =-ūs=, _m._ retinue. + +=comitium=, =-i=, _n._ comitium (_place for voting by the north-east +extremity of the Forum_); + _plur._ assembly, elections. + +=comitor= (1), _tr._ accompany; + =comitātus=, =-a=, =-um=, _also in pass. sense from_ =comito=. + +=com-memoro= (1), _tr._ mention, relate, declare. + +=commendatio=, =-onis=, _f._ recommendation. + +=com-mendo= (1), _tr._ entrust. + +=com-mitto=, =-mīsi=, =-missum= (3), _tr._ bring together, begin, engage +in; practise, perpetrate, entrust; + =committo ut=, bring about that, so act that. + +=com-moveo=, =-mōvi=, =-mōtum= (2), _tr._ move, stir, trouble, alarm. + +=commūnis=, =-e=, common, general. + +=com-mūto= (1), change, alter. + +=com-paro= (1), _tr._ get together, procure, acquire, contrive. + +=com-pello=, =-puli=, =-pulsum= (3), _tr._ drive. + +=com-perio=, =-peri=, =-pertum= (4), _tr._ discover, ascertain. + +=competītor=, =-ōris=, _m._ rival, competitor. + +=complector=, =-plexus sum= (3), _tr._ embrace. + +=complexus=, =-ūs=, _m._ embrace. + +=complūrēs=, =-a= _or_ =-ia=, several, many. + +=com-prehendo=, =-di=, =-sum= (3), _tr._ lay hold of, arrest, detect. + +=com-primo=, =-pressi=, =-pressum= (3), _tr._ crush. + +=cōnātus=, =-ūs=, _m._ attempt. + +=con-cēdo=, =-cessi=, =-cessum= (3), _tr. or intr._ grant, yield, +retire. + +=con-cido=, =-cidi=, =----= (3), _intr._ fall, fail, collapse. + +=con-cipio=, =-cēpi=, =-ceptum= (3), _tr._ take in, imagine, conceive. + +=con-cito= (1), _tr._ excite, arouse, stir up. + +=concordia=, =-ae=, _f._ harmony, union, unanimity. + +=con-cupisco=, =-īvi=, =-ītum= (3), _tr._ covet, strive after. + +=con-curso= (1), _intr._ hurry about, run to and fro. + +=concursus=, =-ūs=, _m._ gathering. + +=con-demno= (1), _tr._ convict (_acc. and gen._), condemn. + +=condicio=, =-ōnis=, _f._ agreement, terms, lot, task, position, +circumstances. + +=con-do=, =-didi=, =-ditum= (3), _tr._ found, build, store. + +=con-fercio=, =----=, =-tum= (4), _tr._ fill full, stuff, cram. + +=con-fero=, =-tuli=, =-lātum=, =-ferre=, _tr._ bring together, contribute, +compare, direct, put off; + _with reflex. pronoun_, betake myself. + +=confessio=, =-ōnis=, _f._ confession. + +=confestim=, _adv._ immediately. + +=con-ficio=, =-fēci=, =-fectum= (3), _tr._ finish, carry out, wear out. + +=con-fīdo=, =-fīsus sum= (3), _intr. c. dat._ trust, rely on; + _c. infin._ am confident that. + +=con-firmo= (1), _tr._ strengthen, increase; declare. + +=con-fiteor=, =-fessus sum= (2), _tr. or intr._ confess, admit. + +=con-flagro= (1), _intr._ burn, am consumed. + +=con-flīgo=, =-xi=, =-ctum= (3), _intr._ come into conflict, am opposed. + +=con-flo= (1), _tr._ blow together, fuse; stir up, cause. + +=con-fringo=, =-frēgi=, =-fractum= (3), _tr._ break up, bring to naught. + +=con-grego= (1), _tr._ herd together, assemble. + +=con-icio=, =-iēci=, =-iectum= (3), _tr._ cast, hurl, aim, drive. + +=coniectūra=, =-ae=, _f._ inference. + +=coniunctio=, =-ōnis=, _f._ union. + +=con-iungo=, =-nxi=, =-nctum= (3), _tr._ join, unite, connect. + +=coniunx=, =-ugis=, _c._ husband, wife. + +=coniūrātio=, =-ōnis=, _f._ conspiracy. + +=coniūrātor=, =-ōris=, _m._ conspirator. + +=coniūrātus=, =-i=, _m._ conspirator. + +=co-nīveo=, =----=, =----= (2), _intr._ wink, connive. + +=con-loco= _or_ =col-loco= (1), _tr._ set up, place, pitch. + +=cōnor= (1), _tr. or intr._ try, attempt. + +=con-rōboro= (1), _tr._ strengthen. + +=conscelerātus=, =-a=, =-um=, wicked, criminal. + +=conscientia=, =-ae=, _f._ knowledge, consciousness, knowledge of guilt, +conscience. + +=con-scrībo=, =-psi=, =-ptum= (3), _tr._ enroll. + +=con-secro= (1), make sacred, consecrate. + +=consensio=, =-ōnis=, _f._ unanimity. + +=con-sentio=, =-sensi=, =-sensum= (4), _intr._ agree, unite. + +=con-sequor=, =-secūtus sum= (3), _tr._ follow up, follow, catch up, +attain to, learn. + +=con-servo= (1), _tr._ keep safe, save. + +=consilium=, =-i=, _n._ deliberation, purpose, intention; plan, wisdom; +council. + +=con-sōlor= (1), _tr._ console. + +=conspectus=, =-ūs=, _m._ sight. + +=con-spicio=, =-spexi=, =-spectum= (3), _tr._ observe, look at, look +upon. + +=conspīrātio=, =-ōnis= _f._ agreement, concord. + +=constanter=, _adv._ steadily, consistently. + +=constantia=, =-ae=, _f._ firmness, steadfastness. + +=con-stituo=, =-ui=, =-ūtum= (3), _tr._ set, settle, appoint, ordain, +establish, found. + +=con-sto=, =-stiti=, =-stātum= (1), _intr._ am consistent, last; + =con-stat=, _impers._ it is agreed, it is well known. + +=con-stringo=, =-nxi=, =-ctum= (3), _tr._ bind together, bind. + +=consuētūdo=, =-inis=, _f._ custom, habit. + +=consul=, =-ulis=, _m._ consul (_the title of the two highest +magistrates of the Roman state, elected annually_). + +=consulāris=, =-e=, of a consul, consular; + =consulāris=, =-is=, _m._ ex-consul, one of consular rank. + +=consulātus=, =-ūs=, _m._ consulship. + +=consulo=, =-ui=, =-tum= (3), _tr._ consult; + _intr. c. dat._ provide for. + +=consultum=, =-i=, _n._ decree, resolution. + +=con-sūmo=, =-mpsi=, =-mptūm= (3), _tr._ use up, waste, spend. + +=con-tāmino= (1), _tr._ defile, pollute. + +=con-temno=, =-tempsi=, =-temptum= (3), _tr._ despise. + +=con-tendo=, =-di=, =-tum= (3), _tr._ compare, contrast. + +=contentio=, =-ōnis=, _f._ struggle, rivalry. + +=contentus=, =-a=, =-um=, contented. + +=con-ticesco=, =-ticui=, =----= (3), _intr._ become silent. + +=con-tineo=, =-tinui=, =-tentum= (2), _tr._ contain, retain, enclose, +repress, keep to myself. + +=con-tingo=, =-tigi=, =-tactum= (3), _tr. or intr._ touch, reach; +befall, happen. + +=contio=, =-ōnis=, _f._ meeting (_summoned by a magistrate_), speech. + +=contionātor=, =-ōris=, _m._ haranguer, demagogue. + +=contrā=, _prep. c. acc._ against; + _adv._ opposite, otherwise; + =contrā atque=, otherwise than. + +=con-traho=, =-xi=, =-ctum= (3), _tr._ draw together, cause, incur. + +=contrōversia=, =-ae=, _f._ dispute, question. + +=contumēlia=, =-ae=, _f._ insult. + +=con-venio=, =-vēni=, =-ventum= (4), _intr._ come together, meet; + =con-venit=, _impers._ it is fitting. + +=conventus=, =-ūs=, _m._ meeting. + +=con-verto=, =-ti=, =-sum= (3), _tr._ turn, turn back, direct. + +=con-vinco=, =-vīci=, =-victum= (3), _tr._ refute, convict. + +=convīvium=, =-i=, _n._ feast, banquet. + +=con-voco= (1), _tr._ call together, assemble. + +=cōpia=, =-ae=, _f._ plenty, abundance; + _plur._ resources, troops. + +=cōpiōsus=, =-a=, =-um=, plentiful, well supplied. + +=corpus=, =-oris=, _n._ body. + +=cor-rigo=, =-rexi=, =-rectum= (3), _tr._ correct, amend. + +=cor-rumpo=, =-rūpi=, =-ruptum= (3), _tr._ ruin, seduce; + =corruptus=, =-i=, _m._ scoundrel. + +=cor-ruo=, =-ui=, =----= (3), _intr._ fall together, fall. + +=corruptēla=, =-ae=, _f._ corruption, seduction. + +=corruptor=, =-ōris=, _m._ seducer, corruptor. + +=cotīdiānus=, =-a=, =-um=, daily. + +=cotīdiē=, _adv._ daily. + +=crēdo=, =-didi=, =-ditum= (3), _tr._ entrust; + _intr. c. dat._ believe. + +=cresco=, =crēvi=, =crētum= (3), _tr._ grow, increase, am enlarged. + +=cruciātus=, =-ūs=, _m._ torture. + +=crūdēlis=, =-e=, cruel. + +=crūdēlitās=, =-ātis=, _f._ cruelty. + +=crūdēliter=, _adv._ cruelly; + _compar._ =crūdēlius=. + +=cruentus=, =-a=, =-um=, bloody. + +=cubīle=, =-is=, _n._ bed. + +=culpa=, =-ae=, _f._ fault. + +=cum=, _conj._ when, since. + +=cum=, _prep. c. abl._ together with, with. + +=cumulo= (1), _tr._ heap up, aggravate. + +=cunctus=, =-a=, =-um=, all. + +=cupiditās=, =-ātis=, _f._ desire, passion. + +=cupio=, =-īvi=, =-ītum= (3), _tr._ desire, wish. + +=cūr=, _adv._ why. + +=cūra=, =-ae=, _f._ care, anxiety, task. + +=cūria=, =-ae=, _f._ senate-house. + +=cūro= (1), _tr. or intr._ care for, attend to, take measures. + +=currus=, =-ūs=, _m._ chariot. + +=cursus=, =-ūs=, _m._ course, path. + +=custōdia=, =-ae=, _f._ watch, guard, imprisonment; + sentinel (_usually in plur._). + +=custōdio= (4), _tr._ guard. + +=custōs=, =-ōdis=, _c._ guardian, guard. + + +D + +=damno= (1), _tr._ condemn. + +=dē=, _prep. c. abl._ down from, from, concerning. + +=dēbeo= (2), _tr._ owe; + _followed by infin._ am bound to, must, ought. + +=dēbilis=, =-e=, weak. + +=dēbilito= (1), weaken, unnerve. + +=dē-cēdo=, =-cessi=, =-cessum= (3), _intr._ withdraw. + +=decem=, _indecl. adj._ ten. + +=dē-cerno=, =-crēvi=, =-crētum= (3), _tr. or intr._ determine, +decree, resolve. + +=decimus=, =-a=, =-um=, tenth. + +=declīnātio=, =-ōnis=, _f._ bending aside, avoidance, escape. + +=dēcoctor=, =-ōris=, _m._ bankrupt. + +=dēdecus=, =-oris=, _n._ disgrace. + +=dē-dūco=, =-xi=, =-ctum= (3), _tr._ bring down, bring, lead away, +conduct. + +=dē-fatīgo= (1), _tr._ tire out. + +=dē-fendo=, =-di=, =-sum= (3), _tr._ protect, guard, defend. + +=dē-fero=, =-tuli=, =-lātum=, =-ferre=, _tr._ bring down, report. + +=dē-ficio=, =-fēci=, =-fectum= (3), _tr._ _or intr._ desert, fail; +revolt from, rebel against. + +=dē-fīgo=, =-xi=, =-xum= (3), _tr._ drive, plunge. + +=dē-flagro= (1), _tr. or intr._ turn down, destroy utterly; am +consumed. + +=dē-icio=, =-iēci=, =-iectum= (3), _tr._ throw aside, cast down, force +away. + +=deinde=, _adv._ next, then; + _after_ =prīmum=, secondly. + +=dēlecto= (1), _tr._ please, delight. + +=dēleo=, =-ēvi=, =-ētum= (2), _tr._ destroy, annihilate. + +=dēlicātus=, =-a=, =-um=, luxurious, effeminate. + +=dē-ligo=, =-lēgi=, =-lectum= (3), _tr._ choose. + +=dē-lubrum=, =-i=, _n._ shrine. + +=dēmens=, =-ntis=, mad, maddened, distracted. + +=dēmenter=, _adv._ insanely. + +=dēmentia=, =-ae=, _f._ madness, insanity. + +=dē-migro= (1), _intr._ depart, remove. + +=dē-minuo=, =-ui=, =-ūtum= (3), _tr._ lessen, abate. + +=dēminūtio=, =-ōnis=, _f._ decrease, loss. + +=dē-monstro= (1), _tr._ point out. + +=dēmum=, _adv._ at last. + +=dēnique=, _adv._ at last, at length. + +=dē-nuntio= (1), _tr._ give notice of. + +=dē-pello=, =-puli=, =-pulsum= (3), _tr._ drive down, drive away, +remove, overthrow. + +=dē-pendo=, =-di=, =-sum= (3), _tr._ pay. + +=dē-plōro= (1), _tr._ lament. + +=dē-pōno=, =-posui=, =-positum= (3), _tr._ lay aside, put away. + +=dē-posco=, =-poposci=, =----= (3), _tr._ demand. + +=dē-prāvo= (1), _tr._ pervert, lead astray. + +=dē-precor= (1), _tr._ avert by prayer, avert. + +=dē-prehendo=, =-di=, =-sum= (3), _tr._ catch, find out, detect. + +=dē-relinquo=, =-līqui=, =-lictum= (3), _tr._ abandon, desert. + +=dē-scrībo=, =-psi=, =-ptum= (3), _tr._ copy off, arrange, map out. + +=dē-sero=, =-serui=, =-sertum= (3), _tr._ desert, abandon. + +=dē-sīderium=, =-i=, _n._ want, longing. + +=dēsīdero= (1), _tr._ long for, miss. + +=dē-signo= (1), _tr._ note, appoint; + =dēsignātus=, =-a=, =-um=, elected, elect (_especially of a consul_). + +=dē-sino=, =-sii=, =-situm= (3), _tr. or intr._ stop, cease. + +=dē-sisto=, =-stiti=, =-stitum= (3), _intr._ cease. + +=despērātio=, =-ōnis=, _f._ despair. + +=dē-spēro= (1), _tr. or intr._ despair of, give up hope; + =despērātus=, =-a=, =-um=, desperate. + +=dē-stringo=, =-nxi=, =-ctum= (3), _tr._ strip, unsheathe, draw. + +=dē-sum=, =-fui=, =-esse=, _intr. c. dat._ am wanting to, fail. + +=dē-testor= (1), _tr._ avert by entreaty. + +=dē-traho=, =-xi=, =-ctum= (3), _tr._ withdraw, take away. + +=detrīmentum=, =-i=, _n._ damage, hurt. + +=deus=, =-i=, _m._ god. + +=dē-voveo=, =-vōvi=, =-vōtum= (2), _tr._ vow. + +=dextera= _or_ =dextra=, =-ae=, _f._ right-hand. + +=dīco=, =-xi=, =-ctum= (3), _tr. or intr._ say, speak. + +=dictātor=, =-ōris=, _m._ dictator. + +=dictātūra=, =-ae=, _f._ dictatorship. + +=dictito= (1), _tr._ keep saying, repeat. + +=diēs=, =-ēi=, _c._ (_m. in plur._) day, period; + =in diēs=, day by day, as days pass. + +=difficilis=, =-e=, difficult. + +=difficultās=, =-ātis=, _f._ difficulty, distress, distressed +circumstances. + +=dignitās=, =-ātis=, _f._ worthiness, honour, authority. + +=dignus=, =-a=, =-um=, worthy, deserving. + +=dī-iūdico= (1), _tr._ decide, determine. + +=dīlectus=, =-ūs=, _m._ choice, levy. + +=dīligens=, =-ntis=, careful, active. + +=dīligenter=, _adv._ carefully, earnestly. + +=dīligentia=, =-ae=, _f._ care, energy. + +=dī-lūcescit=, =-luxit=, =----= (3), _impers. intr._ it dawns. + +=dīmicātio=, =ōnis=, _f._ fighting. + +=dī-mico= (1) _intr._ fight, struggle. + +=dī-mitto=, =-mīsi=, =-missum= (3), _tr._ send away. + +=dīreptio=, =-ōnis=, _f._ plundering. + +=dīreptor=, _m._ plunderer. + +=dī-ripio=, =-ripui=, =-reptum= (3), _tr._ plunder. + +=dis-cēdo=, =-cessi=, =-cessum= (3), _intr._ depart. + +=dis-cerno=, =-crēvi=, =-cretum= (3), _tr._ divide. + +=discessus=, =-ūs=, _m._ departure. + +=disciplīna=, =-ae=, _f._ teaching, training, practice. + +=disco=, =didici=, =----= (3), _tr._ learn. + +=di-scrībo=, =-psi=, =-ptum= (3), _tr._ distribute, assign. + +=discrīmen=, =-inis=, _n._ danger. + +=dis-pertio= (4), _tr._ distribute. + +=dis-sēmino= (1), _tr._ spread. + +=dissensio=, =-ōnis=, _f._ discord, disagreement. + +=dis-sentio=, =-si=, =-sum= (4), _intr._ disagree, differ. + +=dissimilis=, =-e=, unlike. + +=dis-simulo= (1), _tr. or intr._ hide, disguise, dissemble. + +=dis-solvo=, =-solvi=, =-solūtum= (3), _tr._ unloose, release, disunite; + =dissolūtus=, =-a=, =-um=, remiss, negligent. + +=dis-tribuo=, =-ui=, =-ūtum= (3), _tr._ divide, distribute. + +=diū=, _adv._ for a long time, long. + +=dī-vello=, =-velli=, =-vulsum= (3), _tr._ tear, separate. + +=dīversus=, =-a=, =-um=, other, different. + +=dīvīnitus=, _adv._ by divine influence, from heaven. + +=do=, =dedi=, =datum= (1), _tr._ give, deliver, write (_a letter_). + +=dolor=, =-ōris=, _m._ sorrow, grief, pang. + +=domesticus=, =-a=, =-um=, belonging to a home, family, private; +intestine, civil (_war_). + +=domicilium=, =-i=, _n._ dwelling, home. + +=dominātio=, =-ōnis=, _f._ tyranny, despotism. + +=domus=, =-ūs=, _f._ house; + _loc._ =domi=, at home; + =domi meae=, at my house; + =domum=, home. + +=dormio= (4), _intr._ sleep. + +=dubitātio=, =-ōnis=, _f._ doubt. + +=dubito= (1), _intr._ doubt, hesitate. + +=dubius=, =-a=, =-um=, doubtful; + =sine dubio=, without doubt. + +=dūco=, =-xi=, =-ctum= (3), _tr._ lead, carry off, think, consider. + +=dūdum=, _adv. see_ =iam dūdum=. + +=duint=, _older form of pres. subj. of_ =do=. + +=dulcis=, =-e=, sweet. + +=dum=, _conj._ while, until, provided that. + +=dummodō=, _conj._ provided that, if only. + +=duō=, =-ae=, =-ō=, two. + +=duodecimus=, =-a=, =-um=, twelfth. + +=dux=, =ducis=, _c._ leader. + + +E + +=ē= _or_ =ex=, _prep. c. abl._ from, out of, in accordance with. + +=ebriōsus=, =-a=, =-um=, given to drinking, drunkard. + +=ecquis=, =ecquid=, _interrog. pron._ any one? anything? + =ecquid=, in any way? (_used as an interrog. particle_). + +=ēdictum=, =-i=, _n._ edict, proclamation. + +=ē-do=, =-didi=, =-ditum= (3), _tr._ put forth, set forth, declare. + +=ē-doceo=, =-ui=, =-tum= (2), _tr._ inform. + +=ē-duco=, =-xi=, =-ctum= (3), _tr._ lead out, draw. + +=ef-fero=, =extuli=, =ēlātum=, =efferre=, _tr._ bring out, carry out, +raise. + +=effrēnātus=, =-a=, =-um=, unbridled. + +=ef-fugio=, =-fūgi=, =----= (3), _tr. or intr._ flee from, escape, shun, +flee away. + +=egeo=, =-ui=, =----= (2), _intr._ am needy. + +=egestās=, =-ātis=, _f._ poverty. + +=egō=, =mei=, I. + +=ē-gredior=, =-gressus sum= (3), _intr._ go out. + +=egregius=, =-a=, =-um=, excellent, eminent, great. + +=ē-icio=, =-iēci=, =-iectum= (3), _tr._ drive out, wreck. + +=ē-lābor=, =-lapsus sum= (3), _intr._ slip away, drop. + +=ē-lūdo=, =-si=, =-sum= (3), _tr._ jeer, make sport of; + _intr._ cease to play, have full play. + +=ē-mergo=, =-si=, =-sum= (3), _intr._ come up, get clear. + +=ē-mitto=, =-mīsi=, =-missum= (3), _tr._ send out, allow to escape. + +=ē-morior=, =-mortuus sum= (3), _intr._ die. + +=enim=, _conj._ for. + +=eo=, _adv._ to that place. + +=eo=, =ii=, =itum=, =īre=, _intr._ go. + +=eōdem=, _adv._ to the same place. + +=eques=, =-itis=, _m._ horseman; _one of the order called Equites_. + +=equitātus=, =-ūs=, _m._ cavalry. + +=ergā=, _prep. c. acc._ towards. + +=ergo=, _adv._ accordingly, therefore, then. + +=ē-ripio=, =-ripui=, =-reptum= (3), _tr._ snatch away, take away. + +=erro= (1), _intr._ wander, mistake, am wrong. + +=ē-ructo= (1), _tr._ vomit forth. + +=ē-rumpo=, =-rūpi=, =-ruptum= (3), _tr. or intr._ burst asunder; break +forth, rush out. + +=et=, _conj._ and; + =et . . . et=, both ... and. + +=etenim=, _conj._ and indeed, for indeed, truly, yet. + +=etiam=, _conj. or adv._ also, even, even yet, still. + +=etsi=, _conj._ although. + +=ē-vādo=, =-si=, =-sum= (3), _intr._ get away, escape. + +=ē-verto=, =-ti=, =-sum= (3), _tr._ overthrow. + +=ē-vocātor=, =-ōris=, _m._ one who calls to arms, instigator. + +=ē-vomo=, =-ui=, =-itum= (3), _tr._ vomit forth. + +=ex=, _see_ =ē=. + +=ex-aggero= (1), _tr._ heap up, magnify. + +=ex-animo= (1), _tr._ deprive of life, deprive of sense + =ex-animātus=, =-a=, =-um=, dead, fainting. + +=ex-audio= (4), _tr._ hear. + +=ex-cēdo=, =-cessi=, =-cessum= (3), _intr._ retire, withdraw. + +=excelsus=, =-a=, =-um=, lofty, high; + =excelsum=, =-i=, _n._ height. + +=ex-cido=, =-cidi=, =----= (3), _intr._ fall out, fall down. + +=ex-cipio=, =-cēpi=, =-ceptum= (3), _tr._ except, make exception of; +catch, intercept. + +=ex-cito= (1), _tr._ summon forth, stir up, arouse. + +=ex-clūdo=, =-si=, =-sum= (3), _tr._ shut out. + +=excursio=, =-ōnis=, _f._ sally, attack. + +=ex-eo=, =-ii=, =-itum=, =-īre=, _intr._ go out. + +=ex-erceo= (2), _tr._ practise. + +=exercitātio=, =-ōnis=, _f._ practice. + +=exercitus=, =-ūs=, _m._ army. + +=ex-haurio=, =-si=, =-stum= (4), _tr._ empty out, remove. + +=ex-igo=, =-ēgi=, =-actum= (3), _tr._ drive out, finish. + +=exilium=, =-i=, _n._ exile, banishment. + +=eximius=, =-a=, =-um=, extraordinary, signal. + +=ex-istimo= (1), _tr._ judge, suppose, think. + +=exitiōsus=, =-a=, =-um=, destruction, deadly. + +=exitium=, =-i=, _n._ ruin, overthrow. + +=exitus=, =-ūs=, _m._ end. + +=ex-pello=, =-puli=, =-pulsum= (3), _tr._ drive out. + +=ex-pōno=, =-posui=, =-positum= (3), _tr._ set forth, explain. + +=ex-prōmo=, =-mpsi=, =-mptum= (3), _tr._ show forth, display, expend. + +=ex-sisto=, =-stiti=, =-stitum= (3), _intr._ appear, am manifest, exist. + +=ex-solvo=, =-solvi=, =-solūtum= (3), _tr._ free, release. + +=exspectātio=, =-ōnis=, _f._ expectation, anticipation. + +=ex-specto= (1), _tr._ await, wait for, expect. + +=ex-stinguo=, =-nxi=, =-nctum= (3), _tr._ quench, put out. + +=exsul= _or_ =exul=, =-ulis=, _m._ exile. + +=ex-sulto= (1), _intr._ leap about, exult, revel. + +=ex-termino= (1), _tr._ banish. + +=externus=, =-a=, =-um=, foreign. + +=exterus=, =-a=, =-um=, foreign. + +=ex-torqueo=, =-si=, =-tum= (2), _tr._ wrest away, force away. + +=extrā=, _prep. c. acc._ outside. + +=extrēmus=, =-a=, =-um=, last; + =ad extrēmum=, at last. + + +F + +=facile=, _adv._ easily. + +=facinorōsus=, =-a=, =-um=, criminal, vicious. + +=facinus=, =-oris=, _n._ deed, crime, outrage. + +=facio=, =fēci=, =factum= (3), _tr._ do, make, bring about, perform; +hold (_games_). + +=factum=, =-i=, _n._ deed, act. + +=facultās=, =-ātis=, _f._ opportunity. + +=falcārius=, =-i=, _m._ scythe-maker. + +=fallo=, =fefelli=, =falsum= (3), _tr._ deceive, disappoint, escape +notice of. + +=falsus=, =-a=, =-um=, false, misdirected. + +=fāma=, =-ae=, _f._ report, reputation, fame, character. + +=famēs=, =-is= _f._ hunger. + +=familia=, =-ae= _or_ =-ās= _f._ household (_of slaves_), establishment; + =pater= _or_ =māter familias=, master _or_ mistress of a house. + +=familiārissimē=, _adv._ most intimately, on most intimate terms. + +=fānum=, =-i=, _n._ sanctuary. + +=fascis=, =-is=, _m._ bundle; + _plur._ fascēs, _the bundles of rods enclosing an axe, carried before +the highest magistrates_. + +=fātālis=, =-e=, destined, fated. + +=fateor=, =fassus sum= (2), _tr. or intr._ admit, allow. + +=fātum=, =-i=, _n._ fate, oracle. + +=faucēs=, =-ium=, _f._ _plur._ throat, jaws, entrance. + +=fax=, =facis=, _f._ torch, firebrand; meteor. + +=febris=, =-ia=, _f._ fever. + +=fero=, =tuli=, =lātum=, =ferre=, _tr._ lead, carry, get, bear; report, +celebrate; + =sententiam fero=, vote. + +=ferramentum=, =-i=, _n._ steel implement. + +=ferreus=, =-a=, =-um=, of iron; of iron nature. + +=ferrum=, =-i=, _n._ iron, sword. + +=fidēlis=, =-e=, faithful, loyal. + +=fidēs=, =-ei=, belief, faith, credit; honesty; assurance, engagement. + +=fīgo=, =-xi=, =-xum= (3), _tr._ fix. + +=fīlia=, =-ae=, _f._ daughter. + +=fīlius=, =-i=, _m._ son. + +=fingo=, =-nxi=, =-ctum= (3), _tr._ imagine, devise. + +=fīnis=, =-is=, _m._ end, limit; + _plur._ territory. + +=fīo=, =factus sum=, =fieri=, _intr._ happen, become, am done, am made. + +=firmo= (1), _tr._ strengthen. + +=firmus=, =-a=, =-um=, strong. + +=flāgitiōsissimē=, _adv._ most shamefully, most infamously. + +=flāgitiōsus=, =-a=, =-um=, infamous, dissolute. + +=flāgitium=, =-i=, _n._ shameful deed. + +=flāgito=, (1) _tr._ demand earnestly, importune for. + +=flamma=, =-ae=, _f._ flame. + +=flecto=, =flexi=, =flexum= (3), _tr._ bend, turn aside. + +=flōreo=, =-ui=, =----= (2), _intr._ flourish, am prosperous, am +powerful. + +=flōs=, =-ōris=, _m._ flower. + +=focus=, =-i=, _m._ hearth. + +=foedus=, =-eris=, _n._ treaty, compact. + +=foedus=, =-a=, =-um=, hideous, shameful. + +=foras=, _adv._ out of doors (_with verbs of motion_). + +=foris=, _adv._ out of doors (_with verbs of rest_). + +=formīdo=, =-inis=, _f._ fear, dread. + +=fors=, =-rtis=, _f._ chance; + =forte=, by chance. + +=fortasse=, _adv._ perhaps. + +=fortis=, =-e=, brave, strong. + +=fortiter=, _adv._ bravely. + +=fortītūdo=, =-inis=, _f._ courage, firmness. + +=fortūna=, =-ae=, _f._ fortune; + _plur._ property, possessions, estates. + +=fortūnātus=, =-a=, =-um=, fortunate, happy. + +=forum=, =-i=, _n._ market, meeting-place for business; _especially the_ +=Forum Romanum=. + +=frango=, =frēgi=, =fractum= (3), _tr._ break. + +=fraudātio=, =-ōnis=, _f._ deceit, fraud. + +=frequens=, =-ntis=, crowded, in great numbers. + +=frequentia=, =-ae=, _f._ numerous assembly, crowd, throng. + +=frequento= (1), _tr._ bring in crowds. + +=frētus=, =-a=, =-um=, relying on. + +=frīgus=, =-oris=, _n._ cold. + +=frons=, =-ntis=, _f._ brow, forehead. + +=fructus=, =-ūs=, _m._ enjoyment, produce. + +=fruor=, =fructus sum=, _intr. c. abl._ enjoy. + +=fuga=, =-ae=, _f._ banishment. + +=fugio=, =fūgi=, =fugitum= (3), _intr._ flee, take flight. + +=fugitīvus=, =-i=, _m._ runaway slave. + +=fulgeo=, =-si=, =----= (2), _intr._ shine, am bright. + +=fulmen=, =-inis=, _n._ lightning, thunderbolt. + +=fundāmentum=, =-i=, _n._ foundation. + +=fundo= (1), _tr._ found. + +=funestus=, =-a=, =-um=, deadly, fatal. + +=fungor=, =functus sum= (3), _intr. c. abl._ perform. + +=furiōsus=, =-a=, =-um=, mad. + +=furo=, =-ui=, =----= (3), _intr._ am mad. + +=furor=, =-ōris=, _m._ madness. + +=furtim=, _adv._ stealthily. + +=furtum=, =-i=, _n._ theft. + + +G + +=gāneo=, =-ōnis=, _m._ glutton, debauchee. + +=gaudium=, =-i=, _n._ delight. + +=gelidus=, =-a=, =-um=, cold. + +=gener=, =-eri=, _m._ son-in-law. + +=gens=, =-ntis=, _f._ clan, race, people. + +=genus=, =-eris=, _n._ class, kind. + +=gero=, =gessi=, =gestum= (3), _tr._ bear, carry on, administer; + =rēs gestae=, exploits. + +=gladiātor=, =-ōris=, _m._ gladiator. + +=gladiātōrius=, =-a=, =-um=, of gladiators. + +=gladius=, =-i=, _m._ sword. + +=glōria=, =-ae=, _f._ glory, fame. + +=gradus=, =-ūs=, _m._ step, degree. + +=grātia=, =-ae=, _f._ favour, thanks, gratitude; + =grātiās ago=, give thanks, pass a vote of thanks; + =refero grātiam=, show gratitude; + =grātiam habeo=, feel gratitude. + +=grātulātio=, =-ōnis=, _f._ congratulation. + +=grātus=, =-a=, =-um=, pleasing, welcome. + +=gravis=, =-e=, heavy, weighty, authentic, severe. + +=graviter=, _adv._ violently. + +=grex=, =gregis=, _m._ flock, band. + +=gubernātio=, =-ōnis=, _f._ steering, direction. + + +H + +=habeo= (2), _tr._ have, hold, assemble, set on foot, render; + _pass._ am considered. + +=habito= (1), _intr._ live. + +=haereo=, =-si=, =-sum= (2), _intr._ cleave, cling, am fixed. + +=haesito= (1), _intr._ am in doubt, am at a loss. + +=haruspex=, =-icis=, _m._ soothsayer, diviner (_who foretold future +events by the inspection of the entrails of victims_). + +=hebesco=, =----=, =----= (3), _intr._ grow dull. + +=hercule= _or_ =me hercule=, _interj._ by Hercules. + +=hesternus=, =-a=, =-um=, of yesterday. + +=hic=, =haec=, =hōc=, this. + +=hīc=, _adv._ here, thereupon, then. + +=hīce=, =haece=, =hōce=, _strengthened form of_ =hic=. + +=hiems=, =-emis=, _f._ winter. + +=hinc=, _adv._ hence, for this reason; + =hinc . . . illinc=, on this side ... on that. + +=hodiernus=, =-a=, =-um=, of to-day, present. + +=homo=, =-inis=, _c._ human being, man. + +=honestās=, =-ātis=, _f._ honour, high character. + +=honestē=, _adv._ honourably. + +=honesto= (1), _tr._ honour, grace. + +=honestus=, =-a=, =-um=, honourable. + +=honor=, =-ōris=, _m._ honour, sacrifice, office. + +=hōra=, =-ae=, _f._ hour. + +=horribilis=, =-e=, terrible, dreadful. + +=hortor= (1), _tr._ urge, advise. + +=hospitium=, =-i=, _n._ mutual friendship. + +=hostis=, =-is=, _c._ enemy. + +=hūc=, _adv._ hither, to this point. + +=hūmānitās=, =-ātis=, _f._ kindly feeling. + +=hūmānus=, =-a=, =-um=, human. + +=humus=, =-i=, _f._ ground; + _locat._ =humi=, on the ground. + + +I + +=iaceo= (2), _intr._ lie, lie helpless. + +=iacio=, =iēci=, =iactum= (3), _tr._ cast, utter, bruit about. + +=iacto= (1), _tr._ toss, hurl, vaunt; + _with reflex, pron._ speak boastfully, make boast. + +=iactus=, =-ūs=, _m._ hurling, casting. + +=iam=, _adv._ just now, already, by this time; + =iam dūdum=, long since. + +=idcirco=, _adv._ for that reason. + +=īdem=, =eadem=, =idem=, same. + +=igitur=, _conj._ therefore, accordingly. + +=ignāvia=, =-ae=, _f._ cowardice. + +=ignis=, =-is=, _m._ fire. + +=ignōminia=, =-ae=, _f._ infamy, disgrace. + +=ignōro= (1), _tr. or intr._ am ignorant of, am ignorant. + +=ignōtus=, =-a=, =-um=, unknown. + +=ille=, =-a=, =-ud=, that; he, she, it. + +=imāgo=, =-inis=, _f._ image, likeness. + +=imberbis=, =-e=, beardless. + +=immānis=, =-e=, monstrous. + +=immānitās=, =-ātis=, _f._ enormity, heinousness. + +=immātūrus=, =-a=, =-um=, untimely, premature. + +=immineo=, =----=, =----= (2), _intr._ hang over, threaten. + +=immo=, _adv._ on the contrary, nay. + +=immortālis=, =-e=, immortal. + +=impedio= (4), _tr._ hinder, prevent. + +=im-pello=, =-puli=, =-pulsum= (3), _tr._ drive on, incite. + +=im-pendeo=, =----=, =----= (2), _intr. c. dat._ hang over, threaten. + +=imperātor=, =-ōris=, _m._ commander, general. + +=imperītus=, =-a=, =-um=, inexperienced, ignorant. + +=imperium=, =-ī=, _n._ command, sovereignty, dominion; military power, +command in chief. + +=impero= (1), _tr. or intr. c. dat._ order, enjoin, command. + +=im-pertior= (4), _tr._ bestow. + +=impetro= (1), _tr._ get, obtain (_by request_). + +=impetus=, =-ūs=, _m._ assault, attack. + +=impius=, =-a=, =-um=, impious, wicked. + +=im-plōro= (1), _tr._ entreat, supplicate. + +=importūnus=, =-a=, =-um=, unsuitable, unnatural, dangerous. + +=improbitās=, =-ātis=, _f._ wickedness, depravity, recklessness. + +=improbus=, =-a=, =-um=, persistent, violent, reckless. + +=impūbēs=, =-eris= _or_ =-is=, youthful. + +=impudens=, =-ntis=, shameless. + +=impudenter=, _adv._ shamelessly, with assurance. + +=impudentia=, =-ae=, _f._ shamelessness, assurance. + +=impudīcus=, =-a=, =-um=, shameless, immodest. + +=impūnītus=, =-a=, =-um=, unpunished. + +=impūrus=, =-a=, =-um=, unclean. + +=in=, _prep. c. acc._ into, to, against, for; + _c. abl._ in, on. + +=inānis=, =-e=, empty. + +=in-auro= (1), _tr._ gild. + +=incendium=, =-i=, _n._ fire, conflagration, burning. + +=in-cendo=, =-di=, =-sum= (3), _tr._ set on fire, burn. + +=incensio=, =-ōnis=, _f._ burning. + +=incertus=, =-a=, =-um=, uncertain. + +=in-cīdo=, =-di=, =-sum= (3), _tr._ cut. + +=in-cido=, =-cidi=, =-cāsum= (3), _intr._ fall. + +=in-cipio=, =-cēpi=, =-ceptum= (3), _tr. or intr._ begin. + +=in-clīno= (1), _tr. or intr._ bend, incline; am disposed. + +=in-clūdo=, =-si=, =-sum= (3), _tr._ shut in, lock up, confine. + +=incolumis=, =-e=, safe, uninjured, still alive. + +=incrēdibilis=, =-e=, incredible. + +=in-crepo=, =-ui=, =-itum= (1), _intr._ sound, make a noise, am noised +abroad. + +=in-cumbo=, =-cubui=, =-cubitum= (3), _intr. c. dat._ lean on, press +on; =incumbo ad=, devote myself to, exert myself for. + +=indemnātus=, =-a=, =-um=, uncondemned. + +=index=, =-icis=, _c._ informer. + +=indicium=, =-i=, _n._ information, proof. + +=in-dico= (1), _tr._ declare, disclose, reveal, betray. + +=in-dīco=, =-xi=, =-ctum= (3), _tr._ proclaim, make (_war_). + +=in-dūco=, =-xi=, =-ctum= (3), _tr._ bring in, introduce, persuade; + =animum indūco=, resolve, determine. + +=industria=, =-ae=, _f._ activity, energy. + +=in-eo=, =-ii=, =-itum=, =-īre=, _tr._ enter on, adopt. + +=iners=, =-rtis=, inactive, indolent. + +=inertia=, =-ae=, _f._ inactivity, remissness. + +=infāmis=, =-e=, disreputable. + +=inferi=, =-ōrum=, _m. plur._ the dead. + +=in-fero=, =-tuli=, =-lātum=, =-ferre=, _tr._ put on, lay on, set, +inflict. + +=infestus=, =-a=, =-um=, dangerous, hostile, deadly. + +=infimus=, =-a=, =-um=, lowest, meanest. + +=infīnītus=, =-a=, =-um=, without limit, boundless, interminable. + +=infirmus=, =-a=, =-um=, powerless. + +=infitiātor=, =-ōris=, _m._ defaulter. + +=infitior= (1), _tr. or intr._ deny. + +=in-flammo= (1), _tr._ set on fire, inflame. + +=ingenium=, =-i=, _n._ nature, ability. + +=ingens=, =-ntis=, huge, vast. + +=ingenuus=, =-a=, =-um=, free-born. + +=in-gravesco=, =----=, =----= (3), _intr._ grow heavier, become worse. + +=in-gredior=, =-gressus sum= (3), _tr. or intr._ enter, enter upon, go +on to, engage in. + +=in-hio= (1), _intr. c. dat._ open the mouth for. + +=inhūmānus=, =-a=, =-um=, savage, unfeeling. + +=in-icio=, =-iēci=, =-iectum= (3), _tr._ throw on, cause, occasion. + +=inimīcitia=, =-ae=, _f._ enmity. + +=inimīcus=, =-a=, =-um=, unfriendly, hostile; + =inimīcus=, =-i=, _m._ enemy. + +=inīquitās=, =-ātis=, _f._ unfairness, injustice. + +=inīquus=, =-a=, =-um=, unfair, unjust. + +=initio= (1), _tr._ consecrate. + +=iniūria=, =-ae=, _f._ outrage, wrong; + =iniūriā=, undeservedly. + +=iniussū= (_only in abl. sing._), _m._ without the command. + +=inlecebra=, =-ae=, _f._ attraction, allurement. + +=inlustris=, =-e=, distinguished, famous. + +=in-lustro= (1), _tr._ illuminate, make clear. + +=in-mitto=, =-mīsi=, =-missum= (3), _tr._ send in. + +=innocens=, =-ntis=, guiltless. + +=inopia=, =-ae=, _f._ want. + +=inquam=, =inquis=, =inquit=, _defect. intr._ say. + +=in-rētio= (4), _tr._ ensnare, entrap. + +=in-scrībo=, =-psi=, =-ptum= (3), _tr._ write on. + +=insepultus=, =-a=, =-um=, unburied. + +=insidiae=, =-ārum=, _f. plur._ ambuscade, plot. + +=insidiātor=, =-ōris=, _m._ plotter; + _with_ =viae=, waylayer. + +=insidior= (1), _intr. c. dat._ lie in wait for, plot against. + +=insidiōsus=, =-a=, =-um=, treacherous. + +=insigne=, =-is=, _n._ mark, badge. + +=in-simulo= (1), _tr._ charge, allege. + +=insolentius=, _adv._ more immoderately, more haughtily. + +=inspērātus=, =-a=, =-um=, unhoped for. + +=in-stituo=, =-ui=, =-ūtum= (3), _tr._ undertake, begin. + +=in-sto=, =-stiti=, =-stātum= (1), _intr._ press on, threaten. + +=instrūmentum=, =-i=, _n._ instrument, means of trade. + +=in-struo=, =-xi=, =-ctum= (3), _tr._ draw up, array. + +=integer=, =-gra=, =-grum=, untouched, unharmed, unbroken. + +=intel-lego= _or_ =-ligo=, =-exi=, =-ectum= (3), _tr._ learn, +understand, know. + +=in-tendo=, =-di=, =-tum= _or_ =-sum= (3), _tr. or intr._ stretch out; +purpose, endeavour. + +=inter=, _prep. c. acc._ between, among, amid; + =inter sē=, each other. + +=inter-cēdo=, =-cessi=, =-cessum= (3), _intr._ intervene. + +=intereā=, _adv._ meanwhile. + +=inter-eo=, =-ii=, =-itum=, =-īre=, _intr._ perish, am ruined. + +=inter-ficio=, =-fēci=, =-fectum= (3), _tr._ kill, slay. + +=interim=, _adv._ meanwhile. + +=inter-imo=, =-ēmi=, =-emptum= (3), _tr._ kill, slay. + +=interitus=, =-ūs=, _m._ death, ruin, destruction, annihilation. + +=inter-necio=, =-ōnis=, _f._ massacre, annihilation. + +=inter-rogo= (1), _tr._ ask. + +=inter-sum=, =-fui=, =-esse=, _intr._ am between, differ; + _impers._ =interest=, it interests, it concerns (_with_ =meā=, =tuā=, +&c). + +=interventus=, =-ūs=, _m._ coming between, intervention. + +=intestīnus=, =-a=, =-um=, internal. + +=intimus=, =-a=, =-um=, inmost, most secret; + =intimus=, =-i=, _m._ intimate friend. + +=intrā=, _prep. c. acc._ within. + +=intrō-dūco=, =-xi=, =-ctum= (3), _tr._ bring in, introduce. + +=in-tueor= (2), _tr._ look at. + +=intus=, _adv._ inside. + +=in-ūro=, =-ussi=, =-ustum= (3), _tr._ burn into. + +=in-venio=, =-vēni=, =-ventum= (4), _tr._ find, discover. + +=in-vestīgo= (1), _tr._ track out, search out. + +=in-veterasco=, =-āvi=, =----= (3), _intr._ grow old, am established, am +fixed. + +=invictus=, =-a=, =-um=, unconquered. + +=invidia=, =-ae=, _f._ unpopularity. + +=invidiōsus=, =-a=, =-um=, odious, unpopular. + +=invidus=, =-a=, =-um=, envious. + +=invīto= (1), _tr._ invite, summon. + +=invītus=, =-a=, =-um=, unwilling. + +=ipse=, =-a=, =-um=, oneself, self, very, in person. + +=is=, =ea=, =id=, that, those, such; he, she, it, they. + +=iste=, =-a=, =-ud=, that of yours, that; he, she, it (_used especially +of any one or anything connected with the person addressed_). + +=ita=, _adv._ so, in such a way. + +=itaque=, _conj._ and so, accordingly. + +=item=, _adv._ in like manner. + +=iter=, =itineris=, _n._ going, journey, route. + +=iterum=, _adv._ a second time. + +=iubeo=, =iussi=, =iussum= (2), _tr._ order. + +=iūcundus=, =-a=, =-um=, pleasant. + +=iudicium=, =-i=, _n._ judgement, legal decision, sentence. + +=iūdico= (1), _tr. or intr._ judge, decide. + +=iugulum=, =-i=, _n._ throat. + +=iūs=, =iūris=, _n._ law, right; + =iūre=, rightly; + =iūs iūrandum=, oath. + +=iussū= (_only in abl. sing._), _m._ order, command. + +=iustus=, =-a=, =-um=, just, righteous. + +=iuventūs=, =-ūtis=, _f._ body of youth, youth. + + +L + +=labefacto= (1), _tr._ shake, give a shock to, undermine, ruin. + +=labor=, =-ōris=, _m._ toil. + +=labōro= (1), _intr._ work, exert myself. + +=lacesso=, =-īvi=, =-ītum= (3), _tr._ harass, attack. + +=lacrima=, =-ae=, _f._ tear. + +=lacto= (1), _intr._ suck milk. + +=laedo=, =-si=, =-sum= (3), _tr._ hurt, injure. + +=laetitia=,-ae, _f._ joy, pleasure. + +=laetor= (1), _intr._ rejoice. + +=lāmentātio=, =-ōnis=, _f._ mourning, wailing. + +=lāmentor= (1), _tr. or intr._ mourn, bewail. + +=languidus=, =-a=, =-um=, dull, listless. + +=largītio=, =-ōnis=, _f._ largess, bribery. + +=largītor=, =-ōris=, _m._ briber. + +=lātē=, _adv._ widely. + +=lateo=, =-ui=, =----= (2), _intr._ lie hid, am hidden. + +=lātor=, =-ōris=, _m._ mover, proposer. + +=latro=, =-ōnis=, _m._ brigand. + +=latrōcinium=, =-i=, _n._ robbery, brigandage, band of brigands. + +=latrōcinor= (1), _intr._ am a robber, am a bandit. + +=latus=, =-eris=, _n._ side. + +=laudo= (1), _tr._ praise. + +=laus=, =laudis=, _f._ praise, honour, glory, distinction. + +=lectīca=, =-ae=, _f._ litter. + +=lectulus=, =-i=, _m._ small couch, bed. + +=lectus=, =-i=, _m._ couch, bed. + +=lēgātus=, =-i=, _m._ ambassador. + +=legio=, =-ōnis=, _f._ legion. + +=lego=, =lēgi=, =lectum= (3), _tr._ choose, read; + =lectus=, =-a=, =-um=, excellent. + +=lēnio= (4), _tr._ soften, assuage. + +=lēnis=, =-e=, gentle, merciful. + +=lēnitās=, =-ātis=, _f._ mercy, clemency. + +=lēno=, =-ōnis=, _m._ pander, creature. + +=lentus,= =-a=, =-um=, slow, sluggish. + +=lepidus=, =-a=, =-um=, charming, witty. + +=levis=, =-e=, light, frivolous. + +=levissimē=, _adv._ very lightly, in the mildest manner. + +=levitās=, =-ātis=, _f._ frivolity. + +=levo= (1), _tr._ lighten, lessen. + +=lex=, =lēgis=, _f._ law, rule, condition. + +=līber=, =-era=, =-erum=, free; + =līberi=, =-ōrum=, _m. plur._ children (_in relation to their +parents_). + +=lībero= (1), _tr._ free, relieve. + +=lībertās=, =-ātis=, _f._ freedom, liberty. + +=lībertīnus=, =-i=, _m._ freedman. + +=libīdo=, =-inis=, _f._ passion, lust. + +=licet=, =licuit= _or_ =licitum est=, _impers._ (2), _intr. c. dat._ it +is allowed, one may. + +=lingua=, =-ae=, _f._ tongue. + +=līnum=, =-i=, _n._ flax, thread. + +=liquefacio=, =-fēci=, =-factum= (3), _tr._ melt. + +=littera=, =-ae=, _f._ letter (_of the alphabet_); + _plur._ letter, dispatch, literature. + +=loco= (1), _tr._ place, contract for. + +=locuples=, =-ētis=, rich. + +=locus=, =-i=, _m._ place, position, room. + +=longē=, _adv._ far. + +=longinquus=, =-a=, =-um=, distant. + +=longus=, =-a=, =-um=, long, tedious. + +=loquor=, =locūtus sum= (3), _tr. or intr._ speak, say. + +=lubenter=, _adv._ gladly. + +=lubet=, =lubuit= _or_ =lubitum est=, _impers._ (2), _intr. c. dat._ it +pleases. + +=luctus=, =-ūs=, _m._ mourning. + +=lūdus=, =-i=, _m._ play, school; + _plur._ public games. + +=lūgeo=, =luxi=, =----= (2) _tr. or intr._ mourn, lament. + +=lūmen=, =-inis=, _n._ light. + +=lupīnus=, =-a=, =-um=, of a wolf. + +=lux=, =lūcis=, _f._ light, day. + +=luxuria=, =-ae=, _f._ extravagance, excess. + + +M + +=māchinātor=, =-ōris=, _m._ contriver. + +=māchinor= (1), _tr._ contrive, design. + +=macto= (1), _tr._ sacrifice, punish. + +=maeror=, =-ōris=, _m._ grief. + +=magis=, _adv._ more. + +=magistrātus=, =-ūs=, _m._ office, magistrate. + +=magnificē=, _adv._ splendidly, gloriously. + +=magnitūdo=, =-inis=, _f._ greatness, size, extent. + +=magnus=, =-a=, =-um=, great; + =magno opere=, greatly. + +=māior=, =-us=, greater, larger, older; + =māiōrēs=, =-um=, _m. plur._ ancestors. + +=male=, _adv._ badly; + _with adj._ not. + +=maleficium=, =-i=, _n._ wickedness, offence. + +=malleolus=, =-i=, _m._ mallet, fire-dart. + +=mālo=, =mālui=, =malle=, _tr. or intr._ prefer. + +=malus=, =-a=, =-um=, bad; + =malum=, =-i=, _n._ evil. + +=mandātum=, =-i=, _n._ charge, order. + +=mando= (1), _tr._ entrust, commit. + +=māne=, _indecl. n._ morning. + +=maneo=, =-si=, =-sum= (2), _intr._ remain. + +=manicātus=, =-a=, =-um=, having long sleeves. + +=manifestus=, =-a=, =-um=, clear, evident; + _adv._ =manifesto=, clearly. + +=māno= (1), _intr._ flow, get abroad. + +=manus=, =-ūs=, _f._ hand, handwriting; company, band. + +=mare=, =-is=, _n._ sea. + +=marītus=, =-i=, _m._ husband. + +=mātūrē=, _adv._ early; + _compar._ =mātūrius=. + +=mātūritās=, =-ātis=, _f._ ripeness. + +=mātūro= (1), _tr._ hasten, dispatch. + +=maximē=, _adv._ especially. + +=maximus=, =-a=, =-um=, greatest, very great, chief. + +=medicīna=, =-ae=, _f._ remedy. + +=mediocris=, =-e=, ordinary, tolerable. + +=mediocriter=, _adv._ trivially, not seriously. + +=meditor= (1), _tr._ purpose, intend; + _perf. partic. also pass. in sense_, practised. + +=medius=, =-a=, =-um=, mid, middle. + +=melior=, =-us=, better. + +=memini=, _defect._ (3), _tr. or intr. c. gen._ remember. + +=memor=, =-oris=, mindful. + +=memoria=, =-ae=, _f._ memory. + +=mendīcitās=, =-ātis=, _f._ beggary. + +=mens=, =-ntis=, _f._ mind, thought, intention, understanding, +disposition. + +=mereor= (2), _tr. or intr._ deserve. + +=meritum=, =-i=, _n._ desert, service, favour; + =merito=, deservedly. + +=metuo=, =-ui=, =-ūtum= (3), _tr._ fear. + +=metus=, =-ūs=, _m._ fear. + +=meus=, =-a=, =-um=, my. + +=mīles=, =-itis=, _m._ soldier. + +=mīlitāris=, =-e=, belonging to a soldier, military. + +=minae=, =-ārum=, _f._ _plur._ threats. + +=minimē=, _adv._ very little, least. + +=minimus=, =-a=, =-um=, very little, least. + +=minitor= (1), _intr. c. dat._ threaten. + +=minor=, =-us=, smaller, less; + _adv._ =minus=, less, not. + +=minuo=, =-ui=, =-ūtum= (3), _tr._ lessen, reduce. + +=misceo=, =miscui=, =mixtum= (2), _tr._ mix, mingle, embroil. + +=miser=, =-era=, =-erum=, wretched, pitiable. + +=miseria=, =-ae=, _f._ misfortune, affliction. + +=misericordia=, =-ae=, _f._ pity. + +=misericors=, =-rdis=, tenderhearted, pitiful. + +=miseror= (1), _tr._ pity. + +=mītis=, =-e=, mild, gentle. + +=mitto=, =mīsi=, =missum= (3), _tr._ send. + +=modō=, _adv._ just now, lately, only. + +=modus=, =-i=, _m._ limit, kind, manner. + +=moenia=, =-ium=, _n. plur._ walls (_of a town_). + +=mōlēs=, =-is=, _f._ mass, weight. + +=molestē=, _adv._ with trouble; + =molestē fero=, take it ill, am vexed at. + +=mōlior= (4), _tr._ set in motion, attempt, design. + +=mollis=, =-e=, soft, mild. + +=moneo= (2), _tr._ warn, advise. + +=monimentum=, =-i=, _n._ memorial. + +=monstrum=, =-i=, _n._ evil omen, portent, monster. + +=mora=, =-ae=, _f._ delay. + +=morbus=, =-i=, _m._ disease. + +=morior=, =mortuus sum= (3), _intr._ die; + =mortuus=, =-a=, =-um=, dead. + +=mors=, =-rtis=, _f._ death. + +=mōs, mōris=, _m._ custom, habit. + +=mōtus=, =-ūs=, _m._ movement, disturbance, trouble; + =terrae mōtus=, earthquake. + +=moveo=, =mōvi=, =mōtum= (2), _tr._ move, affect, alarm. + +=mucro=, =-ōnis=, _m._ point, edge, sword. + +=mulier=, =-eris=, _f._ woman. + +=muliercula=, =-ae=, _f._ little woman. + +=multitūdo=, =-inis=, _f._ multitude, numbers. + +=multo= (1), _tr._ punish. + +=multus=, =-a=, =-um=, much, many; + _adv._ =multo=, by much. + +=mūniceps=, =-cipis=, _c._ citizen of a =mūnicipium=, burgess. + +=mūnicipium=, =-i=, _n._ free town. + +=mūnio= (4), _tr._ fortify, defend; + =mūnītissimus=, =-a=, =-um=, strongly fortified. + +=mūrus=, =-i=, _m._ wall. + +=mūto= (1), _tr._ change. + +=mūtus=, =-a=, =-um=, silent. + + +N + +=nam=, _conj._ for. + +=nanciscor=, =nanctus= _or_ =nactus sum= (3), _tr._ get, obtain. + +=nascor=, =nātus sum= (3), _intr._ am born, begin, grow. + +=nātio=, =-ōnis=, _f._ tribe, people. + +=nātūra=, =-ae=, _f._ nature. + +=naufragus=, =-i=, _m._ shipwrecked man, castaway. + +=-ne=, _interrog. particle_. + +=nē=, _conj._ that ... not, lest; + _adv._ not; + =nē . . . quidem=, not either, not even. + +=nē=, _interj._ really, indeed. + +=nec=, _see_ =neque=. + +=necessārio=, _adv._ necessarily. + +=necessārius=, =-i=, _m._ kinsman, connexion. + +=necesse=, _indecl. adj._ inevitable, necessary. + +=necessitās=, =-ātis=, _f._ necessity. + +=necne=, _conj._ or not. + +=neco= (1), _tr._ kill, murder. + +=nefandus=, =-a=, =-um=, abominable, execrable. + +=nefariē=, _adv._ impiously. + +=nefārius=, =-a=, =-um=, impious, wicked. + +=neglego= (=nec-lego=), =-xi=, =-ctum= (3), _tr._ neglect, despise. + +=nego= (1), _tr. or intr._ deny. + +=negōtium=, =-i=, _n._ business, trouble. + +=nēmo=, =nullīus=, _m._ no one; + =non nēmo=, some one. + +=nepos=, =-ōtis=, _m._ grandson, prodigal, spendthrift. + +=neque= _or_ =nec=, _conj._ and not, nor; + =neque . . . neque=, neither ... nor. + +=nēquior=, =-us= (_compar. of_ =nēquam=), more unprincipled, more +worthless. + +=nēquitia=, =-ae=, _f._ want of principle, remissness, negligence. + +=nē-scio= (4), _tr. or intr._ do not know, am ignorant; + =nescio qui=, some. + +=nex=, =necis=, _f._ violent death, murder. + +=nihil=, _indecl. n._ nothing; + _adv._ in nothing, not at all; + =nihildum=, nothing yet. + +=nimis=, _adv._ too much, too. + +=nimius=, =-a=, =-um=, too much, too great; + _adv._ =nimium=, too much, too. + +=nisī=, _adv. or conj._ except, unless. + +=niteo=, =----=, =----= (2), _intr._ glitter, glisten. + +=nitidus=, =-a=, =-um=, shining, glossy. + +=nix=, =nivis=, _f._ snow. + +=nōbilis=, =-e=, famous, high-born. + +=noceo= (2), _intr. c. dat._ hurt, do harm to; + =nocens=, =-ntis=, _m._ criminal. + +=nocturnus=, =-a=, =-um=, nightly, by night, night. + +=nōlo=, =nōlui=, =nolle=, _tr. or intr._ do not wish, am unwilling. + +=nōmen=, =-inis=, _n._ name. + +=nōminātim=, _adv._ by name. + +=nōmino= (1), name, call. + +=nōn=, _adv._ not. + +=nondum=, _adv._ not yet. + +=nonnullus=, =-a=, =-um=, some. + +=nonnumquam=, _adv._ sometimes. + +=nosco=, =nōvi=, =nōtum= (3), _tr._ learn; + =nōvi=, know. + +=noster=, =-tra=, =-trum=, our. + +=nota=, =-ae=, _f._ mark, brand. + +=noto= (1), _tr._ mark. + +=nōtus=, =-a=, =-um=, known. + +=novem=, _indecl. adj._ nine. + +=novus=, =-a=, =-um=, new; + =rēs novae=, revolution. + +=nox=, =noctis=, _f._ night. + +=nūdius tertius=, _adv._ the day before yesterday. + +=nūdus=, =-a=, =-um=, bare, naked. + +=nullus=, =-a=, =-um=, no, none. + +=num=, _interrog. particle_. + +=nūmen=, =-inis=, _n._ divinity, divine power. + +=numerus=, =-i=, _m._ number. + +=numquam=, _adv._ never. + +=nunc=, _adv._ now. + +=nūper=, _adv._ lately. + +=nuptiae=, =-ārum=, _f._ _plur._ marriage. + +=nūtus=, =-ūs=, _m._ nod, will. + + +O + +=O!= _interj._ oh! + +=ob=, _prep. c. acc._ on account of. + +=ob-eo=, =-ii=, =-itum=, =-īre=, _tr._ come to, visit, attend to, +execute, accomplish. + +=ob-fero=, =-tuli=, =-lātum=, =-ferre=, _tr._ present, offer. + +=ob-ligo= (1), _tr._ bind, lay under an obligation, render liable, +mortgage. + +=ob-lino=, =-lēvi=, =-litum= (3), _tr._ besmear, overload; + =oblitus=, =-a=, =-um=, reeking. + +=oblīviscor=, =-lītus sum= (3), _tr. or intr. c. gen._ forget. + +=obscūrē=, _adv._ darkly, obscurely. + +=obscūro= (1), _tr._ hide, cover. + +=obscūrus=, =-a=, =-um=, dark, secret. + +=obses=, =-idis=, _c._ hostage. + +=ob-sideo=, =-sēdi=, =-sessum= (2), _tr._ besiege, blockade, beset, am +on the look out for. + +=obsidio=, =-ōnis=, _f._ blockade. + +=ob-sisto=, =-stiti=, =-stitum= (3), _intr. c. dat._ hinder, oppose. + +=ob-stipesco=, =-pui=, =----= (3), _intr._ am astounded, am stupefied. + +=ob-sto=, =-stiti=, =-stātum= (1), _intr. c. dat._ hinder, oppose. + +=ob-stupefacio=, =-fēci=, =-factum= (3), _tr._ astound, arouse. + +=ob-sum=, =-fui=, =-esse=, _intr. c. dat._ injure. + +=ob-tempero= (1), _intr. c. dat._ obey. + +=ob-tineo=, =-tinui=, =-tentum= (2), _tr._ hold, assert, maintain. + +=ob-tingo=, =-tigi=, =----= (3), _intr._ happen, befall. + +=occāsus=, =-ūs=, _m._ fall. + +=occidens=, =-ntis=, _m._ west. + +=oc-cīdo=, =-di=, =-sum= (3), _tr._ kill, slay, murder. + +=oc-clūdo=, =-si=, =-sum= (3), shut. + +=oc-culo=, =-ui=, =-tum= (3), _tr._ hide. + +=occultē=, _adv._ secretly. + +=oc-cupo= (1), _tr._ seize, take possession of. + +=oc-curro=, =-curri=, =-cursum= (3), _intr. c. dat._ meet, engage in. + +=oculus=, =-i=, _m._ eye. + +=ōdi=, _defect._ (3), _tr._ hate. + +=odium=, =-i=, _n._ hatred. + +=of-fendo=, =-di=, =-sum= (3), _tr._ strike against, light upon, +displease, offend. + +=officium=, =-i=, _n._ duty. + +=ōmen=, =-inis=, _n._ omen, token. + +=omitto=, =-mīsi=, =-missum= (3), _tr._ pass over, leave unmentioned. + +=omnis=, =-e=, all. + +=opera=, =-ae=, _f._ aid, service, employment; + =operae pretium=, worth while. + +=opīnio=, =-ōnis=, _f._ expectation, belief. + +=opīnor= (1), _intr._ think. + +=oportet=, =-uit=, _impers._ (2), it is necessary; + _c. acc._ one ought, one must. + +=op-peto=, =-īvi,-ītum= (3), _tr._ encounter. + +=op-pōno=, =-posui=, =-positum= (3), _tr._ oppose. + +=op-primo=, =-pressi=, =-pressum= (3), _tr._ put down, crush, baffle. + +*=ops, opis=, _f._ power, aid; + _plur._ power, resources, wealth. + +=optimātēs=, =-ium=, _m. plur._ best men, good citizens. + +=optimus=, =-a=, =-um=, best. + +=opto= (1), _tr._ desire, pray for. + +=opus=, =-eris=, _n._ work; + =opus est=, there is need, it is necessary; + =magno opere=, greatly. + +=ōrātio=, =-ōnis=, _f._ speech, discourse, harangue. + +=orbis=, =-is=, _m._ circle; + =orbis terrae= _or_ =terrarum=, the circle of the earth, the world. + +=ordo=, =-inis=, _m._ order, rank, class, body. + +=oriens=, =-ntis=, _m._ east. + +=ornāmentum=, =-i=, _n._ equipment, decoration. + +=orno= (1), _tr._ equip, furnish, embellish, honour. + +=ōro= (1), _tr._ beg, pray, ask. + +=ortus=, =-ūs=, _m._ rising. + +=ōs=, =ōris=, _n._ mouth, face. + +=ostendo=, =-di=, =-sum= _or_ =-tum= (3), _tr._ show, display. + +=ostento= (1), _tr._ exhibit, display. + +=ōtiōsus=, =-a=, =-um=, unemployed, tranquil; + =ōtiōsus=, =-i=, _m._ private person, civilian. + +=ōtium=, =-i=, _n._ leisure, quiet, tranquillity. + + +P + +=paciscor=, =pactus sum= (3), _tr._ agree upon, covenant; + _perf. partic. also with passive meaning_. + +=pāco= (1), _tr._ make peaceful, subdue. + +=pactum=, =-i=, _n._ agreement, terms, manner. + +=paene=, _adv._ nearly, almost. + +=paenitet=, =-uit=, _impers._ (2), _tr._ it repents. + +=palam=, _adv._ openly, plainly. + +=pār=, =paris=, equal, like. + +=parco=, =peperci=, =parsum= (3), _intr. c. dat._ spare. + +=parens=, =-ntis=, _c._ parent. + +=pāreo= (2), _intr. c. dat._ obey. + +=pariēs=, =-etis=, _m._ wall (_of a house_). + +=pario=, =peperi=, =partum= (3), _tr._ bring forth, produce, gain. + +=paro= (1), _tr._ prepare, collect, raise; + =paratus=, =-a=, =-um=, ready. + +=parricīda=, =-ae=, _c._ murderer, traitor. + +=parricīdium=, =-i=, _n._ murder, treason. + +=pars=, =-rtis=, _f._ part, division, direction, side; political party, +faction. + +=particeps=, =-cipis=, sharing in (_gen._); + _as noun_, partner. + +=partim=, _adv._ partly. + +=parum=, _adv._ too little, not enough. + +=parvulus=, =-a=, =-um=, very small. + +=parvus=, =-a=, =-um=, small. + +=pastor=, =-ōris=, _m._ shepherd. + +=patefacio=, =-fēci=, =-factum= (3), _tr._ bring to light, expose, +convict. + +=pateo=, =-ui=, =----= (2), _intr._ am open, am manifest. + +=pater=, =-tris=, _m._ father. + +=patientia=, =-ae=, _f._ endurance, patience, indulgence. + +=patior=, =passus sum= (3), _tr. or intr._ suffer, allow. + +=patria=, =-ae=, _f._ fatherland, country. + +=patricius=, =-a=, =-um=, patrician; + =patricius=, =-i=, _m._ patrician (_member of the Roman nobility_). + +=patrimōnium=, =-i=, _n._ inheritance. + +=pauci=, =-ae=, =-a=, few. + +=paulisper=, _adv._ for a short time. + +=paulo=, _adv._ a little. + +=paululum=, =-i=, _n._ a very little. + +=pax=, =pācis=, _f._ peace, tranquillity. + +=pecto=, =pexi=, =pexum= (3), _tr._ comb. + +=pecūnia=, =-ae=, _f._ wealth, money. + +=pecus=, =-udis=, _f._ beast. + +=pedester=, =-tris=, =-tre=, of foot-soldiers, of infantry. + +=pello=, =pepuli=, =pulsum= (3), _tr._ drive, expel. + +=penitus=, _adv._ deeply, wholly. + +=per=, _prep. c. acc._ through, by. + +=per-cello=, =-culi=, =-culsum= (3), _tr._ beat down, smite. + +=per-cipio=, =-cēpi=, =-ceptum= (3), _tr._ listen to, attend to. + +=per-cutio=, =-cussi=, =-cussum= (3), _tr._ strike. + +=per-do=, =-didi=, =-ditum= (3), _tr._ lose, destroy; + =perditus=, =-a=, =-um=, desperate, abandoned, corrupt; + =perditur=, =-i=, _m._ scoundrel. + +=per-dūco=, =-xi=, =-ctum= (3), _tr._ lead, take. + +=per-eo=, =-ii=, =-itum=, =-īre=, _intr._ die, perish. + +=per-fero=, =-tuli=, =-lātum=, =-ferre=, _tr._ endure, tolerate. + +=per-ficio=, =-fēci=, =-fectum= (3), _tr._ carry out, manage. + +=per-fringo=, =-frēgi=, =-fractum= (3), _tr._ break through, shatter. + +=per-fruor=, =-fructus sum= (3), _intr. c. abl._ enjoy fully. + +=per-fugium=, =-i=, _n._ refuge. + +=pergo=, =perrexi=, =perrectum= (3), _intr._ proceed, go on. + +=per-horresco=, =-rui=, =----= (3), _intr._ shudder, tremble; + _tr._ have a horror of. + +=perīclitor= (1), _tr. or intr._ make trial of, endanger; am +endangered. + +=perīculōsus=, =-a=, =-um=, dangerous. + +=perīculum=, =-i=, _n._ danger. + +=permagnus=, =-a=, =-um=, very large. + +=per-maneo=, =-si=, =-sum= (2), _intr._ stay to the end, continue, +persist. + +=per-mitto=, =-mīsi=, =-missum= (3), _tr._ entrust. + +=permodestus=, =-a=, =-um=, bashful, obedient. + +=per-moveo=, =-mōvi=, =-mōtum= (2), _tr._ interest, alarm. + +=permultus=, =-a=, =-um=, very much; _plur._ very many. + +=perniciēs=, =-ēi=, _f._ destruction. + +=perniciōsus=, =-a=, =-um=, destructive, mischievous, deadly. + +=perpetuus=, =-a=, =-um=, continuous, constant, lasting; + =in perpetuum= (_sc._ =tempus=), permanently. + +=persaepe=, _adv._ very often. + +=per-scrībo=, =-psi=, =-ptum= (3), _tr._ write out in full. + +=per-sequor=, =-secūtus sum= (3), _tr._ pursue, attack. + +=per-spicio=, =-spexi=, =-spectum= (3), _tr._ see clearly. + +=per-terreo= (2), _tr._ frighten, scare. + +=per-timesco=, =-timui=, =----= (3), _tr. or intr._ fear. + +=per-tineo=, =-ui=, =----= (2), _intr._ reach, belong, concern. + +=per-turbo= (1), _tr._ trouble, disturb, agitate. + +=per-venio=, =-vēni=, =-ventum= (4), _intr._ come, arrive. + +=pestis=, =-is=, _f._ plague, scourge, destruction. + +=petītio=, =-ōnis=, _f._ blow, thrust. + +=peto=, =-īvi=, =-ītum= (3), _tr._ attack, assault; demand, beg. + +=petulantia=, =-ae=, _f._ wantonness, impudence. + +=pietās=, =-ātis=, _f._ dutifulness, goodness. + +=placeo= (2), _intr. c. dat._ please; + =placet=, _impers._ it seems right, it is determined. + +=plāco= (1), _tr._ reconcile, appease. + +=plānē=, _adv._ clearly, completely. + +=plēnus=, =-a=, =-um=, full. + +=plūrimus=, =-a=, =-um=, very many, most. + +=plūs=, _adv._ more. + +=poena=, =-ae=, _f._ penalty, punishment. + +=polliceor= (2), _tr. or intr._ promise, undertake. + +=pōno, posui, positum= (3), _tr._ put, place, pitch, assign. + +=pons=, =-ntis=, _m._ bridge. + +=pontifex=, =-icis=, _m._ high-priest, pontiff. + +=popīna=, =-ae=, _f._ eating-house, tavern. + +=populāris=, =-e=, popular, friendly to the people. + +=populus=, =-i=, _m._ people. + +=porta=, =-ae=, _f._ gate. + +=possessio=, =-ōnis=, _f._ holding, possession, property, estate. + +=possum=, =potui=, =posse=, _intr._ am able, can. + +=post=, _prep. c. acc._ after, since; + _adv._ afterwards. + +=posteā=, _adv._ afterwards, later. + +=posteritās=, =-ātis=, _f._ future time, posterity. + +=posterus=, =-a=, =-um=, future; + =posteri=, =-ōrum=, _m. plur._ descendants, posterity; + =in posterum=, for the future, in future. + +=posthāc=, _adv._ after this, for the future. + +=postrēmus=, =-a=, =-um=, last; + _adv._ =postrēmo=, lastly. + +=postulo= (1), _tr._ ask, demand. + +=potens=, =-ntis=, powerful. + +=potestās=, =-ātis=, _f._ power, authority; + =potestātem facio=, give opportunity, give leave. + +=potior= (4), _intr. c. gen. or abl._ get, gain. + +=potius=, _adv._ rather. + +=prae=, _prep. c. abl._ before, in comparison with. + +=praebeo= (2), _tr._ offer, render, show. + +=praeceps=, =-cipitis=, headstrong. + +=prae-cipio=, =-cēpi=, =-ceptum= (3), _tr._ enjoin, give as a warning. + +=pracipuē=, _adv._ especially. + +=praeclārus=, =-a=, =-um=, famous, remarkable, signal, noble. + +=prae-curro=, =-cucurri=, =-cursum= (3), _intr. c. dat._ run before, +outrun, surpass. + +=praedātor=, =-ōris=, _m._ robber. + +=prae-dico= (1), _tr._ declare, extol. + +=prae-dīco=, =-xi=, =-ctum= (3), _tr._ state beforehand, premise, +proclaim. + +=praedium=, =-i=, _n._ farm. + +=praefectūra=, =-ae=, _f._ prefecture (_an Italian city governed by a +Roman magistrate_). + +=prae-fero=, =-tuli=, =-lātum=, =-ferre=, _tr._ hold forth, offer. + +=prae-mitto=, =-mīsi=, =-missum= (3), _tr._ send in advance. + +=praemium=, =-i=, _n._ reward. + +=prae-scrībo=, =-psi=, =-ptum= (3), _tr. acc. and dat._ order, appoint. + +=praesens=, =-ntis=, present, opportune. + +=praesentia=, =-ae=, _f._ presence. + +=praesertim=, _adv._ especially; + =cum praesertim=, especially since. + +=prae-sideo=, =-sēdi=, =----= (2), _intr. c. dat._ guard, watch. + +=praesidium=, =-i=, _n._ guard, protection, garrison, force. + +=praesto=, _adv._ at hand. + +=prae-sto=, =-stiti=, =-stitum= _or_ =-stātum= (1), _tr._ guarantee, +carry out. + +=praestōlor= (1), _intr. c. dat._ wait for. + +=praeter=, _prep. c. acc._ except, besides, contrary to. + +=praetereā=, _adv._ besides. + +=praeter-eo=, =-ii=, =-itum=, =-īre=, _tr._ pass over, leave +unmentioned. + +=praeter-mitto=, =-mīsi=, =-missum= (3), _tr._ pass over, omit. + +=praeterquam=, _adv._ besides, except. + +=praetexta= (_sc._ =toga=), =-ae=, _f._ gown edged with purple. + +=praetor=, =-ōris=, _m._ praetor (_a magistrate charged with the +administration of justice_). + +=praetōrius=, =-a=, =-um=, belonging to a praetor or general, +praetorian. + +=praetūra=, =-ae=, _f._ praetorship. + +=precor= (1), _tr. or intr._ pray, pray to, beseech. + +=premo=, =pressi=, =pressum= (3), _tr._ check, harass, crush, overwhelm. + +=pretium=, =-i=, _n._ value, worth, pay. + +=prīdem=, _adv._ long ago, long since. + +=prīdiē=, _adv._ on the day before. + +=prīmus=, =-a=, =-um=, first; + _adv._ =prīmum=, =prīmo=, at first, firstly; + =quam prīmum=, as soon as possible. + +=princeps=, =-ipis=, first, chief; + _as noun_, chief, chief man, leader. + +=principium=, =-i=, _n._ beginning; + =principio=, at first, firstly. + +=prior=, =-us=, former, earlier, previous. + +=pristinus=, =-a=, =-um=, former, early. + +=prīvātus=, =-a=, =-um=, private, personal; + =prīvātus=, =-i=, _m._ private citizen. + +=prīvo= (1), rob, deprive. + +=pro=, _prep. c. abl._ for, on behalf of, in accordance with, instead +of, in return for. + +=probo= (1), _tr._ approve, prove. + +=procella=, =-ae=, _f._ storm. + +=procul=, _adv._ far off. + +=prōcūrātio=, =-ōnis=, _f._ charge, office. + +=prōdigium=, =-i=, _n._ evil token, prodigy. + +=prōdigus=, =-a=, =-um=, lavish, extravagant; + =prōdigus=, =-i=, _m._ spendthrift. + +=proelium=, =-i=, _n._ battle. + +=profectio=, =-ōnis=, _f._ departure. + +=profecto=, _adv._ assuredly. + +=prō-fero=, =-tuli=, =-lātum=, =-ferre=, _tr._ bring forth, bring +forward, issue. + +=prō-ficio=, =-fēci=, =-fectum= (3), _tr._ effect, accomplish. + +=pro-ficiscor=, =-fectus sum= (3), _intr._ set out, start. + +=prō-fiteor=, =-fessus sum= (3), _tr._ propose, offer. + +=prō-flīgo= (1), _tr._ overthrow. + +=prō-fugio=, =-fūgi=, =----= (3), _tr. or intr._ flee from; flee, run +away. + +=pro-fundo=, =-fūdi=, =-fūsum= (3), _tr._ pour out, dissipate. + +=prō-gredior=, =-gressus sum= (3), _intr._ go forward, advance. + +=pro-hibeo= (2), _tr._ hinder, prevent. + +=prō-icio=, =-iēci=, =-iectum= (3), _tr._ cast forth. + +=proinde=, _adv._ in like manner, accordingly. + +=prō-lāto= (1), _tr._ put off, defer. + +=propāgo= (1), _tr._ extend, prolong. + +=prope=, _adv._ nearly, almost. + +=prō-pōno=, =-posui=, =-positum= (3), _tr._ set before, offer, +determine. + +=proprius=, =-a=, =-um=, peculiar to, characteristic of. + +=propter=, _prep. c. acc._ on account of. + +=prō-pulso= (1), _tr._ repel, avert. + +=proscriptio=, =-ōnis=, _f._ proscription, confiscation. + +=prō-sequor=, =-secūtus sum= (3), _tr._ follow, attend. + +=prō-spicio=, =-exi=, =-ectum= (3), _tr._ see beforehand, give attention +to; + _intr. c. dat._ take measures for. + +=prō-sterno=, =-strāvi=, =-strātum= (3), _tr._ lay low. + +=prō-sum=, =prōfui=, =prōdesse=, _intr. c. dat._ benefit. + +=prō-videntia=, =-ae=, _f._ foresight. + +=prō-video=, =-vīdi=, =-vīsum= (2), _tr._ foresee, prepare; + _intr._ make provision; + _intr. c. dat._ provide for, guard the interests of. + +=prōvincia=, =-ae=, _f._ province. + +=prōvinciālis=, =-e=, belonging to a province, provincial. + +=proximus=, =-a=, =-um=, nearest, next, last. + +=prūdens=, =-ntis=, wise. + +=prūdentia=, =-ae=, _f._ wisdom. + +=pruīna=, =-ae=, _f._ frost. + +=publicātio=, =-ōnis=, _f._ confiscation. + +=publicē=, _adv._ publicly. + +=publico= (1), _tr._ confiscate. + +=publicus=, =-a=, =-um=, public; + =rēs publica=, state, public affairs, public interest. + +=pudīcitia=, =-ae=, _f._ chastity, virtue. + +=pudor=, =-ōris=, _m._ shame, modesty, decency. + +=puer=, =-eri=, _m._ boy. + +=pugna=, =-ae=, _f._ fight, battle. + +=pugno= (1), _intr._ fight. + +=pulcher=, =-chra=, =-chrum=, beautiful. + +=pulvīnar=, =-āris=, _n._ couch (_for the images of the gods at a +thanksgiving_). + +=punctum=, =-i=, _n._ point, instant. + +=pūnio= (4), _tr._ punish. + +=purgo= (1), _tr._ cleanse, purify. + +=purpura=, =-ae=, _f._ purple. + +=purpurātus=, =-i=, _m._ officer clothed in purple, vizier. + +=puto= (1), _tr. or intr._ think. + + +Q + +=quaero=, =-sīvi=, =-sītum= (3), _tr._ seek, ask. + +=quaesītor=, =-ōris=, _m._ investigator, inquisitor. + +=quaeso=, =quaesumus= (3), _defect. intr._ beg, pray. + +=quaestio=, =-ōnis=, _f._ investigation, commission, law-court. + +=quaestus=, =-ūs=, _m._ gain. + +=quālis=, =-e=, such as, as (_after_ =tālis=). + +=quam=, _adv._ how, as, than; + =tam . . . quam=, so much ... as; + _also used to strengthen superlatives_; + =quam diu=, how long? as long as. + +=quamquam=, _conj._ although. + +=quando=, _adv._ at any time. + +=quantus=, =-a=, =-um=, how great? as great as, as (_after_ =tantus=). + +=quapropter=, _adv._ for which reason. + +=quārē=, _adv._ wherefore. + +=quartus=, =-a=, =-um=, fourth. + +=-que=, _conj._ and. + +=quemadmodum=, _adv._ how. + +=querimōnia=, =-ae=, _f._ complaint. + +=queror=, =questus sum= (3), _tr. or intr._ regret, complain, bewail. + +=qui=, =quae=, =quod=, _rel. pron._ who, which, that. + +=qui=, =quae=, =quod=, _interrog. adj._ which? what? + +=quia=, _conj._ because. + +=quīcumque=, =quaecumque=, =quodcumque=, whoever, whatever; every +possible. + +=quīdam=, =quaedam=, =quoddam=, a certain, some. + +=quidem=, _adv._ indeed. + +=quiēs=, =-ētis=, _f._ rest. + +=quiesco=, =-ēvi=, =-ētum= (3), _intr._ am quiet, do nothing. + +=quiētus=, =-a=, =-um=, peaceful, undisturbed. + +=quīn=, _conj. or adv. with indic._ why not? =quīn etiam=, nay even; + _with subj._ but that, that. + +=quintus=, =-a=, =-um=, fifth. + +=quis=, =quid=, _interrog. pron._ who? what? _adv._ =quid=, why? + +=quis=, =quid=, _indef. pron._ any one, anything; + =quis=, _also adj._ any. + +=quispiam=, =quaepiam=, =quodpiam= _or_ =quidpiam=, _indef. pron._ any +one, anything, someone, something; + _adj._ any, some. + +=quisquam=, =quidquam=, _indef. pron._ any one, anything; + =quisquam=, _also adj._ any. + +=quisque=, =quaeque=, =quodque=, _or_ (_as pron._) + =quidque=, each. + +=quisquis=, =quidquid=, whoever, whatever. + +=quo=, _adv._ whither (_rel. or interrog._); + =quo usque=, how long? + +=quoad=, _adv._ as long as. + +=quōcumque=, _adv._ in whatever direction. + +=quod=, _conj._ because, that. + +=quodsi=, _conj._ but if. + +=quondam=, _adv._ in old time, formerly. + +=quoniam=, _conj._ since. + +=quoque=, _conj._ also, too. + +=quot=, _indecl. adj._ how many. + +=quotiens=, _adv._ how often. + +=quotienscumque=, _adv._ how often soever. + + +R + +=rapīna=, =-ae=, _f._ plundering, plunder. + +=rapio=, =-ui=, =-tum= (3), _tr._ snatch, hurry away. + +=ratio=, =-ōnis=, _f._ consideration, reflection, reason, principle; +method, way. + +=recens=, =-ntis=, new, fresh. + +=re-cipio=, =-cēpi=, =-ceptum= (3), _tr._ take back, receive, admit; +engage, promise. + +=re-cito= (1), _tr._ read aloud. + +=re-co-gnosco=, =-gnōvi=, =-gnitum= (3), _tr._ call to mind, examine. + +=reconciliātio=, =-ōnis=, _f._ renewal. + +=re-condo=, =-didi=, =-ditum= (3), _tr._ stow away, hide. + +=recordor= (1), _tr. or intr._ remember. + +=re-creo= (1), _tr._ refresh, recover. + +=rectā=, _adv._ straight. + +=rectē=, _adv._ rightly, justly. + +=recūsātio=, =-ōnis=, _f._ refusal, objection. + +=re-cūso= (1), _tr._ decline, reject. + +=red-eo=, =-ii=, =-itum=, =-īre=, _intr._ go back, return. + +=redimio= (4), _tr._ wreathe. + +=red-undo= (1), _intr._ overflow. + +=re-fero=, =-tuli=, =-lātum=, =-ferre=, _tr._ bring back, bring before. + +=rēgiē=, _adv._ royally, despotically. + +=regio=, =-ōnis=, _f._ district. + +=regno= (1), _intr._ reign, am king. + +=regnum=, =-i=, _n._ royal authority, sovereignty. + +=re-levo= (1), _tr._ lift up, relieve. + +=rēligio=, =-ōnis=, _f._ scruple. + +=re-linquo=, =-līqui=, =-lictum= (3), _tr._ leave behind, leave. + +=reliquus=, =-a=, =-um=, that is left, remaining, rest of. + +=re-maneo=, =-mansi=, =----= (2), _intr._ stay behind. + +=remissio=, =-ōnis=, _f._ relaxation, mildness. + +=re-mitto=, =-mīsi=, =-missum= (3), _tr._ send back, slacken; + =remissus=, =-a=, =-um=, slack, lax. + +=re-moror= (1), _tr._ hinder, delay. + +=re-moveo=, B, =-mōtum= (2), _tr._ remove, set aside. + +=re-pello=, =reppuli=, =repulsum= (3), _tr._ drive back, reject, bring +about rejection of. + +=repente=, _adv._ suddenly. + +=repentīnus=, =-a=, =-um=, sudden. + +=re-perio=, =repperi=, =repertum= (4), _tr._ find, discover. + +=re-primo=, =-pressi=, =-pressum= (3), _tr._ check, restrain. + +=repudio= (1), _tr._ reject. + +=rēs=, =rei=, _f._ fact, deed, matter, thing, interest, property; + _plur._ power, administration. + +=re-seco=, =-cui=, =-ctum= (1), _tr._ cut away. + +=re-servo= (1), _tr._ keep back, reserve. + +=re-sideo=, =-sēdi=, =----= (2), _intr._ remain, am left. + +=re-sisto=, =-stiti=, =----= (3), _intr._ stop, stay behind; + _intr. c. dat._ resist, remain over to. + +=re-spondeo=, =-di=, =-sum= (2), _tr. or intr. c. dat._ answer, give an +answer to, prove a match for. + +=responsum=, =-i=, _n._ answer. + +=re-stinguo=, =-nxi=, =-nctum= (3), _tr._ put out, quench. + +=re-stituo=, =-ui=, =-ūtum= (3), _tr._ put back, restore. + +=re-sto=, =-stiti=, =----= (1), _intr._ hold out, remain. + +=re-ticeo=, =-ui=, =----= (2), _intr._ keep silence, make no answer. + +=re-tineo=, =-tinui=, =-tentum= (2), _tr._ hold back, keep, preserve. + +=re-torqueo=, =-si=, =-tum= (2), _tr._ turn back. + +=re-tundo=, =rettudi=, =retūsum= (3), _tr._ blunt, turn the edge of. + +=reus=, =-i=, _m._ person accused, prisoner. + +=re-vertor=, =-versus sum= _or_ =-verti= (3), _intr._ turn back, return. + +=re-voco= (1), _tr._ call back, recall. + +=rex=, =rēgis=, _m._ king. + +=rōbur=, =-oris=, _n._ strength. + +=rōbustus=, =-a=, =-um=, strong, vigorous. + +=rogo= (1), _tr._ ask, introduce, propose (_a law_). + +=ruīna=, =-ae=, _f._ downfall, ruin, disaster. + +=rumpo=, =rūpi=, =ruptum= (3), _tr._ break. + +=rusticus=, =-a=, =-um=, rustic, rural. + + +S + +=sacer=, =-cra=, =-crum=, sacred; + =sacra=, =-ōrum=, _n. plur._ rites, mysteries. + +=sacrārium=, =-i=, _n._ shrine. + +=sacrōsanctus=, =-a=, =-um=, inviolable. + +=saeculum=, =-i=, _n._ generation. + +=saepe=, _adv._ often. + +=saepio=, =-psi=, =-ptum= (4), _tr._ fence in, surround. + +=sagax=, =-ācis=, shrewd. + +=salto= (1), _intr._ dance. + +=salūs=, =-ūtis=, _f._ safety, preservation. + +=salūto= (1), _tr. or intr._ greet, wait upon, pay a call. + +=salvus=, =-a=, =-um=, safe, preserved, solvent. + +=sancio=, =-nxi=, =-nctum= (4), _tr. or intr._ ordain, forbid under +penalty. + +=sanctus=, =-a=, =-um=, sacred, holy, inviolable. + +=sānē=, _adv._ by all means. + +=sanguis=, =-inis=, _m._ blood. + +=sāno= (1), _tr._ cure. + +=sānus=, =-a=, =-um=, sound, healthy, wise. + +=sapiens=, =-ntis=, wise. + +=satelles=, =-itis=, _c._ attendant, servant. + +=satis=, _adv._ enough, quite; + _as noun_, enough of; + =satis facio= (_dat._), satisfy, do my duty to. + +=saucius=, =-a=, =-um=, wounded. + +=scaena=, =-ae=, _f._ stage. + +=scelerātē=, _adv._ wickedly. + +=scelerātus=, =-a=, =-um=, impious, wicked; + =scelerātus=, =-i=, _m._ criminal, profligate. + +=scelus=, =-eris=, _n._ crime. + +=scientia=, =-ae=, _f._ knowledge. + +=scīlicet=, _adv._ evidently, to be sure. + +=scio= (4), _tr. or intr._ know. + +=scortum=, =-i=, _n._ harlot. + +=scrība=, =-ae=, _m._ notary. + +=scrībo=, =-psi=, =-ptum= (3), _tr._ write. + +=sē= _or_ =sēsē=, =sui=, himself, herself, &c. + +=sē-cēdo=, =-cessi=, =-cessum= (3), _intr._ go apart, withdraw. + +=sē-cerno=, =-crēvi=, =-crētum= (3), _tr._ divide, separate, put on +one side. + +=secūris=, =-is=, _f._ axe. + +=sed=, _conj._, but. + +=sēdēs=, =-is=, _f._ seat, abode, habitation. + +=sēditio=, =-ōnis=, _f._ disaffection, rebellion. + +=sēdo= (1), _tr._ quiet, settle, stop. + +=sē-iungo=, =-nxi=, =-nctum= (3), _tr._ separate. + +=sella=, =-ae=, _f._ seat, chair. + +=semel=, _adv._ once. + +=sēmen=, =-inis=, _n._ seed. + +=sēminārium=, =-i=, _n._ nursery-garden, school. + +=semper=, _adv._ always. + +=sempiternus=, =-a=, =-um=, perpetual, everlasting. + +=senātor=, =-ōris=, _m._ senator. + +=senātus=, =-ūs=, _m._ senate. + +=senex=, =-is=, _m._ old man. + +=sensus=, =-ūs=, _m._ feeling, consciousness. + +=sententia=, =-ae=, _f._ opinion, purpose, vote; meaning, purport. + +=sentīna=, =-ae=, _f._ refuse, dregs. + +=sentio, sensi, sensum=, _tr. or intr._ feel, see, perceive. + +=sepelio=, =-elīvi=, =-ultum= (4), _tr._ bury. + +=sequor=, =secūtus sum= (3), _tr. or intr._ follow, adopt, obey. + +=sērius=, _adv._ later, too late. + +=sermo=, =-ōnis=, _m._ talk, conversation, discourse. + +=serpo=, =-psi=, =-ptum= (3), _intr._ creep. + +=sertum=, =-i=, _n._ garland. + +=servio= (4), _intr. c. dat._ serve, am a slave, do service to, indulge. + +=servitium=, =-i=, _n._ slavery, body of slaves. + +=servitūs=, =-ūtis=, _f._ slavery. + +=servo= (1), _tr._ keep, preserve. + +=servus=, =-i=, _m._ slave. + +=sevērē=, _adv._ sternly, severely. + +=sevēritās=, =-ātis=, _f._ strictness, sternness. + +=sevērus=, =-a=, =-um=, stern, severe, strict. + +=sextus=, =-a=, =-um=, sixth. + +=si=, _conj._ if. + +=sīc=, _adv._ so, thus. + +=sīca=, =-ae=, _f._ dagger. + +=sīcārius=, =-i=, _m._ assassin. + +=sīcut=, _adv._ just as, as. + +=significātio=, =-ōnis=, _f._ token, intimation. + +=signum=, =-i=, _n._ standard, seal. + +=silentium=, =-i=, _n._ silence. + +=sileo=, =-ui=, =----= (2), _tr. or intr._ am silent about, leave +unmentioned; am silent. + +=silvestris=, =-e=, woodland, rustic. + +=similis=, =-e=, like. + +=simul=, _adv._ at the same time; + =simul atque= (=ac=), _conj._ as soon as. + +=simulacrum=, =-i=, _n._ image. + +=sīn=, _conj._ if however, but if. + +=sine=, _prep. c. abl._ without. + +=singulāris=, =-e=, extraordinary, unprecedented. + +=singuli=, =-ae=, =-a=, one each, each, single. + +=sino=, =sīvi=, =situm= (3), _tr. or intr._ allow, permit. + +=sinus=, =-ūs=, _m._ bosom. + +=sitis=, =-is=, _f._ thirst. + +=sīve=, _conj._ or if; + =sīve . . . sīve=, whether ... or, if ... but if. + +=sobrius=, =-a=, =-um=, sober. + +=societās=, =-ātis=, _f._ association. + +=socius=, =-i=, _m._ comrade, partner. + +=sodālis=, =-is=, _c._ companion, associate. + +=sōl=, =sōlis=, _m._ the sun. + +=soleo=, =-itus sum= (2), _intr._ am wont, am accustomed. + +=sōlitūdo=, =-inis=, _f._ loneliness, solitude. + +=sollicitātio=, =-ōnis=, _f._ instigation, tampering. + +=sollicito= (1), _tr._ disturb, seduce, tamper with. + +=sollicitus=, =-a=, =-um=, anxious. + +=solum=, =-i=, _n._ ground. + +=sōlus=, =-a=, =-um=, alone, only; + _adv._ =sōlum=, only. + +=solvo=, =-vi=, =-ūtum= (3), _tr._ loosen; + =solūtus=, =-a=, =-um=, weak, lax. + +=somnus=, =-i=, _m._ sleep. + +=sors=, =-rtis=, _f._ lot. + +=spargo=, =-si=, =-sum= (3), _tr._ scatter. + +=speciēs=, =-ēi=, _f._ appearance. + +=speculor= (1), _tr._ watch, observe. + +=spēro= (1), _tr. or intr._ hope. + +=spēs=, =-ei=, _f._ hope. + +=spīritus=, =-ūs=, _m._ breath. + +=spolio= (1), _tr._ rob, deprive. + +=sponte=, _abl. f._ of free will, willingly. + +=stabilio= (4), _tr._ make firm, establish. + +=statim=, _adv._ immediately. + +=statua=, =-ae=, _f._ statue. + +=statuo=, =-ui=, =-ūtum= (3), _tr._ set up, establish, settle, +determine. + +=status=, =-ūs=, _m._ position, constitution. + +=stirps=, =-pis=, _f._ root, stem. + +=sto=, =steti=, =statum= (1), _intr._ stand. + +=studeo=, =-ui=, =----= (2), _intr. c. dat._ strive after, aim at, +desire. + +=studiōsus=, =-a=, =-um=, eager for, having a fancy for. + +=studium=, =-i=, _n._ aim, pursuit, desire; energy, enthusiasm. + +=stultus=, =-a=, =-um=, foolish, dull. + +=stuprum=, =-i=, _n._ debauchery. + +=suādeo=, =-si=, =-sum=, _intr. c. dat._ urge, advise. + +=sub-eo=, =-ii=, =-itum=, =-īre=, _tr._ undergo, suffer. + +=sub-icio=, =-iēci=, =-iectum= (3), _tr._ lay under, lay near. + +=subiector=, =-ōris=, _m._ forger. + +=sub-igo=, =-ēgi=, =-actum= (3), _tr._ subdue. + +=subito=, _adv._ suddenly. + +=subsellium=, =-i=, _n._ bench. + +=subsidium=, =-i=, _n._ help, support, appliance. + +=suc-cēdo=, =-cessi=, =-cessum= (3), _intr. c. dat._ come next to, +succeed. + +=suf-fero=, =sustuli=, =sublātum=, =sufferre=, _tr._ undergo, bear. + +=sum=, =fui=, =esse=, am. + +=summa=, =-ae=, _f._ highest place. + +=summus=, =-a=, =-um=, highest, greatest, most grave, most noble, most +severe. + +=sūmo=, =-mpsi=, =-mptum= (3), _tr._ take up, assume; inflict. + +=sumptuōsius=, _adv._ more extravagantly. + +=sumptus=, =-ūs=, _m._ expense, extravagance. + +=superior=, =-us=, higher, earlier, previous, former. + +=supero= (1), _tr._ overcome, overpower, surpass. + +=super-sum=, =-fui=, =-esse=, _intr._ survive. + +=suppedito= (1), _tr._ supply, furnish. + +=supplex=, =-icis=, suppliant. + +=supplicātio=, =-ōnis=, _f._ service of thanksgiving. + +=supplicium=, =-i=, _n._ punishment, penalty, chastisement. + +=surgo=, =surrexi=, =surrectum= (3), _intr._ rise. + +=sus-cipio=, =-cēpi=, =-ceptum= (3), _tr._ undertake, take upon me. + +=suspectus=, =-a=, =-um=, suspected. + +=suspīcio=, =-ōnis=, _f._ suspicion. + +=suspicor= (1), _tr. or intr._ suspect. + +=sus-tento= (1), _tr._ uphold, support, bear. + +=sus-tineo=, =-tinui=, =-tentum= (2), _tr._ bear, endure. + +=suus=, =-a=, =-um=, his, her, its, their. + + +T + +=tabella=, =-ae=, _f._ writing-tablet; + _plur._ letter. + +=taberna=, =-ae=, _f._ shop. + +=tābesco=, =-bui=, =----= (3), _intr._ melt, pine, languish. + +=tabula=, =-ae=, _f._ writing-tablet; + _plur._ account books; + =tabulae novae=, cancelling of debts. + +=taceo= (2), _intr._ am silent, say nothing; + _tr._ say nothing of, conceal. + +=taciturnitās=, =-ātis=, _f._ silence. + +=tacitus=, =-a=, =-um=, silent. + +=taeter=, =-tra=, =-trum=, foul, hideous, abominable. + +=tālāris=, =-e=, reaching to the ankle. + +=tālis=, =-e=, such. + +=tam=, _adv._ so; + =tam . . . quam=, so much ... as. + +=tamen=, _adv._ nevertheless, yet. + +=tamquam=, _adv._ just as, as if. + +=tandem=, _adv._ at length, pray. + +=tango=, =tetigi=, =tactum= (3), _tr._ touch, strike. + +=tantus=, =-a=, =-um=, so great; + =tantum=, =-i=, _n._ so much; + =tanti=, of such value, worth while; =tanto=, by so much. + +=tardissimē=, _adv._ very slowly, very late, latest. + +=tarditās=, =-ātis=, _f._ slowness. + +=tectum=, =-i=, _n._ roof, house. + +=tēlum=, =-i=, _n._ dart, shaft, weapon. + +=temerē=, _adv._ rashly, heedlessly, for nothing. + +=temeritās=, =-ātis=, _f._ rashness. + +=temperantia=, =-ae=, _f._ self-restraint, temperance. + +=tempestās=, =-ātis=, _f._ storm. + +=templum=, =-i=, _n._ consecrated ground, temple. + +=tempus=, =-oris=, _n._ time. + +=tendo=, =tetendi=, =tensum= _or_ =tentum= (3), _tr._ stretch out. + +=tenebrae=, =-ārum=, _f._ _plur._ darkness. + +=teneo=, =-ui=, =----= (2), _tr._ hold, hold fast, confine; + _pass._ am in difficulty. + +=tento= (1), _tr._ make an attempt on, attempt, attack, test, tempt. + +=tenuis=, =-e=, thin, poor. + +=termino= (1), _tr._ bound, limit. + +=terminus=, =-i=, _m._ limit. + +=terra=, =-ae=, _f._ earth, land, ground. + +=tertius=, =-a=, =-um=, third. + +=testāmentum=, =-i=, _n._ will. + +=testis=, =-is=, _c._ witness. + +=timeo=, =-ui=, =----= (2), _tr. or intr._ fear. + +=timidus=, =-a=, =-um=, timid, fearful. + +=timor=, =-ōris=, _m._ fear. + +=toga=, =-ae=, _f._ toga (_gown of civil life_), gown. + +=togātus=, =-a=, =-um=, wearing the toga. + +=tolerābilis=, =-e=, endurable, bearable. + +=tolero= (1), _tr._ bear, endure. + +=tollo=, =sustuli=, =sublātum= (3), _tr._ raise, remove. + +=tot=, _indecl. adj._ so many. + +=tōtus=, =-a=, =-um=, whole. + +=tracto= (1), _tr._ handle, manage; =mē tracto=, behave. + +=trā-do=, =-didi=, =-ditum= (3), _tr._ hand over. + +=transcendo= (=trans-scendo=), =-di=, =-sum= (3), _tr._ cross, pass. + +=trans-fero=, =-tuli=, =-lātum=, =-ferre=, _tr._ carry across, transfer. + +=trans-igo=, =-ēgi=, =-actum= (3), _tr._ complete, dispatch. + +=tribūnal=, =-ālis=, _n._ judgement-seat. + +=tribūnus=, =-i=, _m._ tribune; + =tribūnus pl.= (i.e. =plēbis=) tribune of the people, _thus + distinguished from e.g. a military tribune_. + +=trīduum=, =-i=, _n._ three days' time. + +=triumpho= (1), _intr._ triumph. + +=triumphus=, =-i=, _m._ triumph. + +=trucīdo= (1), _tr._ slaughter, butcher. + +=tū=, =tui=, thou, you; + =vosmet=, you yourselves. + +=tuba=, =-ae=, _f._ trumpet. + +=tueor= (2), _tr._ gaze at; maintain, support. + +=tum=, _adv._ then; + _after_ =deinde=, thirdly. + +=tumultus=, =-ūs=, _m._ disturbance. + +=tumulus=, =-i=, _n._ hillock, height, stronghold. + +=tunc=, _adv._ then, at that time. + +=tunica=, =-ae=, _f._ tunic. + +=turbulentus=, =-a=, =-um=, restless, troublesome. + +=turpis=, =-e=, base, disgraceful, shameful. + +=turpiter=, _adv._ disgracefully; _superl._ =turpissimē=. + +=turpitūdo=, =-inis=, _f._ baseness. + +=tūtus=, =-a=, =-um=, safe; _adv._ =tūto=, in safety. + +=tuus=, =-a=, =-um=, thy, your. + +=tyrannus=, =-i=, _m._ despot, tyrant. + + +U + +=ūber=, =-eris=, _n._ pap, teat. + +=ubī=, _adv. or conj._ where, when. + +=ubinam=, _adv._ where? + +=ulciscor=, =ultus sum= (3), _tr._ punish. + +=ullus=, =-a=, =-um=, any. + +=ultro=, _adv._ voluntarily, unasked. + +=umquam=, _adv._ ever. + +=ūnā=, _adv._ at the same time, in company. + +=undique=, _adv._ on all sides. + +=unguentum=, =-i=, _n._ unguent, perfume. + +=ūnicē=, _adv._ specially, wonderfully. + +=ūniversus=, =-a=, =-um=, entire, whole, general. + +=ūnus=, =-a=, =-um=, one, alone. + +=urbānus=, =-a=, =-um=, of the city, in the city. + +=urbs=, =-bis=, _f._ city. + +=usque=, _adv._ all the time, continually; =usque ad=, even to. + +=ūsūra=, =-ae=, _f._ use, enjoyment, interest. + +=usurpo= (1), _tr._ use, apply. + +=ut= _or_ =uti=, _adv. or conj._ as, how, when; + _c. subjunct._ in order that, so that, that. + +=uterque=, =utraque=, =utrumque=, each of two; _plur._ each of two sets. + +=ūtilis=, =-e=, useful, expedient. + +=ūtilitās=, =-ātis=, _f._ advantage, interest. + +=utinam=, _adv._ would that? + +=ūtor=, =ūsus sum= (3), _intr. c. abl._ use, enjoy, experience, find. + +=utrum=, _interrog. adv._ whether (_but not translated in direct +questions_). + +=uxor=, =-ōris=, _f._ wife. + + +V + +=vacillo= (1), _intr._ totter, stagger. + +=vacuēfacio=, =-fēci=, =-factum= (3), _tr._ empty, clear, free. + +=vacuus=, =-a=, =-um=, empty, free from. + +=vadimōnium=, =-i=, _n._ bail. + +=vāgīna=, =-ae=, _f._ sheath, scabbard. + +=valdē=, _adv._ very much, exceedingly. + +=valeo= (2), _intr._ have strength, have influence. + +=varietās=, =-ātis=, _f._ difference, change. + +=varius=, =-a=, =-um=, diverse, various. + +=vastātio=, =-ōnis=, _f._ plundering, devastation. + +=vastitās=, =-ātis=, _f._ devastation. + +=vasto= (1), _tr._ waste, devastate. + +=vātēs=, =-is=, _c._ soothsayer, prophet. + +=vectīgal=, =-ālis=, _n._ tax, revenue. + +=vehemens=, =-ntis=, vigorous, violent, efficacious, severe. + +=vehementer=, _adv._ strongly, greatly, seriously, violently; + _compar._ =vehementius=, _superl._ =vehementissimē=. + +=vēlum=, =-i=, _n._ veil. + +=vēna=, =-ae=, _f._ vein. + +=venēficus=, =-i=, _m._ poisoner. + +=veneror= (1), _tr._ worship. + +=venio=, =vēni=, =ventum= (4), _intr._ come. + +=verbum=, =-i=, _n._ word. + +=vērē=, _adv._ truly. + +=vereor= (2), _tr. or intr._ fear. + +=versor= (1), _intr._ move, dwell, abide, am concerned. + +=vērus,=-a=, =-um=, true; + =vērum=, =-i=, _n._ truth; + _adv._ =vēro=, in truth, however; + _adv. or conj._ =vērum=, truly, but in truth, but. + +=vespera=, =-ae=, _f._ evening. + +=vester=, =-tra=, =-trum=, your. + +=vestīgium=, =-i=, _n._ step, track, trace; _plur._ ruins. + +=vetus=, =-eris=, old, former. + +=vexātio=, =-ōnis=, _f._ trouble, distress, insult. + +=vexo= (1), _tr._ trouble, harass. + +=via=, =-ae=, _f._ way, road, course. + +=vibro= (1), _tr._ brandish. + +=vicēsimus=, =-a=, =-um=, twentieth. + +=vīcīnus=, =-i=, _m._ neighbour. + +=victor=, =-ōris=, victorious. + +=victōria=, =-ae=, _f._ victory. + +=vidēlicet=, _adv._ clearly, evidently. + +=video=, =vīdi=, =vīsum= (2), _tr. or intr._ see, make sure; + =videor=, seem, seem right. + +=vigilia=, =-ae=, _f._ wakefulness, watch; + _plur._ guard, patrol. + +=vigilo= (1), _intr._ keep awake, am watchful, am on the watch. + +=vīlis=, =-e=, cheap, unimportant. + +=villa=, =-ae=, _f._ country-house, farm. + +=vinco=, =vīci=, =victum= (3), _tr. or intr._ conquer, outweigh. + +=vinculum=, =-i=, _n._ chain; _in plur._ prison, imprisonment. + +=vindex=, =-icis=, _c._ avenger, punisher. + +=vindico= (1), _tr._ punish. + +=vīnum=, =-i=, _n._ wine. + +=violo= (1), _tr._ injure, do outrage to. + +=vir=, =viri=, _m._ man. + +=virgo=, =-inis=, _f._ maiden. + +=virtūs=, =-ūtis=, _f._ manliness, courage, goodness. + +=vīs=, =vim=, =vi=, _f._ force, power; + _plur._ =vīrēs=, =-ium=, strength. + +=viscera=, =-um=, _n. plur._ inner parts, vitals. + +=vīta=, =-ae=, _f._ life. + +=vitium=, =-i=, _n._ vice, fault. + +=vīto= (1), _tr._ avoid, escape. + +=vituperātio=, =-ōnis=, _f._ blame, censure. + +=vīvo=, =-xi=, =-ctum= (3), _intr._ live. + +=vīvus=, =-a=, =-um=, alive. + +=vix=, _adv._ scarcely, hardly. + +=vixdum=, _adv._ scarcely yet. + +=voco= (1), _tr._ call, summon. + +=volito= (1), _intr._ fly about, flit about, flutter. + +=volo=, =volui=, =velle=, _tr. or intr._ wish. + +=voluntās=, =-ātis=, _f._ wish, will, intention; good-will. + +=voluptās=, =-ātis=, _f._ pleasure, joy. + +=vosmet=, _see_ =tu=. + +=vōtum=, =-i=, _n._ vow, prayer. + +=vox=, =vōcis=, _f._ voice, speech, word. + +=vulnero= (1), _tr._ wound. + +=vulnus=, =-eris=, _n._ wound. + +=vultus=, =-ūs=, _m._ countenance, features, expression. + + + + + PRINTED IN ENGLAND + AT THE OXFORD UNIVERSITY PRESS + + + + +THE OXFORD +ELEMENTARY READERS + + +By J. B. ALLEN. + +With notes, maps, vocabularies, and English exercises. Fcap 8vo, stiff +covers, 1s. 6d. each. + +=Lives from Cornelius Nepos=. Pp. 110, with two maps. + +=Tales of Early Rome=. Adapted from Livy. Pp. 112, with a map. + +=Tales of the Roman Republic=. Adapted from Livy. + + PART I. Pp. 112, with two maps. + PART II. Pp. 112, with a map. + + +BY W. D. LOWE. + +Simplified and graduated selections with historical introductions, +notes, exercises, vocabularies, &c. Fcap 8vo. + +=Tales of the Civil War=. From Caesar's Civil War, Book III. Pp. 100, +with three maps. 1s. 6d. + +=Scenes from the Life of Hannibal=. Selections from Livy. Pp. 127, with +five maps. 1s. 6d. + +=Caesar in Britain=. Selections from the Gallic War. Books IV and V. Pp. +96, with a map and six illustrations. 1s. + +=Selections from Ovid=. Pp. 96, with five illustrations, 1s. 6d. + +=Selections from Cicero=. Pp. 96, with a frontispiece, 1s. 6d. + +=Tales of Great Generals=. Selections from Cornelius Nepos. Pp. 96. 1s. +6d. + +=Anecdotes from Pliny's Letters=. Pp. 96, with two illustrations, 1s. +6d. + +=The Fall of Troy=. Adapted from Virgil's Aeneid. Pp. 96, with five +illustrations. 1s. 6d. + +=Rome and Her Kings=. Selections from Livy, Book I, by W. D. LOWE and C. +E. FREEMAN. Pp. 100, with a map and frontispiece, 1s. 6d. + +=The Wars of Greece and Persia=. Selections from Herodotus. Pp. 128, +with four maps. 2s. 6d. + + +By T. RICE HOLMES. + +=Caesar's Campaigns in Britain=, de Bello Gallico Commentarii Quartus +(xx-xxxviii) et Quintus, with a vocabulary by G. G. LOANE. Cr. 8vo, pp. +160, with five maps and illustrations. 1s. 6d. + + +By C. E. FREEMAN. + +=A Greek Reader for Schools.= Adapted from Aesop, Theophrastus, Lucian, +Herodotus, Thucydides, Xenophon, Plato. Edited with introductions, +notes, and vocabularies by C. E. FREEMAN and W. D. LOWE. Cr. 8vo, pp. +146, 2s. 6d. + + + * * * * * + + + + +Transcriber's Notes + +In the Notes section, some words being glossed have occasionally not +been set in bold type. These have been amended. + +Other amendments: + +Notes P. 17: Missing single quote added before "and that, if I Punished +him". + +Notes p. 30: "is it" amended to "it is". + +Notes p. 33: period added after "Cf. Virg. Aen. 1. 679". + +Vocabulary p. 59: "exspectation" amended to "expectation". + +Vocabulary p. 62: "iam iūdum" amended to "iam dūdum". + +Vocabulary p. 71: period added after "arrive". + +Vocabulary p. 77: period added after "thirst". + +Vocabulary p. 81: period added after "tr" in the definition of "vibro"; +also on p. 81: semicolon added after "power" in the definition of "vis". + +Ellipses follow LOTE rules in Latin phrases (e.g. either . . . or). + +B. C. has been condensed to B.C., i. e. to i.e., e. g. to e.g., and v. +l. to v.l. + + + + + +End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of Cicero, Catilinarian Orations, by Cicero + +*** END OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK CICERO, CATILINARIAN ORATIONS *** + +***** This file should be named 39355-0.txt or 39355-0.zip ***** +This and all associated files of various formats will be found in: + http://www.gutenberg.org/3/9/3/5/39355/ + +Produced by A www.PGDP.net Volunteer, Margo Romberg, Riikka +Talonpoika and the Online Distributed Proofreading Team +at http://www.pgdp.net + + +Updated editions will replace the previous one--the old editions +will be renamed. + +Creating the works from public domain print editions means that no +one owns a United States copyright in these works, so the Foundation +(and you!) can copy and distribute it in the United States without +permission and without paying copyright royalties. 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