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+Project Gutenberg's Caricature and Other Comic Art, by James Parton
+
+This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with
+almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or
+re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included
+with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org/license
+
+
+Title: Caricature and Other Comic Art
+ in all Times and many Lands.
+
+Author: James Parton
+
+Release Date: April 2, 2012 [EBook #39347]
+
+Language: English
+
+Character set encoding: ASCII
+
+*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK CARICATURE AND OTHER COMIC ART ***
+
+
+
+
+Produced by Chris Curnow, Christine P. Travers and the
+Online Distributed Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net
+(This file was produced from images generously made
+available by The Internet Archive/American Libraries.)
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+[Illustration: Portraits.]
+
+
+
+
+ CARICATURE
+
+ AND
+
+ OTHER COMIC ART
+
+ IN ALL TIMES AND MANY LANDS
+
+ By JAMES PARTON
+
+
+ _WITH 203 ILLUSTRATIONS_
+
+
+ [Illustration: Editor's logo.]
+
+
+ NEW YORK
+ HARPER & BROTHERS, PUBLISHERS
+ FRANKLIN SQUARE
+ 1877
+
+
+
+
+ Entered according to Act of Congress, in the year 1877, by
+ HARPER & BROTHERS,
+ In the Office of the Librarian of Congress, at Washington.
+
+
+
+
+PREFACE.
+
+
+In this volume there is, I believe, a greater variety of pictures of a
+comic and satirical cast than was ever before presented at one view.
+Many nations, ancient and modern, pagan and Christian, are represented
+in it, as well as most of the names identified with art of this nature.
+The extraordinary liberality of the publishers, and the skill of their
+corps of engravers, have seconded my own industrious researches, and the
+result is a volume unique, at least, in the character of its
+illustrations. A large portion of its contents appeared in _Harper's
+Monthly Magazine_ during the year 1875; but many of the most curious and
+interesting of the pictures are given here for the first time; notably,
+those exhibiting the present or recent caricature of Germany, Spain,
+Italy, China, and Japan, several of which did not arrive in time for use
+in the periodical.
+
+Generally speaking, articles contributed to a Magazine may as well be
+left in their natural tomb of "back numbers," or "bound volumes;" for
+the better they serve a temporary purpose, the less adapted they are for
+permanent utility. Among the exceptions are such series as the present,
+which had no reference whatever to the passing months, and in the
+preparation of which a great expenditure was directed to a single class
+of objects of special interest. I am, indeed, amazed at the cost of
+producing such articles as these. So very great is the expense, that
+many subjects could not be adequately treated, with all desirable
+illustration, unless the publishers could offer the work to the public
+in portions.
+
+There is not much to be said upon the subject treated in this volume.
+When I was invited by the learned and urbane editor of _Harper's
+Monthly_ to furnish a number of articles upon caricature, I supposed
+that the work proposed would be a relief after labors too arduous, too
+long continued, and of a more serious character. On the contrary, no
+subject that I ever attempted presented such baffling difficulties.
+After ransacking the world for specimens, and collecting them by the
+hundred, I found that, usually, a caricature is a thing of a moment, and
+that, dying as soon as its moment has passed, it loses all power to
+interest, instantly and forever. I found, too, that our respectable
+ancestors had not the least notion of what we call decency. When,
+therefore, I had laid aside from the mass the obsolete and the improper,
+there were not so very many left, and most of those told their own story
+so plainly that no elucidation was necessary. Instead of wearying the
+reader with a mere descriptive catalogue, I have preferred to accompany
+the pictures with allusions to contemporary satire other than pictorial.
+
+The great living authorities upon this branch of art are two in
+number--one English, and one French--to both of whom I am greatly
+indebted. The English author is Thomas Wright, M.A., F.S.A., etc., whose
+"History of Caricature and the Grotesque" is well known among us, as
+well as his more recent volume upon the incomparable caricaturist of the
+last generation, James Gillray. The French writer is M. Jules
+Champfleury, author of a valuable series of volumes reviewing satiric
+art from ancient times to our own day, with countless illustrations. No
+one has treated so fully or so well as he the caricature of the Greeks
+and Romans. Many years ago, M. Champfleury began to illustrate this part
+of his subject in the _Gazette des Beaux Arts_, and his contributions to
+that important periodical were the basis of his subsequent volumes. He
+is one of the few writers on comic matters who have avoided the lapse
+into catalogue, and contrived to be interesting.
+
+It has been agreeable to me to observe that Americans are not without
+natural aptitude in this kind of art. Our generous Franklin, the friend
+of Hogarth, to whom the dying artist wrote his last letter, replying to
+the last letter he ever received, was a capital caricaturist, and used
+his skill in this way, as he did all his other gifts and powers, in
+behalf of his country and his kind. At the present time, every week's
+issue of the illustrated periodicals exhibits evidence of the skill, as
+well as the patriotism and right feeling, of the humorous artists of the
+United States. For some years past, caricature has been a power in the
+land, and a power generally on the right side. There are also humorous
+artists of another and gentler kind, some even of the gentler sex, who
+present to us scenes which surprise us all into smiles and good temper
+without having in them any lurking sting of reproof. These domestic
+humorists, I trust, will continue to amuse and soften us, while the
+avenging satirist with dreadful pencil makes mad the guilty, and appalls
+the free.
+
+There must be something precious in caricature, else the enemies of
+truth and freedom would not hate it as they do. Some of the worst
+excesses and perversions of satiric art are due to that very hatred.
+Persecuted and repressed, caricature becomes malign and perverse; or,
+being excluded from legitimate subjects, it seems as if it were
+compelled to ally itself to vice. We have only to turn from a heap of
+French albums to volumes of English caricature to have a striking
+evidence of the truth, that the repressive system represses good and
+develops evil. It is the "Censure" that debauches the comic pencil; it
+is freedom that makes it the ally of good conduct and sound politics. In
+free countries alone it has scope enough, without wandering into paths
+which the eternal proprieties forbid. I am sometimes sanguine enough to
+think that the pencil of the satirist will at last render war
+impossible, by bringing vividly home to all genial minds the ludicrous
+absurdity of such a method of arriving at truth. Fancy two armies "in
+presence." By some process yet to be developed, the Nast of the next
+generation, if not the admirable Nast of this, projects upon the sky, in
+the sight of the belligerent forces, a picture exhibiting the enormous
+comicality of their attitude and purpose. They all see the point, and
+both armies break up in laughter, and come together roaring over the
+joke.
+
+In the hope that this volume may contribute something to the amusement
+of the happy at festive seasons, and to the instruction of the curious
+at all times, it is presented to the consideration of the public.
+
+
+
+
+CONTENTS.
+
+
+ CHAPTER I. Page
+
+ Among the Romans 15
+
+ CHAPTER II.
+
+ Among the Greeks 28
+
+ CHAPTER III.
+
+ Among the Ancient Egyptians 32
+
+ CHAPTER IV.
+
+ Among the Hindoos 36
+
+ CHAPTER V.
+
+ Religious Caricature in the Middle Ages 40
+
+ CHAPTER VI.
+
+ Secular Caricature in the Middle Ages 50
+
+ CHAPTER VII.
+
+ Caricatures preceding the Reformation 64
+
+ CHAPTER VIII.
+
+ Comic Art and the Reformation 76
+
+ CHAPTER IX.
+
+ In the Puritan Period 90
+
+ CHAPTER X.
+
+ Later Puritan Caricature 105
+
+ CHAPTER XI.
+
+ Preceding Hogarth 120
+
+ CHAPTER XII.
+
+ Hogarth and his Time 133
+
+ CHAPTER XIII.
+
+ English Caricature in the Revolutionary Period 147
+
+ CHAPTER XIV.
+
+ During the French Revolution 159
+
+ CHAPTER XV.
+
+ Caricatures of Women and Matrimony 171
+
+ CHAPTER XVI.
+
+ Among the Chinese 191
+
+ CHAPTER XVII.
+
+ Comic Art in Japan 198
+
+ CHAPTER XVIII.
+
+ French Caricature 208
+
+ CHAPTER XIX.
+
+ Later French Caricature 230
+
+ CHAPTER XX.
+
+ Comic Art in Germany 242
+
+ CHAPTER XXI.
+
+ Comic Art in Spain 249
+
+ CHAPTER XXII.
+
+ Italian Caricature 257
+
+ CHAPTER XXIII.
+
+ English Caricature of the Present Century 267
+
+ CHAPTER XXIV.
+
+ Comic Art in "Punch" 284
+
+ CHAPTER XXV.
+
+ Early American Caricature 300
+
+ CHAPTER XXVI.
+
+ Later American Caricature 318
+
+ INDEX 335
+
+
+
+
+LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS.
+
+
+ Page
+
+ Pigmy Pugilists, from Pompeii 15
+
+ Chalk Drawing by Roman Soldier in Pompeii 15
+
+ Chalk Caricature on a Wall in Pompeii 16
+
+ Battle between Pigmies and Geese 17
+
+ A Pigmy Scene--from Pompeii 18
+
+ Vases with Pigmy Designs 19
+
+ A Grasshopper driving a Chariot 19
+
+ From an Antique Amethyst 19
+
+ Flight of AEneas from Troy 20
+
+ Caricature of the Flight of AEneas 20
+
+ From a Red Jasper 21
+
+ Roman Masks, Comic and Tragic 22
+
+ Roman Comic Actor, masked for Silenus 22
+
+ Roman Wall Caricature of a Christian 25
+
+ Burlesque of Jupiter's Wooing of Princess Alcmena 29
+
+ Greek Caricature of the Oracle of Apollo 30
+
+ An Egyptian Caricature 32
+
+ A Condemned Soul, Egyptian Caricature 33
+
+ Egyptian Servants conveying Home their Masters from
+ a Carouse 33
+
+ Too Late with the Basin 34
+
+ The Hindoo God Krishna on his Travels 37
+
+ Krishna's Attendants assuming the Form of a Bird 37
+
+ Krishna in his Palanquin 38
+
+ Capital in the Autun Cathedral 41
+
+ Capitals in the Strasburg Cathedral, A.D. 1300 41
+
+ Engraved upon a Stall in Sherborne Minster, England 43
+
+ From a Manuscript of the Thirteenth Century 43
+
+ From a Mass-book of the Fourteenth Century 44
+
+ From a French Prayer-book of the Thirteenth Century 45
+
+ From Queen Mary's Prayer-book, A.D. 1553 46
+
+ Gog and Magog, Guildhall, London 50
+
+ Head of the Great Dragon of Norwich 51
+
+ Souls weighed in the Balance, Autun Cathedral 51
+
+ Struggle for Possession of a Soul between Angel and
+ Devil 52
+
+ Lost Souls cast into Hell 53
+
+ Devils seizing their Prey 54
+
+ The Temptation 55
+
+ French Death-crier 56
+
+ Death and the Cripple 57
+
+ Death and the Old Man 58
+
+ Death and the Peddler 58
+
+ Death and the Knight 58
+
+ Heaven and Earth weighed in the Balance 60
+
+ English Caricature of an Irishman, A.D. 1280 62
+
+ Caricature of the Jews in England, A.D. 1233 63
+
+ Luther inspired by Satan 64
+
+ Devil fiddling upon a Pair of Bellows 65
+
+ Oldest Drawing in the British Museum, A.D. 1320 66
+
+ Bishop's Seal, A.D. 1300 67
+
+ Pastor and Flock, Sixteenth Century 70
+
+ Confessing to God; and Sale of Indulgences 72
+
+ Christ, the True Light 73
+
+ Papa, Doctor Theologiae et Magister Fidei 77
+
+ The Pope cast into Hell 77
+
+ "The Beam that is in thine own Eye," A.D. 1540 78
+
+ Luther Triumphant 79
+
+ The Triumph of Riches 81
+
+ Calvin branded 83
+
+ Calvin at the Burning of Servetus 84
+
+ Calvin, the Pope, and Luther 85
+
+ Titian's Caricature of the Laocooen 89
+
+ The Papal Gorgon 90
+
+ Spayne and Rome defeated 94
+
+ From Title-page to Sermon "Woe to Drunkards" 97
+
+ "Let not the World devide those whom Christ hath
+ joined" 99
+
+ "England's Wolfe with Eagle's Clawes," 1647 102
+
+ Charles II. and the Scotch Presbyterians, 1651 103
+
+ Cris-cross Rhymes on Love's Crosses, 1640 105
+
+ Shrove-tide in Arms against Lent 107
+
+ Lent tilting at Shrove-tide 108
+
+ The Queen of James II. and Father Petre 109
+
+ Caricature of Corpulent General Galas 115
+
+ A Quaker Meeting, 1710 116
+
+ Archbishop of Paris 118
+
+ Archbishop of Rheims 118
+
+ Caricature of Louis XIV., by Thackeray 119
+
+ "Shares! Shares! Shares!" Caricature of John Law 120
+
+ Island of Madhead 122
+
+ Speculative Map of Louisiana 126
+
+ John Law, Wind Monopolist 129
+
+ The Sleeping Congregation 134
+
+ Hogarth's Drawing in Three Strokes 137
+
+ Hogarth's Invitation Card 137
+
+ Time Smoking a Picture 138
+
+ Dedication of a Proposed History of the Arts 140
+
+ Walpole paring the Nails of the British Lion 142
+
+ Dutch Neutrality, 1745 142
+
+ British Idolatry of the Opera-singer Mingotti 143
+
+ The Motion (for the Removal of Walpole) 144
+
+ Antiquaries puzzled 146
+
+ Caricature designed by Benjamin Franklin 147
+
+ Lord Bute 152
+
+ Princess of Wales--Bute--George III 152
+
+ The Wire-master (Bute) and his Puppets 153
+
+ The Gouty Colossus, William Pitt 156
+
+ The Mask (Coalition) 157
+
+ Heads of Fox and North 158
+
+ Assembly of the Notables at Paris 161
+
+ Mirabeau 162
+
+ The Dagger Scene in the House of Commons 164
+
+ The Zenith of French Glory 165
+
+ The Estates 166
+
+ The New Calvary 166
+
+ President of Revolutionary Committee amusing
+ himself with his Art 168
+
+ Rare Animals 169
+
+ Aristocrat and Democrat 170
+
+ "_You_ frank! Have confidence in _you_!" 171
+
+ Matrimony--A Man loaded with Mischief 173
+
+ Settling the Odd Trick 174
+
+ "Who was that gentleman that just went out?" 176
+
+ "Now, understand me. To-morrow morning he will
+ ask you to dinner" 177
+
+ "Madame, your Cousin Betty wishes to know if you
+ can receive her" 179
+
+ A Scene of Conjugal Life 180
+
+ A Splendid Spread 181
+
+ American Lady walking in the Snow 183
+
+ "My dear Baron, I am in the most pressing need
+ of five hundred franc" 184
+
+ "Sir, be good enough to come round in front and
+ speak to me" 185
+
+ "Where are the diamonds exhibited?" 185
+
+ Evening Scene in the Parlor of an American
+ Boarding-house 186
+
+ "He's coming! Take off your hat!" 188
+
+ The Scholastic Hen and her Chickens 189
+
+ Chinese Caricature of an English Foraging Party 191
+
+ A Deaf Mandarin 196
+
+ After Dinner. A Chinese Caricature 197
+
+ The Rat Rice Merchants. A Japanese Caricature 206
+
+ Talleyrand--the Man with Six Heads 209
+
+ A Great Man's Last Leap 210
+
+ Talleyrand 211
+
+ A Promenade in the Palais Royal 213
+
+ Family of the Extinguishers 214
+
+ The Jesuits at Court 215
+
+ Charles Philipon 218
+
+ Robert Macaire fishing for Share-holders 221
+
+ A Husband's Dilemma 223
+
+ Housekeeping 224
+
+ A Poultice for Two 226
+
+ Parisian "Shoo, Fly!" 227
+
+ Three! 228
+
+ Two Attitudes 230
+
+ The Den of Lions at the Opera 231
+
+ The Vulture 233
+
+ Partant pour la Syrie 234
+
+ Gavarni 236
+
+ Honore Daumier 237
+
+ Evolution of the Piano 243
+
+ A Corporal interviewed by the Major 244
+
+ A Bold Comparison 245
+
+ Strict Discipline in the Field 246
+
+ Ahead of Time 247
+
+ A Journeyman's Leave-taking 248
+
+ After Sedan 250
+
+ To the Bull-fight 251
+
+ A Delegation of Birds of Prey 252
+
+ "Child, you will take cold" 253
+
+ Inconvenience of the New Collar 254
+
+ Sufferings endured by a Prisoner of War 255
+
+ King Bomba's Ultimatum to Sicily 259
+
+ He has begun the Service with Mass, and completed
+ it with Bombs 260
+
+ The Burial of Liberty 261
+
+ Bomba at Supper 262
+
+ "Such is the Love of Kings" 263
+
+ Mr. Punch 264
+
+ Return of the Pope to Rome 265
+
+ James Gillray 267
+
+ Tiddy-Doll, the Great French Gingerbread Baker 268
+
+ The Threatened Invasion of England 269
+
+ The Bibliomaniac 270
+
+ Hope--A Phrenological Illustration 271
+
+ Term Time 273
+
+ Box in a New York Theatre in 1830 276
+
+ Seymour's Conception of Mr. Winkle 278
+
+ Probable Suggestion of the Fat Boy 280
+
+ A Wedding Breakfast 281
+
+ The Boy who chalked up "No Popery!" 284
+
+ John Leech 285
+
+ Preparatory School for Young Ladies 286
+
+ The Quarrel.--England and France 287
+
+ Obstructives 290
+
+ Jeddo and Belfast; or, a Puzzle for Japan 291
+
+ "At the Church-gate" 292
+
+ An Early Quibble 294
+
+ John Tenniel 295
+
+ Soliloquy of a Rationalistic Chicken 298
+
+ "I'll follow thee!" 299
+
+ Join or Die 304
+
+ Boston Massacre Coffins 306
+
+ A Militia Drill in Massachusetts in 1832 308
+
+ Fight in Congress between Lyon and Griswold 312
+
+ The Gerry-mander 316
+
+ Thomas Nast 318
+
+ Wholesale and Retail 319
+
+ The Brains of the Tammany Ring 320
+
+ "What are the wild waves saying?" 321
+
+ Shin-plaster Caricature of General Jackson's War
+ on the United States Bank 322
+
+ City People in a Country Church 323
+
+ "Why don't you take it?" 324
+
+ Popular Caricature of the Secession War 325
+
+ Virginia pausing 326
+
+ Tweedledee and Sweedledum 328
+
+ "Who Stole the People's Money?" 329
+
+ "On to Richmond!" 330
+
+ Christmas-time.--Won at a Turkey Raffle 331
+
+ "He cometh not, she said" 332
+
+
+
+
+[Illustration: Pigmy Pugilists--from Pompeii.]
+
+
+CARICATURE AND COMIC ART.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER I.
+
+AMONG THE ROMANS.
+
+
+Much as the ancients differed from ourselves in other particulars, they
+certainly laughed at one another just as we do, for precisely the same
+reasons, and employed every art, device, and implement of ridicule which
+is known to us.
+
+[Illustration: Chalk Drawing by Roman Soldier in Pompeii.]
+
+Observe this rude and childish attempt at a drawing. Go into any boys'
+school to-day, and turn over the slates and copy-books, or visit an
+inclosure where men are obliged to pass idle days, and you will be
+likely to find pictures conceived in this taste, and executed with this
+degree of artistic skill. But the drawing dates back nearly eighteen
+centuries. It was done on one of the hot, languid days of August, A.D.
+79, by a Roman soldier with a piece of red chalk on a wall of his
+barracks in the city of Pompeii.[1] On the 23d of August, in the year
+79, occurred the eruption of Vesuvius, which buried not Italian cities
+only, but Antiquity itself, and, by burying, preserved it for the
+instruction of after-times. In disinterred Pompeii, the Past stands
+revealed to us, and we remark with a kind of infantile surprise the
+great number of particulars in which the people of that day were even
+such as we are. There was found the familiar apothecary's shop, with a
+box of pills on the counter, and a roll of material that was about to be
+made up when the apothecary heard the warning thunder and fled. The
+baker's shop remained, with a loaf of bread stamped with the maker's
+name. A sculptor's studio was strewed with blocks of marble, unfinished
+statues, mallets, compasses, chisels, and saws. A thousand objects
+attest that when the fatal eruption burst upon these cities, life and
+its activities were going forward in all essential particulars as they
+are at this moment in any rich and luxurious town of Southern Europe.
+
+[Footnote 1: "Naples and the Campagna Felice." In a Series of Letters
+addressed to a Friend in England, in 1802, p. 104.]
+
+In the building supposed to have been the quarters of the Roman
+garrison, many of the walls were covered with such attempts at
+caricature as the specimen just given, to some of which were appended
+opprobrious epithets and phrases. The name of the personage above
+portrayed was Nonius Maximus, who was probably a martinet centurion,
+odious to his company, for the name was found in various parts of the
+inclosure, usually accompanied by disparaging words. Many of the
+soldiers had simply chalked their own names; others had added the number
+of their cohort or legion, precisely as in the late war soldiers left
+records of their stay on the walls of fort and hospital. A large number
+of these wall-chalkings in red, white, and black (most of them in red)
+were clearly legible fifty years after exposure. I give another
+specimen, a genuine political caricature, copied from an outside wall of
+a private house in Pompeii.
+
+[Illustration: Chalk Caricature on a Wall in Pompeii.]
+
+The allusion is to an occurrence in local history of the liveliest
+possible interest to the people. A few years before the fatal eruption
+there was a fierce town-and-country row in the amphitheatre, in which
+the Pompeians defeated and put to flight the provincial Nucerians. Nero
+condemned the pugnacious men of Pompeii to the terrible penalty of
+closing their amphitheatre for ten years. In the picture an armed man
+descends into the arena bearing the palm of victory, while on the other
+side a prisoner is dragged away bound. The inscription alone gives us
+the key to the street artist's meaning, _Campani victoria una cum
+Nucerinis peristis_--"Men of Campania, you perished in the victory not
+less than the Nucerians;" as though the patriotic son of Campania had
+written, "We beat 'em, but very little we got by it."
+
+If the idlers of the streets chalked caricature on the walls, we can not
+be surprised to discover that Pompeian artists delighted in the comic
+and burlesque. Comic scenes from the plays of Terence and Plautus, with
+the names of the characters written over them, have been found, as well
+as a large number of burlesque scenes, in which dwarfs, deformed people,
+Pigmies, beasts, and birds are engaged in the ordinary labors of men.
+The gay and luxurious people of the buried cities seem to have delighted
+in nothing so much as in representations of Pigmies, for there was
+scarcely a house in Pompeii yet uncovered which did not exhibit some
+trace of the ancient belief in the existence of these little people.
+Homer, Aristotle, and Pliny all discourse of the Pigmies as actually
+existing, and the artists, availing themselves of this belief, which
+they shared, employed it in a hundred ways to caricature the doings of
+men of larger growth. Pliny describes them as inhabiting the salubrious
+mountainous regions of India, their stature about twenty-seven inches,
+and engaged in eternal war with their enemies, the geese. "They say,"
+Pliny continues, "that, mounted upon rams and goats, and armed with bows
+and arrows, they descend in a body during spring-time to the edge of the
+waters, where they eat the eggs and the young of those birds, not
+returning to the mountains for three months. Otherwise they could not
+resist the ever-increasing multitude of the geese. The Pigmies live in
+cabins made of mud, the shells of goose eggs, and feathers of the same
+bird."
+
+[Illustration: Battle between Pigmies and Geese.]
+
+Homer, in the third book of the "Iliad," alludes to the wars of the
+Cranes and Pigmies:
+
+ "So when inclement winters vex the plain
+ With piercing frosts, or thick-descending rain,
+ To warmer seas the Cranes embodied fly,
+ With noise and order through the midway sky;
+ To Pigmy nations wounds and death they bring,
+ And all the war descends upon the wing."
+
+[Illustration: A Pigmy Scene--from Pompeii.]
+
+One of our engravings shows that not India only, but Egypt also, was
+regarded as the haunt of the Pigmy race; for the Upper Nile was then, as
+now, the home of the hippopotamus, the crocodile, and the lotus. Here we
+see a bald-headed Pigmy hero riding triumphantly on a mighty crocodile,
+regardless of the open-mouthed, bellowing hippopotamus behind him. In
+other pictures, however, the scaly monster, so far from playing this
+submissive part, is seen plunging in fierce pursuit of a Pigmy, who
+flies headlong before the foe. Frescoes, vases, mosaics, statuettes,
+paintings, and signet-rings found in the ancient cities all attest the
+popularity of the little men. The odd pair of vases on the following
+page, one in the shape of a boar's head and the other in that of a
+ram's, are both adorned with a representation of the fierce combats
+between the Pigmies and the geese.
+
+There has been an extraordinary display of erudition in the attempt to
+account for the endless repetition of Pigmy subjects in the houses of
+the Pompeians; but the learned and acute M. Champfleury "humbly hazards
+a conjecture," as he modestly expresses it, which commends itself at
+once to general acceptance. He thinks these Pigmy pictures were designed
+_to amuse the children_. No conjecture could be less erudite or more
+probable. We know, however, as a matter of record, that the walls of
+taverns and wine-shops were usually adorned with Pigmy pictures, such
+subjects being associated in every mind with pleasure and gayety. It is
+not difficult to imagine that a picture of a pugilistic encounter
+between Pigmies, like the one given at the head of this chapter, or a
+fanciful representation of a combat of Pigmy gladiators, of which many
+have been discovered, would be both welcome and suitable as tavern
+pictures in the Italian cities of the classic period.
+
+[Illustration: Vases with Pigmy Designs.]
+
+The Pompeians, in common with all the people of antiquity, had a
+child-like enjoyment in witnessing representations of animals engaged in
+the labors or the sports of human beings. A very large number of
+specimens have been uncovered, some of them gorgeous with the hues given
+them by masters of coloring eighteen hundred years ago. In the following
+cut is a specimen of these--a representation of a grasshopper driving a
+chariot, copied in 1802 from a Pompeian work for an English traveler.
+
+[Illustration: A Grasshopper driving a Chariot.]
+
+Nothing can exceed either the brilliancy or the delicacy of the coloring
+of this picture in the original, the splendid plumage of the bird and
+the bright gold of the chariot shaft and wheel being relieved and
+heightened by a gray background and the greenish brown of the course.
+The colorists of Pompeii have obviously influenced the taste of
+Christendom. There are few houses of pretension decorated within the
+last quarter of a century, either in Europe or America, which do not
+exhibit combinations and contrasts of color of which the hint was found
+in exhumed Pompeii. One or two other small specimens of this kind of
+art, selected from a large number accessible, may interest the reader.
+
+[Illustration: From an Antique Amethyst.]
+
+[Illustration: Flight of AEneas from Troy.]
+
+The spirited air of the team of cocks, and the _nonchalant_ professional
+attitude of the charioteer, will not escape notice. Perhaps the most
+interesting example of this propensity to personify animals which the
+exhumed cities have furnished us is a burlesque of a popular picture of
+AEneas escaping from Troy, carrying his father, Anchises, on his back,
+and leading by the hand his son, Ascanius, the old man carrying the
+casket of household gods. No scene could have been more familiar to the
+people of Italy than one which exhibited the hero whom they regarded as
+the founder of their empire in so engaging a light, and to which the
+genius of Virgil had given a deathless charm:
+
+ "Thus ord'ring all that prudence could provide
+ I clothe my shoulders with a lion's hide
+ And yellow spoils; then on my bending back
+ The welcome load of my dear father take;
+ While on my better hand Ascanius hung,
+ And with unequal paces tripped along."
+
+Artists found a subject in these lines, and of one picture suggested by
+them two copies have been found carved upon stone.
+
+[Illustration: Caricature of the Flight of AEneas.]
+
+This device of employing animals' heads upon human bodies is still used
+by the caricaturist, so few are the resources of his branch of art; and
+we can not deny that it retains a portion of its power to excite
+laughter. If we may judge from what has been discovered of the burlesque
+art of the ancient nations, we may conclude that this idea, poor as it
+seems to us, was the one which the artists of antiquity most frequently
+employed. It was also common with them to burlesque familiar paintings,
+as in the instance given. It is not unlikely that the cloyed and dainty
+taste of the Pompeian connoisseur perceived something ridiculous in the
+too-familiar exploit of Father AEneas as represented in serious art,
+just as we smile at the theatrical attitudes and costumes in the
+picture of "Washington crossing the Delaware." Fancy that work
+burlesqued by putting an eagle's head upon the Father of his Country,
+filling the boat with magpie soldiers, covering the river with icebergs,
+and making the oars still more ludicrously inadequate to the work in
+hand than they are in the painting. Thus a caricaturist of Pompeii,
+Rome, Greece, Egypt, or Assyria would have endeavored to cast ridicule
+upon such a picture.
+
+[Illustration: From a Red Jasper.]
+
+Few events of the last century were more influential upon the progress
+of knowledge than the chance discovery of the buried cities, since it
+nourished a curiosity respecting the past which could not be confined to
+those excavations, and which has since been disclosing antiquity in
+every quarter of the globe. We call it a chance discovery, although the
+part which accident plays in such matters is more interesting than
+important. The digging of a well in 1708 let daylight into the
+amphitheatre of Herculaneum, and caused some languid exploration, which
+had small results. Forty years later, a peasant at work in a vineyard
+five miles from the same spot struck with his hoe something hard, which
+was too firmly fixed in the ground to be moved. It proved to be a small
+statue of metal, upright, and riveted to a stone pedestal, which was
+itself immovably fastened to some solid mass still deeper in the earth.
+Where the hoe had struck the statue the metal showed the tempting hue of
+gold, and the peasant, after carefully smoothing over the surface,
+hurried away with a fragment of it to a goldsmith, intending (so runs
+the local gossip) to work this opening as his private gold mine. But as
+the metal was pronounced brass, he honestly reported the discovery to a
+magistrate, who set on foot an excavation. The statue was found to be a
+Minerva, fixed to the centre of a small roof-like dome, and when the
+dome was broken through it was seen to be the roof of a temple, of which
+the Minerva had been the topmost ornament. And thus was discovered,
+about the middle of the last century, the ancient city of Pompeii,
+buried by a storm of light ashes from Vesuvius sixteen hundred and
+seventy years before.
+
+[Illustration: Roman Masks, Comic and Tragic.]
+
+It was not the accident, but the timeliness of the accident, which made
+it important; for there never could have been an excavation fifteen feet
+deep over the site of Pompeii without revealing indications of the
+buried city. But the time was then ripe for an exploration. It had
+become possible to excite a general curiosity in a Past exhumed; and
+such a curiosity is a late result of culture: it does not exist in a
+dull or in an ignorant mind. And this curiosity, nourished and inflamed
+as it was by the brilliant and marvelous things brought to light in
+Pompeii and Herculaneum, has sought new gratification wherever a heap
+of ruins betrayed an ancient civilization. It looks now as if many of
+the old cities of the world are in layers or strata--a new London upon
+an old London, and perhaps a London under that--a city three or four
+deep, each the record of an era. Two Romes we familiarly know, one of
+which is built in part upon the other; and at Cairo we can see the
+process going on by which some ancient cities were buried without
+volcanic aid. The dirt of the unswept streets, never removed, has raised
+the grade of Cairo from age to age.
+
+[Illustration: A Roman Comic Actor masked for the Part of Silenus.]
+
+The excavations at Rome, so rich in results, were not needed to prove
+that to the Romans of old caricature was a familiar thing. The mere
+magnitude of their theatres, and their habit of performing plays in the
+open air, compelled caricature, the basis of which is exaggeration.
+Actors, both comic and tragic, wore masks of very elaborate
+construction, made of resonant metal, and so shaped as to serve, in some
+degree, the office of a speaking-trumpet. In the engravings on this page
+are represented a pair of masks such as were worn by Roman actors
+throughout the empire, of which many specimens have been found.
+
+If the reader has ever visited the Coliseum at Rome, or even one of the
+large hippodromes of Paris or New York, and can imagine the attempts of
+an actor to exhibit comic or tragic effects of countenance or of vocal
+utterance across spaces so extensive, he will readily understand the
+necessity of such masks as these. The art of acting could only have been
+developed in small theatres. In the open air or in the uncovered
+amphitheatre all must have been vociferation and caricature. Observe
+the figure of old Silenus, on preceding page, one of the chief
+mirth-makers of antiquity, who lives for us in the Old Man of the
+pantomime. He is masked for the theatre.
+
+The legend of Silenus is itself an evidence of the tendency of the
+ancients to fall into caricature. To the Romans he was at once the
+tutor, the comrade, and the butt of jolly Bacchus. He discoursed wisdom
+and made fun. He was usually represented as an old man, bald,
+flat-nosed, half drunk, riding upon a broad-backed ass, or reeling along
+by the aid of a staff, uttering shrewd maxims and doing ludicrous acts.
+People wonder that the pantomime called "Humpty Dumpty" should be played
+a thousand nights in New York; but the substance of all that boisterous
+nonsense, that exhibition of rollicking freedom from restraints of law,
+usage, and gravitation, has amused mankind for unknown thousands of
+years; for it is merely what remains to us of the legendary Bacchus and
+his jovial crew. We observe, too, that the great comic books, such as
+"Gil Blas," "Don Quixote," "Pickwick," and others, are most effective
+when the hero is most like Bacchus, roaming over the earth with merry
+blades, delightfully free from the duties and conditions which make
+bondmen of us all. Mr. Dickens may never have thought of it--and he
+_may_--but there is much of the charm of the ancient Bacchic legends in
+the narrative of the four Pickwickians and Samuel Weller setting off on
+the top of a coach, and meeting all kinds of gay and semi-lawless
+adventures in country towns and rambling inns. Even the ancient
+distribution of characters is hinted at. With a few changes, easily
+imagined, the irrepressible Sam might represent Bacchus, and his master
+bring to mind the sage and comic Silenus. Nothing is older than our
+modes of fun. Even in seeking the origin of Punch, investigators lose
+themselves groping in the dim light of the most remote antiquity.
+
+How readily the Roman satirists ran into caricature all their readers
+know, except those who take the amusing exaggerations of Juvenal and
+Horace as statements of fact. During the heat of our antislavery
+contest, Dryden's translation of the passage in Juvenal which pictures
+the luxurious Roman lady ordering her slave to be put to death was used
+by the late Mr. W. H. Fry, in the New York _Tribune_, with thrilling
+effect:
+
+ "Go drag that slave to death! You reason, Why
+ Should the poor innocent be doomed to die?
+ What proofs? For, when man's life is in debate,
+ The judge can ne'er too long deliberate.
+ Call'st thou that slave a man? the wife replies.
+ Proved or unproved the crime, the villain dies.
+ I have the sovereign power to save or kill,
+ And give no other reason but my will."
+
+This is evidently caricature. Not only is the whole of Juvenal's sixth
+satire a series of the broadest exaggerations, but with regard to this
+particular passage we have evidence of its burlesque character in Horace
+(Satire III., Book I.), where, wishing to give an example of impossible
+folly, he says, "If a man should crucify a slave for eating some of the
+fish which he had been ordered to take away, people in their senses
+would call him a madman." Juvenal exhibits the Roman matron of his
+period undergoing the dressing of her hair, giving the scene the same
+unmistakable character of caricature:
+
+ "She hurries all her handmaids to the task;
+ Her head alone will twenty dressers ask.
+ Psecas, the chief, with breast and shoulders bare,
+ Trembling, considers every sacred hair:
+ If any straggler from his rank be found,
+ A pinch must for the mortal sin compound.
+
+ "With curls on curls they build her head, before,
+ And mount it with a formidable tower.
+ A giantess she seems; but look behind,
+ And then she dwindles to the Pigmy kind.
+ Duck-legged, short-waisted, such a dwarf she is
+ That she must rise on tiptoe for a kiss.
+ Meanwhile her husband's whole estate is spent;
+ He may go bare, while she receives his rent."
+
+The spirit of caricature speaks in these lines. There are passages of
+Horace, too, in reading which the picture forms itself before the mind;
+and the poet supplies the very words which caricaturists usually employ
+to make their meaning more obvious. In the third satire of the second
+book a caricature is exhibited to the mind's eye without the
+intervention of pencil. We see the miser Opimius, "poor amid his hoards
+of gold," who has starved himself into a lethargy; his heir is scouring
+his coffers in triumph; but the doctor devises a mode of rousing his
+patient. He orders a table to be brought into the room, upon which he
+causes the hidden bags of money to be poured out, and several persons to
+draw near as if to count it. Opimius revives at this maddening
+spectacle, and the doctor urges him to strengthen himself by generous
+food, and so balk his rapacious heir. "Do you hesitate?" cries the
+doctor. "Come, now, take this preparation of rice." "How much did it
+cost?" asks the miser. "Only a trifle." "But how much?" "Eightpence."
+Opimius, appalled at the price, whimpers, "Alas! what does it matter
+whether I die of a disease, or by plunder and extortion?" Many similar
+examples will arrest the eye of one who turns over the pages of this
+master of satire.
+
+The great festival of the Roman year, the Saturnalia, which occurred in
+the latter half of December, we may almost say was consecrated to
+caricature, so fond were the Romans of every kind of ludicrous
+exaggeration. This festival, the merry Christmas of the Roman world,
+gave to the Christian festival many of its enlivening observances.
+During the Saturnalia the law courts and schools were closed; there was
+a general interchange of presents, and universal feasting; there were
+fantastic games, processions of masked figures in extravagant costumes,
+and religious sacrifices. For three days the slaves were not merely
+exempt from labor, but they enjoyed freedom of speech, even to the
+abusing of their masters. In one of his satires, Horace gives us an
+idea of the manner in which slaves burlesqued their lords at this jocund
+time. He reports some of the remarks of his own slave, Davus, upon
+himself and his poetry. Davus, it is evident, had discovered the
+histrionic element in literature, and pressed it home upon his master.
+"You praise the simplicity of the ancient Romans; but if any god were to
+reduce you to their condition, you, the same man that wrote those fine
+things, would beg to be let off. At Rome you long for the country; and
+when you are in the country, you praise the distant city to the skies.
+When you are not invited out to supper, you extol your homely repast at
+home, and hug yourself that you are not obliged to drink with any body
+abroad. As if you ever went out upon compulsion! But let Maecenas send
+you an invitation for early lamp-light, _then_ what do we hear? _Will no
+one bring the oil quicker? Does any body hear me?_ You bellow and storm
+with fury. You bought me for five hundred drachmas, but what if it turns
+out that you are the greater fool of the two?" And thus the astute and
+witty Davus continues to ply his master with taunts and jeers and wise
+saws, till Horace, in fury, cries out, "Where can I find a stone?" Davus
+innocently asks, "What need is there here of such a thing as a stone?"
+"Where can I get some javelins?" roars Horace. Upon which Davus quietly
+remarks, "This man is either mad or making verses." Horace ends the
+colloquy by saying, "If you do not this instant take yourself off, I'll
+make a field-hand of you on my Sabine estate!"
+
+[Illustration: Roman Wall Caricature of a Christian.]
+
+That Roman satirists employed the pencil and the brush as well as the
+stylus, and employed them freely and constantly, we should have surmised
+if the fact had not been discovered. Most of the caricatures of passing
+events speedily perish in all countries, because the materials usually
+employed in them are perishable. To preserve so slight a thing as a
+chalk sketch on a wall for eighteen centuries, accident must lend a
+hand, as it has in the instance now given.
+
+This picture was found in 1857 upon the wall of a narrow Roman street,
+which was closed up and shut out from the light of day about A.D. 100,
+to facilitate an extension of the imperial palace. The wall when
+uncovered was found scratched all over with rude caricature drawings in
+the style of the specimen given. This one immediately arrested
+attention, and the part of the wall on which it was drawn was carefully
+removed to the Collegio Romano, in the museum of which it may now be
+inspected. The Greek words scrawled upon the picture may be translated
+thus: "Alexamenos is worshiping his god."
+
+These words sufficiently indicate that the picture was aimed at some
+member, to us unknown, of the despised sect of the Christians. It is the
+only allusion to Christianity which has yet been found upon the walls of
+the Italian cities; but it is extremely probable that the street artists
+found in the strange usages of the Christians a very frequent subject.
+
+We know well what the educated class of the Romans thought of the
+Christians, when they thought of them at all. They regarded them as a
+sect of extremely absurd Jews, insanely obstinate, and wholly
+contemptible. If the professors and students of Harvard and Yale should
+read in the papers that a new sect had arisen among the Mormons, more
+eccentric and ridiculous even than the Mormons themselves, the
+intelligence would excite in their minds about the same feeling that the
+courtly scholars of the Roman Empire manifest when they speak of the
+early Christians. Nothing astonished them so much as their "obstinacy."
+"A man," says the Emperor Marcus Aurelius, "ought to be ready to die
+when the time comes; but this readiness should be the result of a calm
+judgment, and not be an exhibition of mere obstinacy, as with the
+Christians." The younger Pliny, too, in his character of magistrate, was
+extremely perplexed with this same obstinacy. He tells us that when
+people were brought before him charged with being Christians, he asked
+them the question, Are you a Christian? If they said they were, he
+repeated it twice, threatening them with punishment; and if they
+persisted, he ordered them to be punished. If they denied the charge, he
+put them to the proof by requiring them to repeat after him an
+invocation to the gods, and to offer wine and incense to the emperor's
+statue. Some of the accused, he says, reviled Christ; and this he
+regarded as a sure proof of innocence, for people told him there was no
+forcing real Christians to do an act of that nature. Some of the accused
+owned that they had been Christians once, three years ago or more, and
+some twenty years ago, but had returned to the worship of the gods.
+These, however, declared that, after all, there was no great offense in
+being Christians. They had merely met on a regular day before dawn,
+addressed a form of prayer to Christ as to a divinity, and bound
+themselves by a solemn oath not to commit fraud, theft, or other immoral
+act, nor break their word, nor betray a trust; after which they used to
+separate, then re-assemble, and eat together a harmless meal.
+
+All this seemed innocent enough; but Pliny was not satisfied. "I judged
+it necessary," he writes to the emperor, "to try to get at the real
+truth by putting to the torture two female slaves who were said to
+officiate at their religious rites; but all I could discover was
+evidence of an absurd and extravagant superstition." So he refers the
+whole matter to the emperor, telling him that the "contagion" is not
+confined to the cities, but has spread into the villages and into the
+country. Still, he thought it could be checked: nay, it _had_ been
+checked; for the temples, which had been almost abandoned, were
+beginning to be frequented again, and there was also "a general demand
+for victims for sacrifice, which till lately had found few purchasers."
+The wise Trajan approved the course of his representative. He tells him,
+however, not to go out of his way to look for Christians; but if any
+were brought before him, why, of course he must inflict the penalty
+unless they proved their innocence by invoking the gods. The remains of
+Roman literature have nothing so interesting for us as these two letters
+of Pliny and Trajan of the year 103. We may rest assured that the walls
+of every Roman town bore testimony to the contempt and aversion in which
+the Christians were held, particularly by those who dealt in "victims"
+and served the altars--a very numerous and important class throughout
+the ancient world.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER II.
+
+AMONG THE GREEKS.
+
+
+Greece was the native home of all that we now call art. Upon looking
+over the two hundred pages of art gossip in the writings of the elder
+Pliny, most of which relates to Greece, we are ready to ask, Is there
+one thing in painting or drawing, one school, device, style, or method,
+known to us which was not familiar to the Greeks? They had their
+Landseers--men great in dogs and all animals; they had artists renowned
+in the "Dutch style" ages before the Dutch ceased to be
+amphibious--artists who painted barber-shop interiors to a hair, and
+donkeys eating cabbages correct to a fibre; they had cattle pieces as
+famous throughout the classic world as Rosa Bonheur's "Horse Fair" is
+now in ours; they had Rosa Bonheurs of their own--famous women, a list
+of whose names Pliny gives; they had portrait-painters too good to be
+fashionable, and portrait-painters too fashionable to be good; they had
+artists who excelled in flesh, others great in form, others excellent in
+composition; they took plaster casts of dead faces; they had varnishers
+and picture-cleaners. Noted pictures were spoken of as having lost their
+charm through an unskillful cleaner. They had their "life school," and
+used it as artists now do, borrowing from each model her special beauty.
+Zeuxis, as Pliny records, was so scrupulously careful in the execution
+of a religious painting that "he had the young maidens of the place
+stripped for examination, and selected five of them, in order to adopt
+in his picture the most commendable points in the form of each." And we
+may be sure that every maiden of them felt it to be an honor thus to
+contribute perfection to a Juno, executed by the first artist of the
+world, which was to adorn the temple of her native city.
+
+They _played_ with art as men are apt to play with the implements of
+which they are masters. Sosus, the great artist in mosaics, executed at
+Pergamus the pavement of a banqueting-room which presented the
+appearance of a floor strewed with crumbs, fragments and scraps of a
+feast, not yet swept away. It was renowned as the "Unswept Hall of
+Pergamus." And what a pleasing story is that of the contest between
+Zeuxis and his rival, Parrhasius! On the day of trial Zeuxis hung in the
+place of exhibition a painting of grapes, and Parrhasius a picture of a
+curtain. Some birds flew to the grapes of Zeuxis, and began to pick at
+them. The artist, overjoyed at so striking a proof of his success,
+turned haughtily to his rival, and demanded that the curtain should be
+drawn aside and the picture revealed. But the curtain _was_ the
+picture. He owned himself surpassed, since he had only deceived birds,
+but Parrhasius had deceived Zeuxis.
+
+[Illustration: Burlesque of Jupiter's Wooing of the Princess Alcmena.]
+
+Could comic artists and caricaturists be wanting in Athens? Strange to
+say, it was the gods and goddesses whom the caricaturists of Greece as
+well as the comic writers chiefly selected for ridicule. All their works
+have perished except a few specimens preserved upon pottery. We show one
+from a Greek vase, a rude burlesque of one of Jupiter's love adventures,
+the father of gods and men being accompanied by a Mercury ludicrously
+unlike the light and agile messenger of the gods. The story goes that
+the Princess Alcmena, though betrothed to a lover, vowed her hand to the
+man who should avenge her slaughtered brothers. Jupiter assumed the form
+and face of the lover, and, pretending to have avenged her brothers'
+death, gained admittance. Pliny describes a celebrated burlesque
+painting of the birth of Bacchus from Jupiter's thigh, in which the god
+of the gods was represented wearing a woman's cap, in a highly
+ridiculous posture, crying out, and surrounded by goddesses in the
+character of midwives. The best specimen of Greek caricature that has
+come down to us burlesques no less serious a theme than the great oracle
+of Apollo at Delphos, given on page 30.
+
+This remarkable work owes its preservation to the imperishable nature of
+the material on which it was executed. It was copied from a large vessel
+used by the Greeks and Romans for holding vinegar, a conspicuous object
+upon their tables, and therefore inviting ornament. What audacity to
+burlesque an oracle to which kings and conquerors humbly repaired for
+direction, and which all Greece held in awe! Croesus propitiated this
+oracle by the gift of a solid golden lion as large as life, and the
+Phocians found in its coffers, and carried off, a sum equal to nearly
+eleven millions of dollars in gold. Such was the general belief in its
+divine inspiration! But in this picture we see the oracle, the god, and
+those who consult them, all exhibited in the broadest burlesque: Apollo
+as a quack doctor on his platform, with bag, bow, and cap; Chiron, old
+and blind, struggling up the steps to consult him, aided by Apollo at
+his head and a friend pushing behind; the nymphs surveying the scene
+from the heights of Parnassus; and the manager of the spectacle, who
+looks on from below. How strange is this!
+
+But the Greek literature is also full of this wild license. Lucian
+depicts the gods in council ludicrously discussing the danger they were
+in from the philosophers. Jupiter says, "If men are once persuaded that
+there are no gods, or, if there are gods, that we take no care of human
+affairs, we shall have no more gifts or victims from them, but may sit
+and starve on Olympus without festivals, holidays, sacrifices, or any
+pomp or ceremonies whatever." The whole debate is in this manner, and is
+at the same time a burlesque of the political discussions at the
+Athenian mass-meetings. What can be more ludicrous than the story of
+Mercury visiting Athens in disguise in order to discover the estimation
+in which he was held among mortals? He enters the shop of a dealer in
+images, where he inquires the price first of a Jupiter, then of an
+Apollo, and, lastly, with a blush, of a Mercury. "Oh," says the dealer,
+"if you take the Jupiter and the Apollo, I will throw the Mercury in."
+
+[Illustration: Greek Caricature of the Oracle of Apollo at Delphos.]
+
+Nor did the witty, rollicking Greeks confine their satire to the
+immortals. Of the famous mirth-provokers of the world, such as
+Cervantes, Ariosto, Moliere, Rabelais, Sterne, Voltaire, Thackeray,
+Dickens, the one that had most power to produce mere physical laughter,
+power to shake the sides and cause people to roll helpless upon the
+floor, was the Greek dramatist Aristophanes. The force of the comic can
+no farther go than he has carried it in some of the scenes of his best
+comedies. Even to us, far removed as we are, in taste as well as in
+time, from that wonderful Athens of his, they are still irresistibly
+diverting. This master of mirth is never so effective as when he is
+turning into ridicule the philosophers and poets for whose sake Greece
+is still a dear, venerable name to all the civilized world. In his
+comedy of "The Frogs" he sends Bacchus down into Hades with every
+circumstance of riotous burlesque, and there he exhibits the two great
+tragic poets, AEschylus and Euripides, standing opposite each other, and
+competing for the tragic throne by reciting verses in which the
+mannerism of each, as well as familiar passages of their plays, is
+broadly burlesqued. Nothing in literature can be found more ludicrous or
+less becoming, unless we look for it in Aristophanes himself. In his
+play of "The Clouds" occurs his caricature of Socrates, of infinite
+absurdity, but not ludicrous to us, because we read it as part of the
+story of a sublime and affecting martyrdom. It fills our minds with
+wonder to think that a people among whom a Socrates could have been
+formed could have borne to see him thus profaned. A rogue of a father,
+plagued by an extravagant son, repairs to the school of Socrates to
+learn the arts by which creditors are argued out of their just claims in
+courts of justice. Upon reaching the place, the door of the "Thinking
+Shop" opens, and behold! a caricature all ready for the artist's pencil.
+The pupils are discovered with their heads fixed to the floor, their
+backs uppermost, and Socrates hanging from the ceiling in a basket. The
+visitor, transfixed with wonder, questions his companion. He asks why
+they present that portion of their bodies to heaven. "It is getting
+taught astronomy alone by itself." "And who is this man in the basket?"
+"HIMSELF." "Who's Himself?" "Socrates!" The visitor at length addresses
+the master by a diminutive, as though he had said, "Socrates, dear
+little Socrates." The philosopher speaks: "Why callest thou me, thou
+creature of a day?" "Tell me, first, I beg, what you are doing up
+there." "I am walking in the air, and speculating about the sun; for I
+should never have rightly learned celestial things if I had not
+suspended the intellect, and subtly mingled Thought with its kindred
+Air." All this is in the very spirit of caricature. Half of Aristophanes
+is caricature. In characterizing the light literature of Greece we are
+reminded of Juvenal's remark upon the Greek people, "All Greece is a
+comedian."
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER III.
+
+AMONG THE ANCIENT EGYPTIANS.
+
+
+Egyptian art was old when Grecian art was young, and it remained crude
+when the art of Greece had reached its highest development. But not the
+less did it delight in caricature and burlesque. In the Egyptian
+collection belonging to the New York Historical Society there is a
+specimen of the Egyptians' favorite kind of burlesque picture which
+dates back three thousand years, but which stands out more clearly now
+upon its slab of limestone than we can engrave it here.
+
+[Illustration: An Egyptian Caricature.]
+
+Dr. Abbott, who brought this specimen from Thebes, interpreted it to be
+a representation of a lion seated upon a throne, as king, receiving from
+a fox, personating a high-priest, an offering of a goose and a fan. It
+is probably a burlesque of a well-known picture; for in one of the
+Egyptian papyri in the British Museum there is a drawing of a lion and
+unicorn playing chess, which is a manifest caricature of a picture
+frequently repeated upon the ancient monuments. It was from Egypt, then,
+that the classic nations caught this childish fancy of ridiculing the
+actions of men by picturing animals performing similar ones; and it is
+surprising to note how fond the Egyptian artists were of this simple
+device. On the same papyrus there are several other interesting
+specimens: a lion on his hind-legs engaged in laying out as a mummy the
+dead body of a hoofed animal; a tiger or wild cat driving a flock of
+geese to market; another tiger carrying a hoe on one shoulder and a bag
+of seed on the other; an animal playing on a double pipe, and driving
+before him a herd of small stags, like a shepherd; a hippopotamus
+washing his hands in a tall water-jar; an animal on a throne, with
+another behind him as a fan-bearer, and a third presenting him with a
+bouquet. No place was too sacred for such playful delineations. In one
+of the royal sepulchres at Thebes, as Kenrick relates, there is a
+picture of an ass and a lion singing, accompanying themselves on the
+phorminx and the harp. There is also an elaborate burlesque of a battle
+piece, in which a fortress is attacked by rats, and defended by cats,
+which are visible on the battlements. Some rats bring a ladder to the
+walls and prepare to scale them, while others, armed with spears,
+shields, and bows, protect the assailants. One rat of enormous size, in
+a chariot drawn by dogs, has pierced several cats with arrows, and is
+swinging round his battle-axe in exact imitation of Rameses, in a
+serious picture, dealing destruction on his enemies. On a papyrus at
+Turin there is a representation of a cat with a shepherd's crook
+watching a flock of geese, while a cynocephalus near by plays upon the
+flute. Of this class of burlesques the most interesting example,
+perhaps, is the one annexed, representing a Soul doomed to return to its
+earthly home in the form of a pig.
+
+[Illustration: A Condemned Soul, Egyptian Caricature.]
+
+This picture, which is of such antiquity that it was an object of
+curiosity to the Romans and the Greeks, is part of the decoration of a
+king's tomb. In the original, Osiris, the august judge of departed
+spirits, is represented on his throne, near the stern of the boat,
+waving away the Soul, which he has just weighed in his unerring scales
+and found wanting; while close to the shore a man hews away the ground,
+to intimate that all communication is cut off between the lost spirit
+and the abode of the blessed. The animals that execute the stern decree
+are the dog-headed monkeys, sacred in the mythology of Egypt.
+
+[Illustration: Egyptian Servants conveying Home their Masters from a
+Carouse.]
+
+That the ancient Egyptians were a jovial people who sat long at the
+wine, we might infer from the caricatures which have been discovered in
+Egypt, if we did not know it from other sources of information.
+Representations have been found of every part of the process of
+wine-making, from the planting of the vineyard to the storing-away of
+the wine-jars. In the valuable works of Sir Gardner Wilkinson[2] many of
+these curious pictures are given: the vineyard and its trellis-work; men
+frightening away the birds with slings; a vineyard with a water-tank for
+irrigation; the grape harvest; baskets full of grapes covered with
+leaves; kids browsing upon the vines; trained monkeys gathering grapes;
+the wine-press in operation; men pressing grapes by the natural process
+of treading; pouring the wine into jars; and rows of jars put away for
+future use. The same laborious author favors us with ancient Egyptian
+caricatures which serve to show that wine was a creature as capable of
+abuse thirty centuries ago as it is now.
+
+[Footnote 2: "A Popular Account of the Ancient Egyptians," by Sir J.
+Gardner Wilkinson, 2 vols., Harper & Brothers, 1854.]
+
+Pictures of similar character are not unfrequent upon the ancient
+frescoes, and many of them are far more extravagant than this,
+exhibiting men dancing wildly, standing upon their heads, and riotously
+fighting. From Sir Gardner Wilkinson's disclosures we may reasonably
+infer that the arts of debauchery have received little addition during
+the last three thousand years. Even the seductive cocktail is not
+modern. The ancient Egyptians imbibed stimulants to excite an appetite
+for wine, and munched the biting cabbage-leaf for the same purpose. Beer
+in several varieties was known to them also; veritable beer, made of
+barley and a bitter herb; beer so excellent that the dainty Greek
+travelers commended it as a drink only inferior to wine. Even the
+Egyptian ladies did not always resist the temptation of so many modes of
+intoxication. Nor did they escape the caricaturist's pencil.
+
+[Illustration: Too Late with the Basin.]
+
+This unfortunate lady, as Sir Gardner conjectures, after indulging in
+potations deep of the renowned Egyptian wine, had been suddenly
+overtaken by the consequences, and had called for assistance too late.
+Egyptian satirists did not spare the ladies, and they aimed their shafts
+at the same foibles that have called forth so many efforts of pencil and
+pen in later times. Whenever, indeed, we look closely into ancient life,
+we are struck with the similarity of the daily routine to that of our
+own time. Every detail of social existence is imperishably recorded upon
+the monuments of ancient Egypt, even to the tone and style and mishaps
+of a fashionable party. We see the givers of the entertainment, the
+master and mistress of the mansion, seated side by side upon a sofa; the
+guests coming up as they arrive to salute them; the musicians and
+dancers bowing low to them before beginning to perform; a pet monkey, a
+dog, or a gazelle tied to the leg of the sofa; the youngest child of the
+family sitting on the floor by its mother's side, or upon its father's
+knee; the ladies sitting in groups, conversing upon the deathless,
+inexhaustible subject of dress, and showing one another their trinkets.
+
+Sir Gardner Wilkinson gives us also the pleasing information that it was
+thought a pretty compliment for one guest to offer another a flower from
+his bouquet, and that the guests endeavored to gratify their
+entertainers by pointing out to one another, with expressions of
+admiration, the tasteful knickknacks, the boxes of carved wood or ivory,
+the vases, the elegant light tables, the chairs, ottomans, cushions,
+carpets, and furniture with which the apartment was provided. This too
+transparent flattery could not escape such inveterate caricaturists as
+the Egyptian artists. In a tomb at Thebes may be seen a ludicrous
+representation of scenes at a party where several of the guests had been
+lost in rapturous admiration of the objects around them. A young man,
+either from awkwardness or from having gone too often to the wine-jar,
+had reclined against a wooden column placed in the centre of the room to
+support a temporary ornament. There is a crash! The ornamental structure
+falls upon some of the absorbed guests. Ladies have recourse to the
+immortal privilege of their sex--they scream. All is confusion. Uplifted
+hands ward off the falling masses. In a few moments, when it is
+discovered that no one is hurt, peace is restored, and all the company
+converse merrily over the incident.
+
+It is strange to find such pictures in a tomb. But it seems as if death
+and funerals and graves, with their elaborate paraphernalia, were
+provocative of mirthful delineation. In one noted royal tomb there is a
+representation of the funeral procession, part of which was evidently
+designed to excite merriment. The Ethiopians who follow in the train of
+the mourning queen have their hair plaited in most fantastic fashion,
+and their tunics of leopard's skin are so arranged that a preposterously
+enormous tail hangs down behind for the next man to step upon. One of
+the extensive colored plates of Sir Gardner Wilkinson's larger work
+presents to our view a solemn and stately procession of funeral barges
+crossing the Lake of the Dead at Thebes on its way to the place of
+burial. The first boat contains the coffin, decorated with flowers, a
+high-priest burning incense before a table of offerings, and the female
+relatives of the deceased lamenting their loss; two barges are filled
+with mourning friends, one containing only women and the other only men;
+two more are occupied by professional persons--the undertaker's
+assistants, as we should call them--employed to carry offerings, boxes,
+chairs, and other funeral objects. It was in drawing one of these
+vessels that the artist could not refrain from putting in a little fun.
+One of the barges having grounded upon the shore, the vessel behind
+comes into collision with her, upsetting a table upon the oarsmen and
+causing much confusion. It is not improbable that the picture records an
+incident of that particular funeral.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER IV.
+
+AMONG THE HINDOOS.
+
+
+If we go farther back into antiquity, it is India which first arrests
+and longest absorbs our attention--India, fecund mother of tradition,
+the source of almost all the rites, beliefs, and observances of the
+ancient nations. When we visit the collections of the India House, the
+British Museum, the Mission Rooms, or turn over the startling pages of
+"The Hindu Pantheon" of Major Edward Moor, we are ready to exclaim, Here
+_all_ is caricature! This brazen image, for example, of a partly naked
+man with an elephant's head and trunk, seated upon a huge rat, and
+feeding himself with his trunk from a bowl held in his hand--surely this
+is caricature. By no means. It is an image of the most popular of the
+Hindoo deities--Ganesa, god of prudence and policy, invoked at the
+beginning of all enterprises, and over whose head is written the sacred
+word _Aum_, never uttered by a Hindoo except with awe and veneration. If
+a man begins to build a house, he calls on Ganesa, and sets up an image
+of him near the spot. Mile-stones are fashioned in his likeness, and he
+serves as the road-side god, even if the pious peasants who place him
+where two roads cross can only afford the rudest resemblance to an
+elephant's head daubed with oil and red ochre. Rude as it may be, a
+passing traveler will occasionally hang upon it a wreath of flowers.
+Major Moor gives us a hideous picture of Maha-Kala, with huge mouth and
+enormous protruding tongue, squat, naked, upon the ground, and holding
+up a large sword. This preposterous figure is still farther removed from
+the burlesque. It is the Hindoo mode of representing _Eternity_, whose
+vast insatiate maw devours men, cities, kingdoms, and will at length
+swallow the universe; then all the crowd of inferior deities, and
+finally _itself_, leaving only _Brahm_, the One Eternal, to inhabit the
+infinite void. Hundreds of such revolting crudities meet the eye in
+every extensive Indian collection.
+
+But the element of fun and burlesque is not wanting in the Hindoo
+Pantheon. Krishna is the jolly Bacchus, the Don Juan, of the Indian
+deities. Behold him on his travels mounted upon an elephant, which is
+formed of the bodies of the obliging damsels who accompany him!
+
+[Illustration: The Hindoo God Krishna on his Travels.]
+
+There is no end to the tales related of the mischievous, jovial,
+irrepressible Krishna. The ladies who go with him everywhere, a
+countless multitude, are so accommodating as to wreathe and twist
+themselves into the form of any creature he may wish to ride; sometimes
+into that of a horse, sometimes into that of a bird.
+
+[Illustration: Krishna's Attendants assuming the Form of a Bird.]
+
+In other pictures he appears riding in a palanquin, which is likewise
+composed of girls, and the bearers are girls also. In the course of one
+adventure, being in great danger from the wrath of his numerous enemies,
+he created an enormous snake, in whose vast interior his flocks, his
+herds, his followers, and himself found refuge. At a festival held in
+his honor, which was attended by a great number of damsels, he suddenly
+appeared in the midst of the company and proposed a dance; and, that
+each of them might be provided with a partner, he divided himself into
+as many complete and captivating Krishnas as there were ladies. One
+summer, when he was passing the hot season on the sea-shore with his
+retinue of ladies, his musical comrade, Nareda, hinted to him that,
+since he had such a multitude of wives, it would be no great stretch of
+generosity to spare one to a poor musician who had no wife at all.
+"Court any one you please," said the merry god. So Nareda went wooing
+from house to house, but in every house he found Krishna perfectly
+domesticated, the ever-attentive husband, and the lady quite sure that
+she had him all to herself. Nareda continued his quest until he had
+visited precisely sixteen thousand and eight houses, in each and all of
+which, at one and the same time, Krishna was the established lord. Then
+he gave it up. One of the pictures which illustrate the endless
+biography of this entertaining deity represents him going through the
+ceremony of marriage with a bear, both squatting upon a carpet in the
+prescribed attitude, the bear grinning satisfaction, two bears in
+attendance standing on their hind-feet, and two priests blessing the
+union. This picture is more spirited, is more like art, than any other
+yet copied from Hindoo originals.
+
+[Illustration: Krishna in his Palanquin.]
+
+To this day, as the missionaries report, the people of India are
+excessively addicted to every kind of jesting which is within their
+capacity, and delight especially in all the monstrous comicalities of
+their mythology. No matter how serious an impression a speaker may have
+made upon a village group, let him but use a word in a manner which
+suggests a ludicrous image or ridiculous pun, and the assembly at once
+breaks up in laughter, not to be gathered again.
+
+In late years, those of the inhabitants of India who read the language
+of their conquerors have had an opportunity of becoming acquainted with
+their humor. Wherever a hundred English officers are gathered, there is
+the possibility of an illustrated comic periodical, and, accordingly, we
+find one such in several of the garrisoned places held by the English in
+remote parts of the world. Calcutta, as the _Athenaeum_ informs us, "has
+its _Punch_, or Indian _Charivari_," which is not unworthy of its
+English namesake.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER V.
+
+RELIGIOUS CARICATURE IN THE MIDDLE AGES.
+
+
+Mr. Robert Tomes, American consul, a few years ago, at the French city
+of Rheims, describes very agreeably the impression made upon his mind by
+the grand historic cathedral of that ancient place.[3] Filled with a
+sense of the majestic presence of the edifice, he approached one of the
+chief portals, to find it crusted with a most uncouth semi-burlesque
+representation, cut in stone, of the Last Judgment. The trump has
+sounded, and the Lord from a lofty throne is pronouncing doom upon the
+risen as they are brought up to the judgment-seat by the angels. Below
+him are two rows of the dead just rising from their graves, extending to
+the full width of the great door. Upon many of the faces there is an
+expression of amazement, which the artist apparently designed to be
+comic, and several of the attitudes are extremely absurd and ludicrous.
+Some have managed to push off the lid of their tombs a little way, and
+are peeping out through the narrow aperture, others have just got their
+heads above the surface of the ground, and others are sitting up in
+their graves; some have one leg out, some are springing into the air,
+and some are running, as if in wild fright, for their lives. Though the
+usual expression upon the faces is one of astonishment, yet this is
+varied. Some are rubbing their eyes as if startled from a deep sleep,
+but not yet aware of the cause of alarm; others are utterly bewildered,
+and hesitate to leave their resting-place; some leap out in mad
+excitement, and others hurry off as if fearing to be again consigned to
+the tomb. An angel is leading a cheerful company of popes, bishops, and
+kings toward the Saviour, while a hideous demon, with a mouth stretching
+from ear to ear, is dragging off a number of the condemned toward the
+devil, who is seen stirring up a huge caldron boiling and bubbling with
+naked babies, dead before baptism. On another part of the wall is a
+carved representation of the vices which led to the destruction of Sodom
+and Gomorrah. These were so monstrously obscene that the authorities of
+the cathedral, in deference to the modern sense of decency, have caused
+them to be partly cut away by the chisel.
+
+[Footnote 3: "The Champagne Country," p. 34, by Robert Tomes, London,
+1867.]
+
+The first cut on the next page is an example of burlesque ornament. The
+artist apparently intended to indicate another termination of the
+interview than the one recorded by AEsop between the wolf and the stork.
+The old cathedral at Strasburg, destroyed a hundred years ago, was long
+renowned for its sculptured burlesques. We give two of several capitals
+exhibiting the sacred rites of the Church travestied by animals.
+
+[Illustration: Capital in the Autun Cathedral.]
+
+It marks the change in the feelings and manners of men that, three
+hundred years after those Strasburg capitals were carved, with the
+sanction of the chapter, a book-seller, for only exhibiting an engraving
+of some of them in his shop window, was convicted of having committed a
+crime "most scandalous and injurious to religion." His sentence was "to
+make the _amende honorable_, naked to his shirt, a rope round his neck,
+holding in his hand a lighted wax-candle weighing two pounds, before the
+principal door of the cathedral, whither he will be conducted by the
+executioner, and there, on his knees, with uncovered head," confess his
+fault and ask pardon of God and the king. The pictures were to be burned
+before his eyes, and then, after paying all the costs of the
+prosecution, he was to go into eternal banishment.
+
+[Illustration: Capitals in the Strasburg Cathedral, A.D. 1300.]
+
+Other American consuls besides Mr. Tomes, and multitudes of American
+citizens not so fortunate as to study mediaeval art at their country's
+expense, have been profoundly puzzled by this crust of crude burlesque
+on ecclesiastical architecture. The objects in Europe which usually give
+to a susceptible American his first and his last rapture are the
+cathedrals, those venerable enigmas, the glory and shame of the Middle
+Ages, which present so complete a contrast to the toy-temples, new,
+cabinet-finished, upholstered, sofa-seated, of American cities, not to
+mention the consecrated barns, white-painted and treeless, of the rural
+districts. And the cathedrals are a contrast to every thing in Europe
+also, if only from their prodigious magnitude. A cathedral town
+generally stands in a valley, through which a small river winds. When
+the visitor from any of the encompassing hills gets his first view of
+the compact little city, the cathedral looms up in the midst thereof so
+vast, so tall, that the disproportion to the surrounding structures is
+sometimes even ludicrous, like a huge black elephant with a flock of
+small brown sheep huddling about its feet. But when at last the stranger
+stands in its shadow, he finds the spell of its presence irresistible;
+and it is a spell which the lapse of time not unfrequently strengthens,
+till he is conscious of a tender, strong attachment to the edifice,
+which leads him to visit it at unusual times, to try the effect upon it
+of moonlight, of storm, of dawn and twilight, of mist, rain, and snow.
+He finds himself going to it for solace and rest. On setting out upon a
+journey, he makes a detour to get another last look, and, returning,
+goes, valise in hand, to see his cathedral before he sees his
+companions. Many American consuls have had this experience, have truly
+fallen in love with the cathedral of their station, and remained
+faithful to it for years after their return, like Mr. Howells, whose
+heart and pen still return to Venice and San Carlo, so much to the
+delight of his readers.
+
+This charm appears to lie in the mere grandeur of the edifice as a work
+of art, for we observe it to be most potent over persons who are least
+in sympathy with the feeling which cathedrals embody. Very religious
+people are as likely to be repelled as attracted by them; and, indeed,
+in England and Scotland there are large numbers of Dissenters who have
+avoided entering them all their lives on principle. It is Americans who
+enjoy them most; for they see in them a most captivating assemblage of
+novelties--vast magnitude, solidity of structure only inferior to
+nature's own work, venerable age, harmonious and solemn
+magnificence--all combined in an edifice which can not, on any principle
+of utility, justify its existence, and does not pay the least fraction
+of its expenses. Little do they know personally of the state of feeling
+which made successive generations of human beings willing to live in
+hovels and inhale pollution in order that they might erect those
+wondrous piles. The cost of maintaining them--of which cost the annual
+expenditure in money is the least important part--does not come home to
+us. We abandon ourselves without reserve to the enjoyment of stupendous
+works wholly new to our experience.
+
+[Illustration: Engraved upon a Stall in Sherborne Minster, England.]
+
+It is Americans, also, who are most baffled by the attempt to explain
+the contradiction between the noble proportions of these edifices and
+the decorations upon some of their walls. How could it have been, we ask
+in amazement, that minds capable of conceiving the harmonies of these
+fretted roofs, these majestic colonnades, these symmetrical towers,
+could also have permitted their surfaces to be profaned by sculptures
+so absurd and so abominable that by no artifice of circumlocution can an
+idea of some of them be conveyed in printable words? In close proximity
+to statues of the Virgin, and in chapels whose every line is a line of
+beauty, we know not how to interpret what M. Champfleury truly styles
+"deviltries and obscenities unnamable, vice and passion depicted with
+gross brutality, luxury which has thrown off every disguise, and shows
+itself naked, bestial, and shameless." And these mediaeval artists
+availed themselves of the accumulated buffooneries and monstrosities of
+all the previous ages. The gross conceptions of India, Egypt, Greece,
+and Rome appear in the ornamentation of Christian temples along with
+shapes hideous or grotesque which may have been original. Even the oaken
+stalls in which the officiating priests rested during the prolonged
+ceremonials of festive days are in many cathedrals covered with comic
+carving, some of which is pure caricature. A rather favorite subject was
+the one shown above, a whipping-scene in a school, carved upon an
+ancient stall in an English cathedral.
+
+[Illustration: From a Manuscript of the Thirteenth Century.]
+
+It is not certain, however, that the artist had any comic intention in
+engraving this picture of retributive justice, with which the children
+of former ages were so familiar. It was a standard subject. The troops
+of Flemish carvers who roamed over Europe in the twelfth and thirteenth
+centuries, offering their services wherever a church was to be
+decorated, carried with them port-folios of stock subjects, of which
+this was one. Other carvings are unmistakable caricatures: a monk caught
+making love to a nun, a wife beating her husband, an aged philosopher
+ridden by a woman, monkeys wearing bishops' mitres, barbers drawing
+teeth in ludicrous attitudes, and others less describable. In the huge
+cathedral of English Winchester, which abounds in curious relics of the
+Middle Ages, there is a series of painted panels in the chapel of Our
+Lady, one of which is an evident caricature of the devil. He is having
+his portrait painted, and the Virgin Mary is near the artist, urging him
+to paint him blacker and uglier than usual. The devil does not like
+this, and wears an expression similar to that of a rogue in a modern
+police station who objects to being photographed. Often, however, in
+these old pictures the devil is master of the situation, and exhibits
+contempt for his adversaries in indecorous ways.
+
+If we turn from the sacred edifices to the sacred books used in
+them--those richly illuminated missals, the books of "Hours," the
+psalters, and other works of devotion--we are amazed beyond expression
+to discover upon their brilliant pages a similar taste in ornamentation.
+The school scene on the previous page, in which monkey-headed children
+are playing school, dates back to the thirteenth century.
+
+Burlesque tournaments, in the same taste, often figure in the
+prayer-books among representations of the Madonna, the crucifixion, and
+scenes in the lives of the patriarchs. The gallant hare tilts at the
+fierce cock of the barn-yard, or sly Reynard parries the thrust of the
+clumsy bear.
+
+[Illustration: From a Manuscript Mass-book of the Fourteenth Century.]
+
+One of the most curious relics of those religious centuries is a French
+prayer-book preserved in the British Museum, where it was discovered and
+described by Mr. Malcolm, one of the first persons who ever attempted to
+elucidate the subject of caricature. Besides the "Hours of the Blessed
+Virgin," it contains various prayers and collects, the office for the
+dead, and some psalms, all in Latin. It is illustrated by several
+brilliantly colored, well-drawn, but most grotesque and incomprehensible
+figures, designed, as has been conjectured, to "expose the wicked and
+inordinate lives of the clergy, who were hated by the manuscript writers
+as taking away much of their business." This was the explanation given
+of these remarkable pictures to the trustees of the Museum by the
+collector of whom they bought the volume. Several of them are submitted
+to the reader's ingenuity on the following page.
+
+Besides the specimens given, there is a wolf growling at a snake
+twisting itself round its hind-leg; there is "a grinning-match" between
+a human head on an animal's body and a boar's head on a monkey's body;
+there is a creature like a pea-hen, with two bodies, one neck, and two
+dogs' heads; there is an animal with four bodies and one head; there is
+a bearded man's face and a woman's on one neck, and the body has no
+limbs, but an enormous tail; there is a turret, on the top of which a
+monkey sits, and a savage below is aiming an arrow at him. In the
+British Museum--that unequaled repository of all that is curious and
+rare--there is the famous and splendid psalter of Richard II.,
+containing many strange pictures in the taste of the period. On the
+second page, for example, along with two pictures of the kind usual in
+Catholic works of devotion, there is a third which represents an absurd
+combat within lists between the court-fool and the court-giant. The
+fool, who is also a dwarf, is belaboring the giant with an instrument
+like those hollow clubs used in our pantomimes when the clown is to be
+whacked with great violence. The giant shrinks from the blows, and the
+king, pointing at the dwarf, seems to say, "Go it, little one; I bet
+upon _you_."
+
+[Illustration: From a French Prayer-book of the Thirteenth Century, in
+the British Museum.]
+
+Mr. Malcolm, who copied this picture from the original, where, he says,
+it is most superbly finished, interprets it to be a caricature of the
+famous combat between David and Goliath in the presence of King Saul and
+his court. In the same mass-book there is a highly ridiculous
+representation of Jonah on board ship, with a blue Boreas with cheeks
+puffed out raising the tempest, and a black devil clawing the sail from
+the yard. In selecting a few of the more innocent pictures from the
+prayer-book of Queen Mary, daughter of Henry VIII. of England, Mr.
+Malcolm gives expression to his amazement at the character of the
+drawings, which he dared not exhibit to a British public! Was this book,
+he asks, made on purpose for the queen? Was it a gift or a purchase? But
+whether she bought or whether she accepted it, he thinks she must have
+"delighted in ludicrous and improper ideas," or else "her inclination
+for absurdity and caricature conquered even her religion, in defense of
+which she spread ruin and desolation through her kingdom."
+
+[Illustration: From Queen Mary's Prayer-book, A.D. 1553.]
+
+As the reader has now before his eyes a sufficient number of specimens
+of the grotesque ecclesiastical ornamentation of the period under
+consideration, he is prepared to consider the question which has
+perplexed so many students besides Mr. Malcolm: How are we to account
+for these indecencies in places and books consecrated to devotion? A
+voice from the Church of the fifth century gives us the hint of the true
+answer. "You ask me," writes St. Nilus to Olympiodorus of Alexandria,
+"if it is becoming in us to cover the walls of the sanctuary with
+representations of animals of all kinds, so that we see upon them snares
+set, hares, goats, and other beasts in full flight before hunters
+exhausting themselves in taking and pursuing them with their dogs; and,
+again, upon the bank of a river, all kinds of fish caught by fishermen.
+I answer you that this is a _puerility with which to amuse the eyes of
+the faithful_."[4] To one who is acquainted with the history and genius
+of the Roman Catholic Church, this very simple explanation of the
+incongruity is sufficient. The policy of that wonderful organization in
+every age has been to make every possible concession to ignorance that
+is compatible with the continuance of ignorance. It has sought always
+to amuse, to edify, to moralize, and console ignorance, but never to
+enlighten it. The mind that planned the magnificent cathedral at Rheims,
+of which Mr. Tomes was so much enamored, and the artists who designed
+the glorious San Carlo that kindled rapture in the poetical mind of Mr.
+Howells, did indeed permit the scandalous burlesques that disfigure
+their walls; but they only permitted them. It was a concession which
+they had to grant to the ignorant multitude whose unquestioning faith
+alone made these enormous structures possible.
+
+[Footnote 4: Quoted in Champfleury, p. 7, from "Maxima Bibliotheca
+Patrum," vol. xxvii., p. 323.]
+
+We touch here the question insinuated by Gibbon in his first volume,
+where he plainly enough intimates his belief that Christianity was a
+lapse into barbarism rather than a deliverance from it. Plausible
+arguments in the same direction have been frequently made since Gibbon's
+time by comparing the best of Roman civilization with the worst of the
+self-torturing monkery of the early Christian centuries. In a debate on
+this subject in New York not long since between a member of the bar and
+a doctor of divinity, both of them gentlemen of learning, ability, and
+candor, the lawyer pointed to the famous picture of St. Jerome (A.D.
+375), naked, grasping a human skull, his magnificent head showing vast
+capacity paralyzed by an absorbing terror, and exclaimed, "Behold the
+lapse from Virgil, Horace, Cicero, Seneca, the Plinys, and the
+Antonines!" The answer made by the clergyman was, "That is _not_
+Christianity! In the Christian books no hint of that, no utterance
+justifying that, can be found." Perhaps neither of the disputants
+succeeded in expressing the whole truth on this point. The vaunted Roman
+civilization was, in truth, only a thin crust upon the surface of the
+empire, embracing but one small class in each province, the people
+everywhere being ignorant slaves. Into that inert mass of servile
+ignorance Christianity enters, and receives from it the interpretation
+which ignorance always puts upon ideas advanced or new, interpreting it
+as hungry French peasants in 1792 and South Carolina negroes in 1870
+interpreted modern ideas of human rights. The new leaven set the mass
+heaving and swelling until the crust was broken to pieces. The
+civilization of Marcus Aurelius was lost. From parchment scrolls poetry
+and philosophy were obliterated, that the sheets might be used for
+prayers and meditations. The system of which St. Jerome was the product
+and representative was a baleful mixture, of which nine-tenths were
+Hindoo and the remaining tenth was half Christian and half Plato.
+
+The true inference to be drawn is that no civilization is safe, nor even
+genuine, until it embraces all classes of the community; and the
+promulgation of Christianity was the first step toward that.
+
+As the centuries wore on, the best of the clergy grew restive under this
+monstrous style of ornamentation. "What purpose," wrote St. Bernard,
+about A.D. 1140, "serve in our cloisters, under the eyes of the brothers
+and during their pious readings, those ridiculous monstrosities, those
+prodigies of beauties deformed or deformities made beautiful? Why those
+nasty monkeys, those furious lions, those monstrous centaurs, those
+animals half human, those spotted tigers, those soldiers in combat,
+those huntsmen sounding the horn? Here a single head is fitted to
+several bodies; there upon a single body there are several heads; now a
+quadruped has a serpent's tail, and now a quadruped's head figures upon
+a fish's body. Sometimes it is a monster with the fore parts of a horse
+and the hinder parts of a goat; again an animal with horns ends with the
+hind quarters of a horse. Everywhere is seen a variety of strange forms,
+so numerous and so odd that the brothers occupy themselves more in
+deciphering the marbles than their books, and pass whole days in
+studying all those figures much more attentively than the divine law.
+Great God! if you are not ashamed of such useless things, how, at least,
+can you avoid regretting the enormity of their cost?"
+
+How, indeed! The honest abbe was far from seeing the symbolical meaning
+in those odd figures which modern investigators have imagined. He was
+simply ashamed of the ecclesiastical caricatures; but a century or two
+later ingenious writers began to cover them with the fig-leaves of a
+symbolical interpretation. According to the ingenious M. Durand, who
+wrote (A.D. 1459) thirty years before Luther was born, every part of a
+cathedral has its spiritual meaning. The stones of which it is built
+represent the faithful, the lime that forms part of the cement is an
+emblem of fervent charity, the sand mingled with it signifies the
+actions undertaken by us for the good of our brethren, and the water in
+which these ingredients blend is the symbol of the Holy Ghost. The
+hideous shapes sculptured upon the portals are, of course, _malign
+spirits flying from the temple of the Lord, and seeking refuge in the
+very substance of the walls_! The great length of the temple signifies
+the tireless patience with which the faithful support the ills of this
+life in expectation of their celestial home; its breadth symbolizes that
+large and noble love which embraces both the friends and the enemies of
+God; its height typifies the hope of final pardon; the roof beams are
+the prelates, who by the labor of preaching exhibit the truth in all its
+clearness; the windows are the Scriptures, which receive the light from
+the sun of truth, and keep out the winds, snows, and hail of heresy and
+false doctrine devised by the father of schism and falsehood; the iron
+bars and pins that sustain the windows are the general councils,
+ecumenical and orthodox, which have sustained the holy and canonical
+Scriptures; the two perpendicular stone columns which support the
+windows are the two precepts of Christian charity, to love God and our
+neighbor; the length of the windows shows the profundity and obscurity
+of Scripture, and their roundness indicates that the Church is always in
+harmony with itself.
+
+This is simple enough. But M. Jerome Bugeaud, in his collection of
+"Chansons Populaires" of the western provinces of France, gives part of
+a catechism still taught to children, though coming down from the Middle
+Ages, which carries this quaint symbolizing to a point of the highest
+absurdity. The catechism turns upon the sacred character of the lowly
+animal that most needed any protection which priestly ingenuity could
+afford. Here are a few of the questions and answers:
+
+_Priest._ "What signify the two ears of the ass?"
+
+_Child._ "The two ears of the ass signify the two great patron saints of
+our city."
+
+_Priest._ "What signifies the head of the ass?"
+
+_Child._ "The head of the ass signifies the great bell, and the halter
+the clapper of the great bell, which is in the tower of the cathedral of
+the patron saints of our city."
+
+_Priest._ "What signifies the ass's mouth?"
+
+_Child._ "The ass's mouth signifies the great door of the cathedral of
+the patron saints of our city."
+
+_Priest._ "What signify the four feet of the ass?"
+
+_Child._ "The four feet of the ass signify the four great pillars of the
+cathedral of the patron saints of our city."
+
+_Priest._ "What signifies the paunch of the ass?"
+
+_Child._ "The paunch of the ass signifies the great chest wherein
+Christians put their offerings to the patron saints of our cathedral."
+
+_Priest._ "What signifies the tail of the ass?"
+
+_Child._ "The tail of the ass signifies the holy-water brush of the good
+dean of the cathedral of the patron saints of our city."
+
+The priest does not stop at the tail, but pursues the symbolism with a
+simplicity and innocence which do not bear translating into our blunt
+English words. As late as 1750 Bishop Burnet saw in a church at Worms an
+altarpiece of a crudity almost incredible. It represented the Virgin
+Mary throwing Christ into the hopper of a windmill, from the spout of
+which he was issuing in the form of sacramental wafers, and priests were
+about to distribute them among the people. The unquestionable purpose of
+this picture was to assist the faith and animate the piety of the people
+of Worms.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER VI.
+
+SECULAR CARICATURE IN THE MIDDLE AGES.
+
+
+[Illustration: Gog and Magog, the Giants in the Guildhall of London.]
+
+If we turn from the sacred to the secular, we find the ornamentation not
+less barbarous. Many readers have seen the two giants that stand in the
+Guildhall of London, where they, or ugly images like them, have stood
+from time immemorial. A little book sold near by used to inform a
+credulous public that Gog and Magog were two gigantic brothers taken
+prisoners in Cornwall fighting against the Trojan invaders, who brought
+them in triumph to the site of London, where their chief chained them to
+the gate of his palace as porters. But, unfortunately for this romantic
+tale, Mr. Fairholt, in his work upon the giants,[5] makes it known that
+many other towns and cities of Europe cherish from a remote antiquity
+similar images. He gives pictures of the Salisbury giant, the huge
+helmeted giant in Antwerp, the family of giants at Douai, the giant and
+giantess of Ath, the giants of Brussels, as well as of the mighty dragon
+of Norwich, with practicable iron jaw.
+
+[Footnote 5: "Gog and Magog: the Giants in Guildhall," by F. W.
+Fairholt, F.S.A., London, 1859.]
+
+[Illustration: Head of the Great Dragon of Norwich.]
+
+We may therefore discard learned theories and sage conjectures
+concerning Gog and Magog, and attribute them to the poverty of invention
+and the barbarity of taste which prevailed in the ages of faith.
+
+[Illustration: Souls Weighed in the Balance. (Bas-relief of the Autun
+Cathedral.)]
+
+One of the subjects most frequently chosen for caricature during this
+period was that cunning and audacious enemy of God and man, the devil--a
+composite being, made up of the Satan who tested Job, the devil who
+tempted Jesus, and the Egyptian Osiris who weighed souls in the balance,
+and claimed as his own those found wanting. The theory of the universe
+then generally accepted was that the world was merely a field of strife
+between God and this malignant spirit; on the side of God were ranged
+archangels, angels, the countless host of celestial beings, and all the
+saints on earth and in heaven, while on the devil's side were a vast
+army of fallen spirits and all the depraved portion of the human race.
+The simple souls of that period did not accept this explanation in an
+allegorical sense, but as the most literal statement of facts familiarly
+known, concerning which no one in Christendom had any doubt whatever.
+The devil was as composite in his external form as he was in his
+traditional character. All the mythologies appear to have contributed
+something to his make-up, until he had acquired many of the most
+repulsive features and members of which animated nature gives the
+suggestion. He was hairy, hoofed, and horned; he had a forked tail; he
+had a countenance which expressed the fox's cunning, the serpent's
+malice, the pig's appetite, the monkey's grin. As to his body, it varied
+according to the design of the artist, but it usually resembled
+creatures base or loathsome.
+
+[Illustration: Struggle for the Possession of a Soul between Angel and
+Devil. (From a Psalter, 1300.)]
+
+In one picture there is a very rude but curious representation of the
+weighing of souls, superintended by the devil and an archangel. The
+devil, in the form of a hog, has won a prize in the soul of a wicked
+woman, which he is carrying off in a highly disrespectful manner, while
+casting a backward glance to see that he has fair play in the next
+weighing. This was an exceedingly favorite subject with the artists of
+the eleventh and twelfth centuries. They delighted to picture the
+devil, in their crude uncompromising way, as an insatiate miser of
+human souls, eager to seize them, demanding a thousand, a million, a
+billion, _all_; and when one appeared in the scales so void of guilt
+that the good angel must needs possess it, he may be seen slyly putting
+a finger upon the opposite scale to weigh it down, and this sometimes in
+spite of the angel's remonstrance. In one picture, described by M.
+Merimee in his "Voyage en Auvergne," the devil plays this trick at a
+moment when the archangel Michael has turned to look another way.
+
+[Illustration: Lost Souls cast into Hell. (From Queen Mary's Psalter.)]
+
+It is a strange circumstance that in a large number of these
+representations the devil is exhibited triumphant, and in others the
+victory is at least doubtful. In a splendid psalter preserved in the
+British Museum there is a large picture (an engraving of which is given
+on the preceding page) of a soul climbing an extremely steep and high
+mountain, on the summit of which a winged archangel stands with
+outstretched arms to receive him. The soul has nearly reached the top;
+another step will bring him within the archangel's reach; but behind him
+is the devil with a long three-pronged clawing instrument, which he is
+about to thrust into the hair of the ascending saint; and no man can
+tell which is to finally have that soul, the angel or the devil. M.
+Champfleury describes a capital in a French church which represents one
+of the minions of the devil carrying a lizard, symbol of evil, which he
+is about to add to the scale containing the sins; and the spectator is
+left to infer that fraud of this kind is likely to be successful, for
+underneath is written, "_Ecce Diabolus!_" It is as if the artist had
+said, "Such is the devil, and this is one of his modes of entrapping his
+natural prey of human souls!" From a large number of similar pictures
+the inference is fair that, let a man lead a spotless life from the
+cradle to the grave, the devil, by a mere trick, may get his soul at
+last. Some of the artists might be suspected of sympathizing with the
+devil in his triumphs over the weakness of man. Observe, for example,
+the comic exuberance of the above picture, in which devils are seen
+tumbling their immortal booty into the jaws of perdition.
+
+It is difficult to look at this picture without feeling that the artist
+must have been alive to the humors of the situation. It is, however, the
+opinion of students of these quaint relics that the authors of such
+designs honestly intended to excite horror, not hilarity. Queen Mary
+probably saw in this picture, as she turned the page of her sumptuous
+psalter, an argument to inflame her bloody zeal for the ancient faith.
+In the writings of some of the early fathers we observe the same
+appearance of joyous exultation at the sufferings of the lost, if not a
+sense of the comic absurdity of their doom. Readers may remember the
+passage from Tertullian (A.D. 200) quoted so effectively by Gibbon:
+
+"You are fond of all spectacles," exclaims this truly ferocious
+Christian; "expect the greatest of all spectacles, the last and eternal
+judgment of the universe. How shall I rejoice, how laugh, how exult,
+when I behold so many proud monarchs and fancied gods groaning in the
+lowest abyss of darkness; so many magistrates who persecuted the name of
+the Lord liquefying in fiercer fires than they ever kindled against
+Christians; so many sage philosophers blushing in red-hot flames with
+their deluded scholars; so many celebrated poets trembling before the
+tribunal; so many tragedians more tuneful in the expression of their own
+sufferings; so many dancers--"
+
+[Illustration: Devils seizing their Prey. (Bas-relief on the Portal of a
+Church at Troyes.)]
+
+This is assuredly not the utterance of compassion, but rather of the
+fierce delight of an unregenerate Roman, when at the amphitheatre he
+doomed a rival's defeated gladiator to death by pointing downward with
+his thumb. In a similar spirit such pictures were conceived as the one
+given above.
+
+The sculptor, it is apparent, is "with" the adversary of mankind in the
+present case. Kings and bishops carried things with a high hand during
+their mortal career, but the devils have them at last with a rope round
+their necks, crown and mitre notwithstanding!
+
+The devil was not always victor. There was One whom neither his low
+cunning nor his bland address nor his blunt audacity could beguile--the
+Son of God, his predestined conqueror. The passages in the Gospels which
+relate the attempts made by Satan to tempt the Lord furnished congenial
+subjects to the illuminators of the Middle Ages, and they treated those
+subjects with their usual enormous crudity. In one very ancient Saxon
+psalter, in manuscript, preserved at the British Museum, there is a
+colossal Christ, with one foot upon a devil, the other foot about to
+fall upon a second devil, and with his hands delivering from the open
+mouth of a third devil human souls, who hold up to him their hands
+clasped as in prayer. In this picture the sympathies of the artist are
+evidently not on the side of the evil spirits. Their malevolence is
+apparent, and their attitude is ignominious. The rescued souls are,
+indeed, a pigmy crew, of woe-begone aspect; but their resistless
+Deliverer towers aloft in such imposing altitude that the tallest of the
+saints hardly reaches above his knees. In another picture of very early
+date, the Lord upon a high place is rescuing a soul from three scoffing
+devils, who are endeavoring to pull him down to perdition by cords
+twisted round his legs. _This_ soul we are permitted to consider safe;
+but below, in a corner of the spacious drawing, a winged archangel is
+spearing a lost soul into the flames of hell, using the spear in the
+manner of a farmer handling a pitchfork.
+
+[Illustration: The Temptation.]
+
+These ancient attempts to exhibit the endless conflict between good and
+evil are too rude even to be interesting. The specimen annexed, of later
+date, about 1475, occurs in a Poor People's Bible (_Biblia Pauperum_),
+block-printed, in which it forms part of an extensive frontispiece. The
+book was once the property of George III., at the sale of whose personal
+effects it was bought for the British Museum, where it now is. It has
+the additional interest of being one of the oldest specimens of
+wood-engraving yet discovered.
+
+The mountain in the background, adorned by a single tree, is the height
+to which the Lord was taken by the tempter, and from which the devil
+urged him to cast himself down.
+
+A very frequent object of caricature during the ages when terror ruled
+the minds of men was human life itself--its brevity, its uncertainty,
+and the absurd, ill-timed suddenness with which inexorable death
+sometimes cuts it short. Herodotus records that at the banquets of the
+Egyptians it was customary for a person to carry about the table the
+figure of a corpse lying upon a coffin, and to cry out, "Behold this
+image of what yourselves shall be; therefore eat, drink, and be merry."
+There are traces of a similar custom in the records of other ancient
+nations, among whom it was regarded as a self-evident truth that the
+shortness of life was a reason for making the most of it while it
+lasted. And their notion of making the most of it was to get from it the
+greatest amount of pleasure. This vulgar scheme of existence vanished at
+the promulgation of the doctrine that the condition of every soul was
+fixed unalterably at the moment of its severance from the body, or, at
+best, after a short period of purgation, and that the only way to avoid
+unending anguish was to do what the Church commanded and to avoid what
+the Church forbade. Terror from that time ruled Christendom. Terror
+covered the earth with ecclesiastical structures, gave the Church a
+tenth of all revenues and two-fifths of all property. By every possible
+device death was clothed with new and vivid terrors, and in every
+possible way the truth was brought home to the mind that the coming of
+death could be as unexpected as it was inevitable and unwelcome. The
+tolling of the church-bell spread the gloom of the death-chamber over
+the whole town; and the death-crier, with bell and lantern, wearing a
+garment made terrible by a skull and cross-bones, went his rounds, by
+day or night, crying to all good people to pray for the soul just
+departed.[6]
+
+[Footnote 6: "Essai sur les Dances des Morts," vol. i., p. 151, par E.
+H. Langlois, Paris, 1852.]
+
+[Illustration: French Death-crier--"Pray for the Soul just departed."]
+
+These criers did not cease to perambulate the streets of Paris until
+about the year 1690, and M. Langlois informs us that in remote provinces
+of France their doleful cry was heard as recently as 1850.
+
+Blessed gift of humor! Against the most complicated and effective
+apparatus of terror ever contrived, worked by the most powerful
+organization that ever existed, the sense of the ludicrous asserted
+itself, and saved the human mind from being crushed down into abject and
+hopeless idiocy. The readers of "Don Quixote" can not have forgotten the
+colloquy in the highway between the Knight of the Sorrowful Countenance
+and the head of the company of strollers.
+
+"'Sir,' replied the Devil, politely, stopping his cart, 'we are the
+actors of the company of the Evil Spirit. This morning, which is the
+octave of Corpus Christi, we have represented the play of the Empire of
+Death. This young man played Death, and this one an Angel. This woman,
+who is the wife of the author of the comedy, is the Queen. Over there is
+one who played the part of an Emperor, and the other man that of a
+Soldier. As to myself, I am the Devil, at your service, and one of the
+principal actors.'"
+
+[Illustration: Death and the Cripple.]
+
+For centuries the comedy of Death was a standard play at high festivals,
+the main interest being the rude, sudden interruption of human lives and
+joys and schemes by the grim messenger. Art adopted the theme, and the
+Dance of Death began to figure among the decorations of ecclesiastical
+structures and on the vellum of illuminated prayer-books. No sculptor
+but executed his Dance of Death; no painter but tried his skill upon it;
+and by whomsoever the subject was treated, the element of humor was
+seldom wanting.
+
+So numerous are the pictures and series of pictures usually styled
+Dances of Death, that a descriptive catalogue of them would fill the
+space assigned to this chapter; and the literature to which they have
+given rise forms an important class of the works relating to the Middle
+Ages. Two phases of the subject were especially attractive to artists.
+One was the impartiality of Death, noted by Horace in the familiar
+passage; and the other the incongruity between the summons to depart and
+the condition of the person summoned. When these two aspects of the
+subject had become hackneyed, artists pleased themselves sometimes with
+a treatment precisely the opposite, and represented Death dancing gayly
+away with the most battered, ancient, and forlorn of human kind, who had
+least reason to love life, but did not the less shrink from the
+skeleton's icy touch. Every one feels the comic absurdity of gay and
+sprightly Death hurrying off to the tomb a cripple as dilapidated as the
+one in the picture above. In another engraving we see Death, with
+exaggerated courtesy, handing to an open tomb an extremely old man just
+able to totter.
+
+[Illustration: Death and the Old Man.]
+
+Another subject in the same series is Death dragging at the garment of a
+peddler, who is so heavily laden as he trudges along the highway that
+one would imagine even the rest of the grave welcome. But the peddler,
+too, makes a very wry face when he recognizes who it is that has
+interrupted his weary tramp. The triumphant gayety of Death in this
+picture is in humorous contrast with the lugubrious expression on the
+countenance of his victim.
+
+[Illustration: Death and the Peddler.]
+
+[Illustration: Death and the Knight.]
+
+In other series we have Death dressed as a beau seizing a young maiden,
+Death taking from a house-maid her broom, Death laying hold of a
+washer-woman, Death taking apples from an apple-stand, Death beckoning
+away a bar-maid, Death summoning a female mourner at a funeral, and
+Death plundering a tinker's basket. Death, standing in a grave, pulls
+the grave-digger in by the leg; seated on a plow, he seizes the farmer;
+with an ale-pot at his back, he throttles an inn-keeper who is
+adulterating his liquors; he strikes with a bone the irksome chain of
+matrimony, and thus sets free a couple bound by it; he mows down a
+philosopher holding a clock; upon a miser who has thrust his body deep
+down into a massive chest he shuts the heavy lid; he shows himself in
+the mirror in which a young beauty is looking; to a philosopher seated
+in his study he enters and presents an hour-glass. A pope on his throne
+is crowning an emperor kneeling at his feet, with princes, cardinals,
+and bishops in attendance, when a Death appears at his side, and another
+in his retinue dressed as a cardinal. Death lays his hand upon an
+emperor's crown at the moment when he is doing justice to a poor man
+against a rich; but in another picture of the same series, Death seizes
+a duke while he is disdainfully turning from a poor woman with her child
+who has asked alms of him. The dignitaries of the Church were not
+spared. Fat abbots, gorgeous cardinals, and vehement preachers all
+figure in these series in circumstances of honor and of dishonor. In
+most of them the person summoned yields to King Death without a
+struggle; but in one a knight makes a furious resistance, laying about
+him with a broadsword most energetically. It is of no avail. Death runs
+him through the body with his own lance, though in the other picture the
+weapon in Death's hand was only a long thigh-bone.
+
+Mr. Longfellow, in his "Golden Legend," has availed himself of the Dance
+of Death painted on the walls of the covered bridge at Lucerne to give
+naturalness and charm to the conversation of Elsie and Prince Henry
+while they are crossing the river. The strange pictures excite the
+curiosity of Elsie, and the Prince explains them to her as they walk:
+
+ "_Elsie._ What is this picture?
+
+ "_Prince._ It is a young man singing to a nun,
+ Who kneels at her devotions, but in kneeling
+ Turns round to look at him; and Death meanwhile
+ Is putting out the candles on the altar!
+
+ "_Elsie._ Ah, what a pity 'tis that she should listen
+ Unto such songs, when in her orisons
+ She might have heard in heaven the angels singing!
+
+ "_Prince._ Here he has stolen a jester's cap and bells,
+ And dances with the queen.
+
+ "_Elsie._ A foolish jest!
+
+ "_Prince._ And here the heart of the new-wedded wife,
+ Coming from church with her beloved lord,
+ He startles with the rattle of his drum.
+
+ "_Elsie._ Ah, that is sad! And yet perhaps 'tis best
+ That she should die with all the sunshine on her
+ And all the benedictions of the morning,
+ Before this affluence of golden light
+ Shall fade into a cold and clouded gray,
+ Then into darkness!
+
+ "_Prince._ Under it is written,
+ 'Nothing but death shall separate thee and me!'
+
+ "_Elsie._ And what is this that follows close upon it?
+
+ "_Prince._ Death playing on a dulcimer."
+
+And so the lovers converse on the bridge, all covered from end to end
+with these caricatures of human existence, until the girl hurries with
+affright from what she calls "this great picture-gallery of death."
+
+Tournaments were among the usual subjects of caricature during the
+century or two preceding the Reformation. Some specimens have already
+been given from the illuminated prayer-books (pp. 44, 46). The device,
+however, seldom rises above the ancient one of investing animals with
+the gifts and qualities of men. Monkeys mounted upon the backs of dogs
+tilt at one another with long lances, or monsters utterly nondescript
+charge upon other monsters more ridiculous than themselves.
+
+All the ordinary foibles of human nature received attention. These never
+change. There are always gluttons, misers, and spendthrifts. There are
+always weak men and vain women. There are always husbands whose wives
+deceive and worry them, as there are always wives whom husbands worry
+and deceive; and the artists of the Middle Ages, in their own direct
+rude fashion, turned both into caricature. The mere list of subjects
+treated in Brandt's "Ship of Fools," written when Luther was a
+school-boy, shows us that men were men and women were women in 1490.
+That quaint reformer of manners dealt mild rebuke to men who gathered
+great store of books and put them to no good use; to women who were ever
+changing the fashion of their dress; to men who began to build without
+counting the cost; to "great borrowers and slack payers;" to fools "who
+will serve two lords both together;" to them who correct others while
+themselves are "culpable in the same fault;" to "fools who can not keep
+secret their own counsel;" to people who believe in "predestinacyon;" to
+men who attend closely to other people's business, leaving their own
+undone; to "old folks that give example of vice to youth;" and so on
+through the long catalogue of human follies. His homely and wise ditties
+are illustrated by pictures of curious simplicity. Observe the one
+subjoined, in which "a foule" is weighing the transitory things of this
+world against things everlasting, one being represented by a scale full
+of castles and towers, and the other by a scale full of stars--the
+earthly castles outweighing the heavenly bodies in the balance of this
+"foule."
+
+[Illustration: Heaven and Earth weighed in the Balance. (From "The Ship
+of Fools.")]
+
+One of the quaint poems of the gentle priest descants upon the bad
+behavior of people at church. This poem has an historical interest, for
+it throws light upon the manners of the time, over which poetry,
+tradition, and romance have thrown a very delusive charm. We learn from
+it that while the Christian people of Europe were on their knees praying
+in church they were liable to be disturbed by the "mad noise and shout"
+of a loitering crowd; by knights coming in from the field, falcon upon
+wrist, with their dogs yelping at their heels; by men chaffering and
+bargaining as they walked up and down; by the wanton laughter of girls
+ogled by young men; by lawyers conferring with clients; and by all the
+usual noises of a crowd at a fair. The author wonders
+
+ "That the false paynyms within theyr Temples be
+ To theyr ydols moche more devout than we."
+
+The worthy Brandt was not the only satirist of Church manners. The
+"Usurer's Paternoster," given by M. Champfleury, is more incisive than
+Brandt's amiable remonstrance. The usurer, hurrying away to church,
+tells his wife that if any one comes to borrow money while he is gone,
+some one must be sent in all haste for him. On his way he says his
+paternoster thus:
+
+"_Our Father._ Blessed Lord God [Beau Sire Dieu], be favorable to me,
+and give me grace to prosper exceedingly. Let me become the richest
+money-lender in the world. _Who art in heaven._ I am sorry I wasn't at
+home the day that woman came to borrow. Really I am a fool to go to
+church, where I can gain nothing. _Hallowed be thy name._ It's too bad I
+have a servant so expert in pilfering my money. _Thy kingdom come._ I
+have a mind to go home to see what my wife is about. I'll bet she sells
+a chicken while I am away, and keeps the money. _Thy will be done._ It
+pops into my mind that the chevalier who owed me fifty francs paid me
+only half. _In heaven._ Those damned Jews do a rushing business in
+lending to every one. I should like very much to do as they do. _As on
+earth._ The king plagues me to death in raising taxes so often."
+
+Arrived at church, the money-lender goes through part of the service as
+best he may; but as soon as sermon time comes, off he goes, saying to
+himself, "I must get away home: the priest is going to preach a sermon
+to draw money out of our purses." Doubtless the priest in those times of
+ignorance had to deal with many most profane and unspiritual people, who
+could only be restrained by fear, and to whose "puerility" much had to
+be conceded. In touching upon the Church manners of the Middle Ages, M.
+Champfleury makes a remark that startles a Protestant mind accustomed
+only to the most exact decorum in churches. "Old men _of to-day_"
+(1850), he says, speaking of France, "will recall to mind the _gayety_
+of the midnight masses, when buffoons from the country waited
+impatiently to send down showers of small torpedoes upon the pavement of
+the nave, to barricade the alcoves with mountains of chairs, to fill
+with ink the holy-water basins, and to steal kisses in out-of-the-way
+corners from girls who would not give them." These proceedings, which M.
+Champfleury styles "the pleasantries of our fathers," were among the
+concessions made by a worldly-wise old Church to the "puerility" of the
+people, or rather to the absolute necessity of occasional hilarious fun
+to healthy existence.
+
+Amusing and even valuable caricatures six and seven centuries old have
+been discovered upon parchment documents in the English record offices,
+executed apparently by idle clerks for their amusement when they had
+nothing else to do. One of these, copied by Mr. Wright, gives us the
+popular English conception of an Irish warrior of the thirteenth
+century.
+
+[Illustration: English Caricature of an Irishman, A.D. 1280.]
+
+The broad-axes of the Irish were held in great terror by the English. An
+historian of Edward I.'s time, while discoursing on that supreme
+perplexity of British kings and ministers, how Ireland should be
+governed _after_ being quite reduced to subjection, expresses the
+opinion that the Irish ought not to be allowed in time of peace to use
+"that detestable instrument of destruction which by an ancient but
+accursed custom they constantly carry in their hands instead of a
+staff." The modern Irish shillalah, then, is only the residuum of the
+ancient Irish broad-axe--the broad-axe with its head taken off. The
+humanized Irishman of to-day is content with the handle of "the
+detestable instrument." Other pen-and-ink sketches of England's dreaded
+foes, the Irish and the Welsh, have been found upon ancient vellum
+rolls, but none better than the specimen given has yet been copied.
+
+The last object of caricature which can be mentioned in the present
+chapter is the Jew--the odious Jew--accursed by the clergy _as_ a Jew,
+despised by good citizens as a usurer, and dreaded by many a profligate
+Christian as the holder of mortgages upon his estate. When the ruling
+class of a country loses its hold upon virtue, becomes profuse in
+expenditure, ceases to comply with natural law, comes to regard
+licentious living as something to be expected of young blood, and makes
+a jest of a decorous and moral conversation, then there is usually in
+that country a less refined, stronger class, who _do_ comply with
+natural law, who _do_ live in that virtuous, frugal, and orderly manner
+by which alone families can be perpetuated and states established. In
+several communities during the centuries preceding the Reformation, when
+the nobles and great merchants wasted their substance in riotous living
+or in insensate pilgrimages and crusades, the Jew was the virtuous,
+sensible, and solvent man. He did not escape the evil influence wrought
+into the texture of the character by living in an atmosphere of hatred
+and contempt, nor the narrowness of mind caused by his being excluded
+from all the more generous and high avocations. But he remained through
+all those dismal ages temperate, chaste, industrious, and saving, as
+well as heroically faithful to the best light on high things that he
+had. Hence he always had money to lend, and he could only lend it to men
+who were too glad to think he had no rights which they were bound to
+respect.
+
+The caricature on the next page was also discovered upon a vellum roll
+in the Public Record Office in London, the work of some idle clerk 642
+years ago, and recently transferred to an English work[7] of much
+interest, in which it serves as a frontispiece.
+
+[Footnote 7: "History of Crime in England," vol. i., by Luke Owen Pike,
+London, 1873.]
+
+[Illustration: Caricature of the Jews in England, A.D. 1233.]
+
+The ridicule is aimed at the famous Jew, Isaac of Norwich, a rich
+money-lender and merchant, to whom abbots, bishops, and wealthy vicars
+were heavily indebted. At Norwich he had a wharf at which his vessels
+could receive and discharge their freights, and whole districts were
+mortgaged to him at once. He lent money to the king's exchequer. He was
+the Rothschild of his day. In the picture, which represents the outside
+of a castle--his own castle, wrested from some lavish Christian by a
+money-lender's wiles--the Jew Isaac stands above all the other figures,
+and is blessed with four faces and a crown, which imply, as Mr. Pike
+conjectures, that, let him look whichever way he will, he beholds
+possessions over which he holds kingly sway. Lower down, and nearer the
+centre, are Mosse Mokke, another Jewish money-lender of Norwich, and
+Madame Avegay, one of many Jewesses who lent money, between whom is a
+horned devil pointing to their noses. The Jewish nose was a peculiarly
+offensive feature to Christians, and was usually exaggerated by
+caricaturists. The figure holding up scales heaped with coin is, so far
+as we can guess, merely a taunt; and the seating of Dagon, the god of
+the Philistines, upon the turret seems to be an intimation that the
+Jews, in their dispersion, had abandoned the God of their fathers, and
+taken up with the deity of his inveterate foes.
+
+So far as the records of those ages disclose, there was no one
+enlightened enough to judge the long-suffering Jews with just allowance.
+Luther's aversion to them was morbid and violent. He confesses, in his
+Table-talk, that if it had fallen to his lot to have much to do with
+Jews, his patience would have given way; and when, one day, Dr. Menius
+asked him how a Jew ought to be baptized, he replied, "You must fill a
+large tub with water, and, having divested a Jew of his clothes, cover
+him with a white garment. He must then sit down in the tub, and you must
+baptize him quite under the water." He said further to Dr. Menius that
+if a Jew, not converted at heart, were to ask baptism at his hands, he
+would take him to the bridge, tie a stone round his neck, and hurl him
+into the river, such an obstinate and scoffing race were they. If Luther
+felt thus toward them, we can not wonder that the luxurious dignitaries
+of the Church, two centuries before his time, should have had qualms of
+conscience with regard to paying Isaac of Norwich interest upon money
+borrowed.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER VII.
+
+CARICATURES PRECEDING THE REFORMATION.
+
+
+[Illustration: Luther inspired by Satan.]
+
+We have in this strange, rude picture[8] a device of contemporary
+caricature to cast ridicule upon the movement of which Martin Luther was
+the conspicuous figure. It is reduced from a large wood-cut which
+appeared in Germany at the crisis of the lion-hearted reformer's career,
+the year of his appearance at the Diet of Worms, when he said to
+dissuading friends, "If I knew there were as many devils at Worms as
+there are tiles upon the houses, I would go." The intention of the
+artist is obvious; but, in addition to the leading purpose, he desired,
+as Mr. Chatto conjectures, to remind his public of the nasal drawl of
+the preaching friars of the time, for which they were as proverbial as
+the Puritans of London in Cromwell's day. Such is the poverty of human
+invention that the idea of this caricature has been employed several
+times since Luther's time--even as recently as 1873, when a London
+draughtsman made it serve his turn in the contentions of party politics.
+
+[Footnote 8: From "A Treatise on Wood-engraving," p. 268, by Jackson and
+Chatto, London, 1866.]
+
+The best humorous talent of Christendom, whether it wrought with pencil
+or with pen, whether it avowed or veiled its sympathy with reform, was
+on Luther's side. It prepared the way for his coming, co-operated with
+him during his life-time, carried on his work after he was gone, and
+continues it to the present hour.
+
+Recent investigators tell us, indeed, that the Reformation began in
+laughter, which the Church itself nourished and sanctioned. M.
+Viollet-le-Duc, author of the "Dictionnaire d'Architecture," discourses
+upon the gradual change which church decorators of the Middle Ages
+effected in the figure of the devil. Upon edifices erected before the
+year 1000 there are few traces of the devil, and upon those of much
+earlier date none at all; but from the eleventh century he "begins to
+play an important _role_," artists striving which should give him the
+most hideous form. No one was then audacious enough to take liberties
+with a being so potent, so awful, so real, the competitor and antagonist
+of the Almighty Lord of Heaven and Earth. But mortals must laugh, and
+familiarity produces its well-known effect. In the eyes of men of the
+world the devil became gradually less terrible and more grotesque,
+became occasionally ridiculous, often contemptible, sometimes silly. His
+tricks are met by tricks more cunning than his own; he is duped, and
+retires discomfited. Before Luther appeared on the scene, the painters
+and sculptors, not to mention the authors and poets, had made progress
+in reducing the devil from the grade of an antagonist of deity and
+arch-enemy of men to that of a cunning and amusing deceiver of
+simpletons. "The great devil," as the author just mentioned remarks,
+"sculptured over the door of the Autun Cathedral in the twelfth century
+is a frightful being, well designed to strike terror to unformed souls;
+but the young devils carved in bas-reliefs of the fifteenth century are
+more comic than terrible, and it is evident that the artists who
+executed them cared very little for the wicked tricks of the Evil
+Spirit." We may be sure that the artist who could sketch the devil
+fiddling upon a pair of bellows with a kitchen dipper had outgrown the
+horror which that personage had once excited in all minds. Such a sketch
+is here reproduced from a Flemish MS. in the library of Cambrai.
+
+[Illustration: Devil fiddling upon a Pair of Bellows.]
+
+But this could not be said of the great mass of Christian people for
+centuries after. Luther, as the reader is aware, speaks of the devil
+with as absolute an assurance of his existence, activity, and nearness
+as if he were a member of his own household. God, he once said, mocks
+and scorns the devil by putting under his nose such a weak creature as
+man; and at other times he dwelt upon the hardness of the conflict which
+the devil has to maintain. "It were not good for us to know how
+earnestly the holy angels strive for us against the devil, or how hard a
+combat it is. If we could see for how many angels one devil makes work,
+we should be in despair." Many devils, he remarks with curious
+certainty, are in forests, in waters, in wildernesses, in dark pooly
+places, ready to hurt and prejudice people; and there are some in the
+thick black clouds, which cause hail, lightnings, and thunderings, and
+poison the air, the pastures, and grounds. He derides the philosophers
+and physicians who say that these things have merely natural causes; and
+as to the witches who torment honest people, and spoil their eggs, milk,
+and butter, "I should have no compassion upon them--I would burn them
+all." The Table-talk of the great reformer is full of such robust
+credulity.
+
+Luther represented, as much as he reformed, his age and country. In
+these utterances of his we discern the spirit against which the humor
+and gayety of art had to contend, and over which it has gained a tardy
+victory, not yet complete. Let us keep in mind also that in those
+twilight ages, as in all ages, there were the two contending influences
+which we now call "the world" and "the church." In other words, there
+were people who took the devil lightly, as they did all invisible and
+spiritual things, and there were people who dreaded the devil in every
+"dark pooly place," and to whom nothing could be a jest which
+appertained to him. Humorous art has in it healing and admonition for
+both these classes.
+
+[Illustration: Oldest Drawing in the British Museum, A.D. 1320.]
+
+It was in those centuries, also, that men of the world learned to laugh
+at the clergy, and, again, not without clerical encouragement. In the
+brilliantly illuminated religious manuscripts of the two centuries
+preceding Luther, along with other ludicrous and absurd images, of which
+specimens have been given, we find many pictures in which the vices of
+the religious orders are exhibited. The oldest drawing in the British
+Museum, one of the only two that bear the date 1320, shows us two devils
+tossing a monk headlong from a bridge into a rough and rapid river, an
+act which they perform in a manner not calculated to excite serious
+thought in modern minds.
+
+In the old Strasburg Cathedral there was a brass door, made in 1545,
+upon which was engraved a convent with a procession of monks issuing
+from it bearing the cross and banners. The foremost figure of this
+procession was a monk carrying a girl upon his shoulders. This was not
+the coarse fling of an enemy. It was not the scoff of an Erasmus, who
+said once, "These paunchy monks are called _fathers_, and they take good
+care to deserve the name." It was engraved on the eternal brass of a
+religious edifice for the warning and edification of the faithful.
+
+Nothing more surprises the modern reader than the frequency and severity
+with which the clergy of those centuries were denounced and satirized,
+as well by themselves as by others. A Church which showed itself
+sensitive to the least taint of what it deemed heresy appears to have
+beheld with indifference the exhibition of its moral delinquencies--nay,
+taken the lead in exposing them. It was a clergyman who said, in the
+Council of Siena, fifty years before Luther was born: "We see to-day
+priests who are usurers, wine-shop keepers, merchants, governors of
+castles, notaries, stewards, and debauch brokers. The only trade which
+they have not yet commenced is that of executioner. The bishops surpass
+Epicurus himself in sensuality, and it is between the courses of a
+banquet that they discuss the authority of the Pope and that of the
+Council." The same speaker related that St. Bridget, being in St.
+Peter's at Rome, looked up in a religious ecstasy, and saw the nave
+filled with mitred hogs. She asked the Lord to explain this fantastic
+vision. "These," replied the Lord, "are the bishops and abbes of
+to-day." M. Champfleury, the first living authority on subjects of this
+nature, declares that the manuscript Bibles of the century preceding
+Luther are so filled with pictures exhibiting monks and nuns in
+equivocal circumstances that he was only puzzled to decide which
+specimens were most suitable to give his readers an adequate idea of
+them.
+
+From mere gayety of heart, from the exuberant jollity of a
+well-beneficed scholar, whose future was secure and whose time was all
+his own, some of the higher clergy appear to have jested upon themselves
+and their office. Two finely engraved seals have been found in France,
+one dating as far back as 1300, which represent monkeys arrayed in the
+vestments of a Church dignitary. Upon one of them the monkey wears the
+hood and holds the staff of an abbot, and upon the other the animal
+appears in the character of a bishop.
+
+[Illustration: Bishop's Seal, A.D. 1300.]
+
+One of these seals is known to have been executed at the express order
+of an abbot. The other, a copy of which is given here, was found in the
+ruins of an ancient chateau of Picardy, and bears the inscription, "LE:
+SCEL: DE: LEUECQUE: DE: LA: CYTE: DE: PINON"--"The seal of the bishop of
+the city of Pinon." This interesting relic was at first thought to be
+the work of some scoffing Huguenot, but there can now be no doubt of its
+having been the merry conceit of the personage whose title it bears. The
+discovery of the record relating to the monkey seal of the abbot,
+showing it to have been ordered and paid for by the actual head of a
+great monastery, throws light upon all the grotesque ornamentation of
+those centuries. It suggests to us also the idea that the clergy joined
+in the general ridicule of their order as much from a sense of the
+ludicrous as from conviction of its justice. In the British Museum there
+is a religious manuscript of the thirteenth century, splendidly
+illuminated, one of the initial letters of which represents a young
+friar drawing wine from a cask in a cellar, that contains several
+humorous points. With his left hand he holds the great wine-jug, into
+which the liquid is running from the barrel; with his right he lifts to
+his lips a bowlful of the wine, and from the same hand dangle the large
+keys of the cellar. If this was intended as a hint to the younger
+brethren how they ought not to behave when sent to the cellar for wine,
+the artist evidently felt also the comic absurdity of the situation.
+
+The vast cellars still to be seen under ancient monasteries and
+priories, as well as the kitchens, not less spacious, and supported by
+archways of the most massive masonry, tell a tale of the habits of the
+religious orders which is abundantly confirmed in the records and
+literature of the time. "Capuchins," says the old French doggerel,
+"drink poorly, Benedictines deeply, Dominicans pint after pint, but
+Franciscans drink the cellar dry." The great number of old taverns in
+Europe named the Mitre, the Church, the Chapel-bell, St. Dominic, and
+other ecclesiastical names, point to the conclusion that the class that
+professed to dispense good cheer for the soul was not averse to good
+cheer for the body.[9]
+
+[Footnote 9: "History of Sign-boards," p. 319, by Larwood and Hotten,
+London.]
+
+If the clergy led the merriment caused by their own excesses, we can not
+wonder they should have had many followers. In the popular tales of the
+time, which have been gathered and made accessible in recent years, we
+find the priest, the monk, the nun, the abbot, often figuring in absurd
+situations, rarely in creditable ones. The priest seems to have been
+regarded as the satirist's fair game, the common butt of the jester. In
+one of these stories a butcher, returning home from a fair, asks a
+night's lodging at the house of a priest, who churlishly refuses it. The
+butcher, returning, offers in recompense to kill one of his fine fat
+sheep for supper, and to leave behind him all the meat not eaten. On
+this condition he is received, and the family enjoy an excellent supper
+in his society. After supper he wins the favor first of the priest's
+concubine and afterward of the maid-servant by secretly promising to
+each of them the skin of the sheep. In the morning, after he has gone, a
+prodigious uproar arises, the priest and the two women each vehemently
+claiming the skin, in the midst of which it is discovered that the
+butcher had stolen the sheep from the priest's own flock.
+
+From a merry tale of these ages a jest was taken which to-day forms one
+of the stock dialogues of our negro-minstrel bands. The story was
+apparently designed to show the sorry stuff of which priests were
+sometimes made. A farmer sends a lout of a son to college, intending to
+make a priest of him, and the lad was examined as to the extent of his
+knowledge. "Isaac had two sons, Esau and Jacob," said the examiner: "who
+was Jacob's father?" The candidate, being unable to answer this
+question, is sent home to his tutor with a letter relating his
+discomfiture. "Thou foole and ass-head!" exclaims the tutor. "Dost thou
+not know Tom Miller of Oseney?" "Yes," answered the hopeful scholar.
+"Then thou knowest he had two sons, Tom and Jacke: who is Jacke's
+father?" "Tom Miller." Back goes the youth to college with a letter to
+the examiner, who, for the tutor's sake, gives him another chance, and
+asks once more who was Jacob's father. "Marry!" cries the candidate, "I
+can tell you now: that was Tom Miller of Oseney."
+
+We must be cautious in drawing inferences from the popular literature of
+a period, since there is in the unformed mind a propensity to circulate
+amusing scandal, and the satirist is apt to aim his shaft at characters
+and actions which are exceptional, not representative. In some of the
+less frequented nooks of Europe, where the tone of mind among the people
+has not materially changed since the fifteenth century, we still find
+priests the constant theme of scandal. The Tyrolese, for example, as
+some readers may have observed, are profuse in their votive offerings,
+and indefatigable in their pilgrimages, processions, and
+observances--the most superstitious people in Europe; but a recent
+writer tells us that they "have a large collection of anecdotes,
+humorous and scandalous, about their priests, and they take infinite
+delight in telling them." They are not pious, as the writer remarks,
+"but magpious." The Tyrolese may judge their priests correctly, but a
+person who believes in magpious humbug may be expected to lend greedy
+ears to comic scandal, and what the Tyrolese do to-day, their ancestors
+may have done when Luther was a school-boy.
+
+But of late years the exact, methodical records of the past, the laws,
+law-books, and trials, which are now recognized to be among the most
+trustworthy guides to a correct interpretation of antiquity, have been
+diligently scrutinized, and we learn from them that it was among the
+commonest of criminal events for clergymen, in the time of Edward III.
+of England, to take part in acts of brigandage. A band of fifty men, for
+example, broke into the park and warren of a lady, the Countess of
+Lincoln, killed her game, cut down two thousand pounds' worth of timber,
+and carried it off. In the list of the accused are the names of two
+abbots and a prior. Several chaplains were in a band of knights and
+squires who entered an inclosure belonging to the Archbishop of
+Canterbury, drove off his cattle, cut down his trees, harvested his
+wheat, and marched away with their booty. In a band of seventy who
+committed a similar outrage at Carlton there were five parsons. Two
+parsons were accused of assisting to break into the Earl of
+Northampton's park and driving off his cattle. The prior of Bollington
+was charged with a robbery of horses, cattle, sheep, and pigs. Five
+clergymen were in the band that damaged the Bishop of Durham's park to
+the extent of a thousand pounds. These examples and others were drawn
+from a single roll of parchment of the year 1348; and that roll, itself
+one of three, is only one of many sources of information. The author of
+the "History of Crime" explains that the rolls of that year consist of
+more than one hundred and twenty skins of parchment, among which there
+are few that do not contain a reference to some lawless act committed
+by knights or priests, or by a band consisting of both.[10]
+
+[Footnote 10: "History of Crime in England," p. 248, by L. O. Pike,
+London, 1873.]
+
+This is record, not gossip, not literature; and it may serve to indicate
+the basis of truth there was for the countless allusions to the
+dissoluteness of the clergy in the popular writings and pictures of the
+century that formed Luther and the Lutherans.
+
+[Illustration: Pastor and Flock. (From the Window of a French Church,
+Sixteenth Century.)]
+
+It is scarcely possible in the compass of a chapter to convey an idea of
+the burst of laughter that broke the long spell of superstitious terror,
+and opened the minds of men to receive the better light. Such works as
+the "Decameron" of Boccaccio, which to modern readers is only
+interesting as showing what indecency could be read and uttered by fine
+ladies and gentlemen on a picnic in 1350, had one character that
+harmonized with the new influence. Their tone was utterly at variance
+with the voice of the priest. The clergy, self-indulgent, preached
+self-denial; practicing vice, they exaggerated human guilt. But the
+ladies and gentlemen of the "Decameron," while practicing virtue, made
+light of vice, and brought off the graceful profligate victorious. Later
+was circulated in every land and tongue the merry tale of "Reynard the
+Fox," which children still cherish among the choicest of their literary
+treasures. Reynard, who appears in the sculptures of so many convents
+and in the illuminations of so many pious manuscripts, whom monks loved
+better than their missal, exhibits the same moral: witty wickedness
+triumphant over brute strength. The fox cheats the wolf, deludes the
+bear, lies to King Lion, turns monk, gallops headlong up and down the
+commandments, only to be at last taken into the highest favor by the
+king and made Prime Minister. It is not necessary to discover allegory
+in this tale. What made it potent against the spell of priestly
+influence was the innocent and boisterous merriment which it excited,
+amidst which the gloom evoked by priestly arts began to break away.
+Innocent mirth, next to immortal truth, is the thing most hostile to
+whatever is mingled with religion which is hostile to the interests of
+human nature.
+
+And "Reynard," we must remember, was only the best and gayest of a large
+class of similar fables that circulated during the childhood of Columbus
+and of Luther. In one of the Latin stories given by Mr. Wright in his
+"Selection," we have an account of the death and burial of the wolf, the
+hero of the tale, which makes a most profane use of sacred objects and
+rites, though it was written by a priest. The holy water was carried by
+the hare, hedgehogs bore the candles, goats rang the bell, moles dug the
+grave, foxes carried the bier, the bear celebrated mass, the ox read the
+gospel, and the ass the epistle. When the burial was complete, the
+animals sat down to a splendid banquet, and wished for another grand
+funeral. Mark the moral drawn by the priestly author: "So it frequently
+happens that when some rich man, an extortionist or a usurer, dies, the
+abbot or prior of a convent of beasts [_i. e._, of men living like
+beasts] causes them to assemble. For it commonly happens that in a great
+convent of black or white monks [Benedictines or Augustinians] there are
+none but beasts--lions by their pride, foxes by their craftiness, bears
+by their voracity, stinking goats by their incontinence, asses by their
+sluggishness, hedgehogs by their asperity, hares by their timidity
+(because they were cowardly when there was no fear), and oxen by their
+laborious cultivation of their land." Unquestionably this author
+belonged to another order than those named in his tirade.
+
+A book with original life in it becomes usually the progenitor of a line
+of books. Brandt's "Ship of Fools," which was published when Luther was
+eleven years old, gave rise to a literature. As soon as it appeared it
+kindled the zeal of a noted preacher of Strasburg, Jacob Geiler by name,
+who turned Brandt's gentle satire into fierce invective, which he
+directed chiefly against the monks. The black friars, he said, were the
+devil, the white friars his dame, and the others were their chickens.
+The qualities of a good monk, he declared, were an almighty belly, an
+ass's back, and a raven's mouth. From the pulpit, on another occasion,
+he foretold a coming reformation in the Church, adding that he did not
+expect to live to see it, though some that heard him might. The monks
+taunted him with looking into the "Ship of Fools" for his texts instead
+of the Scripture; but the people heard him eagerly, and one of his
+pupils gave the public a series of his homely, biting sermons,
+illustrated by wood-cuts, which ran through edition after edition.
+Badius, a noted scholar of the time, was another who imitated the "Ship
+of Fools," in a series of satirical pieces entitled "The Boats of
+Foolish Women," in which the follies of the ladies of the period were
+ridiculed.
+
+[Illustration: Confessing to God. (Holbein, 1520.) Sale of Indulgences.]
+
+Among the great number of works which the "Ship of Fools" suggested,
+there was one which directly and powerfully prepared the way for Luther.
+Erasmus, while residing in England, from 1497 to 1506, Luther being
+still a student, read Brandt's work, and was stirred by it to write his
+"Praise of Folly," which, under the most transparent disguise, is
+chiefly a satire upon the ecclesiastics of the day. We may at least say
+that it is only in the passages aimed at them that the author is at his
+best. Before Luther had begun to think of the abuses of the Church,
+Erasmus, in his little work, derided the credulous Christians who
+thought to escape mishaps all day by paying devotion to St. Christopher
+in the morning, and laughed at the soldiers who expected to come out of
+battle with a whole skin if they had but taken the precaution to "mumble
+over a set prayer before the picture of St. Barbara." He jested upon the
+English who had constructed a gigantic figure of their patron saint as
+large as the images of Hercules; only the saint was mounted upon a horse
+"very gloriously accoutred," which the people scarcely refrained from
+worshiping. But observe this passage in the very spirit of Luther,
+though written fifteen years before the reformer publicly denounced
+indulgences:
+
+"What shall I say of such as cry up and maintain the cheat of pardons
+and indulgences? who by these compute the time of each soul's residence
+in purgatory, and assign them a longer or shorter continuance, according
+as they purchase more or fewer of these paltry pardons and salable
+exemptions?... By this easy way of purchasing pardon, any notorious
+highwayman, any plundering soldier, or any bribe-taking judge shall
+disburse some part of their unjust gains, and so think all their
+grossest impieties sufficiently atoned for.... And what can be more
+ridiculous than for some others to be confident of going to heaven by
+repeating daily those seven verses out of the Psalms?"
+
+These "fooleries," which Erasmus calls most gross and absurd, he says
+are practiced not merely by the vulgar, but by "such proficients in
+religion as one might well expect should have more wit." He ridicules
+the notion of each country and place being under the special protection
+of a patron saint, as well as the kindred absurdity of calling upon one
+saint to cure a toothache, upon another to restore lost goods, upon
+another to protect seamen, and upon another to guard cows and sheep. Nor
+does he refrain from reflecting upon the homage paid to the Virgin Mary,
+"whose blind devotees think it manners now to place the mother before
+the Son." He utterly scouts and reviles the folly of hanging up
+offerings at the shrines of saints for their imaginary aid in getting
+the donors out of trouble or danger. The responsibility of all this
+folly and delusion he boldly assigns to the priests, who gain money by
+them. "They blacken the darkness and promote the delusion, wisely
+foreseeing that the people (like cows which never give down their milk
+so well as when they are gently stroked) would part with less if they
+knew more." If any serious and wise man, he adds, should tell the people
+that a pious life is the only way of securing a peaceful death, that
+repentance and amendment alone can procure pardon, and that the best
+devotion to a saint is to imitate his example, there would be a very
+different estimate put upon masses, fastings, and other austerities.
+Erasmus saw this prophecy fulfilled before many years had rolled over
+his head.
+
+[Illustration: Christ, the True Light. (Holbein, about 1520.)]
+
+It is, however, in his chapters upon the amazingly ridiculous subtleties
+of the monastic theology of his time that Erasmus gives us his most
+exquisite fooling. Here he becomes, indeed, the merry Erasmus who was so
+welcome at English Cambridge, at Paris, at Rome, in Germany, in Holland,
+wherever there were good scholars and good fellows. He pretends to
+approach this part of his subject with fear; for divines, he says, are
+generally very hot and passionate, and when provoked they set upon a man
+in full cry, and hurl at him the thunders of excommunication, that being
+their spiritual weapon to wound such as lift up a hand against them. But
+he plucks up courage, and proceeds to discourse upon the puerilities
+which absorbed their minds. Among the theological questions which they
+delighted to discuss were such as these: the precise manner in which
+original sin was derived from our first parents; whether time was an
+element in the supernatural generation of our Lord; whether it would be
+a thing possible for the first person in the Trinity to hate the second;
+whether God, who took our nature upon him in the form of a man, could as
+well have become a woman, a beast, an herb, or a stone; and if he could,
+how could he have then preached the gospel, or been nailed to the cross?
+whether if St. Peter had celebrated the eucharist at the time when our
+Saviour was upon the cross, the consecrated bread would have been
+transubstantiated into the same body that remained on the tree; whether,
+in Christ's corporal presence in the sacramental wafer, his humanity was
+not abstracted from his Godhead; whether, after the resurrection, we
+shall carnally eat and drink as we do in this life; how it is possible,
+in the transubstantiation, for one body to be in several places at the
+same time; which is the greater sin, to kill a hundred men, or for a
+cobbler to set one stitch in a shoe on Sunday? Such subtleties as these
+alternated with curious and minute delineations of purgatory, heaven,
+and hell, their divisions, subdivisions, degrees, and qualities.
+
+He heaps ridicule also upon the public preaching of those profound
+theologians. It was mere stage-playing; and their delivery was the very
+acme of the droll and the absurd. "Good Lord! how mimical are their
+gestures! What heights and falls in their voice! What toning, what
+bawling, what singing, what squeaking, what grimaces, what making of
+mouths, what apes' faces and distorting of their countenances!" And
+their matter was even more ridiculous than their manner. One of these
+absurd divines, discoursing upon the name of Jesus, subtly pretended to
+discover a revelation of the Trinity in the very letters of which the
+name was composed. It was declined only in _three_ cases. That was one
+mysterious coincidence. Then the nominative ended in S, the accusative
+in M, and the ablative in U, which obviously indicated Summus, the
+beginning; Medius, the middle; and Ultimus, the end of all things. Other
+examples he gives of the same profound nature. Nor did the different
+orders of monks escape his lash. He dwelt upon the preposterous
+importance they attached to trifling details of dress and ceremonial.
+"They must be very critical in the precise number of their knots, in the
+tying-on of their sandals, of what precise colors their respective
+habits should be made, and of what stuff; how broad and long their
+girdles, how big and in what fashion their hoods, whether their bald
+crowns be of the right cut to a hair's-breadth, how many hours they must
+sleep, and at what minute rise to prayers."
+
+In this manner he proceeds for many a sprightly page, rising from monks
+to bishops and cardinals, and from them to popes, "who _pretend_
+themselves Christ's vicars," while resembling the Lord in nothing.
+Luther never went farther, never was bolder or more biting, than Erasmus
+in this essay. But all went for nothing with the great leader of reform,
+because Erasmus refused to abandon the Church, and cast in his lot
+openly with the reformers. Luther calls him "a mere Momus," who laughed
+at Catholic and Protestant alike, and looked upon the Christian religion
+itself very much as Lucian did upon the Greek. "Whenever I pray," said
+Luther once, "I pray for a curse upon Erasmus." It was certainly a
+significant fact that in the heat of that contest Erasmus should have
+given the world a translation of Lucian. But he was a great, wise,
+genial soul, whose fame will brighten as that age becomes more justly
+and familiarly known to us.
+
+The first place in the annals of such a warfare belongs of right to the
+soldiers who took their lives in their hands and went forth to meet the
+foe in the open field, braving torture, infamy, and death for the cause.
+Such were Luther and his followers. But there is a place in human memory
+for the philosopher and the humorist who first made the contest
+possible, and then rendered it shorter and easier.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER VIII.
+
+COMIC ART AND THE REFORMATION.
+
+
+When Luther began the immortal part of his public career in 1517 by
+nailing to the church door his ninety-five theses against the sale of
+indulgences, wood-engraving was an art which had been practiced nearly a
+century. He found also, as we have seen, a public accustomed to
+satirical writings illustrated by wood-cuts. The great Holbein
+illustrated Erasmus's "Praise of Folly." Brandt's "Ship of Fools," as
+well as the litter of works which it called forth, was even profusely
+illustrated. Caricatures as distinct works, though usually accompanied
+with abundant verbal commentary, were familiar objects. Among the
+curiosities which Luther himself brought from Rome in 1510, some years
+before he began his special work, was a caricature suggested by the
+"Ship of Fools," showing how the Pope had "fooled the whole world with
+his superstitions and idolatries." He showed it to the Prince Elector of
+Saxony at the time. The picture exhibited a little ship filled with
+monks, friars, and priests casting lines to people swimming in the sea,
+while in the stern sat comfortably the Pope with his cardinals and
+bishops, overshadowed and covered by the Holy Ghost, who was looking up
+to heaven, and through whose help alone the drowning wretches were
+saved.
+
+In talking about the picture many years after, Luther said, "These and
+the like fooleries we _then_ believed as articles of faith." He had not
+reached the point when he could talk at his own table of the cardinals
+as "peevish milksops, effeminate, unlearned blockheads, whom the Pope
+places in all kingdoms, where they lie lolling in kings' courts among
+the ladies and women."
+
+[Illustration: Papa, Doctor Theologiae et Magister Fidei.
+
+ "A long-eared ass can with the Bagpipes cope
+ As well as with Theology the Pope."--Germany, 1545.]
+
+Finding this weapon of caricature ready-made to his hands, he used it
+freely, as did also his friends and his foes. He was himself a
+caricaturist. When Pope Clement VII. seemed disposed to meet the
+reformers half-way, and proposed a council to that end, Luther wrote a
+pamphlet ridiculing the scheme, and, to give more force to his satire,
+he "caused a picture to be drawn" and placed in the title-page. It was
+not a work describable to the fastidious ears of our century, unless we
+leave part of the description in Latin. The Pope was seated on a lofty
+throne surrounded by cardinals having foxes' tails, and seeming "_sursum
+et deorsum repurgare_." In the "Table-talk" we read also of a picture
+being brought to Luther in which the Pope and Judas were represented
+hanging to the purse and keys. "'Twill vex the Pope horribly," said
+Luther, "that he whom emperors and kings have worshiped should now be
+figured hanging upon his own picklocks." The picture annexed, in which
+the Pope is exhibited with an ass's head performing on the bagpipes, was
+entirely in the taste of Luther. "The Pope's decretals," he once said,
+"are naught; he that drew them up was an ass." No word was too
+contemptuous for the papacy. "Pope, cardinals, and bishops," said he,
+"are a pack of guzzling, stuffing wretches; rich, wallowing in wealth
+and laziness, resting secure in their power, and never thinking of
+accomplishing God's will."
+
+[Illustration: The Pope cast into Hell. (Lucas Cranach, 1521.)]
+
+The famous pamphlet of caricatures published in 1521 by Luther's friend
+and follower, Lucas Cranach, contains pictures that we could easily
+believe Luther himself suggested. The object was to exhibit to the eyes
+of the people of Germany the contrast between the religion inculcated by
+the lowly Jesus and the pompous worldliness of the papacy. There was a
+picture on each page which nearly filled it, and at the bottom there
+were a few lines in German of explanation; the engraving on the page to
+the left representing an incident in the life of Christ, and the page to
+the right a feature of the papal system at variance with it. Thus, on
+the first page was shown Jesus, in humble attitude and simple raiment,
+refusing honors and dignities, and on the page opposite the Pope,
+cardinals, and bishops, with warriors, cannon, and forts, assuming
+lordship over kings. On another page Christ was seen crowned with thorns
+by the scoffing soldiers, and on the opposite page the Pope wearing his
+triple crown, and seated on his throne, an object of adoration to his
+court. On another was shown Christ washing the feet of his disciples, in
+contrast to the Pope presenting his toe to an emperor to be kissed. At
+length we have Christ ascending to heaven with a glorious escort of
+angels, and on the other page the Pope hurled headlong to hell,
+accompanied by devils, with some of his own monks already in the flames
+waiting to receive him. This concluding picture may serve as a specimen
+of a series that must have told powerfully on the side of reform.[11]
+
+[Footnote 11: From "A History of Caricature," p. 254, by Thomas Wright,
+London, 1864.]
+
+[Illustration: "The Beam that is in thine own Eye," A.D. 1540.]
+
+These pictorial pamphlets were an important part of the stock in trade
+of the colporteurs who pervaded the villages and by-ways of Germany
+during Luther's life-time, selling the sermons of the reformers, homely
+satiric verses, and broadside caricatures. The simplicity and directness
+of the caricatures of that age reflected perfectly both the character
+and the methods of Luther. One picture of Hans Sachs's has been
+preserved, which was designed as an illustration of the words of Christ:
+"I am the door. He that entereth not by the door into the sheepfold, but
+climbeth up some other way, the same is a thief and a robber." The
+honest Sachs shows us a lofty, well-built barn, with a very steep roof,
+on the very top of which sits the Pope crowned with his tiara. To him
+cardinals and bishops are directing people, and urging them to climb up
+the steep and slippery height. Two monks have done so, and are getting
+in at a high window. At the open door of the edifice stands the Lord,
+with a halo round his head, inviting a humble inquirer to enter freely.
+Nothing was farther from the popular caricaturists of that age than to
+allegorize a doctrine or a moral lesson; on the contrary, it was their
+habit to interpret allegory in the most absurdly literal manner.
+Observe, for example, the treatment of the subject contained in the
+words, "How wilt thou say to thy brother, Let me pull out the mote out
+of thine eye, and, behold, a _beam_ is in thine own eye?"
+
+[Illustration: Luther Triumphant. (Paris, 1535.)]
+
+The marriage of Luther in 1525 was followed by a burst of caricature.
+The idea of a priest marrying excited then, as it does now in a Catholic
+mind, a sense of ludicrous incongruity. It is as though the words
+"married priest" were a contradiction in terms, and the relation implied
+by them was a sort of manifest incompatibility, half comic, half
+disgusting. The spectacle occasionally presented in a Protestant church
+of a clergyman ordained and married in the same hour is so opposed to
+the Catholic conception of the priesthood that some Catholics can only
+express their sense of it by laughter. Equally amazing and equally
+ludicrous to them is the more frequent case of missionaries coming home
+to be married, or young missionaries married in the evening and setting
+out for their station the next morning. We observe that some of Luther's
+nearest friends--nay, Luther himself--saw something both ridiculous and
+contemptible in his marriage, particularly in the haste with which it
+was concluded, and the disparity in the ages of the pair, Luther being
+forty-two and his wife twenty-six. "My marriage," wrote Luther, "has
+made me so despicable that I hope my humiliation will rejoice the angels
+and vex the devils." And Melanchthon, while doing his best to restore
+his leader's self-respect, expressed the hope that the "_accident_"
+might be of use in humbling Luther a little in the midst of a success
+perilous to his good sense. Luther was not long abased. We find him soon
+justifying the act, which was among the boldest and wisest of his life,
+as a tribute of obedience to his aged father, who "required it in hopes
+of issue," and as a practical confirmation of what he had himself
+taught. He speaks gayly of "my rib, Kate," and declared once that he
+would not exchange his wife for the kingdom of France or the wealth of
+Venice.
+
+But the caricaturists were not soon weary of the theme. Readers at all
+familiar with the manners of that age do not need to be told that few of
+the efforts of their free pencils will bear reproduction now. Besides
+exhibiting the pair carousing, dancing, romping, caressing, and in
+various situations supposed to be ridiculous, the satirists harped a
+good deal upon the old prophecy that Antichrist would be the offspring
+of a monk and a nun. "If that is the case," said Erasmus, "how many
+thousands of Antichrists there are in the world already!" Luther was
+evidently of the same opinion, for he gave full credit to the story of
+six thousand infants' skulls having been found at the bottom of a pond
+near a convent, as well as to that of "twelve great pots, in each of
+which was the carcass of an infant," discovered under the cellars of
+another convent. But, then, Luther was among the most credulous of men.
+
+The marriage of the monk and the nun gave only a brief advantage to the
+enemies of reform. The great German artists of that generation were
+friends of Luther. No name is more distinguished in the early annals of
+German art than Albert Duerer, painter, engraver, sculptor, and author.
+He did not employ his pencil in furtherance of Luther's cause, nor did
+he forsake the communion of the ancient Church, but he expressed the
+warmest sympathy with the objects of the reformer. A report of Luther's
+death in 1521 struck horror to his soul. "Whether Luther be yet living,"
+he wrote, "or whether his enemies have put him to death, I know not; yet
+certainly what he has suffered has been for the sake of truth, and
+because he has reprehended the abuses of unchristian papacy, which
+strives to fetter Christian liberty with the incumbrance of human
+ordinances, that we may be robbed of the price of our blood and sweat,
+and shamefully plundered by idlers, while the sick and needy perish
+through hunger." These words go to the heart of the controversy.
+
+Holbein, nearly thirty years younger than Duerer, only just coming of age
+when Luther nailed his theses to the castle church, did more, as the
+reader has already seen, than express in words his sympathy with reform.
+The fineness and graphic force of the two specimens of his youthful
+talent given on pages 72, 73,[12] every reader must have remarked. Only
+three copies of these pictures are known to exist. They appeared at the
+time when Luther had kindled a general opposition to the sale of
+indulgences, as well as some ill feeling toward the classic authors so
+highly esteemed by Erasmus. They are in a peculiar sense Lutheran
+pictures, and they give expression to the reformer's prejudices and
+convictions. A third wood-cut of Holbein's is mentioned by Woltmann,
+dated 1524, in which the Pope is shown riding in a litter surrounded by
+an armed escort, and on the other side Christ is seen on an ass,
+accompanied by his disciples. These three works were Holbein's
+contribution to the earlier stage of the movement.
+
+[Footnote 12: From "Holbein and his Time," p. 241-243, by Alfred
+Woltmann; translated by F. E. Bunnett, London, 1872.]
+
+This artist was soon drawn away to the splendid court of Henry VIII. of
+England, where, among other works, he executed his renowned paintings,
+"The Triumph of Riches" and "The Triumph of Poverty," in both of which
+there is satire enough to bring them within our subject. Of these
+stupendous works, each containing seventeen or more life-size figures,
+every trace has perished except the artist's original sketch of "The
+Triumph of Riches." But they made a vivid impression upon the two
+generations which saw them, and we have so many engravings, copies, and
+descriptions of them that it is almost as if we still possessed the
+originals. Holbein's sketch is now in the Louvre at Paris. It will
+convey to the reader some idea of the harmonious grandeur of the
+painting, and some notion of the ingenious and friendly nature of its
+satire upon human life.
+
+[Illustration: The Triumph of Riches. (Holbein, about 1533.)]
+
+In accordance with the custom of the age, the painting bore an
+explanatory motto in Latin: "Gold is the father of lust and the son of
+sorrow. He who lacks it laments; he who has it fears." Plutus, the god
+of wealth, is an old, old man, long past enjoyment; but his foot rests
+upon sacks of superfluous coin, and an open vessel before him, heaped
+with money, affords the only pleasures left to him--the sight and
+conscious possession of the wealth he can never use. Below him Fortuna,
+a young and lovely woman, scatters money among the people who throng
+about her, among whom are the portly Sichaeus, Dido's husband, the
+richest of his people; Themistocles, who stooped to accept wealth from
+the Persian king; and many others noted in classic story for the part
+gold played in their lives. Croesus, Midas, and Tantalus follow on
+horseback, and, last of all, the unveiled Cleopatra. The careful driver
+of Plutus's chariot is Ratio--reason. "Faster!" cries one of the crowd,
+but the charioteer still holds a tight rein. The unruly horses next the
+chariot, named Interest and Contract, are led by the noble maidens
+Equity and Justice; and the wild pair in front, Avarice and Deceit, are
+held in by Generosity and Good Faith. In the rear, hovering over the
+triumphal band, Nemesis threatens.
+
+The companion picture, "The Triumph of Poverty," had also a Latin motto,
+to the effect that, while the rich man is ever anxious, "the poor man
+fears nothing, joyous hope is his portion, and he learns to serve God by
+the practice of virtue." In the picture a lean and hungry-looking old
+woman, Poverty, was seen riding in the lowliest of vehicles, a cart,
+drawn by two donkeys, Stupidity and Clumsiness, and by two oxen,
+Negligence and Indolence. Beside her in the cart sits Misfortune. A
+meagre and forlorn crowd surround and follow them. But the slow-moving
+team is guided by the four blooming girls, Moderation, Diligence,
+Alertness, and Toil, of whom the last is the one most abounding in vigor
+and health. The reins are held by Hope, her eyes toward heaven.
+Industry, Memory, and Experience sit behind, giving out to the hungry
+crowd the means of honorable plenty in the form of flails, axes,
+squares, and hammers.
+
+These human and cheerful works stand in the waste of that age of
+wrathful controversy and irrational devotion like green islands in the
+desert, a rest to the eye and a solace to the mind.
+
+When Luther was face to face with the hierarchy at the Diet of Worms,
+Calvin, a French boy of twelve, was already a sharer in the worldly
+advantage which the hierarchy could bestow upon its favorites. He held a
+benefice in the Cathedral of Noyon, his native town, and at seventeen he
+drew additional revenue from a curacy in a neighboring parish. The
+tonsured boy owed this ridiculous preferment to the circumstance that
+his father, being secretary to the bishop of the diocese, was sure to be
+at hand when the bishop happened to have a good thing to give away. In
+all probability Jean Calvin would have died an archbishop or a cardinal
+if he had remained in the Church of his ancestors, for he possessed the
+two requisites for advancement--fervent zeal for the Church and access
+to the bestowers of its prizes. At Paris, however, whither he was sent
+by his father to pursue his studies, a shy, intense, devout lad, already
+thin and sallow with fasting and study, the light of the Reformation
+broke upon him. Like Luther, he long resisted it, and still longer hoped
+to see a reformation _in_ the Church, not outside of its pale. The
+Church never had a more devoted son. Not Luther himself loved it more.
+"I was so obstinately given to the superstitions of popery," he said,
+long after, "that it seemed impossible I should ever be pulled out of
+the deep mire."
+
+He struggled out at length. Observe one of the results of his conversion
+in this picture, in which a slander of the day is preserved for our
+inspection.[13]
+
+[Footnote 13: From "Musee de la Caricature en France," Paris, 1834.]
+
+[Illustration: Calvin branded. (Paris.)]
+
+Gross and filthy calumny was one of the familiar weapons in the
+theological contests of that century. Both sides employed it--Luther and
+Calvin not less than others--for it belonged to that age to hate, and
+hence to misinterpret, opponents. "Search the records of the city of
+Noyon, in Picardie," wrote Stapleton, an eminent controversialist on the
+Catholic side, and professor in a Catholic college of Calvin's own day,
+"and read again that Jean Calvin, convicted of a crime" (infamous and
+unmentionable), "by the very clement sentence of the bishop and
+magistrate was branded with an iron lily on the shoulders." The records
+have been searched; nothing of the kind is to be found in them; but the
+picture was drawn and scattered over France. Precisely the same charge
+was made against Luther. That both the reformers died of infamous
+diseases was another of the scandals of the time. In reading these
+controversies, it is convenient to keep in mind the remark of the
+collector of the Calvin pictures: "When two theologians accuse one
+another, both of them lie." One of these calumnies drew from Calvin a
+celebrated retort. "They accuse me," said he, "of having no children. In
+every land there are Christians who are my children."
+
+Another caricature, shown on the following page, representing Calvin at
+the burning of Servetus, had only too much foundation in truth.
+
+The reformer was not indeed present at the burning, but he caused the
+arrest of the victim, drew up the charges, furnished part of the
+testimony that convicted him, consented to and approved his execution.
+Servetus was a Spanish physician, of blameless life and warm
+convictions, who rejected the doctrine of the Trinity. Catholic and
+Protestant equally abhorred him, and Protestant Geneva seized the
+opportunity to show the world its attachment to the true faith by
+burning a man whom Rome was also longing to burn. It was a hideous
+scene--a virtuous and devoted Unitarian expiring in the flames after
+enduring the extremest anguish for thirty minutes, and crying, from the
+depths of his torment, "Jesus, thou Son of the eternal God, have mercy
+on me!" But it was not Calvin who burned him. It was the century. It was
+imperfectly developed human nature. Man had not reached the
+civilization which admits, allows, welcomes, and honors disinterested
+conviction. It were as unjust to blame Calvin for burning Servetus as it
+is to hold the Roman Catholic Church of the present day responsible for
+the Inquisition of three centuries ago. It was Man that was guilty of
+all those stupid and abominable cruelties. Luther, the man of his
+period, honestly declared that if he were the Lord God, and saw kings,
+princes, bishops, and judges so little mindful of his Son, he would
+"_knock the world to pieces_." If Calvin had not burned Servetus,
+Servetus might have burned Calvin, and the Pope would have been happy to
+burn both.
+
+[Illustration: Calvin at the Burning of Servetus.]
+
+One of the best caricatures--perhaps the very best--which the
+Reformation called forth was suggested by the dissensions that arose
+between the followers of Luther and Calvin when both of them were in the
+grave. It might have amused the very persons caricatured. We can fancy
+Lutherans, Calvinists, and Catholics all laughing together at the
+spectacle of the two reformers holding the Pope by the ear, and with
+their other hands fighting one another, Luther clawing at Calvin's
+beard, and Calvin hurling a Bible at Luther's head.
+
+On the same sheet in the original drawing a second picture was given, in
+which a shepherd was seen on his knees, surrounded by his flock,
+addressing the Lord, who is visible in the sky. Underneath is written,
+"The Lord is my Shepherd; he will never forsake me." The work has an
+additional interest as showing how early the French began to excel in
+caricature. In the German and English caricatures of that period there
+are no existing specimens which equal this one in effective simplicity.
+
+[Illustration: Calvin, the Pope, and Luther. (Paris, 1600.)]
+
+Perhaps the all-pervading influence of Rabelais in that age may have
+made French satire more good-humored. After all efforts to discover in
+the works of Rabelais hidden allusions to the great personages and
+events of his time, we must remain of the opinion that he was a
+fun-maker pure and simple, a court-fool to his century. The anecdote
+related of his convent life seems to give us the key both to his
+character and his writings. The incident has often been used in comedy
+since Rabelais employed it. On the festival of St. Francis, to whom his
+convent was dedicated, when the country people came in, laden with
+votive offerings, to pray before the image of the saint, young Rabelais
+removed the image from its dimly lighted recess and mounted himself upon
+the pedestal, attired in suitable costume. Group after group of awkward
+rustics approached and paid their homage. Rabelais at length, overcome
+by the ridiculous demeanor of the worshipers, was obliged to laugh,
+whereupon the gaping throng cried out, "A miracle! a miracle! Our good
+lord St. Francis moves!" But a cunning old friar, who knew when miracles
+might and might not be rationally expected in that convent, ran into the
+chapel and drew out the merry saint, and the brothers laid their knotted
+cords so vigorously across his naked shoulders that he had a lively
+sense of not being made of wood. That was Rabelais! He was a natural
+laugh-compeller. He laughed at every thing, and set his countrymen
+laughing at every thing. But there were no men who oftener provoked his
+derision than the monks. "How is it?" asks one of his merry men, "that
+people exclude monks from all good companies, calling them
+feast-troublers, marrers of mirth, and disturbers of all civil
+conversation, as bees drive away the drones from their hives?" The hero
+answers this question in three pages of most Rabelaisan abuse, of which
+only a very few lines are quotable. "Your monk," he says, "is like a
+monkey in a house. He does not watch like a dog, nor plow like the ox,
+nor give wool like the sheep, nor carry like the horse; he only spoils
+and defiles all things. Monks disquiet all their neighborhood with a
+tingle-tangle jangling of bells, and mumble out great store of psalms,
+legends, and paternosters without thinking upon or apprehending the
+meaning of what they say, which truly is a mocking of God." There is no
+single theme to which Rabelais, the favorite of bishops, oftener returns
+than this, and his boisterous satire had its effect upon the course of
+events in Europe, as well as upon French art and literature.
+
+The English caricatures that have come down to us from the era of the
+Reformation betray far more earnestness than humor or ingenuity. There
+is one in the British Museum which figures in so many books, and
+continued to do duty for so many years, that the inroads of the worms in
+the wood-cut can be traced in the prints of different dates. It
+represents King Henry VIII. receiving a Bible from Archbishop Cranmer
+and Lord Cromwell. The burly monarch, seated upon his throne, takes the
+book from their hands, while he tramples upon Pope Clement, lying
+prostrate at his feet, the tiara broken and fallen off, the triple cross
+lying on the ground. Cardinal Pole, with the aid of another dignitary,
+is trying to get the Pope on his feet again. A monk is holding the
+Pope's horse, and other monks stand dismayed at the spectacle. This
+picture was executed in 1537, but, as we learn from the catalogue, the
+deterioration of the block and "the working of worms in the wood" prove
+that the impression in the Museum was taken in 1631.[14]
+
+[Footnote 14: "Catalogue of Prints and Drawings in the British Museum,"
+Division I., vol. i., p. 2. London, 1870.]
+
+The martyrdom of the reformers in 1555, under Queen Mary of bloody
+memory, furnished subjects for the satiric pen and pencil as soon as the
+accession of Elizabeth made it safe to treat them. But there is no
+spirit of fun in the pictures. They are as serious and grim as the
+events that suggested them. In one we see a lamb suspended before an
+altar, which the Bishop of Winchester (Gardiner), with his wolf's head,
+is beginning to devour; and on the ground lie six slain lambs, named
+_Houperus_, _Cranmerus_, _Bradfordus_, _Rydlerus_, _Rogerus_, and
+_Latimerus_. Three reformers put a rope round Gardiner's neck, saying,
+"_We will not this feloue to raigne over us_;" and on the other side of
+him two bishops with wolves' heads mitred, and having sheepskins on
+their shoulders, are drinking from chalices. Behind Gardiner are several
+men attached by rings through their noses to a rope round his waist. The
+devil appears above, holding a scroll, on which is written, "_Youe are
+my verye chyldren in that youe have slayne the prophetes_. _For even I
+from the begynning was a murtherer._" On the altar lie two books, one
+open and the other shut. On the open book we read, "_Christ alone is not
+sufficient without our sacrifice_." The only window in the edifice, a
+small round one, is closed and barred. Many of the figures in this
+elaborate piece utter severe animadversion upon opponents; but none of
+them is scurrilous and indecent, except the mitred wolf, who is so
+remarkably plain-spoken that the compiler of the catalogue was obliged
+to suppress several of his words.
+
+The English caricaturists of that age seem to have felt it their duty to
+exhibit the entire case between Catholic and Protestant in each
+broadside, with all the litigants on both sides, terrestrial and
+celestial, all the points in both arguments, and sometimes the whole
+history of the controversy from the beginning. The great expanse of the
+picture was obscured with the number of remarks streaming from the
+mouths of the persons depicted, and there was often at the bottom of the
+engraving prose and verse enough to fill two or three of these pages.
+Such extensive works call to mind the sermons of the following century,
+when preachers endeavored on each occasion to declare, as they said,
+"the _whole_ counsel of God;" so that if one individual present had
+never heard the Gospel before, and should never hear it again, he would
+hear enough for salvation in that one discourse.
+
+Another of these martyrdom prints may claim brief notice. Two companies
+of martyrs are seen, one composed of the bishops, and the other of less
+distinguished persons, between whom there is a heap of burning fagots.
+Nearly all the figures say something, and the space under the picture is
+filled with verses. Cranmer, with the Bible in his left hand, holds his
+right in the fire, exclaiming, "_Burne, unworthie right hand!_" Latimer
+cries, "_Lord, Lord, receive my spirit!_" Philpot, pointing to a book
+which he holds, says, "_I will pay my vowes in thee, O Smithfield!_" The
+other characters utter their dying words. The verses are rough, but full
+of the resolute enthusiasm of the age:
+
+ "First, Christian Cranmer, who (at first tho foild),
+ And so subscribing to a recantation,
+ God's grace recouering him, hee, quick recoil'd,
+ And made his hand ith flames make expiation.
+ Saing, burne faint-hand, burne first, 'tis thy due merit.
+ And dying, cryde, Lord Jesus take my spirit.
+
+ "Next, lovely Latimer, godly and grave,
+ Himselfe, Christs old tride souldier, plaine displaid,
+ Who stoutly at the stake did him behave,
+ And to blest Ridley (gone before) hee saide,
+ Goe on blest brother, for I followe, neere,
+ This day wee'le light a light, shall aye burne cleare.
+
+ "Whom when religious, reverend Ridley spide,
+ Deere heart (sayes hee) bee cheerful in y{r} Lord;
+ Who never (yet) his helpe to his denye'd,
+ & hee will us support & strength afford,
+ Or suage y{e} flame, thus, to the stake fast tide,
+ They, constantly Christs blessed Martyres dyde.
+
+ "Blest Bradford also comming to the stake,
+ Cheerfully tooke a faggott in his hand:
+ Kist it, &, thus, unto a young-man spake,
+ W{ch} with him, chained, to y{e} stake did stand,
+ Take courage (brother) wee shal haue this night,
+ A blessed supper w{th} the Lord of Light.
+
+ "Admir'd was Doctor Tailers faith & grace,
+ Who under-went greate hardship spight and spleene;
+ One, basely, threw a Faggot in his face,
+ W{ch} made y{e} blood ore all his face bee seene;
+ Another, barberously beate out his braines,
+ Whilst, at y{e} stake his corps was bound w{th} chaines."
+
+In many of the English pictures of that period, the intention of the
+draughtsman is only made apparent by the explanatory words at the
+bottom. In one of these a friar is seen holding a chalice to a man who
+stretches out his hands to receive it. From the chalice a winged
+cockatrice is rising. There is also a man who stabs another while
+embracing him. The quaint words below explain the device: "The man which
+standeth lyke a Prophet signifieth godliness; the Fryer, treason; the
+cup with the Serpent, Poyson; the other which striketh with the sworde,
+Murder; and he that is wounded is Peace." In another of these pictures
+we see an ass dressed in a judge's robes seated on the bench. Before him
+is the prisoner, led away by a priest and another man. At one side a
+friar is seen in conversation with a layman. No one could make any thing
+of this if the artist had not obligingly appended these words: "The Asse
+signifieth Wrathfull Justice; the man that is drawn away, Truth; those
+that draweth Truth by the armes, Flatterers; the Frier, Lies; and the
+associate with the Frier, Perjury." In another drawing the artist shows
+us the Pope seated in a chair, with his foot on the face of a prostrate
+man, and in his hand a drawn sword, directing an executioner who is in
+the act of beheading a prisoner. In the distance are three men kneeling
+in prayer. The explanation is this: "The Pope is Oppression; the man
+which killeth is Crueltie; those which are a-killing, Constant Religion;
+the three kneeling, Love, Furtherance, and Truth to the Gospel." In one
+of these crude productions a parson is exhibited preaching in a pulpit,
+from which two ecclesiastics are dragging him by the beard to the stake
+outside. Explanation in this instance is not so necessary, but we have
+it, nevertheless: "He which preacheth in the pulpit signifieth godly
+zeale and a furtherer of the gospel; and the two which are plucking him
+out of his place are the enemies of God's Word, threatening by fire to
+consume the professors of the same; and that company which (sit) still
+are _Nullifidians_, such as are of no religion, not regarding any
+doctrine, so they may bee quiet to live after their owne willes and
+mindes." Another picture shows us a figure seated on a rainbow, the
+world at his feet, up the sides of which a pope and a cardinal are
+climbing. In the middle is the devil tumbling off headlong. The world is
+upheld by Death, who sits by the mouth of hell. This is the explanation:
+"He which sitteth on the raynebowe signifieth Christ, and the sworde in
+his hand signifieth his wrath against the wycked; the round compasse,
+the worlde; and those two climing, the one a pope, the other a
+cardinall, striving who shall be highest; and the Divell which falleth
+headlong downe is Lucifer, whiche through pride fel; he whiche holdeth
+the world is Death, standing in the entrance of hell to receyve all
+superbious livers."
+
+In another print is represented a Roman soldier riding on a boar, and
+bearing a banner, on which is painted the Pope with his insignia. A man
+stabs himself and tears his hair, and behind him is a raving woman. This
+picture has a blunt signification: "The bore signifieth Wrath, and the
+man on his back Mischief; the Pope in the flag Destruction, and the flag
+Uncertaine Religion, turning and chaunging with every blaste of winde;
+the man killing himselfe, Desperation; the woman, Madness."
+
+There are fourteen specimens in this quaint manner in the collection of
+the British Museum, all executed and published in the early part of the
+reign of Elizabeth. As art, they are naught. As part of the record of a
+great age, they have their value.
+
+[Illustration: Titian's Caricature of the Laocooen.]
+
+Germany, England, and France fought the battle of the Reformation--two
+victors and one vanquished. From Italy in that age we have one specimen
+of caricature, but it was executed by Titian. He drew a burlesque of the
+Laocooen to ridicule a school of artists in Rome, who, as he thought,
+extolled too highly the ancient sculptures, and, because they could not
+succeed in coloring, insisted that correctness of form was the chief
+thing in art. Since Titian's day, parodies of the Laocooen have been
+among the stock devices of the caricaturists of all nations.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER IX.
+
+IN THE PURITAN PERIOD.
+
+
+[Illustration: The Papal Gorgon. (Reign of Elizabeth, 1581.)]
+
+The annexed picture,[15] a favorite with the Protestants of England,
+Holland, and Germany for more than a century, is composed of twenty-two
+articles and objects, most of which are employed in the Roman Catholic
+worship. A church-bell forms the hat, which is decorated by crossed
+daggers and holy-water brushes. A herring serves for a nose. The mouth
+is an open wine-flagon. The eye is a chalice covered by the holy wafer,
+and the cheek is a paten, or plate used in the communion service. The
+great volume that forms the shoulders is the mass-book. The front of the
+bell-tiara is adorned by a mitred wolf devouring a lamb, and by a goose
+holding a rosary in its bill; the back, by a spectacled ass reading a
+book, and by a boar wearing a scholar's cap. At the bottom of the
+engraving the pierced feet of Christ are seen resting upon two creatures
+called by the artist "the Queen's badges." The whole figure of Christ is
+supposed to be behind this mass of human inventions; for in the original
+these explanatory words are given, "Christ Covered."
+
+[Footnote 15: From "Malcolm's Caricaturing," plate 2, and p. 23. See,
+also, "Catalogue of the Prints and Drawings in the British Museum,"
+Division I., vol. ii., p. 177.]
+
+It was by this device that Master Batman, at the beginning of the
+Puritan period, sought to present to the eye a summary of what the
+Reformation had accomplished, and what it had still to fear. Half a
+century before, Henry VIII. being still the Defender of the Faith, the
+various articles used in Master Batman's satirical picture were objects
+of religious veneration throughout Great Britain. They had now become
+the despised but dreaded rattle-traps of a suppressed idolatry. From the
+field of strife one of the victors gathered the scattered arms and
+implements, the gorgeous ensigns and trappings of the defeated, and
+piled them upon the plain, a trophy and a warning.
+
+There is no revolution that does not sweep away much that is good. The
+reformation in religion, chiefly wrought by Wycliffe, Huss, Luther, and
+Calvin, was a movement of absolute necessity to the further progress of
+our race. The intelligence of Christendom had reached a development
+which was incompatible with respect for the assumptions of the papacy,
+and with a belief in the fictions which the papacy had invented or
+adopted. The vase must have broken, or the oak planted in it must have
+ceased to grow. Nevertheless, those fictions had their beauty and their
+use. There was a good and pleasing side to that system of fables and
+ceremonies, which amused, absorbed, and satisfied the people of Europe
+for a thousand years. If we could concede that the mass of men must
+remain forever ignorant and very poor, we could also admit that nothing
+was ever invented by man better calculated to make them thoughtlessly
+contented with a dismal lot than the Roman Catholic Church as it existed
+in the fifteenth century, before the faith of the people had been shaken
+in its pretensions. There was something in it for every faculty of human
+nature except the intellect. It gave play to every propensity except the
+propensity of one mind in a thousand to ask radical questions. It
+relieved every kind of distress except that which came of using the
+reason. All human interests were provided for in it except the supreme
+interest of human advancement.
+
+One must have been in a Catholic community, or else lived close to an
+important Catholic church, in order to form an idea of the great part
+the Church once played in the lives and thoughts of its members--the
+endless provision it made for the _entertainment_ of unformed minds in
+the way of festivals, fasts, processions, curious observances, changes
+of costume, and special rites. There was always something going on or
+coming off. There was not a day in the year nor an hour in the day which
+had not its ecclesiastical name and character. In our flowery observance
+of Easter and in our joyous celebration of Christmas we have a faint
+traditional residue of festivals that once made all Christendom gay and
+jocund. And it was all so adapted to the limited abilities of our race!
+In an average thousand men, there is not more than one man capable of
+filling creditably the post of a Protestant minister, but there are a
+hundred who can be drilled into competent priests.
+
+Consider, for example, a procession, which was formerly the great event
+of many of the Church festivals, gratifying equally those who witnessed
+and those who took part in it. In other words, it gratified keenly the
+whole community. And yet how entirely it was within the resources of
+human nature! Not a child so young, not a woman so weak, not a man so
+old, but could assist or enjoy it. The sick could view it from their
+windows, the robust could carry its burdens, the skillful could contrive
+its devices, and all had the feeling that they were engaged in enhancing
+at once the glory of God, the fame of their saint, the credit of their
+town, and the good of their souls. It was pleasure; it was duty; it was
+masquerade; it was devotion. Some readers may remember the exaltation of
+soul with which Albert Duerer, the first of German artists in Luther's
+age, describes the great procession at Antwerp, in 1520, in honor of
+what was styled the "Assumption" of the Virgin Mary. One of the pleasing
+fictions adopted by the old Church was that on the 15th of August, A.D.
+45, the Virgin Mary, aged seventy-five years, made a miraculous ascent
+into heaven. Hence the annual festival, which was celebrated throughout
+Europe with pomp and splendor. The passage in the diary of Duerer has a
+particular value, because it affords us a vivid view of the bright side
+of the ancient Church just before the reformers changed its gorgeous
+robes into the Puritan's plain black gown, and substituted the long
+prayer and interminable sermon for the magnificent ceremonial and the
+splendid procession.
+
+Albert Duerer was in sympathy with Luther, but his heart swelled within
+him as he beheld, on that Sunday morning in Antwerp, the glorious
+pageantry that filed past for two hours in honor of the "Mother of
+God's" translation. All the people of the city assembled about the
+Church of "Our Lady," each dressed in gayest attire, but each wearing
+the costume of his rank, and exhibiting the badge of his guild or
+vocation. Silver trumpets of the old Frankish fashion, German drums and
+fifes, were playing in every quarter. The trades and guilds of the
+city--goldsmiths, painters, masons, embroiderers, statuaries,
+cabinet-makers, carpenters, sailors, fishermen, butchers, curriers,
+weavers, bakers, tailors, shoe-makers, and laborers--all marched by in
+order, at some distance apart, each preceded by its own magnificent
+cross. These were followed by the merchants, shop-keepers, and their
+clerks. The "shooters" came next, armed with bows, cross-bows, and
+firelocks, some on horseback and some on foot. The city guard followed.
+Then came the magistrates, nobles, and knights, all dressed in their
+official costume, and escorted, as our artist records, "by a gallant
+troop, arrayed in a noble and splendid manner." There were a number of
+women in the procession, belonging to a religious order, who gained
+their subsistence by labor. These, all clad in white from head to foot,
+agreeably relieved the splendors of the occasion. After them marched "a
+number of gallant persons and the canons of Our Lady's Church, with all
+the clergy and scholars, followed by a grand display of characters."
+Here the enthusiasm of the artist kindles, as he recalls the glories of
+the day:
+
+"Twenty men carried the Virgin and Christ, most richly adorned, to the
+honor of God. In this part of the procession were a number of delightful
+things represented in a splendid manner. There were several wagons, in
+which were representations of ships and fortifications. Then came a
+troop of characters from the Prophets, in regular order, followed by
+others from the New Testament, such as the Annunciation, the Wise Men
+of the East riding great camels and other wonderful animals, and the
+Flight into Egypt, all very skillfully appointed. Then came a great
+dragon, and St. Margaret with the image of the Virgin at her girdle,
+exceedingly beautiful; and last, St. George and his squire. In this
+troop rode a number of boys and girls very handsomely arrayed in various
+costumes, representing so many saints. This procession, from beginning
+to end, was upward of two hours in passing our house, and there were so
+many things to be seen that I could never describe them all even in a
+book."
+
+In some such hearty and picturesque manner all the great festivals of
+the Church were celebrated age after age, the entire people taking part
+in the show. There was no dissent, because there was no thought. But the
+reformers preached, the Bible was translated into the modern tongues,
+the intelligence of Christendom awoke, and all that bright childish
+pageantry vanished from the sight of the more advanced nations. The
+reformers discovered that there was no reason to believe that the aged
+Virgin Mary, on the 15th of August, A.D. 45, was borne miraculously to
+heaven; and in a single generation many important communities, by using
+their reason even to that trifling extent, grew past enjoying the
+procession annually held in honor of the old tradition. All the old
+festivals fell under the ban. It became, at length, a sectarian
+punctilio _not_ to abstain from labor on Christmas. The Puritan Sunday
+was gradually evolved from the same spirit of opposition, and life
+became intense and serious.
+
+For it is not in a single generation, nor in ten, that the human mind,
+after having been bound and confined for a thousand years, learns to
+enjoy and safely use its freedom. Luther the reformer was only a little
+less credulous than Luther the monk. He assisted to strike the fetters
+from the reason, but the prisoner only hobbled from one cell into
+another, larger and cleaner, but still a cell. No one can become
+familiar with the Puritan period without feeling that the bondage of the
+mind to the literal interpretation of some parts of the Old Testament
+was a bondage as real, though not as degrading nor as hopeless, as that
+under which it had lived to the papal decrees. You do not make your
+canary a free bird by merely opening the door of its cage. It has to
+acquire slowly, with anguish and great fear, the strength of wing,
+lungs, and eye, the knowledge, habits, and instincts, which its
+ancestors possessed before they were captured in their native islands.
+It is only in our own day that we are beginning really to enjoy the
+final result of Luther's heroic life--a tolerant and modest freedom of
+thought--for it is only in our own day that the consequences of peculiar
+thinking have anywhere ceased to be injurious.
+
+If there are any who can not yet forgive the Puritans for their
+intolerance and narrowness, it must be they who do not know the agony of
+apprehension in which they passed their lives. It is the Puritan age
+that could be properly called the Reign of Terror. It lasted more than a
+century, instead of a few months, and it was during that long period of
+dread and tribulation that they acquired the passionate abhorrence of
+the papal system which is betrayed in the pictures and writings of the
+time. There was a fund of terror in their own belief, in that awful
+Doubt which hung over every soul, whether it was or was not one of the
+Elect; and, in addition to that, it seemed to them that the chief powers
+of earth, and all the powers of hell, were united to crush the true
+believers.
+
+[Illustration: Spayne and Rome Defeated. (London and Amsterdam, 1621.)]
+
+Examine the two large caricatures, "Rome's Monster" and "Spayne and Rome
+Defeated," in the light of a mere catalogue of dates. The Field of the
+Cloth of Gold, which we may regard as the splendid close of the old
+state of things, occurred in 1520, three years after Luther nailed up
+his theses. Henry VIII. defied the Pope in 1533; and twenty years after,
+Bloody Mary, married to Philip of Spain, was burning bishops at
+Smithfield. Elizabeth's reign began in 1558, which changed, not ended,
+the religious strife in England. The massacre of St. Bartholomew
+occurred in 1572, on that 24th of August which, as Voltaire used to say,
+all the humane and the tolerant of our race should observe as a day of
+humiliation and sorrow for evermore. In 1579 began the long struggle
+between the New and the Old, which is called the Thirty Years' War. The
+Prince of Orange was assassinated in 1584, in the midst of those great
+events which Mr. Motley has made familiar to the reading people of both
+continents. Every intelligent Protestant in Europe felt that the weapon
+which slew the prince was aimed at his own heart. The long dread of the
+Queen of Scots' machinations ended only with her death in 1587. Soon
+after, the shadow of the coming Spanish Armada crept over Great
+Britain, which was not dispelled till the men of England defeated and
+the storm scattered it in 1588. In 1605 Guy Fawkes and the Gunpowder
+Plot struck such terror to the Protestant mind, that it has not, in this
+year, 1877, wholly recovered from it, as all may know who will converse
+with uninstructed people in the remoter counties of Great Britain.
+Raleigh was beheaded in 1618. The civil war began in 1642. In 1665 the
+plague desolated England, and in the next year occurred the great fire
+of London, good Protestants not doubting that both events were traceable
+to the fell influence of the Beast. The accession of James II., a Roman
+Catholic, filled the Puritans with new alarm in 1685, and during the
+three anxious years of his reign their brethren, the Huguenots, were
+fleeing into all the Protestant lands from the hellish persecution of
+the priests who governed Louis XIV.
+
+Upon looking back at this period of agitation and alarm, it startles the
+mind to observe in the catalogue of dates this one: "Shakspeare died
+1616." It shows us, what the ordinary records do not show, that there
+are people who retain their sanity and serenity in the maddest times.
+The rapid succession of the plays--an average of nearly two per
+annum--proves that there was a _public_ for Shakspeare when all the
+world seemed absorbed in subjects least akin to art and humor. And how
+little trace we find of all those thrilling events in the plays! He was
+a London actor when the Armada came; and during the year of the
+Gunpowder Plot he was probably meditating the grandest of all his
+themes, "King Lear!"
+
+The picture entitled "Spayne and Rome Defeated"[16] was one of the most
+noted and influential broadsheets published during the Puritan period.
+It may properly be termed a broadsheet, since the copy of the original
+in the British Museum measures 20-2/3 inches by 13. The Puritans of
+England saw with dismay the growing cordiality between James I. and the
+Spanish court, and watched with just apprehension the visit of Prince
+Charles to Spain, and the prospect of a marriage between the
+heir-apparent and a Spanish princess. At this alarming crisis, 1621, the
+sheet was composed in England, and sent over to Holland to be engraved
+and printed, Holland being then, and for a hundred and fifty years
+after, the printing-house and type-foundry of Northern Europe. Some of
+the Pilgrim Fathers of Massachusetts, then residing at Leyden, and still
+waiting to hear the first news of the _Mayflower_ company, who had
+sailed the year before, may have borne a hand in the work. Pastor
+Robinson, we know, gained part of his livelihood by co-operating with
+brethren in England in the preparation of works designed for
+distribution at home.
+
+[Footnote 16: From Malcolm, who copied it from the original in the
+British Museum. See Malcolm's "Caricaturing," plate 22.]
+
+Besides being one of the most characteristic specimens of Puritan
+caricature which have been preserved, it presents to us a _resume_ of
+history, as Protestants interpreted it, from the time of the Spanish
+Armada to that of Guy Fawkes--1588 to 1605. It appears to have been
+designed for circulation in Holland and Germany as well as in England,
+as the words and verses upon it are in English, Dutch, and Latin. The
+English lines are these:
+
+ "In Eighty-eight, Spayne, arm'd with potent might,
+ Against our peacefull Land came on to fight;
+ But windes and waves and fire in one conspire,
+ To help the English, frustrate Spaynes desire.
+ To second that the Pope in counsell sitts,
+ For some rare stratagem they strayne their witts;
+ November's 5th, by powder they decree
+ Great Brytanes state ruinate should bee.
+ But Hee, whose never-slumb'ring Eye did view
+ The dire intendments of this damned crew,
+ Did soone prevent what they did thinke most sure.
+ Thy mercyes, Lord! for evermore endure."
+
+This interesting sheet was devised by Samuel Ward, a Puritan preacher of
+Ipswich, of great zeal and celebrity, who dedicated it, in the fashion
+of the day, thus:
+
+ "To God. In memorye of his double deliveraunce from y{e}
+ invincible Navie and y{e} unmatcheable powder Treason, 1605."
+
+It was a timely reminder. As we occasionally see in our own day a public
+man committing the absurdity of replying in a serious strain to a
+caricature, so, in 1621, the Spanish embassador in London, Count
+Gondomar, called the attention of the British Government to this
+engraving, complaining that it was calculated to revive the old
+antipathy of the English people to the Spanish monarchy. The obsequious
+lords of the Privy Council summoned Samuel Ward to appear before them.
+After examining him, they remanded him to the custody of their
+messenger, whose house was a place of confinement for such prisoners;
+and there he remained. As there was yet no habeas corpus act known among
+men, he could only protest his innocence of any ill designs upon the
+Spanish monarchy, and humbly petition for release. He petitioned first
+the Privy Council; and they proving obdurate, he petitioned the king. He
+was set free at last, and he remained for twenty years a thorn in the
+side of those who dreaded "Spayne and Rome" less than they hated
+Puritans and Parliaments.
+
+This persecution of Samuel Ward gave his print such celebrity that
+several imitations or pirated editions of the work speedily appeared, of
+which four are preserved in the great collection of the British Museum,
+each differing from the original in details. Caricatures aimed directly
+at the Spanish embassador followed, but they are only remarkable for the
+explanatory words which accompany them. In one we read that the
+residence of Count Gondomar in England had "hung before the eyes of many
+good men like a prodigious comet, threatening worse effects to Church
+and State than this other comet," which had recently menaced both from
+the vault of heaven. "No ecclipse of the sunne," continues the writer,
+"could more damnifie the earth, to make it barraine and the best things
+abortive, than did his interposition." We learn also that when the count
+left England for a visit to his own country, in 1618, "there was an
+uproare and assault a day or two before his departure from London by the
+Apprentices, who seemed greedy of such an occasion to vent their own
+spleenes in doing him or any of his a mischiefe." Another picture
+exhibits the odious Gondomar giving an account of his conduct in England
+to the "Spanishe Parliament," in the course of which he attributes the
+British abhorrence of Spain to such men as "Ward of Ipswich," whom he
+describes as "light and unstayed wits," intent on winning the airy
+applause of the vulgar, and to raise their desperate fortunes. Nor does
+he refrain from chuckling over the penalty inflicted upon that enemy of
+Spayne and Rome: "And I think that Ward of Ipswich escaped not safely
+for his lewed and profane picture of '88 and their Powder Treason, one
+whereof, my Lord Archbishop, I sent you in a letter, that you might see
+the malice of these detestable Heretiques against his Holiness and the
+Catholic Church." This broadsheet being entitled "Vox Populi," the
+writer concludes his explanation by styling the embassador "Fox Populi,
+Count Gondomar the Great."
+
+[Illustration: From Title-page to a Sermon, "Woe to Drunkards," by
+Samuel Ward, of Ipswich, 1627.]
+
+Ward of Ipswich continued to be heard from occasionally during the first
+years of the reign of Charles I. Ipswich itself acquired a certain
+celebrity as a Puritan centre, and the name was given during the
+life-time of Samuel Ward to a town in Massachusetts, which is still
+thriving. One of his sermons upon drunkenness was illustrated by a
+picture, of which a copy is given here,[17] designed to show the
+degeneracy of manners that had taken place in England in his day. Mr.
+Chatto truly remarks that twenty years later the picture would have been
+more appropriate with the inscriptions transposed.
+
+[Footnote 17: From Chatto's "Origin and History of Playing Cards," p.
+131, London, 1848.]
+
+The marriage of Charles I. with the Princess Henrietta of France, in
+1625, was one of the long series of impolitic acts which the king
+expiated on the scaffold in 1649. It aggravated every propensity of his
+nature that was hostile to the liberties of the people. Under James I.
+the _elite_ of the Puritans had fled to Holland, and a little company
+had sought a more permanent refuge on the coast of New England. During
+the early years of the reign of Charles, the persecution of the Puritans
+by his savage bishops became so cruel and so vigilant as to induce men
+of family and fortune, like Winthrop and his friends, accompanied by a
+fleet of vessels laden with virtuous and thoughtful families, to cross
+the ocean and settle in Massachusetts. Boston was founded when Charles
+I. had been cutting off the ears and slitting the noses of Puritans for
+five years. All that enchanting shore of New England, with its gleaming
+beaches, and emerald isles, and jutting capes of granite and wild roses,
+now so dear to summer visitors--an eternal holiday-ground and
+resting-place for the people of North America--began to be dotted with
+villages, the names of which tell us what English towns were most
+renowned for the Puritan spirit two hundred and fifty years ago. The
+satirical pictures preserved in the British Museum which relate to
+events in earlier reigns number ninety-nine in all; but those suggested
+by events in the reign of Charles I. are nearly seven hundred in number.
+Most of them, however, were not published until after the downfall of
+the king.
+
+Several of these prints are little more than portraits of the
+conspicuous persons of the time, with profuse accounts on the same sheet
+of their sufferings or misdeeds. One such records the heroic endurance
+of "the Reverend Peter Smart, mr of Artes, minister of God's word at
+Durham," who, for preaching against popery, lost above three hundred
+pounds per annum, and was imprisoned eleven years in the King's Bench.
+The composer adds these lines:
+
+ "Peter preach downe vaine rites with flagrant harte;
+ Thy Guerdon shall be greate, though heare thou Smart."
+
+Another of these portrait pieces exhibits Dr. Alexander Leighton, who
+spoke of Queen Henrietta as "the daughter of Hell, a Canaanite, and an
+idolatresse," and spared not Archbishop Laud and his confederates. For
+these offenses he was, as the draughtsman informs us, "clapt up in
+Newgate for the space of 15 weekes, where he suffered great miserie and
+sicknes almost to death, afterward lost one of his Eares on the
+pillorie, had one of his nosthrills slitt clean through, was whipt with
+a whip of 3 Coardes knotted, had 36 lashes therewith, was fined
+1000_ll._, and kept prisoner in the fleet 12 yeares, where he was most
+cruelly used a long time, being lodged day and night amongst the most
+desperately wiked villaines of y{e} whole prison." He was also branded
+on the cheek with the letters S. S.--sower of sedition. Several other
+prints of the time record the same mark of attention paid by the
+"martyred" king to his Catholic wife. By-and-by, the crowned and mitred
+ruffians who did such deeds as these being themselves in durance,
+Parliament set Dr. Leighton free, and made him a grant of six thousand
+pounds.
+
+A caricature of the same bloody period is entitled, "Archbishop Laud
+dining on the Ears of Prynne, Bastwick, and Burton." We see Laud seated
+at dinner, having an ear on the point of his knife and three more ears
+in the plate before him, the three victims of his cruelty standing
+about, and two armed bishops at the foot of the table. The dialogue
+below represents Laud as rejecting with scorn all the dainties of his
+table, and declaring that nothing will content him but the ears of
+Lawyer Prynne and Dr. Bastwick. He cuts them off himself, and orders
+them to be dressed for his supper.
+
+ "_Canterbury._ This I doe to make you examples,
+ That others may be more careful to please my palate.
+ Henceforth let my servants know, that what I will, I _will_ have done,
+ What ere is under heaven's Sunne."
+
+[Illustration: "Let not the World devide those whom Christ hath
+joined."]
+
+A burst of caricature heralded the coming triumph of the Puritans in
+1640, the year of the impeachment of the Earl of Strafford. Many of the
+pictures recorded both the sufferings and the joyful deliverance of the
+Puritan clergymen. Thus we have in one of them a glowing account of the
+return of the three gentlemen whose ears furnished a repast for the
+Archbishop of Canterbury. They had been imprisoned for many years in the
+Channel Islands, from which they were conveyed to Dartmouth, and thence
+to London, hailed with acclamations of delight and welcome in every
+village through which they passed. All the expenses of their long
+journey were paid for them, and presents of value were thrust upon them
+as they rode by. Within a few miles of London they were met by such a
+concourse of vehicles, horsemen, and people that it was with great
+difficulty they could travel a mile in an hour. But when at length, in
+the evening, they reached the city, masses of enthusiastic people
+blocked the streets, crying, "Welcome home! welcome home!" and strewing
+flowers and rosemary before them. Thousands of the people carried
+torches, which rendered the streets lighter than the day. They were
+three hours in making their way through the crowd from Charing Cross to
+their lodgings in the city, a distance of a mile.
+
+It was during the exaltation of the years preceding the civil war that
+such pictures appeared as the one here given, urging a union between the
+Church of England and the Church of Scotland against the foe of both.
+This is copied from an original impression in the collection of the New
+York Historical Society.
+
+The caricaturists pursued Laud and Strafford even to the scaffold. The
+archbishop was the author of a work entitled "Canons and Institutions
+Ecclesiastical," in which he gave expression to his extreme High-church
+opinions. In 1640 the victorious House of Commons canceled the canons
+adopted from this work, and fined the clergy who had sat in the
+Convocation. A caricature quickly appeared, called "Archbishop Laud
+firing a Cannon," in which the cannon is represented as bursting, and
+its fragments endangering the clergymen standing near. Laud's committal
+to the Tower was the occasion of many broadsheets, one of which exhibits
+him fastened to a staple in a wall, with a long string of taunting
+stanzas below:
+
+ "Reader, I know thou canst not choose but smile
+ To see a Bishop tide thus to a ring!
+ Yea, such a princely prelate, that ere while
+ Could three at once in _Limbo patrum_ fling;
+ Suspend by hundreds where his worship pleased,
+ And them that preached too oft by silence eas'd;
+
+ "Made Laws and Canons, like a King (at least);
+ Devis'd new oaths; forc'd men to sweare to lies!
+ Advanc'd his lordly power 'bove all the rest.
+ And then our Lazie Priests began to rise;
+ But painfull ministers, which plide their place
+ With diligence, went downe the wind apace.
+
+ "Our honest Round heads too then went to racke;
+ The holy sisters into corners fled;
+ Cobblers and Weavers preacht in Tubs for lacke
+ Of better Pulpits; with a sacke instead
+ Of Pulpit-cloth, hung round in decent wise,
+ All which the spirit did for their good devise.
+
+ "Barnes, Cellers, Cole-holes, were their meeting-places,
+ So sorely were these babes of Christ abus'd,
+ Where he that most Church-government disgraces
+ Is most esteem'd, and with most reverence us'd.
+ It being their sole intent religiously
+ To rattle against the Bishops' dignity.
+
+ "Brother, saies one, what doe you thinke, I pray,
+ Of these proud Prelates, which so lofty are?
+ Truly, saies he, meere Antichrists are they.
+ Thus as they parle, before they be aware,
+ Perhaps a Pursuivant slips in behind,
+ And makes 'em run like hares before the wind.
+
+ "A yeere agone 'tad been a hanging matter
+ T'ave writ (nay, spoke) a word 'gainst little Will;
+ But now the times are chang'd, men scorne to flatter;
+ So much the worse for Canterbury still,
+ For if that truth come once to rule the roast,
+ No mar'le to see him tide up to a post.
+
+ "By wicked counsels faine he would have set
+ The Scots and us together by the eares;
+ A Patriark's place the Levite long'd to get,
+ To sit bith' Pope in one of Peter's chaires.
+ And having drunke so deepe of Babels cup,
+ Was it not time, d'ee think, to chaine him up?"
+
+In these stanzas are roughly given the leading counts of the popular
+indictment against Archbishop Laud. Other prints present him to us in
+the Tower with a halter round his neck; and, again, we see him in a
+bird-cage, with the queen's Catholic confessor, the two being popularly
+regarded as birds of a feather. In another, a stout carpenter is holding
+Laud's nose to a grindstone, while the carpenter's boy turns the handle,
+and the archbishop cries for mercy:
+
+ "Such turning will soon deform my face;
+ Oh! I bleed, I bleed! and am extremely sore."
+
+But the carpenter reminds him that the various ears that he had caused
+to be cut off were quite as precious to their owners as his nose is to
+him. A Jesuit enters with a vessel of holy water with which to wash the
+extremely sore nose. One broadsheet represents Laud in consultation with
+his physician, who administers an emetic that causes him to throw off
+his stomach several heavy articles which had been troubling him for
+years. First, the "Tobacco Patent" comes up with a terrible wrench. As
+each article appears, the doctor and his patient converse upon it:
+
+"_Doctor._ What's this? A book? _Whosoever hath bin at church may
+exercise lawful recreations on Sunday._ What's the meaning of this?
+
+"_Canterbury._ 'Tis the booke for Pastimes on the Sunday, which I
+caused to be made. But hold! here comes something. What is it?
+
+"_Doctor._ 'Tis another book. The title is, 'Sunday no Sabbath.' Did
+you cause this to be made also?
+
+"_Canterbury._ No; Doctor Pocklington made it; but I licensed it.
+
+"_Doctor._ But what's this? A paper 'tis; if I be not mistaken, a
+Star-Chamber order made against Mr. Prinne, Mr. Burton, and Dr.
+Bastwicke. Had you any hand in this?
+
+"_Canterbury._ I had. I had. All England knoweth it. But, oh, here
+comes up something that makes my very back ake! O that it were up
+once! Now it is up, I thank Heaven!
+
+"_Doctor._ 'Tis a great bundle of papers, of presentations and
+suspensions. These were the instruments, my lord, wherewith you
+created the tongue-tied Doctors, and gave them great Benefices in the
+Country to preach some twice a year at the least, and in their place
+to hire some journeyman Curate, who will only read a Sermon in the
+forenoone, and in the afternoone be drunke, with his parishioners for
+company."
+
+By the same painful process the archbishop is delivered of his "Book of
+Canons," and finally of his mitre; upon which the doctor says, "Nay, if
+the miter be come, the Divell is not far off. Farewell, my good lord."
+
+There still exist in various collections more than a hundred prints
+relating directly to Archbishop Laud, several of which give burlesque
+representations of his execution. There are some that show him asleep,
+and visited by the ghosts of those whom he had persecuted, each
+addressing him in turn, as the victims of Richard III. spoke to their
+destroyer on Bosworth Field. One of the print-makers, however, relented
+at the spectacle of an old man, seventy-two years of age, brought to the
+block. He exhibits the archbishop speaking to the crowd from the
+scaffold:
+
+ "Lend me but one poore teare, when thow do'st see
+ This wretched portraict of just miserie.
+ I was Great Innovator, Tyran, Foe
+ To Church and State; all Times shall call me so.
+ But since I'm Thunder-stricken to the Ground,
+ Learn how to stand: insult not ore my wound."
+
+This one poor stanza alone among the popular utterances of the time
+shows that any soul in England was touched by the cruel fanatic's bloody
+end.
+
+[Illustration: "England's Wolfe with Eagle's Clawes" (Prince Rupert),
+1647.]
+
+During the civil war and the government of Cromwell, 1642 to 1660, nine
+in ten of all the satirical prints that have been preserved are on the
+Puritan side. A great number of them were aimed at the Welsh, whose
+brogue seems to have been a standing resource with the mirth-makers of
+that period, as the Irish is at present. The wild roystering ways of the
+Cavaliers, their debauchery and license, furnished subjects. The
+cruelties practiced by Prince Rupert suggested the annexed illustration,
+in which the author endeavored to show "the cruell Impieties of
+Blood-thirsty Royalists and blasphemous Anti-Parliamentarians under the
+Command of that inhumane Prince Rupert, Digby, and the rest, wherein the
+barbarous Crueltie of our Civill uncivill Warres is briefly discovered."
+Beneath the portrait of England's wolf are various narratives of his
+bloody deeds. One picture exhibits the plundering habits of the
+mercenaries on the side of the king in Ireland. A soldier is represented
+armed and equipped with the utensils that appertain to good forage: on
+his head a three-legged pot, hanging from his side a duck, a spit with a
+goose on it held in his left hand as a musket, a dripping-pan on his arm
+as a shield, a hay-fork in his right hand for a rest, with a string of
+sausages for a match, a long artichoke at his side for a sword, bottles
+of canary suspended from his belt, slices of toast for shoe-strings, and
+two black pots at his garters. This picture may have been called forth
+by an item in a news-letter of 1641, wherein it was stated that such
+"great store of pilidges" was daily brought into Drogheda that a cow
+could be bought there for five shillings and a horse for twelve.
+
+[Illustration: Charles II. and the Scotch Presbyterians, 1651.
+
+ "_Presbyter._ Come to the grinstone, Charles; 'tis now too late
+ To recolect, 'tis presbiterian fate.
+
+ "_King._ Yon Covenant pretenders, must I bee
+ The subject of your Tradgie Comedie?
+
+ "_Jockey._ I, Jockey, turne the stone of all your plots,
+ For none turnes faster than the turne-coat Scots.
+
+ "_Presbyter._ We for our ends did make thee king, be sure,
+ Not to rule us, we will not that endure.
+
+ "_King._ You deep dissemblers, I know what you doe,
+ And, for revenges sake, I will dissemble too."]
+
+The abortive attempt of Charles II., after the execution of his father,
+to unite the Scots under his sceptre, and by their aid place himself
+upon the throne of England, called forth the caricature annexed, in
+which an old device is put to a new use. A large number of verses
+explain the picture, though they begin by declaring:
+
+ "This Embleme needs no learned Exposition;
+ The World knows well enough the sad condition
+ Of regal Power and Prerogative.
+ Dead and dethron'd in _England_, now alive
+ In _Scotland_, where they seeme to love the Lad,
+ If hee'l be more obsequious than his Dad,
+ And act according to Kirk Principles,
+ More subtile than were Delphic Oracles."
+
+In the verses that follow there is to be found one of the few explicit
+justifications of the execution of Charles I. that the lighter
+literature of the Commonwealth affords:
+
+ "But _Law and Justice_ at the last being done
+ On the hated Father, now they love the Son."
+
+The poet also taunts the Scots with having first stirred up the English
+to "doe Heroick Justice" on the late king, and then adopting the heir on
+condition of his giving _their_ Church the same fell supremacy which
+Laud had claimed for the Church of England.
+
+The Ironsides of Cromwell soon accomplished the caricaturist's
+prediction:
+
+ "But this religious mock we all shall see,
+ Will soone the downfall of their Babel be."
+
+We find the pencil and the pen of the satirist next employed in
+exhibiting the young king fleeing in various ludicrous disguises before
+his enemies.
+
+An interesting caricature published during the civil wars aimed to cast
+back upon the Malignants the ridicule implied in the nickname of
+Roundhead as applied to the Puritans. It contained figures of three
+ecclesiastics, "Sound-head, Rattle-head, and Round-head." Sound-head, a
+minister sound in the Puritan faith, hands a Bible to Rattle-head, a
+personage meant for Laud, half bishop and half Jesuit. On the other side
+is the genuine Round-head, a monk with shorn pate, who presents to
+Rattle-head a crucifix, and points to a monastery. Rattle-head rejects
+the Bible, and receives the crucifix. Over the figures is written:
+
+ "See heer, Malignants Foolerie
+ Retorted on them properly,
+ The Sound-head, Round-head, Rattle-head,
+ Well placed, where best is merited."
+
+Below are other verses in which, of course, Rattle-head and Round-head
+are belabored in the thorough-going, root-and-branch manner of the time,
+_Atheist_ and _Arminian_ being used as synonymous terms:
+
+ "See heer, the Rattle-heads most Rotten Heart,
+ Acting the Atheists _or_ Arminians part."
+
+In looking over the broadsheets of that stirring period, we are struck
+by the absence of the mighty Name that must have been uppermost in every
+mind and oftenest on every tongue--that of the Lord Protector, Oliver
+Cromwell. A few caricatures were executed in Holland, in which "The
+General" and "Oliver" and "The Protector" were weakly satirized; but as
+most of the plates in that age were made to serve various purposes, and
+were frequently altered and redated, it is not certain that any of them
+were circulated in England during Cromwell's life-time. English
+draughtsmen produced a few pictures in which the Protector was favorably
+depicted dissolving the Long Parliament, but their efforts were not
+remarkable either with pen or pencil. The Protector may have relished,
+and Bunyan may have written, the verses that accompanied some of them:
+
+ "Full twelve years and more these Rooks they have sat
+ to gull and to cozen all true-hearted People;
+ Our Gold and our Silver has made them so fat
+ that they lookt more big and mighty than Paul's Steeple."
+
+The Puritans handled the sword more skillfully than the pen, and the
+royalists were not disposed to satire during the rule of the Ironside
+chief. The only great writer of the Puritan age on the Puritan side was
+Milton, and he was one of the two or three great writers who have shown
+little sense of humor.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER X.
+
+LATER PURITAN CARICATURE.
+
+
+[Illustration: Cris-cross Rhymes on Love's Crosses, 1640. (Musarum,
+306.)]
+
+What a change came over the spirit of English art and literature at the
+Restoration in 1660! Forty years before, when James I. was king, who
+loathed a Puritan, there was occasionally published a print in which
+Puritans were treated in the manner of Hudibras. There was one of 1612
+in which a crown was half covered by a broad-brimmed hat, with verses
+reflecting upon "the aspiring, factious Puritan," who presumed to
+"overlooke his king." There was one in 1636, in the reign of Charles I.,
+aimed at "two infamous upstart prophets," weavers, then in Newgate for
+heresy, which contains a description of a Puritan at church, which is
+entirely in the spirit of Hudibras:
+
+"His seat in the church is where he may be most seene. In the time of
+the Sermon he drawes out his tables to take the Notes, but still noting
+who observes him to take them. At every place of Scripture cited he
+turnes over the leaves of his Booke, more pleased with the motion of the
+leaves than the matter of the Text; For he folds downe the leaves though
+he finds not the place. Hee lifts up the whites of his eyes towards
+Heaven when hee meditates on the sordid pleasures of the earth; his
+body being in God's Church, when his mind is in the divel's Chappell."
+
+Again, in 1647, two years before the execution of Charles, an extensive
+and elaborate sheet appeared, in which the ignorant preachers of the day
+were held up to opprobrium. Each of these "erronious, hereticall, and
+Mechannick spirits" was exhibited practicing his trade, and a multitude
+of verses below described the heresies which such teachers promulgated.
+
+ "Oxford and Cambridge make poore Preachers;
+ Each shop affordeth better Teachers:
+ Oh blessed Reformation!"
+
+Among the "mechannick spirits" presented in this sheet we remark
+"Barbone, the Lether-seller," who figures in many later prints as
+"Barebones." There are also "Bulcher, a Chicken man;" "Henshaw, a
+Confectioner, alias an Infectioner;" "Duper, a Cowkeeper;" "Lamb, a
+Sope-boyler," and a dozen more.
+
+Such pictures, however, were few and far between during the twenty years
+of Puritan ascendency. But when the rule of the Sound-head was at an
+end, and Rattle-head had once more the dispensing of preferment in
+Church and State, the press teemed with broadsheets reviling the Puritan
+heroes. The gorgeous funeral of the Protector--his body borne in state
+on a velvet bed, clad in royal robes, to Westminster Abbey, where a
+magnificent tomb rose over his remains--was still fresh in the
+recollection of the people of London when they saw the same body torn
+from its resting-place, and hung on Tyburn Hill from nine in the morning
+until six in the evening, and then cast into a deep pit. Thousands who
+saw his royal funeral looked upon his body swinging from the gallows.
+The caricatures vividly mark the change. Cromwell now appears only as
+tyrant, antichrist, hypocrite, monster. Charles I. is the holy martyr.
+His son's flight in disguise, the hiding in the oak-tree, and other
+circumstances of his escape are no longer ignominious or laughable, but
+graceful and glorious.
+
+A cherished fiction appears frequently in the caricatures that no man
+came to a good end who had had any hand in the king's execution, not
+even the executioner nor the humblest of his assistants. On one sheet we
+read of a certain drum-maker, named Tench, who "provided roapes,
+pullies, and hookes (in case the king resisted) to compel and force him
+down to the block." "This roague is also haunted with a Devill, and
+consumes away." There was the confession, too, of the hangman, who,
+being about to depart this life, declared that he had solemnly vowed not
+to perform his office upon the king, but had nevertheless dealt the
+fatal blow, trembling from head to foot. Thirty pounds had been his
+reward, which was paid him in half-crown pieces within an hour after the
+execution--the dearest money, as he told his wife, that he had ever
+received, for it would cost him his life, "which propheticall words were
+soon made manifest, for it appeared that, ever since, he had been in a
+most sad condition, and lay raging and swearing, and still pointing at
+one thing or another which he conceived to appear visible before him."
+
+[Illustration: Shrove-tide in Arms against Lent, A.D. 1660.]
+
+Richard Cromwell was let off as easily by the caricaturist as he was by
+the king. He is depicted as "the meek knight," the mild incapable,
+hardly worth a parting kick. In one very good picture he is a cooper
+hammering away with a mallet at a cask, from which a number of owls
+escape, most of which, as they take their flight, cry out, "_King!_"
+Richard protests that he knows nothing of this trade of cooper, for the
+more he hammers, the more the barrel breaks up. Elizabeth, the wife of
+the Protector, figured in a ludicrous manner upon the cover of a
+cookery-book published in the reign of Charles II., the preface of which
+contained anecdotes of the kitchen over which she had presided.
+
+[Illustration: Lent tilting at Shrove-tide, A.D. 1660.]
+
+Among other indications of change in the public feeling, we notice a few
+pictures conceived in the pure spirit of gayety, designed to afford
+pleasure to every one, and pain to no one. Two of these are given
+here--Shrove-tide and Lent tilting at one another--which were thought
+amazingly ingenious and comic two hundred years ago. They are quite in
+the taste of the period that produced them. Shrove-tide, in the
+calendar of Rome, is the Tuesday before Lent, a day on which many people
+gave themselves up to revelry and feasting, in anticipation of the forty
+days' fast. Shrove-tide accordingly is mounted on a fat ox, and his
+sword is sheathed in a pig and piece of meat, with capons and bottles of
+wine about his body. His flag, as we learn from the explanatory verses,
+is "a cooke's foule apron fix'd to a broome," and his helmet "a brasse
+pot." Lent, on the contrary, flings to the breeze a fishing-net, carries
+an angling-rod for a weapon, and wears upon his head "a boyling kettle."
+Thus accoutred, these mortal foes approach one another, and Lent lifts
+up his voice and proclaims his intention:
+
+ "I now am come to mundifie and cleare
+ The base abuses of this last past yeare:
+ Thou puff-paunch'd monster (Shrovetyde), thou art he
+ That were ordain'd the latter end to be
+ Of forty-five weekes' gluttony, now past,
+ Which I in seaven weekes come to cleanse at last:
+ Your feasting I will turn to fasting dyet;
+ Your cookes shall have some leasure to be quiet;
+ Your masques, pomps, playes, and all your vaine expence,
+ I'll change to sorrow, and to penitence."
+
+Shrove-tide replies valiantly to these brave words:
+
+ "What art thou, thou leane-jawde anottamie,
+ All spirit (for I no flesh upon thee spie);
+ Thou bragging peece of ayre and smoke, that prat'st,
+ And all good-fellowship and friendship hat'st;
+ You'le turn our feasts to fasts! when, can you tell?
+ Against your spight, we are provided well.
+ Thou sayst thou'lt ease the cookes!-the cookes could wish
+ Thee boyl'd or broyl'd with all thy frothy fish;
+ For one fish-dinner takes more paines and cost
+ Than three of flesh, bak'd, roast, or boyl'd, almost."
+
+This we are compelled to regard as about the best fun our ancestors of
+1660 were capable of achieving with pencil and pen. Nor can we claim
+much for their pictures which aim to satirize the vices.
+
+[Illustration: The Queen of James II. and Father Petre.
+
+"It is a foolish sheep that makes the wolf her confessor." (1685.)]
+
+The joy of the English people at the restoration of the monarchy, which
+seemed at first to be as universal as it was enthusiastic, was of short
+duration. The Stuarts were the Bourbons of England, incapable of being
+taught by adversity. Within two years Charles II. alarmed Protestant
+England by marrying a Portuguese princess. The great plague of 1665,
+that destroyed in London alone sixty-eight thousand persons, was
+followed in the very next year by the great fire of London, which
+consumed thirteen thousand two hundred houses. At a moment when the
+public mind was reduced to the most abject credulity by such events as
+these, the scoundrel Titus Oates appeared, declaring that the dread
+calamities which had afflicted England, and others then imminent, were
+only parts of an awful _Popish Plot_, which aimed at the destruction of
+the king and the restoration of the Catholic religion. A short time
+after, 1678, Sir Edmundsbury Godfrey, the magistrate before whom Titus
+Oates made his deposition, was found dead in a field near London, the
+victim probably of some fanatic assassin of the Catholic party. The
+kingdom was thrown into an ecstasy of terror, from which, as before
+observed, it has not to this day wholly recovered. Terror may lurk in
+the blood of a race ages after the removal of its cause, as we find our
+sensitive horses shying from low-lying objects at the road-side, though
+a thousand generations may have peacefully labored and died since their
+ancestors crouched from the spring of a veritable wild beast. The
+broadsheets of that year, 1678, and of the troublous years following,
+even until William of Orange was seated on the throne of England, in
+1690, have, we may almost say, but one topic--the Popish Plot. The
+spirit of that period lives in those sheets.
+
+It had been a custom in England to celebrate the 17th of November, the
+day, as one sheet has it, on which the unfortunate Queen Mary died, and
+"that Glorious Sun, Queen Elizabeth, of happy memory, arose in the
+English horizon, and thereby dispelled those thick fogs and mists of
+Romish blindness, and restored to these kingdoms their just Rights both
+as men and Christians." The next recurrence of this anniversary after
+the murder of Godfrey was seized by the Protestants of London to
+arrange a procession which was itself a striking caricature. A pictorial
+representation of the procession is manifestly impossible here, but we
+can copy the list of objects as given on a broadsheet issued a few days
+after the event. This device of a procession, borrowed from Catholic
+times, was continually employed to promulgate and emphasize Protestant
+ideas down to a recent period, and has been used for political objects
+in our own day. How changed the thoughts of men since Albert Duerer
+witnessed the grand and gay procession at Antwerp, in honor of the
+Virgin's Assumption, one hundred and fifty-nine years before! The 17th
+of November, 1679, was ushered in, at three o'clock in the morning, by a
+burst of bell-ringing all over London. The broadsheet thus quaintly
+describes the procession:
+
+"About Five o'clock in the Evening, all things being in readiness, the
+Solemn Procession began, in the following Order: I. Marched six Whiflers
+to clear the way, in Pioneers Caps and Red Waistcoats (and carrying
+torches). II. A Bellman Ringing, who, with a Loud and Dolesom Voice
+cried all the way, _Remember Justice Godfrey_. III. A Dead Body
+representing Sir Edmundbury Godfrey, in the Habit he usually wore, the
+Cravat wherewith he was murdered about his Neck, with spots of Blood on
+his Wrists, Shirt, and white Gloves that were on his hands, his Face
+pale and wan, riding on a White Horse, and one of his Murderers behind
+him to keep him from falling, representing the manner how he was carried
+from Somerset House to Primrose Hill. IV. A Priest in a Surplice, with a
+Cope Embroidered with Dead mens Bones, Skeletons, Skuls, &c., giving
+pardons very freely to those who would murder Protestants, and
+proclaiming it Meritorious. V. A Priest alone, in Black, with a large
+Silver Cross. VI. Four Carmelite Friers in White and Black Habits. VII.
+Four Grey Friars in their proper Habits. VIII. Six Jesuits with Bloody
+Daggers. IX. A Consort of Wind-musick, call'd the Waits. X. Four Popish
+Bishops in Purple and Lawn Sleeves, with Golden Crosses on their
+Breasts. XI. Four other Popish Bishops in their Pontificalibus, with
+Surplices, Rich Embroydered Copes, and Golden Miters on their Heads.
+XII. Six Cardinals in Scarlet Robes and Red Caps. XIII. The Popes Chief
+Physitian with Jesuites Powder in one hand, and a ---- in the other.
+XIV. Two Priests in Surplices, with two Golden Crosses. Lastly, the Pope
+in a Lofty Glorious Pageant, representing a Chair of State, covered with
+Scarlet, the Chair richly embroydered, fringed, and bedeckt with Golden
+Balls and Crosses; at his feet a Cushion of State, two Boys in
+Surplices, with white Silk Banners and Red Crosses, and Bloody Daggers
+for Murdering Heritical Kings and Princes, painted on them, with an
+Incense-pot before them, sate on each side censing his Holiness, who was
+arrayed in a rich Scarlet Gown, Lined through with Ermin, and adorned
+with Gold and Silver Lace, on his Head a Triple Crown of Gold, and a
+Glorious Collar of Gold and precious stones, St. Peters Keys, a number
+of Beads, Agnus Dei's and other Catholick Trumpery; at his Back stood
+his Holiness's Privy Councellor, the Devil, frequently caressing,
+hugging, and whispering, and oft-times instructing him aloud, to
+destroy His Majesty, to forge a Protestant Plot, and to fire the City
+again; to which purpose he held an Infernal Torch in his hand. The whole
+Procession was attended with 150 Flambeaus and Torches by order; but so
+many more came in Voluntiers as made up some thousands. Never were the
+Balconies, Windows and Houses more numerously filled, nor the Streets
+closer throng'd with multitudes of People, all expressing their
+abhorrence of Popery with continual Shouts and Acclamations."
+
+With slow and solemn step the procession marched to Temple Bar, then
+just rebuilt, and there it halted, while a dialogue in verse was sung in
+parts by "one who represented the English Cardinal Howard, and one the
+people of England." We can imagine the manner in which the crowd would
+come thundering in with
+
+ "Now God preserve Great Charles our King,
+ And eke all honest men;
+ And Traytors all to justice bring,
+ Amen! Amen! Amen!"
+
+Fire-works succeeded the song, after which "his Holiness was decently
+tumbled from all his grandeur into the impartial flames," while the
+people gave so prodigious a shout that it was heard "far beyond Somerset
+House." For many years a similar pageant was given in London on the same
+day.
+
+As an additional illustration of the feeling which then prevailed in
+Puritan circles, I will copy the rude and doleful rhymes which accompany
+a popular print of 1680, called "The Dreadful Apparition; or, the Pope
+haunted with Ghosts." Coleman, Whitebread, and Harcourt, who figure
+among the ghosts, had been recently executed as "popish plotters." The
+picture shows the Pope in bed, to whom the devil conducts Coleman, and
+an angel leads the spirit of Sir Edmundsbury Godfrey. Whitebread and
+Harcourt are in shrouds. A bishop, a cardinal, and other figures are
+seen. A label issuing from the mouth of each of the persons represented
+contains the rhymes which follow:
+
+THE POPE IN BED.
+
+ "_Away! Away! am not I Pope of Rome,
+ torment me not before my time is Come._"
+
+THE DEVIL, IN THE FORM OF A DRAGON.
+
+ "_Your Sevt S{r}! Ned Coleman doth appeare
+ he'll tell you all, therefore I brought him here._"
+
+COLEMAN'S GHOST.
+
+ "_S{r} you are Cause of my Continuall paine,
+ My Soul is Lost, for your Ambitious gaine._"
+
+GODFREY'S GHOST, INTRODUCED BY ----.
+
+ "_Repent great S{r} and be for ever blest,
+ in Heaven with me that happy place of rest._"
+
+ANGEL, IN A "ROMAN SHAPE."
+
+ "_O Chariety! who mercy craves for those:
+ With Bluddy hands that ware his Cruell foes._"
+
+WHITEBREAD'S GHOST, WITH A SWORD THROUGH THE BODY.
+
+ "_I am perplexed with perpetuall fright;
+ but who is this apeares this dreadful night._"
+
+HARCOURT'S GHOST, WITH A SWORD THROUGH THE BODY.
+
+ "_'Tis Godfrey's Ghost I wish all things be well
+ that we may have our Pope of Rome in hell._"
+
+A BISHOP.
+
+ "_Let us depart and Shun their cruell fate,
+ and all repent before it is to late._"
+
+CARDINAL.
+
+ "_Come let us flie with all the Speed we may,
+ Ye Devil els will take us all away._"
+
+Below the picture are the verses subjoined:
+
+NUNCIO.
+
+ "Horrors and Death! what _dismal Sights_ Invade
+ His Nightly Slumbers, who in _Blood_ does Trade.
+ The Ghostly Apparitions of the Dead;
+ The _Bless'd_ by Angels; _Damn'd_ by _Demons Lead_;
+ 'Tis sure, _Romes_ Conclave _must_ Amazed stand,
+ When _Souls_ Complaining, thus against _them_ band;
+ Who _All_ but _One_ to please Ambitious ROME,
+ Have Gain'd _Damnation_ for Their Final DOOM.
+ Hear how _They Curse Him_ all, but _He_ who fell.
+ Great _Brittains Sacrifice_ by Imps of Hell;
+ Who shew'd _Their Bloody Vengeance_ in the _Strife_,
+ To Murther _Him_, who Business had for _Life_."
+
+POPE.
+
+ "_How do_ my Eye-Balls _Roul_, and Blood _run back_,
+ _What Tortures at this sight my Conscience Rack_;
+ _Oh!_ Mountains _now fall on me, some Deep Cave_
+ Pitty me once, _and prove my speedy Grave_.
+ _Involv'd_ in Darkness, _from the Seated_ Light,
+ _Let Me abscond_ in _Everlasting Night_.
+ Torment _me not_; _you Shades, before my time_,
+ _I do confess_, your Downfalls _was_ my Crime;
+ To _Satiate my_ Ambition _and_ Revenge,
+ _I push'd you on to this Immortal Change_.
+ _But Ah! fresh Horrors, Ah! my Power's grown weak_,
+ What art thou Fiend? _from whence? or where? O Speak_;
+ _That in this Frightful Form, a_ Dragon's _hew
+ Presents_ One _Sainted, to_ my _Trembling View?"_
+
+FIEND.
+
+ "By Hells Grim KING'S Command, on _whom_ I wait,
+ I've brought your Saint his Story to relate;
+ Who from the black _Tartarian_-Fire below,
+ So long beg'd Absence as to let you know
+ His Torments, and the Horrid Cheat condole,
+ You fix'd on him to Rob him of his Soul."
+
+POPE.
+
+ "_O! spare my Ears, I'll no such Horrors hear;_"
+
+COLEMAN.
+
+ "You must, and know your _own_ Damnation's near:
+ You must ere long be _Plung'd_ in Grizly Flame,
+ Which I shall laugh to see, tho, rack'd with pain
+ Thou _Grand Deceiver_ of the _Nations_ All,
+ Contriver of my _Wretched Fate_ and _Fall_:
+ Thou who didst push me on to Murther _Kings_
+ Persuading me for it on _Angels Wings_
+ I should _Transcend_ the Clouds, be _ever Blest_, )
+ And be of _Al_ that Heav'n cou'd yield, _possest_, )
+ But these I mist, got _Torment_ without _Rest_: )
+ For whilst on _Earth_ I stand, a _Hell_ within
+ Distracts my Conscience, pale with horrid Sin:
+ Instead of _Mortals_ Pardon, _One_ on High,
+ I must your Everlasting Martyr Fry;
+ Whilst Name of _Saint_ I bear on Earth, _below_
+ It _stirs_ the _flames_, and much Augments _my Woe_."
+
+POPE.
+
+ "_Horrors! 'tis Dismal, I can hear no more,
+ O! Hell and Furies, how I have lost my Pow'r._"
+
+SIR E. GODFREY.
+
+ "See Sir this Crimson Stain, this baleful Wound
+ See Murther'd me, with _Joys Eternal_ Crown'd;
+ Though by the _Darkest Deed_ of Night I fell,
+ Which _shook Three Kingdoms_, and _Astonish'd Hell_:
+ Yet rap'd _above_ the Skyes to Mansion bright,
+ There to Converse with Everlasting Light;
+ Thence got I leave to View thy _Wretched Face_,
+ And find my Death thy Hell-born PLOTS did race,
+ And next to the _Almighty Arm_ did _Save_
+ Great _Albion's_ Glory from its yawning Grave;
+ From _Sacred Bliss_ my Swift-_Wing'd Soul_ did glide,
+ Conducted _Hither_ by my _Angel-Guide_,
+ To let thee know thy Sands were almost run,
+ And that thy Thread of _Life_ is well-nigh Spun;
+ _Repent_ you then, Wash off the _Bloody Stain_,
+ Or _You'll_ be Doom'd to _Everlasting Pain_."
+
+ANGEL.
+
+ "Come Worthy _of Seraphick Joys Above_,
+ Worthy _Our_ Converse, and _Our Sacred_ Love;
+ Who hast Implor'd the Great _Jehove_ for One )
+ Who _Shed_ thy Blood, to _Snatch_ thy Princes _Throne_ )
+ In this thy _Saviour's_ Great Examples shown: )
+ Come let _Vs_ hence, and leave _Him_ to his Fate,
+ When _Divine Vengeance_ shall the Business State."
+
+POPE.
+
+ "_Chill Horror seizes me, I cannot flye;
+ Oh Ghastly! yet more Apparitions nigh?_"
+
+WHITEBREAD.
+
+ "Thus wandering through the _Gloomy Shades_, at last
+ I've found _Thee_, Traytor, that _my Joys_ did Blast,
+ Whose _Dam'd Injunctions_, _Dire Damnation_ Seal'd,
+ And _Torments_ that were never yet Reveal'd:
+ Mirrihords of _Plagues_, _Chains_, _Racks_, Tempestuous _Fire_,
+ Sulpherian _Lakes_ that Burn and ner Expire,
+ Deformed _Demons_, Uglier far than Hell,
+ The Half what _We Endure_, no Tongue can _Tell_;
+ This for a _Bishoprick_ I Undergo,
+ But _Now_ would give Earth's _Empire_ wer't _not so_."
+
+POPE.
+
+ "_Retire, Good Ghosts, or I shall Dye with Fear._"
+
+HARCOURT.
+
+ "Nay stay Sir, first You must _my Story_ Hear:
+ How could you thus _Delude_ your _Bosome-Friend_?
+ Your _Foes_ to _Heaven_, and _Vs_ to _Hell_ thus send;
+ _Damnation_ seize You for't; ere long You'll be
+ Plung'd _Headlong_ into vast _Eternity_;
+ _There_ for to Howl, whilst _We_ some _Comfort_ gain, )
+ To see You welter in an endless Pain, )
+ And without _Pitty_, justly there Complain." )
+
+POPE.
+
+ "_Ho!_ Cardinals and Bishops, _haste with speed_,
+ Bell, Book, _and_ Candle _fetch_, _let me be free'd_:
+ _Ah! 'tis too late_, by Fear Intranc'd _I lye_."
+
+BISHOP.
+
+ "Heard you that Groan? with speed _from hence_ let's flye."
+
+CARDINAL.
+
+ "The _Fiend_ has got _Him_, doubtless, lets away,
+ And in _this_ Ghastly place no longer stay."
+
+BISHOP.
+
+ "Dread Horrors seize me, _Fly_, for _Mercy_ call,
+ Least _Divine Vengeance_ over-whelm _Vs all_."
+
+It was in this crude and lucid way that the forerunners of Gillray,
+Nast, Tenniel, and Leech satirized the murderous follies of their age. A
+volume larger than this would not contain the verse and prose that
+covered the broadsheets in the same style which appeared in London
+during the reign of Charles II. This specimen, however, suffices for any
+reader who is not making a special study of the period. To students and
+historians the collection of these prints in the British Museum is
+beyond price; for they show "the very age and body of the time, his form
+and pressure." Perhaps no other single source of information respecting
+that period is more valuable.
+
+[Illustration: French Caricature of Corpulent General Galas, who
+defeated a French Convoy, 1635.]
+
+From the accession of William and Mary we notice a change in the
+subjects treated by caricaturists. If religion continued for a time to
+be the principal theme, there was more variety in its treatment. Sects
+became more distinct; the Quakers arose; the divergence between the
+doctrines of Luther and Calvin was more marked, and gave rise to much
+discussion; High Church and Low Church renewed their endless contest;
+the Baptists became an important denomination; deism began to be the
+whispered, and became soon the vaunted faith of men of the world; even
+the voice of the Jew was occasionally heard, timidly asking for a small
+share of his natural rights. It is interesting to note in the popular
+broadsheets and satirical pictures how quickly the human mind began to
+exert its powers when an overshadowing and immediate fear of pope and
+king in league against liberty had been removed by the flight of James
+II. and the happy accession of William III.
+
+Political caricature rapidly assumed prominence, though, as long as
+Louis XIV. remained on the throne of France, the chief aim of politics
+was to create safeguards against the possible return of the Catholic
+Stuarts. The accession of Queen Anne, the career of Bolingbroke and
+Harley, the splendid exploits of Marlborough, the early conflicts of
+Whig and Tory, the attempts of the Pretenders, the peaceful accession of
+George I.--all these are exhibited in broadsheets and satirical prints
+still preserved in more than one collection. Louis XIV., his pomps and
+his vanities, his misfortunes and his mistresses, furnished subjects for
+hundreds of caricatures both in England and Holland. It was on a Dutch
+caricature of 1695 that the famous retort occurs of the Duc de
+Luxembourg to an exclamation of the Prince of Orange. The prince
+impatiently said, after a defeat, "Shall I, then, never be able to beat
+that hunchback?" Luxembourg replied to the person reporting this, "How
+does he know that my back is hunched? He has never seen it."
+Interspersed with political satires, we observe an increasing number
+upon social and literary subjects. The transactions of learned societies
+were now important enough to be caricatured, and the public was
+entertained with burlesque discourses, illustrated, upon "The Invention
+of Samplers," "The Migration of Cuckoos," "The Eunuch's Child," "A New
+Method of teaching Learned Men how to write Unintelligibly." There was
+an essay, also, "proving by arguments philosophical that Millers, though
+falsely so reputed, yet in reality are not thieves, with an intervening
+argument that Taylors likewise are not so."
+
+[Illustration: A Quaker Meeting, 1710--Aminidel exhorting Friends to
+support Sacheverell.]
+
+A strange episode in the conflict between Whig and Tory was the career
+of Sacheverell, a clergyman who preached such extreme doctrines
+concerning royal and ecclesiastical prerogative that he was formally
+censured by a Whig Parliament, and thus lifted into a preposterous
+importance. During his triumphal tour, which Dr. Johnson remembered as
+one of the events of his earliest childhood, he was escorted by
+voluntary guards that numbered from one thousand to four thousand
+mounted men, wearing the Tory badges of white knots edged with gold, and
+in their hats three leaves of gilt laurel. The picture of the Quaker
+meeting reflects upon the alliance alleged to have existed between the
+high Tories and the Quakers, both having an interest in the removal of
+disabilities, and hence making common cause. A curious relic of this
+brief delirium is a paragraph in the _Grub Street Journal_ of 1736,
+which records the death of Dame Box, a woman so zealous for the Church
+that when Sacheverell was relieved of censure she clothed herself in
+white, kept the clothes all her life, and was buried in them. As long as
+Dr. Sacheverell lived she went to London once a year, and carried a
+present of a dozen larks to that "high-flying priest."
+
+The flight of the Huguenots from France, in 1685 and 1686, enriched
+Holland, England, and the American colonies with the _elite_ of the
+French people. Holland being nearest to France, and honored above all
+lands for nearly a century as the refuge of people persecuted for
+opinions' sake, received at first the greatest number, especially of the
+class who could live by intellectual pursuits. The rarest of all
+rarities in the way of caricature, "the diamond of the pictorial
+library," is a series of burlesque portraits, produced in Holland in
+1686, of the twenty-four persons most guilty of procuring the revocation
+of the wise edict of Henry IV., which secured to French Protestants the
+right to practice their religion. The work was entitled "La Procession
+Monacale conduite par Louis XIV. pour la Conversion des Protestans de
+son Royaume." The king, accordingly, leads the way, his face a sun in a
+monk's cowl, in allusion to his adoption of the sun as a device. Madame
+De Maintenon, his married mistress, hideously caricatured, follows. Pere
+la Chaise, and all the ecclesiastics near the court who were reputed to
+have urged on the ignorant old king to this superlative folly, had their
+place in the procession. Several of the faces are executed with a
+freedom and power not common in any age, but at that period only
+possible to a French hand. Two specimens are given on the following
+page.
+
+Louis XIV., as the caricature collections alone would suffice to show,
+was the conspicuous man of that painful period. The caricaturists
+avenged human nature. No man of the time called forth so many efforts of
+the satiric pencil, nor was there ever a person better adapted to the
+satirist's purpose, for he furnished precisely those contrasts which
+satire can exhibit most effectively. He stood five feet four in his
+stockings, but his shoe-maker put four inches of leather under his
+heels, and his wig-maker six inches of other people's hair upon his
+head, which gave him an imposing altitude. The beginning of his reign
+was prosperous enough to give some slight excuse for the most richly
+developed arrogance seen in the world since Xerxes lashed the
+Hellespont, but the last third of his reign was a collapse that could
+easily be made to seem ludicrous. There were very obvious contrasts in
+those years between the splendors of his barbaric court and the
+disgraceful defeats of his armies, between the opinion he cherished of
+himself and the contempt in which he was held abroad, between the
+adulations of his courtiers and the execrations of France, between the
+mass-attending and the morals of the court.
+
+[Illustration: Archbishop of Paris--A Better Friend to Ladies than to
+the Pope. (Holland, 1686. By an Exiled Huguenot.)]
+
+[Illustration: Archbishop of Rheims--Mitred Ass. (Holland, 1686. After
+the Expulsion of the Huguenots.)]
+
+The caricaturists made the most of these points. Every town that he
+lost, every victory that Marlborough won, gave them an opportunity which
+they improved. We have him as a huge yellow sun, each ray of which bears
+an inscription referring to some defeat, folly, or shame. We have him as
+a jay, covered with stolen plumage, which his enemies are plucking from
+him, each feather inscribed with the name of a _lost_ city or fortress.
+We have him as the Crier of Versailles, crying the ships lost in the
+battle of La Hogue, and offering rewards for their recovery. He figures
+as the Gallic cock flying before that wise victorious fox of England,
+William III., and as a pompous drummer leading his army, and attended by
+his ladies and courtiers. He is an old French Apollo driving the sun, in
+wig and spectacles. He is a tiger on trial before the other beasts for
+his cruel depredations. He is shorn and fooled by Maintenon; he is
+bridled by Queen Anne. He is shown drinking a goblet of human blood. We
+see him in the stocks with his confederate, the Pope, and the devil
+standing behind, knocking their heads together. He is a sick man
+vomiting up towns. He is a sawyer, who, with the help of the King of
+Spain, saws the globe in two, Maintenon sitting aloft assisting the
+severance. As long as he lived the caricaturists continued to assail
+him; and when he died, in 1715, he left behind him a France so
+demoralized and impoverished that he still kept the satirists busy.
+
+[Illustration: Caricature of Louis XIV., by Thackeray.]
+
+Even in our own time Louis XIV. has suggested one of the best
+caricatures ever drawn, and it is accompanied by an explanatory essay
+almost unique among prose satires for bitter wit and blasting truth. The
+same hand wielded both the pen and the pencil, and it was the wonderful
+hand of Thackeray. "You see at once," he says, in explanation of the
+picture, "that majesty is made out of the wig, the high-heeled shoes,
+and cloak, all _fleurs-de-lis_ bespangled.... Thus do barbers and
+cobblers make the gods that we worship."
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER XI.
+
+PRECEDING HOGARTH.
+
+
+It was the bubble mania of 1719 and 1720, brought upon Europe by John
+Law, which completed the "secularization" of caricature. Art, as well as
+literature, learning, and science, was subservient to religion during
+the Middle Ages, and drew its chief nourishment from Mother Church.
+Since the Reformation they have all been obliged to pass through a
+painful process of weaning, and each in turn to try for an independent
+existence. The bubble frenzy, besides giving an impulse to the
+caricaturist's art it had not before received, withdrew attention from
+ecclesiastical subjects, and supplied abundant material drawn from
+sources purely mundane.
+
+[Illustration: "Shares! Shares! Shares!"
+
+The Night Share-crier and his Magic Lantern. A Caricature of John Law
+and his Bubble Schemes. (Amsterdam, 1720.)]
+
+Above all, the pictures which that mania called forth assisted to form
+the great satiric artist of his time and country, William Hogarth. He
+was a London apprentice carving coats of arms on silver plate when the
+early symptoms of the mania appeared; and he was still a very young man,
+an engraver, feeling his way to the career that awaited him, when the
+broadsheets satirizing John Law began to be "adapted" from Dutch
+originals, and shown in the shop-windows of London. Doubtless he
+inspected the picture of the "Night Share-crier," opposite, and noticed
+the cock's feather in his hat (indicating the French origin of the
+delusion), and the windmill upon the top of his staff. The Dutch
+pictures were full of that detail and by-play of which Hogarth was such
+a master in later years.
+
+Visitors to New York who saw tumultuous Wall Street during the worst of
+our inflation period, and, following the crowd up-town, entered the
+Gold-room, where the wild speculation of the day was continued till
+midnight, may have flattered themselves that they were looking upon
+scenes never before exhibited in this world. What a strange intensity of
+excitement there was in those surging masses of young men! What fierce
+outcries! What a melancholy waste of youthful energies, so much needed
+elsewhere! But there was nothing new in all this, except that we passed
+the crisis with _less_ loss and _less_ demoralization than any community
+ever before experienced in circumstances at all similar.
+
+When Louis XIV. died in 1715, after his reign of seventy-two years, he
+left the finances of France in a condition of inconceivable disorder.
+For fourteen years there had been an average annual deficit of more than
+fourteen millions of francs, to meet which the king had raised money by
+every paper device that had then been discovered. Having previously sold
+all the offices for which any pretext could be invented, he next sold
+annuities of all kinds, for one life, for two lives, for three lives,
+and in perpetuity. Then he issued all known varieties of promises to
+pay, from _rentes perpetuelles_ to treasury-notes of a few francs,
+payable on demand. But there was one thing he did not do--reduce the
+expenditure of his enormous and extravagant court. In the midst of that
+deficit, when his ministers were at their wits' end to carry on the
+government from day to day, and half the lackeys of Paris held the
+depreciated royal paper, the old king ordered one more of those
+magnificent fetes at Fontainebleau which had, as he thought, shed such
+lustre on his reign. The fete would cost four millions, the treasury was
+empty, and treasury-notes had fallen to thirty-five. While an anxious
+minister was meditating the situation, he chanced to see in his inner
+office two valets slyly scanning the papers on his desk, for the
+purpose, as he instantly conjectured, of getting news for the
+speculators. He conceived an idea. The next time those enterprising
+valets found themselves alone in the same cabinet, they were so happy as
+to discover on the desk the outlines of a royal lottery scheme for the
+purpose of paying off a certain class of treasury-notes. The news was
+soon felt in the street. Those notes mysteriously rose in a few days
+from thirty-five to eighty-five; and while they were at that point the
+minister, anticipating the Fiskian era, slipped upon the market thirty
+millions of the same notes. The king had his fete; and when next he
+borrowed money of his subjects, for every twenty-five francs of coin he
+was obliged to give a hundred-franc note.[18]
+
+[Footnote 18: "Law, son Systeme et son Epoque," p. 2, par P. A. Cochut,
+Paris, 1853.]
+
+Two years after, the foolish old king died, leaving, besides a
+consolidated debt of bewildering magnitude, a floating debt, then due
+and overdue, of seven hundred and eighty-nine millions, equivalent, as
+M. Cochut computes, to about twice the amount in money of to-day. Coin
+had vanished; the royal paper was at twenty-five; the treasury was void;
+prices were distressingly high; some provinces refused to pay taxes;
+trade languished; there were vast numbers of workmen unemployed; and
+during the winter after the king's death a considerable number of
+persons died in Paris of cold and hunger. The only prosperous people
+were Government contractors, farmers of the revenue, brokers, and
+speculators in the king's paper; and these classes mocked the misery of
+their fellow-citizens by an ostentatious and tasteless profusion.
+
+[Illustration: Island of Madhead.
+
+"Picture of the very famous Island of Madhead. Situated in Share Sea,
+and inhabited by a multitude of all kinds of people, to which is given
+the general name of Shareholders." (Amsterdam, 1720.)]
+
+The natural successor of a king bigoted is a prince dissolute. The
+regent, who had to face this state of things on behalf of his nephew,
+Louis XV., a child of five, had at least the virtue and good sense to
+reject with indignant scorn the proposition made in his council by one
+member to declare France bankrupt and begin a new reign by opening a
+clean set of books. We, too, had our single repudiator, who fared no
+better than his French predecessor. But the regent's next measures were
+worthy of a prodigal. He called in the various kinds of public paper,
+and offered in exchange a new variety, called _billets d'etat_, bearing
+interest at four per cent. But the public not responding to the call,
+the new bills fell to forty in twenty-four hours, and drew down all
+other public paper, until in a few days the royal promise to pay one
+hundred francs was worth twenty francs. The regent's coffers did not
+fill. That scarred veterans could not get their pensions paid was an
+evil which could be borne; but the regent had mistresses to appease!
+
+Then he tried a system of _squeezing_ the rich contractors and others of
+the vermin class who batten on a sick body-politic. As informers were to
+have half the product of the squeeze, an offended lackey had only to
+denounce his master, to get him tried on a charge of having made too
+much money. Woe to the plebeian who was convicted of this crime! Besides
+being despoiled of his property, Paris saw him, naked to the shirt, a
+rope round his neck, a penitential candle in his handcuffed hands, tied
+to a dirty cart and dragged to the pillory, carrying on his back a large
+label, "PLUNDERER OF THE PEOPLE." The French pillory was a revolving
+platform, so that all the crowd had an equal chance to hurl mud and
+execration at the fixed and pallid face. Judge if there was not a making
+haste to compound with a government capable of such squeezing! There was
+also a mounting in hot haste to get out of such a France. One lucky
+merchant crossed the frontier, dressed as a peasant, driving a cart-load
+of straw, under which was a chest of gold. A train of fourteen carts
+loaded with barrels of wine was stopped, and in each barrel a keg of
+gold was found, which was emptied into the royal treasury.
+
+The universal consternation and the utter paralysis of business which
+resulted from these violent spoliations may be imagined. Six thousand
+persons were tried, who confessed to the possession of twelve hundred
+millions of francs. The number of the condemned was four thousand four
+hundred and ten, and the sum extorted from them was, nominally, nearly
+four hundred millions, of which, however, less than one hundred millions
+reached the treasury. It was easy for a rich man to compound. A person
+condemned to disgorge twelve hundred thousand francs was visited by a
+"great lord." "Give me three hundred thousand francs," said the great
+lord, "and you won't be troubled for the rest." To which the merchant
+replied, "Really, my lord, you come too late, for I have already made a
+bargain with madame, your wife, for a hundred and fifty thousand." Thus
+the business of busy and frugal France was brought to a stand without
+relieving the Government. The royal coffers would not fill; the deficit
+widened; the royal paper still declined; the poor were hungry; and, oh,
+horror! the regent's mistresses pouted. The Government debased the coin.
+But that, too, proved an aggravation of the evil.
+
+Such was that _ancien regime_ which still has its admirers; such are the
+consequences of placing a great nation under the rule of the greatest
+fool in it; and such were the circumstances which gave the Scotch
+adventurer, John Law, his opportunity to madden and despoil France, so
+often a prey to the alien.
+
+Two hundred years ago, when John Law, a rich goldsmith's son, was a boy
+in Edinburgh, goldsmiths were dealers in coin as well as in plate, and
+hence were bankers and brokers as well as manufacturers. They borrowed,
+lent, exchanged, and assayed money, and therefore possessed whatever
+knowledge of finance there was current in the world. It was in his
+father's counting-room that John Law acquired that taste for financial
+theories and combinations which distinguished him even in his youth. But
+the sagacious and practical goldsmith died when his son was fourteen,
+and left him a large inheritance in land and money. The example of Louis
+XIV. and Charles II. having brought the low vices into high fashion
+throughout Europe, it is not surprising that Law's first notoriety
+should have been owing to a duel about a mistress. A man of fashion in
+Europe in Louis XIV.'s time was a creature gorgeously attired in lace
+and velvet, and hung about with ringlets made of horse-hair, who passed
+his days in showing the world how much there was in him of the goat, the
+monkey, and the pig. Law had the impudence to establish his mistress in
+a respectable lodging-house, which led to his being challenged by a
+gentleman who had a sister living there. Law killed his man on the
+field--"not fairly," as John Evelyn records--and he was convicted of
+murder. The king pardoned, but detained him in prison, from which he
+escaped, went to the Continent, and resumed his career, being at once a
+man of fashion, a gambler, and a connoisseur in finance. He used to
+attend card-parties, followed by a footman carrying two bags, each
+containing two thousand louis-d'ors, and once during the life-time of
+the old king he was ordered out of Paris on the ground that he
+"understood the games he had introduced into the capital _too well_."
+
+Twenty years elapsed from the time of his flight from a London prison.
+He was forty-four years of age, possessed nearly a million and
+three-quarters of francs in cash, producible on the green cloth at a
+day's notice, and was the most plausible talker on finance in Europe.
+This last was a bad symptom, indeed, for it is well known that men who
+remain victors in finance, who really do extricate estates and countries
+from financial difficulties, are not apt to talk very effectively on the
+subject. Successful finance is little more than paying your debts and
+living within your income, neither of which affords material for
+striking rhetoric. Alexander Hamilton, for example, talked finance in a
+taking manner; but it was Albert Gallatin who quietly reduced the
+country's debt. Fifteen days after the death of the old king, Law was in
+Paris with all that he possessed, and in a few months he was deep in the
+confidence of the regent. His fine person, his winning manners, his
+great wealth, his constant good fortune, his fluent and plausible
+tongue, his popular vices, might not have sufficed to give him
+ascendency if he had not added to these the peculiar force that is
+derived from sincerity. That he believed in his own "system" is shown by
+his risking his whole fortune in it. And it is to his credit that the
+first use he made of his influence was to show that the spoliations, the
+debasing of the coin, and all measures that inspired terror, and thus
+tightened unduly the clutch upon capital, could not but aggravate
+financial distress.
+
+His "system" was delightfully simple. Bear in mind that almost every one
+in Paris who had any property at all held the king's paper, worth
+one-quarter or one-fifth of its nominal value. Whatever project Law set
+on foot, whether a royal bank, a scheme for settling and trading with
+Louisiana, for commerce with the East Indies, or farming the revenues,
+any one could buy shares in it on terms like these: one-quarter of the
+price in coin, and three-quarters in paper at its nominal value.
+
+The system was not immediately successful, and it was only in the teeth
+of powerful opposition that he could get his first venture, the bank, so
+much as authorized. Mark how clearly one of the council, the Duc de
+Saint-Simon, comprehended the weakness of a despotism to which he owed
+his personal importance. "An establishment," said he, "of the kind
+proposed may be in itself good; but it is so only in a republic, or in
+such a monarchy as England, where _the finances are controlled
+absolutely by those who furnish the money_, and who furnish only as much
+of it as they choose, and in the way they choose. But in a light and
+changing government like that of France, solidity would be necessarily
+wanting, since a king or, in his name, a mistress, a minister,
+favorites, and, still more, an extreme necessity, could overturn the
+bank, which would present a temptation at once too great and too easy."
+Law, therefore, was obliged to alter his plan, and give his bank at
+first a board of directors not connected with the Government.
+
+Gradually the "system" made its way. The royal paper beginning to rise
+in value, the holders were in good humor, and disposed to buy into other
+projects on similar terms. The Louisiana scheme may serve as an example
+of Law's method. Six years before, a great merchant of Paris, Antoine
+Crozat, had bought from the old king the exclusive right to trade with a
+vast unknown region in North America called Louisiana; but after five
+years of effort and loss he became discouraged, and offered to sell his
+right to the creator of the bank. Law, accepting the offer, speedily
+launched a magnificent scheme: capital one hundred millions of francs,
+in shares of five hundred francs, purchasable _wholly_ in those new
+treasury-notes bearing four per cent. interest, then at a discount of
+seventy per cent. Maps of this illimitable virgin land were published.
+Pictures were exhibited, in which crowds of interesting naked savages,
+male and female, were seen running up to welcome arriving Frenchmen; and
+under the engraving a gaping Paris crowd could read, "In this land are
+seen mountains filled with gold, silver, copper, lead, quicksilver; and
+the savages, not knowing their value, gladly exchange pieces of gold and
+silver for knives, iron pots, a small looking-glass, or even a little
+brandy." One picture was addressed to pious souls; for even at that
+early day, as at present, there was occasionally observed a curious
+alliance between persons engaged in the promotion of piety and those
+employed in the pushing of shares. This work exhibited a group of
+Indians kneeling before some reverend fathers of the Society of Jesus.
+Under it was written, "Indian Idolaters imploring Baptism."
+
+[Illustration: Speculative Map of Louisiana.]
+
+The excitement, once kindled, was stimulated by lying announcements of
+the sailing of great fleets for Louisiana laden with merchandise and
+colonists; of the arrival of vessels with freights worth "millions;" of
+the establishment of a silk-factory, wherein twelve thousand women of
+the Natchez tribe were employed; of the bringing of Louisiana ingots to
+the Mint to be assayed; of the discovery in Arkansas of a great rock of
+emerald, and the dispatch of Captain Laharpe with a file of twenty-two
+men to take possession of the same. In 1718 Law sent engineers to
+Louisiana, who did something toward laying out its future capital, which
+he named New Orleans, in honor of his patron, the regent.
+
+The royal paper rose rapidly under this new demand. Other schemes
+followed, until John Law, through his various companies, seemed about to
+"run" the kingdom of France by contract, farming all its revenues,
+transacting all its commerce, and, best of all, paying all its debts!
+Madness, ruled the hour. The depreciated paper rose, rose, and still
+rose; reached par; went beyond par, until gold and silver were at a
+discount of ten per cent. The street named Quincampoix, the centre and
+vortex of this whirl of business, a mere lane twenty feet wide and a
+quarter of a mile long, was crowded with excited people from morning
+till night, and far into the night, so that the inhabitants of the
+quarter sent to the police a formal complaint that they could get no
+sleep. Nobles, lackeys, bishops, monks, merchants, soldiers, women,
+pickpockets, foreigners, all resorted to _La Rue_, "panting, yelling,
+operating, snatching papers, counting crowns," making up a scene of
+noisy confusion unexampled. One man hired all the vacant houses in the
+street, and made a fortune by subletting offices and desk-room, even
+placing sentry-boxes on some of the roofs, and letting them at a good
+price. The excitement spread over France, reached Holland, and drew to
+Paris, as was estimated at the time, five hundred thousand strangers,
+places in the public vehicles being engaged "two months in advance," and
+commanding a high premium.
+
+There were the most extraordinary acquisitions of fortune. People
+suddenly enriched were called _Mississippiens_, and they behaved as the
+victims of sudden wealth, unearned, usually do. Men who were lackeys one
+week kept lackeys the next. A _garcon_ of a wine-shop gained twenty
+millions. A cobbler, who had a stall in the Rue Quincampoix made of four
+planks, cleared away his traps and let his boards to ladies as seats,
+and sold pens, paper, and ink to operators, making two hundred francs a
+day by both trades. Men gained money by hiring out their backs as
+writing-desks, bending over while operators wrote out their contracts
+and calculations. One little hunchback made a hundred and fifty thousand
+francs by thus serving as a _pupitre ambulant_ (strolling desk), and a
+broad-shouldered soldier gained money enough in the same way to buy his
+discharge and retire to the country upon a pretty farm. The general
+trade of the city was stimulated to such a degree that for a while the
+novel spectacle was presented of a community almost every member of
+which was prosperous beyond his hopes; for even in the Rue Quincampoix
+itself, although some men gained more money than others, no one appeared
+to lose any thing. And all this seemed the work of one man, the great,
+the incomparable "Jean Lass," as he was then called in Paris. It was a
+social distinction to be able to say, "I have seen him!" His carriage
+could with difficulty force its way through the rapturous, admiring
+crowd. Princes and nobles thronged his antechamber, a duchess publicly
+kissed his hand, and the regent made him controller-general of the
+finances.
+
+This madness lasted eight months. No one needs to be told what followed
+it--how a chill first came over the feverish street, a vague
+apprehension, not confessed, but inspiring a certain wish to "realize."
+Dread word, REALIZE! The tendency to realize was adroitly checked by
+Law, aided by operators who desired to "unload;" but the unloading, once
+suspected, converted the realizing tendency into a wild, ungovernable
+rush, which speedily brought ruin to thousands, and long prostration
+upon France. John Law, who in December, 1719, was the idol of Paris,
+ready to perish of his celebrity, escaped with difficulty from the
+kingdom in December, 1720, hated, despised, impoverished, to resume his
+career as elegant gambler in the drawing-rooms of Germany and Italy.
+
+As the "system" collapsed in France, it acquired vogue in England,
+where, also, it originated in the desire to get rid of the public debt
+by brilliant finance instead of the homely and troublesome method of
+paying it. In London, besides the original South Sea Company which began
+the frenzy, there were started in the course of a few months about two
+hundred joint-stock schemes, many of which, as given in Anderson's
+"History of Commerce," are of almost incredible absurdity. The sum
+called for by these projects was three hundred millions of pounds
+sterling, which was more than the value of all the land in Great
+Britain. Shares in Sir Richard Steele's "fish-pool for bringing fresh
+fish to London" brought one hundred and sixty pounds a share! Men paid
+seventy pounds each for "permits," which gave them merely the
+_privilege_ of subscribing to a sail-cloth manufacturing company not yet
+formed. There was, indeed, a great trade in "permits" to subscribe to
+companies only planned. Here are a few of the schemes: for raising hemp
+in Pennsylvania; "Puckle's machine gun;" settling the Bahamas; "wrecks
+to be fished for on the Irish coast;" horse and cattle insurance;
+"insurance and improvement of children's fortunes;" "insurance of losses
+by servants;" "insurance against theft and robbery;" insuring
+remittances; "to make salt-water fresh;" importing walnut-trees from
+Virginia; improving the breed of horses; purchasing forfeited estates;
+making oil from sunflowers; planting mulberry-trees and raising
+silk-worms; extracting silver from lead; making quicksilver malleable;
+capturing pirates; "for importing a number of large jackasses from Spain
+in order to propagate a larger kind of mules;" trading in human hair;
+"for fatting of hogs;" "for the encouragement of the industrious;"
+perpetual motion; making pasteboard; furnishing funerals.
+
+There was even a company formed and shares sold for carrying out an
+"undertaking which shall in due time be revealed." The word "puts," now
+so familiar in Wall Street, appears in these transactions of 1720. "Puts
+and refusals" were sold in vast amounts. The prices paid for shares
+during the half year of this mania were as remarkable as the schemes
+themselves. South Sea shares of a hundred pounds par value reached a
+thousand pounds. It was a poor share that did not sell at five times its
+original price. As in France, so in England, the long heads, like Sir
+Robert Walpole and Alexander Pope, began to think of "realizing" when
+they had gained a thousand per cent. or so upon their ventures; and, in
+a very few days, realizing, in its turn, became a mania; and all those
+paper fortunes shrunk and crumpled into nothingness.
+
+So many caricatures of these events appeared in Amsterdam and London
+during the year 1720 that the collection in the British Museum, after
+the lapse of a hundred and fifty-five years, contains more than a
+hundred specimens. I have myself eighty, several of which include from
+six to twenty-four distinct designs. Like most of the caricatures of
+that period, they are of great size, and crowded with figures, each
+bearing its label of words, with a long explanation in verse or prose at
+the bottom of the sheet. As a rule, they are destitute of the point that
+can make a satirical picture interesting after the occasion is past. In
+one we see the interior of an Exchange filled with merchants running
+wildly about, each uttering words appropriate to the situation: "To-day
+I have gained ten thousand!" "Who has money to lend at two per cent.?"
+"A strait-jacket is what I shall want;" "Damned is this wind business."
+This picture, which originated in Amsterdam, is called "The Wind-buyers
+paid in Wind," and it contains at the bottom three columns of
+explanatory verse in Dutch, of which the following is the purport:
+
+[Illustration: John Law, Wind Monopolist. (Amsterdam, 1720.)
+
+"_Law loquitur._ The wind is my treasure, cushion, and foundation.
+Master of the wind, I am master of life, and my wind monopoly becomes
+straightway the object of idolatry. Less rapidly turn the sails of the
+windmill on my head than the price of shares in my foolish
+enterprises."]
+
+"Come, gentlemen, weavers, peasants, tailors! Whoever has relied on wind
+for his profit can find his picture here. They rave like madmen. See the
+French, the English, the Hebrew, and Jack of Bremen! Hear what a scream
+the absurd Dutch are making on the exchange of Europe! There is Fortune
+throwing down some charming wishes to silly mortals, while virtue, art,
+and intellect are despised and impoverished in the land; shops and
+counting-houses are empty; trade is ruined. All this is QUINCAMPOIX!"
+
+The Dutch caricaturists recurred very often to the _windy_ character of
+the share business. In several of their works we see a puffy wind-god
+blowing up pockets to a great size, inflating share-bags, and wafting
+swiftly along vehicles with spacious sails. The bellows play a
+conspicuous and not always decorous part. Jean Law is exhibited as a
+"wind monopolist." In one picture he appears assisting Atlas and others
+to bear up great globes of wind. Kites are flying and windmills
+revolving in several pictures. Pigeons fly away with shares in their
+bills. The hunchback who served as a walking desk is repeated many
+times. The Tower of Babel, the mad-house, the hospital, the whirligig, a
+garden maze, the lottery wheel, the drum, the magic lantern, the
+soap-bubble, the bladder, dice, the swing--whatever typifies pretense,
+uncertainty, or confusion was brought into the service. One Dutch
+broadsheet (sixteen inches by twenty), now before me, contains
+fifty-four finely executed designs, each of which burlesques a scene in
+Law's career, or a device of his finance, the whole making a pack of
+"wind cards for playing a game of wind."
+
+Most of the Dutch pictures were "adapted" into English, and the adapters
+added verses which, in some instances, were better than the caricatures.
+A few of the shorter specimens may be worth the space they occupy, and
+give the reader a feeling of the situation not otherwise attainable. Of
+the pictures scarcely one would either bear or reward reduction, so
+large are they, so crowded with objects, and their style uninterestingly
+obsolete or boorishly indecent.
+
+On Puckle's Machine Gun:
+
+ "A rare invention to destroy the crowd
+ Of fools at home instead of foes abroad.
+ Fear not, my friends, this terrible machine--
+ They're only wounded that have shares therein."
+
+On the Saltpetre Company (two and sixpence a share):
+
+ "Buy petre stock, let me be your adviser;
+ 'Twill make you, though not richer, much the wiser."
+
+On the German Timber Company:
+
+ "You that are rich and hasty to be poor,
+ Buy timber export from the German shore;
+ For gallowses built up of foreign wood,
+ If rightly used, will do Change Alley good."
+
+On the Pennsylvania Company:
+
+ "Come all ye saints that would for little buy
+ Great tracts of land, and care not where they lie;
+ Deal with your Quaking Friends; they're men of light;
+ Their spirit hates deceit and scorns to bite."
+
+On the Ship-building Company:
+
+ "To raise fresh barks must surely be amusing,
+ When hundreds rot in docks for want of using."
+
+On Settling the Bahamas:
+
+ "Rare, fruitful isles, where not an ass can find
+ A verdant tuft or thistle to his mind.
+ How, then, must those poor silly asses fare
+ That leave their native land to settle there?"
+
+On a South Sea Speculator imploring Alms through his Prison Bars:
+
+ "Behold a poor dejected wretch,
+ Who kept a S---- Sea coach of late,
+ But now is glad to humbly catch
+ A penny at the prison grate.
+
+ "What ruined numbers daily mourn
+ Their groundless hopes and follies past,
+ Yet see not how the tables turn,
+ Or where their money flies at last!
+
+ "Fools lost when the directors won,
+ But now the poor directors lose;
+ And where the S---- Sea stock will run,
+ Old Nick, the first projector, knows."
+
+On a Picture of Change Alley:
+
+ "Five hundred millions, notes and bonds,
+ Our stocks are worth in value;
+ But neither lie in goods, or lands,
+ Or money, let me tell ye.
+ Yet though our foreign trade is lost,
+ Of mighty wealth we vapor,
+ When all the riches that we boast
+ Consist in scraps of paper."
+
+On a "Permit:"
+
+ "You that have money and have lost your wits,
+ If you'd be poor, buy National Permits;
+ Their stock's in fish, the fish are still in water,
+ And for your coin you may go fish hereafter."
+
+On a Roomful of Ladies buying Stocks of a Jew and a Gentile:
+
+ "With Jews and Gentiles, undismayed,
+ Young tender virgins mix;
+ Of whiskers nor of beards afraid,
+ Nor all their cozening tricks.
+
+ "Bright jewels, polished once to deck
+ The fair one's rising breast,
+ Or sparkle round her ivory neck,
+ Lie pawned in iron chest.
+
+ "The gentle passions of the mind
+ How avarice controls!
+ E'en love does now no longer find
+ A place in female souls."
+
+On a Picture of a Man laughing at an Ass browsing:
+
+ "A wise man laughed to see an ass
+ Eat thistles and neglect good grass.
+ But had the sage beheld the folly
+ Of late transacted in Change Alley,
+ He might have seen worse asses there
+ Give solid gold for empty air,
+ And sell estates in hopes to double
+ Their fortunes by some worthless bubble,
+ Till of a sudden all was lost
+ That had so many millions cost.
+ Yet ruined fools are highly pleased
+ To see the knaves that bit 'em squeezed,
+ Forgetting where the money flies
+ That cost so many tears and sighs."
+
+On the Silk Stocking Company:
+
+ "Deal not in stocking shares, because, I doubt,
+ Those that buy most will ere long go without."
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER XII.
+
+HOGARTH AND HIS TIME.
+
+
+These Dutch-English pictures William Hogarth, we may be sure, often
+inspected as they successively courted public notice in the shops of
+London, as we see in his early works a character evidently derived from
+them. During the bubble period of 1720, he was an ambitious young
+engraver and sign-painter (at least willing to paint signs if a job
+offered),[19] much given to penciling likenesses and strange attitudes
+upon his thumb-nail, to be transferred, on reaching home, to paper, and
+stored away for future use. He was one of those quick draughtsmen who
+will sketch you upon the spot a rough caricature of any odd person,
+group, or event that may have excited the mirth of the company; a young
+fellow somewhat undersized, with an alert, vigorous frame, a bright,
+speaking eye, a too quick tongue and temper, self-confident, but honest,
+sturdy, and downright in all his words and ways. "But I was a good
+paymaster even _then_" he once said, with just pride, after speaking of
+the days when he sometimes walked London streets without a shilling in
+his pocket.
+
+[Footnote 19: "Catalogue of Prints and Drawings in the British Museum,"
+Division I., vol. ii., p. 566.]
+
+_Hogherd_ was the original name of the family, which was first humanized
+into Hogert and Hogart, and then softened into its present form. In
+Westmoreland, where Hogarth's grandfather cultivated a farm--small, but
+his own--the first syllable of the name was pronounced like that of the
+domestic animals which his remote ancestors may have herded. There was a
+vein of talent in the family, an uncle of Hogarth's having been the
+song-writer and satirist of his village, and his own father emerging
+from remote and most rustic Westmoreland to settle in London as a poor
+school-master and laborious, ill-requited compiler of school-books and
+proof-reader. A Latin dictionary of his making existed in manuscript
+after the death of the artist, and a Latin letter written by him is one
+of the curiosities in the British Museum. But he remained always a poor
+man, and could apprentice his boy only to an engraver of the lowest
+grade known to the art. But this sufficed for a lad who could scarcely
+touch paper with a pencil without betraying his gift, who drew capital
+burlesques upon his nail when he was fifteen, and entertained Addison's
+coffee-house with a caricature of its landlord when he was twenty-two.
+
+[Illustration: The Sleeping Congregation. (Hogarth.)]
+
+The earliest work by this greatest English artist of his century, which
+has been preserved in the British Museum (1720), shows the bent of his
+genius as plainly as the first sketch by Boz betrays the quality of
+Dickens. It is called "Design for a Shop-bill," and was probably
+Hogarth's own shop-bill, his advertisement to the public that he was
+able and willing to paint signs. In those days, the school-master not
+having yet gone "abroad," signs were usually pictorial, and sometimes
+consisted of the popular representation of the saint having special
+charge of the business to be recommended. In Hogarth's shop-bill we see
+a tall man holding up a newly painted sign of St. Luke with his ox and
+book, at which a group of persons are looking, while Hogarth himself
+appears to be showing the sign to them as possible customers. Along the
+bottom of the sign is engraved W. HOGARTH, PAINTER. In the background is
+seen an artist painting at an easel and a boy grinding colors. He could
+not even in this first homely essay avoid giving his work something of
+a narrative character. He must exhibit a story with humorous details. So
+in his caricature of Daniel Button, drawn to ridicule the Tory
+frequenters of Button's coffee-house, he relates an incident as well as
+burlesques individuals. There stands Master Button in his professional
+apron, with powdered wig and frilled shirt; and opposite to him a tall,
+seedy, stooping scholar or poet is storming at the landlord with
+clinched fists, because he will not let him have a cup of coffee without
+the money. There is also the truly Hogarthian incident of a dog smelling
+suspiciously the poet's coat tail. Standing about the room are persons
+whom tradition reports to have been intended as portraits of Pope,
+Steele, Addison, Arbuthnot, and others of Button's famous customers.
+This drawing, executed with a brush, is also preserved in the British
+Museum. Daniel Button, as Dr. Johnson reports, had once been a servant
+in the family of the Countess of Warwick, and was placed in the
+coffee-house by Addison. A writer in the _Spectator_ alludes to this
+haunt of the Tories: "I was a Tory at Button's and a Whig at Child's."
+
+The South Sea delusion drew from Hogarth his first engraved caricature.
+Among the Dutch engravings of 1720, called forth by the schemes of John
+Law, there was one in which the victims were represented in a
+merry-go-round, riding in revolving cars or upon wooden horses, the
+whole kept in motion by a horse ridden by the devil. The picture
+presents also the usual multitude of confusing details, such as the
+Dutch mad-house in the distance, with a long train of vehicles going
+toward it. In availing himself of this device the young Londoner showed
+much of that skill in the arrangement of groups, and that fertility in
+the invention of details, which marked his later works. His whirligig
+revolves higher in the air than in the Dutch picture, enabling him to
+show his figures clear of the crowd below, and instead of the devil on
+horseback giving the motion, he assigns that work more justly to the
+directors of the South Sea Company. Thus he has room and opportunity to
+impart a distinct character to most of his figures. We see perched aloft
+on the wooden horses about to be whirled around, a nobleman with his
+broad ribbon, a shoe-black, an old woman, a wigged clergyman, and a
+woman of the town. With his usual uncompromising humor, Hogarth places
+these last two characters next to one another, and while the clergyman
+ogles the woman, she chucks him under the chin. There is a world of
+accessories: a devil exhaling fire, standing behind a counter and
+cutting pieces of flesh from the body of Fortune and casting them to a
+hustling crowd of Catholic, Puritan, and Jew; Self-Interest breaking
+Honesty upon a wheel; a crowd of women rushing pell-mell into an edifice
+gabled with horns, and bearing the words, "Raffling for Husbands with
+Lottery Fortunes in here;" Honor in the pillory flogged by Villainy; an
+ape wearing a sword and cap. The scene chosen by the artist for these
+remarkable events is the open space in which the monument stands, then
+fresh and new, which commemorates the Great Fire; but he slyly changes
+the inscription thus: "This Monument was erected in Memory of the
+Destruction of this City by the South Sea in 1720."
+
+Hogarth, engraver and sign-painter though he may have been, was all
+himself in this amusing and effective piece. If the Dutch picture and
+Hogarth's could be placed here side by side, the reader would have
+before him an interesting example of the honest plagiarism of genius,
+which does not borrow gold and merely alter the stamp, but converts a
+piece of crude ore into a Toledo blade. Unfortunately, both pictures are
+too large and crowded to admit of effective reduction.
+
+In this, his first published work, the audacious artist availed himself
+of an expedient which heightened the effect of most of his later
+pictures. He introduced portraits of living persons. Conspicuous in the
+foreground of the South Sea caricature, among other personages now
+unknown, is the diminutive figure of Alexander Pope, who was one of the
+few lucky speculators of the year 1720. At least, he withdrew in time to
+save half the sum which he once thought he had made. The gloating rake
+in the first picture of the "Harlot's Progress" is that typical
+reprobate of eighteenth-century romances, Colonel Francis Charteris,
+upon whom Arbuthnot wrote the celebrated epitaph, which, it is to be
+hoped, is itself a caricature:
+
+ "Here continueth to rot
+ the body of FRANCIS CHARTERIS,
+ who, with an INFLEXIBLE CONSTANCY and
+ INIMITABLE UNIFORMITY of life,
+ PERSISTED,
+ in spite of AGE and INFIRMITIES,
+ in the practice of EVERY HUMAN VICE,
+ excepting PRODIGALITY and HYPOCRISY.
+ His insatiable AVARICE exempted him from the first;
+ his matchless IMPUDENCE from the second.
+
+ Oh, indignant reader!
+ think not his life useless to mankind;
+ Providence connived at his execrable designs
+ to give to after-ages a conspicuous
+ proof and example
+ of how small estimation is EXORBITANT WEALTH
+ in the sight of GOD, by His bestowing it on
+ the most UNWORTHY OF ALL MORTALS."
+
+Hogarth was as much a humorist in his life as he was in his works. The
+invitation to Mr. King to _eta beta py_, given on the next page, was one
+of many similar sportive efforts of his pencil. He once boasted that he
+could draw a sergeant carrying his pike, entering an ale-house, followed
+by his dog, all in three strokes. He produced the following, also given
+on next page:
+
+He explained the drawing thus: A is the perspective line of the door; B,
+the end of the sergeant's pike, who has gone in; C, the end of the dog's
+tail.
+
+[Illustration: Hogarth's Invitation Card.]
+
+[Illustration: Diagram.]
+
+Nor was he too nice in his choice of subjects for way-side treatment.
+One of his fellow-apprentices used to relate an anecdote of the time
+when they were accustomed to make the usual Sunday excursion into the
+country, Hogarth being fifteen years of age. In a tap-room row a man
+received a severe cut upon the forehead with a quart beer-pot, which
+brought blood, and caused him to "distort his features into a most
+hideous grin." Hogarth produced his pencil and instantly drew a
+caricature of the scene, including a most ludicrous and striking
+likeness of the wounded man. There was of necessity a good deal of
+_tap-room_ in all humorous art and literature of that century, and he
+was perfectly at home in scenes of a beery cast.
+
+The "Five Days' Peregrination" of Hogarth and his friends, of which
+Thackeray discoursed to us so agreeably in one of his lectures, occurred
+when the artist was thirty-four years of age. But it shows us the same
+jovial Londoner, whose manners and pleasures, as Mr. Thackeray remarked,
+though honest and innocent, were "not very refined." Five friends set
+out on foot early in the morning from their tavern haunt in Covent
+Garden, gayly singing the old song, "Why should we quarrel for riches?"
+Billingsgate was their first halting-place, where, as the appointed
+historian of the jaunt records, "Hogarth made the caricature of a
+porter, who called himself the Duke of Puddle Dock," which "drawing was
+by his grace pasted on the cellar door." At Rochester, "Hogarth and
+Scott stopped and played at hop-scotch in the colonnade under the
+Town-hall." The Nag's Head at the village of Stock sheltered them one
+night, when, after supper, "we adjourned to the door, drank punch, stood
+and sat for our pictures drawn by Hogarth." In another village the merry
+blades "got a wooden chair, and placed Hogarth in it in the street,
+where he made the drawing, and gathered a great many men, women, and
+children about him to see his performance." The same evening, over their
+flip, they were entertaining the tap-room with their best songs, when
+some Harwich lobster-men came in and sung several sea-songs so agreeably
+that the Londoners were "quite put out of countenance." "Our _St.
+John_," records the scribe of the adventure, "would not come in
+competition, nor could _Pishoken_ save us from disgrace." Here, too, is
+a Hogarthian incident: "Hogarth called me up and told me the good-woman
+insisted on being paid for her bed, or having Scott before the mayor,
+_which last we did all in our power to promote_." And so they merrily
+tramped the country round, singing, drawing, copying comic epitaphs, and
+pelting one another with dirt, returning to London at the end of the
+five days, having expended just six guineas--five shillings a day each
+man.
+
+[Illustration: Time Smoking a Picture.]
+
+His sense of humor appears in his serious writings. One illustration
+which he gives in his "Analysis of Beauty," to show the essential and
+exhaustless charm of the waving line, is in the highest degree comic: "I
+once heard an eminent dancing-master say that the minuet had been the
+study of his whole life, and that he had been indefatigable in the
+pursuit of its beauties, yet at last could only say, with Socrates, _he
+knew nothing_, adding that I was happy in my profession as a painter, in
+that some bounds might be set to the study of it."
+
+In his long warfare with the picture-dealers, who starved living art in
+England by the manufacture of "old masters," he employed ridicule and
+caricature with powerful effect. His masterly caricature of "Time
+smoking a Picture" was well seconded by humorous letters to the press,
+and by many a passing hit in his more elaborate writings. He maintained
+that a painting is never so good as at the moment it leaves the artist's
+hands, time having no possible effect upon it except to impair its
+beauty and diminish its truth. There was penned at this period a
+burlesque "Bill of Monsieur Varnish to Benjamin Bister," which is
+certainly Hogarthian, if it is not Hogarth's, and might well serve as a
+companion piece to the engraving. Among the items are these:
+
+ _L s. d._
+ To painting and canvas for a naked Mary Magdalen, in the
+ undoubted style of Paul Veronese 2 2 0
+
+ To brimstone, for smoking ditto 0 2 0
+
+ Paid Mrs. W---- for a live model to sit for Diana bathing,
+ by Tintoretto 0 16 0
+
+ Paid for the hire of a layman, to copy the robes of a
+ Cardinal, for a Vandyck 0 5 0
+
+ Paid the female figure for sitting thirty minutes in a wet
+ sheet, that I might give the dry manner of that master 0 10 6
+
+ The Tribute-money Rendered, with all the exactness of Quintin
+ Metsius, the famed blacksmith of Antwerp 2 12 6
+
+ The Martyrdom of St. Winifred, with a view of Holywell Bath,
+ by old Frank 1 11 6
+
+ To a large allegorical altarpiece, consisting of men and
+ angels, horses and river gods; 'tis thought most happily
+ hit off for a Rubens 5 5 0
+
+ Paid for admission into the House of Peers, to take a sketch
+ of a great character, for a picture of Moses breaking the
+ Tables of the Law, in the darkest manner of Rembrandt, not
+ yet finished 0 2 6
+
+The idea of a wet sheet imparting the effect of dryness was taken from a
+treatise on painting, which stated that "some of the ancient masters
+acquired a dry manner of painting from studying after wet drapery."
+
+This robust and downright Briton, strong in the consciousness of
+original and native genius, did not object merely to the manufacture of
+old masters, but also to the excessive value placed upon the genuine
+productions of the great men of old. He could not feel it to be just or
+favorable to the progress of art that works representing a state of
+feeling long ago outgrown in England should take precedence of paintings
+instinct with the life of the present hour. In other words, he did not
+enjoy seeing one of his own paintings sell at auction for fourteen
+guineas, and an Old Master bring a thousand. He grew warm when he
+denounced "the picture-jobbers from abroad," who imported continually
+"ship-loads of dead Christs, Holy Families, Madonnas, and other dismal,
+dark subjects, neither entertaining nor ornamental, on which they scrawl
+the terrible cramp names of some Italian masters, and fix upon us
+Englishmen the name of universal dupes." He imagines a scene between one
+of those old-master mongers and his customer. The victim says:
+
+"'Mr. Bubbleman, that grand Venus, as you are pleased to call it, has
+not beauty enough for the character of an English cook-maid.' Upon which
+the quack answers, with a confident air: 'Sir, I find that you are no
+_connoisseur_; the picture, I assure you, is in Alesso Baldminetto's
+second and best manner, boldly painted, and truly sublime: the contour
+gracious; the air of the head in high Greek taste; and a most divine
+idea it is.' Then spitting in an obscure place, and rubbing it with a
+dirty handkerchief, takes a skip to t'other end of the room, and screams
+out in raptures, 'There's an amazing touch! A man should have this
+picture a twelvemonth in his collection before he can discover half its
+beauties!' The gentleman (though naturally a judge of what is beautiful,
+yet ashamed to be out of the fashion by judging for himself) with this
+cant is struck dumb, gives a vast sum for the picture, very modestly
+confesses he is indeed quite ignorant of painting, and bestows a frame
+worth fifty pounds on a frightful thing, which, without the hard name,
+is not worth so many farthings."
+
+[Illustration:
+
+ The no Dedication
+
+ Not Dedicated to any Prince in Christendom
+ for fear it might be thought an
+ Idle piece of Arrogance.
+
+ Nor Dedicated to any man of quality
+ for fear it might be thought too assuming.
+
+ Nor Dedicated to any learned body
+ of Men, as either of the universities or the
+ Royal Society, for fear it might be thought
+ an uncommon piece of Vanity.
+
+ Nor Dedicated to any one particular Friend
+ for fear of offending another.
+
+ Therefore Dedicated to nobody.
+ But if for once we may suppose
+ Nobody to be every body, as Every body
+ is often said to be nobody, then is this work
+ Dedicated to every body.
+
+ by their most humble
+ and devoted W. Hogarth
+
+Dedication of a Proposed History of the Arts. (From Hogarth's
+Manuscript.[20])]
+
+[Footnote 20: "Hogarth's Works," frontispiece to vol. iii., by Ireland
+and Nichols.]
+
+He gives picture-buyers a piece of advice which many of them have since
+taken, to the sore distress of their guests: Use your own eyes, and buy
+the pictures which _they_ dwell upon with delight.
+
+In the heat of controversy, Hogarth, as usual, went too far; but he
+stood manfully by his order, and defended resolutely their rights and
+his own. Artists owe him undying gratitude for two great services: he
+showed them a way to independence by setting up in business on his own
+account, becoming his own engraver and publisher, and retaining always
+the ownership of his own plates, which, indeed, constituted his estate,
+and supported creditably his family as long as any of them lived. He
+served all artists, too, by defending himself against the pirates who
+flooded the market with meanly executed copies of his own engravings. It
+was William Hogarth who obtained from Parliament the first act which
+secured to artists the sole right to multiply and sell copies of their
+works; and this right is the very corner-stone of a great national
+painter's independence. That act made genuine art a possible profession
+in England.
+
+Such was Hogarth, the original artist of his country, an honest, valiant
+citizen, who stood his ground, paid his way, cheered and admonished his
+generation. He had the faults which belong to a positive character, trod
+on many toes, was often misunderstood, and had his ample share of
+trouble and contention. All that is now forgotten; and he was never so
+much valued, so frequently reproduced, so generally possessed, or so
+carefully studied as at the present time.
+
+The generation that forms great satirists shines in the history of
+literature, but not in that of morals; for to supply with objects of
+satire such masters of the satiric arts as Hogarth, Swift, Pope, Gay,
+Steele, Arbuthnot, and Foote, there must be deep corruption in the State
+and radical folly in conspicuous persons. The process which has since
+been named "secularization" had then fairly set in. The brilliant men of
+the time had learned to deride the faith which had been a restraining
+force upon the propensities of man for fifteen centuries, but were very
+far from having learned to be continent, temperate, and just without its
+aid. "Four treatises against the miracles" Voltaire boasted of having
+seen during his residence in England in 1727 and 1728; but these
+treatises did not moderate the warmth of human passions, nor change any
+other element in the difficult problem of existence. Walpole bribed,
+Swift maligned, Bolingbroke intrigued, Charteris seduced, and
+Marlborough peculated just as if the New Light had not dawned and the
+miracles had remained intact. Do we not, even in our own time, see
+inquiring youth, bred in strait-laced homes, assuming that since there
+are now two opinions as to the origin of things, it is no longer
+necessary to comply with the moral laws? The splendid personages of that
+period seem to have been in a moral condition similar to that of such a
+youth. It was the fashion to be dissolute; it was "provincial" to obey
+those laws of our being from compliance with which all human welfare and
+all honest joy have come.
+
+[Illustration: Sir Robert Walpole paring the Nails of the British Lion.]
+
+Politics were still most rudimentary. The English people were fully
+resolved on keeping out the dull and deadly Stuarts; but the price they
+had to pay for this was to submit to the rule of the dull and difficult
+Georges, whose bodies were in England and their hearts in Hanover.
+Between the king and the people stood Sir Robert Walpole--as good a man
+as could have held the place--who went directly to the point with
+members and writers, ascertained their price, and paid it. According to
+one of Pope's bitter notes on the "Dunciad," where he quotes a
+Parliamentary report, this minister in ten years paid to writers and
+publishers of newspapers "fifty thousand pounds eighteen shillings!" How
+much he paid to members of Parliament was a secret known only to himself
+and the king. The venality of the press was frequently burlesqued, as
+well as the fulsome pomp of its purchased eulogies. A very good specimen
+is that which appeared in 1735, during a ministerial crisis, when the
+opposition had high hopes of ousting the tenacious Walpoles. An
+"Advertisement" was published, in which was offered for sale a "neat and
+curious collection of well-chosen similes, allusions, metaphors, and
+allegories from the best plays and romances, modern and ancient, proper
+to adorn a panegyric on the glorious patriots designed to succeed the
+present ministry." The author gave notice that "all sublunary metaphors
+of a new minister, being a Rock, a Pillar, a Bulwark, a Strong Tower, or
+a Spire Steeple, will be allowed very cheap;" but celestial ones, being
+brought from the other world at a great expense, must be held at a
+higher rate. The author announced that he had prepared a collection of
+State satires, which would serve, with little variation, to libel a
+judge, a bishop, or a prime minister. "N.B.--The same satirist has
+collections of reasons ready by him against the ensuing peace, though he
+has not yet read the preliminaries or seen one article of the
+pacification."
+
+[Illustration: Dutch Neutrality, 1745.]
+
+There was also a burlesque "Bill of Costs for a late Tory Election in
+the West," in which we find such items as "bespeaking and collecting a
+mob," "a set of No-Roundhead roarers," "a set of coffee-house praters,"
+"Dissenter damners," "demolishing two houses," "committing two riots,"
+"breaking windows," "roarers of the word CHURCH," "several gallons of
+Tory punch on church tombstones." It is questionable, however, if in all
+the burlesques of the period there was one more ridiculous than the
+narrative of an actual occurrence in April, 1715, when the footmen of
+members of the House of Commons met outside of the House, according to
+established custom, to elect a Speaker. The Tory footmen cast their
+votes for "Sir Thomas Morgan's servant," and the Whigs for "Mr.
+Strickland's man." A dispute arising, a fight ensued between the two
+parties, in the midst of which the House broke up, and the footmen were
+obliged to attend their masters. The next day, as soon as the House was
+in session, the fight was renewed, and, after a desperate struggle, the
+victorious Whigs carried their man three times in triumph round
+Westminster Hall, and then adjourned to a Whig ale-house, the landlord
+of which gave them a dinner, the footmen paying only for their drink.
+
+[Illustration: British Idolatry of the Opera-Singer Mingotti, 1756.
+
+ "Ra, ra, ra, rot ye,
+ My name is Mingotti.
+ If you worship me notti,
+ You shall all go to potti."]
+
+The caricatures of the Walpole period preserve the record of the first
+attempt to lessen by law the intemperate drinking of gin--the most
+pernicious of the spirituous liquors. A law was passed imposing upon
+this article a very heavy excise, and prohibiting its sale in small
+quantities. But in 1736 England had not reached, by a century and a
+half, the development of civilization which admits of the adequate
+consideration of such a measure; nor can the poor man's gin _ever_ be
+limited by law while the rich man's wine flows free. This gin law
+appears to have been killed by ridicule. Ballads lamenting the near
+decease of "Mother Gin" were sung in the streets; the gin-shop signs
+were hung with black, and there were mock ceremonies of "Madame Geneva's
+Lying in State," "Mother Gin's Wake," and "Madame Gin's Funeral."
+Paragraphs notified the public that the funeral of Madame Gin was
+celebrated with great merriment, many of both sexes "getting soundly
+drunk," and a mob following her remains with torches. The night before
+the measure went into operation was one of universal revel among the
+gin-drinkers, and every one, we are assured, carried off as much of the
+popular liquor, for future consumption, as he could pay for. The law was
+evaded by the expedients long afterward employed in Maine, when first a
+serious attempt was made to enforce the "Maine Law." Apothecaries and
+others colored their gin, put it into phials, and labeled it "Colic
+Water," "Make-shift," "The Ladies' Delight," with printed "Directions"
+to take two or three spoonfuls three or four times a day, "or as often
+as the fit takes you." Informers sprung into an importance never before
+known, and many of them invented snares to decoy men into violations of
+the law. So odious did they become that if one of them fell into the
+hands of the mob, he was lucky to escape with only a ducking in the
+Thames or a horse-trough. In short, the attempt was ill-considered and
+premature, and after an experiment of two or three years it was given
+up, having contributed something toward the growing unpopularity of the
+ministry.
+
+[Illustration: The Motion (for the Removal of Sir Robert Walpole).]
+
+The downfall of Sir Robert Walpole, after holding office for twenty
+years, was preceded by an animated fire of caricature, in which the
+adherents of Walpole held their own. The specimen given above, entitled
+"The Motion," was reduced from one of the most famous caricatures of the
+reign of George II., and one of the most finely wrought of the
+century.[21] Horace Walpole, son of the great minister, wrote from
+Florence that the picture had "diverted him extremely," and that the
+likenesses were "admirable." To us the picture says nothing until it is
+explained; but every London apprentice of the period recognized
+Whitehall and the Treasury, toward which the Opposition was driving with
+such furious haste, and could distinguish most of the personages
+exhibited. A few days before this caricature appeared, Sandys, who was
+styled the motion-maker, from the frequency of his attempts to array the
+House of Commons against the Walpole ministry, moved once more an
+address to the king, that he would be pleased to remove Sir Robert
+Walpole from his presence and councils forever. The debate upon this
+motion was long and most vehement, and though the ministry triumphed, it
+was one of those bloody victories which presage overthrow. On the same
+day a similar "motion" was made in the House of Lords by Lord Carteret,
+where an equally violent discussion was followed by a vote sustaining
+the ministry. The exultation of the Walpole party inspired this famous
+caricature, in which we see the Opposition peers trying to reach office
+in a lordly coach and six, and the Commons trudging toward the same goal
+on foot, their leader, Pulteney, wheeling a load of Opposition
+newspapers, and leading his followers by the nose. Every politician of
+note on the side of the Opposition is in the picture: Lord Chesterfield
+is the postilion; the Duke of Argyll the coachman; Lord Carteret the
+gentleman inside the coach, who, becoming conscious of the breakdown,
+cries, "Let me get out!" Bubb Dodington is the spaniel between the
+coachman's legs; the footman behind the coach is Lord Cobham, and the
+outrider Lord Lyttelton. On the side of the Commons there is Sandys,
+dropping in despair his favorite, often-defeated "Place Bill," and
+exclaiming, "I thought what would come of putting _him_ on the box?"
+Much of the humor and point of the picture is lost to us, because the
+peculiar relations of the persons portrayed to the public, to their
+party, and to one another can not now be perfectly recalled.
+
+[Footnote 21: Thomas Wright, "Caricature History of the Georges," p.
+128.]
+
+Edition after edition of "The Motion" appeared, one of which was so
+arranged that it could be fitted to the frame of a lady's fan, a common
+device at the time. The Opposition retorted with a parody of the
+picture, which they styled "The Reason," in which Walpole figures as the
+coachman, driving the coach of state to destruction. Another parody was
+called "The Motive," in which the king was the passenger and Walpole the
+driver. Then followed "A Consequence of the Motion," "Motion upon
+Motion," "The Grounds," and others. The Walpole party surpassed their
+opponents in caricature; but caricature is powerless to turn back a
+genuine tide of public feeling, and a year later Sir Robert was
+honorably shelved in the House of Lords.
+
+From this time forward the history of Europe is recorded or burlesqued
+in the comic pictures of the shop-window; not merely the conspicuous
+part played in it by ministers and kings, but the foibles, the fashions,
+the passions, the vices, the credulities, the whims, of each generation.
+The British rage for the Italian opera, the enormous sums paid to the
+singers, the bearish manners of Handel, the mania for gaming, the
+audacity of highwaymen, and the impositions upon popular credulity no
+more escape the satirist's pencil than Braddock's defeat, the Queen of
+Hungary's loss of Silesia, or William Pitt's timely, and also his
+ill-timed, fits of the gout. Nor were the abuses of the Church
+overlooked. One picture, entitled "The Fat Pluralist and his Lean
+Curates," published in 1733, exhibited a corpulent dignitary of the
+Church in a chariot drawn by six meagre and wretched curates. The portly
+priest carries under one arm a large church, and a cathedral under the
+other, while at his feet are two sucking pigs, a hen, and a goose, which
+he has taken as tithe from a farmyard in the distance. "The Church,"
+says the pluralist, "was made for me, not I for the Church;" and under
+the wheels of the coach is a book marked "The Thirty-nine Articles." One
+starving curate cries, piteously, "Lord, be merciful to us poor
+curates!" to which another responds, "And send us more comfortable
+livings!" It required a century of satire and remonstrance to get that
+one monstrous abuse of the Church Ring reduced to proportions
+approaching decency. Corruption in the city of New York in the darkest
+days of Tweed was less universal, less systematic, less remote from
+remedy, than that of the Government of Great Britain under the least
+incapable of its four Georges. It was merely more decorous.
+
+[Illustration: Antiquaries Puzzled. (London, 1756.)]
+
+A specimen of the harmless, good-humored satire aimed at the zealous
+antiquaries of the last century is given above. This picture may have
+suggested to Mr. Dickens the familiar scene in "Pickwick" where the
+roving members of the Pickwick Club discover the stone commemorative of
+Bill Stumps. The mysterious inscription in the picture is, "Beneath this
+stone reposeth Claud Coster, tripe-seller of Impington, as doth his
+consort Jane."
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER XIII.
+
+ENGLISH CARICATURE IN THE REVOLUTIONARY PERIOD.
+
+
+It is part of the office of caricature to assist in destroying illusions
+that have served their turn and become obstructive. As in Luther's time
+it gave important aid to the reformers in breaking the spell of the
+papacy, so now, when kingship broke down in Europe, the satiric pencil
+had much to do with tearing away the veil of fiction which had so long
+concealed the impotence of kings for nearly every thing but mischief.
+
+[Illustration: A Caricature designed by Benjamin Franklin. (London,
+1774.)
+
+Explanation by Dr. Franklin: "The Colonies (that is, Britannia's limbs)
+being severed from her, Britannia is seen lifting her eyes and mangled
+stumps to heaven; her shield, which she is unable to wield, lies useless
+by her side; her lance has pierced New England; the laurel branch has
+fallen from the hand of Pennsylvania; the English oak has lost its head,
+and stands a bare trunk, with a few withered branches: briers and thorns
+are on the ground beneath it; the British ships have brooms at their
+topmast heads, denoting their being on sale; and Britannia herself is
+seen sliding off the world (no longer able to hold its balance), her
+fragments overspread with the label, Date obolum Bellisario" (Give a
+farthing to Belisarius).]
+
+The fatal objection to the hereditary principle in the government of
+nations is the importance which, to use Mr. Jefferson's words, it "heaps
+upon idiots." Idiot is a harsh word to apply to a person so well
+disposed as George III., King of England, to whom the violence of the
+Revolutionary period was chiefly due; but when we think of the evil and
+suffering from which Europe could have been saved if he had known a
+little more or been a little less, we can not be surprised that
+contemporaries should have summed him up with disrespectful brevity. But
+for him, so far as short-sighted mortals can discern, the period of
+bloody revolution could have been a period of peaceful reform. After
+exasperating his subjects nearly to the point of rebellion, he
+precipitated the independence of the American colonies, which, in turn,
+brought on the French Revolution, and that issued in Napoleon Bonaparte,
+whose sins France only finished expiating at Sedan.
+
+It is true, there must have been in Great Britain myriads upon myriads
+of such heads as that of King George to make his policy possible. But
+suppose that, instead of placing himself at the head of the dull minds
+in his empire, he had given the prestige of the crown to the bright and
+independent souls! Suppose he had taken as kindly to Chatham, Burke,
+Fox, Franklin, Price, Priestley, and Barre as he did to Bute, Dr.
+Johnson, Addington, and Eldon!
+
+And see how this heir to the first throne in Christendom was educated.
+That period has been so laid bare by diaries and correspondence that we
+can visit the orphan boy in his home at Carlton House, and listen to his
+mother, the widowed Princess of Wales, as she describes his traits and
+laments the defects of his training. Go back to the year 1752, and
+imagine a drawing-room in a royal residence. The dinner hour then had
+only got as far toward "to-morrow" as three in the afternoon, and
+therefore by early candle-light of an October evening the drawing-room
+may be supposed to be inhabited. The Princess of Wales, born a princess
+of a petty German sovereignty, still a young mother, is dressed in
+mourning, her husband being but a few months dead. Of the duties
+belonging to royalty she had no ideas except those which had prevailed
+from time immemorial at the court of absolute German sovereigns. Her
+chief care was to preserve the morals of her children, and to have her
+eldest son a king in reality as well as in name. "Be king" (_Sois roi_)
+were favorite words with her, often repeated in the hearing of the heir
+to the throne. She thought it infamy in a king to allow himself to be
+ruled by ministers. There is no reason to doubt that she was an
+honorable lady and affectionate mother. Horace Walpole's insinuation
+that she instilled virtuous principles into the mind of her son because
+she "feared a mistress," and that her intimacy with Lord Bute was a
+criminal intrigue, dishonors Horace Walpole and human nature, but not
+the mother of George III.
+
+She has company this evening--Bubb Dodington, a gentleman of great
+wealth and agreeable manners, who controlled six votes in the House of
+Commons, and passed his life in scheming to buy a peerage with them, in
+which, a year before his death, he succeeded, but left no heir to
+inherit it. He was much in the confidence of the princess, and she had
+sent for him to "spend the day" with her. Dinner is over, the two
+ladies-in-waiting are present, and now the "children" enter to play a
+few games of cards with their mother before going to bed. The children
+are seven in number, of whom the eldest was George, Prince of Wales--a
+boy of fourteen, of fresh complexion, sturdy and stout in form, and a
+countenance open and agreeable, and wearing an expression of honesty.
+Human nature rarely assumes a more pleasing form than that of a healthy,
+innocent English boy of fourteen. He was such a boy as you may still see
+in the play-grounds of Eton, only he was heavier, slower, and ruddier
+than the average, and much more shy in company. He loved his horse, and
+was exceedingly fond of rural sports; but when lesson-time came--but let
+his mother speak on that point.
+
+The old game of "comet" was the one which the lad usually preferred. The
+company play at comet for small stakes, until the clock strikes nine,
+when "the royal children" go to bed. Then the mother leaves her ladies,
+and withdraws with her guest to the other end of the room, where she
+indulges in a long, gossipy, confidential chat upon the subject nearest
+her heart--her son, the presumptive heir to the throne. To show the
+reader how she used to talk to confidants on such occasions, I will
+glean a few sentences from her conversations:
+
+"I like that the prince should amuse himself now and then at _small_
+play; but princes should never play deep, both for the example, and
+because it does not become them to win great sums. George's real
+disposition, do you ask? You know him almost as well as I do. He is very
+honest, but I wish he was a little more forward and less childish at his
+age. I hope his preceptors will improve him. I really do not know what
+they are teaching him, but, to speak freely, I am afraid not much. They
+are in the country, and follow their diversions, and not much else that
+I can discover."
+
+Dodington remarked upon this that, for his part, he did not much regard
+books; what _he_ most wished was that the prince should begin to acquire
+knowledge of the world, and be informed of the general frame and nature
+of the British Government and Constitution, and, without going into
+minutiae, get some insight into the manner of doing public business.
+
+"I am of your opinion," said the princess; "and his tutor, Stone, tells
+me that when he talks with him on those subjects, he seems to give
+proper attention, and makes pertinent remarks. I stick to the learning
+as the chief point. You know how backward the children were, and I am
+sure you do not think them much improved since. It may be that it is not
+too late to acquire a competence. I am highly sensible how necessary it
+is that the prince should keep company with men. I know that women can
+not inform him; but if his education was in my power absolutely, to whom
+could I address him? What company can I wish him to keep? What
+friendships can I desire him to contract? Such is the universal
+profligacy, such is the character and conduct of the young people of
+distinction, that I am really afraid to have them near my children. I
+shall even be in more pain for my daughters than I am for my sons, for
+the behavior of the women is indecent, low, and much against their own
+interest by making themselves so very cheap."
+
+Three years passed. The prince was seventeen. Still the anxious mother
+deplored the neglect of his education.
+
+"His book-learning," said she to the same friend, "I am no judge of,
+though I suppose it is small or useless; but I did hope he might have
+been instructed in the general understanding of things. I once desired
+Mr. Stone to inform the prince about the Constitution; but he declined
+it to avoid giving jealousy to the Bishop of Norwich (official
+educator). I mentioned it again, but he still declined it as not being
+his province."
+
+"Pray, madam," asked Dodington, "what _is_ his province?"
+
+"I don't know, unless it is to go before the prince up-stairs, to walk
+with him sometimes, seldomer to ride with him, and now and then to dine
+with him. But when they do walk together, the prince generally takes
+that time to think of his own affairs and say nothing."
+
+The youth was, indeed, extremely indolent and stupid. At school he would
+have been simply called a dunce, for at eleven he could not read English
+with any fluency, and he could never have been induced to apply his mind
+to study except by violence. He never had the slightest notion of what
+Chatham, Burke, or Fox meant when they spoke of the Constitution. If Mr.
+Stone had not been in dread of invading the Bishop of Norwich's
+province, and if the bishop had not been a verbose and wearisome
+formalist, their united powers could not have shown this young man the
+unique and prodigious happiness of a constitutional king in governing
+through responsible ministers. His "governor" during the last few years
+of his minority was Lord Waldegrave, whose too brief memoirs confirm the
+excellent report which contemporaries give of his mind and character.
+Lord Waldegrave could make nothing of him. Speaking of the prince at
+nineteen, he says he was "uncommonly full of princely prejudices,
+contracted in the nursery and improved by the society of bedchamber
+women and pages of the back-stairs." He found the heavy youth an
+insufferable bore, and he was soon, as his relation, Horace Walpole,
+relates, "thoroughly fatigued with the insipidity of his pupil." The
+prince derived from his education only two ideas, one very good and the
+other very bad. The first was that he must be a Good Boy and not keep a
+mistress; the second was that he must be a king indeed.
+
+An indolent and ignorant monarch who will not govern by ministers must
+govern by favorites. He has no other alternative but abdication. A
+favorite was at hand in the person of a poor Scotch lord who had married
+one of the richest heiresses in Europe, the daughter of Lady Mary
+Wortley Montagu and her miserly husband. He had also, if we may believe
+Lord Waldegrave, "a good person, fine legs, and a theatrical air of the
+greatest importance." He was likewise fond of medals, engravings, and
+flowers; he pensioned Dr. Johnson and the dramatist Home; he really
+enjoyed some products of art, and was far from being either the
+execrable or the ridiculous personage which he was esteemed by men whom
+he kept from place. "Bute," said Prince Frederick, father of George
+III., "you would make an excellent embassador in a small, proud little
+court where there is nothing to do." He would have arranged the
+ceremonials, superintended the plays, been gracious to artists and
+musicians, smiled benignantly upon the court poet, bored the reigning
+prince, enchanted the reigning princess, amused her children, and
+ripened into a courtly and garrulous old Polonius, "full of wise saws
+and modern instances." Above all, he would have upheld the prerogative
+of the prince with stanch sincerity. _Sois roi!_
+
+There is something in the Scotch character that causes it to relish
+royal prerogative. To this hour there are in Scotland families that
+cherish a kind of sentimental attachment to the memory of the Stuarts;
+and we find Scotchmen as eminent as Hume, Carlyle, Lockhart, Scott,
+Wilson--men of distinguished liberality in some provinces of
+thought--unable to widen out into liberal politics. Bute was a lord as
+well as a Scotchman, not as ignorant nor as vulgar as lords in that
+generation usually were, but still subject to the lowering influences
+that always beset a privileged order; predisposed, too, by temperament
+to the worship of the picturesque, and now the cherished sharer of the
+shy, proud, gloomy seclusion of the family upon which the hopes of an
+empire were fixed. He showed them medals and pictures, he discoursed of
+music and architecture--two of his most pronounced tastes--and he
+nourished every princely prejudice which a wise tutor would have striven
+to eradicate.
+
+This unfortunate youth, dull offspring of the stimulated lust of ages,
+was an apt pupil in the Jacobin theory of kingly authority. He was
+caught one day reading the book written at the instance of the dethroned
+James II. to justify his arbitrary policy; and there were so many other
+signs of the heir to a constitutional throne being educated in
+unconstitutional principles that Horace Walpole drew up a formal
+remonstrance against it in the name of the Whig families. This document,
+which was privately circulated, produced no effect. _Sois roi!_ That
+remained the ruling thought in the mind of this ignorant, proud, moral
+young man, about to fill a place which conferred more obstructive power
+than any other in the world. If he had only been dissolute in that most
+dissolute age, he could have been ruled through his vices; but being
+strictly moral and temperate, he was, alas! always _himself_; and he had
+at his back the great voiceless multitude, who know by instinct that
+morality is the first interest of civilized human nature, and who honor
+it supremely even in this crude, rudimentary form. "Your dad is safe on
+his throne," said some boon companion of George IV., "as long as he is
+faithful to that ugly old woman, your mother." And wise old Franklin
+said, "If George III. had had a bad private character and John Wilkes a
+good one, he might have turned the king out of his dominions." Such is
+the mighty power of the mere indispensable rudiments of virtue, its mere
+preliminary corporeal conditions. A chaste and temperate fool will carry
+the day nine times in ten over profligate genius.
+
+Riding in the park on an October day in 1760, a messenger delivered to
+the prince a note from the _valet de chambre_ of his grandfather,
+George II. The prince had coolly arranged with this valet, while yet the
+king seemed firm in health, that at the moment of the old man's death he
+should send him a note bearing a certain mark on the outside. The king,
+a vigorous old man of seventy-seven, fell dead in his closet at seven in
+the morning, and this note bore the preconcerted announcement of the
+fact. The moral and steady young man, quietly remarking to his groom
+that his horse was lame, turned about and gently rode back to Kew. Upon
+dismounting he said to the man, "I have said this horse is lame; I
+forbid you to say the contrary." At twenty-two years of age he was king.
+Except that he married, a few months after, a pliant, adoring German
+princess, his accession did not much change his mode of life. He still
+lived in strict seclusion, shut in against expanding influences,
+accessible at all times only to one man--him of the good legs and
+Jacobin mind, Bute, progenitor of the Pope's recent conquest, and Mr.
+Disraeli's hero, Lothair.
+
+[Illustration: Lord Bute, 1768.]
+
+[Illustration: Princess of Wales--Bute--George III.]
+
+In the caricatures of the next fifty years we see the ghastly results.
+His first important act was to repel from his counsels humiliating
+superiority in the person of William Pitt, the darling of the nation,
+the first minister of the world, and one of the three great orators of
+all time. In his stead ruled a long monotony of servile incompetents,
+beginning with Bute himself, continuing with Grenville, and coming at
+last to Addington and Eldon, the king keeping far from his confidence
+every man in England who had a gleam of public sense, or a touch of
+independent spirit, or even a sound traditionary attachment to Whig
+principles. An immovable obstructive to the true interest of his country
+at every crisis, honoring the men whom the better sense of the nation
+did not honor, and repressing the men whom wise contemporaries loved,
+and whom posterity with unanimous voice pronounces the glory of England
+in that age, he kept the country in bad humor during most of his reign,
+put her wrong on every question of universal interest, lost the most
+valuable and affectionate colonies a country ever had, kept Europe in a
+broil for twenty-five years, and developed Napoleon Bonaparte into a
+destructive lunatic by creating for him a succession of opportunities
+for the display of his talent for beating armies which had no generals.
+
+[Illustration: The Wire-master (Bute) and his Puppets. (London, 1767.)
+
+"The power behind the throne greater than the throne itself."]
+
+A large proportion of the very caricatures of the period have something
+savage in them. A visitor to the library of the British Museum curious
+in such matters is shown ten huge folio scrap-books full of caricatures
+relating to this reign, most of them of great size and blazing with
+color. From a gentleman who recently inspected these volumes we learn
+some particulars showing the bad temper, bad manners, and bad morals of
+that time, all three aggravated by a king whose morals were excellent.
+One of the first to catch the eye of an American is a picture, of date
+about 1765, called "A New Method of Macarony-making, as practiced in
+_Boston_, North America," which represents two men tarring and
+feathering another, who has a halter round his neck. Of the pictures
+reflecting upon Lord Bute and the Princess of Wales nothing need be said
+except that they are such as might be expected from the caricaturists of
+that age. Many of the works of Gillray in the earlier years of George
+III. were of such coarseness, extravagance, and brutality that the
+exhibition of them nowadays would subject the vender to a prosecution by
+the Society for the Suppression of Vice. Our informant adds: "Their
+savageness and filth give one a very curious idea of the taste of our
+grandfathers and our great-grandfathers, only our ancestors, male and
+female, could hardly have been as bad as they are represented. Such
+hideous faces, such deformed figures, such monstrous distortion and
+debasement, such general ugliness and sensuality, oppress one with a
+feeling of melancholy rather than exhilaration. You might as well be
+merry over the doings of Swift's Yahoos, who are certainly not more
+offensive than some of Gillray's men and women. Whether in home or
+foreign politics, he is equally unscrupulous."
+
+Charles James Fox was the _bete noire_ of Gillray. He delighted in
+depicting him and his friends in as odious a light as possible, giving
+him huge beetle-brows, heavy jaws, and a swarthy complexion. The famous
+Westminster election, at which the beautiful Duchess of Devonshire won a
+vote for Fox by giving a kiss to a butcher, supplied him with a rich
+source of caricature. Fox is drawn riding on the back of the lady; and
+again, sitting in a tap-room with the duchess on his knee; and in
+another picture, hobnobbing with a coster-monger, while the duchess has
+her shoes mended by a cobbler, and pays the cobbler's wife with a purse
+of gold. Fox chops off the head of the king; he is a traitor, a
+republican, a Jacobin, a confederate with the French, a forestaller, a
+buyer-up of corn with which to feed the enemy, a sot, a gambler--every
+thing that is bad. His very death-bed forms the subject of a brutal
+caricature. The noblest traits of his political character are the points
+satirized. His great crimes apparently are that he loved freedom abroad
+as well as at home, that he strove for peace with France, and endeavored
+to do justice to Ireland. For this he is depicted as the secret ally of
+Bonaparte and as the instigator of Irish rebellion. The ghosts of Lord
+Edward Fitzgerald, Wolfe Tone, the Sheares brothers, Emmett, and other
+Irish martyrs are made to pass before Fox's bed, and point to _him_ as
+the cause of their rebellion and their fate. When Burke went over to the
+Tories he then became the favorite of Gillray, who before had generally
+represented him as a Jesuit, because he demanded justice for the
+Catholics. Now he is the savior of his country, and the terror of Fox,
+Sheridan, and Priestley. Sheridan is depicted as a blazing meteor with
+an extremely rubicund nose. There is a picture of the Titans attempting
+to scale heaven, in which George III. figures as a comical Jupiter
+launching his thunder-bolts at the Whig Opposition. Queen Charlotte is
+shown as a miracle of ugliness. The prodigality of the Prince of Wales,
+who first appears as a handsome young man with long powdered hair,
+totally unlike the high-shouldered, curly-wigged, royal Turveydrop of
+later days, is contrasted in companion pictures with the alleged
+parsimony of his parents. He is represented reveling with inordinately
+fat but handsome women, who get drunk, hang round his neck, and indulge
+in familiarities. The popular hope that marriage would reform him
+suggested a large drawing, in which the slumbering prince is visited by
+a descending angel in the likeness of the unhappy Caroline, at whose
+approach a crowd of reprobates, male and female, hurry away into
+darkness. Thomas Paine did not escape. In a picture entitled "The Rights
+of Man; or, Tommy Paine, the Little American Taylor, taking the Measure
+of the Crown for a New Pair of Revolution Breeches," he is represented
+as the traditional starveling tailor, ragged and slippered, and armed
+with an immense pair of shears. He crouches to take the measure of an
+enormous crown, while uttering much irrelevant nonsense. This precious
+work is "humbly dedicated to the Jacobin clubs of France and England."
+
+Bound with such pictures as these are a vast number by inferior hands,
+most of which are indescribable, the standard subjects being gluttony,
+drunkenness, incontinence, and fashion, and these in their most
+outrageous manifestations. They serve to show that a stupid king in that
+age, besides corrupting Parliament and debauching the Press, could
+demoralize the popular branch of art. The visitor, turning from this
+collection of atrocities and ferocities, finds himself relenting toward
+the unfortunate old king, and inclined to say that he was, after all,
+only the head noodle of his kingdom. Every improvement was mercilessly
+burlesqued--steam, gas, the purchase of the Elgin marbles; popular
+prejudices were nearly always flattered, seldom rebuked; so that if the
+caricatures were of any use at all in the promulgation of truth, they
+served only as part of the ordeal that tested its vitality.
+
+We do not find in this or in any other collection many satirical
+pictures relating to the revolution which ended in the independence of
+the American colonies. There was, however, one gentleman in London
+during the earlier phases of the dispute who employed caricature and
+burlesque on behalf of America with matchless skill. He is described in
+the London Directory for 1770 in these words, "Franklin, Benjamin, Esq.,
+agent for Philadelphia, Craven Street, Strand." The effective caricature
+placed at the beginning of this chapter was one of the best of a long
+series of efforts to avert the impending conflict. He loved his country
+with the peculiar warmth that usually animates citizens who live in a
+distant outlying province. His country, when he designed that caricature
+and wrote the well-known burlesques in a similar taste, was not
+Pennsylvania, nor America, nor England, but the great British Empire, to
+which William Pitt, within Franklin's own life-time, seemed to have
+given an ascendency over the nations of the earth similar to that which
+Rome had once enjoyed. It was, however, only on the coast of North
+America that Britain possessed colonies loyal and free, not won by
+conquest nor by diplomacy, and therefore entitled to every right secured
+by the British Constitution. Franklin loved and gloried in this great
+country of which he was born a citizen. He deplored the measures that
+threatened the severance of those colonies from the mother country, and
+would have prevented the severance if the king's folly had been any
+thing short of incurable. The most wonderful thing in the whole
+controversy was that the argument, fact, and fun which Franklin wrote
+and inspired, from 1765 to 1774, had only momentary influence on the
+course of events. "Against stupidity the gods themselves contend in
+vain."
+
+[Illustration: The Gouty Colossus, William Pitt (Lord Chatham), with One
+Leg in London and the Other in New York. (London, 1766.)]
+
+His twenty "Rules for Reducing a Great Empire to a Small One," published
+three years before the caricature, inculcated the same lesson. A great
+empire, he remarked, was in one particular like a great cake: it could
+be most easily diminished at _the edges_. The person, therefore, who had
+undertaken the task of reducing it should take care to begin at the
+remotest provinces, and not till after they were lopped off cut up the
+central portion. His twenty "Rules" are merely a humorous history of the
+British colonial policy since the accession of George III.: Don't
+incorporate your colonies with the mother country, quarter troops among
+them, appoint for their governors broken gamblers and exhausted _roues_,
+despise their voluntary grants, and harass them with novel taxes. By
+such measures as these "you will act like a wise gingerbread baker, who,
+to facilitate a division, cuts his dough half through at the places
+where, when baked, he would have it broken to pieces." Franklin also
+wrote a shorter burlesque, pompously headed, "An Edict of the King of
+Prussia," in which that monarch was supposed to claim sovereign rights
+over Great Britain on the ground that the island had been colonized by
+Hengist, Horsa, and others, subjects of "our renowned ducal ancestors."
+The edict, of course, ordains and commands precisely those absurd things
+which the Government of Great Britain _had_ ordained and commanded since
+the planting of the colonies. Iron, as the edict duly sets forth, had
+been discovered in the island of Great Britain by "our colonists there,"
+who, "_presuming_ that they had a natural right to make the best use
+they could of the natural productions of their country," had erected
+furnaces and forges for the manufacture of the same, to the detriment of
+the manufacturers of Prussia. This must be instantly stopped, and all
+the iron sent to Prussia to be manufactured. "And whereas the art and
+mystery of making _hats_ has arrived at great perfection in Prussia,"
+and "the islanders before mentioned, being in possession of wool,
+beaver, and other furs, have presumptuously conceived they had a right
+to take some advantage thereof by manufacturing the same into hats, to
+the prejudice of our domestic manufacture," therefore we do hereby
+forbid them to do so any more.
+
+We call this piece a burlesque, but it was burlesque only in form.
+Precisely such restrictions existed upon the industry of the American
+colonists. It was part of the protective system of the age, and not much
+more unjust than the parts of the same system to which the descendants
+of those colonists have since subjected themselves.
+
+An ignorant man at the head of a government, however honest he may be,
+is liable to make fatal mistakes in the selection of his ministers. He
+naturally dreads the close inspection of minds superior to his own. He
+has always to be on his good behavior before them, which is irksome. He
+shares the stock prejudices of mankind, one of which is a distrust of
+practiced politicians. But as the poorest company of actors will get
+through a comedy with less discredit than the best amateurs, so an
+administration of "party hacks" will usually carry on a government with
+less odious failure than an administration composed of better men
+without experience in public business. George III. had, moreover, a
+singularly unfortunate trait for a king who had to govern by party
+leaders--his prejudices against individuals were inveterate. Lord
+Waldegrave remarked "a kind of unhappiness in his temper" while he was
+still a youth. "Whenever he is displeased, his anger does not break out
+with heat and violence, but he becomes sullen and silent, and retires to
+his closet, not to compose his mind by study and contemplation, but
+merely to indulge the melancholy enjoyment of his own ill-humor." And
+when he re-appeared, it was but too evident that he had not forgotten
+the offense. He never forgot, he seldom forgave. "The same strength of
+memory," as Earl Russell once wrote of him, "and the same _brooding
+sullenness_ against those who opposed his will, which had been observed
+in the boy, were manifest in the man."
+
+[Illustration: The Mask (Coalition).]
+
+This peculiarity of character always prevented the formation of a proper
+ministry, and shortened the duration of every ministry which was
+approximately proper. During the first ten years of his reign his
+dislike of William Pitt, the natural chief of the Whig party, confused
+every arrangement; and during the next twenty years the most cherished
+object of his policy seemed to be to keep from power the natural
+successor of that minister--Charles James Fox. The ascendency of both
+those leaders was such that to exclude them from power was to paralyze
+their own party, and prevent the free play of politics in the House of
+Commons. It reduced the poor king at last to pit against Napoleon
+Bonaparte a young rhetorician of defective health, William Pitt, the son
+of the great minister.
+
+[Illustration: Heads of Fox and North.
+
+"In a committee on the sense of the nation, Moved, that for preventing
+future disorders and dissensions, the _heads_ of the Mutiny Act be
+brought in, and suffered to lie on the table to-morrow."--_Fox's Motion
+in Parliament, February, 1784._]
+
+That renowned "coalition" between Lord North and Mr. Fox in 1783, the
+theme of countless caricatures and endless invective, illustrates the
+confusing influence of the king. During the whole period of the American
+Revolution, Lord North, as the head of the ministry, was obliged to
+execute and defend the king's policy, much of which we now know he
+disapproved. Naturally he would have been an ally of Fox years before,
+and they could either have prevented or shortened the conflict. The
+spell of the royal closet and the personal entreaties of the king
+prevailed over his better judgment, and made him the antagonist of Fox.
+At length, the war being at an end and North in retirement, England saw
+these two men, whose nightly conflicts had been the morning news for ten
+years, suddenly forming a "coalition," united in the administration, and
+pledged to the same policy. As we trace the successive steps which led
+to the alliance in the memoirs and diaries of the time, we discover that
+it was not so much the coalition as the previous estrangement that was
+unnatural. The public, however, could not be expected to see it in that
+light, and an uproar greeted the reconciliation that greatly aided the
+king in getting rid of the obnoxious Fox. The specimens of the
+caricatures to which it gave rise, presented on this and the two
+preceding pages, are two out of a great number still procurable.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER XIV.
+
+DURING THE FRENCH REVOLUTION.
+
+
+In France, more conspicuously than in England, kingship broke down in
+that century. Louis XV., born in a private station, might have risen to
+the ownership of a small livery-stable, in which position his neighbors,
+commenting upon his character in the candid manner of French neighbors,
+would have epitomized him as a cross, proud pig. Those dull kings who
+finished kingship in Europe possessed but one trait which we usually
+associate with the kingly character--pride--and this was the single
+point of resemblance between Louis XV. and George III. Once in his life,
+it is related, Louis XV. uttered a few words with a vivacity approaching
+eloquence. "Would you believe," said he to Madame de Pompadour, "that
+there is a man in my court who dares to lift his eyes to one of my
+daughters?" He was blazing with passion at the thought of such flagrant
+impiety.
+
+And was there ever, since sacred childhood first appealed for protection
+to the human heart, a child so unhappily placed as that baby king, an
+orphan, with a _roue_ for a guardian, a smooth, insinuating priest for
+preceptor, and a dissolute court conspiring to corrupt him? The priest,
+who represented what then passed for virtue, taught him virtue out of a
+dreary catechism, still extant, which never yet elevated or nobly formed
+a human soul--a dead, false thing, with scarcely an atom in it of sound
+nutrition for heart or mind. But Cardinal Fleury had some success with
+his pupil. Thirty years after, when Pompadour was supplying him with
+fresh young girls of fourteen and fifteen, bought from their mothers by
+her for this purpose, the king's conscience would not permit him to go
+to bed until he had knelt down by the side of the timid victim, and
+required her to join him in saying the prescribed prayers.
+
+The courtiers were not less successful in their endeavors. At the tender
+age of six years they provided for him an entertainment which gave the
+old Marquis de Dangeau the idea that they had formed the _purpose_ of
+"drying up in him the very source of good feeling." They caused
+thousands of sparrows to be let loose in a vast hall, where they gave
+the boy the "_divertissement_" of seeing them shoot the birds, and
+covering all the floor with bloody, fluttering, crying victims. He
+doubtless enjoyed the spectacle, for at sixteen he shot in cold blood a
+pointer bred by himself, and accustomed to feed from his hand. So rude
+was he at seventeen, the chroniclers tell us, that the courtiers used
+all their arts to give him _du gout pour les femmes_, hoping thereby to
+render him "more polite and tractable." The precise manner in which a
+bevy of illustrious princesses and duchesses sought to _debaucher le
+roi_ during one of the royal hunts is detailed in the diaries and
+satirized in the epigrams of the time.
+
+The ladies, long frustrated by the "ferocity" of the youth, who cared
+only for hunting, succeeded at last, and succeeded with the applause of
+all the court. "Every one else has a mistress," remarks Barbier,
+advocate and magistrate; "why shouldn't the king?" It was a long reign
+of mistresses. Changes of ministry, questions of peace or war,
+promotions and appointments of generals and admirals, the arrest of
+authors and nobles--all were traceable to the will or caprice of a
+mistress. Frederick of Prussia styled Pompadour, Petticoat the Third,
+which some one was kind enough to report to her; and when Voltaire, whom
+she "protected," conveyed to the Prussian monarch a complimentary
+message, he replied, coldly, "I don't know her." Maria Theresa of
+Austria, a proud and high-principled lady, stooped to recognize her
+existence, and wrote her civil notes. If there is any truth in the
+printed gossip of the innermost court circles of that period, it was
+this difference in the treatment of the king's mistress which made
+France the ally of Austria in the Seven Years' War.
+
+Would the reader like to know how affairs go on in a court governed by a
+mistress, then let him ponder this one sample anecdote, related by the
+_femme de chambre_ of Madame de Pompadour, showing how she, _femme de
+chambre_ as she was, obtained a lieutenant's commission in the army for
+one of her relations. She first asked "madame" for the commission; but
+as madame was in full intrigue to remove the Minister of War, this
+application did not succeed. "Pressed by my family," the _femme de
+chambre_ relates, "who could not conceive that, _in the position in
+which I was_, it could be difficult for me to procure a trifling
+commission for a good soldier, I asked it directly from the minister
+himself. He received me coldly, and gave me little hope. On going out,
+the Marquis de V---- followed me, and said: 'You desire a commission.
+There is one vacant, which has been promised to a _protege_ of mine; but
+if you are willing to exchange favors with me, I will yield it to you.
+What I desire is to play the part of Exempt de Police in "Tartuffe" the
+next time madame gives it in the palace before the king. It is a _role_
+of a few lines only. Get madame to assign that part to me, and the
+lieutenancy is yours.' I told madame of this. The thing was done. I
+obtained my lieutenancy, and the marquis thanked madame for the _role_
+as warmly as if she had made him a duke."
+
+Generals were appointed to the command of expeditions for no better
+reason than this. That Pompadour drew thirty-six millions of francs from
+the "royal treasury," _i. e._, from the earnings of the frugal and
+laborious French people, could easily have been borne. It was government
+by mistresses and for mistresses, the government of ignorant and idle
+caprice, that broke down monarchy in France and set the world on fire.
+Of the evils which corrupt rulers bring upon communities, the waste of
+the people's money (though that is a great evil in so poor a world as
+ours, with such crowds of poor relations and so much to be done) is
+among the least. It is the absence of intelligence and public spirit in
+the Government that brings on ruin.
+
+"As long as I live," said Louis XV. one day to Madame de Pompadour, "I
+shall be the master, to do as I like. But my grandson will have
+trouble." Madame was of the same mind, but gave it neater expression:
+"After us the deluge."
+
+[Illustration: Assembly of the Notables at Paris, February 22d,
+1787.[22]
+
+ "Dear objects of my care, I have assembled you to ascertain with
+ what sauce you want to be eaten."
+ "But we don't want to be eaten at all."
+ "You are departing from the question."
+
+[Footnote 22: Champfleury, "Histoire de la Caricature sous la
+Republique," etc., p. 5.]]
+
+[Illustration: Mirabeau.[23] (Paris, 1789.)
+
+[Footnote 23: Champfleury, "Histoire de la Caricature sous la
+Republique," p. 81.]]
+
+The world is familiar with the tragic incidents of the sudden collapse
+of the monarchy. Except during the Reign of Terror, which was short, the
+caricaturists, whether with the pen or the pencil, played their usual
+part. It was almost impossible to caricature the abuses of the times, so
+monstrous was the reality. The "local hits" in Beaumarchais' "Marriage
+of Figaro," played with rapturous applause a hundred nights in 1784,
+were little more than the truth given with epigrammatic brevity. When
+the saucy page, Cherubin, confessed that he had behaved very badly, but
+rested his defense upon the fact that he had never been guilty of the
+slightest indiscretion in _words_, and so obtained both pardon and
+promotion, the audience must have felt the perfect congruity of the
+incident with the moral code of the period. In Figaro's famous discourse
+on the English _God-dam_ there is, indeed, a touch of caricature: "A
+fine language the English; a little of it goes a great way. The English
+people, it is true, throw in some other words in the course of
+conversation, but it is very easy to see that _God-dam_ is the basis of
+their language." When he descants upon politics, he rarely goes beyond
+the truth: "Ability advance a man in the Government bureaus! My lord is
+laughing at me. Be commonplace and obsequious, and you get every thing."
+Figaro gives the whole art of French politics in a few words: "To
+pretend you don't know what you do know, and to know what you don't; to
+hear what you understand, and not to hear what you don't understand; and
+especially to pretend you can do a great deal more than you can; often
+to have for a very great secret that there is no secret; to shut
+yourself up to mend pens and seem profound, when you are only empty and
+hollow; to play well or ill the part of a personage; to spread abroad
+spies and pensioned traitors; to melt seals, intercept letters, and try
+to ennoble the poverty of the means by the importance of the ends--may I
+die if that isn't all there is of politics." It is a good hit of Susan's
+when she says that vapors are "a disease of quality," only to be taken
+in boudoirs. A poor woman whose cause is coming on at court remarks that
+selling judgeships is a great abuse. "You are right," says the dolt of a
+magistrate; "we ought to get them for nothing." And how a Paris
+audience, in the temper of 1789, must have relished the hits at the
+hereditary principle: "It is no matter whence you came; the important
+question is, whither are you bound?" "What have you done, my lord, to
+merit so many advantages--rank, fortune, place? You took the trouble to
+be born, nothing more." We can fancy, too, how such touches as this
+might bring down the house: "I was thought of for an office, but
+unfortunately I was fit for it. An arithmetician was wanted; a dancer
+got it."
+
+All men, as Mr. Carlyle observes, laughed at these jests, and none
+louder than the persons satirized--"a gay horse-racing Anglo-maniac
+noblesse loudest of all."
+
+The first picture given in these pages relating to the French
+Revolution, "The Assembly of the Notables," is one of the most
+celebrated caricatures ever produced, and one of the best. Setting aside
+one or two of Thackeray's, two or three of Gillray's, and half a dozen
+of Mr. Nast's, it would be difficult to find its equal. It may be said,
+however, that the force of the satire is wholly in the words, which,
+indeed, have since become one of the stock jokes of French Joe Millers.
+The picture appeared in 1787, when the deficit in the revenue, after
+having widened for many years, had become most alarming, and it was at
+length proposed to tax the nobility, clergy, and magistrates, hitherto
+exempt from vulgar taxation. But the Assembly of the Notables, which was
+chiefly composed of the exempt, preferred to prolong inquiry into the
+causes of the deficit, and showed an unconquerable reluctance to impose
+a tax upon themselves. It was during this delay, so fatal to the
+monarchy, that the caricature appeared. There must have been more than
+one version of the work, for the one described by Mr. Carlyle in his
+"History of the French Revolution" differs in several particulars from
+that which we take from M. Champfleury. Mr. Carlyle says: "A _rustic_ is
+represented convoking the poultry of his barn-yard with this opening
+address, 'Dear _animals_, I have assembled you to advise me what sauce I
+shall dress you with,' to which a _cock_ responding, 'We don't want to
+be eaten,' is checked by, 'You wander from the point!'"
+
+The outbreak of the Revolution in 1789 menaced Europe with one of the
+greatest of all evils--the premature adoption of liberal institutions.
+Forever vain and always fruitful of prodigious evil will be attempts to
+found a government by the whole people where the mass of the working
+population are grossly ignorant and superstitious. The reason is known
+to all who have had an opportunity of closely observing the workings of
+such minds. They can only be swayed by arts which honest intelligence
+can not use, and therefore they will be usually governed by men who have
+an interest in misleading them. Great Britain was nearer a republic than
+any other nation in Europe; but England, too, needed another century to
+get the tap-room reduced, the people's school developed in every parish,
+and the educated class intensely alive to the "folly of heaping
+importance upon idiots."
+
+[Illustration: The Dagger Scene in the House of Commons. (Gillray, 1793.)]
+
+Edmund Burke was the man who, more than any other, held England back
+from revolution in 1792. Rational appeals to the rational faculty could
+not have availed. Appalled at what he saw in France, Burke, after thirty
+years' advocacy of liberal principles, and assisting to create a
+republic in America, became a fanatic of conservatism, and terrified
+England into standing by the monarchy. He was alarmed even at the influx
+of Frenchmen into England, flying from _La Lanterne_, and he gave
+vehement support to the Alien Act, which authorized the summary
+expulsion from the kingdom of foreigners suspected by the Government.
+Vehement? Some of his sentences read like lunacy. It was in the course
+of this debate that the celebrated dagger scene occurred which Gillray
+has satirized in the picture on the following page. A wild tale reached
+his ears of the manufacture of daggers at Birmingham for the use of
+French Jacobins in England, and one of them was given him as a specimen.
+It was an implement of such undecided form that it might have served as
+a dagger, a pike-head, or a carving-knife. He dashed it upon the floor
+of the House of Commons, almost hitting the foot of an honorable member,
+and proceeded to declaim against the unhappy exiles in the highest style
+of absurdity. "When they smile," said he, "I see blood trickling down
+their faces; I see their insidious purposes; I see that the object of
+all their cajoling is blood." A pause ensued after the orator had spoken
+a while in this strain. "You have thrown down a knife," said Sheridan;
+"where is the fork?" A shout of laughter followed this sally, which
+relieved the suppressed feelings of the House, but spoiled the "effect"
+of Mr. Burke's performance.
+
+[Illustration: The Zenith of French Glory--A View in Perspective.
+(Gillray, London, 1793.)]
+
+[Illustration: The Estates. (Paris, 1789.)]
+
+[Illustration: The New Calvary. (Paris, 1792.)
+
+Louis XVI. crucified by the rebels; Monsieur and the Comte d'Artois
+bound by the decrees of the factions; Robespierre, mounted upon the
+Constitution, presents the sponge soaked in regicides' gall; the Queen,
+overwhelmed with grief, demands speedy vengeance; the Duchess de
+Polignac, etc.]
+
+In the French caricatures that have come to us from the period of the
+Revolution (many hundreds in number) every phase of the struggle is
+exhibited with French _finesse_. There is even an elegance in some of
+their Revolutionary caricatures. How exquisite, for example, the picture
+which presents the first protest of the Third Estate, its first attempt
+to be Something in the nation which it maintained! We see a lofty and
+beautiful chariot or car of triumph, in which king, nobleman, and clergy
+gracefully ride, drawn by a pair of _doves_. The Third Estate is merely
+the beaten road on which the whole structure moves. Nothing could more
+elegantly satirize the sentimental stage of the Revolution, when the
+accumulated abuses of centuries were all to disappear amidst a
+universal effusion of brotherly love, while king, lords, and clergy rode
+airily along as before, borne up by a mute, submissive nation! When at
+last the Third Estate had become "Something" in the nation, a large
+number of sentimental pictures signalized the event. In one we see
+priest, noble, and peasant clasped in a fervent embrace, the noble
+trampling under foot a sheet of paper upon which is printed "Grandeurs,"
+the priest treading upon "Benefices," the peasant upon "Hate." All wear
+the tricolor cockade, and underneath is written, "The wish accomplished.
+This is as I ever desired it should be." In another picture priest,
+noble, and peasant are playing together upon instruments--the priest
+upon a serpent-shaped trumpet, the noble upon a pipe, and the peasant
+upon the violin--the peasant in the middle, leading the performance, and
+exchanging looks of complacent affection with the others.
+
+But even in the moment of triumph the effusion was not universal. There
+are always disagreeable people who doubt the duration of a millennium as
+soon as it has begun. Caricatures represented the three orders dancing
+together. "Will it last? won't it last?" sings a by-stander, using the
+refrain of an old song. "It is I who must pay the fiddler," cries the
+noble to the priest. From being fraternal, the Third Estate became
+patronizing. The three orders sit together in a cafe, and the peasant
+says, familiarly, "All right; every man pays his own shot." A picture
+entitled "Old Times and the New Time" bore the inscription, "Formerly
+the most useful class carried the load, and was trodden under foot.
+To-day all share the burden alike." From patronizing and condescending,
+the Third Estate, as all the world knows, speedily became aggressive and
+arbitrary. "Down with taxes!" appeared on some of the caricatures of
+1789, when the public treasury was running dry. An extremely popular
+picture, often repeated, exhibits a peasant wearing the costume of all
+the orders, with the well-known inscription, so false and so fatal, "A
+single One makes the Three." An ignorant family is depicted listening
+with gaping eagerness to one who reveals to them that they too are the
+order of which they have been hearing such fine things. "_We_ belong to
+the Third Estate!" they exclaim, with the triumphant glee of M. Jourdain
+when he heard that he had been speaking "prose" all his life without
+knowing it.
+
+But peace and plenty did not come to the poor man's cottage, and the
+caricaturists began to mock his dream of a better day. We see in one of
+the pictures of 1790 a father of a family in chains, with his eyes fixed
+in ecstasy upon a beam of light, labeled "Hope." In another, poor Louis
+XVI. is styled "The Restorer of Liberty," but underneath we read the sad
+question, "_Eh bien_, but when will that put the chicken in the pot?" A
+devil entering a hovel is set upon by a peasant, who pummels him with a
+stick, while an old man cries out, "Hit him hard, hard, my son; he is an
+aristocrat;" and under the whole is written, "Is the devil, then, to be
+always at our door?" Again, we have the three orders forging the
+constitution with great ardor, the blacksmith holding the book on the
+anvil, while the priest and noble swing the sledge-hammer. Under the
+picture is the French smith's refrain, "_Tot-tot-tot, Battez chaud,
+Tot-tot-tot._" From an abyss a working-man draws a bundle of papers
+bearing the words, "The New Constitution, the Desire of the Nation,"
+saying, as he does so, "Ah, I shall be well content when I have all
+those papers!"
+
+The popular pictures grew ill-tempered as the hopes of the people
+declined, and the word _aristocrat_ became synonymous with all that is
+most hostile to the happiness of man. A devil attired as a priest,
+teaching a school of little aristocrats, extols the massacre of St.
+Bartholomew. Citizens and soldiers are in full cry after a many-headed
+monster labeled "Aristocracy." An ass presides over a court of justice,
+and the picture is inscribed, "The Ass on the Bench; or, the End of Old
+Times." The clergy came in for their ample share of ridicule and
+vituperation. "What do we want with monks?" exclaimed an orator from the
+tribune of the Assembly in 1790. "If you tell me," he continued, "that
+it is just to allow pious men the liberty to lead a sedentary, solitary,
+or contemplative life, my answer is, that every man can be sedentary,
+solitary, or contemplative in his own room." Another speaker said, "If
+England to-day is flourishing, she owes it in part to the abolition of
+the religious orders." The caricaturists did not delay to aim their
+shafts at this new game. We see nuns trying on fashionable head-dresses,
+and friars blundering through a military exercise. The spectacle was
+exhibited to Europe of a people raging with contemptuous hate of every
+thing which had from time immemorial been held in honor.
+
+[Illustration: President of a Revolutionary Committee amusing Himself
+with his Art before the Session begins. (Paris, 1793.)]
+
+As time wore on, after every other order in the State had been in turn
+the object of special animosity, the royal family, the envied victims of
+the old state of things, became the unpitied victims of the new. Until
+their ill-starred attempt to escape from France in June, 1792, there
+remained some little respect for the king, and some tenderness for his
+children. The picture given elsewhere of the crucifixion of the king was
+published by his adherents some months before the crisis as figurative
+of his sufferings, not as prophetic of his fate. But there was neither
+respect nor pity for the unhappy man after his blundering attempt to
+leave the country. An explosion of caricature followed. Before that
+event satirical pictures had been exposed only in the print-sellers'
+windows, but now, as M. Bayer records, "caricatures were sold wherever
+any thing was sold." The Jacobin Club, he adds, as often as they had a
+point to carry, caused caricatures to be made, which the shop-keepers
+found it to their interest to keep for sale.
+
+[Illustration: Rare Animals: or, The Transfer of the Royal Family from
+the Tuileries to the Temple. (Champfleury, 1792.)]
+
+A large number of the pictures which appeared during the last months of
+the king's life have been preserved. At an earlier stage of the movement
+both friends and foes of the monarchy used the satiric pencil, but now
+there was none to take the side of this bewildered family, and the
+pictures aimed at them were hard and pitiless. The reader has but to
+turn to the specimen here given, which was called forth by the transfer
+of the royal family from their home in the Tuileries to their prison in
+the Temple, to comprehend the spirit of those productions. In others we
+find the king represented as a blind man groping his way; as a baby; as
+an idiot who breaks his playthings and throws away his crown and
+sceptre. The queen excited a deeper feeling. The Parisians of 1792
+appear to have had for that most unhappy of women only feelings of
+diabolical hate. She called forth all the tiger which, according to
+Voltaire, is an ingredient in the French character. The caricaturists
+liked to invest her with the qualities and the form of a tigress, living
+in a monstrous alliance with a king-ram, and becoming the mother of
+monsters. The foolish tale of her saying that she would quench her
+thirst with the blood of Frenchmen was treated by the draughtsmen of the
+day as though it were an unquestionable fact.
+
+Never was a woman so hated as she was by infuriate Paris in 1792. Never
+was womanhood so outraged as in some of the caricatures of that period.
+Nothing relating to her had any kind of sacredness. Her ancestors, her
+country, her mother, her children, her love for her children, her
+attachment to her husband, were all exhibited in the most odious light
+as so many additional crimes against liberty. Need it be said that her
+person was not spared? The single talent in which the French excel all
+the rest of the human family is that of subtly insinuating indecency by
+pen and pencil. But they did not employ this talent in the treatment of
+Marie Antoinette when she was about to redeem a frivolous life by a
+dignified death. With hideous indecency they presented her to the scorn
+of the public, as African savages might exhibit the favorite wife of a
+hostile chief when they had brought her to their stinking village a
+captive, bound, naked, and defiled.
+
+And so passed away forever from the minds of men the sense of the
+divinity that once had hedged in a king. But so congenial to minds
+immature or unformed is the idea of hereditary chieftainship that to
+this day in Europe the semblance of a king seems the easiest resource
+against anarchy. Yet kings were put upon their good behavior, to hold
+their places until majorities learn to control their propensities and
+use their minds.
+
+[Illustration: Aristocrat and Democrat. (Paris, 1793.)
+
+ _Aristocrat._ "Take care of your cap."
+ _Democrat._ "Look out for your queue."]
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER XV.
+
+CARICATURES OF WOMEN AND MATRIMONY.
+
+
+[Illustration: "_You_ frank! _You_ simple! Have confidence in _you_!
+YOU! Why, you would blow your nose with your left hand for nothing but
+the pleasure of deceiving your right, if you could!"--GAVARNI,
+_Fourberies de Femmes, Paris, 1846_.]
+
+Observe this picture of man's scorn of woman, drawn by Gavarni, the most
+noted of French caricaturists. I place it first, because it expresses
+the feeling toward "the subject sex" which satiric art has oftenest
+exhibited, and because it was executed by the person who excelled all
+others in delineating what he called the _fourberies de femmes_. Such,
+in all time, has been the habitual tone of self-indulgent men toward
+their victims. Gavarni well represents men in this sorry business of
+reviling women; for in all the old civilizations men in general have
+done precisely what Gavarni did recently in Paris--first degraded women,
+then laughed at them.
+
+The reader, perhaps, after witnessing some of the French plays and comic
+operas with which we have been favored in recent years--such as
+"Frou-Frou," "The Sphinx," "Alixe," and others--may have turned in wild
+amazement to some friend familiar with Paris from long residence, and
+asked, Is there _any_ truth in this picture? Are there _any_ people in
+France who behave and live as these people on the stage behave and live?
+Many there can not be; for no community could exist half a generation if
+the majority lived so. But are there any? The correct answer to this
+question was probably given the other evening by a person accustomed to
+Paris life: "Yes, there are some; they are the people who write such
+stuff as this. As for the _bal masque_, and things of that kind, it is a
+mere business, the simple object of which is to beguile and despoil the
+verdant of every land who go to Paris in quest of pleasure." French
+plays and novels we know do most ludicrously misrepresent the people of
+other countries. What, for example, can be less like truth than that
+solemn donkey of a Scotch duke in M. Octave Feuillet's play of "The
+Sphinx?" The dukes of Scotland are not so numerous nor so unconspicuous
+a body of men that they can not be known to a curious inquirer, and it
+is safe to assert that, whatever their faults may be, there is not among
+them a creature so unspeakably absurd as the _viveur infernal_ of this
+play. If the author is so far astray with his Scotch duke, he is perhaps
+not so very much nearer the truth with his French marquis, a personage
+equally foreign to his experience.
+
+We had in New York some years ago a dozen or two of young fellows, more
+or less connected with the press, most of them of foreign origin, who
+cherished the delusion that eating a bad supper in a cellar late at
+night, and uttering or singing semi-drunken nonsense, was an exceedingly
+noble, high-spirited, and literary way of consuming a weakly
+constitution and a small salary. They thought they were doing something
+in the manner of Dr. Johnson and Charles Lamb. Any one who should have
+judged New York in the year 1855 by the writings of these young
+gentlemen would have supposed that we were wholly given up to silly,
+vulgar, and reckless dissipation. But, in truth, the "Bohemians," as
+they were proud to be styled, were both few and insignificant; their
+morning scribblings expressed nothing but the looseness of their own
+lives, and that was half pretense.
+
+Two admiring friends have written the life of Gavarni, the incomparable
+caricaturist of _la femme_; and they tell us just how and where and when
+the artist acquired his "subtle and profound knowledge" of the sex. It
+is but too plain that he knew but one class of women, the class that
+lives by deluding fools. "During all one year, 1835," say these admiring
+biographers, "it seems that in the life, the days, the thoughts of
+Gavarni, there was nothing but _la femme_. According to his own
+expression, woman was his 'grand affair.'" He was in love, then? By no
+means. Our admiring authors proceed to describe this year of devotion to
+_la femme_ as a period when "intrigues were mingled together, crossed
+and entangled with one another; when passing inclinations, the fancies
+of an evening, started into being together with new passions; when
+rendezvous pressed upon rendezvous; when there fell upon Gavarni a rain
+of perfumed notes from the loves of yesterday, from the forgotten loves
+of last month, which he inclosed in one envelope, as he said, 'like dead
+friends in the same coffin.'"[24]
+
+[Footnote 24: "Gavarni, l'Homme et l'Oeuvre," par Edmond et Jules de
+Goncourt, Paris, 1873.]
+
+The authors enlarge upon this congenial theme, describing their hero as
+going forth upon _le pave de_ Paris in quest of _la femme_ as a keen
+hunter takes to the forest for the plump partridge or the bounding deer.
+Some he brought down with the resistless magnetism of his eye. "It was
+for him a veritable rapture, as well as the exertion of a power which he
+loved to try, to magnetize with his eye and make his own the first woman
+whom he chanced to meet in the throng." The substance of the chapter is
+that Gavarni, casting aside all the restraints of civilization and
+decency, lived in Paris the life of a low and dirty animal; and when, in
+consequence of so living, he found himself in Clichy for debt, he
+replenished his purse by delineating, as the _fourberies de femmes_, the
+tricks of the dissolute women who had got his money. That, at least, is
+the blunt American of our authors' dainty and elegant French.
+
+[Illustration: Matrimony--A Man loaded with Mischief.[25]
+
+ "A monkey, a magpie, and wife
+ Is the true emblem of strife."
+ _Old English Tavern Sign._
+
+[Footnote 25: "From History of Sign-boards," by Larwood and Hotten.]]
+
+In the records of the past, we find men speaking lightly of women whose
+laws and usages concede least to women.
+
+[Illustration: Settling the Odd Trick. (London, 1778.[26])
+
+[Footnote 26: From Wright's "Caricature History of the Georges," p.
+256.]]
+
+The oldest thing accessible to us in these modern cities is the
+Saturday-morning service in an unreformed Jewish synagogue, some of the
+observances of which date back beyond the historic period. But there is
+nothing in it older than the sentiment expressed by the men when they
+thank God for his goodness in not making them women. Only men are
+admitted to the synagogue as equal worshipers, the women being consigned
+to the gallery, spectators of their husbands' devotion. The old Jewish
+liturgy does not recognize their presence.
+
+Older than the Jewish liturgy are the sacred books of the Hindoos. The
+famous passage of the "Padma Parana," translated by the Abbe Dubois,[27]
+has been part of the domestic code of the Hindoos for thousands of
+years. According to the Hindoo lawgiver, a woman has no god on earth but
+her husband, and no religion except to gratify, obey, and serve him. Let
+her husband be crooked, old, infirm, offensive; let him be irascible,
+irregular, a drunkard, a gambler, a debauchee; let him be reckless of
+his domestic affairs, as if possessed by a devil; though he live in the
+world without honor; though he be deaf or blind, and wholly weighed down
+by crime and infirmity--still shall his wife regard him as her god. With
+all her might shall she serve him, in all things obey him, see no
+defects in his character, and give him no cause of uneasiness. Nay,
+more: in every stage of her existence woman lives but to obey--at first
+her parents, next her husband and _his_ parents, and in her old age she
+must be ruled by her children. Never during her whole life can she be
+under her own control.
+
+[Footnote 27: "Description of the Character, Manners, and Customs of the
+People of India," vol. i., p. 316, by J. A. Dubois, London, 1817.]
+
+These are the general principles upon which the life of women in India
+is to be conducted. The Hindoo writer was considerate enough to add a
+few particulars: "If her husband laughs, she ought to laugh; if he
+weeps, she ought to weep; if he is disposed to speak, she ought not to
+join in the conversation. Thus is the goodness of her nature displayed.
+What woman would eat till her husband has first had his fill? If he
+abstains, she will surely fast also; if he is sad, will she not be
+sorrowful? and if he is gay, will she not leap for joy? In the absence
+of her husband her raiment will be mean." Such has been the conception
+of woman's duty to man by all the half-developed races from time
+immemorial, and such to this day are the tacit demand and expectation of
+the brutalized males of the more advanced races. Gavarni, married, would
+have been content with no subservience much short of that.
+
+Happily, nature has given to woman the means of a fell revenge, for she
+usually holds the peace of the household and the happiness of all its
+members in her hands. The satirical works that come to us from the
+Oriental lands teem with evidence that women have always known how to
+get a fair share of domestic authority. If they are slaves, they have
+ever been adepts in the arts and devices of slaves. The very squaws of
+our Indians often contrive to rule their brawny lords. Is not the whole
+history of the war between the sexes included in the little story of the
+manner in which Pocahontas was entrapped on board a British vessel lying
+in the James River two hundred and fifty years ago? The captain had
+promised to the aunt of this dusky princess the gift of a copper kettle
+if she would bring her niece to the ship; and accordingly one afternoon,
+when she found herself on the river-bank with her husband and
+Pocahontas, she was suddenly seized with a longing to go on board,
+saying that this was the third time the ship had been in their river,
+and yet she had never visited it. Her grumpy old husband refusing, _she
+began to cry_, and then, Pocahontas joining her entreaties, of course
+the old man had to unfasten his canoe and paddle them off to the vessel.
+This model couple returned to the shore poorer by a niece of uncertain
+character, and richer by the inestimable treasure of a copper kettle.
+What fine lady could have managed this delicate affair better? Is it not
+thus that tickets, trinkets, and dresses are won every day in the cities
+of the modern world?
+
+[Illustration: "Who was that gentleman that just went out?"
+
+"Why, didn't he see you, after all? He called on business, and has been
+waiting for you these two hours. He leaves town this evening. But how
+warm you are, dear!"--GAVARNI, _Fourberies de Femmes, Paris, 1846_.]
+
+An attentive study of the Greek and Roman literatures furnishes many
+illustrations of the remark just made, that men who degrade women deride
+them. Among the Greeks, who kept women in subjection and seclusion, and
+gave them no freedom of choice in matters of dearest concern to them,
+the foibles of the sex were treated very much as they now are by the
+dissolute caricaturists of Paris. Aristophanes's mode of representing
+the women of Athens is eminently Gavarnian; and nothing was more natural
+than that an Aristophanes should come after an Anacreon. The lyric poet
+depicts women as objects of desire, superior in alluring charm even to
+wine, rosy wine; and Aristophanes delights to exhibit the women's
+apartment of an Athenian house as a riotous and sensualized harem. How
+many expressions of utter distrust and dislike of women occur in the
+Greek poets!
+
+ "For this, and only this, I'll trust a woman,
+ That if you take life from her she will die;
+ And, being dead, will come to life no more.
+ In all things else I am an infidel."
+
+Thus Antiphanes, who died twenty-two hundred years before Gavarni was
+born. Menander justifies the gods for tormenting Prometheus, though his
+crime was only stealing a spark of fire.
+
+ "But, O ye gods, how infinite the mischief!
+ That little spark gave being to a woman,
+ And let in a new race of plagues to curse us."
+
+The well-known epigram of Palladas upon marriage expresses a thought
+which has been uttered by satirists in every form of which language is
+capable:
+
+ "In marriage are two happy things allowed--
+ A wife in wedding garb and in her shroud.
+ Who, then, dares say that state can be accurst
+ Where the last day's as happy as the first?"
+
+[Illustration: _She._ "Now, understand me. To-morrow morning he will ask
+you to dinner. If he has his umbrella with him, it will mean that he has
+not got his stall at the theatre. In that case, don't accept. If he has
+no umbrella, come to dinner."
+
+_He._ "But (you know we must think of every thing) suppose it should
+rain to-morrow morning?"
+
+_She._ "If it rains, he will get wet--that's all. If I don't want him to
+have an umbrella, he won't have one. How silly you are!"--GAVARNI,
+_Fourberies de Femmes, Paris, 1846_.]
+
+Many others will occur to the reader who is familiar with the lighter
+utterances of the ancients. But in Greece, as in China, India, and
+Japan, and wherever else men and women have been joined in wedlock,
+there have been marriages in which husband and wife have lived on terms
+nobler than those contemplated by the law or demanded by usage. Where
+could we find a juster view of the duties of husband and wife than in
+that passage of Xenophon's dialogue on Economy where Ischomachus tells
+Socrates how he had taken his young wife into his confidence, and come
+to a clear understanding with her as to the share each should take in
+carrying on the household? Goethe must have had this passage in his mind
+when he wrote the fine tribute to the dignity of housekeeping in
+"Wilhelm Meister." Ischomachus had married a girl of fifteen, who came
+to him as wives in Greece usually came to their husbands--an absolute
+stranger to him. He had to get acquainted with her after marriage, as,
+indeed, he says, "When we were well enough acquainted, and were so
+familiar that we began to converse freely with one another, I asked her
+why she thought I had taken her for my wife." Much is revealed in that
+sentence. He tells her that, being married, they are now to have all
+things in common, and each should only strive to enhance the good of
+the household. She stares with wonder. Her mother had told her that her
+fortune would be wholly her husband's, and all that she had to do was to
+live virtuously and soberly. Ischomachus assents, but he proceeds to
+show her that, in the nature of things, husband and wife must be equal
+co-operators, he getting the money, she administering it; he fighting
+the battle of life out-of-doors, she within the house. At great length
+this model husband illustrates his point, and entirely in the spirit of
+the noble passage in Goethe. She catches the idea at length. "It will be
+of little avail," she says, "my keeping at home unless you send such
+provisions as are necessary." "True," he replies, "and of very little
+use my providing would be if there were no one at home to take care of
+what I send; it would be pouring water into a sieve."
+
+This fine presentation of household economy, like that of the German
+poet, is, unhappily, only a dialogue of fiction. It was merely
+Xenophon's conception of the manner in which a philosopher of prodigious
+wisdom _might_ deal with a girl of fifteen, whom he had married without
+having enjoyed the pleasure of a previous acquaintance with her.
+Doubtless there was here and there in ancient Greece a couple who
+succeeded in approximating Xenophon's ideal.
+
+Among the Romans women began to acquire those legal "rights" to which
+they owe whatever advance they have ever made toward a just equality
+with men. It was Roman law that lifted a wife from the condition of a
+cherished slave to a status something higher than that of daughter. But
+there was still one fatal defect in her position--her husband could
+divorce her, but she could not divorce him. Cicero, the flower of Roman
+culture, put away the wife of his youth after living with her thirty
+years, and no remonstrance on her part would have availed against his
+decision. But a Roman wife _had_ rights. She could not be deprived of
+her property, and the law threw round her and her children a system of
+safeguards which gave her a position and an influence not unlike those
+of the "lady of the house" at the present time. Instead of being
+secluded in a kind of harem, as among the Greeks, she came forward to
+receive her husband's guests, shared some of their festivities, governed
+the household, superintended the education of her children, and enjoyed
+her ample share of the honor which he inherited or won. "Where you are
+Caius, I am Caia," she modestly said, as she entered for the first time
+her husband's abode. He was paterfamilias, she materfamilias; and the
+rooms assigned to her peculiar use were, as with us, the best in the
+house.
+
+To the Roman law women are infinitely indebted. Among the few hundreds
+of families who did actually share the civilization of Cicero, the
+Plinys, and Marcus Aurelius, the position of a Roman matron was one of
+high dignity and influence, and accordingly the general tone of the best
+Roman literature toward woman is such as does honor to both sexes. She
+was even instructed in that literature. In such a family as that of
+Cicero, the daughter would usually have the same tutors as the son, and
+the wife of such a man would familiarly use her husband's library.
+Juvenal, that peerless reviler of women, the Gavarni of poets, deplores
+the fact:
+
+ "But of all plagues the greatest is untold--
+ The book-learned wife in Greek and Latin bold;
+ The critic dame who at her table sits,
+ Homer and Virgil quotes, and weighs their wits,
+ And pities Dido's agonizing fits.
+ She has so far the ascendant of the board,
+ The prating pedant puts not in one word;
+ The man of law is nonplused in his suit;
+ Nay, every other female tongue is mute."
+
+[Illustration: "Madame, your cousin Betty wishes to know if you can
+receive her."
+
+"Impossible! Tell her that to-day I _receive_."--_Les Tribulations de la
+Vie Elegante, par Girin, Paris, 1870._]
+
+The whole of this sixth satire of Juvenal, in which the Gavarnian
+literature of all nations was anticipated and exhausted, is a tribute to
+woman's social importance in Rome. No Greek would have considered woman
+worthy of so elaborate an effort. And as in Athens, Anacreon, the poet
+of sensual love, was naturally followed by Aristophanes, a satirist of
+women, so, in Rome, Ovid's "Art of Love" preceded and will forever
+explain Juvenal's sixth satire. All illustrates the truth that
+sensualized men necessarily undervalue and laugh at women. In all
+probability, Juvenal's satire was a caricature as gross and groundless
+as the pictures of Gavarni. The instinct of the satirist is first to
+select for treatment the exceptional instance of folly, and then to
+exaggerate that exceptional instance to the uttermost. Unhappily many
+readers are only too much inclined to accept this exaggerated exception
+as if it were a representative fact. There is a passage in Terence in
+which he expresses the feeling of most men who have been plagued, justly
+or unjustly, by a woman:
+
+ "Not one but has the sex so strong within her,
+ She differs nothing from the rest. Step-mothers
+ All hate their step-daughters, and every wife
+ Studies alike to contradict her husband,
+ The same perverseness running through them all."
+
+The acute reader, on turning to the play of the "Mother-in-law," from
+which these lines are taken, will not be surprised to learn that the
+women in the comedy are in the right, and the men grossly in fault.
+
+[Illustration: A Scene of Conjugal Life. (Daumier, Paris, 1846.)]
+
+The literature of the Middle Ages tells the same story. The popular
+tales of that period exhibit women as equally seductive and malevolent,
+silly, vain, not to be trusted, enchanting to the lover, a torment to
+the husband. Caricatures of women and their extravagances in costume and
+behavior occur in manuscripts as far back as A.D. 1150, and those
+extravagances may serve to console men of the present time by their
+enormity. Many specimens could be given, but they are generally too
+formless or extravagant to be interesting. There are also many rude
+pictures from those centuries which aimed to satirize the more active
+foibles of the sex. One of these exhibits a wife belaboring her husband
+with a broom, another pounding hers with a ladle, another with a more
+terrible instrument, her withering tongue, and another with the surest
+weapon in all the female armory--tears. In the Rouen Cathedral there are
+a pair of carvings, one representing a fierce struggle between husband
+and wife for the possession of a garment the wearing of which is
+supposed to be a sign of mastery, and the other exhibiting the
+victorious wife in the act of putting that garment on. On the portal of
+a church at Ploermel, in France, there is a well-cut representation of a
+young girl leading an elderly man by the nose. More violent contests are
+frequently portrayed, and even fierce battles with bellows and pokers,
+stirring incidents in the "eternal war between man and woman."
+
+The gentle German priest who wrote the moral ditties of the "Ship of
+Fools" ought not to have known much of the tribulations of husbands; but
+in his poem on the "Wrath and great Lewdnes of Wymen," he becomes a kind
+of frantic Caudle, and lays about him with remarkable vigor. He calls
+upon the "Kinge most glorious of heaven and erth" to deliver mankind
+from the venomous and cruel tongues of froward women. One chiding woman,
+he observes, "maketh greater yell than a hundred magpies in one cage;"
+and let her husband do what he will, he can not quiet her till "she hath
+chid her fill." No beast on earth is so capable of furious hate--not
+the bear, nor the wolf, nor the lion, nor the lioness; no, nor the cruel
+tigress robbed of her whelps, rushing wildly about, tearing and gnawing
+stock and tree.
+
+ "A wrathfull woman is yet more mad than she.
+ Cruell Medea doth us example shewe
+ Of woman's furour, great wrath and cruelty;
+ Which her owne children dyd all to pecis hewe."
+
+This poet, usually so moderate and mild in his satire of human folly, is
+transported with rage in contemplating the faults of women, and holds
+them up to the abhorrence of his readers. A woman, he remarks, can
+wallow in wicked delights, and then, _giving her mouth a hurried wipe_,
+come forward with tranquil mind and an air of child-like innocence,
+sweetly protesting that she has done nothing wrong. The most virulent
+woman-hater that was ever jilted or rejected could not go beyond the
+bachelor priest who penned this infuriate diatribe upon the sex.
+
+[Illustration: A Splendid Spread. (Cruikshank, 1850.)]
+
+Nor was Erasmus's estimate of women more favorable than Brandt's, though
+he expresses it more lightly and gayly, as his manner was. And curious
+it is to note that the foibles which he selects for animadversion are
+precisely those which form the staple of satire against women at the
+present time. In one of his Colloquies he describes the "Assembly of
+Women, or the Female Parliament," and reports at length the speech of
+one of the principal members, the wise Cornelia. This eloquent lady
+heartily berates the wives of tradesmen for presuming to copy the
+fashions of the rich and noble. Would any one believe that the following
+sentences were written nearly four hundred years ago?
+
+"'Tis almost impossible by the outside," says Cornelia to her parliament
+of fine ladies, "to know a duchess from a kitchen-wench. All the ancient
+bounds of modesty have been so impudently transgressed, that every one
+wears what apparel seems best in her own eyes. At church and at the
+play-house, in city and country, you may see a thousand women of
+indifferent if not sordid extraction swaggering it abroad in silks and
+velvets, in damask and brocard, in gold and silver, in ermines and sable
+tippets, while their husbands perhaps are stitching Grub-street
+pamphlets or cobbling shoes at home. Their fingers are loaded with
+diamonds and rubies, for Turkey stones are nowadays despised even by
+chimney-sweepers' wives. It was thought enough for your ordinary women
+in the last age that they were allowed the mighty privilege to wear a
+silk girdle, and to set off the borders of their woolen petticoats with
+an edging of silk. But now--and I can hardly forbear weeping at the
+thoughts of it--this worshipful custom is quite out-of-doors. If your
+tallow-chandlers', vintners', and other tradesmen's wives flaunt it in a
+chariot and four, what shall your marchionesses or countesses do, I
+wonder? And if a country squire's spouse will have a train after her
+full fifteen ells long, pray what shift must a princess make to
+distinguish herself? What makes this ten times worse than otherwise it
+would be, we are never constant to one dress, but are as fickle and
+uncertain as weathercocks--or the men that preach under them. Formerly
+our head-tire was stretched out upon wires and mounted upon barbers'
+poles, women of condition thinking to distinguish themselves from the
+ordinary sort by this dress. Nay, to make the difference still more
+visible, they wore caps of ermine powdered. But they were mistaken in
+their politics, for the cits soon got them. Then they trumpt up another
+mode, and black quoiss came into play. But the ladies within Ludgate not
+only aped them in this fashion, but added thereto a gold embroidery and
+jewels. Formerly the court dames took a great deal of pains in combing
+up their hair from their foreheads and temples to make a tower; but they
+were soon weary of that, for it was not long before this fashion too was
+got into Cheapside. After this they let their hair fall loose about
+their foreheads; but the city gossips soon followed them in that."
+
+And this game, we may add, has been kept up from that day to this; nor
+does either party yet show any inclination to retire from the contest.
+
+Erasmus was, indeed, an unmerciful satirist of women. In his "Praise of
+Folly" he returns to the charge again and again. "That which made Plato
+doubt under what genus to rank woman, whether among brutes or rational
+creatures, was only meant to denote the extreme stupidness and folly of
+that sex, a sex so unalterably simple, that for any of them to thrust
+forward and reach at the name of wise is but to make themselves the more
+remarkable fools, such an endeavor being but a swimming against the
+stream, nay, the turning the course of nature, the bare attempting
+whereof is as extravagant as the effecting of it is impossible: for as
+it is a trite proverb, _That an ape will be an ape, though clad in
+purple_; so a woman will be a woman, _i. e._, a fool, whatever disguise
+she takes up." And again: "Good God! what frequent divorces, or worse
+mischief, would oft sadly happen, except man and wife were so discreet
+as to pass over light occasions of quarrel with laughing, jesting,
+dissembling, and such like playing the fool? Nay, how few matches would
+go forward, if the hasty lover did but first know how many little tricks
+of lust and wantonness (and perhaps more gross failings) his coy and
+seemingly bashful mistress had oft before been guilty of? And how fewer
+marriages, when consummated, would continue happy, if the husband were
+not either sottishly insensible of, or did not purposely wink at and
+pass over, the lightness and forwardness of his good-natured wife?"
+
+[Illustration: American Lady walking in the Snow.
+
+"I have often shivered at seeing a young beauty picking her way through
+the snow with a pale rose-colored bonnet set on the very top of her
+head. They never wear muffs or boots, even when they have to step to
+their sleighs over ice and snow. They walk in the middle of winter with
+their poor little toes pinched into a miniature slipper, incapable of
+excluding as much moisture as might bedew a primrose."--MRS. TROLLOPE,
+_Domestic Manners of the Americans_, vol. ii., p. 135. 1830.]
+
+The ill opinion entertained of women by men during the ages of darkness
+and superstition found expression in laws as well as in literature. The
+age of chivalry! Investigators who have studied that vaunted period in
+the court records and law-books tell us that respect for women is a
+thing of which those records show no trace. In the age of chivalry the
+widow and the fatherless were regarded by lords, knights, and "parsons"
+as legitimate objects of plunder; and woe to the widow who prosecuted
+the murderers of her husband or the ravagers of her estate! The homage
+which the law paid to women consisted in burning them alive for offenses
+which brought upon men the painless death of hanging. We moderns read
+with puzzled incredulity such a story as that of Godiva, doubtful if so
+vast an outrage could ever have been committed in a community not
+entirely savage. Let the reader immerse himself for only a few months in
+the material of which the history of the Middle Ages must be composed,
+if it shall ever be truly written, and the tale of Godiva will seem
+credible and natural. She was her lord's chattel; and probably the
+people of her day who heard the story commended _him_ for lightening the
+burdens of Coventry on such easy terms, and saw no great hardship in
+the task assigned to her.
+
+People read with surprise of Thomas Jefferson's antipathy to the poems
+and novels of Sir Walter Scott. He objected to them because they gave a
+view of the past ages utterly at variance with the truth as revealed in
+the authentic records, which he had studied from his youth up.
+
+[Illustration: "'_My dear Baron, I am in the most pressing need of five
+hundred franc!_' Must I put an _s_ to franc?"
+
+"No. In the circumstances it is better not. It will prove to the Baron
+that, for the moment, you really are destitute of every thing--even of
+orthography."--ED. DE BRAUMONT, _Paris_, 1860.]
+
+[Illustration: "Madame, I have the honor--"
+
+"Sir, be good enough to come round in front and speak to me."
+
+"Madame, I really haven't the time. I must be off in five
+minutes."--CHAM, _Paris_, 1850.]
+
+Coming down to recent times, we still find the current anecdote and
+proverb in all lands bearing hardly upon the sex. A few kindly and
+appreciative sayings pass current in Scotland; and the literatures of
+Germany, England, and the United States teem with the noblest and
+tenderest homage to the excellence of women. But most of these belong to
+the literature of this century, and bear the names of men who may be
+said to have created the moral feeling of the present moment. It is
+interesting to notice that in one of our latest and best dictionaries of
+quotation, that of Mr. M. M. Ballou, of Boston, there are one hundred
+and eleven short passages relating to women, of which only one is
+dishonorable to them, and that dates back a century and a half, to the
+halcyon day of the British libertine--"Every woman is at heart a
+rake.--POPE." So thought all the dissolute men of Pope's circle, as we
+know from their conversation and letters. So thought the Duc de
+Rochefoucauld, who said, "There are few virtuous women who are not weary
+of their profession;" and "Most virtuous women, like concealed
+treasures, are secure because nobody seeks after them." So thought
+Chesterfield, who told his hopeful son that he could never go wrong in
+flattering a woman, for women were foolish and frail without exception:
+"I never knew one in my life who had good sense, or who reasoned and
+acted consequentially for four-and-twenty hours together." And so _must_
+think every man who lived as men of fashion then lived. "If I dwelt in a
+hospital," said Dr. Franklin once, "I might come to think all mankind
+diseased."
+
+[Illustration: "Where are the diamonds exhibited?"
+
+"I haven't the least idea; but I let myself be guided by my wife. Women
+get at such things by instinct."--CHAM, _Paris_, 1868.]
+
+But a man need not be a fine gentleman nor a _roue_ to think ill of
+womankind. He needs only to be commonplace; and hence it is that the
+homely proverbs of all time bear so hardly upon women. The native land
+of the modern proverb is Spain, as we might guess from Sancho Panza's
+exhaustless repertory; and most of those homely disparaging sentences
+concerning women that pass current in all lands appear to have
+originated there. What Spain has left unsaid upon women's foibles, Italy
+has supplied. Most of the following proverbs are traceable to one of the
+two peninsulas of Southern Europe: "He that takes an eel by the tail or
+a woman by her word may say he holds nothing." "There is one bad wife in
+Spain, and every man thinks he has her." "He that loses his wife and a
+farthing hath great loss of his farthing." "If the mother had never
+been in the oven, she would not have looked for her daughter there."
+"He that marries a widow and three children marries four thieves." "He
+that tells his wife news is but newly married." "A dead wife's the best
+goods in a man's house." "A man of straw is worth a woman of gold." "A
+woman conceals what she knows not." "As great a pity to see a woman weep
+as to see a goose go barefoot." "A woman's mind and winter's wind change
+oft." "There is no mischief in the world done but a woman is always
+one." "Commend a wedded life, but keep thyself a bachelor." "Where there
+are women and geese, there wants no noise." "Neither women nor linen by
+candle-light." "Glasses and lasses are brittle ware." "Two daughters and
+a back-door are three thieves." "Women commend a modest man, but like
+him not." "Women in mischief are wiser than men." "Women laugh when they
+can and weep when they will." "Women, priests, and poultry never have
+enough."
+
+[Illustration: Evening Scene in the Parlor of an American
+Boarding-house.
+
+"Ladies who have no engagements (in the evening) either mount again to
+the solitude of their chamber, or remain in the common sitting-room, in
+a society cemented by no tie, endeared by no connection, which choice
+did not bring together, and which the slightest motive would break
+asunder. I remarked that the gentlemen were generally obliged to go out
+every evening on business; and, I confess, the arrangement did not
+surprise me."--MRS. TROLLOPE, _Domestic Manners of the Americans_, vol.
+ii., p. 111. 1830.]
+
+Among the simple people of Iceland similar proverbs pass current:
+"Praise the fineness of the day when it is ended; praise a woman when
+she is buried; praise a maiden when she is married." "Trust not to the
+words of a girl; neither to those which a woman utters, for their hearts
+have been made like the wheel that turns round; levity was put into
+their bosoms."
+
+Among the few broadsides of Elizabeth's reign preserved in the British
+Museum there is one which is conceived in perfect harmony with these
+proverbs. It presents eight scenes, in all of which women figure
+disadvantageously. There is a child-bed scene, in which the mother lies
+in state, most preposterously dressed and adorned, while a dozen other
+women are idling and gossiping about the room. Women are exhibited also
+at the market, at the bakehouse, at the ale-house, at the river washing
+clothes, at church, at the bath, at the public well; but always
+chattering, gossiping, idling, unless they are fighting or flirting.
+Another caricature in the same collection, dated 1620, the year of the
+_Mayflower_ and Plymouth Rock, contains seven scenes illustrative of the
+lines following:
+
+ "Who marieth a Wife upon a Moneday,
+ If she will not be good upon a Twesday,
+ Lett him go to y{e} wood upon a Wensday,
+ And cutt him a cudgell upon the Thursday,
+ And pay her soundly upon a Fryday;
+ And she mend not, y{e} divil take her a Saterday,
+ That he may eat his meat in peace on the Sunday."
+
+To complete the record of man's ridicule of the sex to which he owes his
+happiness, I add the pictures given in this chapter, which bring that
+record down to date. They tell their own story. The innocent fun of
+English Cruikshank and Leech contrasts agreeably with the subtle
+depravity indicated by some of the French caricaturists, particularly by
+Gavarni, who surpasses all men in the art of exaggerating the address of
+the class of women who regard men in the light of prey. The point of
+Gavarni's satire usually lies in the words printed underneath his
+pictures, and the pictures generally consist of the two figures who
+utter those words. But the expression which he contrives to impart to
+his figures and faces by a few apparently careless lines is truly
+wonderful, and it can scarcely be transferred to another surface. He
+excels in the expression of a figure with the face turned away, the
+whole effect being given by the outline of the head three-quarters
+averted. There is one picture of his, given on the following page, of a
+woman and her lover, he sitting in a chair reading _with his hat on_,
+indicating the extreme of familiarity, she standing at the window
+sewing, and keeping an eye on the pavement below. "He's coming!" she
+says; "take off your hat." In the attitude of the woman there is a
+mingled effect of tranquillity and vigilance that is truly remarkable.
+In all the range of caricature it would be difficult to find a better
+specimen of the art than this, or a worse. The reader may be curious to
+see a few more of these _fourberies de femmes_, as evolved from the
+brain of the dissolute Gavarni. It is almost impossible to transfer the
+work of his pencil, but here are a few of his verbal elucidations:
+
+Under a picture of a father and daughter walking arm-in-arm: "How did
+you know, papa, that I loved M. Leon?" "Because you always spoke of M.
+Paul."
+
+Two young ladies in confidential conversation: "When I think that M.
+Coquardeau is going to be my husband, I feel sorry for Alexander." "And
+I for Coquardeau."
+
+[Illustration: "He's coming! Take off your hat!"--GAVARNI, _Paris_,
+1846.]
+
+Two married ladies in conversation: "Yes, my dear, my husband has been
+guilty of bringing that creature into my house before my very eyes, when
+he knows that the only man I love in the world is two hundred leagues
+from here."--"Men are contemptible" (_laches_).
+
+Husband writing a note, and his wife standing behind him:
+
+ "MY DEAR SIR,--Caroline begs me to remind you of a certain duet,
+ of which she is extravagantly fond, and which you promised to
+ give her. Pray be so good as to dine with her to-day, and bring
+ your music with you. For my part, I shall be deprived of the
+ pleasure of hearing you, for I have an engagement at Versailles.
+ Pity me, my dear sir, and believe me always your affectionate
+
+ COQUARDEAU."
+
+A young man in wild excitement reading a letter:
+
+ "On receipt of this, mount, fly; overtake in the Avenue de
+ Neuilly a yellow cab, the steps down, gray horse, old coachman,
+ 108, one lantern lighted! Follow it. It will stop at the side
+ door of a house at Sablonville. A man and a woman will get out.
+ That man--he was my lover! And that woman--she is yours!"
+
+[Illustration: The Scholastic Hen and her Chickens. (Cruikshank, 1846.)
+
+_Miss Thimblebee loquitur._ "Turn your heads the other way, my dears,
+for here are two horridly handsome officers coming."]
+
+Lady fainting, and a man in consternation supporting her head: "Clara,
+Clara! dearest, look up! Don't! Clara, I say! You don't know _any_ nice
+young man! I am an ass, with my stupid jealousy. And you shall have your
+velvet shawl. Come, Clara! Now then, Clara, _please_!"
+
+Lady dropping two letters into the post-office. First letter:
+
+ "MY KIND AMEDEE,--This evening, toward eight, at the Red Ball.
+ Mind, now, and don't keep waiting your
+
+ CLARA."
+
+Second letter:
+
+ "MY HENRY,--Well-beloved, judge of my despair--I have a sore
+ throat that is simply frightful. It will be impossible for me to
+ go out this evening. They even talk of applying twenty leeches.
+ Pity a great deal, and love always, your
+
+ CLARA."
+
+In these numberless satires upon women, executed by pen and pencil,
+there is a certain portion of truth, for, indeed, a woman powerfully
+organized and fully developed, but without mental culture and devoid of
+the sentiment of duty, can be a creature most terrific. If the
+possession of wealth exempts her from labor, there are four ways in
+which she can appease the ennui of a barren mind and a torpid
+conscience. One is deep play, which was, until within seventy years, the
+resource chiefly relied upon by women of fashion for killing the hours
+between dinner and bed; one is social display, or the struggle for the
+leadership of a circle, an ambition perhaps more pernicious than
+gambling; another is intrigues of love, no longer permitted in the more
+advanced countries, but formerly an important element in fashionable
+life everywhere; finally, there is the resource of excessive and
+ceaseless devotion, the daily mass, the weekly confession, frequent and
+severe fasting, abject slavery to the ritual. Of all these, the one
+last named is probably the most injurious, since it tends to bring
+virtue itself into contempt, and repels the young from all serious and
+elevated modes of living. Accordingly, in studying the historic families
+of Europe, we frequently find that the devotee and the debauchee
+alternate, each producing the other, both being expressions of the same
+moral and mental defect. But whether a mindless woman gambles, dresses,
+flirts, or fasts, she is a being who furnishes the satirist with
+legitimate material.
+
+Equal rights, equal education, equal chances of an independent
+career--when women have enjoyed these for so much as a single century in
+any country, the foibles at which men have laughed for so many ages will
+probably no longer be remarked, for they are either the follies of
+ignorance or the vices resulting from a previous condition of servitude.
+Nor will men of right feeling ever regard women with the cold, critical
+eye of a Chesterfield or a Rochefoucauld, but rather with something of
+the exalted sentiment which caused old Homer, whenever he had occasion
+to speak of a mother, to prefix an adjective usually applicable to
+goddesses and queens, which we can translate best, perhaps, by our
+English word REVERED.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER XVI.
+
+AMONG THE CHINESE.
+
+
+[Illustration: Chinese Caricature of an English Foraging Party.[28]
+
+[Footnote 28: From "The Middle Kingdom," vol. ii., p. 177, by S. W.
+Williams, New York, 1871.]]
+
+We are apt to think of the Chinese as a grave people, unskilled in the
+lighter arts of satire and caricature; but, according to that amusing
+traveler, M. Huc, they are the _French_ of Asia--"a nation of cooks, a
+nation of actors"--singularly fond of the drama, gifted in pasquinade,
+addicted to burlesque, prolific in comic ideas and satirical devices. M.
+Huc likens the Chinese Empire to an immense fair, where you find mingled
+with the bustle of traffic all kinds of shows, mountebanks, actors,
+Cheap Jacks, thieves, gamblers, all competing continually and with
+vociferous uproar for the favor of the crowd. "There are theatres
+everywhere; the great towns are full of them; and the actors play night
+and day." When the British officers went ashore, in the retinue of their
+first grand embassy, many years ago, they were astonished to see Punch
+in all his glory with Judy, dog, and devil, just as they had last seen
+him on Ascot Heath, except that he summoned his audience by gong and
+triangle instead of pipes and drum. The Orient knew Punch perhaps ages
+before England saw him. In China they have a Punch conducted by a single
+individual, who is enveloped from head to foot in a gown. He carries
+the little theatre on his head, works the wires with his hands under the
+gown, executes the dialogue with his mouth concealed by the same
+garment, and in the intervals of performance plays on two instruments.
+He exhibits the theatre reduced to its simplest form, the work of the
+company, the band, the manager, treasurer, scene-shifter, and
+property-man all being done by one person.
+
+In the very nature of the Chinese, whether men or women, there is a
+large element of the histrionic, even those pompous and noisy funerals
+of theirs being little more than an exhibition of private theatricals.
+The whole company gossip, drink tea, jest, laugh, smoke, and have all
+the air of a pleasant social party, until the nearest relation of the
+deceased informs them that the time to mourn has come. Instantly the
+conversation ceases and lamentation begins. The company gather round the
+coffin; affecting speeches are addressed to the dead; groans, sobs, and
+doleful cries are heard on every side; tears, real tears, roll down many
+cheeks--all is woe and desolation. But when the signal is given to cease
+mourning, "the performers," says M. Huc, "do not even stop to finish a
+sob or a groan, but they take their pipes, and, lo! they are again those
+incomparable Chinese, laughing, gossiping, and drinking tea."
+
+It need not be said that Chinese women have an ample share of this
+peculiar talent of their race, nor that they have very frequent occasion
+to exercise it. Nowhere, even in the East, are women more subject or
+more artful than in China. "When a son is born," as a Chinese authoress
+remarks, "he sleeps upon a bed, he is clothed with robes, and plays with
+pearls; every one obeys his princely cries. But when a girl is born, she
+sleeps upon the ground, is merely wrapped in a cloth, plays with a tile,
+and is incapable of acting either virtuously or viciously. She has
+nothing to think of but preparing food, making wine, and not vexing her
+parents." This arrangement the authoress _approves_, because it prepares
+the girl to accept without repining the humiliations of her lot. It is a
+proverb in China that a young wife should be in her house but "a shadow
+and an echo." As in India, she does not eat with her husband, but waits
+upon him in silent devotion till he is done, and then satisfies her own
+appetite with inferior food.
+
+Such is the theory of her position. But if we may judge from Chinese
+satires, women are not destitute of power in the household, and employ
+the arts of the oppressed with effect. Among the Chinese poems recently
+translated by Mr. G. C. Stent in the volume called "The Jade Chaplet,"
+there are a few in the satiric vein which attest the ready adroitness of
+Chinese women in moments of crisis. According to an English author, "A
+woman takes as naturally to a lie as a rat to a hole." The author of
+these popular Chinese poems was evidently of the same opinion. The
+specimen subjoined, which has not been previously published in the
+United States, shows us that there is much in common between the jokes
+of the two hemispheres of our mundane sphere.
+
+"FANNING THE GRAVE.
+
+ "'Twas spring--the air was redolent
+ With many a sweet and grateful scent;
+ The peach and plum bloomed side by side,
+ Like blushing maid and pale-faced bride;
+ Coy willows stealthily were seen
+ Opening their eyes of living green--
+ As if to watch the sturdy strife
+ Of nature struggling into life.
+
+ "One sunny morn a Mr. Chuang
+ Was strolling leisurely along;
+ Viewing the budding flowers and trees--
+ Sniffing the fragrance-laden breeze--
+ Staring at those who hurried by,
+ Each loaded with a good supply
+ Of imitation sycee shoes,
+ To burn--for friends defunct to use--
+ Of dainty viands, oil, and rice,
+ And wine to pour in sacrifice,
+ On tombs of friends who 'neath them slept.
+ (Twas '3d of the 3d,' when the graves are swept.)
+
+ "Chuang sauntered on. At length, on looking round,
+ He spied a cozy-looking burial-ground;
+ 'I'll turn in here and rest a bit,' thought he,
+ 'And muse awhile on life's uncertainty;
+ This quiet place just suits my pensive mood,
+ I'll sit and moralize in pleasant solitude.'
+ So, sitting down upon a grassy knoll,
+ He sighed--when all at once upon him stole
+ A smothered sound of sorrow and distress,
+ As if one wept in very bitterness.
+
+ "Mr. Chuang, hearing this, at once got up to see,
+ Who the sorrowing mourner could possibly be,
+ When he saw a young woman _fanning a grave_.
+ Her 'three-inch gold lilies'[29] were bandaged up tight
+ In the deepest of mourning--her clothes, too, were white.[30]
+ Of all the strange things he had read of or heard,
+ This one was by far the most strange and absurd;
+ He had never heard tell of one _fanning a grave_.
+
+ "He stood looking on at this queer scene of woe,
+ Unobserved, but astounded, and curious to know
+ The reason the woman was _fanning the grave_.
+ He thought, in this case, the best thing he could do
+ Was to ask her himself; so without more ado,
+ He hemmed once or twice, then bowing his head,
+ Advanced to the woman and smilingly said,
+ 'May I ask, madam, why you are _fanning that grave_?'
+
+ "The woman, on this, glancing up with surprise,
+ Looked as though she could scarcely believe her own eyes,
+ When she saw a man watching her _fanning the grave_.
+ He was handsome, and might have been thirty or more;
+ The garb of a Taoist he tastefully wore;
+ His kind manner soon put her quite at her ease,
+ So she answered demurely, 'Listen, sir, if you please,
+ And I'll tell you the reason I'm _fanning this grave_.
+
+ "'My husband, alas! whom I now (_sob_, _sob_) mourn,
+ A short time since (_sob_) to this grave (_sob_) was borne;
+ And (_sob_) he lies buried in this (_sob_, _sob_) grave.'
+ (Here she bitterly wept.) 'Ere my (_sob_) husband died,
+ He called me (_sob_) once more (_sob_, _sob_) to his side,
+ And grasping my--(_sob_) with his dying lips said,
+ "When I'm gone (_sob_, _sob_) promise (_sob_) never to wed,
+ _Till the mold is_ (sob) _dry on the top of my grave_."
+
+ "'I come hither daily to (_sob_) and to weep,
+ For the promise I gave (_sob_) I'll faithfully keep,
+ _I'll not wed till the mold is_ (sob) _dry on his grave_.
+ I don't want to marry again (_sob_), I'm sure,
+ But poverty (_sob_) is so hard to endure;
+ And, oh! I'm so lonely, that I come (_sob_) to try
+ _If I can't with my fan help the mold_ (sob) _to dry_;
+ _And that is the reason I'm fanning his grave_.'
+
+ "Hearing this, Chuang exclaimed, 'Madam, give me the fan.
+ I'll willingly help you as much as I can
+ In drying the mold on your poor husband's grave.'
+ She readily handed the fan up to Chuang
+ (Who in magic was skilled--as he proved before long),
+ For he muttered some words in a low under-tone,
+ Flicked the fan, and the grave was as dry as a bone;
+ 'There,' said he, 'the mold's dry on the top of the grave.'
+
+ "Joy plainly was seen on the poor woman's face,
+ As she hastily thanked him, ere quitting the place,
+ For helping her dry up the mold on the grave.
+ Chuang watched her go off with a cynical sigh,
+ Thought he, 'Now suppose I myself were to die,
+ How long would _my_ wife in her weeds mourn my fate?
+ Would _she_, like this woman, have patience to wait
+ _Till the mold was well dry on her poor husband's grave?_'"
+
+[Footnote 29: Small feet.]
+
+[Footnote 30: White is the color worn as mourning in China.]
+
+There is an amusing sequel to this poem, in which Chuang is exhibited
+putting his wife to the test. Being a magician, endowed with miraculous
+power, he pretends to die; and while his body is in its coffin awaiting
+burial, he assumes the form of a handsome young man, and pays to his
+mourning wife ardent court.
+
+ "In short, they made love, and the next day were wed;
+ She cheerfully changing her white clothes to red.[31]
+ Excited by drink, they were going to bed,
+ When Chuang clapped his hand to his brow--
+ He groaned. She exclaimed, 'What! are _you_ dying too?
+ _One_ husband I've lost, and got married to you;
+ Now _you_ are took bad. Oh, what shall I do?
+ Can I help you? If so, tell me how.'
+
+ "'Alas!' groaned the husband, 'I'm sadly afraid
+ The disease that I have is beyond human aid.
+ Oh! the sums upon sums I the doctors have paid!
+ There a remedy is, to be sure:
+ It is this: _take the brains from a living man's head_--
+ _If not to be had, get, and mash up instead
+ Those of one who no more than three days has been dead._
+ 'Twill effect an infallible cure!'"
+
+[Footnote 31: Red is worn on joyful occasions, such as weddings, etc.]
+
+The distracted widow did not hesitate. There was the coffin of her
+lamented husband before her, and he had not yet been dead three days:
+
+ "She grasped the chopper savagely, her brows she firmly knit,
+ And battered at the coffin until the lid was split.
+ But, oh! what mortal pen could paint her horror and her dread?
+ _A voice within exclaimed, 'Hollo!' and Chuang popped up his head!_
+
+ "'Hollo!' again repeated he, as he sat bolt-upright:
+ '_What made you smash my coffin in?--I see, besides, you're tight!
+ You've dressed yourself in red, too!_ What means this mummery?
+ Let me have the full particulars, and don't try on flummery.'
+
+ "She had all her wits about her, though she quaked a bit with fear.
+ Said she (the artful wretch!), 'It seems miraculous, my dear!
+ _Some unseen power impelled me to break the coffin-lid,
+ To see if you were still alive_--which, of course, you know I did!
+
+ "'_I felt sure you must be living; so, to welcome you once more,
+ My mourning robes I tore off, and my wedding garments wore;
+ But, were you dead, to guard against all noxious fumes, I quaffed,
+ As a measure of precaution, a disinfecting draught!_'
+
+ "Said Chuang, 'Your tale is plausible, but I think you'd better stop;
+ Don't fatigue yourself by telling lies; just let the matter drop.
+ _To test your faithfulness to me_, I've been merely shamming dead,
+ _I'm the youth you just now married--my widow I've just wed!_'"
+
+Appended to these two poems, there is the regulation moral, in which
+married ladies are warned not to be too sure of their constancy, nor
+judge severely the poor widows who make haste to console themselves.
+
+ "Do your best, but avoid supercilious pride,
+ For you never can tell what you'll do till you're tried."
+
+We can not say much for the translation of these comic works. Mr. Stent
+is a high authority in the Chinese language and literature, but is not
+at home in English prosody. It is plain, however, from his translations,
+rough as they may be, that there is a comic vein in the Chinese
+character which finds expression in Chinese literature.
+
+[Illustration: A Deaf Mandarin. (From a Figure in the British
+Museum.)[32]
+
+[Footnote 32: "Malcolm's Caricaturing," plate iv., fig. 9.]]
+
+Caricature, as we might suppose, is a universal practice among them;
+but, owing to their crude and primitive taste in such things, their
+efforts are seldom interesting to any but themselves. In Chinese
+collections, we see numberless grotesque exaggerations of the human form
+and face, some of which are not devoid of humor and artistic merit; but
+the specimens given on this and the next page suffice for the present
+purpose.
+
+The Chinese, it appears, are fond of exhibiting their English visitors
+in a ridiculous light. The caricature of an English foraging party,
+given in the first part of this chapter, was brought home thirty years
+ago by a printer attached to an American mission in China. Recently a
+new illustration of this propensity has gone abroad. In 1874 an account
+appeared in the English papers of the audience granted to the foreign
+ministers by the Emperor of China, in which Mr. Wade, the English
+embassador, was represented as having been overwhelmed with awe and
+alarm in the presence of the august potentate, the Son of Heaven. The
+origin of the paragraph was explained by the _Athenoeum_:
+
+"The account was absurd in the extreme, and was universally recognized
+as a squib, except by a writer in the columns of a weekly contemporary,
+who gravely undertook the task of showing, by reference to the whole of
+his previous career, how very unlikely it was that Mr. Wade should give
+way to the weakness imputed to him. It now turns out that the imaginary
+narrative first appeared in the columns of _Puck_, a comic paper (in
+English), published at Shanghai; that it was translated into Chinese by
+some native wag, who palmed it off on his countrymen as a truthful
+account of the behavior of the English barbarian on this occasion; and
+that some inquiring foreigner, ignorant of the source from whence it
+came, retranslated it into English, and held it up as another instance
+of the way in which the Chinese pamphleteers were attempting to
+undermine our influence in China by covering our minister with
+contempt!"
+
+[Illustration: After Dinner. A Chinese Caricature. (From a Figure in the
+British Museum.)[33]
+
+[Footnote 33: "Malcolm's Caricaturing," plate iv., fig. 3.]]
+
+The burlesque which thus imposed upon a London editor was a creditable
+specimen of _Puck's_ comic talent: "His majesty having ascended the
+throne, the envoys were led to the space at its foot, when they
+performed the ceremony of inclining the body. They did not kneel. By the
+side of the steps there was placed a yellow table, and the envoys stood
+in rank to read out their credentials, the British having the leading
+place. When he had read a few sentences, he began to tremble from head
+to foot, and was incapable of completing the perusal. The emperor asked,
+'Is the prince of your country well?' But he could utter no reply. The
+emperor again asked, 'You have besought permission to see me time and
+time again. What is it you have to say?' But again he was unable to make
+an answer. The next proceeding was to hand in the credentials; but, in
+doing this, he fell down on the ground time after time, and not a
+syllable could he articulate. Upon this Prince Kung laughed loud at him
+before the entire court, exclaimed 'Chicken-feather!' and gave orders to
+have him assisted down the steps. He was unable to move of his own
+accord, and sat down on the floor, perspiring and panting for breath.
+The whole twelve shook their heads and whispered together no one knows
+what. When the time came for the assembly at the banquet, they still
+remained incapable, and dispersed in hurried confusion. Prince Kung said
+to them, 'You would not believe that it is no light matter to come face
+to face with his majesty; but what have you got to say about it
+to-day?'"
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER XVII.
+
+COMIC ART IN JAPAN.
+
+
+The bright, good-tempered people of Japan are familiar with humor in
+many forms, and know how to sport with pencil as well as with pen. Their
+very sermons are not devoid of the jocular. When a preacher has pointed
+his moral by a comical tale, he will turn to the audience in the most
+familiar, confidential manner, and say, "Now, isn't that a funny story?"
+or, "Wasn't that delightful?" Sometimes he will half apologize for the
+introduction of mirth-moving anecdotes: "Now, my sermons are not written
+for the learned. I address myself to farmers and tradesmen, who, hard
+pressed by their daily business, have no time for study.... Now,
+positively you must not laugh if I introduce a light story now and then.
+Levity is not my object; I only want to put things in a plain and easy
+manner."[34] Nothing yet brought from that country is more interesting
+to us than the specimens given in Mr. Mitford's book of the short,
+homely, humorous, sound Japanese sermons. The existence of this work is
+another proof of the wisdom of giving consular and diplomatic
+appointments to men who know how to use their eyes, their hands, and
+their minds. The sumptuous work upon Japan by M. Aime Humbert could
+scarcely have been produced if the author had not been at the head of a
+powerful embassy.
+
+[Footnote 34: "Tales of Old Japan," vol. ii., p. 138, by A. W. Mitford,
+Secretary of the British Legation in Japan, London, 1874.]
+
+The Japanese are a gentler and kindlier people than the Chinese; women
+occupy a better position among them; and hence the allusions to the sex
+in their literature are less contemptuous and satirical. The preacher
+whose sermons Mr. Mitford selects for translation is what we should term
+an eclectic--one who owns fealty to none of the great religions of the
+East, but gleans lessons of truth and wisdom from them all. Imagine him
+clad in gorgeous robes of red and white, attended by an acolyte,
+entering a chapel--a spacious, pleasant apartment which opens into a
+garden--bowing to the sacred picture over the altar, and taking a seat
+at a table. Some prayers are intoned, incense is burned, offerings are
+received, a passage from a sacred book is read, a cup of tea is quaffed,
+and then the preacher rises and begins his chatty, humorous, anecdotical
+discourse. Whenever he makes a point, the audience utters a responsive
+"Nimmiyo," varying the sound so as to accord with the sentiment
+expressed by the speaker. Indeed, it would be difficult to name one
+rite, or observance, or custom, or eccentricity of religion practiced
+among us here in the United States, the counterpart of which has not
+been familiar to the Japanese from time immemorial. They have sacred
+books, a peculiar cross, liturgies, temples, acolytes, nunneries,
+monasteries, holy water, incense, prayers, sermons, collections, the
+poor-box, responses, priestly robes, the bell, a series of ceremonies
+strongly resembling the mass, followed by a sermon, sacred pictures,
+anointing, shaven crowns, sects, orders, and systems of theology.
+
+Their sermons abound in parables and similes. The preacher just
+mentioned illustrates his points with amusing ingenuity. For example, in
+a sermon on the folly of putting excessive trust in wealth, strength, or
+any other advantage merely external or transitory, he relates a parable
+of a shell-fish--the sazaye--noted for the extreme hardness of its
+shell. One day, just after a large sazaye had been vaunting his perfect
+security against the dangers to which other fish were exposed, there
+came a great splash in the water. "Mr. Sazaye," continued the preacher,
+"shut his lid as quickly as possible, kept quite still, and thought to
+himself what in the world the noise could be. Could it be a net? Could
+it be a fish-hook? Were the tai and the other fish caught? he wondered;
+and he felt quite anxious about them. However, at any rate, _he_ was
+safe. And so the time passed; and when he thought all was over, he
+stealthily opened his shell, and slipped out his head and looked all
+round him, and there seemed to be something wrong--something with which
+he was not familiar. As he looked a little more carefully, lo and
+behold! there he was in a fish-monger's shop, and with a card, marked
+'Sixteen Cash,' on his back.
+
+"Isn't that a funny story?" cries the jovial preacher, smiling
+complacently upon the congregation. "Poor shell-fish! I think there are
+people not unlike him to be found _in China and India_." This is a
+favorite joke with the preacher. He frequently closes a satirical
+passage by a similar remark. "I don't mean to say that there are any
+such persons _here_. Oh no. Still, there are plenty of them to be
+found--say, for instance, in the back streets of India."
+
+The tone of this merry instructor in righteousness when he is speaking
+of women is that of a tender father toward children. He assumes that
+"women _and_ children" can not understand any thing profound and
+philosophical. Righteousness he defines as "the fitting," the
+ought-to-be; and he considers it "fitting" that women should be the
+assiduous, respectful, and ever-obedient servants of men. A parable
+illustrates his meaning. A great preacher of old was once the guest of a
+rich man of low rank, who was "particularly fond of sermons," and had a
+lovely daughter of fifteen, who waited upon the preacher at dinner, and
+entertained him afterward upon the harp. "Really," said the learned
+preacher, "it must be a very difficult thing to educate a young lady up
+to such a pitch as this." The flattered parents, could not refrain from
+boasting of their daughter's accomplishments--her drawing, painting,
+singing, and flower-plaiting. The wily preacher, Socrates-like,
+rejoined: "This is something quite out of the common run. _Of course_
+she knows how to rub the shoulders and loins, and has learned the art of
+shampooing?" This remark offends the fond father. "I have not fallen so
+low as to let my daughter learn shampooing!" The preacher blandly
+advises him not to put himself in a passion, and proceeds to descant
+upon the Whole Duty of Woman, as understood in Japan. "She must look
+upon her husband's parents as her own. If her honored father-in-law or
+mother-in-law fall ill, her being able to plait flowers and paint
+pictures and make tea will be of no use in the sick-room. To shampoo her
+parents-in-law, and nurse them affectionately, without employing a
+shampooer or servant-maid, is the right path of a daughter-in-law." Upon
+hearing these words, the father sees his error, and blushes with shame;
+whereupon the preacher admits that music and painting are not bad in
+themselves, only they must not be pursued to the exclusion of things
+more important, of which shampooing is one.
+
+He draws a sad picture of a wife who has learned nothing but the
+graceful arts. Before the bottom of the family kettle is scorched black
+the husband will be sick of his bargain--a wife all untidy about the
+head, her apron fastened round her as a girdle, a baby twisted somehow
+into the bosom of her dress, and nothing in the house to eat but some
+wretched bean-soup, and that bought at a store. "What a
+ten-million-times miserable thing it is when parents, making their
+little girls hug a great guitar, listen with pleasure to the poor little
+things playing on instruments big enough for them to climb upon, and
+squeaking out songs in their shrill treble voices!" Such girls, if not
+closely watched, will be prematurely falling in love and running away to
+be married.
+
+These sermons are so curiously different from any thing which we are
+accustomed to think of as sermons that I am tempted to extract the
+conclusion of one of them. The text is a passage from "Moshi," which
+touches upon the folly of men in being more ashamed of a bodily defect
+than of a moral fault. Mark how the merry Japanese preacher "improves"
+the subject:
+
+"What mistaken and bewildered creatures men are! What says the old song?
+'Hidden far among the mountains, the tree which seems to be rotten, if
+its _core_ be yet alive, may be made to bear flowers.' What signifies it
+if the hand or the foot be deformed? The heart is the important thing.
+If the heart be awry, what though your skin be fair, your nose aquiline,
+your hair beautiful? All these strike the eye alone, and are utterly
+useless. It is as if you were to put horse-dung into a gold-lacquer
+luncheon-box. This is what is called a fair outside, deceptive
+appearance.
+
+"There's the scullery-maid been washing out the pots at the
+kitchen-sink, and the scullion, Chokichi, comes up and says to her,
+'You've got a lot of charcoal smut sticking to your nose,' and points
+out to her the ugly spot. The scullery-maid is delighted to be told of
+this, and answers, 'Really! whereabouts is it?" Then she twists a towel
+round her finger, and, bending her head till mouth, and forehead are
+almost on a level, she squints at her nose, and twiddles away with her
+fingers as if she were the famous Goto at work carving the ornaments of
+a sword-handle. 'I say, Master Chokichi, is it off yet?' 'Not a bit of
+it. You've smeared it all over your cheeks now.' 'Oh dear! oh dear!
+where can it be?' And so she uses the water-basin as a looking-glass,
+and washes her face clean; then she says to herself, 'What a dear boy
+Chokichi is!' and thinks it necessary, out of gratitude, to give him
+relishes with his supper by the ladleful, and thanks him over and over
+again. But if this same Chokichi were to come up to her and say, 'Now,
+really, how lazy you are! I wish you could manage to be rather less of a
+shrew,' what do you think the scullery-maid would answer then? Reflect
+for a moment. 'Drat the boy's impudence! If I were of a bad heart or an
+angular disposition, should I be here helping him? You go and be hanged!
+You see if I take the trouble to wash your dirty bedclothes for you any
+more.' And she gets to be a perfect devil, less only the horns.
+
+"There are other people besides the poor scullery-maid who are in the
+same way. 'Excuse me, Mr. Gundabei, but the embroidered crest on your
+dress of ceremony seems to be a little on one side.' Mr. Gundabei
+proceeds to adjust his dress with great precision. 'Thank you, sir. I am
+ten million times obliged to you for your care. If ever there should be
+any matter in which I can be of service to you, I beg that you will do
+me the favor of letting me know;' and, with a beaming face, he expresses
+his gratitude. Now for the other side of the picture: 'Really, Mr.
+Gundabei, you are very foolish; you don't seem to understand at all. I
+beg you to be of a frank and honest heart: it really makes me quite sad
+to see a man's heart warped in this way.' What is his answer? He turns
+his sword in his girdle ready to draw, and plays the devil's tattoo upon
+the hilt. It looks as if it must end in a fight soon.
+
+"In fact, if you help a man in any thing which has to do with a fault of
+the body, he takes it very kindly, and sets about mending matters. If
+any one helps another to rectify a fault of the heart, he has to deal
+with a man in the dark, who flies in a rage, and does not care to amend.
+How out of tune all this is! And yet there are men who are bewildered up
+to this point. Nor is this a special and extraordinary failing. This
+mistaken perception of the great and the small, of color and of
+substance, is common to us all--to you and to me.
+
+"Please give me your attention. The form strikes the eye; but the heart
+strikes not the eye. Therefore, that the heart should be distorted and
+turned awry causes no pain. This all results from the want of sound
+judgment; and that is why we can not afford to be careless.
+
+"The master of a certain house calls his servant Chokichi, who sits
+dozing in the kitchen. 'Here, Chokichi! The guests are all gone. Come
+and clear away the wine and fish in the back room.'
+
+"Chokichi rubs his eyes, and, with a sulky answer, goes into the back
+room, and, looking about him, sees all the nice things paraded on the
+trays and in the bowls. It's wonderful how his drowsiness passes away:
+no need for any one to hurry him now. His eyes glare with greed, as he
+says, 'Halloo! here's a lot of tempting things! There's only just one
+help of that omelet left in the tray. What a hungry lot of guests!
+What's this? It looks like fish rissoles;' and with this he picks out
+one, and crams his mouth full, when, on one side, a mess of young
+cuttle-fish, in a Chinese porcelain bowl, catches his eyes. There the
+little beauties sit in a circle, like Buddhist priests in religious
+meditation! 'Oh, goodness! how nice!' and just as he is dipping his
+finger and thumb in, he hears his master's footstep, and, knowing that
+he is doing wrong, he crams his prize into the pocket of his sleeve, and
+stoops down to take away the wine-kettle and cups; and as he does this,
+out tumbles the cuttle-fish from his sleeve. The master sees it.
+
+"'What's that?'
+
+"Chokichi, pretending not to know what has happened, beats the mats, and
+keeps on saying, 'Come again the day before yesterday; come again the
+day before yesterday.' [An incantation used to invite spiders, which are
+considered unlucky by the superstitious, to come again at the Greek
+Kalends.]
+
+"But it's no use his trying to persuade his master that the little
+cuttle-fish are spiders, for they are not the least like them. It's no
+use hiding things--they are sure to come to light; and so it is with the
+heart--its purposes will out. If the heart is enraged, the dark veins
+stand out on the forehead; if the heart is grieved, tears rise to the
+eyes; if the heart is joyous, dimples appear in the cheeks; if the heart
+is merry, the face smiles. Thus it is that the face reflects the
+emotions of the heart. It is not because the eyes are filled with tears
+that the heart is sad, nor that the veins stand out on the forehead that
+the heart is enraged. It is the heart which leads the way in every
+thing. All the important sensations of the heart are apparent in the
+outward appearance. In the 'Great Learning' of Koshi it is written, 'The
+truth of what is within appears upon the surface.' How, then, is the
+heart a thing which can be hidden? To answer when reproved, to hum tunes
+when scolded, show a diseased heart; and if this disease be not quickly
+taken in hand, it will become chronic, and the remedy become difficult.
+Perhaps the disease may be so virulent that even Giba and Henjaku [two
+famous Indian physicians] in consultation could not effect a cure. So,
+before the disease has gained strength, I invite you to the study of the
+moral essays entitled 'Shingaku' [the "Learning of the Heart"]. If you
+once arrive at the possession of your heart as it was originally by
+nature, what an admirable thing that will be! In that case your
+conscience will point out to you even the slightest wrong bias or
+selfishness.
+
+"While upon this subject, I may tell you a story which was related to me
+by a friend of mine. It is a story which the master of a certain
+money-changer's shop used to be very fond of telling. An important part
+of a money-changer's business is to distinguish between good and bad
+gold and silver. In the different establishments, the ways of teaching
+the apprentices this art vary; however, the plan adopted by the
+money-changer was as follows: at first he would show them no bad silver,
+but would daily put before them good money only; when they had become
+thoroughly familiar with the sight of good money, if he stealthily put a
+little base coin among the good, he found that they would detect it
+immediately. They saw it as plainly as you see things when you throw
+light on a mirror. This faculty of detecting base money at a glance was
+the result of having learned thoroughly to understand good money. Having
+been taught once in this way, the apprentices would not make a mistake
+about a piece of base coin during their whole lives, as I have heard. I
+can't vouch for the truth of this; but it is very certain that the
+principle, applied to moral instruction, is an excellent one--it is a
+most safe mode of study. However, I was further told that if, after
+having thus learned to distinguish good money, a man followed some other
+trade for six months or a year, and gave up handling money, he would
+become just like any other inexperienced person, unable to distinguish
+the good from the base.
+
+"Please reflect upon this attentively. If you once render yourself
+familiar with the nature of the uncorrupted heart, from that time forth
+you will be immediately conscious of the slightest inclination toward
+bias or selfishness. And why? Because the natural heart is illumined.
+When a man has once learned that which is perfect, he will never consent
+to accept that which is imperfect; but if, after having acquired this
+knowledge, he again keeps his natural heart at a distance, and gradually
+forgets to recognize that which is perfect, he finds himself in the dark
+again, and that he can no longer distinguish base money from good. I beg
+you to take care. If a man falls into bad habits, he is no longer able
+to perceive the difference between the good impulses of his natural
+heart and the evil impulses of his corrupt heart. With this benighted
+heart as a starting-point, he can carry out none of his intentions, and
+he has to lift his shoulders, sighing and sighing again. A creature much
+to be pitied indeed! Then he loses all self-reliance, so that, although
+it would be better for him to hold his tongue and say nothing about it,
+if he is in the slightest trouble or distress he goes and confesses the
+crookedness of his heart to every man he meets. What a wretched state
+for a man to be in! For this reason, I beg you to learn thoroughly the
+true silver of the heart, in order that you may make no mistake about
+the base coin. I pray that you and I, during our whole lives, may never
+leave the path of true principles.
+
+"I have an amusing story to tell you in connection with this, if you
+will be so good as to listen.
+
+"Once upon a time, when the autumn nights were beginning to grow chilly,
+five or six tradesmen in easy circumstances had assembled together to
+have a chat; and, having got ready their picnic-box and wine-flask, went
+off to a temple on the hills, where a friendly priest lived, that they
+might listen to the stags roaring. With this intention they went to call
+upon the priest, and borrowed the guests' apartments [all the temples
+in China and Japan have guests' apartments, which may be secured for a
+trifle, either for a long or short period. It is false to suppose that
+there is any desecration of a sacred shrine in the act of using it as a
+hostelry: it is the custom of the country] of the monastery; and as they
+were waiting to hear the deer roar, some of the party began to compose
+poetry. One would write a verse of Chinese poetry, and another would
+write a verse of seventeen syllables; and as they were passing the
+wine-cup the hour of sunset came, but not a deer had uttered a call;
+eight o'clock came, and ten o'clock came; still not a sound from the
+deer.
+
+"'What can this mean?' said one. 'The deer surely ought to be roaring.'
+
+"But, in spite of their waiting, the deer would not roar. At last the
+friends got sleepy, and, bored with writing songs and verses, began to
+yawn, and gave up twaddling about the woes and troubles of life; and as
+they were all silent, one of them, a man fifty years of age, stopping
+the circulation of the wine-cup, said:
+
+"'Well, certainly, gentlemen, thanks to you, we have spent the evening
+in very pleasant conversation. However, although I am enjoying myself
+mightily in this way, my people at home must be getting anxious, and so
+I begin to think that we ought to leave off drinking.'
+
+"'Why so?' said the others.
+
+"'Well, I'll tell you. You know that my only son is twenty-two years of
+age this year; and a troublesome fellow he is, too. When I'm at home, he
+lends a hand sulkily enough in the shop; but as soon as he no longer
+sees the shadow of me, he hoists sail, and is off to some bad haunt.
+Although our relations and connections are always preaching to him, not
+a word has any more effect than wind blowing into a horse's ear. When I
+think that I shall have to leave my property to such a fellow as that,
+it makes my heart grow small indeed. Although, thanks to those to whom I
+have succeeded, I want for nothing; still, when I think of my son, I
+shed tears of blood night and day.'
+
+"And as he said this with a sigh, a man of some forty-five or forty-six
+years said:
+
+"'No, no. Although you make so much of your misfortunes, your son is but
+a little extravagant, after all. There's no such great cause for grief
+there. I've got a very different story to tell. Of late years my
+shop-men, for one reason or another, have been running me into debt,
+thinking nothing of a debt of fifty or seventy ounces; and so the
+ledgers get all wrong. Just think of that! Here have I been keeping
+these fellows ever since they were little children unable to blow their
+own noses, and now, as soon as they come to be a little useful in the
+shop, they begin running up debts, and are no good whatever to their
+master. You see, you only have to spend your money upon your own son.'
+
+"Then another gentleman said:
+
+"'Well, I think that to spend money upon your shop-people is no such
+great hardship, after all. Now, I've been in something like trouble
+lately. I can't get a penny out of my customers. One man owes me
+fifteen ounces; another owes me twenty-five ounces. Really that is
+enough to make a man feel as if his heart were worn away.'
+
+"When he had finished speaking, an old gentleman, who was sitting
+opposite, playing with his fan, said:
+
+"'Certainly, gentlemen, your grievances are not without cause; still, to
+be perpetually asked for a little money, or to back a bill, by one's
+relations or friends, and to have a lot of hangers-on dependent on one,
+as I have, is a worse case still.'
+
+"But before the old gentleman had half finished speaking, his neighbor
+called out:
+
+"'No, no; all you gentlemen are in luxury compared to me. Please listen
+to what I have to suffer. My wife and my mother can't hit it off anyhow.
+All day long they're like a couple of cows butting at one another with
+their horns. The house is as unendurable as if it were full of smoke. I
+often think it would be better to send my wife back to her village; but,
+then, I've got two little children. If I interfere and take my wife's
+part, my mother gets low-spirited. If I scold my wife, she says that I
+treat her so brutally because she's not of the same flesh and blood; and
+then she hates me. The trouble and anxiety are beyond description: I'm
+like a post stuck up between them.'
+
+"And so they all twaddled away in chorus, each about his own troubles.
+At last one of the gentlemen, recollecting himself, said:
+
+"'Well, gentlemen, certainly the deer ought to be roaring; but we've
+been so engrossed with our conversation that we don't know whether we
+have missed hearing them or not.'
+
+"With this he pulled aside the sliding-door of the veranda and looked
+out, and, lo and behold! a great big stag was standing perfectly silent
+in front of the garden.
+
+"'Halloo!' said the man to the deer, 'what's this? Since you've been
+there all the time, why did you not roar?'
+
+"Then the stag answered, with an innocent face,
+
+"'Oh, I came here to listen to the lamentations of you gentlemen.'
+
+"Isn't that a funny story?
+
+"Old and young, men and women, rich and poor, never cease grumbling from
+morning till night. All this is the result of a diseased heart. In
+short, for the sake of a very trifling inclination or selfish pursuit,
+they will do any wrong in order to effect that which is impossible. This
+is want of judgment, and this brings all sorts of trouble upon the
+world. If once you gain possession of a perfect heart, knowing that
+which is impossible to be impossible, and recognizing that that which is
+difficult is difficult, you will not attempt to spare yourself trouble
+unduly. What says the 'Chin-Yo?' The wise man, whether his lot be cast
+among rich or poor, among barbarians or in sorrow, understands his
+position by his own instinct. If men do not understand this, they think
+that the causes of pain and pleasure are in the body. Putting the heart
+on one side, they earnestly strive after the comforts of the body, and
+launch into extravagance, the end of which is miserly parsimony. Instead
+of pleasure, they meet with grief of the heart, and pass their lives in
+weeping and wailing. In one way or another, everything in this world
+depends upon the heart. I implore every one of you to take heed that
+tears fall not to your lot."
+
+[Illustration: The Rat Rice Merchants. (A Japanese Caricature, from
+"Japan and the Japanese," by Aime Humbert.)]
+
+A people capable of producing and enjoying sermons like these, so free
+from the solemn and the sanctimonious, would be likely to wield the
+humorous pencil also. Turning to the illustrated work of M. Aime
+Humbert, we find that the foibles of human nature are satirized by the
+Japanese draughtsmen in caricatures, of which M. Humbert gives several
+specimens. These, however, are not executed with the clearness and
+precision which alone could render them effective in our eyes; and a
+very large proportion of them employ that most ancient and well-worn
+device of investing animals with the faculties of human beings. The best
+is one representing rats performing all the labors of a rice warehouse.
+Rats, as M. Humbert remarks, are in Japan the most dreaded and
+determined thieves of the precious rice. The picture contains every
+feature of the scene--the cashier making his calculations with his bead
+calculator; the salesman turning over his books in order to show his
+customers how impossible it is for him to abate a single cash in the
+price; the shop-men carrying the bales; coolies bearing the straw bags
+of money at the end of bamboos; porters tugging away at a sack just
+added to the stock; and a new customer saluting the merchant. The
+Japanese do not confine themselves to this kind of burlesque. They take
+pleasure in representing a physician examining with exaggerated gravity
+a patient's tongue, or peering into ailing eyes through enormous
+spectacles, while he lifts with extreme caution the corner of the
+eyelid. A quack shampooing a victim is another of their subjects. One
+picture represents a band of blind shampooers on their travels, who, in
+the midst of a ford, are disputing what direction they shall take when
+they reach the opposite bank. Begging friars, mishaps of fishermen,
+blind men leading the blind, jealous women, household dissensions, women
+excessively dressed, furnish opportunities for the satirical pencil of
+the Japanese artists, who also publish series of comic pictures, as we
+do, upon such subjects as "Little Troubles in the Great World," "The Fat
+Man's Household," "The Thin Man's Household." If these efforts of the
+Japanese caricaturists do not often possess much power to amuse the
+outside world, they have one qualification that entitles them to
+respect--most of them are good-tempered.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER XVIII.
+
+FRENCH CARICATURE.
+
+
+It is inevitable that bad rulers should dread the satiric pencil.
+Caricature, powerless against an administration that is honest and
+competent, powerless against a public man who does his duty in his
+place, is nevertheless a most effective device against arrogance,
+double-dealing, corruption, cowardice, and iniquity. England, as the
+French themselves admit, is the native home of political caricature; but
+not an instance can be named in all its history of caricature injuring a
+good man or defeating a good measure. A free pencil, too, becomes ever a
+gayer and a kinder pencil. The measure of freedom which France has
+occasionally enjoyed during the last ninety years has never lasted long
+enough to wear off the keen point of the satirist's ridicule; and
+collectors can tell, by the number and severity of the pictures in a
+port-folio, just how much freedom Frenchmen possessed when they were
+produced. It is curious, also, to note that caricatures on the wrong
+side of great public questions are never excellent. It is doubtful if a
+bad man with the wealth of an empire at his command could procure the
+execution of one first-rate caricature hostile to the public good. A
+despot can never fight this fire with fire, and has no resource but to
+stamp it out.
+
+Vainly, therefore, will the most vigilant collector search for _French_
+caricatures of Napoleon Bonaparte published during his reign. His
+government was a despotism _not_ tempered by epigrams, and it was
+controlled by a despot who, though not devoid of a sense of humor, had
+all a Corsican's mortal hatred of ridicule. No man in France was less
+French than Napoleon, either in lineage or in character. His moral
+position in Paris was not unlike that which Othello might have held in
+Venice, if Othello had been base enough to betray and expel the senate
+which he had sworn to serve. We can imagine how the shy, proud Moor
+would have writhed under the pasquinades of the graceful, dissolute
+Venetian wits whom he despised. So Napoleon, who never ceased to have
+much in him of the semi-barbarian chief (and always looked like one when
+he was dressed in imperial robes), shrunk with morbid apprehension from
+the tongue of Madame De Stael, and wrote autograph notes to Fouche
+calling his attention to the placards and verses of the street-corners.
+There is something more than ludicrous in the spectacle of this rude
+soldier, with a million armed men under his command, and half Europe at
+his feet, sitting down in rage and affright to order Fouche to send a
+little woman over the frontiers lest she should say something about him
+for the drawing-rooms of Paris to laugh at.
+
+[Illustration: Talleyrand--the Man with Six Heads. (Paris, 1817.)]
+
+In place of caricature, therefore, we have only allegorical "glory" in
+the fugitive pictures of his reign, few of which are worthy of
+remembrance.
+
+English Gillray, on the other side of the Channel, made most ample
+amends. Modern caricature has not often equaled some of the best of
+Gillray's upon Napoleon. In 1806, when the conqueror had finally lost
+his head, dazzled and bewildered by his own victories, and was setting
+up new kingdoms with a facility which began to be amusing, Gillray
+produced his masterpiece of the "Great French Gingerbread Baker drawing
+out a New Batch of Kings." It is full of happy detail. Besides the
+central figure of Bonaparte himself drawing from the "New French Oven" a
+fresh batch of monarchs, we see Bishop Talleyrand kneading in the
+"Political Kneading-trough," into which Poland, Hanover, and Prussia
+have just been thrown. There is also the "Ash-hole for Broken
+Gingerbread," into which Spain, Italy, Switzerland, and broad-backed
+Holland have been swept. On a chest of drawers stand a number of "Dough
+Viceroys intended for the Next Batch," and the drawers are labeled
+"Kings and Queens," "Crowns and Sceptres," "Suns and Moons." Gillray
+burlesqued almost all the history of the gingerbread colossus from the
+Egyptian expedition onward, but he never surpassed the gayety and
+aptness of this picture, which was all the more effective in English
+eyes because gilt gingerbread made into figures of kings, queens,
+crowns, anchors, and princes' feathers, is a familiar object at English
+fairs.
+
+Napoleon himself may have laughed at it. We know that at St. Helena he
+applauded English caricatures of a similar character, notably one which
+represented George III. as a corpulent old man standing on the English
+coast, hurling in fury a huge beet at the head of Napoleon on the other
+side of the Channel, and saying to him, "Go and make yourself some
+sugar!"[35] We know also that while he relished the satirical pictures
+aimed at his enemies and rivals, he was very far from enjoying those
+which reflected disagreeably upon himself. "If caricatures," said he one
+day at St. Helena, "sometimes avenge misfortune, they form a continual
+annoyance to power; and how many have been made upon me! I think I have
+had my share of them."
+
+[Footnote 35: "Napoleon at St. Helena," p. 90, by John S. C. Abbott, New
+York, Harper & Brothers.]
+
+[Illustration: A Great Man's Last Leap--Napoleon going on Board the
+English Frigate, assisted by the Faithful Bertrand. (Paris, 1815.)]
+
+Even he did not care for caricature when he was right. If it can be said
+that Napoleon Bonaparte conferred upon France one lasting good, it was
+beet-root sugar; but the satire aimed at that useful article does not
+appear to have offended him. In a newspaper of June, 1812, we read: "A
+caricature has been executed at Paris, in which the emperor and the King
+of Rome are the most prominent characters. The emperor is represented as
+sitting at the table in the nursery with a cup of coffee before him,
+into which he is squeezing beet-root. Near to him is seated the young
+King of Rome, voraciously sucking the beet-root. The nurse, who is
+steadfastly observing him, is made to say, '_Suck, dear_, suck; your
+father _says_ it is sugar.'" He did not care, probably, for that. It
+would have been far otherwise if a draughtsman had touched upon his mad
+invasion of Russia.
+
+It was not until his power was gone that French satirists tried their
+pencils upon him, and then with no great success. With the downfall of
+Napoleon was involved the prostration of France. Humiliation followed
+humiliation. The spirit of Frenchmen was broken, and their resources
+were exhausted. In the presence of such events as the Russian
+catastrophe, the march of the allies upon Paris, Napoleon's banishment
+to Elba, the Hundred Days, Waterloo, the encampment of foreign armies in
+the public places of Paris, the flight of the emperor, and his final
+exile, the satirist was superseded, and burlesque itself was outdone by
+reality. When at last Paris was restored to herself, and peace again
+gave play to the human mind, Napoleon was covered with the majesty of
+what seemed a sublime misfortune. That peerless histrionic genius took
+the precaution in critical moments to let the world know what character
+he was enacting, and accordingly, when he stepped on board the English
+man-of-war, he announced himself to mankind as Themistocles
+magnanimously seeking an asylum at the hands of the most powerful of his
+enemies.
+
+The good ruler is he who leaves to his successor, if not an easy task,
+yet one not too difficult for respectable talents. Napoleon solved none
+of the menacing problems. He threw no light upon the difficulties with
+which the modern world finds itself face to face. Every year that he
+reigned he only heaped up perplexity for his successors, until the
+mountain mass transcended all human ability, and entailed upon Frenchmen
+that tumultuous apprenticeship in self-government which is yet far from
+ending.
+
+[Illustration: Talleyrand.]
+
+The first effort of the caricaturists in Paris after the Restoration was
+simply to place the figure of a weather-cock after the names of public
+men who had shown particular alacrity in changing their politics with
+the changing dynasties. This was soon improved upon by putting
+weather-cocks enough to denote the precise number of times a personage
+had veered. Thus Talleyrand, who from being a bishop and a nobleman had
+become a republican, then a minister under Napoleon, and at last a
+supporter and servant of the Restoration, besides exhibiting various
+minor changes, was complimented with as many weather-cocks as the fancy
+of each writer suggested.
+
+Six appears to have been the favorite number. We find in a previous
+picture that he is represented as the man with six heads. The public men
+signalized by this simple device were said to belong to the Order of the
+Weather-cock; and it was the interest of the reactionists, who urged on
+the trial and execution of Ney and his comrades, to cover them with
+odium. To this day much of that odium clings to the name of Talleyrand.
+A man who keeps a cool head in the midst of madmen is indeed a most
+offensive person, and Talleyrand committed this enormity more than once
+in his life. So far as we can yet discern, the only "treason" he ever
+practiced toward the governments with which he was connected consisted
+in giving them better advice than they were capable of acting upon. The
+few words which he uttered on leaving the council-chamber, after vainly
+advising Marie Louise to remain in her husband's abode and maintain the
+moral dignity of his administration, show how well he understood the
+collapse of the "empire" and its cause: "It is difficult to comprehend
+such weakness in such a man as the emperor. What a fall is his! _To
+give his name to a series of adventures, instead of bestowing it upon
+his century!_ When I think of that, I can not help groaning." Then he
+added the words which gave him his high place in the Order of the
+Weather-cock: "But now what part to take? It does not suit every body to
+let himself be overwhelmed in the ruins of this edifice." Particularly
+it did not suit M. de Talleyrand, and he was not overwhelmed,
+accordingly. Considering the manner in which France was governed during
+his career, he might well say, "I have not betrayed governments:
+governments have betrayed me."
+
+It is mentioned by M. Champfleury as a thing unprecedented that this
+weather-cock device did not wholly lose its power to amuse the Parisians
+for two years. The portly person and ancient court of the king, Louis
+XVIII., called forth many caricatures at a later period. This king was
+as good-natured, as well-intentioned, as honorable a Bourbon as could
+have been found in either hemisphere. It was not he who enriched all
+languages by the gift of his family name. It was not his obstinate
+adherence to ancient folly which caused it to be said that the Bourbons
+had forgotten nothing and learned nothing. Born as long before his
+accession as 1755, he was an accomplished and popular prince of mature
+age during the American Revolution and the intellectual ferment which
+followed it in France. A respectable scholar (for a prince), well versed
+in literature (for a prince), a good judge of art (for a prince), of
+liberal politics (for a prince), and not so hopelessly ignorant of state
+affairs as kings and princes usually were, he watched the progress of
+the Revolution with some intelligence and, at first, with some sympathy.
+Both then and in 1815 he appears to have been intelligently willing to
+accept a constitution that should have left his family on the throne by
+right divine.
+
+Right divine was his religion, to which he sacrificed much, and,
+unquestionably, would have sacrificed his life. When he was living in
+exile upon the bounty of the Emperor of Russia, he said to his nephew,
+on the wedding-day of that young Bourbon: "If the crown of France were
+of roses, I would give it to you. It is of thorns; I keep it." And,
+indeed, a turn in politics expelled him soon after, in the middle of
+winter, from his abode, and made him again a dependent wanderer. In
+1803, too, when there could be descried no ray of hope of the
+restoration of the old dynasty, and Napoleon, apparently lord of the
+world, offered him a principality in landed wealth if he would but
+formally renounce the throne, he replied in a manner which a believer in
+divine right might think sublime:
+
+"I do not confound M. Bonaparte with those who have preceded him. His
+valor, his military talents, I esteem; and I am even grateful to him for
+several measures of his administration, since good done to my people
+will ever be dear to my heart. But if he thinks to engage me to
+compromise my rights, he deceives himself. On the contrary, by the very
+offer he now makes me he would establish them if they could be thought
+of as doubtful. I do not know what are the designs of God with regard to
+my house and myself, but I know the obligations imposed upon me by the
+rank in which it was his pleasure to cause me to be born. A Christian, I
+shall fulfill those obligations even to my latest breath; a son of St.
+Louis, I shall know, taught by his example, how even in chains to
+respect myself; a successor of Francis I., I desire at least to be able
+to say, like him, 'All is lost but honor!'"
+
+Again, in 1814, when the Emperor Alexander of Russia urged him to
+concede so much to the popular feeling as to call himself King of the
+_French_, and to omit from his style the words "_par la grace de Dieu_"
+he answered: "Divine right is at once a consequence of religious dogma
+and the law of the country. By that law for eight centuries the monarchy
+has been hereditary in my family. Without divine right I am but an
+infirm old man, long an exile from my country, and reduced to beg an
+asylum. But by that right, the exile is King of France."
+
+[Illustration: De la Villevielle, Cambaceres, D'Aigre Feuille--A
+Promenade in the Palais Royal. (Paris, 1818.)]
+
+He wrote and said these "neat things" himself, not by a secretary. Among
+his happy sayings two have remained in the memory of Frenchmen:
+"Punctuality is the politeness of kings," and "Every French soldier
+carries a marshal's baton in his knapsack." He was, in short, a genial,
+witty, polite old gentleman, willing to govern France constitutionally,
+disposed to forget and forgive, and be the good king of the whole
+people. But he was sixty years of age, fond of his ease, and extremely
+desirous, as he often said, of dying in his own bed. He was surrounded
+by elderly persons who were bigoted to a Past which could not be
+resuscitated; and his brother, heir presumptive to the throne, was that
+fatal Comte d'Artois (Charles X.) who aggravated the violence of the
+Revolution of 1789, and precipitated that of 1830, by his total
+incapacity to comprehend either. Gradually the gloomy party of reaction
+and revenge who surrounded the heir presumptive gained the ascendency,
+and the good-natured old king could only restrain its extravagance
+enough to accomplish his desire of dying in his own house. Sincerely
+religious, he was no bigot; and it was not by his wish that the court
+assumed more and more the sombre aspect of a Jesuit seminary. It is
+doubtful if there would have been one exception to the amnesty of
+political offenses if Louis XVIII. had been as firm as he was kind. The
+reader sees a proof of his good-nature in the picture on the preceding
+page of Prince Cambaceres, who was Second Consul when Napoleon was First
+Consul, and Arch-chancellor under the Empire, peacefully walking in the
+streets of Paris with two of his friends. This caricature has a value in
+preserving an excellent portrait of a personage noted for twenty years
+in the history of France.
+
+[Illustration: Family of the Extinguishers--Caricature of the
+Restoration. (Paris, 1819.)]
+
+To the Order of the Weather-cock succeeded, in 1819, when priestly
+ascendency at court was but too manifest, the Family of the
+Extinguishers. In the picture given below, the reader has the pleasure
+of viewing some of the family portraits, and in another he sees members
+of the family at work, rekindling the fire and extinguishing the lights.
+The fire was to consume the charter of French liberty and the records of
+science; the lights are the men to whom France felt herself indebted for
+liberty and knowledge--Buffon, Franklin, D'Alembert, Montesquieu,
+Voltaire, Montaigne, Fenelon, Condorcet, and their friends. Above is the
+personified Church, with sword uplifted, menacing mankind with new St.
+Bartholomews and Sicilian Vespers. Underneath this elaborate and
+ingenious work was the refrain of Beranger's song of 1819, entitled "Les
+Missionnaires," which was almost enough of itself to expel the Bourbons:
+
+ "Vite soufflons, soufflons, morbleu!
+ Eteignons les lumieres
+ Et rallumons le feu."
+
+The historian of that period will not omit to examine the songs which
+the incomparable Beranger wrote during the reign of the two kings of the
+Restoration. "Le peuple, c'est ma Muse," the poet wrote many years
+after, when reviewing this period. The people were his Muse. He studied
+the people, he adds, "with religious care," and always found their
+deepest convictions in harmony with his own. He had been completely
+fascinated by the "genius of Napoleon," never suspecting that it was
+Napoleon's lamentable _want_ of ability which had devolved upon the
+respectable Louis XVIII. an impossible task. But he perceived that the
+task _was_ impossible. There were two impossibilities, he thought, in
+the way of a stable government. It was impossible for the Bourbons,
+while they remained Bourbons, to govern France, and it was impossible
+for France to make them any thing but Bourbons. Hence, in lending his
+exquisite gift to the popular cause, he had no scruples and no reserves;
+and he freely poured forth those wonderful songs which became
+immediately part and parcel of the familiar speech of his countrymen.
+Alas for a Bourbon when there is a Beranger loose in his capital!
+Charles X. attempted the Bourbon policy of repression, and had the poet
+twice imprisoned. But he could not imprison his songs, nor prevent his
+writing new ones in prison, which sung themselves over France in a week.
+Caricature, too, was severely repressed--the usual precursor of collapse
+in a French government.
+
+[Illustration: The Jesuits at Court. (Paris, 1819.)
+
+"Quick! Blow! blow! Let us put out the lights and rekindle the fires!"]
+
+The end of the Restoration, in 1830, occurred with a sudden and
+spontaneous facility, which showed, among other things, how effectively
+Beranger had sung from his garret and his prison. The old king in 1824
+had his wish of dying in his own bed, and is said to have told his
+successor, with his dying breath, that he owed this privilege to the
+policy of tacking ship rather than allowing a contrary wind to drive her
+upon the rocks. He advised "Monsieur" to pursue the same "tacking
+policy." But Monsieur was Comte d'Artois, that entire and perfect
+Bourbon, crusted by his sixty-seven years, a willing victim in the hands
+of Jesuit priests. In six years the ship of state was evidently driving
+full upon the rocks; but, instead of tacking, he put on all sail, and
+let her drive. At a moment when France was in the last extremity of
+alarm for the portion of liberty which her constitution secured her,
+this unhappy king signed a decree which put the press under the control
+of the Minister of Police, and the rest of the people of France under
+Marshal Marmont. Twenty-one days after, August 16th, 1830, the king and
+his suite were received on board of two American vessels, the _Charles
+Carroll_ and the _Great Britain_, by which they were conveyed from
+Cherbourg to Portsmouth. "This," said the king to his first English
+visitors, "is the reward of my efforts to render France happy. I wished
+to make one last attempt to restore order and tranquillity. The factions
+have overturned me." The old gentleman resumed his daily mass, and found
+much consolation for the loss of a crown in the slaughter of beasts and
+birds. Louis Philippe was King of the _French_, by the grace of
+Lafayette and the acquiescence of a majority of the French people.
+
+Caricature, almost interdicted during the last years of the Restoration,
+pursued the fugitive king and his family with avenging ridicule.
+Gavarni, then an unknown artist of twenty-six, employed by Emile de
+Girardin to draw the fashion plates of his new periodical, _La Mode_,
+gave Paris, in those wild July days of 1830, the only political
+caricatures he ever published. One represented the king as an
+old-clothes man, bawling, "Old coats! old lace!" In another he appeared
+astride of a lance, in full flight, in a costume composed of a priest's
+black robe and the glittering uniform of a general; white bands at his
+neck, the broad red ribbon of the Legion of Honor across his breast, one
+arm loaded with mitres, relics, and chaplets, with the scissors of the
+censer on the thumb, on the other side the end of a sabre, and the
+meagre legs encompassed by a pair of huge jack-boots. Another picture,
+called the "Lost Balloon," exhibited the king in the car of a balloon,
+with the same preposterous boots hanging down, along with the Duc
+d'Angouleme clinging to the sides, and the duchess crushing the king by
+her weight. The royal banner, white, and sown with fleurs-de-lis,
+streamed out behind as the balloon disappeared in the clouds.
+
+These were the only political caricatures ever published by the man whom
+Frenchmen regard as the greatest of their recent satirical artists. He
+cared nothing for politics, and had the usual attachment of artists and
+poets to the Established Order. Having aimed these light shafts at the
+flying king in mere gayety of heart, because every one else was doing
+the same, he soon remembered that the king was an old man, past
+seventy-three, as old as his own father, and flying in alarm from his
+home and country. He was conscience-stricken. Reading aloud one day a
+poem in which allusion was made to a white-haired old man going into
+exile with slow, reluctant steps, his voice broke, and he could scarcely
+utter the lines:
+
+ "Pas d'outrage au vieillard qui s'exile a pas lents.
+ C'est une piete d'epargner les ruines.
+ Je n'enfoncerai pas la couronne d'epines
+ Que la main du malheur met sur ses cheveux blancs."
+
+As he spoke these words the image of his old father rose vividly before
+his mind, and he could read no more. "I felt," said he, "as if I had
+been struck in the face;" and ever after he held political caricature in
+horror.
+
+This feeling is one with which the reader will often find himself
+sympathizing while examining some of the heartless and thoughtless
+pictures which exasperated the elderly paterfamilias who was now called
+to preside over demoralized France. Louis Philippe was another
+good-natured Louis XVIII., _minus_ divine right, _plus_ a large family.
+With all the domestic virtues, somewhat too anxious to push his children
+on in the world, a good citizen, a good patriot, an unostentatious
+gentleman, he was totally destitute of those picturesque and captivating
+qualities which adventurers and banditti often possess, but which wise
+and trustworthy men seldom do. In looking back now upon that eighteen
+years' struggle between this respectable father of a family and anarchy,
+it seems as if France should have rallied more loyally and more
+considerately round him, and given him too the privilege, so dear to
+elderly gentlemen, of dying in his own bed. One-tenth of his virtue and
+one-half his intellect had sufficed under the old _regime_.
+
+But since that lamentable and fatal day when the priests wrought upon
+Louis XIV. to decree the expulsion of the Huguenots, who were the
+_elite_ of his kingdom, France had been undergoing a course of political
+demoralization, which had made a constitutional government of the
+country almost impossible. Recent events had exaggerated the criminal
+class. Twenty years of intoxicating victory had made all moderate
+success, all gradual prosperity, seem tame and flat; and the reduction
+of the army had set afloat great numbers of people indisposed to
+peaceful industry. Under the Restoration, we may almost say, political
+conspiracy had become a recognized profession. The new king, pledged to
+make the freedom of the press "a reality," soon found himself face to
+face with difficulties which Bourbons had invariably met by mere
+repression. Republicans and Legitimists were equally dissatisfied.
+Legitimists could only wait and plot; but Republicans could write,
+speak, and draw. A considerable proportion of the young, irresponsible,
+and adventurous talent was republican, and there was a great deal of
+Bohemian character available for that side. It was a time when a Louis
+Napoleon could belong to a democratic club.
+
+Caricature speedily marked the "citizen king" for her own. Napoleon had
+employed all his subtlest tact during the last ten years of his reign in
+keeping alive in French minds the base feudal feeling, so congenial to
+human indolence and vanity, that it is nobler to be a soldier than to
+rear a family and keep a shop. In his bulletins we find this false
+sentiment adroitly insinuated in a hundred ways. He loved to stigmatize
+the English as a nation of shop-keepers. He displayed infinite art in
+exalting the qualities which render men willing to destroy one another
+without asking why, and in casting contempt on the arts and virtues by
+which the waste of war is repaired. The homely habits, the plain dress,
+the methodical ways, of Louis Philippe were, therefore, easily made to
+seem ridiculous. He was styled the first _bourgeois_ of his kingdom--as
+he was--but the French people had been taught to regard the word as a
+term of contempt.
+
+Unfortunately he abandoned the policy of letting the caricaturists
+alone. Several French rulers have adopted the principle of not regarding
+satire, but not one has had the courage to adhere to it long. Sooner or
+later all the world will come into the "American system," and all the
+world will at length discover the utter impotence of the keenest
+ridicule and the most persistent abuse against public men who do right
+and let their assailants alone. The chief harm done by the abuse of
+public men in free countries is in making it too difficult to expose
+their real faults. How would it be possible, for example, to make the
+people of the United States believe ill of a President in vilifying whom
+ingenious men and powerful journals had exhausted themselves daily for
+years? Nothing short of _testimony_, abundant and indisputable, such as
+would convince an honest jury, could procure serious attention. From
+President Washington to President Grant the history of American politics
+is one continuous proof of Mr. Jefferson's remark, that "an
+administration which has nothing to conceal has nothing to fear from the
+press."
+
+[Illustration: Charles Philipon.]
+
+When Louis Philippe had been a year upon the throne appeared the first
+number of _Le Charivari_, a daily paper of four small pages, conducted
+by an unknown, inferior artist--Charles Philipon. Around him gathered a
+number of Bohemian draughtsmen and writers, not one of whom appears then
+to have shared in the social or political life of the country, or to
+have had the faintest conception of the consideration due to a
+fellow-citizen in a place of such extreme difficulty as the head of a
+government. They assailed the king, his person, his policy, his family,
+his habits, his history, with thoughtless and merciless ridicule. A
+periodical which has undertaken to supply a cloyed, fastidious public
+with three hundred and sixty-five ludicrous pictures per annum must
+often be in desperation for subjects, and there was no resource to
+Philipon so obvious or so sure as the helpless family imprisoned in the
+splendors and etiquette of royalty. Unfortunately for modern
+governments, the people of Europe were for so many centuries preyed upon
+and oppressed by kings that vast numbers of people, even in free
+countries, still regard the head of a government as a kind of natural
+enemy, to assail whom is among the rights of a citizen. And, moreover,
+the king, the president, the minister, is unseen by those who hurl the
+barbed and poisoned javelin. They do not see him shrink and writhe. To
+many an anonymous coward it is a potent consideration, also, that the
+head of a constitutional government can not usually strike back.
+
+Mr. Thackeray, who was but nineteen when Louis Philippe came to the
+throne, witnessed much of the famous contest between this knot of
+caricaturists and the King of the French; and in one of the first
+articles which he wrote for subsistence, after his father's failure, he
+gave the world some account of it.[36] At a later period of his life he
+would probably not have regarded the king as the stronger party. He
+would probably not have described the contest as one between "half a
+dozen poor artists on the one side, and His Majesty Louis Philippe, his
+august family, and the numberless placemen and supporters of the
+monarchy, on the other." Half a dozen poor artists, with an unscrupulous
+publisher at their head, who gives them daily access to the eye and ear
+of a great capital, can array against the object of their satire and
+abuse the entire unthinking crowd of that capital. A firm, enlightened,
+and competent king would have united against these a majority of the
+responsible and the reflecting. Such a king would truly have been, as
+Mr. Thackeray observed, "an Ajax girded at by a Thersites." But Louis
+Philippe was no Ajax. He was no hero at all. He had no splendid and no
+commanding traits. He was merely an overfond father and well-disposed
+citizen of average talents. He was merely the kind of man which free
+communities can ordinarily get to serve them, and who will serve them
+passably well if the task be not made needlessly difficult. Hence
+Philipon and his "half a dozen poor artists" were very much the stronger
+party--a fact which the king, in the sight and hearing of all France,
+confessed and proclaimed by putting them in prison.
+
+[Footnote 36: In the _London and Westminster Review_ for April, 1839,
+Article II.]
+
+It was those prosecutions of Philipon that were fatal to the king.
+Besides adding emphasis, celebrity, and weight to the sallies of _Le
+Charivari_, they presaged the abandonment of the central principle of
+the movement that made him king--the freedom of utterance. The scenes in
+court when Philipon, or his artist, Daumier, was arraigned, were most
+damaging to the king's dignity. One, incorrectly related by Thackeray,
+may well serve to warn future potentates that of all conceivable
+expedients for the caricaturist's frustration, the one surest to fail is
+to summon him to a court of justice.
+
+A favorite device of M. Philipon was to draw the king's face in the form
+of a huge pear, which it did somewhat resemble. Amateur draughtsmen also
+chalked the royal pear upon the walls of Paris; and the exaggerated
+pears with the king's features roughly outlined which everywhere met the
+eye excited the mocking laughter of the idle Parisian. No jest could
+have been so harmless if it had been unnoticed by the person at whom it
+was aimed, or noticed only with a smile. But the Government stooped to
+the imbecility of arraigning the author of the device. The _poire_
+actually became an object of prosecution, and the editor of _Le
+Charivari_ was summoned before a jury on a charge of inciting to
+contempt against the person of the king by giving his face a ludicrous
+resemblance to one of the fruits of the earth. Philipon, when he rose to
+defend himself, exhibited to the jury a series of four sketches, upon
+which he commented. The first was a portrait of the king devoid of
+exaggeration or burlesque. "This sketch," said the draughtsman,
+"resembles Louis Philippe. Do you condemn it?" He then held up the
+second picture, which was also a very good portrait of the king; but in
+this one the toupet and the side-whiskers began to "flow together," as
+M. Champfleury has it (_s'onduler_), and the whole to assume a distant
+resemblance to the outline of a pear. "If you condemn the first sketch,"
+said the imperturbable Philipon, "you must condemn this one which
+resembles it." He next showed a picture in which the pear was plainly
+manifest, though it bore an unmistakable likeness to the king. Finally,
+he held up to the court a figure of a large Burgundy pear, pure and
+simple, saying, "If you are consistent, gentlemen, you can not acquit
+this sketch either, for it certainly resembles the other three."
+
+Mr. Thackeray was mistaken in supposing that this impudent defense
+carried conviction to the minds of the jury. Philipon was condemned and
+fined. He avenged himself by arranging the court and jury upon a page of
+_Le Charivari_ in the form of a pear.[37] He and his artists played upon
+this theme hundreds of variations, until the Government found matter for
+a prosecution even in a picture of a monkey stealing a pear. The pear
+became at last too expensive a luxury for the conductor of _Le
+Charivari_, and that fruit was "exiled from the empire of caricature."
+
+[Footnote 37: "Histoire de la Caricature Moderne," p. 100, par
+Champfleury.]
+
+Before Louis Philippe had been three years upon the throne there was an
+end of all but the pretense of maintaining the freedom of press or
+pencil. "The Press," as Mr. Thackeray remarks, "was sent to prison; and
+as for poor dear Caricature, it was fairly murdered." In _Le Charivari_
+for August 30th, 1832, we read that Jean-Baptiste Daumier, for an
+equally harmless caricature of the king, was arrested in the very
+presence of his father and mother, of whom he was the sole support, and
+condemned to six months' imprisonment. It was Daumier, however, as M.
+Champfleury reveals, who had "served up the pear with the greatest
+variety of sauces." It was the same Daumier who after his release
+assailed the advocates and legal system of his country with ceaseless
+burlesque, and made many a covert lunge at the personage who moved them
+to the fatal absurdity of imprisoning him.
+
+Driven by violence from the political field, to which it has been
+permitted to return only at long intervals and for short periods, French
+caricature has ranged over the scene of human foibles, and attained a
+varied development. Daumier and Philipon conjointly produced a series of
+sketches in _Le Charivari_ which had signal and lasting success with the
+public. The play of "Robert Macaire," after running awhile, was
+suppressed by the Government, the actor of the principal part having
+used it as a vehicle of political burlesque. _Le Charivari_ seized the
+idea of satirizing the follies of the day by means of two characters of
+the drama--Macaire, a cool, adroit, audacious villain, and Bertrand, his
+comrade, stupid, servile, and timid.
+
+[Illustration: Robert Macaire fishing for Share-holders. (Daumier,
+1833.)]
+
+Philipon supplying the words and Daumier executing the pictures, they
+made Macaire undertake every scheme, practice, and profession which
+contained the requisite ingredients of the comic and the rascally. The
+series extended beyond ninety sketches. Macaire founds a joint-stock
+charity--_la morale en action_, he explains to gaping Bertrand, each
+_action_ (share) being placed at two hundred and fifty francs. He
+becomes a quack-doctor. "Don't trifle with your complaint," he says to a
+patient, as he gives him two bottles of medicine. "Come to see me often;
+it won't ruin you, for I make no charge for consultations. You owe me
+twenty francs for the two bottles." The patient appearing to be startled
+at the magnitude of this sum, Dr. Macaire blandly says, as he bows him
+out, "We give two cents for returned bottles." He becomes a private
+detective. A lady consults him in his office. "Sir," she says, "I have
+had a thousand-franc note stolen." "Precisely, madame. Consider the
+business done: the thief is a friend of mine." "But," says the lady,
+"can I get my note back, and find out who took it?" "Nothing easier.
+Give me fifteen hundred francs for my expenses, and to-morrow the thief
+will return the note and send you his card."
+
+Every resource being exhausted, Macaire astounds the despairing Bertrand
+by saying, "Come, the time for mundane things is past; let us attend
+now to eternal interests. Suppose we found a religion?" "A religion!"
+cries Bertrand; "that is not so easy." To this Macaire replies by
+alluding to the recent proceedings of a certain Abbe Chatel, in Paris.
+"One makes a pontiff of himself, hires a shop, borrows some chairs,
+preaches sermons upon the death of Napoleon, upon Voltaire, upon the
+discovery of America, upon any thing, no matter what. There's a religion
+for you; it's no more difficult than that." On one occasion Macaire
+himself is a little troubled in mind, and Bertrand remarks the unusual
+circumstance. "You seem anxious," says Bertrand. "Yes," replies Macaire,
+"I _am_ in bad humor. Those scoundrels of bond-holders have bothered me
+to such a point that I have actually paid them a dividend!" "What!"
+exclaims Bertrand, aghast, "a _bona-fide_ dividend?" "Yes, positively."
+"What are you going to do about it?" "I am going to get it back again."
+
+The reader will, of course, infer that each of these pictures was a hit
+at some scoundrelly exploit of the day, the public knowledge of which
+gave effect to the caricature. In many instances the event is forgotten,
+but the picture retains a portion of its interest. One of Macaire's
+professions was that of cramming students for their bachelor's degree. A
+student enters. "There are two ways in which we can put you through,"
+says Macaire: "one, to make you pass your examination by a substitute;
+the other, to enable you to pass it yourself." "I prefer to pass it
+myself," says the young man. "Very well. Do you know Greek?" "No."
+"Latin?" "No." "All right. You know mathematics?" "Not the least in the
+world." "What do you know, then?" "Nothing at all." "But you have two
+hundred francs?" "Certainly." "Just the thing! You will get your degree
+next Thursday." We may find comfort in this series, for we learn from it
+that in every infamy which we now deplore among ourselves we were
+anticipated by the French forty years ago. Macaire even goes into the
+mining business, at least so far as to sell shares. "We have made our
+million," says the melancholy Bertrand; "but we have engaged to produce
+gold, and we find nothing but sand." "No matter; utilize your capital;
+haven't you got a gold mine?" "Yes--but afterward?" "Afterward you will
+simply say to the share-holders, 'I was mistaken; we must try again.'
+You will then form a company for the utilization of the sand." Bertrand,
+still anxious, ventures to remark that there _are_ such people as
+policemen in the country. "Policemen!" cries Macaire, gayly. "So much
+the better: they will take shares." One of his circular letters was a
+masterpiece:
+
+ "SIR,--I regret to say that your application for shares in the
+ Consolidated European Incombustible Blacking Association can not
+ be complied with, as all the shares of the C. E. I. B. A. were
+ disposed of on the day they were issued. I have nevertheless
+ registered your name, and in case a second series should be put
+ forth I shall have the honor of immediately giving you notice.
+
+ "I am, sir, etc.
+ ROBERT MACAIRE, Director."
+
+"Print three hundred thousand of these," says the director, "and poison
+all France with them." "But," says Bertrand, "we haven't sold a single
+share; you haven't a sou in your pocket, and--" "Bertrand, you are an
+ass. Do as I tell you."
+
+[Illustration: A Husband's Dilemma.
+
+"Yes; but if you quarrel like that with all your wife's lovers, you will
+never have any friends."--From _Paris Nonsensicalities_ (_Baliverneries
+Parisiennes_), by Gavarni.]
+
+Thus, week after week, for many a month, did _Le Charivari_ "utilize"
+these impossible characters to expose and satirize the plausible
+scoundrelism of the period. Mr. Thackeray, who ought to be an excellent
+authority on any point of satirical art, praises highly the execution of
+these pictures by M. Daumier. They seem carelessly done, he remarks; but
+it is the careless grace of the consummate artist. He recommends the
+illustrator of "Pickwick" to study Daumier. When we remember that
+Thackeray had offered to illustrate "Pickwick," his comments upon the
+artist who was preferred to himself have a certain interest: "If we
+might venture to give a word of advice to another humorous designer
+[Hablot K. Browne], whose works are extensively circulated, the
+illustrator of 'Pickwick' and 'Nicholas Nickleby,' it would be to study
+well those caricatures of M. Daumier, who, though he executes very
+carelessly, knows very well what he would express, indicates perfectly
+the attitude and identity of the figure, and is quite aware beforehand
+of the effect he intends to produce. The one we should fancy to be a
+practiced artist taking his ease, the other a young one somewhat
+bewildered--a very clever one, however, who, if he would think more and
+exaggerate less, would add not a little to his reputation." Possessors
+of the early editions of "Pickwick" will be tempted to think that in
+this criticism of Mr. Browne's performances by a disappointed rival
+there was an ingredient of wounded self-love. The young author, however,
+in another passage, gave presage of the coming Thackeray. He observes
+that in France ladies in difficulties who write begging letters, or live
+by other forms of polite beggary, are wont to style themselves "widows
+of the Grand Army." They all pretended to some connection with _le Grand
+Homme_, and all their husbands were colonels. "This title," says the
+wicked Thackeray, "answers exactly to the clergyman's daughter in
+England;" and he adds, "The difference is curious as indicating the
+standard of respectability."
+
+[Illustration: Housekeeping.
+
+"Gracious, Dorothy, I have forgotten the meat for your cat!"
+
+"Have you, indeed? But you didn't forget the biscuit for your bird,
+egotist! No matter! No matter! If there is nothing in the house for my
+cat, I shall give her your bird, I shall!"--From _Impressions de
+Menage_, by Gavarni.]
+
+Many caricaturists who afterward attained celebrity were early
+contributors to M. Philipon's much-prosecuted periodical. Among them was
+"the elegant Gavarni," who for thirty years was the favorite comic
+artist of Paris _roues_ and dandies--himself a _roue_ and dandy. At this
+period, according to his friend, Theophile Gautier, he was a very
+handsome young man, with luxuriant blonde curls, always fashionably
+attired, somewhat in the English taste, neat, quiet, and precise, and
+"possessing in a high degree the feeling for modern elegances." He was
+of a slender form, which seemed laced in, and he had the air of being
+carefully dressed and thoroughly appointed, his feet being effeminately
+small and daintily clad. In short, he was a dandy of the D'Orsay and N.
+P. Willis period. For many years he expended the chief force of his
+truly exquisite talent in investing vice with a charm which in real life
+it never possesses. Loose women, who are, as a class, very stupid, very
+vulgar, most greedy of gain and pleasure, and totally devoid of every
+kind of interesting quality, he endowed with a grace and wit, a
+fertility of resource, an airy elegance of demeanor, never found except
+in honorable women reared in honorable homes. He was the great master of
+that deadly school of French satiric art which finds all virtuous life
+clumsy or ridiculous, and all abominable life graceful and pleasing.
+
+Albums of this kind are extant in which married men are _invariably_
+represented as objects of contemptuous pity, and no man is graceful or
+interesting except the sneaking scoundrel who has designs upon the
+integrity of a household. Open the "Musee pour Rire," for example. Here
+is a little family of husband, wife, and year-old child in bed, just
+awake in the morning, the wife caressing the child, and the husband
+looking on with admiring fondness. This scene is rendered ridiculous by
+the simple expedient of making the wife and child hideously ugly, and
+the fond father half an idiot. Another picture shows the same child,
+with a head consisting chiefly of mouth, yelling in the middle of the
+night, while the parents look on, imbecile and helpless. Turn to the
+sketches of the masked ball or the midnight carouse, and all is elegant,
+becoming, and delightful. If the French caricatures of the last thirty
+years do really represent French social life and French moral feeling,
+we may safely predict that in another generation France will be a German
+province; for men capable of maintaining the independence of a nation
+can not be produced on the Gavarnian principles.
+
+Marriage and civilization we might almost call synonymous terms.
+Marriage was at least the greatest conquest made by primitive man over
+himself, and the indispensable preliminary to a higher civilization. Nor
+has any mode yet been discovered of rearing full-formed and efficient
+men capable of self-control, patriotism, and high principle, except the
+union of both parents striving for that end with cordial resolution
+longer than an average life-time. It is upon this most sacred of all
+institutions that the French caricaturists of the Gavarni school pour
+ceaseless scorn and contempt. As I write these lines, my eyes fall upon
+one of the last numbers of a comic sheet published in Paris, on the
+first page of which there is a picture which illustrates this
+propensity. A dissolute-looking woman, smoking a cigarette, is
+conversing with a boy in buttons who has applied for a place in her
+household. "How old are you?" she asks. "Eleven, madame." "And your
+name?" "Joseph!" Upon this innocent reply the woman makes a comment
+which is truly comic, but very Gavarnian: "So young, and already he
+calls himself Joseph!"
+
+[Illustration: A Poultice for Two--Sympathy and Economy.--From
+_Impressions de Menage_, by Gavarni.]
+
+Among the heaps of albums to be found in a French collection we turn
+with particular curiosity to those which satirize the child life of
+France. Gavarni's celebrated series of "Enfants Terribles" has gone
+round the world, and called forth child satire in many lands. The
+presence of children in his pictures does not long divert this artist
+from his ruling theme. One of his terrible children, a boy of four,
+prattles innocently to his mother in this strain: "Nurse is going to get
+up very early, now that you have come home, mamma. Goodness! while you
+were in the country she always had her breakfast in bed, and it was papa
+who took in the milk and lighted the fire. But wasn't the coffee jolly
+sweet, though!" Another alarming boy of the same age, who is climbing up
+his father's chair and wearing his father's hat, all so merry and
+innocent, discourses thus to the petrified author of his being: "Who is
+Mr. Albert? Oh, he is a gentleman belonging to the Jardin des Plantes,
+who comes every day to explain the animals to mamma; a large man with
+mustaches, whom you don't know. He didn't come to-day until after they
+had shut up the monkeys. You ought to have seen how nicely mamma
+entertained him. Oh dear!" (discovering a bald place on papa's pate)
+"you have hardly any hair upon the top of your head, papa!" In a third
+picture both parents are exhibited seated side by side upon a sofa, and
+the terrible boy addresses his mother thus: "Mamma, isn't that little
+mustache comb which Cornelia found in your bedroom this morning for me?"
+Another sketch shows us father, mother, and terrible boy taking a walk
+in the streets of Paris. A dandy, in the likeness of Gavarni himself,
+goes by, with his cane in his mouth, and his face fixed so as to seem
+not to see them. But the boy sees _him_, and bawls to his mother:
+"Mamma! mamma! that Monsieur du Luxembourg!--you know him--the one you
+said was such a great friend to papa--he has gone by without saluting! I
+suppose the reason is, he don't know how to behave." Another picture
+presents to view a little girl seated on a garden bench eating nuts, and
+talking to a young man: "The rose which you gave to mamma?" "Yes, yes."
+"The one you nearly broke your neck in getting? Let me see. Oh, my
+cousin Nat stuck it in the tail of Matthew's donkey. How mamma did
+laugh! Got any more nuts?" The same appalling girl imparts a family
+secret to her tutor: "Mamma wrote to M. Prosper, and papa read the
+letter. Oh, wasn't papa angry, though! And all because she had spelled a
+word wrong." A mother hearing a little girl say the catechism is a
+subject which one would suppose was not available for the purposes of a
+Gavarni, but he finds even that suggestive. "Come, now, pay attention.
+What must we do when we have sinned [_peche_]?" To which the terrible
+child replies, playing unconsciously upon the word _peche_ (sinned),
+which does not differ in sound from _peche_ (fished), "When we have
+_peche_? Wait a moment. Oh! we go back to the White House with all the
+fish in the basket, which my nurse eats with Landerneau. He is a big
+soldier who has white marks upon his sleeve. And I eat _my_ share, let
+me tell you!"
+
+It is thus that the first caricaturist of France "utilized" the
+innocence of childhood when Louis Philippe was King of the French.
+
+[Illustration: Parisian "Shoo, Fly!"
+
+"Captain, I am here to ask your permission to fight a duel."
+
+"What for, and with whom?"
+
+"With Saladin, the trumpeter, who has so far forgotten himself as to
+call me a _moucheron_" (little fly).--From _Messieurs nos Fils et
+Mesdemoiselles nos Filles_, by Randon, Paris.]
+
+There is a later series by Randon, entitled "Messieurs nos Fils et
+Mesdemoiselles nos Filles," which exhibits other varieties of French
+childhood, some of which are inconceivable to persons not of the "Latin
+race." It has been said that in America there are no longer any
+children; but nowhere among us are there young human beings who could
+suggest even the burlesque of precocity such as M. Randon presents to
+us. We have no boys of ten who go privately to the hero of a billiard
+"tournament" and request him with the politest gravity, cap in hand, to
+"put him up to some points of the game for his exclusive use." We have
+no boys of eight who stand with folded arms before a sobbing girl of
+seven and address her in words like these: "Be reasonable, then, Amelia.
+The devil! People can't be always loving one another." We have no
+errand-boys of eight who offer their services to a young gentleman thus:
+"For delivering a note on the sly, or getting a bouquet into the right
+hands, monsieur can trust to me. I am used to little affairs of that
+kind, and I am as silent as the tomb." We have no little boys in belt
+and apron who say to a bearded veteran of half a dozen wars: "You don't
+know your happiness. For my part, give me a beard as long as yours, and
+not a woman in the world should resist me!" We have no little boys who
+in the midst of a fight with fists, one having a black eye and the other
+a bloody nose, would pause to say: "At least we don't fight for money,
+like the English. It is for glory that _we_ fight." We have no little
+boys who, on starting for a ride, wave aside the admonitions of the
+groom by telling him that they know all about managing a horse, and what
+they want of him is simply to tell them where in the _Bois_ they will be
+likely to meet most "Amazons." No, nor in all the length and breadth of
+English-speaking lands can there be found a small boy who, on being
+lectured by his father, would place one hand upon his heart, and lift
+the other on high, and say, "Papa, by all that I hold dearest, by my
+honor, by your ashes, by any thing you like, I swear to change my
+conduct!" All these things are so remote from our habits that the
+wildest artist could not conceive of them as passable caricature.
+
+[Illustration: Three! (From "Arithmetic Illustrated," by Cham.)]
+
+The opprobrious words in use among French boys would not strike the boys
+of New York or London as being very exasperating. M. Randon gives us an
+imaginary conversation between a very small trumpeter in gorgeous
+uniform and a _gamin_ of the street. Literally translated, it would read
+thus: "Look out, little fly, or you will get yourself crushed." To which
+the street boy replies, "Descend, then, species of toad: I will make you
+see what a little fly is!" On the other hand, if we may believe M.
+Randon, French boys of a very tender age consider themselves subject to
+the code of honor, and hold themselves in readiness to accept a
+challenge to mortal combat. A soldier of ten years appears in one of
+this series with his arm in a sling, and he explains the circumstance to
+his military comrade of the same age: "It's all a sham, my dear. I'll
+tell you the reason in strict confidence: it is to make a certain person
+of my acquaintance believe that I have fought for her." The boys of
+France, it is evident, are nothing if not military. Most of the young
+veterans _blases_ exhibited in these albums are in uniform.
+
+An interesting relic of those years when Frenchmen still enjoyed some
+semblance of liberty to discuss subjects of national and European
+concern is Gavarni's series of masterly sketches burlesquing the very
+idea of private citizens taking an interest in public affairs. This is
+accomplished by the device of giving to all the men who are talking
+politics countenances of comic stupidity. An idiot in a blouse says to
+an idiot in a coat, "Poland, don't you see, will never forgive your
+ingratitude!" An idiot in a night-cap says to an idiot bare-headed, with
+ludicrous intensity, "And when you have taken Lombardy, then what?"
+Nothing can exceed the skill of the draughtsman of this series, except
+the perversity of the man, to whom no human activity seemed becoming
+unless its object was the lowest form of sensual pleasure. But the
+talent which he displayed in this album was immense. It was, if I may
+say so, _frightful_; for there is nothing in our modern life so alarming
+as the power which reckless and dissolute talent has to make virtuous
+life seem provincial and ridiculous, vicious life graceful and
+metropolitan.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER XIX.
+
+LATER FRENCH CARICATURE.
+
+
+[Illustration: Two Attitudes.
+
+"With your air of romantic melancholy, you could succeed with some
+women. For my part, I make my conquests with drums beating and matches
+lighted."--From _Messieurs nos Fils et Mesdemoiselles nos Filles_, by
+Randon, Paris.]
+
+During the twenty years of Louis Napoleon, political caricature being
+extinguished, France was inundated with diluted Gavarni. Any wretch who
+drew or wrote for the penny almanacs, sweltering in his Mansard on a
+franc a day, could produce a certain effect by representing the elegant
+life of his country, of which he knew nothing, to be corrupt and
+sensual. Pick up one of these precious works blindfold, open it at
+random, and you will be almost certain to light upon some penny-a-line
+calumny of French existence, with a suitable picture annexed. I have
+just done so. The "Almanach Comique" for 1869, its twenty-eighth year,
+lies open before me at the page devoted to the month of August. My eye
+falls upon a picture of a loosely dressed woman gazing fondly upon a
+large full purse suspended upon the end of a walking-stick, and
+underneath are the words, "_Elle ne tarde pas a se reapprivoiser._" She
+does not delay to _retame_ herself, the verb being the one applied to
+wild beasts. There is even a subtle deviltry in the syllable _re_,
+implying that she has rebelled against her destiny, but is easily enough
+brought to terms by a bribe. The reading matter for the month consists
+of the following brief essay, entitled "August--the Virgin:" "How to go
+for a month to the sea-shore during the worst of the dog-days. Hire a
+chalet at Cabourg for madame, and a cottage on the beach of Trouville
+for _mademoiselle_. The transit between those two places is
+accomplished per omnibus in an hour. That is very convenient. Breakfast
+with Mademoiselle; dine with Madame. This double existence is very
+expensive, but _as it is the most common_, we are compelled to examine
+it in order to establish a basis for the expenditures of the twelve
+months." Is it not obvious that this was "evolved?" Does it not smell of
+a garlicky Mansard? And have not all modern communities a common
+interest in discrediting anonymous calumny? It were as unjust,
+doubtless, to judge the frugal people of France by the comic annuals as
+the good-natured people of England by the _Saturday Review_.
+
+[Illustration: The Den of Lions at the Opera. (From _Les Differents
+Publics de Paris_, by Gustave Dore.)]
+
+It is evident, too, that the French have a totally different conception
+from ourselves of what is fit and unfit to be uttered. They ridicule our
+squeamishness; we stand amazed at their indelicacy. Voltaire, who could
+read his "Pucelle" to the Queen of Prussia, her young daughter being
+also present and seen to be listening, was astounded in London at the
+monstrous indecency of "Othello;" and English people of the same
+generation were aghast at the license of the Parisian stage. M.
+Marcelin, a popular French caricaturist of to-day, dedicates an album
+containing thirty pictures of what he styles _Un certain Monde_ to his
+mother! We must not judge the productions of such a people by standards
+drawn from other than "Latin" sources.
+
+Among the comic artists who began their career in Louis Philippe's time,
+under the inspiration of Philipon and Daumier, was a son of the Comte
+de Noe, or, as we might express it, Count Noah, a peer of France when
+there were peers of France. Amedee de Noe, catching the spirit of
+caricature while he was still a boy (he was but thirteen when _Le
+Charivavi_ was started), soon made his pseudonym, Cham, familiar to
+Paris. Cham being French for Shem, it was a happy way of designating a
+son of Count Noah. From that time to the present hour Cham has continued
+to amuse his countrymen, pouring forth torrents of sketches, which
+usually have the merit of being harmless, and are generally good enough
+to call up a smile upon a face not too stiffly wrinkled with the cares
+of life. He is almost as prolific of comic ideas as George Cruikshank,
+but his pictures are now too rudely executed to serve any but the most
+momentary purpose. When a comic album containing sixty-one pictures by
+Cham is sold in Paris for about twelve cents of our currency, the artist
+can not bestow much time or pains upon his work. The comic almanac
+quoted above, containing one hundred and eighty-three pages and seventy
+pictures, costs the retail purchaser ten cents.
+
+Gustave Dore, now so renowned, came from Strasburg to Paris in 1845, a
+boy of thirteen, and made his first essays in art, three years after, as
+a caricaturist in the _Journal pour Rire_. But while he scratched trash
+for his dinner, he reserved his better hours for the serious pursuit of
+art, which, in just ten years, delivered him from a vocation in which he
+could never have taken pleasure. His great subsequent celebrity has
+caused the publication of several volumes of his comic work. It abounds
+in striking ideas, but the pictures were executed with headlong haste,
+to gratify a transient public feeling, and keep the artist's pot
+boiling. His series exhibiting the Different Publics of Paris is full of
+pregnant suggestions, and there are happy thoughts even in his "Histoire
+de la Sainte Russie," a series published during the Crimean war, though
+most of the work is crude and hasty beyond belief.
+
+In looking over the volumes of recent French caricature, we discover
+that a considerable number of English words have become domesticated in
+France. France having given us the words of the theatre and the
+restaurant, has adopted in return several English words relating to
+out-of-door exercises: Turf, ring, steeple-chase, box (in a stable),
+jockey, jockey-club, betting, betting-book, handicap, race, racer,
+four-in-hand, mail-coach, sport, tilbury, dog-cart, tandem, pickpocket,
+and revolver. Rosbif, bifstek, and "choppe" have long been familiar.
+"Milord" is no longer exclusively used to designate a sumptuous
+Englishman, but is applied to any one who expends money ostentatiously.
+Gentleman, dandy, dandyism, flirt, flirtation, puff, cockney, and
+cocktail are words that would be recognized by most Parisians. A French
+writer quotes the phrase "hero of two hemispheres," applied to
+Lafayette, as a specimen of the "_puff_" superlative. "Othello" has
+become synonymous with "jealous man;" and the sentence, "That is the
+question," from "Hamlet," seems to have acquired currency in France.
+Cab, abbreviated a century ago from the French (cabriolet), has been
+brought back to Paris, like the head of a fugitive decapitated in exile.
+
+[Illustration: The Vulture. (From _La Menagerie Imperiale_, 1871.)]
+
+The recent events in France, beginning with the outbreak of the war with
+Prussia, have elicited countless caricatures and series of caricatures.
+The downfall of the "Empire," as it was called, gave the caricaturists
+an opportunity of vengeance which they improved. A citizen of New York
+possesses a collection of one thousand satirical pictures published in
+Paris during the war and under the Commune. A people who submit to a
+despised usurper are not likely to be moderate or decent in the
+expression of their contempt when, at length, the tyrant is no longer to
+be feared. It was but natural that the French court should insult the
+remains of Louis XIV., to whom living it had paid honors all but divine;
+for it is only strength and valor that know how to be either magnanimous
+or dignified in the moment of deliverance. Many of the people of Paris,
+when they heard of the ridiculous termination near Sedan of the odious
+fiction called the Empire, behaved like boys just rid of a school-master
+whom they have long detested and obeyed. Of course they seized the chalk
+and covered all the blackboards with monstrous pictures of the tyrant.
+The flight of his wife soon after called forth many scandalous sketches
+similar to those which disgraced Paris when Marie Antoinette was in
+prison awaiting the execution of her husband and her own trial. Many of
+these burlesques, however, were fair and legitimate. The specimen given
+on the next page, entitled "Partant pour la Syrie," which appeared soon
+after the departure of Eugenie and her advisers, was a genuine hit. It
+was exhibited in every window, and sold wherever in France the
+victorious Germans were not. A member of the American legation, amidst
+the rushing tide of exciting events and topics, chanced to save a copy,
+from which it is here reduced.
+
+[Illustration: Badinguet. Eugenie. General Fleury. Pietri. Rouher.
+Maupas. Persigny.
+
+Partant pour la Syrie. (Published in Paris after the Flight of
+Eugenie.)]
+
+Among the "albums" of siege sketches, we come upon one executed by the
+veterans Cham and Daumier, the same Henri Daumier whom Louis Philippe
+imprisoned, and Thackeray praised, forty years ago. In this collection
+we see Parisian ladies, in view of the expected bombardment, bundled up
+in huge bags of cotton, leading lap-dogs protected in the same manner.
+An ugly Prussian touches off a bomb aimed at the children in the Jardin
+du Luxembourg. King William decorates crutches and wooden legs as
+"New-year's presents for his people." An apothecary sells a plaster
+"warranted to prevent wounds, provided the wearer never leaves his
+house." A workman goes to church for the first time in his life, and
+gives as a reason for so unworkman-like a proceeding that "a man don't
+have to stand in line for the blessed bread." A volunteer goes on a
+sortie with a pillow under his waistcoat "to show the enemy that we have
+plenty of provisions." All these are by the festive Cham.
+
+Daumier does not jest. He seems to have felt that Louis Napoleon, like a
+child-murderer, was a person far beneath caricature--a creature only fit
+to be destroyed and hurried out of sight and thought forever. Amidst the
+dreary horrors of the siege, Henri Daumier could only think of its mean
+and guilty cause. One of his few pictures in this collection is a row of
+four vaults, the first bearing the inscription, "Died on the Boulevard
+Montmartre, December 2d, 1851;" the second, "Died at Cayenne;" the
+third, "Died at Lambessa;" the fourth, "Died at Sedan, 1870." But even
+then Daumier, true to the vocation of a patriotic artist, dared to
+remind his countrymen that it was they who had reigned in the guise of
+the usurper. A wild female figure standing on a field of battle points
+with one hand to the dead, and with the other to a vase filled with
+ballots, on which is printed the word OUI. She cries, "_These killed
+those!_"
+
+During the Commune the walls of Paris were again covered with drawings
+and lithographs of the character which Frenchmen produce after long
+periods of repression: Louis Napoleon crucified between the two thieves,
+Bismarck and King William; Thiers in the pillory covered and surrounded
+with opprobrious inscriptions; Thiers, Favre, and M'Mahon placidly
+looking down from a luxurious upper room upon a slain mother and child
+ghastly with blood and wounds; landlords, lean and hungry, begging for
+bread, while fat and rosy laborers bask idly in the sun; little boy
+Paris smashing his playthings (Trochu, Gambetta, and Rochefort) and
+crying for the moon; "Paris eating a general a day;" Queen Victoria in
+consternation trying to stamp out the horrid centipede, _International_,
+while "Monsieur John Boule, Esquire," stands near with the habeas-corpus
+act in his hand; naked France pressing Rochefort to her bosom; and
+hundreds more, describable and indescribable.
+
+[Illustration: Gavarni.]
+
+It remains to give a specimen of recent French caricature of another
+kind. Once more, after so many proofs of its impolicy, the Government of
+France attempts to suppress such political caricature as is not
+agreeable to it, while freely permitting the publication of pictures
+flagrantly indecent. At no former period, not even in Voltaire's time,
+could the French press have been more carefully hedged about with laws
+tending to destroy its power to do good, and increase its power to do
+harm. The Government treats the press very much after the manner of
+those astute parents who forbid their children to see a comedy of
+Robertson or a play of Shakspeare, but make it up to them by giving them
+tickets to the variety show. A writer familiar with the subject gives us
+some astounding details:
+
+"There exist at present," he remarks, "sixty-eight laws in France, all
+intended to suppress, curtail, weaken, emasculate, and even to strangle
+newspapers; but not one single law to foster them in their dire
+misfortune. If any private French gentleman wishes to establish a
+newspaper, he must first write to the Prefet de Police, on paper of a
+certain size and duly stamped, and give this functionary notice that he
+intends to establish a newspaper. His signature has, of course, to be
+countersigned by the Maire. But if the paper our friend wishes to
+establish is purely literary, he has first to make his declaration to
+the police, who rake up every information that is possible about the
+unfortunate projector. After that, the Ministere de l'Interieur
+institutes another searching inquiry, and these two take seven or eight
+months at least. When the _enquete_ and the _contre-enquete_ are ended,
+the _avis favorable_ of the whole Ministry is necessary before the paper
+can be published. Another six months to wait yet; but this is not all.
+Our would-be newspaper proprietor or editor possesses now the right of
+publishing his paper; but he has not yet the right to sell it. In order
+to obtain this, he must begin anew all his declarations and attempts, so
+that his purely literary paper may be sold at all the ordinary
+book-sellers' shops. But if he wishes it to be sold in the streets--or,
+in other words, in the kiosques--he must address himself to another
+office _ad hoc_, and then the Commissaire de Police sends the answer of
+the Prefet de Police to the unfortunate proprietor, editor, or
+publisher, who by this time must be nearly at his wits' end.
+
+But even this is not all. If the unhappy projector proposes to
+illustrate his paper, his labors are still far from ending. "He must,"
+continues the writer, "obtain, of course, the permission of the
+Ministere de l'Interieur for Paris, or of the prefects for the
+provinces. The Ministere asks for the opinion of the Governor of Paris,
+who asks, in his turn, for the opinion of the Bureau de Censure, a body
+of gentlemen working in the dark, and which, to the eye of the obtuse
+foreigner, appears only established to prevent any political
+insinuations to be made, but to allow the filthiest drawings to be
+publicly exposed for sale, and the most indecent innuendoes to be
+uttered on the stage or in novels. The Censure demands, under the
+penalty of seizing, forbidding, and bringing before the court, that
+every sketch or outline shall be submitted to it. When this is done, and
+the Censure finds nothing to criticise in it, it requires further that
+the drawing, when finished, be anew laid before it, and, if the drawing
+be colored, it must be afresh inspected after the dangerous paints have
+been smirched on. When our happy editor wishes to publish the caricature
+or the portrait of any one, he can not do so unless he has the
+permission of the gentleman or lady whose likeness he wishes to
+produce."
+
+[Illustration: Honore Daumier.]
+
+Such was the measure of freedom enjoyed in the French republic governed
+by soldiers. But this elaborate system of repression can be both evaded
+and turned to account by the caricaturist. During the last two or three
+years, a writer who calls himself Touchatout has been amusing Paris by a
+series of satirical biographies, each preceded by a burlesque portrait.
+But occasionally the Censure refuses its consent to the insertion of the
+portrait. The son of Louis Napoleon was one individual whom the Censure
+thus endeavored to protect. Observe the result. Instead of exhibiting to
+the people of Paris a harmless picture representing the head of the
+unfortunate young man mounted upon a pair of diminutive legs, Touchatout
+prints at the head of his biographical sketch the damaging burlesque
+subjoined:
+
+ ____________________________________________________
+ | |
+ | REPUBLIQUE FRANCAISE. |
+ | |
+ | LIBERTY, EQUALITY, FRATERNITY, |
+ | AND CENSURE. |
+ | |
+ | THE PUBLICATION OF THE PORTRAIT OF |
+ | |
+ | Velocipede IV. |
+ | |
+ | HAS BEEN FORBIDDEN BY THE CENSURE. |
+ |____________________________________________________|
+ | IT CAN BE FOUND AT ALL THE PHOTOGRAPHERS. |
+ |____________________________________________________|
+
+I translate the burlesque biography that follows the above. It may serve
+also as a specimen of the new literary commodity of which the Parisians
+seem so fond, and for which a name has been invented--_blague_--which
+means amusingly malign gossip.
+
+"VELOCIPEDE IV. (Napoleon-Eugene-Louis-Jean-Joseph, Prince Imperial,
+more commonly known by the name of:) born at Paris, March 16th, 1856. He
+is the son of Napoleon III. and of the Empress, Eugenie de Montijo.
+
+"Here a parenthesis. The Trombinoscope has often been accused of
+brutality. When we traced the profile of the ex-empress, the cry
+was that we had no consideration even for women. We replied that,
+in our eyes, sovereigns were no more women than were the she
+petroleum-throwers. To-day there will not be wanting people to say
+that we do not spare children; and we shall reply, as we have often
+said before, that sons are not responsible for the crimes of their
+fathers until the day when they set up a claim to profit by them. If,
+during the two years that the Trombinoscope has plied his vocation, we
+have not aimed a shot at the young hero of Sarrebruck, it is precisely
+because childhood inspires respect in us. If this youth, when
+consulted upon his calling, had replied, 'My desire is to be an
+architect or a shoe-maker,' we should have had nothing to say. But
+mark: scarcely has he ceased to be a child when, on being questioned
+as to his choice of a trade, he answers, 'I wish to be emperor.' Oh,
+indeed! The son of Napoleon III. has entered upon his career; he is a
+child no more; and the Trombinoscope re-enters into all his rights.
+
+"We said, then, that Eugene-Napoleon was born March 16th, 1856. The
+doctor who received him perceived that he had upon _la fesse droite_ a
+mass of odd little red marks. Upon examining closely this phenomenon, he
+perceived that these marks were a representation of the bombardment of
+the house Sallanvrouze in December, 1851, upon the Boulevard Montmartre.
+All was there: the intrepid artillery of Canrobert, smashing the
+shop-windows and pulverizing a newspaper stand; the nurses disemboweled
+upon the seats; the bootblack on the corner having his customer's leg
+carried away from between his hands, etc., etc.
+
+"The empress during her pregnancy had read Victor Hugo's 'Napoleon the
+Little,' and had been much struck with the chapter in which the _coup
+d'etat_ is so well related. They concealed from the people this
+tattooing--this far too significant trade-mark--and they placed the
+new-born child in a cradle with the ribbon of the Legion of Honor around
+his neck. The high dignitaries then advanced to prostrate themselves
+before the august infant, who sucked his thumb, and they relate, in this
+connection, in the blatant clap-trap History of Napoleon III., that one
+of the courtiers narrowly escaped falling into disgrace by appearing
+stupefied to see the Prince Imperial decorated at the age of fifteen
+hours. Happily he recovered himself in time, and replied to the emperor,
+who had remarked his surprise:
+
+"'Sire! I am indeed astonished that His Highness is only commander.'
+
+"To the age of eighteen months, the Prince Imperial did nothing
+remarkable; but, dating from that moment, he became a veritable prodigy.
+Along with his first pair of trousers, his father ordered two dozen
+witticisms of the editors of _Figaro_. These sallies at once went the
+rounds of the domestic press, and the Prince Imperial had not reached
+his sixth year when he passed, in the rural districts, for having all
+the wit which his mother lacked. Thus, in full _Figaro_, appeared one
+morning a crayon drawing attributed to the Prince Imperial, at the age
+when as yet he only executed in _sepia_ upon the flaps of his shirt.
+
+"This marvel of precocity astonished all men who had need of a
+sub-prefectship or a place in the tobacco excise; and this to such a
+point that they were not in the least surprised when, during the
+Exhibition of 1867, a reporter prepared his left button-hole to receive
+the recompense due to the brave by printing--in the self-same _Figaro_,
+by heavens!--that the little prince, then eleven years of age, had
+discussed with engineers of experience the strong and weak points of all
+the wheel work in the grand hall of machinery.
+
+"The years which followed were for the young phenomenon only a
+succession of triumphs of the same calibre, until the day when his
+father declared that, in order to complete his imperial education,
+nothing was wanting to him but to learn to ride the velocipede.
+
+"It need not be said that he learned this noble art, like all the
+others, by just blowing upon it.
+
+"Meanwhile, Eugene-Napoleon had achieved various grades in the army.
+Named Corporal in the Grenadiers of the Guard at the age of twenty-two
+months, one evening when he had not cried for being put to bed at eight
+o'clock, he had been made successively pioneer, sergeant,
+sergeant-major, and adjutant of the same corps. When he made some
+difficulties about swallowing his iodide of potassium in the morning,
+they promised him promotion, and that encouraged him. From glass to
+glass, he won the epaulet of sub-lieutenant; and at the moment when the
+war with Prussia broke out he had just deserved the epaulet of
+lieutenant by letting them give him, without crying, an injection with
+salt, which inspired him with profound horror.
+
+"At the very beginning of the war, his father took him to the Prussian
+frontier, in order to make him pass by his side under triumphal arches
+into Berlin, which the army _five times ready_ of Marshal Leboeuf was to
+enter within four days at the very latest.
+
+"At the combat of Sarrebruck, that brilliant military pantomime which
+the Emperor caused to be performed under the guise of a parade, the
+Prince Imperial became the admiration of Europe by picking up on the
+field of battle '_a bullet which had fallen near him_,' said the
+dispatch of Napoleon to Eugenie. '_From the pocket of a mischievous
+staff officer_,' history will add.
+
+"Since our disasters, the Prince Imperial grows and stuffs himself in
+exile, with some devoted servants whose salaries go on as before, and a
+Spanish mother who teaches him to love France as the most lucrative of
+the monarchical tobacco-excise offices in Europe.
+
+"Recently the Prince Imperial, for the first time, declared his
+pretension to the throne by thanking the eight Bonapartists, who had
+hired a smoking compartment upon the Northern Line in order to present
+their compliments--and their bill--on the occasion of the 15th of
+August. That was the first act of a Pretender, the cutting of whose
+teeth still torments him, and whose new pantaloons become too short at
+the end of eight days. It was this which decided us to write his rather
+meagre biography.
+
+"As to his person, the Prince Imperial is a perfect type of a slobbering
+aspirant of the eighth order. In his exterior, at least, he does not
+seem to have derived much from his father; but he has the empty, vain,
+and silly expression of his mother. He represents sufficiently well one
+of those married boobies whose insignificance condemns them to live upon
+their income in a little provincial city, working six hours a day their
+part of third cornet in a raw philharmonic society, while their wives at
+home make cuckolds of them with the officers of the garrison.
+
+
+"SUPPLEMENTARY NOTICE.
+
+_"Dates to be supplied by the collectors of the Trombinoscope._
+
+"Eugene-Napoleon, attaining his majority March 16th, 1877, demands a
+settlement from his mother. She confesses to him that of his maternal
+fortune there remain but thirty-two francs. 'What has become, then,' he
+asks,'of all the fund which, during the twenty years of papa's empire,
+was produced by the exemption money of the conscripts for whom
+substitutes were not obtained, by the buttons which were wanting to the
+gaiters, and the gaiters which were wanting to the buttons?' 'What has
+become of it?' said the Empress. 'Do you suppose that, during these
+seven years past, I have maintained _our_ French journals with my old
+chignons?' Eugene-Napoleon replied to his mother: 'Then, if I have no
+longer a sou with which to take Mandarine to the races, hand me one of
+papa's riding-jackets that I may make a descent at Boulogne, to dethrone
+Louis Philippe II. He makes a descent at Boulogne, the ---- 18--, with
+five drunken men and the little Conneau, all disguised as circus staff
+officers. They put him on his trial; he is convicted the ---- 18--; is
+pardoned the ---- 18--; repeats the performance the ---- 18--. The
+Republic having turned out Louis Philippe II., Eugene-Napoleon re-enters
+France the ---- 18--as simple citizen. The republicans, who are always
+just so foolish, permit him to be elected deputy the ---- 18--, and
+president the ---- 18--. He seats himself upon the Republic December 2d,
+18--, and re-establishes the Empire the ---- 18--. The social
+decomposition resumes its course. Velocipede IV. marries the ---- 18--,
+a circus girl. The moral scale continues to rise: Blanche d'Antigny and
+Cora Pearl are ladies of honor at the Tuileries. The ----18--, at the
+moment when Velocipede IV. is about to engage in a war with Prussia,
+which he thinks will consolidate his throne, but which, considering the
+organization of our artillery, threatens to extend the German frontiers
+as far as Saint-Ouen. France stops the drain of those ruinous
+imitations, drives out the Emperor, and again proclaims the Republic.
+This time, a thing wholly unexpected, some republicans are found who,
+after having energetically swept France clean of all that appertains to
+former systems, whether pretenders, office-holders, spies, etc., etc.,
+push their logic even to the point of bolting the door inside, in order
+not to be interfered with in their loyal endeavor. This device, so
+simple, but by which we have passed three times in a century without
+seeing it, succeeds to admiration; and at length it is announced, the
+---- 19--, that Velocipede IV., after having been by turns, at London,
+keeper of a thirteen-sous bazaar, pickpocket, circus performer,
+magnetizer, and dealer in lead-pencils, dies in the flower of his age
+from the effects of a disease which his father did not contract while
+presiding at a meeting of his cabinet."
+
+With this specimen of _blague_ we may leave the caricaturists of France
+to fight it out with La Censure.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER XX.
+
+COMIC ART IN GERMANY.
+
+
+Upon the news-stands in St. Louis, Chicago, Cincinnati, Philadelphia,
+Milwaukee, New York, and other cities, we find the comic periodicals of
+Germany, particularly the _Fliegende Blaetter_ of Berlin, and the
+_Beilage der Fliegenden Blaetter_ of Munchen, papers resembling _Punch_
+in form and design. The American reader who turns over their leaves can
+not but remark the mildness of the German jokes. Compared with the
+tremendous and sometimes ghastly efforts of the dreadful Funny Man of
+the American press, the jests of the Germans are as lager-beer to the
+goading "cocktail" and the maddening "smash!" But, then, they are
+delightfully innocent. Coming from the French comic albums and papers to
+those of the Germans, is like emerging, after sunrise, from a masquerade
+ball, all gas, rouge, heat, and frenzy, into a field full of children
+playing till the bell rings for school. Nevertheless, the impression
+remains that an extremely mild joke suffices to amuse the German reader
+of comic periodicals.
+
+The pictured jests, as in _Punch_, are the attractive feature. Observe
+the infantile simplicity of a few of these, taken almost at random from
+recent volumes of the papers just mentioned:
+
+Two young girls, about twelve, are sitting upon a bench in a public
+garden. Two dandies walk past, who are dressed alike, and resemble one
+another. "Tell me, Fanny," says one of the girls, "are not those two
+gentlemen brothers?" This is the reply: "One of them is, I know for
+certain; but I am not quite sure about the other."
+
+A strapping woman, sooty, wearing a man's hat, and carrying a ladder and
+brushes, is striding along the street. The explanation vouchsafed is the
+following: "The very eminent magistrate has determined to permit the
+widow of the meritorious chimney-sweep, Spazzicammino, to continue the
+business."
+
+A silly-looking gentleman is seen conversing with a lady upon whom he
+has called, while a number of cats are playing about the room. "Why have
+you so many cats?" he asks. The lady replies: "Well, you see, my cook
+kept giving warning because I locked up the milk and meat, and so I got
+the cats as a pretext."
+
+Two ladies are conversing. The elder says: "Why do you quarrel with your
+husband so often?" The younger replies: "Oh, you know the making-up is
+extremely entertaining, and getting good again is so lovely!"
+
+[Illustration: Evolution of the Piano, according to Darwin. (Berlin,
+1872.)]
+
+A scene in a cheap book-store. A young lady says to the clerk: "I want a
+Lovers' Letter-writer--a cheap one." "Here, miss?" "How much is it?"
+"Eighteen kreutzers." "That is too dear for me." "Oh, but I beg your
+pardon, miss, if you take the Letter-writer, you get Schiller's works
+thrown in; and if a young lady buys at this shop a tract upon potatoes,
+she gets the whole of Goethe into the bargain."
+
+The steps of a church are exhibited, with a clergyman assisting an old
+woman down to the sidewalk. A long explanation is given, as follows:
+"Parson Friedel, a thoroughly good fellow, though not a particularly
+good preacher, goes on Sunday morning to church to edify his flock. On
+his arrival he sees an old dame trying in vain to get up the icy steps.
+'Oh, sir,' she says, not recognizing the holy man, 'pray help me up.' He
+does so, and when they have reached the top she thanks him, and adds,
+'Oblige me also, dear sir, by telling me who preaches to-day?' 'Parson
+Friedel,' he courteously replies. 'Oh, sir, then help me down again.'
+The parson, smiling, rejoins: 'Quite right; I wouldn't go in myself if I
+were not obliged to.'"
+
+A very tall man is bending over to light his cigar at an exceedingly
+short man's cigar. "What!" says the short man, "you wonder that your
+light goes out so often? That is owing to the rarity of the atmosphere
+in the elevated regions in which your cigar moves."
+
+A stable scene, in which figure a horse, an officer, and a horse-dealer.
+The officer says: "The horse I bought of you yesterday has a fault; he
+is lame in the off fore-leg." The dealer replies: "Ah! and do you call
+that a fault? I call it a misfortune."
+
+A clergyman's study. Enter a very ill-favored pair, to whom the
+clergyman says: "So you wish to be married, do you? Well, have you
+maturely reflected upon it?" The man replies: "Yes, we have asked
+beforehand about how much it will cost."
+
+[Illustration: A Corporal, who is about to be promoted, presents Himself
+before the Major.
+
+"Can you read?" "At your service, major." "Can you write?" "At your
+service, major." "Can you cipher?" "At your service, major." "What are
+you in civil life?" "Doctor of philosophy and lecturer in the
+university."--_Fliegende Blaetter_, Berlin, 1872.]
+
+A compartment of a railway carriage, in which are two passengers, one of
+whom has two little pigs under the seat, and the other a small curly
+lap-dog in his lap. _Conductor_ (standing outside). "Have you a dog's
+ticket?" "No." "Then get one." "But my dog troubles no one." "That makes
+no difference." "But this countryman here has two pigs in the carriage."
+"No matter for that; we have a rule about dogs, but none for pigs."
+
+A boat on a Swiss lake with a party about to lunch. A lady, in great
+alarm, says to the boatman: "Stop, for Heaven's sake, stop! You told the
+people, when we got in, that your boat would sink if it were heavier by
+half an ounce. But if these men eat all that, we shall go to the bottom
+for a certainty."
+
+A restaurant scene. A customer, handing back to a waiter a plate of
+meat, says: "Waiter, this meat is so tough I can't chew it." _Waiter._
+"Excuse me, I will bring you a sharp knife immediately."
+
+An aged clergyman parting with a young soldier about to join the army,
+says: "Augustus, you now enter upon a military career. Take care of your
+health, and mind you lead a good life." _Augustus._ "Same to you,
+pastor."
+
+A boy up a tree, and a gentleman standing under it. "I'll teach you to
+steal my plums, you scoundrel! I'll tell your father." "What do I care?
+My father steals himself." This picture is headed, "Good Fruit."
+
+A family seated at dinner. _Mother._ "But, Elsie, naughty girl! what
+horrid manners you have! You eat only the cream, and leave the
+dumplings." _Elsie._ "Why, papa can eat them."
+
+A man and woman of Jewish cast of countenance are seen at a pawnbroker's
+sale. _Woman._ "Well, what will you buy for mother's birthday?" _Man._
+"A handsome dress, I think." _Woman._ "How unpractical you are! She can
+only live three or four years at most; and even in that short time a
+dress will be in rags. Let us buy for the dear old soul a pair of silver
+candlesticks. Then when she dies we shall have them back again."
+
+Under the heading of "Cheap Illumination," we are presented with a
+picture of an Esquimau with a lighted wick held in his mouth, and the
+following explanation: "The Esquimaux, as is well known, live on the fat
+of the reindeer, the seal, and the whale. This suggested to the arctic
+traveler, Warnie, the idea of drawing a wick through the body of one of
+the natives, and in this way obtaining a brilliant train-oil lamp for
+the long winter nights."
+
+[Illustration: A Bold Comparison. (Berlin, 1873.)
+
+_Pastor's Wife._ "But half the cracknels are scorched to-day."
+
+_Cracknel Man._ "So they are. But, you see, I have the same luck as the
+pastor: all his sermons do not turn out equally good."]
+
+Two noble ladies chatting over their tea: "Only think, my dear, we are
+obliged to discharge our man." "Why?" "Oh, he begins to be too familiar.
+What do you think? I saw him cleaning the boots, and I discovered, to my
+horror, that he had my husband's boots, my son's, and _his own_, all
+mixed together!"
+
+A lady hurrying home from an approaching shower, dragging her little boy
+with her. _Boy._ "But, mother, why should we be so afraid of the thunder
+storm? Those hay-makers yonder don't care." _Mother._ "Child, they are
+poor people, who don't attract the lightning as we do, who always have
+gold and ready cash about us."
+
+A scene in a police court, the magistrate questioning a witness: "You
+are a carpenter, are you not?" "I am." "You were at work in the vicinity
+of the place where the scuffle occurred?" "I was." "How far from the two
+combatants were you standing?" "Thirty-six feet and a half, Rhenish
+measure." "How can you speak so exactly?" "Because I measured it. I
+thought that most likely some fool would be asking about that at the
+trial."
+
+These may suffice as examples of the average comic force of the German
+joke. A very few of the above--perhaps four or five in all--might have
+been accepted by the editors of _Punch_, with the requisite changes of
+scene and dialect. We must also bear in mind that the dialect counts for
+much in a comic scene, as we can easily perceive by changing a Yorkshire
+bumpkin's language in a comedy into London English. Half of the
+laugh-compelling power of some of the specimens given may lie in
+peculiarities of dialect and grammar of which no one but a native of the
+country can feel the force. A few of the more vivid and telling examples
+are given in the accompanying illustrations.
+
+The glimpses of German life which the comic artists afford remind us
+that the children of men are of one family, the several branches of
+which do not differ from one another so much as we are apt to suppose.
+German fathers, too, as we see in these pictures, stand amazed at the
+quantity of property their daughters can carry about with them in the
+form of wearing apparel. A domestic scene exhibits a young lady putting
+the last fond touches to her toilet, while a clerk presents a long bill
+to the father of the family, who throws his hands aloft, and exclaims,
+"Oh, blessed God! Thou who clothest the lilies of the field, provide
+also for my daughter, at least during the Carnival!"
+
+[Illustration: Strict Discipline in the Field--Major going the Rounds at
+Night.
+
+_Sentinel._ "Who goes there? Halt!" (Major, not regarding the summons,
+the soldier fires, and misses.)
+
+_Major._ "Three days in the guard-house for your bad shooting."]
+
+Germany, not less than England and America, laughs at "the modern
+mother," who dawdles over Goethe, and is "literary," and wears
+eyeglasses, while delegating to bottles and goats her peculiar duties.
+An extravagant burlesque of this form of self-indulgence presents to
+view a baby lying on its back upon a centre-table, its head upon a
+pillow, taking nourishment _direct_ from a goat standing over it; the
+mother sitting near in a luxurious chair, reading. Enter the family
+doctor, who cries, aghast, "Why, what's this, baroness? I did not mean
+it _in that way_! A she-goat is not a wet-nurse." To which the baroness
+languidly replies, looking from her book, "Why not?"
+
+And here is the German version of _Punch's_ widely disseminated joke
+upon marriage: "If you are going to be married, my son, I will give you
+some good advice." "And what is it?" "Better not."
+
+The Woman's Rights agitation gave rise to burlesques precisely similar
+in inane extravagance to those which appeared in England, America, and
+France. We have the "Students of the Future," a series representing
+buxom lasses in dashing bloomers, smoking, dissecting, fighting duels,
+and hunting. The young lady who has on her dissecting-table a bearded
+"subject" is leaning against it nonchalantly, drinking a pot of beer,
+and another young lady is using the pointed heel of her fashionable boot
+as a tobacco-stopper. Here, too, is the husband who comes home late, and
+whose wife _will_ sit up for him.
+
+The great servant-girl question is also up for discussion in Germany,
+after occupying womankind for three thousand years. Here is a group of
+servants talking together. "Yesterday I gave warning," says one. "Why?"
+asks another; "the wages are high, the food is good, and you have every
+Sunday out." The reply is: "Well, you must know, my Fritz don't like it.
+Mistress buys her wine at the wine-merchant's, where I get the bottles
+all sealed. Don't you see?"
+
+[Illustration: Ahead of Time.
+
+The aged and extremely absent-minded prince of a little territory visits
+the public institutions every year. On leaving the high school, he says
+to the teacher: "I am very much pleased with every thing, only the soup
+is a little too thin."
+
+_Teacher_ (aside to aid-de-camp). "What does his Highness mean by thin
+soup?"
+
+_Aid-de-camp._ "It is only a slip. His Highness should have said that in
+the hospital."]
+
+In the same spirit, as every reader knows, the drawing-room judges the
+kitchen in other lands besides Germany, and is supported in its judgment
+by satiric artists who evolve preposterously impossible servants from
+the shallows of their own ignorance.
+
+Rarely, indeed, does a German caricaturist presume to meddle with
+politics, and still more rarely does he do it with impunity. The
+Germans, with all their excellences, seem wanting in the spirit that has
+given us our turbulent, ill-organized freedom. Perhaps their beer has
+offered too ready and cheap a resource against the chafing resentments
+that tyranny excites; for a narcotized brain is indolently submissive to
+whatever is very difficult of remedy. Coffee and tobacco keep the Turk a
+slave. The wisest act of Louis Napoleon's usurpation was his giving a
+daily ration of tobacco to every soldier. Woe to despots when men cease
+to dull and pollute their brains with tobacco and alcohol! There will
+then be a speedy end put to the system that takes five millions of the
+_elite_ of Europe from industry, and consigns them to the business of
+suppression and massacre. Whatever may be the cause, Germany has
+scarcely yet begun her apprenticeship to freedom; and, consequently, her
+public men lose the inestimable advantage of seeing their measures as
+the public sees them. Let us hope that the German people may be able to
+appropriate part of our experience, and so work their way to rational
+and orderly freedom without passing through the stage of ignorant
+suffrage and thief-politicians. Meanwhile there is no political
+caricature in Germany.
+
+[Illustration: A Journeyman's Leave-taking.
+
+"Hear me, all of you. You, and you, and you, and you! Good-bye,
+mistresses. I tell you freely to your faces, your bacon and greens are
+not to my taste. I am going to try my luck. I will march on."--LUDWIG
+RICHTER, _Leipsic_, 1848.]
+
+As a set-off to this defect, I may mention again the absence from the
+German comic periodicals of the class of subjects which, at present,
+seems to be the sole inspiration of French art and French humor. It is
+evident that the Germans do not regard illicit love as the chief end of
+man. The reason of the superior decency of German satire is, probably,
+that German methods of education awaken the intelligence and store the
+mind with the food of thought. Indecency is the natural resource of a
+thoughtless mind, because the physical facts of our existence constitute
+a very large proportion of all the knowledge it possesses. Suppose those
+facts and the ideas growing directly out of them to be one hundred in
+number. The whole number of facts and ideas in an ignorant mind may not
+exceed two hundred; while in the intellect of a Goethe or a Lessing
+there may live and revolve twenty thousand. Convent education is
+probably the cause of French indecency, simply from its leaving the mind
+dull and the imagination active. Many Frenchmen must think _bodily_, or
+not think at all. This conjecture I hazard because I have observed in
+Protestant schools, professedly and distinctively religious, the same
+morbid tendency in the pupils that we notice in French art and drama.
+The French are right in not trusting their convent-bred girls out of
+sight. The convent-bred boys, who can not be so closely watched, show
+the untrustworthiness of moral principle which is not fortified by
+intelligent conviction. The Germans, from their better mental culture
+and greater variety of topics, are not reduced to the necessity of
+amusing themselves by "bodily wit."
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER XXI.
+
+COMIC ART IN SPAIN.
+
+
+As it is "Don Quixote" that has given most of us whatever insight into
+Spanish life and character we possess, we should naturally expect to
+find in the Spain of to-day abundant manifestations of satirical talent.
+But since the great age when such men as Cervantes could be formed, the
+intellect of Spain has suffered exhausting depletion, and the nation has
+in consequence long lain intellectually impotent, the natural prey of
+priests, dynasties, and harlots. The progress of a country depends upon
+the use it makes of its best men. Since Cervantes was born, in 1547, all
+the valuable men among the Moors and Jews, with a million of their
+countrymen, have been banished, carrying away with them precious arts,
+processes, instincts, aptitudes, and talents; to say nothing of the good
+that comes to a country of having upon its soil a variety of races and
+religions, each developing some excellencies of human nature which the
+others overlook or undervalue. In the same generation hundreds of the
+valiant men of Spain went down in the Armada, and thousands were wasted
+in America.
+
+But these were not the fatal losses. These men could have been replaced,
+such is the bountiful fertility of nature. But, in those days, if a man
+was reared who possessed independence or force of mind, or had much mind
+of any kind, he was likely to become a Protestant; and, if he did, one
+of two calamitous fates awaited him, either of which made him useless to
+Spain: he either concealed his opinions, and thus stifled his nobler
+life, or else the Inquisition destroyed him. Never was such successful
+war waged upon the human mind as in Spain at that period, for every man
+who manifested any kind of mental superiority was either slain or
+neutralized. If he escaped the goldmines, the wars, and the Inquisition,
+there was still the Church to take him in and convert him into a priest.
+
+Nor need we go as far as Spain to see the fatal damage done to
+communities by the absorption of promising youth into the priesthood. We
+have only to go to the French parts of Canada, and mark the difference
+between the torpid and hopeless villages there, and the vigorous,
+handsome towns of New England, New York, and Michigan, just over the
+border. The reason of this amazing contrast is that on our side of the
+line the natural leaders of the people found mills, factories,
+libraries, and schools; on the other side they enter convents and build
+churches; and the people, thus bereft of their natural chiefs, harness
+forlorn cows to crazy carts, and come down into Vermont and New
+Hampshire in harvest-time to get a little money to help them through the
+long Canadian winter. Thus, in Spain and Italy, the men who ought to
+serve the people, prey upon them, and the direct and chief reason why
+the northern nations of Europe surpass the southern is, that in the
+north the superior minds are turned to account, and in the south they
+have been entombed in the Church or paralyzed by titles of nobility.
+
+[Illustration: After Sedan.
+
+"Senor, we have brought to your Majesty this paroquet, which we found as
+we were going our rounds in camp."--From _Gil Blas_, Madrid, September,
+1870.]
+
+Hence, in the country of Cervantes, in the native land of Gil Blas and
+Figaro, there is now little manifestation of their comic fertility and
+gayety of mind. A member of the American Legation obligingly writes from
+Madrid in 1875:
+
+"I have questioned many persons here in regard to Spanish caricature,
+but have always received the same reply, namely, that pictorial
+caricature, political or other, has not existed in Spain till 1868. I
+have searched book-stores and book-stalls, and find nothing; nor have
+the venders been able to aid me. I found in a private library some
+Bibles and other religious books of the sixteenth century, in which were
+caricatures of the Pope and of similar subjects, but they were printed
+in Flanders, though in the Spanish language; and the art is Dutch. The
+pasquinades of Italy never prevailed in Spain. It is thought at our
+Legation here that there must have been caricature in Spain, from the
+writings of Spaniards being so full of satire and wit; but though the
+germ may have existed, I am inclined to think it was not developed till
+the dethronement of Isabel II. and the proclamation of the Republic
+broke down the barriers to the liberty, if not license, of the
+printing-press.
+
+"Between 1868 and 1875 various papers were published here containing
+caricatures, copies of which are to be had, but at a premium. Until this
+period, I fancy the Inquisition, censorship, and other causes prevented
+any display of a spirit of caricature which may have existed. The real,
+untraveled Spanish mind has little idea of true wit: of satire and
+burlesque, yes; of inoffensive joke or pun, none. There is no Spanish
+word for _pun_; that for joke is _broma_, taken from the Spanish name of
+the _Teredo navalis_, or wood-borer, so fatal to vessels, and really
+means an annoying, or _practical_, joke. I have some samples of
+caricature, published during the period to which I refer, many of which,
+to one who is familiar with the politics, manners, and customs in Spain
+at the time, are equal in point, if not in execution, to any thing in
+_Punch_. They were, for the greater part, designed by Ortego, but are of
+the English or French style, and have little Spanish individuality."
+
+[Illustration: To the Bull-fight.
+
+"There they go, all resolved to yell _Bungler!_ at the picador, whether
+he does his part well or ill. It's all they know how to do."--From _El
+Mundo Comico_, Madrid, 1873.]
+
+A great mass of the comic illustrated series and periodicals alluded to
+by my attentive correspondent accompanied his letter, and justify its
+statements. The "French style" is indeed most apparent in them, as the
+reader shall see. The "Comic Almanac" for 1875 ("Almanaque Comico" para
+1875), published at Madrid, and profusely illustrated, is entirely in
+the French style. Many of the pictures have every thing of Gavarni
+except his genius. Here are some that catch the eye in running over its
+shabby, ill-printed pages:
+
+Picture of an ill-favored father contemplating a worse-favored boy, aged
+about six years. Father speaks: "It is very astonishing! The more this
+son of mine grows, the more he looks like my friend Ramon."
+
+[Illustration: A Delegation of Birds of Prey, presenting Thanks to the
+Authors of the Bountiful Carnage provided for the Late Festival. (From
+_Gil Blas_, Madrid, September, 1870.)]
+
+Picture of a gentleman in evening dress, flirting familiarly with a
+dancing-girl behind the scenes of a theatre. She says: "If only your
+intentions were good!" To which he replies by asking: "And what do you
+call good intentions?" She casts down her eyes and stammers: "To
+promise--to keep your word."
+
+Picture of a young lady at the desk of a public writer, to whom she
+says: "Make the sweetest little verse to tell him that I hope to see him
+next Sunday at the gate of the Alcala, near the first swing."
+
+Picture of a husband and wife, both in exuberant health. _She._ "You
+grow worse and worse; and sea-bathing is _so_ good for you!" _He._ "And
+you?" _She._ "I am well; but I shall go with you to take care of you,
+dear."
+
+Picture of a very fashionably dressed lady and little girl, to whom
+enters, hat and cane in hand, a gentleman, who says to the child: "Do
+you not remember me, little Ruby?" She replies: "Ah, yes! You are the
+_first_ papa that used to come to our house a good while ago, and you
+always brought me caramels."
+
+Picture of two young ladies in conversation. One of them says: "When he
+looks at me, I lower my eyes. When he presses my hand, I blush. And if
+he kisses me, I call to mamma, and the poor fellow believes it, and
+dares go no further."
+
+Picture of a woman in a bath-tub, to whom enters a man presenting a
+bill. She says: "Take a seat, for I am about to rise from the bath, and
+then we can settle that account."
+
+[Illustration: "Child, you will take cold."
+
+"I take cold? But how well that overcoat fits him!"--From _El Mundo
+Comico_, Madrid, 1873.]
+
+Picture of nurse, infant, and father. The father says: "Tell me, nurse;
+every body says it looks like me, but I think it takes after its mother
+more." The nurse replies: "When it laughs, yes; but when it frowns, it
+looks like you _atrociously_."
+
+Picture of a "fast-looking" woman and the janitor of a lodging-house. He
+says: "You wish to see the landlord? I think he does not mean to have
+ladies in his house who are alone." She replies: "I am never alone."
+
+Picture of young lady in bed, to whom a servant holds up an elegant
+bonnet, and says: "Tell me, since you are ill, and can not go to the
+ball, will you lend this to your _affectionate and faithful servant_,
+since I give you my word not to injure it?"
+
+Picture of husband and wife at home, she taking out a note that had been
+concealed in a handkerchief. He speaks: "A woman who deceives her
+husband deserves no pity." She replies: "But if she does not deceive her
+husband, whom is she to deceive?"
+
+Picture of the manager of a theatre in his office, to whom enters a
+dramatic author. _Author:_ "I have called to know if you have read my
+play." _Manager:_ "Not yet. It is numbered, in the list of plays
+received, 792; so that for this year--" _Author:_ "No, sir; nor for that
+which is to come either."
+
+This will suffice for the "Comic Almanac." The _Comic World_ (_El Mundo
+Comico_), which next invites attention, is a weekly paper published at
+Madrid during the last four years. This work, also, has much in common
+with the wicked world of Paris, as with the wicked world of all
+countries where the priest feeds the imagination and starves the
+intellect. This reveling in the illicit and the indecent, which so
+astonishes us in the popular literature of Catholic countries, is
+merely a sign of impoverished mind, which is obliged to revolve
+ceaselessly about the physical facts of our existence, because it is
+acquainted with so few other facts.
+
+The first number of the _Comic World_ presents a colored engraving of a
+Spanish beauty, attired in the last extremity of the fashion,
+bonnetless, fan in hand, with high-heeled boots, and a blending of
+French and Spanish in her make-up, walking in the street unattended. The
+picture is headed: "In Quest of the Unknown."
+
+The next picture shows that Spain, too, has its savings-banks which do
+not save. Two strolling musicians, clothed in rags, are exhibited, one
+of whom says to the other: "A pretty situation! While men drive by in a
+coach after robbing us of our savings deposited in their banks, we ask
+alms of the robbers!"
+
+[Illustration: Inconvenience of the New Collar.
+
+"How, my Adela, can you ask me to whisper in your ear when you have put
+that cover over it?"--From _El Mundo Comico_, Madrid, 1873.]
+
+There is a pair of pictures, one called "The Cocks," and the other "The
+Pullets." The Cocks are three very young Spanish dandies, with dawning
+mustaches, extremely thin canes, and all the other puppyisms. The
+Pullets are three young ladies of similar age and taste. As they pass in
+the street, one of the Cocks says to his companions: "Do you see how the
+tallest one blushes?" The reply is: "Yes; when she sees me." At the same
+moment the Pullets exchange whispers. "How fast you go!" says one.
+"Don't speak!" says another. "The dark-complexioned one is he whom we
+saw at the theatre." "Yes, I remember; the one in the box." In these
+pictures, as in most other Spanish caricatures, the men are meagre and
+disagreeable-looking, but the ladies are plump and attractive.
+
+A "domestic scene" follows, which must be peculiar to Spain, one would
+think. A gay young husband, on leaving home in the evening, is addressed
+by his wife, who has a hand in his waistcoat-pocket: "You carry away
+twelve dollars and three shillings. We will see what extraordinary
+expense you incur to-night."
+
+At Madrid, as at other capitals of Europe, the Englishman is an object
+of interest. Ladies seem to consider him a desirable match, and men make
+him the hero of extravagant anecdotes. There is a _table-d'hote_ picture
+in _El Mundo Comico_, presenting a row of people at an advanced stage of
+dinner, when the guests become interesting to one another. "Have you
+seen the colonel?" asks a chaperon of the young lady by her side. The
+damsel, looking her demurest, says: "Do not distract me; the Englishman
+is looking at me." Other pictures indicate that the ladies of Madrid are
+accustomed to look upon Englishmen as worth posing for.
+
+The _Comic World_ aims a vilely executed caricature at the ghost of
+Hamlet's father, who is represented in the usual armor. The words
+signify: "All I ask is, did that ancient race take their afternoon nap
+in cuirass and helmet?" From which we may at least infer that "El
+Principe Hamlet" is a familiar personage to the inhabitants of Madrid.
+
+[Illustration: Sufferings endured by a Prisoner of War. (From _Gil
+Blas_, Madrid, September, 1870.)]
+
+Among the numerous colored engravings which reflect upon, or, rather
+glorify, the frailty of women is one which can with difficulty be
+understood by Protestants. A girl is about to go to bed, and is saying a
+prayer beginning, "With God I lie down, with God I rise, with the Virgin
+Mary and the Holy Ghost!" The joke does not appear at the first glance,
+for there is no one else in the bedroom, unless there is some one in the
+curtained bed. We discover, at length, lying near her feet, a pair of
+man's boots!
+
+Nothing is sacred to these savage caricaturists of the French school.
+Another colored picture in _El Mundo Comico_ is called "Absence," and is
+designed to exhibit the sorrow of a woman at the absence of her lover in
+the wars. She says: "Poor Louis! I am here alone, forsaken, and he is
+pursuing the insurgents in the mountains. Does he remember me?" The
+innocent reader may well ask, What is the comedy of the situation? The
+woman in this scene is sitting on the edge of her bed, nearly naked,
+taking off her earrings, with other finery of her trade lying about on
+the table and the floor.
+
+After running through a volume of this periodical, we are prepared to
+believe the descriptions given of society in the Spanish capital by the
+correspondent of the London _Times_ during the early months of Alfonso's
+"reign." Speaking of a monstrous scandal inculpating the king, he wrote:
+"In a profligate, frivolous, and gossiping capital like Madrid, where
+every one seems intent upon political plotting, debauchery, and
+idleness, there is no scandal, no invention of malice too gross and
+improbable for acceptance, provided those attacked are well known. The
+higher his or her rank, the greater is the cynical satisfaction with
+which the tale of depravity is retailed by the newsmongers in _cafe_,
+_tertulia_, and club."
+
+Another comic weekly published at Madrid is called _Gil Blas, Periodico
+Satirico_. This is by far the least bad of the comic papers recently
+attempted in Spain. Many of its subjects are drawn from the politics of
+the period, and some of them appear to be very happily treated. The
+sorry adventures of Louis Napoleon and his son in the war between France
+and Prussia are presented with much comic effect. Queen Isabel and her
+hopeful boy figure also in many sketches, which were doubtless amusing
+to the people of Madrid when they appeared. The Duc de Montpensier and
+other possible candidates for the throne are portrayed in situations and
+circumstances not to be fully understood at this distance from the time
+and scene.
+
+The Spanish caricatures given in this chapter, whatever the reader may
+think of them, were selected from about a thousand specimens; and if
+they are not the very best of the thousand, they are at least the best
+of those which can be appreciated by us.
+
+Cuba had its comic periodical during the brief ascendency of liberal
+ideas in 1874. A Cuban letter of that year chronicles its suspension:
+"The comic weekly newspaper, _Juan Palonio_, has met its death-blow by
+an order of suspension for a month, and a strong hint to the director,
+Don Juan Ortega, that a trip to the Peninsula would be of benefit to his
+health. The immediate cause of this order was a cartoon, representing
+the arms of the captain-general wielding a broom, marked 'extraordinary
+powers,' and sweeping away ignorance, the insurrection, etc. There was
+nothing, in fact, to take umbrage at; but the cartoon served as a
+pretext to kill the paper, which was rather too republican in tone. The
+Government censor was removed from his position for the same reason, and
+a new one appointed."
+
+In those countries long debauched by superstition, comic art has little
+chance; for if tyranny does not kill it, a dissolute public degrades it
+into a means of pollution.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER XXII.
+
+ITALIAN CARICATURE.
+
+
+As soon as comic art in Italy is mentioned, we think of Pasquino, the
+merry Roman tailor, whose name has enriched all the languages of Europe
+with an effective word. Many men whose names have been put to a similar
+use have, notwithstanding, been completely forgotten; but Pasquino,
+after having been the occasion of pasquinades for four centuries, is
+still freshly remembered, and travelers tell his story over again to
+their readers.
+
+Pasquino was the fashionable tailor at Rome about the time when the
+discovery of America was a recent piece of news. In his shop, as
+tradition reports, bishops, courtiers, nobles, literary men, were wont
+to meet to order their clothes, and retail the scandal of the city. The
+master of the shop, a wit himself, and the daily receptacle of others'
+wit, uttered frequent epigrams upon conspicuous persons, which passed
+from mouth to mouth, as such things will in an idle and luxurious
+community. Whatever piece of witty malice was afloat in the town came to
+be attributed to Pasquino; and men who had more wit than courage
+attributed to him the satire they dared not claim.
+
+Catholics who have seen the inside of Roman life, who have been
+domiciled with bishops and cardinals, report that the magnates of Rome,
+to this day, associate in the informal manner in which we should suppose
+they did four centuries ago, from the traditions of Pasquino and his
+sayings. The Pope sends papers of _bonbons_ to the Sisters who have
+charge of infant schools, and shares among the cardinals the delicacies
+and interesting objects which are continually sent to him. Upon hearing
+their accounts of the easy familiarities and light tone of the higher
+ecclesiastical society of recent times, we can the better understand the
+traditions that have come down to us of Pasquino and his shop full of
+highnesses and eminences.
+
+Pasquino, like the "fellow of infinite jest" upon whose skull Hamlet
+moralized in the church-yard, died, and was buried. Soon after his death
+it became necessary to dig up an ancient statue half sunk in the ground
+of his street; and, to get it out of the way, it was set up close to his
+shop. "Pasquino has come back," said some one. Rome accepted the jest,
+and thus the statue acquired the name of Pasquino, which it retains to
+the present day. Soon it became a custom to stick to it any epigram or
+satirical verse the author of which desired to be unknown. So many of
+these sharp sayings were aimed at the ecclesiastical lords of Rome,
+that one of the popes was on the point of having the statue thrown into
+the river, just as modern tyrants think to silence criticism by
+suppressing the periodical in which it appears. Pasquino, properly
+enough, was saved by an epigram.
+
+"Do not throw Pasquino into the Tiber," said the Spanish embassador,
+"lest he should teach all the frogs in the river to croak pasquinades."
+
+We can not wonder that the popes should have objected to Pasquino's
+biting tongue, if the specimens of his wit which are given by Mr.
+Story[38] fairly represent him. There was a volume of six hundred and
+thirty-seven pages of epigrams and satires, published in 1544, claiming
+to be pasquinades, many of which doubtless were such. Here is one upon
+the infamous pope, Alexander Sextus:
+
+ "Sextus Tarquinius, Sextus Nero--this also is Sextus.
+ Always under the Sextuses Rome has been ruined."
+
+[Footnote 38: "Roba di Roma," p. 283.]
+
+After the sudden death of Pope Leo X., two Latin lines to the following
+effect were found upon Pasquino:
+
+ "If you desire to hear why at his last hour Leo
+ Could not the sacraments take, know he had sold them."
+
+The allusion is to Leo's unscrupulous use of every means within his
+power of raising money.
+
+When Clement VII., after the sack of Rome, was held a prisoner, Pasquino
+had this:
+
+ "_Papa non potest errare._"
+
+This sentence ordinarily means that the pope can not err; but the verb
+_errare_ signifies also _to wander_, _to stroll_; so that the line was a
+sneer both at the pope's confinement and his claim to infallibility.
+
+One of Pasquino's hardest hits was called forth by the grasping measures
+of Pius VI.:
+
+ "Three jaws had Cerberus, and three mouths as well,
+ Which barked into the blackest deeps of hell.
+ Three hungry mouths have you; ay, even four;
+ None of them bark, but all of them devour."
+
+There was a capital one, too, and a just, upon the institution of the
+Legion of Honor in France by Napoleon Bonaparte, not long after he had
+stolen several hundred precious works of art and manuscripts from the
+Roman States.
+
+ "In times less pleasant and more fierce, of old,
+ The thieves were hung upon the cross, we're told.
+ In times less fierce, more pleasant, like to-day,
+ Crosses are hung upon the thieves, they say."
+
+Thus for centuries have Pasquino and his rival, Marfario, an exhumed
+river-god, given occasional expression to the pent-up wrath of Italy at
+the spoliation of their beautiful country. Mr. Story reports a
+pasquinade which appeared but a very few years since, when all the world
+was longing to hear of the death of Ferdinand II. of Naples, who, under
+the name of King Bomba, was so deeply execrated by Italians. Pasquino
+supposes a traveler just arrived from Naples, and asks him what he has
+seen there, when the following conversation takes place:
+
+"I have seen a tumor [_tumore_]." "A tumor? But what is a tumor?" "For
+answer, take away the _t_." "Ah! a humor [_umore_]. But is this humor
+dangerous?" "Take away the _u_." "He dies! what a pity! But when?
+Shortly?" "Take away the _m_." "Hours! In a few hours! But who, then,
+has this humor?" "Take away the _o_." "King! The king! I am delighted.
+But, then, where will he go?" "Take away the _r_." "E-e-e-h!"
+
+[Illustration: King Bomba's Ultimatum to Sicily. (From _Il Don Pirlone_,
+Rome, December, 1848.)]
+
+Could there be any thing better than a pasquinade which appeared during
+the conference upon Italian affairs at Zuerich between the
+representatives of Austria, Italy, and France? Pasquino enters the
+chamber, where he holds the following conversation with the
+plenipotentiaries:
+
+"Do you speak French?" "No." "Do you speak German?" "No." "Do you speak
+Italian?" "No." "What language do you speak?" "Latin." "And what have
+you got to say in Latin?" "As it was in the beginning, is now, and ever
+shall be, for ever and ever. Amen."
+
+Happily, Pasquino was not a prophet, and the affairs of Italy are not as
+they were and had been during so many ages of despair.
+
+From these specimens of Italian satire we should expect to find the
+people of Italy effective with the satirical pencil also. The spirit of
+caricature is in them, but the opportunities for its exercise and
+exhibition have been few and far between. As in Spain there was an
+exhaustive depletion of intellectual force, so in Italy the human mind,
+during late centuries, has been crushed under a dead weight of priests.
+Professor Charles Eliot Norton, in his "Travel and Study in Italy,"
+tells us that Roman artists can not now so much as copy well the
+masterpieces by which they are surrounded.
+
+"The utter sterility," he says, "and impotence of mind which have long
+been and are still conspicuous at Rome, the deadness of the Roman
+imagination, the absence of all intellectual energy in literature and in
+art, are the necessary result of the political and moral servitude under
+which the Romans exist. Where the exercise of the privileges of thought
+is dangerous, the power of expression soon ceases. For a time--as during
+the seventeenth century in Italy--the external semblance of originality
+may remain, and mechanical facility of execution may conceal the absence
+of real life; but by degrees the very semblance disappears, and facility
+of execution degenerates into a mere trick of the hand. The Roman
+artists of the present time have not, in general, the capacity even of
+good copyists. They can mix colors and can polish marble, but they are
+neither painters nor sculptors."
+
+And yet (as the same author remarks) with the first breath of freedom
+the dormant capacity of the Italians awakes. In Italy, as in France,
+Spain, and Cuba, caricature dies when freedom is gone, and lives again
+as soon as the oppressor is removed. In 1848, when the Revolution had
+gained ascendency in Rome, a satirical paper appeared, called _Il Don
+Pirlone_, published weekly, and illustrated by strong, though rudely
+executed, caricatures. Don Pirlone was the name of a familiar character
+in Italian comedy and farce. The pictures in this work abundantly
+justify the encomiums of Professor Norton and Mr. Story, who both
+pronounce them to be full of spirit and vigor, proving that the satiric
+fire of the early pasquinades is not extinguished.
+
+[Illustration: He has begun the Service with Mass, and completed it with
+Bombs. (From _Il Don Pirlone_, Rome, June 15th, 1849.)]
+
+Among the specimens given in this chapter, the reader will not fail to
+notice the one that made its appearance in June, 1849, when thirty
+thousand French troops, under the command of General Oudinot, were about
+to replace upon the heart and brain of Rome the cumbrous, fantastic
+Medicine-man of Christendom. This picture, slight as is the impression
+which it makes upon us, who can safely smile at the medicine-men of all
+climes and tribes, was most eagerly scanned by the outraged people of
+Rome, to whom the return of the Medicine-man boded another twenty years
+of asphyxia. _Don Pirlone_ was obliged to print extra editions to supply
+the demand. The picture exhibits the interior of a church, and the Pope
+celebrating mass; General Oudinot assists him, kneeling at the steps of
+the altar and holding up the pontifical robes. The bell used at the mass
+is in the form of an imperial crown. Surrounding the altar, a crowd of
+military officers are seen, and behind them a row of bayonets. The
+candles on the altar are in the form of bayonets. The time chosen by the
+artist is the supreme moment of the mass, when the celebrant elevates
+the host. The image of Christ on the crucifix has withdrawn its arms
+from the cross-bars, and covered its face with its hands, as if to shut
+the desecration from its sight. Lightning darts from the cross, and a
+hissing serpent issues from the wine-cup. On the sole of one of General
+Oudinot's boots are the words, _Articolo V. della Constituzione_
+(Article V. of the Constitution, _i. e._, the French Constitution),
+which declared that "the French Republic never employs its forces
+against the liberty of any people." Underneath this fine caricature was
+printed: "He began the service with the mass, and completed it with
+bombs."
+
+[Illustration: "But, dear Mr. Undertaker, are you so perfectly sure that
+she is dead?"--From _Il Don Pirlone_, Rome, July, 1849.]
+
+Two weeks more of life were vouchsafed to _Il Don Pirlone_ after the
+publication of this caricature. On July 2d, 1849, the French army
+marched into Rome, and the paper appeared no more. The last number
+contained an engraving of Liberty, a woman lying dead upon the earth,
+with a cock on a neighboring dunghill crowing, and a French general
+covering over the prostrate body. Under the picture was printed: "But,
+dear Mr. Undertaker, are you so perfectly sure that she is dead?"
+
+These were certainly vigorous specimens of satiric art, and increase
+both our wonder and our regret at the mental degradation of the
+beautiful countries of Southern Europe. They increase our wonder, I say,
+because the ascendency of priests in a nation is more an effect than a
+cause of degeneracy. When the canker-worm takes possession of a New
+England orchard, and devours every germ and green leaf, covering all the
+trees with loathsome blight, it is not because the canker-worm there is
+more vigorous or deadly than on the next farm, but because the soil of
+the blasted orchard is wanting in some ingredient or condition needful
+for the vigorous life of fruit-trees. It is not priests, beggars, and
+banditti that _make_ Mexico, Peru, Italy, and Spain what we find them.
+Priests, beggars, and banditti are but the vermin whose natural prey is
+a low moral and mental life; and hence the wonder that Italy, so long a
+prey to such, should still produce originating minds.
+
+Other caricatures in _Il Don Pirlone_ were remarkable. The alliance
+between Austria and France in May, 1849, suggested a picture called "A
+Secret Marriage," which was also a church scene, the altar bearing the
+words "_Ad minorem Dei gloriam_" ("To the _lesser_ glory of God"), a
+parody of the words adopted by the Inquisition, "_Ad majorem Dei
+gloriam_." The Pope is marrying the bridal pair, who kneel at a
+desk--the groom, a French officer with a cock's head, and for a crest an
+imperial crown; the bride, a woman with long robes, and on her head the
+Austrian double eagle. Upon the desk are an axe, a whip, a skull, and
+crossbones.
+
+[Illustration: Bomba at Supper. Effect of Impressions. (From _Il Don
+Pirlone_, Rome, May, 1849.)]
+
+Mr. Norton describes another, called the "Wandering Jew." "Flying to the
+verge of Europe, where the Atlantic washes the shores of Portugal, is
+seen the tall figure of the unhappy Carlo Alberto, driven by skeleton
+ghosts, over whose heads shine stars with the dates 1821, 1831, 1848. In
+the midst of the sky, before the fugitive, are the flaming words '_A
+Carignano Maledizione Eterna!_' ('Cursed be Carignano forever!') to
+which a hand, issuing from the clouds, points with extended forefinger.
+The grim and threatening skeletons, the ghosts of those whom Carignano
+had betrayed, the tormented look of the flying king, the malediction in
+the heavens, the solitude of the earth and the sea, display a
+concentrated power of imagination rare in art."
+
+The ruling theme of these powerful sketches is the foul union of priest
+and king for the common purpose of spoiling fair Italy. The moral of the
+work might be summed up in the remark of an Italian soldier whom Mr.
+Norton met one day near Rome. "Are the roads quiet now?" asked the
+American traveler. "Ah, excellency," replied the man, "the poor must
+live, and the winter is hard, and there is no work!" "But how was the
+harvest?" "Small enough, signore! There is no grain at Tivoli, and no
+wine; and as for the olives, a thousand trees have not given the worth
+of a _bajocco_." "And what does the Government do for the poor?"
+"Nothing, nothing at all." "And the priests?" "_Eh!_ They live well,
+always well; they have a good time in this world--but?"
+
+[Illustration: "Such is the Love of Kings." (From _Il Don Pirlone_,
+Rome, 1849.)]
+
+One striking picture in _Il Don Pirlone_ represents Italy in the form of
+a huge military boot lying prostrate on the earth, with Liberty half
+astride of it, holding a broom. She has just knocked off the boot a
+French general, who lies on the ground with his hat at some distance
+from him, and she has raised her broom to give a second blow. But at
+that critical moment, the Pope thrusts his hands from a cloud, seizes
+the broom, and holds it back. Inside the boot is seen ambushed a
+cardinal with two long daggers, waiting to strike Liberty to the heart
+when she shall be disarmed. Underneath is printed: "Impediments to
+Liberty."
+
+In a similar spirit was conceived a picture called "A Modern Synod,"
+which reflected upon the diplomatic conference in Belgium on Italian
+affairs between the representatives of Austria, France, and England.
+There sits Italy in the council-chamber, bound and naked to the waist,
+for the scourge. At the table are seated, Austria, with head of double
+eagle; France, with a cock's head and crest, but a woman's bosom and
+extremely low-necked dress; and England, with a head compounded of
+unicorn and donkey. Underneath the table are the Pope and King Bomba,
+with hidden scourges, only waiting for the conference to end to resume
+their congenial task of lashing helpless Italy.
+
+[Illustration: Mr. Punch.]
+
+A terrific picture is one representing the Pope with a scourge in his
+hand, riding high in the air over Rome, mounted upon a hideous flying
+dragon with four heads. One of the heads is Austria's double eagle;
+another, the Gallic cock; the third, Spain; the fourth, Bomba. The papal
+crown is carried in the coil of the monster's forked tail. Under the
+picture are words signifying "Such is the love of kings!"
+
+Imagine endless variations upon this theme in _Il Don Pirlone_, executed
+invariably with force, and sometimes with a power that, even at this
+distance of time, rouses the soul.
+
+Laying aside the caricatures of the Revolution, of which considerable
+volumes have been collected, I may say a word or two of the comic
+entertainment that has now become universal, Punch, which, if Italy did
+not originate it, received there its modern form and character. Punch is
+now exhibited daily in every civilized and semi-civilized land or
+earth--in China, Siam, India, Japan, Tartary, Russia, Egypt, everywhere.
+A New York traveler, well known both for the extent of his journeys and
+for the excellent use he has made of them, tells me that he saw, not
+long ago, a performance of Punch at Cairo, in a tent, in Arabic, a small
+coin being charged for admission. The people entered with a grave
+demeanor, sat in rows upon the sand, listened to the dialogue without a
+smile, and at the close filed out in silence, as if from a solemnity.
+The performance was similar to that with which we are acquainted. The
+American reader, however, may not be very familiar with the exploits of
+Punch, for he has made his way slowly in the New World, and was rarely,
+if ever, seen here until within the last ten years.
+
+Much second-hand erudition could be adduced to show that Punch, besides
+being universal, dates back to remote antiquity. The bronze figure could
+be mentioned which was found at Herculaneum some years ago, with the
+Punchian nose and chin; as well as a drawing on the wall of a
+guard-house at Pompeii, in which there is a figure costumed like Punch.
+Even the name Punch, which some derive from _Paunch_, is supposed by
+others to be a corruption of the first name of Pontius Pilate. The
+weight of probability favors the conjecture that Punch really did
+originate in India, at least three thousand years ago, and came down,
+through other Oriental lands, to Greece, part of the stock of traditions
+that gather about Bacchus and his comic audacities--jovial and impudent
+Vice triumphant over unskillful Virtue. Punch is a brother of Don Juan,
+except that Punch is victorious to the very end; and the fable of Don
+Juan is among the oldest of human imaginings.
+
+[Illustration: Return of the Pope to Rome. (From _Il Don Pirlone_, Rome,
+1849.)]
+
+It is agreed, however, that the Punch of modern European streets is
+Neapolitan; and even to this day, as travelers report, nowhere in the
+world is the drama of Punch given with such force of drollery as in
+Naples. What Mr. D'Israeli, in the "Curiosities of Literature," where
+much Punch learning may be found, says of the histrionic ability of the
+Italian people, has been often confirmed since his day. He adds an
+incident:
+
+"Perhaps there never was an Italian in a foreign country, however deep
+in trouble, but would drop all remembrance of his sorrows should one of
+his countrymen present himself with the paraphernalia of Punch at the
+corner of a street. I was acquainted with an Italian, a philosopher and
+a man of fortune, residing in England, who found so lively a pleasure in
+performing Punchinello's little comedy, that, for this purpose, with
+considerable expense and curiosity, he had his wooden company, in all
+their costume, sent over from his native place. The shrill squeak of the
+tin whistle had the same comic effect on him as the notes of the
+_ranz-des-vaches_ have in awakening the tenderness of domestic emotion
+in the wandering Swiss. The national genius is dramatic."
+
+Through the joint labors of Mr. George Cruikshank and Mr. Payne Collier,
+we now know exactly what the Punchian drama is, as performed by the best
+artists. Mr. Cruikshank explains the truly English process by which this
+valuable information was obtained:
+
+"Having been engaged by Mr. Prowett, the publisher, to give the various
+scenes represented in the street performances of Punch and Judy, I
+obtained the address of the proprietor and performer of that popular
+exhibition. He was an elderly Italian, of the name of Piccini, whom I
+remembered from boyhood, and he lived at a low public-house, the sign of
+'The King's Arms,' in the 'Coal-yard,' Drury Lane. Having made
+arrangements for a 'morning performance,' one of the window-frames on
+the first floor of the public-house was taken out, and the stand, or
+Punch's theatre, was hauled into the 'Club-room.' Mr. Payne Collier (who
+was to write the description), the publisher, and myself, formed the
+audience; and as the performance went on, I stopped it at the most
+interesting parts to sketch the figures, while Mr. Collier noted down
+the dialogue; and thus the whole is a faithful copy and description of
+the various scenes represented by this Italian."
+
+The drama thus obtained, which has since been published with Mr.
+Cruikshank's illustrations, must at least be pronounced the most popular
+of all dramatic entertainments past or present. It is now in the
+thirtieth century of its "run;" and even the modern Italian version
+dates back to the year 1600. It is a rough, wild caricature of human
+life.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER XXIII.
+
+ENGLISH CARICATURE OF THE PRESENT CENTURY.
+
+
+[Illustration: James Gillray.]
+
+James Gillray, though the favorite caricaturist of London before the
+beginning of our century, did not reach the full development of his
+talent until the later extravagancies of Napoleon Bonaparte gave him
+subjects so richly suggestive of burlesque. Even at this late day, when
+we have it in our power to know the infinite mischief done to our race
+by such perjured charlatans as Bonaparte, it is difficult to read some
+of his bulletins and messages without bursts of laughter--the imitation
+of known models is so childish, and they reveal so preposterous an
+ignorance of every thing that the ruler of a civilized country ought to
+know. After giving London a long series of caricatures of the French
+Revolution and of the English fermentation that followed it, Gillray
+fell upon Napoleon, and exhibited the ludicrous aspects of the man and
+his doings with a comic fertility and effectiveness rarely equaled.
+True, he knew very little either of the Revolution or of
+Bonaparte--England knew little--but while all well-informed and humane
+persons have forgiven the excesses of the Revolutionary period, or laid
+the blame at the door of the real culprits, the world is coming round to
+the view of Napoleon Bonaparte which the caricaturist gave seventy years
+ago. If I were asked to name the best five caricatures produced since
+Hogarth, one of the five would be James Gillray's "Tiddy-Doll, the Great
+French Gingerbread Baker drawing out a New Batch of Kings;" and another,
+a picture by the same artist, "King of Brobdingnag and Gulliver"
+ridiculing Napoleon's scheme of invading England in 1803. Both are
+masterpieces of satiric art in what we may justly style the English
+style; _i. e._, the style which amuses every body and wounds nobody,
+not even the person satirized.
+
+[Illustration: Tiddy-Doll, the Great French Gingerbread Baker, drawing
+out a New Batch of Kings. His Man, Hopping Talley, mixing up the Dough.
+(Gillray, 1806.)]
+
+Born in 1757, when Hogarth had still seven years to live, the son of a
+valiant English soldier who left an arm in Flanders, James Gillray
+belongs more to the old school of caricaturists than to the new. Many of
+his works could not now be exhibited; nor was Gillray superior in moral
+feeling to the time in which he lived. He flattered the pride and the
+prejudices of John Bull. In a deep-drinking age, his own habits were
+excessively convivial; were such as to shorten his life, after having
+impaired his reason. He was, nevertheless, for a period of twenty years
+the favorite caricaturist of his country, and a very large number of his
+works are in all respects admirable. The reader will remark that
+Gillray, like most of his countrymen, was not acquainted with the
+countenance of Napoleon, and could, therefore, only give the popularly
+accepted portrait. His likenesses generally are excellent.
+
+Among the crowds of laughing English boys who hailed every new picture
+issued by Gillray during the last ten years of his career was one named
+George Cruikshank, still living and honored among his countrymen in
+1877. Him we may justly style the founder of the new school--the
+virtuous school--of comic art, which accords so agreeably with the
+humaner civilization which has been stealing over the world of late
+years, and particularly since the suppression of Bonaparte in 1815. On
+page 270 is a picture of his executed in his eightieth year, a proof of
+the steadiness of hand and alertness of mind which reward a temperate
+and honorable life even in extreme old age. This picture was both drawn
+and engraved by his own hand to please one of his oldest American
+friends, Mr. J. W. Bouton, of New York, long concerned in collecting and
+distributing his works among us. Here, then, is a living artist whose
+first handling of the etching-tool dates back almost three-quarters of a
+century. Mr. Reid, the keeper of prints and drawings in the British
+Museum, has been at the pains to make a catalogue of the works of George
+Cruikshank. The number of entries in this catalogue is five thousand two
+hundred and sixty-five, many of which comprise extensive series of
+drawings, so that the total number of his pictures probably exceeds
+twenty thousand--about one picture for every working-day during the
+productive part of his career.
+
+[Illustration: The Threatened Invasion of England, 1804. (Gillray.)
+
+(The King of Brobdingnag and Gulliver. _Scene_--Gulliver manoeuvring
+with his little boat in the cistern.--_Vide_ Swift's "Gulliver.")
+
+"I often used to row for my own diversion, as well as that of the queen
+and her ladies, who thought themselves well entertained with my skill
+and agility. Sometimes I would put up my sail and show my art by
+steering starboard and larboard. However, my attempts produced nothing
+else besides a loud laughter, which all the respect due to his majesty
+from those about him could not make them contain. This made me reflect
+how vain an attempt it is for a man to endeavor to do himself honor
+among those who are out of all degree of equality or comparison with
+him."]
+
+[Illustration: The Bibliomaniac. (George Cruikshank, 1871.)]
+
+There is perhaps no gift so likely to be transmitted from father to son
+as a talent for drawing. Certainly it runs in the Cruikshank family, for
+there are already five of the name known to collectors, much to their
+confusion. As a guide to Mr. Reid in the preparation of his catalogue,
+the old gentleman made a brief statement, which is one of the
+curiosities of art gossip, and it may serve a useful purpose to
+collectors in the United States. His father, Isaac Cruikshank, was a
+designer and etcher and engraver, as well as a water-color draughtsman.
+His brother, Isaac Robert, a miniature and portrait painter, was also a
+designer and etcher, and "your humble servant likewise a designer and
+etcher. When I was a mere boy," he adds, "my dear father kindly allowed
+me to play at etching on some of his copper-plates, little bits of
+shadows or little figures in the background, and to assist him a little
+as I grew older, and he used to assist _me_ in putting in hands and
+faces. And when my dear brother Robert (who in his latter days omitted
+the Isaac) left off portrait-painting, and took almost entirely to
+designing and etching, I assisted him, at first to a great extent, in
+some of his drawings." The result was that, in looking over the pictures
+of sixty years ago, he could not always tell his own work; and, to make
+matters worse, his brother left a son, Percy Cruikshank, also a
+draughtsman and engraver, and he, too, has an artist son, named George.
+The family has provided work for the coming connoisseur.
+
+The glory of the living veteran, however, will remain unique, because
+he, first of the comic artists of his country, caught the new spirit,
+avoided the grossness and thoughtless one-sidedness of his predecessors,
+and used his art in such a manner that now, in his eighty-fourth year,
+looking back through the long gallery of his works gathered by the
+affectionate persistence of his admirers, he can not point to one
+picture which for any moral reason he could wish to turn to the wall.
+
+England owes much to her humorists of the new humane school. She owes,
+perhaps, more than she yet perceives, because the changes which they
+promote in manners and morals come about slowly and unmarked. It is the
+American revisiting the country after many years of absence who
+perceives the ameliorations which the satiric pencil and pen have
+conjointly produced; nor are those ameliorations hidden from the
+American who treads for the first time the fast-anchored isle. It is
+with a peculiar rapturous recognition that we hail every indication of
+that England with which English art and literature have made us
+acquainted--a very different country indeed from the England of
+politics and the newspaper. A student who found himself one fine Sunday
+morning in June gliding past the lovely Hampshire coast, covered with
+farms, lawns, and villas, gazed in silence for a long time, and could
+only relieve his mind at last by gasping, "Thomson's 'Seasons?'" His
+first glance revealed to him, what he had never before suspected, that
+the rural poetry of England applied in a particular manner to the land
+that inspired it, could have been written only there, and only there
+could be quite appreciated. From Chaucer to Tennyson there is not a
+sterling line in it which could have been what it is if it had been
+composed in any part of the Western continent. We have a flower which we
+call a daisy, a weed coarsened by our fierce sun, betraying barrenness
+of soil, and suggestive of careless culture. There is also to be seen in
+our windows and greenhouses a flower named the primrose, which, though
+it has its merit, has not been celebrated by poets, nor is likely to be.
+But the instant we see an English road-side bright with primroses and
+daisies, we find ourselves saying, "Yes, of course; _these_ are what the
+poets mean; _this_ is the daisy of Shakspeare and Burns; _here_ is
+Wordsworth's yellow primrose!" And we go on holding similar discourse
+with ourselves as often as we descry the objects, at once familiar and
+unknown, which in every age the poets of Great Britain have loved to
+sing.
+
+[Illustration: Hope--A Phrenological Illustration. (George Cruikshank,
+1826.)]
+
+But when, in these recent days, the same traveler observes the human
+life of English streets and homes and public places, he does not
+perceive so exact a resemblance to the life portrayed in books and
+pictures. English life seems gentler and better than it was represented
+forty years ago; manners are freer and more cordial; people are less
+intemperate; the physical life is much less obstreperous; the topics
+discussed have a more frequent relation to the higher interests of human
+nature. The glory of the last generation was held to be Waterloo; the
+distinction of the present one is a peaceful arbitration. The six-bottle
+men of Sheridan's time--where are they? Gone, quite gone. _One_ bottle
+is now almost as unusual as it is excessive. Gone is the coach, with its
+long train of barbarisms--its bloated Wellers, its coachmen who
+swallowed "an imperial pint of vinegar" with their oysters without
+winking, its mountainous landlord skillful in charging, its general
+horseyness and cumbersome inconvenience. The hideous prize-fight seems
+finally suppressed. If there are still estates upon which there are
+family cottages of one room, they are held in horror, and it is an axiom
+accepted that the owner who permits them to remain is a truer savage
+than the most degraded peasants who inhabit them.
+
+Art, humanizing art, has reached a development which a dreamer of
+Hogarth's day could not have anticipated for any period much short of
+the millennium; and not a development only, but a wide diffusion.
+Chadband--where is he? If he exists, he has assumed a less offensive
+form than when he ate muffins and sniveled inanity in Mrs. Snagsby's
+back room. Where are Thackeray's snobs? They, too, have not ceased to
+be, for the foible which he satirized is an integral part of human
+nature, which can be ennobled, not eradicated. Strangers, however, do
+not often observe those violent and crude manifestations of it which
+Thackeray describes; and there seems a likelihood of the "Book of Snobs"
+meeting the fate of Adam Smith's "Wealth of Nations," which made itself
+obsolete by accomplishing its purposes. Beer still flows redundant in
+every part of the British Empire. Nevertheless, there is here and there
+a person who has discovered how much more can be got out of life by
+avoiding stimulation. A decided advance must have been made toward
+tolerance of opinion when men can be borne to honorable burial in
+Westminster Abbey whose opinions were at variance with those which built
+and sustain the edifice. Chadbandom feebly protests, but no man regards
+it.
+
+[Illustration: Term Time. (George Cruikshank, 1827.)]
+
+There are men still alive who remember the six-bottle period and all its
+strenuous vulgarities, the period when the whole strength of the empire
+was put forth in the Bonaparte wars. William Chambers, who was born when
+George Cruikshank was a boy of eight, speaks of those years as a time of
+universal violence. Children, ruled by violence at home and by cruelty
+at school, pummeled and bullied one another in turn, besides practicing
+habitual cruelty toward birds and beasts, hunting cats, pelting dogs,
+plundering birds' nests. He tells us of a carter who used to turn out
+his horses to die on the common of his native town, where the boys, in
+the sight of the people, and without being admonished by them, would
+daily amuse themselves by stoning the helpless creatures till they had
+battered the life out of them. The news that roused the people was all
+of bloodshed on land and sea. The only pleasures that were held to be
+entirely worthy of men were hard riding and deep drinking. Those diaries
+of persons who flourished in the first half of George Cruikshank's life,
+of which so many volumes have been published lately--those, for example,
+of Moore, Greville, Jerdan, and Young--what are they but a monotonous
+record of dinner anecdotes? Marryat's novels preserve a popular
+exhibition of that fighting age, and we perceive from his memoirs that
+he did not exaggerate its more savage characteristics. Several of his
+most brutal incidents were transcripts from his own experience.
+
+Comic art, which the amelioration of manners has purified, has done much
+in its turn to strengthen and diffuse that amelioration. Isaac
+Cruikshank was among the last of the old school. He seems to have kept
+his pencil on hire, for we have caricatures of his on all sides of the
+politics of his time, from conservative to radical. In 1795 he
+represented William Pitt as the royal extinguisher putting out the flame
+of sedition; but in 1797 he exhibited the same minister in the character
+of a showman deceiving the people with regard to the condition of the
+country. "Observe," says "Billy," "what a busy scene presents itself.
+The ports are filled with shipping, riches are flowing in from every
+quarter." But the countrymen standing around declare that they can see
+nothing but "a woide plain with some mountains and mole-hills upon't,"
+and conjecture that the fine things which Billy sees must be behind one
+of the mole-hills. During the same year we find him caricaturing Fox,
+the leader of the Opposition, as having laid a train for the purpose of
+blowing up the Constitution, and then leaving to others the risk of
+touching it off. On both sides of the Irish questions of his day he
+employed his pencil, ridiculing in some pictures the Irish discontents,
+and in others the measures proposed by ministers for quieting them. When
+the old king was losing his reason, he drew him as a "farthing
+rush-light," around which were the Prince of Wales, Fox, Sheridan, and
+their friends, all trying to blow out the flickering flame. At length,
+in 1810, he caricatured the Burdett riots in a manner to please the most
+"advanced" radical. This picture, however, may have been a tribute to
+the mere audacity of the member for Westminster, who barricaded his
+house for four days against the officers of the House of Commons ordered
+to arrest him.
+
+It was while Isaac Cruikshank was occasionally drawing such caricatures
+as these that he "kindly allowed" his son George, "a mere boy," to "play
+at etching on some of his copper-plates." The first real work done by
+the lad was of a very modest character, but he speaks of them in a way
+to make us regret that even they should have been lost. "Many of my
+first productions, such as half-penny lottery books and books for little
+children, can never be known or seen, having been destroyed long, long
+ago by the dear little ones who had them to play with."
+
+Men who write so of little children that tore up their picture-books
+seventy years before are not formed for the strife of politics. George
+Cruikshank early in life withdrew from political caricature, but not
+before he had executed a few pictures of which he might reasonably boast
+in his old age, after time had justified their severity. This aged
+artist, who has lived to see the laws repealed which restricted the
+importation of grain into England, was just coming of age when those
+laws were passed, and he expressed his opinion of them in a caricature
+called "The Blessings of Peace; or, The Curse of the Corn Bill." It was
+in 1815--the year that consigned Bonaparte to St. Helena, and gave peace
+to Europe. A vessel laden with grain has arrived from a foreign port,
+and the supercargo, holding out a handful, says, "Here is the best for
+fifty shillings." But on the shore stands a store-house filled with
+home-grown grain, tight shut, in front of which is a group of British
+land-owners, one of whom waves the foreign trader away, saying: "We
+won't have it at any price. We are determined to keep up our own to
+eighty shillings, and if the poor can't buy it at that price, why, they
+must starve." The foreign grain is thrown overboard, while a starving
+family looks on, and the father says, "No, no, masters, I'll not starve,
+but quit my native country, where the poor are crushed by those they
+labor to support, and retire to one more hospitable, and where the arts
+of the rich do not interpose to defeat the providence of God."
+
+Such is the Protective System: an interested few, having the ear of the
+Government, thriving at the expense of the many who have not the ear of
+the Government! This young man saw the point in 1815 as clearly as
+Cobden, Peel, or Mill in 1846.
+
+In the same year he aimed a caricature at the ministry who took off the
+income tax, and lessened the taxes upon property without diminishing
+those which bore more directly upon the poor. Many pictures in a similar
+spirit followed; but while he was still a young man he followed the bent
+of his disposition, and has ever since employed his pencil in what his
+great master Hogarth once styled "moral comedies," wherein humor appears
+as the ally and teacher of morals.
+
+John Doyle, who reigned next in the shop-windows of Great Britain, and
+continued to bear sway for twenty years--1829 to 1849--was not known by
+name to the generation which he amused. It chanced one day that two I's,
+in a printing-office where he was, stood close to two D's, and he
+observed that the conjunction formed a figure resembling HB. He adopted
+this as the mark or signature of his caricatures, and consequently he
+was always spoken of as H. B. down to the time of his death, which
+occurred about the year 1869. He, too, shared the spirit of the better
+time. Collectors number his published caricatures at nine hundred and
+seventeen, which have been re-issued in eleven volumes; but in none of
+his works is there any thing of the savage vulgarity of the caricatures
+produced during the Bonaparte wars. It was a custom with English
+print-sellers to keep port-folios of his innocent and amusing pictures
+to let out by the evening to families about to engage in the arduous
+work of entertaining their friends at dinner. He excelled greatly in his
+portraits, many of which, it is said by contemporaries, are the best
+ever taken of the noted men of that day, and may be safely accepted as
+historical. Brougham, Peel, O'Connell, Hume, Russell, Palmerston, and
+others appear in his works as they were in their prime, with little
+distortion or exaggeration, the humor of the pictures being in the
+situation portrayed. Thus, after a debate in which allusion was made to
+an ancient egg anecdote, HB produced a caricature in which the leaders
+of parties were drawn as hens sitting upon eggs. The whole interest of
+the picture lies in the speaking likenesses of the men. An air of
+refinement pervades his designs. His humor is not aggressive. It was
+remarked at the time in the _Westminster Review_ that the great hits of
+Gillray, on being put up for the first time in Mrs. Humphrey's window,
+were received by the crowd with shouts of approval, but that the
+kindlier humor of HB only elicited silent smiles.
+
+[Illustration: Box in a New York Theatre in 1830.
+
+"I observed in the front row of a dress box a lady performing the most
+maternal office possible, several gentlemen without their coats, and a
+general air of contempt for the decencies of life, certainly more than
+usually revolting."--MRS. TROLLOPE, _Domestic Manners of the Americans_,
+vol. ii., p. 194.]
+
+Doubtless the war passion that raged throughout Christendom in Gillray's
+day had much to do with the warmth of applause which his works called
+forth. But, in truth, the vulgar portion of mankind appear to have a
+certain relish of an effective thrust, no matter who may writhe. HB was
+seldom severer than in his picture called "Handwriting on the Wall," in
+which "Silly Billy" (as William IV. was familiarly styled) is seen
+reading a placard headed "Reform Bill," and muttering, "Reform _Bill_?
+Can that mean me?" Most of his pieces turn upon incidents or phases of
+politics which would require many words to recall, and then scarcely
+interest a reader of to-day. A caricature, as before remarked, is made
+to be seen; it is a thing of the moment, and for the moment, and when
+that moment is passed, it must be of exceptional quality to bear revival
+in words.
+
+Seeing caricatures from childhood has induced a habit in many persons of
+surveying life in the spirit of caricature, and has developed some
+tolerable private wielders of the satiric pencil. Mrs. Trollope was,
+perhaps, a case in point. Her volumes upon the "Domestic Manners of the
+Americans," the literary sensation of 1832, were illustrated by a dozen
+or more of very amusing caricatures, some of which were fair hits, and
+were of actual service in improving popular manners. There are persons
+still alive who remember hearing the cry of "Trollope! Trollope!" raised
+in our theatres when a man ventured to take off his coat on a hot night,
+or sat with his feet too high in the air.[39] Her whole work, pictures
+and all, was a purposed political caricature, as she frankly confesses
+in her preface, where she says that her chief object was to warn her
+countrymen of "the jarring tumult and universal degradation which
+invariably follow the wild scheme of placing all the power of the State
+in the hands of the populace." She was, besides, exceedingly
+uncomfortable during her three years' residence in the United States,
+except when she was so happy as to be served by slaves. "On entering a
+slave State," she remarks, "I was immediately comfortable and at my
+ease, and felt that the intercourse between me and those who served me
+was profitable to both parties and painful to neither."
+
+[Footnote 39: "In the pit [of the Chatham Theatre, New York] persons
+pulled off their coats in order to be cool.... Gentlemen keep their hats
+on in the boxes, and in the pit they make themselves in every respect
+comfortable."--_Travels through North America during the Years 1825 and
+1826_, p. 145, by his Highness Bernhard, Duke of Saxe-Weimar-Eisenach.]
+
+Besides the specimen of her caricaturing powers given in this chapter,
+there are several others which have, at least, some interest as
+curiosities of insular judgment. Mrs. Trollope, the daughter of a
+clergyman of the English Church, and the wife of an English lawyer of
+aristocratic family, entered the United States, in 1827, by the
+Mississippi, and spent a year or two in its newly settled valley. She
+saw the Western people engaged in a life-and-death struggle with untamed
+nature--the forest, wild men and beasts, the swamp, the flood, the
+fever, a trying climate, and interminable distances. A partial conquest
+had been won. Some fair towns had risen. A few counties were subdued.
+The log school-house was a familiar object. To a mind of continental
+compass, although Western life was still rough, rude, and haggard, the
+prospect was hopeful; it was evident that civilization was winning the
+day, and was destined, in the course of a century or two, to make the
+victory complete. The worst that a person of liberal mind could say, or
+can now say, of such a scene, would be this: "See what it costs to
+transplant human families from the parish to the wilderness!"
+
+Even cabbage plants wither when only transferred from the hot-bed to the
+garden; but the transplanting of families from the organized society of
+an old country to a wild new land is a process under which all sicken,
+many degenerate, and many die.
+
+[Illustration: Seymour's Conception of Mr. Winkle before that Hunter
+appeared in "Pickwick." (Seymour's Sketches, 1834.)
+
+"Vot, eighteen shillings for that ere little pig? Vy, I could buy it in
+town for seven any day!"]
+
+Our curate's daughter, on the contrary, after a long and close survey of
+this interesting scene, could only discover that life on the banks of
+the Ohio, in the twentieth year of their settlement, was neither as
+pleasant, nor as graceful, nor as elegant, nor as clean, nor as
+convenient as it is in an English village; and this discovery she
+communicated to the world in two volumes, 12mo, with sixteen
+illustrations, very much to the satisfaction of many English readers.
+This worthy and gifted lady, mother of worthy and gifted children, was
+utterly baffled in her attempts to account for the rudeness of Western
+life. Provisions, she says, were abundant in Cincinnati, as many as four
+thousand pigs being advertised sometimes by one man. The very gutters of
+the town ran blood--the blood of cheap innumerable swine. But "the total
+and universal want of manners, both in males and females, is so
+remarkable that I was constantly endeavoring to account for it." The
+people, she thought, had clear and active intellects; their conversation
+was often weighty and instructive, occasionally dull, but never silly.
+What an unaccountable thing, then, it was that these dealers in the pig
+and slayers of the bear, these subduers of the wilderness and conquerors
+of Tecumseh, should not bow with courtly grace, and converse with the
+elegance and ease of Holland House! "There is no charm, no grace, in
+their conversation," she laments. "I very seldom, during my whole stay
+in the country, heard a sentence elegantly turned and correctly
+pronounced from the lips of an American."
+
+Such a thing it is to be brought up in an island! Her volumes, however,
+are to this day entertaining, and not devoid of historical value. There
+is here and there a passage which some of us could still read with
+profit, and her misinterpretations are not much more insular and
+perverse than those of Dickens. No one, indeed, yet knows much of this
+mystery of transplanting, in which lies hidden the explanation of
+America.
+
+Her first caricature, entitled "Ancient and Modern Republics," is in two
+scenes. An Ancient Republic is represented as a noble Greek, crowned
+with flowers, reclining upon a lounge, one hand resting upon the strings
+of a lyre, and the other gracefully holding up a beautiful cup, into
+which a lovely maiden is squeezing the juice from a luxuriant bunch of
+grapes. A Modern Republic figures as a Western bar-room politician, with
+his hat over his eyes, his heels upon the table, a tumbler in his hand,
+a decanter within reach, and a plug of tobacco at its side. We have next
+a picture of a "Philosophical Millinery Store" at New Orleans, in which
+Mrs. Trollope delineated an astounding event--"My being introduced _in
+form_ to a milliner!" She, a curate's daughter, introduced to a maker of
+bonnets, who actually proved to be a gifted and intelligent lady! A
+"Cincinnati Ball-room" reveals to us twenty-two ladies sitting close to
+the walls, the floor vacant, and all the men gormandizing at a table in
+the next room, leaving the ladies to a "sad and sulky repast" of trash
+in plates held on their laps. Then we are favored with a view of a young
+lady who is making a shirt, but is ashamed to pronounce the name of the
+garment in the presence of a man, and calls it pillow-case. Whereupon he
+says, "Now that passes, Miss Clarissa! 'Tis a pillow-case for a giant,
+then. Shall I guess, miss?" To which she sweetly replies, "Quit, Mr.
+Smith; behave yourself, or I'll certainly be affronted."
+
+Another picture represents some ladies about to enter a gallery of art
+at Philadelphia, in which were exhibited several antique statues. The
+old woman in attendance says: "Now, ma'am, _now_! this is just the time
+for you. Nobody can see you. Make haste!" Mrs. Trollope stared at her
+with astonishment, and asked her what she meant. "Only, ma'am," was the
+reply, "that the ladies like to go into _that_ room by themselves, when
+there be no gentlemen watching them." Another picture presents to us an
+American citizen of "the highest standing" returning from market at 6
+A.M. with a huge basket of vegetables on one arm and a large ham carried
+in the other hand. A still more marvelous picture is given. Mr. Owen,
+father of Robert Dale Owen, challenged debate on his assertion that all
+the religions ever promulgated were equally false and pernicious. A
+clergyman having accepted the challenge, the debate was continued during
+fifteen sessions. But what amazed Mrs. Trollope was that Mr. Owen was
+listened to with respect! Nothing was thrown at him. The benches were
+not torn up. Another marvel was that neither of the disputants lost his
+temper, but they remained excellent friends, and dined together every
+day with the utmost gayety and cordiality. All this must have seemed
+strange indeed to the doting daughter of a State Church whose belief was
+regulated by act of Parliament.
+
+[Illustration: Probable Suggestion of the Fat Boy of the "Pickwick
+Papers." (Seymour's Sketches, 1834.)
+
+"Walked twenty miles overnight; up before peep o' day again; got a
+capital place; fell fast asleep; tide rose up to my knees; my hat was
+changed, my pockets pick't, and a fish run away with my hook; dreamt of
+being on a polar expedition and having my toes frozen."]
+
+A famous contemporary of John Doyle and Mrs. Trollope was Robert
+Seymour, who will be long remembered for his co-operation with Charles
+Dickens in the production of the first numbers of "Pickwick." Nothing
+can be more certain than that this unfortunate artist, who died by his
+own hand just before the second number of the work was issued, did
+actually suggest the idea which the genius of Dickens developed into the
+"Pickwick Papers." While Dickens was still in the reporters' gallery of
+the House of Commons, Seymour had attained a shop-window celebrity by a
+kind of picture of which the English people seem never to be able to get
+enough--caricatures of Londoners attempting country sports. It appears
+to be accepted as an axiom in England that a man capable of conducting
+business successfully becomes an absurd and ludicrous object the moment
+he gets upon a horse or fires at a bird. It seems to be taken for
+granted that horsemanship and hunting belong to the feudal system, and
+are strictly entailed in county families. But as a man is supposed to
+rank in fashionable circles according to his mastery of those arts,
+great numbers of young men, it seems, live but to attempt feats
+impossible except to inherited skill. Here is the field for such artists
+as Robert Seymour, "For whose use," as Mr. Dickens wrote, "I put in Mr.
+Winkle expressly," and who drew "that happy portrait of the founder of
+the Pickwick Club by which he is always recognized, and which may be
+said to have made him a reality." Perhaps as many as a third of the
+comic pictures published at that period were in the Winkle vein.
+
+[Illustration: MANNERS and CVSTOMS of ye ENGLYSHE in 1849
+
+A Weddynge BREAKFASTE.
+
+(Richard Doyle, 1849.)]
+
+Upon looking over the sketches of Robert Seymour, which used to appear
+from time to time in the windows--price threepence--while Boz was
+getting _his_ "Sketches" through the press, we perceive that Dickens
+really derived fruitful hints from this artist, besides the original
+suggestion of the work. Mr. Winkle is recognizable in several of them;
+Mr. Pickwick's figure occurs occasionally; the Fat Boy is distinctly
+suggested; the famous picnic scene is anticipated; and there is much in
+the spirit of the pictures to remind us that among the admiring crowd
+which they attracted, the author of "Pickwick" might often have been
+found. Seymour, however, gave him only hints. In every instance he has
+made the suggested character or incident absolutely his own. Seymour
+only supplied a piece of copper, which the alchemy of genius turned into
+gold. In Dickens's broadest and most boisterous humor there are ever a
+certain elegance and refinement of tone that are wanting in Seymour,
+Seymour's cockney hunters being persons of the Tittlebat Titmouse grade,
+who long ago ceased to amuse and began to offend.
+
+Seymour's discovery, in the first numbers of "Pickwick," that it was the
+author, not the artist, who was to dominate a work which was his own
+conception and long-cherished dream, was probably among the causes of
+his fatal despair. When he first mentioned to Chapman & Hall his scheme
+of a Cockney Club ranging over England, he was a popular comic artist of
+several years' standing, and Charles Dickens was a name unknown. Nor was
+it supposed to be of so very much consequence who should write the
+descriptive matter. The firm closed the bargain with Mr. Seymour without
+having bestowed a thought upon the writer; and when they had suggested
+the unknown "Boz," and procured a copy of his "Sketches" by way of
+recommendation, Mrs. Seymour's remark was that, though she could not see
+any humor in his writings herself, yet he might do as well as another,
+and fifteen pounds a month to a poor and struggling author would be a
+little fortune. To a sensitive and ambitious man, made morbid by various
+hard usage such as the men who delight the world often undergo, it must
+have been a cutting disappointment to be asked, in the infancy of an
+enterprise which he deemed peculiarly his own, to put aside an
+illustration that he had prepared, and make another to suit the fancies
+of a subordinate. It was like requiring a star actor to omit his
+favorite and most special "business" in order to afford a member of the
+company an opportunity to shine.
+
+The biographer of Mr. Dickens is naturally reluctant to admit the social
+insignificance in London, forty years ago, of a "struggling author," and
+he is grossly abusive of Mr. N. P. Willis for describing his hero as he
+appeared at this stage of his career. Mr. Willis visited him at a dismal
+building in Holborn, in company with one of Mr. Dickens's publishers,
+and he gave a brief account of what he saw, which doubtless was the
+exact truth. Willis was a faithful chronicler of the minutiae of a scene.
+He was a stickler for having the small facts correct. "We pulled up," he
+wrote, "at the entrance of a large building used for lawyers' chambers.
+I followed by a long flight of stairs to an upper story, and was ushered
+into an uncarpeted and bleak-looking room, with a deal table, two or
+three chairs, and a few books, a small boy and Mr. Dickens, for the
+contents. I was only struck at first with one thing (and I made a
+memorandum of it that evening as the strongest instance I had seen of
+English obsequiousness to employers)--the degree to which the poor
+author was overpowered with the honor of his publisher's visit." He
+describes Dickens as dressed rather in the Swiveller style, though
+without Richard's swell look: hair close cropped, clothes jaunty and
+scant, "the very personification of a close sailer to the wind." There
+is nothing in this discreditable to the "poor author," and nothing which
+a person who knew London then would deem improbable. Is it not a
+principle imbedded in the constitution of Britons that the person who
+receives money in small amounts for work and labor done is the party
+obliged, and must stand hat in hand before him who pays it?
+
+Whoever shall truly relate the history of the people of Great Britain in
+the nineteenth century will not pass by in silence the publication of
+"Pickwick." Cruikshank, Seymour, and Irving, as well as the humorists of
+other times, had nourished and molded the genius of Dickens; but, like
+all the masters in art, he so far transcended his immediate teachers
+that, even in what he most obviously derived from them, he was original.
+And it is he, not they, who is justly hailed as the founder of that
+benign school of comic art which gives us humor without coarseness, and
+satire without ill nature. It is "Pickwick" that marks the era, and the
+sole interest which Seymour's sketches now possess is in showing us from
+what Charles Dickens departed when he founded the Pickwick Club.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER XXIV.
+
+COMIC ART IN "PUNCH."
+
+
+[Illustration: The Boy who chalked up "No Popery!" and then ran
+away!--Lord John Russell and the Bill for Preventing the Assumption of
+Ecclesiastical Titles by Roman Catholics. (John Leech, in _Punch_.)
+
+Explanation by Earl Russell in 1874: "The object of that bill was merely
+to _assert_ the supremacy of the Crown. It was never intended to
+prosecute.... Accordingly a very clever artist represented me in a
+caricature as a boy who had chalked up 'No Popery' upon a wall, and then
+ran away. This was a very fair joke.... When my object had been gained,
+I had no objection to the repeal of the bill."--_Recollections and
+Suggestions_, p. 210.]
+
+One happy consequence of the new taste was the publication of _Punch_,
+which has been ever since the chief vehicle of caricature in England. As
+long as caricature was a thing of the shop-windows only, its power was
+restricted within narrow limits. Since the founding of _Punch_, in 1841,
+about two years after the conclusion of the "Pickwick Papers,"
+caricature has become an element in periodical literature, from which it
+will perhaps never again be separated. And it is the pictures in this
+celebrated paper which have prolonged its life to this day. It owes its
+success chiefly to artists. There was and is an error in the scheme of
+the work which would have been speedily fatal to it but for the
+ever-welcome pictures of Richard Doyle, John Leech, John Tenniel, Du
+Maurier, and their companions.
+
+[Illustration: John Leech.]
+
+One of the rarest products of the human mind is a joke so good that it
+remains good when the occasion that gave rise to it is past. Probably
+the entire weekly harvest of wit and humor gathered from the whole earth
+would not fill a number of _Punch_ with "good things;" and if it did, no
+one could enjoy so many all at once, and the surfeit would sicken and
+disgust. The mere sitting-down for the purpose of being funny in a
+certain number of lines or pages is death to the comic powers; and hence
+it is that a periodical to which nearly the whole humorous talent of
+England has contributed is sometimes dull in its reading, and we wonder
+if there can be in any quarter of the globe a person so bereft of the
+means of entertainment as to get quite through one number. Once or
+twice a year, however, _Punch_ originates a joke which goes round the
+world, and remains part of the common stock of that countless host who
+are indebted to their memory for their jests.
+
+But the pictures are almost always amusing, and often delightful. The
+artists have the whole scene of human life, public and private, to draw
+from, and they are able by their pencils to vividly reproduce the
+occasions that gave birth to their jokes.
+
+[Illustration: Preparatory School for Young Ladies. (John Leech,
+"Follies of the Year," London, 1852.)]
+
+In looking over the long series of political caricatures by Leech and
+Tenniel, which now go back thirty-three years, we are struck, first of
+all, by the simplicity of the means which they usually employ for giving
+a comic aspect to the political situation. They reduce cabinet ministers
+and other dignitaries many degrees in the social scale, exhibiting them
+as footmen, as boys, as policemen, as nurses, as circus performers, so
+that a certain comic effect is produced, even if the joke should go no
+further. Of late years Mr. Tenniel has often reversed this device with
+fine effect by raising mundane personages to celestial rank, and
+investing them with a something more than a travesty of grandeur. It is
+remarkable how unfailing these simple devices are to amuse. Whether Mr.
+Leech presents us with Earl Russell as a small foot-boy covered with
+buttons, or Mr. Tenniel endows Queen Victoria with the majestic mien of
+Minerva, the public is well pleased, and desires nothing additional but
+a few apt words explanatory of the situation. But, simple as these
+devices may be, it is only a rarely gifted artist that can use them with
+effect. Between the sublime and the ridiculous there is a whole step;
+but in comic art there is but a hair's-breadth between the happy and the
+flat.
+
+Lord Brougham was supposed to be courting the conservatives when Leech
+began to caricature. The superserviceable zeal of the ex-chancellor was
+hit very happily in a circus scene, in which the Duke of Wellington
+figures as the ring-master, Brougham as the clown, and Sir Robert Peel
+as the rider. The clown says to the ring-master, "Now, Mr. Wellington,
+is there any thing I can run for to fetch--for to come--for to go--for
+to carry--for to bring--for to take?" etc. In another picture the same
+uneasy spirit, restive under his titled and pensioned nothingness,
+appears as "Henry asking for _more_." Again we have him dancing with the
+Wool-sack, which is explained by the words, "The Polka, a new Dance,
+introducing the old Double Shuffle." And again we see him in a tap-room,
+smoking a pipe, with a pot of beer on the table, looking on with
+complacency while Mr. Roebuck bullies an Irish member. Brougham says,
+"Go it, my little Roebuck! Bless his little heart! _I_ taught him to
+bounce like that."
+
+[Illustration: The Quarrel.--England and France. (John Leech, 1845.)
+
+ _Master Wellington._ "You're too good a judge to hit me, you are!"
+ _Master Joinville._ "Am I?"
+ _Master Wellington._ "Yes, you are."
+ _Master Joinville._ "Oh, am I?"
+ _Master Wellington._ "Yes, you are."
+ _Master Joinville._ "Ha!"
+ _Master Wellington._ "Ha!"
+ [Moral--_And they don't fight, after all._]]
+
+Russell, Peel, Wellington, O'Connell, and Louis Philippe were other
+personages whom Mr. Punch often caricatured at that period of his
+existence, and he generally presented them in a manner that still
+coincides with public feeling in England, and was probably not
+disagreeable to the men themselves at the time. One of Leech's hits was
+a picture designed to ridicule certain utterances of the Prince de
+Joinville concerning the possible invasion of England in 1845, when some
+irritating conduct of the French ministry had been met by Wellington
+with good temper and firmness. The prince, as a boy, is "squaring off,"
+with a great show of fight, at the duke, who stands with his hands in
+his pockets, not defiant, but serene and watchful. This picture is
+perfectly in the English taste. Leech liked to show great Britannia as
+infinitely able to fight, and not so very unwilling, but firmly resolved
+not to do so unless compelled by honor or necessity.
+
+In these sixty-nine volumes of _Punch_ there is much of the history of
+our time which words alone could not have preserved. We can trace in
+them the progress of ideas, of measures, and of men. The changes in
+public feeling are exhibited which enabled Cobden and Peel to strike
+from British industry the gilt fetters of protection, for _Punch_ is
+only another name for Public Opinion. These pictures have a particular
+interest for us, since we are to travel the same road in due time, and
+thus, at length, give Great Britain a rival in the markets of the world.
+Nothing could be better than Mr. Leech's picture showing Sir Robert Peel
+as the "Deaf Postilion." In a debate on the Corn Laws he had said, "I
+shall still pursue steadily that course which my conscience tells me I
+should take; let you and those opposite pursue what course you think
+right." The picture shows us a post-chaise, the body of which has become
+detached from the fore-wheels--a mishap which the deaf postilion does
+not discover, but goes trotting along as though his horses were still
+drawing the load. The chaise, named Protection, is occupied by Tory
+lords, who shout in vain to the deaf postilion. Again, we have Disraeli
+as a viper biting the file, Sir Robert. Leech continued his effective
+support of the movement until the victory was won, when he designed a
+monument to the victor, consisting of a pyramid of large cheap loaves of
+bread crowned by the name of Peel.
+
+The Puseyite imbecility was as effectively satirized by Leech in 1849 as
+the ritualistic imitation has recently been by Tenniel. American slavery
+came in for just rebuke. As a retort to "some bunkum" in the American
+press in 1848, Mr. Leech drew a picture of Liberty lashing a negro,
+while Jonathan, with rifle on his arm, cigar in his mouth, and bottle at
+his side, says, "Oh, ain't we a deal better than other folks! I guess
+we're a most a splendid example to them thunderin' old monarchies." The
+language is wrong, of course; no American ever said "a deal better."
+English attempts at American slang are always incorrect. But the satire
+was deserved. Leech was far from sparing his own country. Some readers
+must remember the pair of pictures by Leech, in 1849, entitled
+"Pin-money" and "Needle-money," one exhibiting a young lady's boudoir
+filled with luxurious and costly objects, and the other a poor
+needle-woman in her garret of desolation, sewing by the light of a
+solitary candle upon a shirt for which she is to receive three
+half-pence. In a similar spirit was conceived a picture presenting two
+objects often seen in agricultural fairs in England--a "Prize Peasant"
+and a "Prize Pig:" the first rewarded for sixty years of virtuous toil
+by a prize of two guineas, the owner of the fat pig being recompensed by
+an award of three guineas.
+
+Toward Louis Napoleon _Punch_ gradually relented. At first Mr. Leech
+gave just and strong expression to the world's contempt for that
+unparalleled charlatan; but as he became powerful, and seemed to be
+useful to Great Britain, _Punch_ treated him with an approach to
+respect. A similar change toward Mr. Disraeli is observable. Seldom
+during the first fifteen years of his public life was he presented in a
+favorable light. Upon his retirement from office in 1853, Leech
+satirized his malevolent attacks upon the new ministry very happily by a
+picture in which he appears as a crossing-sweeper spattering mud upon
+Lord Russell and his colleagues. "Won't give me any thing, won't you?"
+says the sweeper: "then take _that_!" Nor did the admirable Leech fail
+to mark the public sense of Disraeli's silence during the long debates
+upon the bill giving to English Jews some of the rights of citizenship.
+In his whole public career there is nothing harder to forgive than that
+ignoble and unnecessary abstinence. During the last few years Mr.
+Disraeli has won by sheer persistence a certain solidity of position in
+English politics, and _Punch_ pays him the respect due to a person who
+represents a powerful and patriotic party.
+
+One quality of the _Punch_ caricatures is worthy of particular regard:
+they are rarely severe, and never scurrilous. The men for whom Mr. Leech
+entertained an antipathy, such as O'Connell, O'Brien, Brougham, and
+others, were usually treated in a manner that could not have painfully
+wounded their self-love. We observe even in the more incisive works of
+Gillray a certain boisterous good-humor that often made their satire
+amusing to the men satirized. Mr. Rush, American minister in London in
+1818, describes a dinner party at Mr. Canning's, at which the minister
+exhibited to his guests albums and scrap-books of caricature in which he
+was himself very freely handled. Fox and Burke, we are told, visited the
+shop where Gillray's caricatures were sold, and while buying the last
+hit at themselves would bandy jests with Mrs. Humphrey, the publisher.
+Burke winced a little under the lash, but the robuster and larger Fox
+was rarely disturbed, and behaved in the shop with such winning courtesy
+that Mrs. Humphrey pronounced him the peerless model of a gentleman.
+_Punch_, likewise, does not appear to irritate the men whom he
+caricatures. Lord Brougham used to laugh at the exceedingly ugly
+countenance given him by Leech, and to say that the artist, unable to
+hit his likeness, was obliged to designate him by his checked trousers.
+Lord Russell, as we see, does not object to Leech's delineations; and
+Palmerston, long a favorite with the _Punch_ artists, may well have been
+content with their handsome treatment of him.
+
+During the last fifteen years Mr. Tenniel has oftenest supplied the
+political cartoon of _Punch_. His range is not so wide as that of Leech,
+but within his range he is powerful indeed. He has produced some
+pictures which for breadth, strength, aptness, good feeling, and finish
+have rarely been equaled in their kind. He gives us sometimes such an
+impression of his power as we fancy Michael Angelo might have done if he
+had amused himself by drawings reflecting upon the politics of his time.
+If, as the _Quarterly Review_ lately remarked, Tenniel's pictures are
+often something less than caricature, being wanting in the exuberant
+humor of his predecessors, we can also say that they are frequently much
+more than caricature. Mr. Tenniel was an artist of repute, and had
+furnished a cartoon for the Westminster Parliament-house before he
+became identified with _Punch_.
+
+[Illustration: "Obstructives." (John Tenniel, 1870.)
+
+_Mr. Punch_ (to Bull A 1). "Yes, it's all very well to say 'Go to
+school!' How are they to go to school with those people quarreling in
+the door-way? Why don't you make 'em 'move on?'"]
+
+In common with John Leech and the ruling class of England generally, Mr.
+Tenniel was so unfortunate as to misinterpret the civil war in America.
+He was almost as much mistaken as to its nature and significance as some
+of our own politicians, who had not his excuse of distance from the
+scene. He began well, however. His "Divorce a Vinculo," published in
+January, 1861, when the news of the secession of South Carolina reached
+England, was too flattering to the North, though correct as to the
+attitude of the South. "Mrs. Carolina asserts her Right to 'larrup' her
+Nigger" was a rough statement of South Carolina's position, but we can
+not pretend that the Northern States objected from any interest they
+felt in the colored boy. On the part of the North it was simply a war
+for self-preservation. It was as truly such as if Scotland or Ireland,
+or both of them, had seceded from England in 1803, when the Peace of
+Amiens was broken, and the English people had taken the liberty to
+object. Again, Mr. Tenniel showed good feeling in admonishing Lord
+Palmerston, when the war had begun, to keep Great Britain neutral.
+"Well, Pam," says Mr. Punch to his workman, "of course I shall keep you
+on, but you must stick to _peace_-work." Nor could we object to the
+picture in May, 1861, of Mr. Lincoln's poking the fire and filling the
+room with particles of soot, saying, with downcast look, "What a nice
+White House this would be if it were not for the Blacks!"
+
+[Illustration: Jeddo and Belfast; or, A Puzzle for Japan. (John Tenniel,
+in _Punch_, 1872.)
+
+_Japanese Embassador._ "Then these people, your Grace, I suppose, are
+heathen?"
+
+_Archbishop of Canterbury._ "On the contrary, your Excellency; those are
+among our most enthusiastic religionists."]
+
+But from that time to the end of the war all was misapprehension and
+perversity. In July, 1861, "Naughty Jonathan," an ill-favored little boy
+carrying a toy flag, addresses the majesty of Britain thus: "You
+_sha'n't_ interfere, mother--and you ought to be on my side--and it's a
+great shame--and I don't care--and you _shall_ interfere--and I won't
+have it." During the Mason and Slidell imbroglio the Tenniel cartoons
+were not "soothing" to the American mind. "Do what's right, my son,"
+says the burly sailor, Jack Bull, to little Admiral Jonathan, "or I'll
+blow you out of the water." Again, we have a family dinner scene. John
+Bull at the head of the table, and Lord Russell the boy in waiting.
+_Enter_ "Captain Jonathan, F.N.," who says, "Jist looked in to see if
+thar's any rebels he-arr." Upon which Mr. Bull remarks, "Oh, indeed!
+John, look after the plate-basket, and then fetch a policeman." This was
+in allusion to a supposed claim on the part of Mr. Seward of a right to
+search ships for rebel passengers. Then we have Mr. Lincoln as a "coon"
+in a tree, and Colonel Bull aiming his blunderbuss at him. "Air you in
+earnest, colonel?" asks the coon. "I am," replies the mighty Bull.
+"Don't fire," says the coon; "I'll come down." And accordingly Mason and
+Slidell were speedily released. In a similar spirit most of the events
+of the war were treated; and when the war had ended, there was still
+shown in _Punch_, as in the English press generally, the same curious,
+inexplicable, and total ignorance of the feelings of the American
+people. What an inconceivable perversity it was to attribute Mr.
+Sumner's statement of the damage done to the United States by the
+alliance which existed for four years between the owners of England and
+the masters of the South to a Yankee grab for excessive damages! In all
+the long catalogue of national misunderstandings there is none more
+remarkable than this. Mr. Tenniel from the first derided the idea that
+any particular damage had been done by the _Alabama_ and her consorts:
+certainly there was no damage, he thought, upon which a "claim" could be
+founded. "Claim for damages against _me_?" cries big Britannia, in one
+of his pictures of October, 1865. "Nonsense, Columbia; don't be mean
+over money matters."
+
+[Illustration: "At the Church-gate." (Du Maurier, in _Punch_, 1872.)
+
+"So now you've been to church, Ethel! And which part of it all do you
+like best?"
+
+"_This_ part, mamma!"]
+
+All this has now become merely interesting as a curiosity of
+misinterpretation. The American people know something of England through
+her art, her literature, and press; but England has extremely imperfect
+means of knowing us. No American periodical, probably, circulates in
+Great Britain two hundred copies. We have no Dickens, no Thackeray, no
+George Eliot, no _Punch_, to make our best and our worst familiar in the
+homes of Christendom; and what little indigenous literature we have is
+more likely to mislead foreigners than enlighten them. Cooper's men,
+women, and Indians, if they ever existed, exist no more. Mr. Lowell's
+Yankee is extinct. Uncle Tom is now a freeman, raising his own bale of
+cotton. Mark Twain and Bret Harte would hardly recognize their own
+California. It is the literature, the art, and the science of a country
+which make it known to other lands; and we shall have neither of these
+in adequate development until much more of the work is done of smoothing
+off this rough continent, and educating the people that come to us, at
+the rate of a cityful a month, from the continent over the sea. At
+present it is nearly as much as we can do to find spelling-books for so
+many.
+
+To most Americans the smaller pictures of Leech and others in _Punch_,
+which gently satirize the foibles and fashions of the time, are more
+interesting than the political cartoons. How different the life of the
+English people, as exhibited in these thousands of amusing scenes, from
+the life of America! We see, upon turning over a single volume, how much
+more the English play and laugh than we do. It is not merely that there
+is a large class in England who have nothing to do except to amuse
+themselves, but the whole people seem interested in sport, and very
+frequently to abandon themselves to innocent pleasures. Here is a young
+lady in the hunting field in full gallop, who cries gayly to her
+companion, "Come along, Mr. Green; I want a lead at the brook;" which
+makes "Mr. Green think that women have no business in hunting." England
+generally thinks otherwise, and Mr. Punch loves to exhibit his
+countrywomen "in mid-air" leaping a ditch, or bounding across a field
+with huntsmen and hounds about them. He does not object to a hunting
+parson. A churchwarden meets an "old sporting rector" on the road, and
+says, "Tell ye what 'tis, sir, the congregation do wish you wouldn't put
+that 'ere curate up in pulpit; nobody can't hear un." To which the old
+sporting parson on his pony replies, "Well, Blunt, the fact is,
+Tweedler's such a good fellow for parish work, I'm obliged to give him
+_a mount_ sometimes." And in the distance we see poor Tweedler trudging
+briskly along, umbrella in hand, upon some parish errand. Another
+sporting picture shows us three gentlemen at dinner, one of whom is a
+clergyman whose mind is so peculiarly constituted that his thoughts run
+a little upon the duties of his office. Perhaps he is Tweedler himself.
+One of the laymen, a fox-hunter, says to the other, "That was a fine
+forty minutes yesterday." The other replies, "Yes; didn't seem so long
+either." _Punch_ remarks that "the curate is puzzled, and wonders, do
+they refer to his lecture in the school-room?"
+
+[Illustration: An Early Quibble. (Du Maurier, in _Punch_, 1872.)
+
+ _George._ "_There_, Aunt Mary! what do you think of _that_?
+ _I_ drew the horse, and Ethel drew the jockey!"
+ _Aunt Mary._ "H'm! But what would mamma say to your drawing
+ jockeys on a Sunday?"
+ _George._ "Ah, but look here! We've drawn him _riding to
+ church_, you know!"]
+
+And what a part eating and drinking play in English life and English
+art! Every body appears to give dinners occasionally, and all the
+dealers in vegetables seem to stand ready to serve as waiters at five
+shillings for an evening. Food is a common topic of conversation, and
+it is a civility for people to show an interest in one another's
+alimentary pleasures. "Glad to see yer feed so beautiful, Mrs. B----,"
+remarks a portly host to a corpulent lady, his Christmas guest. "Thank
+yer, Mr. J----," says she, with knife and fork at rest and pointing to
+the ceiling; "I'm doin' lovely." Again, old Mr. Brown, entertaining
+young Mr. Green, says, with emphasis, "That wine, sir, has been in my
+cellar four-and-twenty years come last Christmas--four-and-twenty years,
+sir!" To which innocent Mr. Green, anxious to say something agreeable,
+replies, "Has it really, sir? What must it have been when it was new?"
+Little Emily asks her mother, "What is capital punishment?" Master Harry
+replies, "Why, being locked up in the pantry! _I_ should consider it
+so." Even at the theatres, we may infer from some of the pictures, ale
+and porter are handed round between the acts of the play. In one picture
+we see two lovers looking upon the sky; poetical Augustus says, "Look,
+Edith! how lovely are those fleecy cloudlets, dappled over the--" Edith
+(not in a spirit of burlesque) replies, "Yes, 'xactly like gravy when
+it's getting cold--isn't it?" Then we have two gentlemen in the
+enjoyment of a little dinner, one of a long series given in the absence
+of the family at Boulogne. The master of the house receives a telegram.
+He reads it, heaves a deep sigh, and says, dolefully, "It's all up!"
+Bachelor friend asks, "What's the matter?" Paterfamilias replies,
+"Telegram! She says they've arrived safe at Folkestone, and will be
+home about 10.30." No more little dinners. Only a wife and children for
+comfort. And here are two of Mr. Du Maurier's pretty children eating
+slices of bread too thinly spread with jam, and Ethel says, with
+thoughtful earnestness, "I dare say the queen and her courtiers eat a
+whole pot of jam every day, Harry!" There are many hundreds of pictures
+in _Punch_ which show a kind of solemn interest in the repair of wasted
+tissue never seen in this country. It is evident that the English have a
+deep delight in the act of taking sustenance which is to us unknown. Mr.
+Thackeray himself, in speaking of an Englishman's first glass of beer on
+returning home from a long journey in other lands, casts his eyes to
+heaven and gives way to something like enthusiasm.
+
+[Illustration: John Tenniel.]
+
+Many pictures bring into juxtaposition extremes of civilization rarely
+witnessed in America. So many traps are set for ignorance in this
+country that a child can scarcely hope to get by them all, and escape
+into maturity an absolute dolt. Observe this conversation between a
+squire and a villager: "Hobson, they tell me you've taken your boy away
+from the national school. What's that for?" "'Cause the master ain't
+fit to teach un. He wanted to teach my boy to spell taters with a P."
+Here, again, is a scene in a London picture-gallery that presents a
+curious incongruity. A group is standing before one of the works of Ary
+Scheffer, and an East-ender, catalogue in hand, makes this comment upon
+the artist's name: "'Ary Scheffer! Hignorant fellers, these foreigners,
+Bill! Spells 'Enery without the Haitch!" In New York we have doubtless
+people that would be as incongruous as this in such a scene, but they do
+not visit picture-galleries. Nor have we among us a photographer who
+could essay to bring a smile to a sitter's face by saying, "Just look a
+little pleasant, miss: think of _'im_!" It is evident from many hundreds
+of such sketches that there are great numbers of people in England who
+exercise difficult callings, hold responsible positions, dress in silk
+and broadcloth, and are in many particulars accomplished and well
+equipped for the stress of city life, who are destitute of mental
+culture to a degree which is associated in our minds only with squalor
+and degradation.
+
+The spirit of caste, which appears to be only less strong in England
+than in India, affords countless opportunities to English comic art.
+Imagine a coster-monger profusely and laboriously apologizing to a
+well-dressed passer-by for presuming to speak to him in order to let him
+know that his coat-tail is burning: "You'll excuse my addressin' of you,
+sir--common man in a manner of speakin'--gen'leman like you,
+sir--beggin' pardon for takin' the liberty, which I should never 'a
+thought of doin' under ordinary succumstances, sir, only you didn't seem
+to be aware on it, but it struck me as I see you agoin' along as you
+were _afire_, sir!" During the delivery of this apology combustion had
+continued, and Brown's coat-tail was entirely consumed, his box of
+fusees having ignited some seconds before the coster-monger began his
+discourse. A few years ago _Punch_ gave a little "Sea-side Drama" that
+illustrates another phase of the same universal foible. Mrs. De Tomkyns
+to her husband: "Ludovic dear, there's Algernon playing with a strange
+child! Do prevent it." "How on earth am I to prevent it?" "Tell its
+parents Algernon is just recovering from the scarlet fever." Mr. De
+Tomkyns accordingly makes this fictitious statement to the father of the
+obnoxious child, who replies, "It's all right, sir; so's our little
+girl." _Punch_ hits it fairly, too, in a pictured _tete-a-tete_ between
+Mr. Shoddy and Mrs. Sharp. Mr. Shoddy remarks, as he sips his coffee,
+that he never feels safe from the ubiquitous British snob until he is
+south of the Danube. To this Mrs. Sharp responds by asking, "And what do
+the--a--South Danubians say, Mr. Shoddy?"
+
+The moral feeling of the _Punch_ artists is so generally sound that it
+is surprising to find them often taking the wrong and popular side of
+the "conflict of ages" between mistress and maid. But if they usually
+laugh with the mistress and at the maid, they occasionally laugh with
+the maid and at the mistress; and truly the wildest absurdity attributed
+to the British servant seems venial compared with the thoughtless
+arrogance of the typical British mistress. _Punch_ does not wholly
+neglect her morals. Another hundred volumes or so will doubtless bring
+her over to Sydney Smith's opinion, that _all_ the virtues and graces
+are not to be had for seven pounds per annum. It was a happy retort upon
+"No Irish need apply," to present an English servant-girl peremptorily
+leaving a place because she had discovered that the family was Irish,
+alleging that her friends would never forgive her if they knew she had
+lived in an Irish family. The picture, too, is good of a pretty servant
+walking home in the evening behind an elderly and ill-favored lady to
+"protect" her from insult. _Punch_ wishes to know who is to protect the
+pretty girl on her return through London streets alone. We see also from
+numberless pictures that the British mistress deems it her right to
+control the dress of the British maid. When crinoline came in, she
+thought it impudent in a servant to wear it; but when crinoline went
+out, she deemed it no less presuming in her to lay it aside.
+
+For some years past the pictures of children and their ways by Mr. Du
+Maurier have been among the most pleasing efforts of comic art in
+England. There is not the faintest intimation in them of the malevolent
+or sarcastic. All good fathers, all good mothers, and all persons worthy
+to become such, delight in them. They are such pictures as we should
+naturally expect from an artist who was himself the happy father of a
+houseful of happy children, and who consequently looked upon all the
+children of the world in a fond, parental spirit. Surely no Bohemian, no
+hapless dweller in a boarding-house, no desolate frequenter of clubs, no
+one not sharing in the social life of his time, could so delightfully
+represent and minister to it. Du Maurier vindicates the generation that
+has produced Gavarni and Woodhull. He reminds us from week to week that
+children are the sufficient compensation of virtuous existence, worth
+all the rest of its honors and delights.
+
+The recent agitation in England of questions relating to religion has
+not escaped the caricaturist. For two centuries or more the
+caricaturists of Great Britain have been hearty Protestants, though not
+long Puritan, and we still find them laughing at the fulminations of the
+testy old clergyman who lives in the Vatican. Nor have they failed to
+reflect upon the too evident fact that it is the contentions of
+clergymen in England that have blocked the way into the national school.
+The old-fashioned penny broadside, all alive with figures and words, has
+been revived by "Gegeef," to promote the secularization of the schools.
+In one of them all the parties to the controversy are exhibited--the
+candidate for the mastership of a Government school, who "believes in
+Colenso and geology, but don't mind teaching Genesis to oblige;" the
+minister who holds up the text, "One faith, one baptism," but demands
+that the baptism taught should be _his_ baptism; Thomas Paine, too, who
+points to his "Age of Reason," and says, "When you finish, _I_ shall
+have something to say;" the compromiser, who is willing to have Bible
+lessons given in the schools, provided they are given "without comment;"
+and, of course, the radical Bradlaugh, who demands secularization pure
+and simple. The same draughtsman, whose zeal is more manifest than his
+skill, has attempted to show, in various penny sheets, that amidst all
+those sectarian conflicts the one true light for the guidance of
+bewildered men is Science.
+
+The only hit, however, in caricature, which these controversies have
+suggested is the "Soliloquy of a Rationalistic Chicken." It has had
+great currency in England among the clergy, many of whom have assisted
+in spreading it abroad; and even secularists have found it passable--as
+a caricature. Another recent "sensation" was the caricature by Mr. Matt
+Morgan, in the _Tomahawk_, which represented the Prince of Wales
+"_following_" the ghost of his predecessor, George IV. It had a great
+currency at the time, and may have served a good purpose in warning an
+amiable and well-disposed prince to be more careful of appearances.
+
+[Illustration: Soliloquy of a Rationalistic Chicken. (S. J. Stone,
+London, 1873.)
+
+ How do I know I ever _was_ inside?
+ Now I reflect, it is, I do maintain,
+ Less than my reason, and beneath my pride,
+ To think that I could dwell
+ In such a paltry, miserable cell
+ As that old shell.
+ Of course I couldn't! How could _I_ have lain,
+ Body and beak and feathers, legs and wings,
+ And my deep heart's sublime imaginings,
+ In there?
+
+ I meet the notion with profound disdain;
+ It's quite incredible; since I declare
+ (And I'm a chicken that you can't deceive)
+ _What I can't understand I won't believe._
+ What's that I hear?
+ My mother cackling at me! Just her way,
+ So prejudiced and ignorant _I_ say;
+ So far behind the wisdom of the day.
+
+ What's old I _can't_ revere.
+ Hark at her! "You're a silly chick, my dear,
+ That's quite as plain, alack!
+ As is the piece of shell upon your back!"
+ How bigoted! upon my back, indeed!
+ I don't believe it's there,
+ For I can't _see_ it; and I do declare,
+ For all her fond deceivin',
+ _What I can't see, I never will believe in!_]
+
+[Illustration: _The P{****}e of W{***}s to K{**}g G{****}e IV._
+(_loq._). "I'll follow thee!"--MATT MORGAN, in the _Tomahawk_, 1867.]
+
+During the life-time of the venerable Cruikshank comic art in England
+has won the consideration due to a liberal profession, and now enjoys a
+fair share of reward as well as honor. He found the comic artist
+something of a Bohemian; he leaves him a solvent and respectable
+householder. He may have visited Gillray at work in the little room
+behind his publisher's shop; and he doubtless often enjoyed the elegant
+hospitality of John Leech, one of the first in his branch of art to
+attain the solid dignity of a front-door of his own. It is mentioned to
+the credit of Richard Doyle, son of HB, that when he resigned his
+connection with _Punch_ on account of its caricatures of Wiseman and the
+Pope, he gave up an income of eight hundred pounds a year. There is no
+worthy circle in Great Britain where the presence of a Tenniel, a Leech,
+a Du Maurier, a Doyle, or a Cruikshank would not be felt as an honor and
+their society valued as a privilege. England owes them gratitude and
+homage. They have not been always right, but they have nearly always
+meant to be. Nothing malign, nothing unpatriotic, nothing impure,
+nothing mean, has borne their signature; and in a vast majority of
+instances they have led the laughter of their countrymen so that it
+harmonized with humanity and truth.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER XXV.
+
+EARLY AMERICAN CARICATURE.
+
+
+Benjamin Franklin was the first American caricaturist. That propensity
+of his to use pictures whenever he desired to affect strongly the public
+mind was an inheritance from the period when only a very small portion
+of the people could read any other than pictorial language. Among the
+relics of his race preserved in Boston there is an illustrated handbill
+issued by his English uncle Benjamin, after whom he was named, which
+must have been a familiar object to him from the eighth year of his age.
+Uncle Benjamin, a London dyer when James II. fled from England, wishing
+to strengthen the impression made by his printed offer to "dye into
+colors" cloth, silk, and India calico, placed at the head of his bill a
+rude wood-cut of an East Indian queen taking a walk, attended by two
+servants, one bearing her train and the other holding over her an
+umbrella. At the door of his shop, too, in Princes Street, near
+Leicester Fields, a figure of an Indian queen appealed to the passer-by.
+
+Such was the custom of the time. The diffusion of knowledge lessened the
+importance of pictorial representation; but the mere date of Franklin's
+birth--1706--explains in some degree his habitual resort to it. Nearly
+all the ancient books were illustrated in some way, and nearly every
+ancient building appears to have had its "sign." When Franklin was a boy
+in Boston a gilt Bible would have directed him where to buy his books,
+if he had had any money to buy them with. A gilt sheaf probably notified
+him where to get those three historic rolls with which he made his entry
+into Philadelphia. The figure of a mermaid invited the thirsty wayfarer
+to beer, and an anchor informed sailors where sea-stores were to be had.
+The royal lion and unicorn, carved in wood or stone, marked public
+edifices. Over the door of his father's shop, where soap and candles
+were sold, he saw a blue ball, which still exists, bearing the legible
+date 1698. Why a blue ball? He was just the boy to ask the question. A
+lad who could not accept grace before meat without wishing to know why
+it were not better to say grace once for all over the barrel of pork,
+would be likely to inquire what a blue ball had in common with soap and
+candles. His excellent but not gifted sire probably informed him that
+the blue ball was a relic of the time when he had carried on the
+business of a dyer, and that he had continued to use it for his new
+vocation because he "had it in the house." Benjamin, the gifted, was the
+boy to be dissatisfied with this explanation, and to suggest devices
+more in harmony with the industry carried on within, so that the very
+incongruity of his father's sign may have quickened his sense of
+pictorial effect.
+
+Franklin lived long, figured in a great variety of scenes, accomplished
+many notable things, and exhibited versatility of talent--man of
+business, inventor, statesman, diplomatist, philosopher; and in each of
+these characters he was a leader among leaders; but the ruling habit of
+his mind, his _forte_, the talent that he most loved to exercise and
+most relished in others, was humor. He began as a humorist, and he ended
+as a humorist. The first piece of his ever printed and the last piece he
+ever wrote were both satirical: the first, the reckless satire of a
+saucy apprentice against the magnates of his town; the last, the
+good-tempered satire of a richly gifted, benevolent soul, cognizant of
+human weakness, but not despising it, and intent only upon opening the
+public mind to unwelcome truth--as a mother makes a child laugh before
+inserting the medicine spoon. So dominant was this propensity in his
+youthful days, that if he had lived in a place where it had been
+possible to subsist by its exercise, there had been danger of his
+becoming a professional humorist, merging all the powers of his
+incomparable intellect in that one gift.
+
+Imagine Boston in 1722, when this remarkable apprentice began to laugh,
+and to make others laugh, at the oppressive solemnities around him and
+above him. Then, as now, it was a population industrious and moral,
+extremely addicted to routine, habitually frugal, but capable of
+magnificent generosity, bold in business enterprises, valiant in battle,
+but in all the high matters averse to innovation. Then, as now, the
+clergy, a few important families, and Harvard College composed the
+ruling influence, against which it was martyrdom to contend. But then,
+as now, there were a few audacious spirits who rebelled against these
+united powers, and carried their opposition very far, sometimes to a
+wild excess, and thus kept this noblest of towns from sinking into an
+inane respectability. The good, frugal, steady-going, tax-paying
+citizen, who lays in his coal in June and buys a whole pig in December,
+would subdue the world to a vast monotonous prosperity, crushing,
+intolerable, if there were no one to keep him and the public in mind
+that, admirable as he is, he does not exhaust the possibilities of human
+nature. When we examine the portraits of the noted men of New England of
+the first century and a half after the settlement, we observe in them
+all a certain expression of _acquiescence_. There is no audacity in
+them. They look like men who could come home from fighting the French in
+Canada, or from chasing the whale among the icebergs of Labrador, to be
+scared by the menaces of a pontiff like Cotton Mather. They look like
+men who would take it seriously, and not laugh at all, when Cotton
+Mather denounced the Franklins, for poking fun at him in their
+newspaper, as guilty of wickedness without a parallel. "Some good men,"
+said he, "are afraid it may provoke Heaven to deal with this place as
+never any place has yet been dealt withal."
+
+Never was a community in such sore need of caricature and burlesque as
+when James Franklin set up in Boston, in 1721, the first "sensational
+newspaper" of America, the _Courant_, to which his brother Benjamin and
+the other rebels and come-outers of Boston contributed. The Mathers, as
+human beings and citizens of New England, were estimable and even
+admirable; but the interests of human nature demand the suppression of
+pontiffs. These Mathers, though naturally benevolent, and not wanting in
+natural modesty, had attained to such a degree of pontifical arrogance
+as to think _Boston_ in deadly peril because a knot of young fellows in
+a printing-office aimed satirical paragraphs at them. Increase Mather
+called upon the Government to "suppress such a cursed libel," lest "some
+awful judgment should come upon the land, and the wrath of God should
+rise, and there should be no remedy." It is for such men that burlesque
+was made, and the Franklins supplied it in abundance. The _Courant_
+ridiculed them even when they were gloriously in the right. They were
+enlightened enough and brave enough to recommend inoculation, then just
+brought from Turkey by Lady Mary Wortley Montagu. The young doctors who
+wrote for the paper assailed the new system, apparently for no other
+reason than because Increase and Cotton Mather were its chief defenders.
+
+When Benjamin, at the age of sixteen, began to contribute to his
+brother's paper, he aimed at higher game even than the town pontiffs. He
+dared to lampoon Harvard College itself, the temple of learning where
+the clergy were formed, whose precincts he had hoped to tread, his
+father having dedicated this tenth son to the Church. He may have had
+his own father in mind when he wrote, in one of his early numbers, that
+every "peasant" who had the means proposed to send one of his children
+to this famous place; and as most of them consulted their purses rather
+than their children's capacities, the greater number of those who went
+thither were little better than blockheads and dunces. When he came to
+speak of the theological department of the college, he drew a pen
+caricature, having then no skill with the pencil: "The business of those
+who were employed in the temple of theology being laborious and painful,
+I wondered exceedingly to see so many go toward it; but while I was
+pondering this matter in my mind, I spied _Pecunia_ behind a curtain,
+beckoning to them with her hand." He draws another when he says that the
+only remarkable thing he saw in this temple was one Plagius hard at work
+copying an eloquent passage from Tillotson's works to embellish his own.
+
+This saucy boy, who had his "Hudibras" at his tongue's end, carried the
+satirical spirit with him to church on Sundays, and tried some of the
+brethren whom he saw there by the Hudibrastic standard. Even after his
+brother James had been in prison for his editorial conduct, Benjamin,
+who had been left in charge of the paper, drew with his subeditorial pen
+a caricature of a "Religious Knave, of all Knaves the Worst:" A most
+strict Sabbatarian, an exact observer not of the day only, but of the
+evening before and the evening after it; at church conspicuously devout
+and attentive, even ridiculously so, with his distorted countenance and
+awkward gesticulation. But try and nail him to a bargain! He will
+dissemble and lie, snuffle and whiffle, overreach and defraud, cut down
+a laborer's wages, and keep the bargain in the letter while violating
+its spirit. "Don't tell me," he cries; "a bargain is a bargain. You
+should have looked to that before. I can't help it now." Such was the
+religious knave invented by the author of "Hudibras," and borrowed by
+this Boston apprentice, who had, in all probability, never seen a
+character that could have fairly suggested the burlesque.
+
+The authorities rose upon these two audacious brothers, and indicated
+how much need there was of such a sheet in Boston by ordering James
+Franklin to print it no more. They contrived to carry it on a while in
+Benjamin's name; but that sagacious youth was not long in discovering
+that the Mathers and their adherents were too strong for him, and he
+took an early opportunity of removing to a place established on the
+principle of doing without pontiffs. But during his long, illustrious
+career in Philadelphia as editor and public man he constantly acted in
+the spirit of one of the last passages he wrote before leaving Boston:
+"Pieces of pleasantry and mirth have a secret charm in them to allay the
+heats and tumults of our spirits, and to make a man forget his restless
+resentments. They have a strange power in them to hush disorders of the
+soul and reduce us to a serene and placid state of mind." He was the
+father of our humorous literature. If, at the present moment, America is
+contributing more to the innocent hilarity of mankind than other
+nations, it is greatly due to the happy influence of this benign and
+liberal humorist upon the national character. "Poor Richard," be it
+observed, was the great comic almanac of the country for twenty-five
+years, and it was Franklin who infused the element of burlesque into
+American journalism. He could not advertise a stolen prayer-book without
+inserting a joke to give the advertisement wings: "The person who took
+it is desired to open it and read the Eighth Commandment, and afterward
+return it into the same pew again; upon which no further notice will be
+taken."
+
+This propensity was the more precious because it was his destiny to take
+a leading part in many controversies which would have become bitter
+beyond endurance but for "the strange power" of his "pieces of
+pleasantry and mirth" to "hush disorders of the soul." He employed both
+pen and pencil in bringing his excellent sense to bear upon the public
+mind. What but Franklin's inexhaustible tact and good-humor could have
+kept the peace in Pennsylvania between the non-combatant Quakers and the
+militant Christians during the long period when the province was
+threatened from the sea by hostile fleets and on land by savage Indians?
+Besides rousing the combatant citizens to action, he made them willing
+to fight for men who would not fight for themselves, and brought over to
+his side a large number of the younger and more pliant Quakers. Even in
+that early time (1747), while bears still swam the Delaware, he
+contrived to get a picture drawn and engraved to enforce the lessons of
+his first pamphlet, calling on the Pennsylvanians to prepare for
+defense. He may have engraved it himself, for he had a dexterous hand,
+and had long before made little pictures out of type-metal to accompany
+advertisements. Hercules sits upon a cloud, with one hand resting upon
+his club. Three horses vainly strive to draw a heavy wagon from the
+mire. The wagoner kneels, lifts his hands, and implores the aid of
+Hercules's mighty arm. In the background are trees and houses, and under
+the picture are Latin words signifying, "Not by offerings nor by
+womanish prayers is the help of gods obtained." In the text, too, when
+he essays the difficult task of reconciling the combatants to fighting
+for the non-combatants, he becomes pictorial, though he does not use the
+graver. "What!" he cries, "not defend your wives, your helpless
+children, your aged parents, because the Quakers have conscientious
+scruples about fighting!" Then he adds the burlesque picture: "Till of
+late I could scarce believe the story of him who refused to pump in a
+sinking ship because one on board whom he hated would be saved by it as
+well as himself."
+
+[Illustration: JOIN or DIE
+
+A Common Newspaper Heading in 1776; devised by Franklin in May, 1754, at
+the Beginning of the French War.]
+
+At the beginning of the contest which in Europe was the Seven Years'
+War, but in America a ten years' war, Franklin's pen and pencil were
+both employed in urging a cordial union of the colonies against the foe.
+His device of a snake severed into as many pieces as there were
+colonies, with the motto, "_Join or Die_," survived the occasion that
+called it forth, and became a common newspaper and handbill heading in
+1776. It was he, also, as tradition reports, who exhibited to the
+unbelieving farmers of Pennsylvania the effect of gypsum, by writing
+with that fertilizer in large letters upon a field the words "_This has
+been plastered_." The brilliant green of the grass which had been
+stimulated by the plaster soon made the words legible to the passer-by.
+During his first residence in London as the representative of
+Pennsylvania he became intimately acquainted with the great artist from
+whom excellence in the humorous art of England dates--William Hogarth.
+The last letter that the dying Hogarth received was from Benjamin
+Franklin. "Receiving an agreeable letter," says Nichols, "from the
+American, Dr. Franklin, he drew up a rough draught of an answer to it."
+Three hours after, Hogarth was no more.
+
+A few of Franklin's devices for the coins and paper money of the young
+republic have been preserved. He wished that every coin and every note
+should say something wise or cheerful to their endless succession of
+possessors and scrutinizers. Collectors show the Franklin cent of 1787,
+with its circle of thirteen links and its central words, "_We are one_"
+and outside of these, "_United States_." On the other side of the coin
+there is a noonday sun blazing down upon a dial, with the motto, "_Mind
+your Business_." He made the date say something more to the reader than
+the number of the year, by appending to it the word "_Fugio_" (I fly).
+Another cent has a central sun circled by thirteen stars and the words
+"_Nova Constellatio_." He suggested "_Pay as you go_" for a coin motto.
+Some of his designs for the Continental paper money were ingenious and
+effective. Upon one dingy little note, issued during the storm and
+stress of the Revolution, we see a roughly executed picture of a shower
+of rain falling upon a newly settled country, with a word of good cheer
+under it, "_Serenabit_" (It will clear). Upon another there is a picture
+of a beaver gnawing a huge oak, and the word "_Perseverando_." On
+another there is a crown resting upon a pedestal, and the words "_Si
+recte facias_" (If you do uprightly). There is one which represents a
+hawk and stork fighting, with the motto "_Exitus in dubio est_" (The
+event is in doubt); and another which shows a hand plucking branches
+from a tea-plant, with the motto "_Sustain or Abstain_."
+
+The famous scalp hoax devised by Franklin during the Revolutionary war,
+for the purpose of bringing the execration of civilized mankind upon the
+employment of Indians by the English generals, was vividly pictorial.
+Upon his private printing-press in Paris he and his grandson struck off
+a leaf of an imaginary newspaper, which he called a "Supplement to the
+Boston _Independent Chronicle_." For this he wrote a letter purporting
+to be from "Captain Gerrish, of the New England Militia," accompanying
+eight packages of "scalps of our unhappy country folks," which he had
+captured on a raid into the Indian country. The captain sent with the
+scalps an inventory of them, supposed to be drawn up by one James
+Crawford, a trader, for the information of the Governor of Canada.
+Neither Swift nor De Foe ever surpassed the ingenious naturalness of
+this fictitious inventory. It was indeed _too_ natural, for it was
+generally accepted as a genuine document, and would even now deceive
+almost any one who should come upon it unawares. Who could suspect that
+these "eight packs of scalps, cured, dried, hooped, and painted, with
+all the Indian triumphal marks" upon them, had never existed except in
+the imagination of a merry old plenipotentiary in Paris? There were
+"forty-three scalps of Congress soldiers, stretched on black hoops four
+inches diameter, the inside of the skin painted red, with a small black
+spot to denote their being killed with bullets;" and there were
+"sixty-two farmers, killed in their houses, marked with a hoe, a black
+circle all around to denote their being surprised in the night." Other
+farmers' scalps were marked with "a little red foot," to show that they
+stood upon their defense; and others with "a little yellow flame," to
+show that they had been burned alive. To one scalp a band was fastened,
+"supposed to be that of a rebel clergyman." Then there were eighty-eight
+scalps of women, and "some hundreds of boys and girls." The package last
+described was "a box of birch-bark containing twenty-nine little
+infants' scalps of various sizes, small white hoops, white ground, no
+tears, and only a little black knife in the middle to show they were
+ripped out of their mothers' bellies." The trader dwells upon the fact
+that most of the farmers were young or middle-aged, "there being _but_
+sixty-seven _very_ gray heads among them; which makes the service more
+essential." Every detail of this supplement was worked out with infinite
+ingenuity, even to the editor's postscript, which stated that the scalps
+had just reached Boston, where thousands of people were flocking to see
+them.
+
+Franklin was more than a humorist; he was an artist in humor. In other
+words, he not only had a lively sense of the absurd and the ludicrous,
+but he knew how to exhibit them to others with the utmost power and
+finish. His grandson, who lived with him in Paris during the
+Revolutionary period, a very good draughtsman, used to illustrate his
+humorous papers, and between them they produced highly entertaining
+things, only a few of which have been gathered. The Abbe Morellet, one
+of the gay circle who enjoyed them, remarks that in his sportive moods
+Franklin was "Socrates mounted on a stick, playing with his children."
+To this day, however, there are millions who regard that vast and
+somewhat disorderly genius, who was one of the least sordid and most
+generous of all recorded men, as the mere type of penny prudence. Even
+so variously informed a person as the author of "A Short History of the
+English People," published in 1875, speaks of the "close-fisted
+Franklin."
+
+It is in vain that we seek for specimens of colonial caricature outside
+of the Franklin circle. Satirical pictures were doubtless produced in
+great numbers, and a few may have been published; but caricature is a
+thing of the moment, and usually perishes with the moment, unless it is
+incorporated with a periodical. Almost all the intellectual product of
+the colonial period that was not theological has some relation to the
+wise and jovial Franklin, the incomparable American, the father of his
+country's intellectual life, whether manifested in literature,
+burlesque, politics, invention, or science.
+
+[Illustration: Boston Massacre Coffins; Boston, March, 1774. (From
+"American Historical Record.")]
+
+The Boston massacre, as it was called, which was commemorated by the
+device of a row of coffins, often employed before and since, might have
+been more properly styled a street brawl, if the mere presence of
+British troops in Boston in 1774 had not been an outrage of
+international dimensions. The four victims, Samuel Gray, Samuel
+Maverick, James Cauldwell, and Crispus Attucks, were borne to the grave
+by all that was most distinguished in the province, and the whole people
+seemed to have either followed or witnessed the procession. Amidst the
+frenzy of the time, these coffin-lids served to express and relieve the
+popular feeling. The subsequent acquittal of the innocent soldiers, who
+had shown more forbearance than armed men usually do when taunted and
+assailed by an unarmed crowd, remains one of the most honorable of the
+early records of Boston.
+
+There were attempts at caricature during the later years of the
+Revolutionary war. From 1778, when inflated paper, French francs,
+British gold, and Hessian thalers had given the business centres of the
+country a short, fallacious prosperity, there was gayety enough in
+Philadelphia and Boston. There were balls and parties, and sending to
+France for articles of luxury, and profusion of all kinds--as there was
+in the late war, and as there must be in all wars which are not paid for
+till the war is over. There are indications in the old books that the
+burlesquing pencil was a familiar instrument then among the merry lads
+of the cities and towns. But their efforts, after having answered their
+momentary purpose, perished.
+
+And the habit of burlesque survived the war. There are few persons, even
+among the zealous fraternity of collectors, who are aware that a New
+York dramatist, in the year 1788, endeavored to burlesque, in a regular
+five-act comedy, the violent debates which distracted all circles while
+the acceptance of the new Constitution was the question of questions. A
+copy or two of this comedy, called "The Politician Outwitted," have been
+preserved. In lieu of the lost pictures, take this brief scene, which
+exhibits a violent squabble between an inveterate opponent of the
+Constitution and a burning patriot who supports it. They enter, in
+proper comedy fashion, after they are in full quarrel.
+
+ "_Enter_ OLD LOVEYET _and_ TRUEMAN.
+
+ "_Loveyet._ I tell you, it is the most infernal scheme that ever
+ was devised.
+
+ "_Trueman._ And I tell you, sir, that your argument is heterodox,
+ sophistical, and most preposterously illogical.
+
+ "_Loveyet._ I insist upon it, sir, you know nothing at all about
+ the matter! And give me leave to tell you, sir--
+
+ "_Trueman._ What! Give you leave to tell me I know nothing at all
+ about the matter? I shall do no such thing, sir. I'm not to be
+ governed by your _ipse dixit_.
+
+ "_Loveyet._ I desire none of your musty Latin, for I don't
+ understand it, not I.
+
+ "_Trueman._ O the ignorance of the age! To oppose a plan of
+ government like the new Constitution! _Like_ it, did I say? There
+ never _was_ one like it. Neither Minos, Solon, Lycurgus, nor
+ Romulus ever fabricated so wise a system. Why, it is a political
+ phenomenon, a prodigy of legislative wisdom, the fame of which
+ will soon extend ultramundane, and astonish the nations of the
+ world with its transcendent excellence. To what a sublime height
+ will the superb edifice attain!
+
+ "_Loveyet._ Your aspiring edifice shall never be erected in this
+ State, sir.
+
+ "_Trueman._ Mr. Loveyet, you will not listen to reason. Only
+ calmly attend one moment.
+
+ [_Reads._] 'We, the people of the United States, in order to form
+ a more perfect Union, establish justice, insure domestic
+ tranquillity, provide--'
+
+ "_Loveyet._ I tell you I won't hear it.
+
+ "_Trueman._ Mark all that. [_Reads._] 'Section the First. All
+ legislative power herein granted shall be vested in a Congress of
+ the United States, which shall consist of a Senate and House of
+ Representatives.' Very judicious and salutary, upon my erudition!
+ 'Section the Second--'
+
+ "_Loveyet._ I'll hear no more of your sections."
+
+[Illustration: A Militia Drill in Massachusetts in 1832.]
+
+They continue the debate until both disputants are in the white heat of
+passion. Old Mr. Loveyet rushes away at last to break off the match
+between his daughter and Trueman's son, and Trueman retorts by calling
+his fiery antagonist "a conceited sot." This comedy is poor stuff, but
+it suffices to reveal the existence of the spirit of caricature among us
+at that early day, when New York was a clean, cobble-stoned,
+Dutch-looking town of thirty thousand inhabitants, one of whom, a boy
+five years of age, was named Washington Irving.
+
+General Washington was inaugurated President at the same city in the
+following year. How often has the world been assured that no dissentient
+voice was heard on that occasion! The arrival of the general in New York
+was a pageant which the entire population is supposed to have most
+heartily approved; and a very pleasing spectacle it must have been, as
+seen from the end of the island--the vessels decked with flags and
+streamers, and the President's stately barge, rowed by thirteen pilots
+in white uniforms, advancing toward the city, surrounded and followed by
+a cloud of small boats, to the thunder of great guns. But even then, it
+seems, there were a few who looked askance. At least one caricature
+appeared. "All the world here," wrote John Armstrong to the unreconciled
+General Gates, "are busy in collecting flowers and sweets of every kind
+to amuse and delight the President." People were asking one another, he
+adds, by what awe-inspiring title the President should be called, even
+plain Roger Sherman, of Connecticut, regarding "His Excellency" as
+beneath the grandeur of the office. "Yet," says Armstrong, "in the midst
+of this admiration there are skeptics who doubt its propriety, and wits
+who amuse themselves at its extravagance. The first will grumble and the
+last will laugh, and the President should be prepared to meet the
+attacks of both with firmness and good nature. A caricature has already
+appeared, called 'The Entry,' full of very disloyal and profane
+allusions." It was by no means a good-natured picture. General
+Washington was represented riding upon an ass, and held in the arms of
+his favorite man Billy, once huntsman, then valet and factotum; Colonel
+David Humphreys, the general's aid and secretary, led the ass, singing
+hosannas and birthday odes, one couplet of which was legible:
+
+ "The glorious time has come to pass
+ When David shall conduct an ass."
+
+This effort was more ill-natured than brilliant; but the reader who
+examines the fugitive publications of that period will often feel that
+the adulation of the President was such as to provoke and justify severe
+caricature. That adulation was as excessive as it was ill executed; and
+part of the office of caricature is to remind Philip that he is a man.
+The numberless "verses," "odes," "tributes," "stanzas," "lines," and
+"sonnets" addressed to President Washington lie entombed in the dingy
+leaves of the old newspapers; but a few of the epigrams which they
+provoked have been disinterred, and even some of the caricatures are
+described in the letters of the time. Neither the verses nor the
+pictures are at all remarkable. Probably the best caricature that
+appeared during the administration of General Washington was suggested
+by the removal of the national capital from New York to Philadelphia.
+Senator Robert Morris, being a Philadelphian, and having large
+possessions in Philadelphia, was popularly supposed to have procured the
+passage of the measure, and accordingly the portly Senator is seen in
+the picture carrying off upon his broad shoulders the Federal Hall, the
+windows of which are crowded with members of both Houses, some
+commending, others cursing this novel method of removal. In the distance
+is seen the old Paulus Hook ferry-house, at what is now Jersey City, on
+the roof of which is the devil beckoning to the heavy-laden Morris, and
+crying to him, "This way, Bobby." The removal of the capital was a
+fruitful theme for the humorists of the day. Even then "New York
+politicians" had an ill name, and Congress was deemed well out of their
+reach.
+
+But those were the halcyon days of the untried administration; to which
+indeed there was as yet nothing that could be called an Opposition. The
+entire nation, with here and there an individual exception, was in full
+accord with the feeling expressed in Benjamin Russell's allegory that
+went "the round of the press" in 1789 and 1790:
+
+"THE FEDERAL SHIP.
+
+[Illustration: A ship.]
+
+ "Just _launched_ on the _Ocean of Empire_, the Ship COLUMBIA,
+ GEORGE WASHINGTON, Commander, which, after being thirteen years
+ in _dock_, is at length well _manned_, and in very good
+ condition. The Ship is a _first rate_--has a good _bottom_, which
+ all the Builders have pronounced _sound_ and _good_. Some
+ objection has been made to parts of the _tackling_, or _running
+ rigging_, which, it is supposed, will be _altered_, when they
+ shall be found to be incommodious, as the Ship is able to make
+ very good _headway_ with them as they are. A _jury_ of
+ _Carpenters_ have this matter now under consideration. The
+ _Captain_ and _First Mate_ are universally esteemed by all the
+ Owners--Eleven[40] in number--and she has been _insured_, under
+ their direction, to make a good _mooring_ in the _harbor_ of
+ Public Prosperity and Felicity--whitherto she is bound. The
+ Owners can furnish, besides the Ship's Company, the following
+ materials:--_New-Hampshire_, the Masts and Spars;
+ _Massachusetts_, Timber for the Hull, Fish, &c.; _Connecticut_,
+ Beef and Pork; _New-York_, Porter and other Cabin stores;
+ _New-Jersey_, the Cordage; _Pennsylvania_, Flour and
+ Bread;--_Delaware_, the Colors, and Clothing for the Crew;
+ _Maryland_, the Iron work and small Anchors; _Virginia_, Tobacco
+ and the Sheet Anchor; _South-Carolina_, Rice; and _Georgia_,
+ Powder and small Provisions. Thus found, may this _good Ship_ put
+ to sea, and the prayer of all is, that GOD _may preserve her, and
+ bring her in safety to her desired haven_."
+
+[Footnote 40: Only eleven States had accepted the Constitution when this
+was written.]
+
+The Government had not been long domiciled in the City of Brotherly Love
+before parties became defined and party spirit acrimonious. The popular
+heart and hope and imagination were all on the side of revolutionized
+France in her unequal struggle with the allied kings. Conservative and
+"safe" men were more and more drawn into sympathy with the powers that
+were striving to maintain the established order, chief of which was
+Great Britain. President Washington, in maintaining the just balance
+between the two contending principles and powers, could not but give
+some dissatisfaction to both political parties, and, most of all, to the
+one in the warmest sympathy with France. In the dearth of pictorical
+relics of that period, I insert the parody of the Athanasian creed
+annexed, from the _National Gazette_ of Philadelphia, edited by Freneau,
+and maintained by the friends of Jefferson and Madison:
+
+ "A NEW POLITICAL CREED FOR THE USE OF WHOM IT MAY CONCERN.
+
+ "Whoever would live peaceably in Philadelphia, above all things
+ it is necessary that he hold the Federal faith--and the Federal
+ faith is this, that there are two governing powers in this
+ country, both equal, and yet one superior: which faith except
+ every one keep undefiledly, without doubt he shall be abused
+ everlastingly.
+
+ "The Briton is superior to the American, and the American is
+ inferior to the Briton: and yet they are equal, and the Briton
+ shall govern the American.
+
+ "The Briton, while here, is commanded to obey the American, and
+ yet the American ought to obey the Briton.
+
+ "And yet they ought not both to be obedient, but only one to be
+ obedient. For there is one dominion nominal of the American, and
+ another dominion real of the Briton.
+
+ "And yet there are not two dominions, but only one dominion.
+
+ "For like as we are compelled by the British constitution book to
+ acknowledge that _subjects_ must submit themselves to their
+ monarchs, and be obedient to them in all things:
+
+ "So we are forbid by our Federal executive to say that we are at
+ all influenced by our treaty with France, or to pay regard to
+ what it enforceth:
+
+ "The American was created for the Briton, and the Briton for the
+ American:
+
+ "And yet the American shall be a slave to the Briton, and the
+ Briton the tyrant of the American.
+
+ "And Britons are of three denominations, and yet only of one
+ soul, nature, and subsistency:
+
+ "The Irishman of infinite impudence:
+
+ "The Scotchman of cunning most inscrutable:
+
+ "And the Englishman of impertinence altogether insupportable:
+
+ "The only true and honorable gentlemen of this our blessed
+ country.
+
+ "He, therefore, that would live in quiet, must thus think of the
+ Briton and the American.
+
+ "It is furthermore necessary that every _good_ American should
+ believe in the infallibility of the executive, when its
+ proclamations are echoed by Britons:
+
+ "For the true faith is, that we believe and confess that the
+ Government is fallible and infallible:
+
+ "Fallible in its republican nature, and infallible in its
+ monarchical tendency, erring in its state of individuality, and
+ unerring in its Federal complexity.
+
+ "So that though it be both fallible and infallible, yet it is not
+ twain, but one government only, as having consolidated all state
+ dominion, in order to rule with sway uncontrolled.
+
+ "This is the true Federal faith, which except a man believe and
+ practice faithfully, beyond all doubt he shall be cursed
+ perpetually."
+
+A rude but very curious specimen of the caricature of the early time is
+given on the next page of the collision on the floor of the House of
+Representatives between Matthew Lyon and Roger Griswold, both
+representatives from Connecticut. Lyon, a native of Ireland, was an
+ardent Republican, who played a conspicuous part in politics during the
+final struggle between the Republicans and the Federalists. Roger
+Griswold, on the contrary, a member of an old and distinguished
+Connecticut family, a graduate of its ancient college, and a member of
+its really illustrious bar, was a pronounced Federalist. He was also a
+gentleman who had no natural relish for a strong-minded, unlettered
+emigrant who founded a town in his new country, built mills and
+foundries, invented processes, established a newspaper, and was elected
+to Congress. If Hamilton and Griswold and the other extreme Federalists
+had had their way in this country, there would have been no Matthew
+Lyons among us to create a new world for mankind, and begin the
+development of a better political system. Nor, indeed, was Matthew Lyon
+sufficiently tolerant of the old and tried methods that had become
+inadequate. He was not likely, either--at the age of fifty-two, standing
+upon the summit of a very successful career, which was wholly his own
+work--to regard as equal to himself a man of thirty-six, who seemed to
+owe his importance chiefly to his lineage. So here was a broad basis for
+an antipathy which the strife of politics could easily aggravate into an
+aversion extreme and fiery--fiery, at least, on the part of the
+Irishman.
+
+[Illustration: Fight in Congress between Lyon and Griswold, February
+15th, 1798.
+
+ "He in a trice struck Griswold thrice
+ Upon his head, enraged, sir;
+ Who seized the tongs to ease his wrongs,
+ And Griswold thus engaged, sir."]
+
+Imagine this process complete, and the House, on the last day of the
+year 1798, in languid session, balloting. The two members were standing
+near one another outside the bar, when Griswold made taunting allusion
+to an old "campaign story" of Matthew Lyon's having been sentenced to
+wear a wooden sword for cowardice in the field. Lyon, in a fury, spit in
+Griswold's face. Instantly the House was in an uproar; and although the
+impetuous Lyon apologized to the House, he only escaped expulsion, after
+eleven days' debate, through the constitutional requirement of a
+two-thirds vote. This affair called forth a caricature in which the
+Irish member was depicted as a lion standing on his hind-legs wearing a
+wooden sword, while Griswold, handkerchief in hand, exclaims, "What a
+beastly action!"
+
+The vote for expulsion--52 to 44--did not satisfy Mr. Griswold. Four
+days after the vote occurred the outrageous scene rudely delineated in
+the picture already mentioned. Griswold, armed with what the Republican
+editor called "a stout hickory club," and the Federalist editor a
+"hickory stick," assaulted Lyon while he was sitting at his desk,
+striking him on the head and shoulders several times before he could
+extricate himself. But at last Lyon got upon his feet, and, seizing the
+tongs, rushed upon the enemy. This is the moment selected by the artist.
+They soon after closed and fell to the floor, where they enjoyed a good
+"rough-and-tumble" fight, until members pulled them apart. A few minutes
+after they chanced to meet again at the "water table," near one of the
+doors. Lyon was now provided with a stick, but Griswold had none. "Their
+eyes no sooner met," says the Federalist reporter, "than Mr. Lyon sprung
+to attack Mr. Griswold." A member handed Griswold a stick, and there was
+a fair prospect of another fight, when the Speaker interfered with so
+much energy that the antagonists were again torn apart. The battle was
+not renewed on the floor of Congress.
+
+But it was continued elsewhere. Under that amazing sedition law of the
+Federalists, Lyon was tried a few months after for saying in his
+newspaper that President Adams had an "unbounded thirst for ridiculous
+pomp," had turned men out of office for their opinions, and had written
+"a bullying message" upon the French imbroglio of 1798. He was found
+guilty, sentenced to pay a fine of a thousand dollars, besides the heavy
+costs of the prosecution, to be imprisoned four months, and to continue
+in confinement until the fine was paid. Of course the people of his
+district stood by him, and, while he was in prison, re-elected him to
+Congress by a great majority; and his fine was repaid to his heirs in
+1840 by Congress, with forty-two years' interest. These events made a
+prodigious stir in their time. Matthew Lyon's presence in the House of
+Representatives, his demeanor there, and his triumphal return from
+prison to Congress, were the first distinct notification to parties
+interested that the sceptre was passing from the Few to the Many.
+
+The satire and burlesque of the Jeffersonian period, from 1798 to 1809,
+were abundant in quantity, if not of shining excellence. To the reader
+of the present day all savors of burlesque in the political utterances
+of that time, so preposterously violent were partisans on both sides. It
+is impossible to take a serious view of the case of an editor who could
+make it a matter of boasting that he had opposed the Republican measures
+for eight years "without a single exception." The press, indeed, had
+then no independent life; it was the minion and slave of party. It is
+only in our own day that the press begins to exist for its own sake, and
+descant with reasonable freedom on topics other than the Importance of
+Early Rising and the Customs of the Chinese. The reader would neither be
+edified nor amused by seeing Mr. Jefferson kneeling before a stumpy
+pillar labeled "Altar of Gallic Despotism," upon which are Paine's "Age
+of Reason" and the works of Rousseau, Voltaire, and Helvetius, with the
+demon of the French Revolution crouching behind it, and the American
+eagle soaring aloft, bearing in its talons the Constitution and the
+independence of the United States. Pictures of that nature, of great
+size, crowded with objects, emblems, and sentences--an elaborate
+blending of burlesque, allegory, and enigma--were so much valued by that
+generation that some of them were engraved upon copper.
+
+On the day of the inauguration of Thomas Jefferson as President of the
+United States, March 4th, 1801, a parody appeared in the _Centinel_ of
+Boston, a Federalist paper of great note in its time, which may serve
+our purpose here:
+
+ Monumental Inscription.
+
+ "_That life is long which answers Life's great end._"
+
+ Yesterday expired, deeply regretted by millions of grateful Americans,
+ and by all good men,
+ THE FEDERAL ADMINISTRATION OF THE GOVERNMENT OF THE UNITED STATES:
+ animated by
+ A WASHINGTON, AN ADAMS, A HAMILTON, KNOX, PICKERING, WOLCOTT,
+ M'HENRY, MARSHALL, STODDERT, AND DEXTER.
+ AEt. 12 years.
+
+ Its death was occasioned by the secret arts and open violence
+ of foreign and domestic demagogues:
+ Notwithstanding its whole life was
+ devoted to the performance of every duty to promote
+ the Union, Credit, Peace, Prosperity, Honor,
+ and Felicity of its Country.
+
+ At its birth, it found the Union of the States dissolving like a rope
+ of snow;
+ It hath left it stronger than the threefold cord.
+
+ It found the United States bankrupts in estate and reputation;
+ It hath left them unbounded in credit, and respected throughout the
+ world.
+ It found the Treasuries of the United States and Individual States empty;
+ It hath left them full and overflowing.
+ It found all the evidences of public debts worthless as rags;
+ It hath left them more valuable than gold and silver.
+
+ It found the United States at war with the Indian nations;
+ It hath concluded peace with them all.
+ It found the aboriginals of the soil inveterate enemies of the whites;
+ It hath exercised toward them justice and generosity, and hath left them
+ fast friends.
+ It found Great Britain in possession of all the frontier posts;
+ It hath demanded their surrender, and it leaves them in the possession of
+ the United States.
+ It found the American sea-coast utterly defenseless;
+ It hath left it fortified.
+ It found our arsenals empty, and magazines decaying;
+ It hath left them full of ammunition and warlike implements.
+ It found our country dependent on foreign nations for engines of defense;
+ It hath left manufactories of cannon and musquets in full work.
+ It found the American Nation at war with Algiers, Tunis, and Tripoli;
+ It hath made peace with them all.
+ It found American freemen in Turkish slavery, where they had languished
+ in chains for years;
+ It hath ransomed them and set them free.
+
+ It found the war-worn, invalid soldier starving from want; or, like
+ Belisarius, begging his refuse-meat from door to door;
+ It hath left ample provision for the regular payment of his pension.
+
+ It found the commerce of our country confined almost to coasting craft;
+ It hath left it whitening every sea with its canvas, and cheering every
+ clime with its stars.
+
+ It found our mechanics and manufacturers idle in the streets for want of
+ employ;
+ It hath left them full of business, prosperous, contented, and happy.
+ It found the yeomanry of the country oppressed with unequal taxes; their
+ farms, houses, and barns decaying; their cattle selling at the
+ sign-posts; and they driven to desperation and rebellion;
+ It hath left their coffers in cash, their houses in repair, their barns
+ full, their farms overstocked, and their produce commanding ready
+ money and a high price.
+ In short, it found them poor, indigent malcontents;
+ It hath left them wealthy friends to order and good government.
+
+ It found the United States deeply in debt to France and Holland;
+ It hath paid all the demands of the former, and the principal part of
+ the latter.
+ It found the country in a ruinous alliance with France;
+ It hath honorably dissolved the connection, and set us free.
+
+ It found the United States without a swivel on float for their defense;
+ It hath left a Navy--composed of 34 ships of war, mounting 918 guns,
+ and manned by 7350 gallant tars.
+
+ It found the exports of our country a mere song in value;
+ It hath left them worth above seventy millions of dollars per annum.
+ In one word, it found America disunited, poor, insolvent, weak,
+ discontented, and wretched;
+ It hath left her united, wealthy, respectable, strong, happy, and
+ prosperous.
+ Let the faithful historian, in after-times, say these things of its
+ successor, if he can.
+ And yet, notwithstanding all these services and blessings, there are
+ found many, very many, weak, degenerate sons, who, lost to virtue,
+ to gratitude, and patriotism, openly exult that this Administration
+ is no more, and that the "Sun of Federalism is set forever."
+ "_Oh shame, where is thy blush?_"
+
+ AS ONE TRIBUTE OF GRATITUDE IN THESE TIMES, THIS MONUMENT OF THE TALENTS
+ AND SERVICES OF THE DECEASED IS RAISED BY
+
+ The Centinel.
+
+ _March 4th, 1801._
+
+[Illustration: The Gerry-Mander. (Boston, 1811.)]
+
+The victorious Republicans, if less skillful than their adversaries in
+the burlesque arts, had their own methods of parrying and returning such
+assaults as this. At an earlier period in Mr. Jefferson's ascendency,
+the politicians, borrowing the idea from Catholic times, employed
+stuffed figures and burlesque processions in lieu of caricature. While
+the people were still in warm sympathy with the French Revolution,
+William Smith, a Representative in Congress from South Carolina, gave
+deep offense to many of his constituents by opposing certain resolutions
+offered by "Citizen Madison" expressive of that sympathy. There was no
+burlesque artist then in South Carolina, but the Democrats of Charleston
+contrived, notwithstanding, to caricature the offender and "his infernal
+junto." A platform was erected in an open place in Charleston, upon
+which was exhibited to a noisy crowd, from early in the morning until
+three in the afternoon, a rare assemblage of figures: A woman
+representing the Genius of Britain inviting the recreant Representatives
+to share the wages of her iniquity; William Smith advancing toward her
+with eager steps, his right hand stretched out to receive his portion,
+in his left holding a paper upon which was written "_Six per cents_,"
+and wearing upon his breast another with "L40,000 _in the Funds_;"
+Benedict Arnold with his hand full of checks and bills; Fisher Ames
+labeled "L400,000 _in the Funds_;" the devil and "Young Pitt" goading on
+the reprobate Americans. In front of the stage was a gallows for the due
+hanging and burning of these figures when the crowd were tired of gazing
+upon them. Each of the characters was provided with a label exhibiting
+an appropriate sentiment. The odious Smith was made to confess that his
+sentence was just: "The love of gold, a foreign education, and foreign
+connections damn me." "Young Pitt" owned to having let loose the
+Algerines upon the Americans, and Fisher Ames confessed that from the
+time when he began life as a horse-jockey his "_Ames_ had been
+villainy."
+
+It is an objection to this kind of caricature that the weather may
+interfere with its proper presentation. A shower of rain obliterated
+most of those labels, and left the figures themselves in a reduced and
+draggled condition. But, according to the local historian, the
+exhibition was continued, "to the great mirth and entertainment of the
+boys, who would not quit the field until a total demolition of the
+figures took place," nor "before they had taken down the breeches of the
+effigy of the Representative of this State and given him repeated
+castigations." In the evening the colors of Great Britain were dipped in
+oil and _French_ brandy, and burned at the same fire which had consumed
+the effigies.
+
+Later in the Jeffersonian period, the burlesque procession--_caricature
+vivante_--was occasionally employed by the New England Federalists to
+excite popular disapproval of the embargo which suspended foreign
+commerce. Elderly gentlemen in Newburyport remember hearing their
+fathers describe the battered old hulk of a vessel, with rotten rigging
+and tattered sails, manned by ragged and cadaverous sailors, that was
+drawn in such a procession in 1808, the year of the Presidential
+election. There are even a few old people who remember seeing the
+procession, for in those healthy old coast towns the generations are
+linked together, and the whole history of New England is sometimes
+represented in the group round the post-office of a fine summer morning.
+The odd-looking picture of the Gerry-mander, on the previous page,
+belongs to the same period, and preserves a record not creditable to
+party politicians. Democratic leaders in Massachusetts, in order to
+secure the election of two Senators of their party, redistricted the
+State with absurd disregard of geographical facts. The _Centinel_
+exhibited the fraud by means of a colored map, which the artist, Gilbert
+Stuart, by a few touches, converted into the immortal Gerry-mander.
+Governor Gerry, though not the author of the scheme, nor an approver of
+it, justly shares the discredit of a measure which he might have vetoed,
+but did not.
+
+The war of 1812 yields its quota of caricature to the collector's
+port-folio. "John Bull making a New Batch of Ships to send to the Lakes"
+is an obvious imitation of Gillray's masterpiece of Bonaparte baking a
+new batch of kings. The contribution levied upon Alexandria, and the
+retreat of a party of English troops from Baltimore, furnish subjects to
+a draughtsman who had more patriotic feeling than artistic invention.
+His "John Bull" is a stout man, with a bull's head and a long sword, who
+utters pompous words. "I must have all your flour, all your tobacco, all
+your ships, all your merchandise--every thing except your _Porter_ and
+_Perry_. Keep them out of sight; I have had enough of _them_ already."
+No doubt this was comforting to the patriotic mind while it was
+lamenting a Capitol burned and a President in flight.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER XXVI.
+
+LATER AMERICAN CARICATURE.
+
+
+[Illustration: Thomas Nast, 1875.]
+
+[Illustration: WHOLESALE. RETAIL. (_Harper's Weekly_, September 16th,
+1871.)]
+
+The era of good feeling which followed the war of 1812, and which
+exhausted the high, benign spirit infused into public affairs by Mr.
+Jefferson, could not be expected to call forth satirical pictures of
+remarkable quality. The irruption of the positive and uncontrollable
+Jackson into politics made amends. Once more the mind of the country was
+astir, and again nearly the whole of the educated class was arrayed
+against the masses of the people. The two political parties in every
+country, call them by whatever disguising names we may, are the Rich and
+the Poor. The rich are naturally inclined to use their power to give
+their own class an advantage; the poor naturally object; and this is the
+underlying, ever-operating cause of political strife in all countries
+that enjoy a degree of freedom; and this is the reason why, in times of
+political crisis, the instructed class is frequently in the wrong.
+Interest and pride blind its judgment. In Jackson's day the distinction
+between the right and the wrong politics was not so clear as in
+Jefferson's time; but it was, upon the whole, the same struggle
+disguised and degraded by personal ambitions and antipathies. It
+certainly called forth as many parodies, burlesques, caricatures, and
+lampoons as any similar strife since the invention of politics. The
+coffin handbills repeated the device employed after the Boston massacre
+of 1774 in order to keep it in memory that General Jackson had ordered
+six militiamen to be shot for desertion. The hickory poles that pierced
+the sky at so many cross-roads were a retort to these, admitting but
+eulogizing the hardness of the man. The sudden breakup of the cabinet in
+1831 called forth a caricature which dear Mrs. Trollope described as
+"the only tolerable one she ever saw in the country." It represented the
+President seated in his room trying hard to detain one of four escaping
+rats by putting his foot on its tail. The rat thus held wore the
+familiar countenance of the Secretary of State, Martin Van Buren, who
+had been requested to remain till his successor had arrived. It was this
+picture that gave occasion for one of John Van Buren's noted sayings
+that were once a circulating medium in the lawyers' offices of New York.
+"When will your father be in New York?" asked some one. The reply was,
+"When the President takes off his foot."
+
+[Illustration: The Brains of the Tammany Ring. (_Harper's Weekly_,
+October 21st, 1871.)]
+
+Then we have Van Buren as a baby in the arms of General Jackson,
+receiving pap from a spoon in the general's hand; Jackson and Clay as
+jockeys riding a race toward the Presidential house, Clay ahead; Jackson
+receiving a crown from Van Buren and a sceptre from the devil; Jackson,
+Benton, Blair, Kendall, and others, in the guise of robbers, directing a
+great battering-ram at the front door of the United States Bank;
+Jackson, as Don Quixote, breaking a very slender lance against one of
+the marble pillars of the same edifice; Jackson and Louis Philippe as
+pugilists in a ring, the king having just received a blow that makes his
+crown topple over his face.
+
+[Illustration: "What are the Wild Waves saying?" (_Harper's Weekly_,
+July 9th, 1870.)]
+
+Burlesque processions were also much in vogue in 1832 during the weeks
+preceding the Presidential election. To the oratory of Webster, Preston,
+Hoffman, and Everett, the Democracy replied by massive hickory poles,
+fifty feet long, drawn by eight, twelve, or sixteen horses, and ridden
+by as many young Democrats as could get astride of the emblematic log,
+waving flags and shouting, "Hurra for Jackson!" Live eagles were borne
+aloft upon poles, banners were carried exhibiting Nicholas Biddle as Old
+Nick, and endless ranks of Democrats marched past, each Democrat wearing
+in his hat a sprig of the sacred tree. And again the cultured orators
+were wrong, and the untutored Democrats were substantially in the right.
+Ambition and interest prevented those brilliant men from seeing that in
+putting down the bank, as in other measures of his stormy
+administration, the worst that could be truly said of General Jackson
+was that he did right things in a wrong way. The "shin-plaster"
+caricature given on the following page is itself a record of the bad
+consequences that followed his violent method in the matter of the bank.
+The inflation of 1835 produced the wild land speculation of 1836, which
+ended in the woful collapse of 1837, the year of bankruptcy and
+"shin-plaster."
+
+To this period belongs the picture, given on a previous page, which
+caricatures the old militia system by presenting at one view many of the
+possible mishaps of training-day. The receipt which John Adams gave for
+making a free commonwealth enumerated four ingredients--town meetings,
+training-days, town schools, and ministers. But in the time of Jackson
+the old militia system had been outgrown, and it was laughed out of
+existence. Most of the faces in this picture were intended to be
+portraits.
+
+[Illustration: Shin-plaster Caricature of General Jackson's War on the
+United States Bank, and its Consequences, 1837.]
+
+Mr. Hudson, in his valuable "History of Journalism," speaks of a
+lithographer named Robinson, who used to line the fences and even the
+curb-stones of New York with rude caricatures of the persons prominent
+in public life during the administrations of Jackson and Van Buren.
+Several of these have been preserved, with others of the same period;
+but few of them are tolerable, now that the feeling which suggested them
+no longer exists; and as to the greater number, we can only agree with
+the New York _Mirror_, then in the height of its celebrity and
+influence, in pronouncing them "so dull and so pointless that it were a
+waste of powder to blow them up."
+
+[Illustration: City People in a Country Church.]
+
+The publication of Mrs. Trollope's work upon the "Domestic Manners of
+the Americans" called forth many inanities, to say nothing of a volume
+of two hundred and sixteen pages, entitled "Travels in America, by
+George Fibbleton, Esq., ex-Barber to His Majesty the King of Great
+Britain." In this work Mrs. Trollope's burlesque was burlesqued
+sufficiently well, perhaps, to amuse people at the moment, though it
+reads flatly enough now. The rise and progress of phrenology was
+caricatured as badly as Spurzheim himself could have desired, and the
+agitation in behalf of the rights of women evoked all that the pencil
+can achieve of the crude and the silly. On the other hand, the burning
+of the Ursuline convent in Boston was effectively rebuked by a pair of
+sketches, one exhibiting the destruction of the convent by an infuriate
+mob, and the other a room in which Sisters of Charity are waiting upon
+the sick. Over the whole was written, "Look on this picture, and on
+this."
+
+[Illustration: Why don't you take it?]
+
+The thirty years' word war that preceded the four years' conflict in
+arms between North and South produced nothing in the way of burlesque
+art that is likely to be revived or remembered. If the war itself was
+not prolific of caricature, it was because drawing, as a part of school
+training, was still neglected among us. That the propensity to
+caricature existed is shown by the pictures on envelopes used during the
+first weeks of the war. The practice of illustrating envelopes in this
+way began on both sides in April, 1861, at the time when all eyes were
+directed upon Charleston. The flag of the Union, printed in colors, was
+the first device. This was instantly imitated by the Confederates, who
+filled their mails with envelope-flags showing seven stars and three
+broad stripes, the middle (white) one serving as a place for the
+direction of the letter. Very soon the flags began to exhibit mottoes
+and patriotic lines, such as, "Liberty and Union," "The Flag of the
+Free," and "Forever float that Standard Sheet!" The national arms
+speedily appeared, with various mottoes annexed. General Dix's
+inspiration, "If any one attempts to haul down the American flag, shoot
+him on the spot," was the most popular of all for several weeks.
+Portraits of favorite generals and other public men were soon
+added--Scott, Fremont, Dix, Lincoln, Seward, and others. Before long the
+satirical and burlesque spirit began to manifest itself in such devices
+as a black flag and death's-head, with the words "Jeff Davis--his Mark;"
+a gallows, with a man hanging; a large pig, with "Whole Hog or None;" a
+bull-dog with his foot on a great piece of beef, marked Washington, with
+the words "Why don't you take it?" The portrait of General Butler
+figured on thousands of letters during the months of April and May, with
+his patriotic sentence, "Whatever our politics, the Government must be
+sustained;" and, a little later, his happy application of the words
+"contraband of war" to the case of the fugitive negroes was repeated
+upon letters without number. "Come back here, you old black rascal!"
+cries a master to his escaping slave. "Can't come back nohow," replies
+the colored brother; "dis chile contraban'." On many envelopes printed
+as early as May, 1861, we may still read a prophecy under the flag of
+the Union that has been fulfilled, "I shall wave again over Sumter."
+
+[Illustration: Popular Caricature of the Secession War.
+
+(From Envelopes, 1861. Collected by William B. Taylor, Postmaster of New
+York, and presented by him to the New York Historical Society.)]
+
+Such things as these usually perish with the feeling that called them
+forth. Mr. William B. Taylor, then the postmaster of New York, struck
+with the peculiar appearance of the post-office, all gay and brilliant
+with heaps of colored pictures, conceived the fancy of saving one or two
+envelopes of each kind, selected from the letters addressed to himself.
+These he hastily pasted in a scrap-book, which he afterward gave to
+swell the invaluable collection of curiosities belonging to the New York
+Historical Society.
+
+[Illustration: Virginia Pausing.]
+
+We should not naturally have looked for caricature in Richmond in April,
+1861, while the convention was sitting that passed the ordinance of
+secession. But the reader will perceive on this page that the pencil
+lent its aid to those who were putting the native state of Washington
+and Jefferson on the wrong side of the great controversy. This specimen
+appeared on the morning of the decisive day, and was brought away by a
+lady who then left Richmond for her home in New York. The rats are
+arranged so as to show the order in which the States seceded: South
+Carolina first, Mississippi second, Alabama and Florida on the same day,
+and Virginia still held by the negotiations with Mr. Lincoln. This
+picture may stand as the contribution of the Confederacy to the satiric
+art of the world.
+
+Few readers need to be informed that it was the war which developed and
+brought to light the caricaturist of the United States, Thomas Nast.
+When the war began he was a boyish-looking youth of eighteen, who had
+already been employed as a draughtsman upon the illustrated press of New
+York and London for two years. He had ridden in Garibaldi's train during
+the campaign of 1860 which freed Sicily and Naples, and sent sketches of
+the leading events home to New York and to the London _Illustrated
+News_. But it was the secession war that changed him from a roving lad,
+with a swift pencil for sale, into a patriot artist, burning with the
+enthusiasm of the time. _Harper's Weekly_, circulating in every town,
+army, camp, fort, and ship, placed the whole country within his reach,
+and he gave forth from time to time those powerful emblematic pictures
+that roused the citizen and cheered the soldier. In these early works,
+produced amidst the harrowing anxieties of the war, the serious element
+was of necessity dominant, and it was this quality that gave them so
+much influence. They were as much the expression of heart-felt
+conviction as Mr. Curtis's most impassioned editorials, or Mr. Lincoln's
+Gettysburg speech. This I know, because I sat by his side many a time
+while he was drawing them, and was with him often at those electric
+moments when the idea of a picture was conceived. It was not till the
+war was over, and President Andrew Johnson began to "swing round the
+circle," that Mr. Nast's pictures became caricatures. But they were none
+the less the utterance of conviction. Whether he is wrong or right in
+the view presented of a subject, his pictures are always as much the
+product of his mind as they are of his hand.
+
+Concerning the justice of many of his political caricatures there must
+be, of course, two opinions; but happily his greatest achievement is one
+which the honest portion of the people all approve. Caricature, since
+the earliest known period of its existence, far back in the dawn of
+Egyptian history, has accomplished nothing else equal to the series of
+about forty-five pictures contributed by Thomas Nast to _Harper's
+Weekly_ for the explosion of the Tammany Ring. These are the utmost that
+satiric art has done in that kind. The fertility of invention displayed
+by the artist, week after week, for months at a time, was so
+extraordinary that people concluded, as a matter of course, the ideas
+were furnished him by others. On the contrary, he can not draw from the
+suggestions of other minds. His more celebrated pictures have been drawn
+in quiet country places, several miles from the city in which they were
+published.
+
+The presence in New York of seventy or eighty thousand voters, born and
+reared in Europe, and left by European systems of government and
+religion totally ignorant of all that the citizens of a free state are
+most concerned to know, gave a chance here to the political thief such
+as has seldom existed, except within the circle of a court and
+aristocracy. The stealing, which was begun forty years before in the old
+corporation tea-room, had at last become a system, which was worked by a
+few coarse, cunning men with such effect as to endanger the solvency of
+the city. They stole more like kings and emperors than like common
+thieves, and the annual festival given by them at the Academy of Music
+called to mind the reckless profusion of Louis XIV. when he entertained
+the French nobles at Versailles at the expense of the laborious and
+economical people of France. Their chief was almost as ignorant and
+vulgar, though not as mean and pig-like, as George IV. of England. In
+many particulars they resembled the gang of low conspirators who seized
+the supreme power in France in 1851, and in the course of twenty years
+brought that powerful and illustrious nation so near ruin that it is
+even now a matter of doubt whether it exists by strength or by
+sufferance.
+
+[Illustration: TWEEDLEDEE AND SWEEDLEDUM.
+
+(_A New Christmas Pantomime at Tammany Hall._)
+
+_Clown (to Pantaloon)._ "Let's blind them with _this_, and then take
+_some more_."
+
+Tweed's Gift of Fifty Thousand Dollars to the Poor of his Native Ward.
+(_Harper's Weekly_, January 14th, 1871.)]
+
+What an escape we had! But, also, what immeasurable harm was done! From
+being a city where every one wished to live, or, at least, often to
+remain, they allowed New York to become a place from which all escaped
+who could. Nothing saved its business predominance but certain facts of
+geology and geography which Rings can not alter. Two generations of
+wise and patriotic exertion will not undo the mischief done by that knot
+of scoundrels in about six years. The press caught them at the full tide
+of their success, when the Tammany Ring, in fell alliance with a
+railroad ring, was confident of placing a puppet of its own in the
+Presidential chair. The history of this melancholy lapse, from the hour
+when an alderman first pocketed a quire of note-paper, or carried from
+the tea-room a bundle of cigars, to the moment of Tweed's rescue from a
+felon's cell through the imperfection of the law, were a subject
+worthier far of a great American writer in independent circumstances
+than any he could find in the records of the world beyond the sea. The
+interests of human nature, not less than the special interests of this
+country, demand that it should be written; for all the nations are now
+in substantially the same moral and political condition. Old methods
+have become everywhere inadequate before new ones are evolved; and
+meanwhile the Scoundrel has all the new forces and implements at his
+command. If ever this story should be written for the instruction of
+mankind, the historian will probably tell us that two young men of the
+New York press did more than any others to create the feeling that broke
+the Ring. Both of them naturally loathed a public thief. One of these
+young men in the columns of an important daily paper, and the other on
+the broad pages of _Harper's Weekly_, waged brilliant and effective
+warfare against the combination of spoilers. They made mad the guilty
+and appalled the free. They gave, also, moral support to the able and
+patriotic gentlemen who, in more quiet, unconspicuous ways, were
+accumulating evidence that finally consigned some of the conspirators to
+felons' cells, and made the rest harmless wanderers over the earth.
+
+[Illustration: "Who Stole the People's Money?"
+
+(Thomas Nast, in _Harper's Weekly_, August 19th, 1871.)]
+
+Comic art is now well established among us. In the illustrated papers
+there are continually appearing pictures which are highly amusing,
+without having the incisive, aggressive force of Mr. Nast's caricatures.
+The old favorites of the public, Bellew, Eytinge, Reinhart, Beard, are
+known and admired, and the catalogue continually lengthens by the
+addition of other names. Interesting sketches, more or less satirical,
+bear the names of Brackmere, C. G. Parker, M. Woolf, G. Bull, S. Fox,
+Paul Frenzeny, Thomas Worth, Hopkins, Frost, Wust, and others. Among
+such names it is delightful to find those of two ladies, Mary M'Donald
+and Jennie Browscombe. The old towns of New England abound in
+undeveloped and half-developed female talent, for which there seems at
+present no career. There will never be a career for talent undeveloped
+or half developed. Give the schools in those fine old towns one lesson a
+week in object-drawing from a teacher that knows his business, keep it
+up for one generation, and New England girls will cheer all homes by
+genial sketches and amusing glimpses of life, to say nothing of more
+important and serious artistic work. The talent exists; the taste
+exists. Nothing is wanting but for us all to cast away from us the
+ridiculous notion that the only thing in human nature that requires
+educating is the brain. We must awake to the vast absurdity of bringing
+up girls upon algebra and Latin, and sending them out into a world which
+they were born to cheer and decorate unable to walk, dance, sing, or
+draw; their minds overwrought, but not well nourished, and their bodies
+devoid of the rudiments of education.
+
+[Illustration: "On to Richmond!"--The Peninsular Campaign. (1862.)
+
+_M'Clellan._ "You must coax him along: conciliate him. Force won't do. I
+don't believe in it; but don't let go. Keep his head to the rear. If he
+should get away, he might go to Richmond, and then my plans for
+conquering the Rebellion will never be developed."
+
+_B-lm-t._ "Hold fast, B-rl-w, or he _will_ get to Richmond in spite of
+us; and then my capital for the European market is all lost."
+
+_B-rl-w._ "I've got him fast; there's no danger. He's only changing his
+base to the Gun-boats."
+
+_B-lm-t._ "Look out for that letter to the President which you wrote for
+him. Don't lose that."
+
+_B-rl-w._ "No; I have it safe here in my pocket. When his change of base
+is effected, I will make him sign the letter, and send it to old Abe."]
+
+There is no country on earth where the humorous aspects of human life
+are more relished than in the United States, and none where there is
+less power to exhibit them by the pencil. There are to-day a thousand
+paragraphs afloat in the press which ought to have been pictures. Here
+is one from a newspaper in the interior of Georgia: "A sorry sight it
+is to see a spike team, consisting of a skeleton steer and a skinky
+blind mule, with rope harness, and a squint-eyed driver, hauling a
+barrel of new whisky over poor roads, on a hermaphrodite wagon, into a
+farming district where the people are in debt, and the children are
+forced to practice scant attire by day and hungry sleeping by night."
+The man who penned those graphic lines needed, perhaps, but an educated
+hand to reproduce the scene, and make it as vivid to all minds as it was
+to his own. The country contains many such possible artists.
+
+A novel kind of living caricature has been presented occasionally, of
+late, by Mr. William E. Baker, of the famous firm of sewing-machine
+manufacturers, Grover & Baker. At his farm in Natick, Massachusetts, Mr.
+Baker is fond of burlesquing the national propensity to convert every
+trifling celebration into a banner-and-brass-band pageant. A great
+company was once invited to his place to "assist" at the naming of a
+calf. At another time, the birthday of a favorite heifer was celebrated
+with pomp and circumstance. In the summer of 1875, several hundreds of
+people were summoned to witness the laying of the corner-stone of a new
+pig-pen, and among the guests were a governor, military companies,
+singing clubs, members of foreign legations, and other persons of note
+and importance. The enormous card of invitation, besides being adorned
+with pictures of high-bred pigs in the happiest condition, contained a
+story showing how pigs had brought on a war between two powerful
+nations. This was the tale:
+
+[Illustration: Christmas-time--Won at a Turkey Raffle. (Sol Eytinge,
+Jun., _Harper's Weekly_, January 3d, 1874.)
+
+"De breed am small, but de flavor am delicious."]
+
+"By the carelessness of a boy in 1811, a garden-gate in Rhode Island was
+left open; two pigs entered and destroyed a few plants. The day was
+hot, the pigs fat, and when attempts were made to drive them out, the
+characteristic obstinacy of the animals occasioned such violent exercise
+as to cause their death. A quarrel ensued between the owner of the pigs
+and the owner of the garden, which, spreading among their friends,
+resulted in the election of the opposition candidate--Howell--by one
+majority to the United States Senate, by whose vote the motion to
+postpone until the next session further consideration on the question of
+declaring war was defeated by one majority; and by the vote following it
+war was declared with Great Britain in 1812, although Howell was opposed
+to and voted against it."
+
+[Illustration: "He cometh not, she said." (M. Woolf, in _Harper's
+Bazar_, July 31st, 1875.)]
+
+This story was illustrated by excellent wood-cuts. The account of the
+festival, given in the _Boston Advertiser_, is worth preserving as a
+narrative of the most costly, extensive, and elaborate joke ever
+performed in the United States. Since kings and emperors ceased to amuse
+their guests with similar burlesques, I know not if the world has
+witnessed "fooling" on so large a scale.
+
+"On Saturday" (June 19th, 1875, two days after the Bunker Hill
+Centennial) "the invited guests repaired to the Albany Railroad Depot.
+The nine-o'clock train took out the Fifth Maryland Regiment, which had
+been invited, and the Marine Band of Washington, also a delegation of
+the Washington Light Infantry of Charleston, South Carolina.
+
+"The next train took out their escort, the Charlestown Cadets, Company
+A, Fifth Massachusetts Regiment, Captain J. E. Phipps, the corps missing
+the train; a large number of invited guests, including Governor Gaston,
+his aid, Colonel Wyman, Colonels Kingsbury and Treadwell, and other
+representatives of the State House, General I. S. Burrell, First
+Brigade, and a great many officers of rank of the different military
+organizations of the State in uniform.
+
+"Upon arriving at the depot in Wellesley, the carriage of Governor
+Eustis, in which Lafayette rode into Boston in 1824, with large
+iron-gray horses and rich gold-mounted harness, as old-fashioned as the
+vehicle, was placed at the service of the governor and his party. The
+line, consisting of some fifty vehicles, each capable of transporting
+twenty or thirty persons, headed by Edmands's Band, was then formed
+under the direction of Lieutenant Francis L. Hills, of the United States
+Artillery, who, by-the-way, was a most useful marshal.
+
+"The procession was welcomed to the Farms by George O. Sanford, Chief
+Marshal, who was attired in a rich dark-velvet suit of the style of
+1775, trimmed with gold-lace, and a bag-wig.
+
+"About two or three thousand persons were upon the ground. Among them
+were General Banks, General Underwood, Colonel Andrews, of Charleston,
+South Carolina, and many other citizens of note, in addition to those
+previously mentioned. The marshals were distinguished by wearing a
+miniature silver hog upon the lapels of their coats, upon which were the
+letters 'W. E. B., June 19th, 1875,' and underneath the metal a ribbon
+badge with 'Marshal' in gold letters, intended to read 'We B Marshal.'
+They also carried a silver baton with red, white, and blue ribbons. Of
+those upon the ground perhaps five hundred were ladies.
+
+"Teams from all the surrounding country were in the roads about the
+place, with their occupants gazing upon the spectacle. The military, who
+had marched from the depot, were drawn up on the lawn. The Marine Band
+was discoursing its delightful music here, Edmands's Band at another
+point, and the Natick Cornet at a third.
+
+"Old Father Time was circulating about in gray hair, long gray beard, a
+dark-purple velvet robe, and carrying the conventional scythe. Cheers
+upon cheers were going up for the host from the military and the other
+guests. Many hundreds of chairs were provided at different points for
+the use of the weary. The young son of Mr. Baker was dressed in full
+Revolutionary Minute-man costume.
+
+"About twelve o'clock the military stacked their arms, and all repaired
+to an immense pavilion, where substantial refreshments, including iced
+tea for a beverage, were provided for the thousands. In the 'Minnehaha
+Sweet-water Wigwam' were two immense tubs holding about two barrels
+each, one filled with lemonade and the other with claret-punch.
+
+"In a large pen or 'corral' built of railroad-ties, in a manner
+partaking of a Virginia fence, a log-cabin, and a block fortress, were a
+cage of youthful bears and cages of other animals. The place was
+surrounded with pictures of hogs and men, both indulging in a grand
+carouse. There was no roof, and the top was surmounted by stuffed birds
+and animals. In this place two of Satan's respectable representatives, a
+blue devil and a red devil, were dealing out whisky-punch.
+
+"At about two o'clock a procession marched about a quarter of a mile to
+the vicinity of the Buffalo yards, where the corner-stone of the new
+piggery was to be laid. A platform some thirty feet square had been
+erected, and, after music from Edmands's Band, Mr. Baker made a brief
+address of welcome.
+
+"Brief and pertinent remarks were made by Governor Gaston, Curtis Guild,
+Esq., of the _Commercial Bulletin_, Colonel Andrews, of South Carolina,
+and C. B. Farnsworth, of Rhode Island.
+
+"Colonel Jenkins, commander of the Fifth, was called upon, and commenced
+a patriotic speech, when he was interrupted by Mr. Baker, who took from
+a box a live white pig, some six weeks old, and presented it to the
+colonel for a 'Child of the Regiment.'
+
+"Amidst shouts of laughter, the gallant colonel, in his rich dress, went
+on, dealing out patriotism with one arm and holding the pig in the
+other, where it quietly reposed, looking for all the world like a quiet
+babe just from the bath. The effect was irrepressibly ludicrous.
+
+"Soon afterward Mr. Baker produced a black pig, some three months old;
+but the officer, having his arms already full, handed it to one of his
+men, who threw it upon his back, and only its head and fore paws were
+visible over the shoulders of the soldier.
+
+"The rueful look of Piggy as he contemplated society from this novel
+position, and his squeals of wonder and fright, sent off the whole
+audience again into laughter, and the Maryland boys cheered for their
+adopted twins.
+
+"The corner-stone was then lowered into position, the rope being held by
+Governor Gaston, Colonel Andrews, Colonel Jenkins, and Mr. Farnsworth,
+Mr. Baker first remarking that, as the Jews considered the pig unclean,
+it might be well to put a scent under the stone, which Mr. Guild thought
+was a centimental idea. Many cents were thrown, after which there was a
+slight shower, and many persons entered the big stable where were the
+wonderful cows which gave milk-punch.
+
+"After the ceremony there was another collation, and then the soldiers
+had a game of foot-ball. As they were about to be loaded into
+carriages--for they rode back to the depot--several hundred red, white,
+and blue toy balloons were cut loose, and the air was filled with flocks
+of them. The troops took the train and arrived in town at six o'clock,
+and left almost immediately for home."
+
+With this remarkable specimen of Comic Art in America, I take leave of
+the subject.
+
+
+
+
+INDEX.
+
+
+ A.
+
+ Abbott, Dr., interprets an Egyptian caricature, 32.
+
+ Adams, John, quoted, upon a free commonwealth, 321.
+
+ AEneas, burlesque picture of, 20.
+
+ Alcmena, Princess, burlesqued, 29.
+
+ Alexaminos, Roman caricature of, 26.
+
+ Alexander I., his advice to Louis XVIII., 213.
+
+ American caricature, chapters upon, 300, 318.
+
+ Amsterdam, caricatures published in, 129.
+
+ Anchises burlesqued, 20.
+
+ Ancients, the, their modes of ridicule, 15.
+
+ Antiphanes, quoted, upon women, 176.
+
+ Antiquaries puzzled, picture of, 146.
+
+ Apollo burlesqued, 29, 30.
+
+ Arbuthnot, John, his epitaph upon Charteris, 136.
+
+ Aristophanes, his power to provoke mirth, 30;
+ satire of women, 176.
+
+ Armstrong, John, quoted, 309.
+
+ Ascanius burlesqued, 20.
+
+ Ass, the, catechism upon, 49.
+
+ Avegay, Madame, in a caricature, 63.
+
+
+ B.
+
+ Bacchus, legend of, 23.
+
+ Baker, William E., his burlesque celebration, 331.
+
+ Ballou, M. M., his quotation-book, 184.
+
+ Bastwick, Dr., loses his ears, 99;
+ his triumphal return to London, 99.
+
+ Beaumarchais, Caron de, quoted, 161, 162.
+
+ Beaumont, G. de, a caricature by, 184.
+
+ Beer known to the ancient Egyptians, 34.
+
+ Beranger, Pierre-Jean de, his songs during the Restoration, 214, 215.
+
+ Bernard, St., quoted, upon grotesque decoration, 47.
+
+ Biddle, Nicholas, burlesqued, 321.
+
+ Bohemians, the, described, 172.
+
+ Bomba caricatured, 262, 263.
+
+ Bonaparte, Eugenie, caricatured, 234, 238.
+
+ Bonaparte, Louis, burlesqued, 235, 238.
+
+ Bonaparte, L. N., caricatured, 233, 238, 250, 252, 255.
+
+ Bonaparte, Napoleon, developed through George III., 153;
+ suppressed caricature, 208;
+ caricatures of, 210, 268, 269.
+
+ Boston described, 301.
+
+ Box, Dame, anecdote of, 117.
+
+ Bradlaugh, Charles, in a caricature, 297.
+
+ Brandt, Sebastian, his "Ship of Fools," 60, 180.
+
+ Brougham, Lord, caricatured in _Punch_, 287, 289.
+
+ Browne, Hablot K., criticised by Thackeray, 223.
+
+ Burke, Edmund, in Gillray's caricatures, 154;
+ quoted, upon the French Revolution, 163;
+ caricature, 164.
+
+ Burnet, Bishop, describes an altar-piece, 48.
+
+ Bute, Lord, a favorite of George III., 150;
+ caricatured, 152, 153.
+
+ Butler, B. F., upon war envelopes, 324.
+
+ Button, Daniel, his coffee-house, 135.
+
+
+ C.
+
+ Cairo never swept, 22.
+
+ Calvin, Jean, his origin, 82;
+ caricatures of, 83-85.
+
+ Cambaceres, Jean-Jacques Regis de, a portrait of, 213.
+
+ Canning, Mr., not offended by caricature, 289.
+
+ Carlyle, Thomas, quoted, upon the French, 162, 163.
+
+ Cathedrals, decorations of, 40-43;
+ explained, 48.
+
+ _Centinel_, the, a parody from, 314.
+
+ Chambers, William, quoted, upon his early time, 272.
+
+ Cham, caricatures by, 185, 228, 232.
+
+ Champfleury, Jules, quoted, on pigmies, 18;
+ on cathedral decoration, 43, 46, 53;
+ gives a burlesque Paternoster, 61;
+ upon midnight masses, 61;
+ upon burlesque decoration of manuscripts, 67;
+ caricature from, 161, 162, 211;
+ quoted, 212, 220.
+
+ _Charivari, Le_, its course, 218, 220.
+
+ Charles II., caricature of, 103, 106.
+
+ Charles X. dethroned, 216.
+
+ Charlotte, Queen, caricatured, 154.
+
+ Charteris, Colonel Francis, epitaph upon, 136.
+
+ Chatham, Lord, caricatured, 156; disliked by George III., 157.
+
+ Chatto, W. A., quoted, upon an old caricature, 64, 97.
+
+ Chesterfield, Lord, quoted, upon women, 185.
+
+ China, caricatures of, 191.
+
+ Chiron burlesqued, 29.
+
+ Christians, Roman caricature of, 25;
+ Roman opinion of, 26.
+
+ Cicero divorces his wife, 178.
+
+ Clement VII. ridiculed by Luther, 76;
+ pasquinade upon, 258.
+
+ Clergy, the, dissolute in the early ages, 68;
+ anecdotes of, 68;
+ rob and plunder, 69.
+
+ Coalition, the, caricatured, 157, 158.
+
+ Collier, Payne, writes out Punch, 266.
+
+ Commune, the, caricatures of, 235.
+
+ Cranach, Lucas, caricaturist of the Reformation, 77.
+
+ Cranmer, Bishop, his martyrdom, 87.
+
+ Cris-cross rhymes, specimen of, 105.
+
+ Cromwell, Elizabeth, caricatured, 107.
+
+ Cromwell, Oliver, caricatured, 104;
+ his funeral and disinterment, 106.
+
+ Cromwell, Richard, in caricature, 107.
+
+ Crozat, Antoine, sells Louisiana trade, 125.
+
+ Cruikshank, George, his caricature of crinoline, 181;
+ of school-girls, 189;
+ draws Punch, 265;
+ his career, 268;
+ pictures by, 270, 271, 273;
+ his family, 269.
+
+ Cruikshank, Isaac, his career, 273.
+
+ Cuba, comic art in, 256.
+
+
+ D.
+
+ Dance of Death, in Art of Middle Ages, 57-59.
+
+ Dangeau, Marquis de, quoted, upon Louis XV., 159.
+
+ Daumier, M., his caricatures, 180, 219, 235.
+
+ Davus satirizes Horace, 25.
+
+ Death-crier, picture of, 56.
+
+ "Decameron," the, its effect upon contemporaries, 70.
+
+ Devil, the, traditional character of, 51; caricatured, 52-55;
+ modified by time, 65.
+
+ Devonshire, Duchess of, caricatured, 153.
+
+ Dickens, Charles, his "Pickwick," 23;
+ origin of his "Bill Stumps," 146;
+ Pickwick suggested by Seymour, 280;
+ described by Willis, 282.
+
+ Disraeli, Benjamin, caricatured, 289.
+
+ D'Israeli, Isaac, quoted, upon _Punch_, 265.
+
+ Dodington, Bubb, quoted, upon early life of George III., 148, 149.
+
+ "Don Quixote," one secret of its charm, 23;
+ quoted, 56.
+
+ Dore, Gustave, caricature by, 231, 232.
+
+ Doyle, John, his caricatures, 275.
+
+ Doyle, Richard, his Wedding Breakfast, 281;
+ leaves _Punch_ for conscience' sake, 299.
+
+ Du Maurier, Mr., his pictures of children, 294, 297.
+
+ Durand, M., his interpretation of a cathedral, 48.
+
+ Duerer, Albert, describes a procession, 92.
+
+
+ E.
+
+ Egyptians, art among, 32, 33;
+ their habits, 34, 56.
+
+ Elizabeth, Queen, celebration of her birthday, 110.
+
+ England, caricature in, 267.
+
+ Erasmus, quoted, upon the monks, 66, 71;
+ detested by Luther, 75;
+ satirizes women, 181, 182.
+
+ Evelyn, John, quoted, upon law, 124.
+
+ Extinguishers, family of the, 214.
+
+ Eytinge, Sol, picture by, 331.
+
+
+ F.
+
+ Fairholt, F. W., upon Gog and Magog, 50.
+
+ Fanning the Grave--a Chinese poem, 193.
+
+ Feuillet, Octave, misrepresents, 172.
+
+ "Figaro, Marriage of," quoted, 161, 162.
+
+ Fleury, Cardinal, tutor of Louis XV., 159.
+
+ Fox, Charles James, in Gillray's caricatures, 153, 154, 157;
+ disliked by George III., 157;
+ caricatured by Isaac Cruikshank, 274.
+
+ France, caricature of, 208.
+
+ Franklin, Benjamin, his caricature of the Colonies Reduced, 147;
+ quoted, upon George III., 151;
+ burlesques English policy, 155;
+ quoted, 185;
+ his early use of pictures, 300, 304;
+ his early lampoons, 302;
+ his love of humor, 301, 303;
+ his Scalp Hoax, 306.
+
+ Frederic II. snubs Pompadour, 160.
+
+ French Revolution, caricatures of, 161-170.
+
+ Fry, William H., his use of Juvenal, 23.
+
+
+ G.
+
+ Galas, General, caricature of, 115.
+
+ Gallatin, Albert, good financier, 124.
+
+ Ganesa, his character in Hindoo theology, 36.
+
+ Gardiner, Bishop, his martyrdom, 86, 87.
+
+ Gautier, Theophile, quoted, upon Gavarni, 224.
+
+ Gavarni, his caricatures of women, 171, 176, 187, 188;
+ his only political caricatures, 216;
+ social caricatures by, 223, 224, 226;
+ portrait of, 236.
+
+ Gegeef, his caricatures, 297.
+
+ Geiler, Jacob, satirizes the monks, 71.
+
+ George III., his early life, 148;
+ compared with Louis XV., 159;
+ caricature of, 209, 269.
+
+ George IV., anecdote of, 151;
+ in Gillray's caricatures, 154.
+
+ Germany, comic art in, 242.
+
+ Gerry, Elbridge, in the affair of the Gerry-mander, 317.
+
+ Gerry-mander, the picture of, 316.
+
+ Gibbon, Edward, quoted, upon rise of Christianity, 47, 54.
+
+ "Gil Blas," secret of its charm, 23.
+
+ Gillray, James, his works described, 153, 154;
+ caricatures Napoleon, 209;
+ his portrait, 267.
+
+ Gin, law to diminish use of, 143.
+
+ Girin, a caricature from, 179.
+
+ Godfrey, Sir Edmundsbury, assassinated, 109-111.
+
+ Godiva, remark upon, 183.
+
+ Goethe, J. W., quoted, upon housekeeping, 177.
+
+ Gog and Magog, pictures of, 50.
+
+ Gondomar, Count, complains of a caricature, 96, 97.
+
+ Greeks, art among, 28.
+
+ Griswold, Roger, assaulted by Lyon, 312.
+
+
+ H.
+
+ Hamilton, Alexander, talked well on finance, 124.
+
+ _Harper's Weekly_, during war, 326;
+ pictures from, 318-332.
+
+ Herculaneum, how discovered, 21.
+
+ Hindoos, the, art among, 36;
+ their domestic code, 175.
+
+ Hogarth, William, his career, 120, 133;
+ caricatures by, 134, 137, 138;
+ his five days' peregrination, 137;
+ anecdote by, 138;
+ his burlesque dedication, 140;
+ procures act of Parliament, 141;
+ his last letter, 304.
+
+ Holbein, Hans, caricatures indulgences, 72, 73;
+ illustrates Erasmus and Brandt, 76;
+ his triumph of riches, 81.
+
+ Homer upon pigmies, 17.
+
+ Horace, quoted, upon slavery, 23;
+ upon a miser, 24;
+ upon the Saturnalia, 25.
+
+ Howard, Cardinal, personated, 111.
+
+ Howells, William D., upon San Carlo, 42, 47.
+
+ Huc, M., quoted, upon the Chinese, 191.
+
+ Huguenots, caricatures by, 118.
+
+ Humbert, Aime, his work upon Japan, 198;
+ a caricature from, 206.
+
+ Humpty Dumpty, antiquity of, 23.
+
+
+ I.
+
+ Ipswich noted in Puritan period, 97.
+
+ Isaac the Jew, caricatured, 63.
+
+ Italy, caricature in, 257.
+
+
+ J.
+
+ Jackson, Andrew, in caricature, 320, 322.
+
+ "Jade Chaplet," the, a poem from, 193.
+
+ Japan, comic art in, 198, 206.
+
+ Jefferson, Thomas, quoted, upon the hereditary principle, 147;
+ upon Scott's novels, 184;
+ upon the freedom of the press, 218;
+ caricatured, 313.
+
+ Jerome, St., his portrait, 47.
+
+ Jews, the, position and character of, in Middle Ages, 62.
+
+ Jupiter, caricature of, 29, 30.
+
+ Juvenal, quoted, upon slavery, 23;
+ upon the toilette, 24;
+ upon the Greeks, 31;
+ upon learned women, 179.
+
+
+ K.
+
+ Kenrick, J., quoted, upon Theban remains, 33.
+
+ Krishna, in Hindoo theology, 36-38.
+
+
+ L.
+
+ Langlois, E. H., quoted, upon the Death-crier, 56.
+
+ Laud, Archbishop, caricatured, 98, 100-102.
+
+ Law, John, his career, 120, 123-132.
+
+ Leech, John, his comic pictures, 284-286;
+ his portrait, 285.
+
+ Leighton, Dr. Alexander, persecuted, 98.
+
+ Lent and Shrovetide, tilt of, 107, 108.
+
+ Leo X., pasquinade upon, 258.
+
+ Lincoln, Abraham, in _Punch_, 290, 291.
+
+ London, its antiquity, 22.
+
+ Longfellow, H. W., quoted, upon Dance of Death, 59.
+
+ Louisiana, scheme for settling, 125;
+ old map of, 126.
+
+ Louis Philippe, his reign, 216, 217;
+ caricatured, 218, 321.
+
+ Louis XIV., caricatured, 115, 116, 118;
+ his finances, 121.
+
+ Louis XV., his education, 159;
+ anecdote of, 161.
+
+ Louis XVI. caricatured, 166, 167.
+
+ Louis XVIII., his character and reign, 212, 213.
+
+ Lucian, quoted, upon Jupiter, 30.
+
+ Luther, Martin, his aversion to Jews, 63;
+ caricature of, 64;
+ upon the devil, 65;
+ disliked Erasmus, 75;
+ used caricature in the Reformation, 76;
+ his marriage, 78;
+ his credulity, 93.
+
+ Luxembourg, Duc de, anecdote of, 116.
+
+ Lyon, Matthew, his assault upon Griswold, 312;
+ fined and imprisoned, 313.
+
+
+ M.
+
+ Macaire, Robert, burlesques so called, 221.
+
+ Malcolm, J. P., quoted, upon grotesque decoration, 44-46;
+ picture from, 90, 95, 196, 197.
+
+ Marcelin, M., dedicates loose pictures to his mother, 231.
+
+ Marcus Aurelius, quoted, upon Christians, 26.
+
+ Maria Theresa civil to Pompadour, 160.
+
+ Marie Antoinette caricatured, 169, 170.
+
+ Mary, Queen, her prayer-book, 46, 53, 54.
+
+ Masks worn by ancient actors, 22.
+
+ Mather, Cotton, quoted, upon the Franklins, 301, 302.
+
+ Mather, Increase, quoted, upon the press, 302.
+
+ Matrimony, caricature of, 173, 177;
+ in China, 192.
+
+ Melanchthon, Philip, upon Luther's marriage, 79.
+
+ Menius, Dr., anecdote of, 63.
+
+ Mercury burlesqued, 29, 30.
+
+ Merimee, M., quoted, on the devil, 53.
+
+ Middle Ages, caricature of, 40, 50.
+
+ Midnight masses, gayety of, in France, 61.
+
+ Mingotti, Signora, caricature of, 143.
+
+ Mirabeau, Gabriel, Comte de, caricature of, 162.
+
+ Mitford, A. W., quoted, upon Japanese preaching, 198.
+
+ Mokke, Mosse, caricatured, 63.
+
+ Moor, Major Edward, quoted, upon Hindoo art, 36.
+
+ Morellet, Abbe, quoted, upon Franklin, 306.
+
+ Morgan, Matt, a caricature by, 299.
+
+ Morris, Robert, caricatured, 309.
+
+
+ N.
+
+ Nareda, in Hindoo mythology, 38.
+
+ Nast, Thomas, portrait of, 318;
+ caricatures by, 319, 320, 328, 329;
+ his career, 326.
+
+ Nilus, St., quoted, upon grotesque decoration, 46.
+
+ Nonius Maximus caricatured at Pompeii, 16.
+
+ North, Lord, caricatured, 157;
+ disapproves policy of George III., 158.
+
+ Norton, Charles Eliot, quoted, upon art in Italy, 260, 262.
+
+ Norwich, great dragon of, 51.
+
+ Notables, the, caricatured, 161.
+
+ Nucerians, the, their contest with the people of Pompeii, 17.
+
+
+ O.
+
+ Oates, Titus, denounces Popish plot, 109.
+
+ Old masters, Hogarth upon, 138;
+ burlesque of, 139.
+
+ Olympiodorus, St. Nilus to, on decoration, 46.
+
+ Opimius burlesqued by Horace, 24.
+
+ Orange, Prince of, anecdote of, 116.
+
+ Orleans, Duc de, Regent of France, 122.
+
+ Osiris, in Egyptian art, 33.
+
+ Oudinot, General, caricatured, 260, 261.
+
+
+ P.
+
+ Paine, Thomas, caricatured by Gillray, 154;
+ in a caricature, 297.
+
+ Palladas, his epigram upon marriage, 177.
+
+ Palmerston, Lord, in _Punch_, 289, 290.
+
+ Parrhasius, anecdote of, 28.
+
+ Pasquino, account of, 257, 259.
+
+ Pergamus, unswept hall of, 28.
+
+ Petre, Father, caricature of, 109.
+
+ Philipon, Charles, portrait of, 218;
+ his _Charivari_, 220;
+ his trial, 220.
+
+ Pigmies, Pompeian pictures of, 15, 17-19;
+ described by Pliny, 17;
+ uses of, 18.
+
+ Pike, Luke Owen, a caricature from, 63;
+ quoted, upon clerical robbers, 69.
+
+ _Pirlone, Il Don_, caricatures from, 259-263.
+
+ Pitt, William, antagonist of Napoleon, 158;
+ caricatured by Isaac Cruikshank, 274.
+
+ Pius VI., pasquinade upon, 258.
+
+ Pius IX. caricatured, 263.
+
+ Pliny the Elder describes pigmies, 17;
+ upon Greek art, 28.
+
+ Pliny the Younger, quoted, upon Christians, 26.
+
+ Pocahontas, anecdote of, 175.
+
+ Pole, Cardinal, caricatured, 86.
+
+ "Politician Outwitted," quoted, 307.
+
+ Pompadour, Madame de, anecdotes of, 159-161.
+
+ Pompeii, chalk caricatures from, 15, 17;
+ pigmy pugilists from, 15;
+ described, 16;
+ its amphitheatre closed, 17;
+ how discovered, 21.
+
+ "Poor Richard," the comic almanac of its day, 303.
+
+ Pope, Alexander, speculates in shares, 128;
+ in a caricature, 136;
+ quoted, upon Walpole, 142;
+ women, 184.
+
+ Popish plot, terror of, 109.
+
+ Processions, remarks upon, 91;
+ in honor of Virgin Mary, 92;
+ upon birthday of Queen Elizabeth, 110.
+
+ Proverbs satirizing women, 185.
+
+ Prynne, Lawyer, loses his ears, 99;
+ his triumphal return to London, 99.
+
+ _Puck_, a burlesque from, 197.
+
+ Punch, antiquity of the legend, 31;
+ in Calcutta, 39;
+ in China, 191;
+ at Cairo, 264;
+ origin of, 265.
+
+ _Punch_, 284.
+
+ Puritan period, caricatures of, 90;
+ terror of, 93, 94, 98, 105, 106.
+
+
+ Q.
+
+ Quaker meeting, caricature of, 116.
+
+ Queen of James II., caricature of, 109.
+
+ Quincampoix, scenes in the street so named, 127, 129.
+
+
+ R.
+
+ Rabelais, Francois, his influence, 85, 86.
+
+ Randon, M., his caricatures, 227, 230.
+
+ Rationalism, caricature of, 298.
+
+ Reformation, the, caricatures of, 76;
+ abolished processions, 93.
+
+ "Reynard the Fox," its effect, 70.
+
+ Rheims, its cathedral, 40.
+
+ Richard II., his psalter, 45.
+
+ Richter, Ludwig, caricature by, 248.
+
+ Rochefoucauld, Duc de, quoted, upon women, 184.
+
+ Roman Catholic Church, remark upon, 46.
+
+ Rome, actors of, 22.
+
+ Roundhead, the nickname, retorted, 104.
+
+ Rupert, Prince, caricature of, 102.
+
+ Russell, Benjamin, his allegory, 310.
+
+ Russell, Earl, quoted, upon George III., 157;
+ upon a caricature of himself, 284.
+
+
+ S.
+
+ Sacheverell, Dr., caricatured, 116, 117.
+
+ Sachs, Hans, his picture described, 78.
+
+ Saint-Simon, Duc de, quoted, upon the French Government, 125.
+
+ Satan, traditional character of, 51.
+
+ Saturnalia, the, at Rome, 24.
+
+ Saxe-Weimar, Duke of, quoted, upon American manners, 277.
+
+ Scalp Hoax, the, described, 305.
+
+ Scott, Sir Walter, Jefferson upon his novels, 184.
+
+ Secession War, caricatures of, 324-326.
+
+ Servetus, Michael, burned, 83, 84.
+
+ Seymour, Robert, suggests "Pickwick," 280.
+
+ Shakspeare, William, his death, 95.
+
+ Sheridan, R. B., in Gillray's caricatures, 154;
+ anecdote of, 165.
+
+ Sherman, Roger, upon title of the President, 309.
+
+ "Ship of Fools" described and quoted, 60, 180.
+
+ Shrovetide and Lent, caricatures of, 107, 108.
+
+ Silenus, the legend of, 23.
+
+ Sleeping Congregation, the, Hogarth's picture of, 134.
+
+ Smart, Rev. Peter, persecuted, 98.
+
+ Smith, William, burlesqued, 316.
+
+ Socrates burlesqued by Aristophanes, 31.
+
+ South Sea Scheme described, 128;
+ caricatures of, 135.
+
+ Spain, proverbs of, 185;
+ comic art in, 249.
+
+ Spayne and Rome defeated, picture of, 95.
+
+ Stael, Madame de, Napoleon afraid of, 208.
+
+ Stent, G. C., quoted, upon the Chinese, 192.
+
+ Stone, S. J., caricature by, 298.
+
+ Story, W. W., quoted, upon Pasquino, 258, 259.
+
+ Strafford, Earl of, caricatured, 99, 100.
+
+ Strasburg, its cathedral, 41.
+
+
+ T.
+
+ Talleyrand, Prince de, caricatures of, 209, 211;
+ quoted, upon Napoleon, 212;
+ caricatured, 268.
+
+ Tammany Ring, spoliations of, 328.
+
+ Taylor, W. B., collects war envelopes, 324, 325.
+
+ Temptation, the, picture of, 55.
+
+ Tench, drum-maker, his fete, 106.
+
+ Tenniel, John, his pictures in _Punch_, 286, 289, 290;
+ portrait of, 295.
+
+ Terence, quoted, upon women, 179.
+
+ Tertullian, quoted, upon Last Judgment, 54.
+
+ Thackeray, W. M., his caricature of Louis XIV., 119;
+ quoted, upon Hogarth, 137;
+ upon Louis Philippe, 219, 220;
+ commends Daumier, 223.
+
+ Thebes, antiquities of, 33, 35.
+
+ Titian burlesques the Laocooen, 89.
+
+ Tomes, Robert, quoted, upon Rheims Cathedral, 40.
+
+ Training Day, burlesque of, 308.
+
+ Trajan to Pliny, upon the Christians, 27.
+
+ Trollope, Mrs., her burlesques of American women, 183, 186, 276, 277,
+ 279;
+ burlesqued, 323.
+
+ Tweed, William, caricatured, 319, 320, 328.
+
+ Tyrolese, the, scandalize their priests, 69.
+
+
+ V.
+
+ Van Buren, John, anecdote of, 320.
+
+ Van Buren, Martin, in caricature, 320, 322.
+
+ Velocipede IV. See _Bonaparte, Louis_.
+
+ Viollet-le-duc, M., quoted, upon burlesque decoration, 64.
+
+ Virgil, quoted, upon AEneas, 20.
+
+ Virginia Pausing, caricature, 326.
+
+ Virgin Mary, her festival, 92.
+
+ Voltaire, quoted, upon Massacre of St. Bartholomew, 94.
+
+
+ W.
+
+ Wade, Mr., burlesque of, 196, 197.
+
+ Waldegrave, Lord, quoted, upon George III., 150, 157.
+
+ Wales, Prince of, caricatured, 299.
+
+ Wales, Princess of, quoted, upon George III., 148;
+ caricatured, 152.
+
+ Wall Street, scenes in, during inflation, 121.
+
+ Walpole, Horace, quoted, upon a caricature, 144;
+ upon mother of George III., 148.
+
+ Walpole, Sir Robert, in South Sea speculations, 128;
+ bribes, 141, 142;
+ caricatured, 144, 145;
+ downfall, 145.
+
+ Ward, Samuel, his caricature, 96, 97.
+
+ Washington, George, the picture of his crossing the Delaware, 21;
+ caricatured, 309.
+
+ Weather-cock, order of the, 214.
+
+ Wilkes, John, Franklin upon, 151.
+
+ Wilkinson, Sir Gardner, quoted, upon Egyptian remains, 34, 35.
+
+ William and Mary, caricatures during their reign, 115.
+
+ William IV. caricatured by Doyle, 276.
+
+ Williams, S. W., a Chinese caricature from, 191.
+
+ Willis, N. P., his interview with Dickens, 282.
+
+ Winchester, its cathedral, 43.
+
+ Wine among the Egyptians, 33, 34;
+ among the monks, 68.
+
+ Women and matrimony, caricatures of, 171-190.
+
+ Worms, altar-piece at, 49.
+
+ Wright, Thomas, gives caricature of Irish warrior, 61;
+ quoted, 70.
+
+
+ X.
+
+ Xenophon, quoted, upon marriage, 177.
+
+
+ Z.
+
+ Zeuxis, anecdote of, 28.
+
+
+THE END.
+
+
+
+
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+
+WALLACE'S MALAY ARCHIPELAGO. The Malay Archipelago: the Land of the
+Orang-Utan and the Bird of Paradise. A Narrative of Travel, 1854-1862.
+With Studies of Man and Nature. By ALFRED RUSSEL WALLACE. With Ten Maps
+and Fifty-one Elegant Illustrations. Crown 8vo, Cloth, $2.50.
+
+GIBBON'S ROME. The History of the Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire.
+By EDWARD GIBBON. With Notes by Rev. H. H. MILMAN and M. GUIZOT. With
+Index. 6 vols., 12mo, Cloth, $5.40; Sheep, $7.80; Half Calf, $15.90.
+
+BOURNE'S LIFE OF JOHN LOCKE. The Life of John Locke. By H. R. FOX
+BOURNE. 2 vols., 8vo, Cloth, uncut edges and gilt tops, $5.00.
+
+GRIFFIS'S JAPAN. The Mikado's Empire: Book I. History of Japan, from 660
+B.C. to 1872 A.D. Book II. Personal Experiences, Observations, and
+Studies in Japan, 1870-1874. By WILLIAM ELLIOT GRIFFIS, A.M., late of
+the Imperial University of Tokio, Japan. Copiously Illustrated. 8vo,
+Cloth, $4.00; Half Calf, $6.25.
+
+THOMPSON'S PAPACY AND THE CIVIL POWER. The Papacy and the Civil Power.
+By the Hon. R. W. THOMPSON, Secretary of the U. S. Navy. Crown 8vo,
+Cloth, $3.00.
+
+THE POETS AND POETRY OF SCOTLAND: from the Earliest to the Present Time.
+Comprising Characteristic Selections from the Works of the more
+Noteworthy Scottish Poets, with Biographical and Critical Notices. By
+JAMES GRANT WILSON. With Portraits on Steel. 2 vols., 8vo, Cloth,
+$10.00; Half Calf, $14.50; Full Morocco, $18.00.
+
+*THE STUDENT'S SERIES. With Maps and Illustrations. 12mo, Cloth.
+
+FRANCE.--GIBBON.--GREECE.--HUME.--ROME (by LIDDELL).--OLD TESTAMENT
+HISTORY.--NEW TESTAMENT HISTORY.--STRICKLAND'S QUEENS OF ENGLAND
+(Abridged).--ANCIENT HISTORY OF THE EAST.--HALLAM'S MIDDLE
+AGES.--HALLAM'S CONSTITUTIONAL HISTORY OF ENGLAND.--LYELL'S ELEMENTS OF
+GEOLOGY.--MERIVALE'S GENERAL HISTORY OF ROME.--COX'S GENERAL HISTORY OF
+GREECE.--CLASSICAL DICTIONARY. Price $1.25 per volume.
+
+LEWIS'S HISTORY OF GERMANY. Price $1.50.
+
+THE REVISION OF THE ENGLISH VERSION OF THE NEW TESTAMENT. With an
+Introduction by the Rev. P. SCHAFF, D.D. 618 pp., Crown 8vo, Cloth,
+$3.00.
+
+This work embraces in one volume:
+
+I. ON A FRESH REVISION OF THE ENGLISH NEW TESTAMENT. By J. B. LIGHTFOOT,
+D.D., Canon of St. Paul's, and Hulsean Professor of Divinity, Cambridge.
+Second Edition, Revised. 196 pp.
+
+II. ON THE AUTHORIZED VERSION OF THE NEW TESTAMENT in Connection with
+some Recent Proposals for its Revision. By RICHARD CHENEVIX TRENCH,
+D.D., Archbishop of Dublin. 194 pp.
+
+III. CONSIDERATIONS ON THE REVISION OF THE ENGLISH VERSION OF THE NEW
+TESTAMENT. By C. J. ELLICOTT, D.D., Bishop of Gloucester and Bristol.
+178 pp.
+
+ADDISON'S COMPLETE WORKS. The Works of Joseph Addison, embracing the
+whole of the _Spectator_. 3 vols., 8vo, Cloth, $6.00; Sheep, $7.50; Half
+Calf, $12.75.
+
+ANNUAL RECORD OF SCIENCE AND INDUSTRY. The Annual Record of Science and
+Industry. Edited by Professor SPENCER F. BAIRD, of the Smithsonian
+Institution, with the Assistance of Eminent Men of Science. The Yearly
+Volumes for 1871, 1872, 1873, 1874, 1875, 1876, are ready. 12mo, Cloth,
+$2.00 per vol.
+
+BROUGHAM'S AUTOBIOGRAPHY. Life and Times of Henry, Lord Brougham.
+Written by Himself. 3 vols., 12mo, Cloth, $6.00.
+
+BULWER'S HORACE. The Odes and Epodes of Horace. A Metrical Translation
+into English. With Introduction and Commentaries. By LORD LYTTON. With
+Latin Text from the Editions of Orelli, Macleane, and Yonge. 12mo,
+Cloth, $1.75.
+
+BULWER'S KING ARTHUR. King Arthur. A Poem. By LORD LYTTON. 12mo, Cloth,
+$1.75.
+
+BULWER'S PROSE WORKS. The Miscellaneous Prose Works of Edward Bulwer,
+Lord Lytton. 2 vols., 12mo, Cloth, $3.50. Also, in uniform style,
+_Caxtoniana_. 12mo, Cloth, $1.75.
+
+DAVIS'S CARTHAGE. Carthage and her Remains: being an Account of the
+Excavations and Researches on the Site of the Phoenician Metropolis in
+Africa and other Adjacent Places. Conducted under the Auspices of Her
+Majesty's Government. By Dr. N. DAVIS, F.R.G.S. Profusely Illustrated
+with Maps, Woodcuts, Chromo-Lithographs, &c. 8vo, Cloth, $4.00; Half
+Calf, $6.25.
+
+CAMERON'S ACROSS AFRICA. Across Africa. By VERNEY LOVETT CAMERON, C.B.,
+D.C.L., Commander Royal Navy, Gold Medalist Royal Geographical Society,
+&c. With a Map and Numerous Illustrations. 8vo, Cloth, $5.00.
+
+CARLYLE'S FRENCH REVOLUTION. The French Revolution: a History. By THOMAS
+CARLYLE. 2 vols., 12mo, Cloth, $3.50; Sheep, $4.30; Half Calf, $7.00.
+
+CARLYLE'S OLIVER CROMWELL. Oliver Cromwell's Letters and Speeches,
+including the Supplement to the First Edition. With Elucidations. By
+THOMAS CARLYLE. 2 vols., 12mo, Cloth, $3.50; Sheep, $4.30; Half Calf,
+$7.00.
+
+BARTH'S NORTH AND CENTRAL AFRICA. Travels and Discoveries in North and
+Central Africa: being a Journal of an Expedition undertaken under the
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+Ph.D., D.C.L. Illustrated. 3 vols., 8vo, Cloth, $12.00; Sheep, $13.50;
+Half Calf, $18.75.
+
+THOMSON'S LAND AND BOOK. The Land and the Book; or, Biblical
+Illustrations drawn from the Manners and Customs, the Scenes and the
+Scenery, of the Holy Land. By W. M. THOMSON, D.D., Twenty-five Years a
+Missionary of the A.B.C.F.M. in Syria and Palestine. With two elaborate
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+Holy Land, and the Costumes, Manners, and Habits of the People. 2 vols.,
+12mo, Cloth, $5.00; Sheep, $6.00; Half Calf, $8.50.
+
+TENNYSON'S COMPLETE POEMS. The Poetical Works of Alfred Tennyson, Poet
+Laureate. With numerous Illustrations by Eminent Artists, and Three
+Characteristic Portraits. 8vo, Paper, $1.00; Cloth, $1.50.
+
+DU CHAILLU'S AFRICA. Explorations and Adventures in Equatorial Africa:
+with Accounts of the Manners and Customs of the People, and of the Chase
+of the Gorilla, the Crocodile, Leopard, Elephant, Hippopotamus, and
+other Animals. By PAUL B. DU CHAILLU. Illustrated. 8vo, Cloth, $5.00;
+Sheep, $5.50; Half Calf, $7.25.
+
+DU CHAILLU'S ASHANGO LAND. A Journey to Ashango Land, and Further
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+8vo, Cloth, $5.00; Sheep, $5.50; Half Calf, $7.25.
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+WHITE'S MASSACRE OF ST. BARTHOLOMEW. The Massacre of St. Bartholomew:
+Preceded by a History of the Religious Wars in the Reign of Charles IX.
+By HENRY WHITE, M.A. With Illustrations. Crown 8vo, Cloth, $1.75.
+
+DRAPER'S CIVIL WAR. History of the American Civil War. By JOHN W.
+DRAPER, M.D., LL.D. 3 vols., 8vo, Cloth, Beveled Edges, $10.50; Sheep,
+$12.00; Half Calf, $17.25.
+
+DRAPER'S INTELLECTUAL DEVELOPMENT OF EUROPE. A History of the
+Intellectual Development of Europe. By JOHN W. DRAPER, M.D., LL.D. New
+Edition, Revised. 2 vols., 12mo, Cloth, $3.00; Half Calf, $6.50.
+
+DRAPER'S AMERICAN CIVIL POLICY. Thoughts on the Future Civil Policy of
+America. By JOHN W. DRAPER, M.D., LL.D., Professor of Chemistry and
+Physiology in the University of New York. Crown 8vo, Cloth, $2.00; Half
+Morocco, $3.75.
+
+FLAMMARION'S ATMOSPHERE. The Atmosphere. Translated from the French of
+CAMILLE FLAMMARION. Edited by JAMES GLAISHER, F.R.S., Superintendent of
+the Magnetical and Meteorological Department of the Royal Observatory at
+Greenwich. With 10 Chromo-Lithographs and 86 Woodcuts. 8vo, Cloth,
+$6.00; Half Calf, $8.25.
+
+ABBOTT'S DICTIONARY OF RELIGIOUS KNOWLEDGE. A Dictionary of Religious
+Knowledge, for Popular and Professional Use; comprising full Information
+on Biblical, Theological, and Ecclesiastical Subjects. With nearly One
+Thousand Maps and Illustrations. Edited by the Rev. LYMAN ABBOTT, with
+the Co-operation of the Rev. T. C. CONANT, D.D. Royal 8vo, containing
+over 1000 pages, Cloth, $6.00; Sheep, $7.00; Half Morocco, $8.50.
+
+ABBOTT'S FREDERICK THE GREAT. The History of Frederick the Second,
+called Frederick the Great. By JOHN S. C. ABBOTT. Illustrated. 8vo,
+Cloth, $5.00; Half Calf, $7.25.
+
+ABBOTT'S HISTORY OF THE FRENCH REVOLUTION. The French Revolution of
+1789, as viewed in the Light of Republican Institutions. By JOHN S. C.
+ABBOTT. Illustrated. 8vo, Cloth, $5.00; Sheep, $5.50; Half Calf, $7.25.
+
+ABBOTT'S NAPOLEON BONAPARTE. The History of Napoleon Bonaparte. By JOHN
+S. C. ABBOTT. With Maps, Illustrations, and Portraits on Steel. 2 vols.,
+8vo, Cloth, $10.00; Sheep, $11.00; Half Calf, $14.50.
+
+ABBOTT'S NAPOLEON AT ST. HELENA. Napoleon at St. Helena; or, Interesting
+Anecdotes and Remarkable Conversations of the Emperor during the Five
+and a Half Years of his Captivity. Collected from the Memorials of Las
+Casas, O'Meara, Montholon, Antommarchi, and others. By JOHN S. C.
+ABBOTT. Illustrated. 8vo, Cloth, $5.00; Sheep, $5.50; Half Calf, $7.25.
+
+CRUISE OF THE "CHALLENGER." Voyages over many Seas, Scenes in many
+Lands. By W. J. J. SPRY, R.N. With Map and Illustrations. Crown 8vo,
+Cloth, $2.00.
+
+WOOD'S HOMES WITHOUT HANDS. Homes Without Hands: being a Description of
+the Habitations of Animals, classed according to their Principle of
+Construction. By J. G. WOOD, M.A., F.L.S. Illustrated. 8vo, Cloth,
+$4.50; Sheep or Roan, $5.00; Half Calf, $6.75.
+
+SCHAFF'S CREEDS OF CHRISTENDOM. Bibliotheca Symbolica Ecclesiae
+Universalis. The Creeds of Christendom, with a History and Critical
+Notes. By PHILIP SCHAFF, D.D., LL.D., Professor of Biblical Literature
+in the Union Theological Seminary, New York. 3 vols. Vol. I.: The
+History of Creeds. Vol. II.: The Greek and Latin Creeds, with
+Translations. Vol. III.: The Evangelical Protestant Creeds, with
+Translations. 8vo, Cloth, $15.00.
+
+YONGE'S LIFE OF MARIE ANTOINETTE. The Life of Marie Antoinette, Queen of
+France. By CHARLES DUKE YONGE, Regius Professor of Modern History and
+English Literature in Queen's College, Belfast. With Portrait. Crown
+8vo, Cloth, $2.50.
+
+POETS OF THE NINETEENTH CENTURY. The Poets of the Nineteenth Century.
+Selected and Edited by the Rev. ROBERT ARIS WILLMOTT. With English and
+American Additions, arranged by EVERT A. DUYCKINCK, Editor of
+"Cyclopaedia of American Literature." Comprising Selections from the
+Greatest Authors of the Age. Superbly Illustrated with 141 Engravings
+from Designs by the most Eminent Artists. In Elegant small 4to form,
+printed on Superfine Tinted Paper, richly bound in extra Cloth, Beveled,
+Gilt Edges, $5.00; Half Calf, $5.50; Full Turkey Morocco, $9.00.
+
+COLERIDGE'S COMPLETE WORKS. The Complete Works of Samuel Taylor
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+Theological Opinions. Edited by the Rev. W. G. T. SHEDD, D.D. With a
+Portrait. 7 vols., 12mo, Cloth, $10.50; Half Calf, $22.75.
+
+COLERIDGE'S (SARA) MEMOIR AND LETTERS. Memoir and Letters of Sara
+Coleridge. Edited by her Daughter. With Two Portraits on Steel. Crown
+8vo, Cloth, $2.50; Half Calf, $4.25.
+
+DRAKE'S NOOKS AND CORNERS OF THE NEW ENGLAND COAST. Nooks and Corners of
+the New England Coast. By SAMUEL ADAMS DRAKE, Author of "Old Landmarks
+of Boston," "Historic Fields and Mansions of Middlesex," &c.
+Illustrated. 8vo, Cloth, $3.50; Half Calf, $5.75.
+
+GROTE'S HISTORY OF GREECE. 12 vols., 12mo, Cloth, $18.00; Sheep, $22.80;
+Half Calf, $39.00.
+
+PRIME'S OUR CHILDREN'S SONGS. Our Children's Songs. With Illustrations.
+8vo. (_In Press._)
+
+TYERMAN'S WESLEY. The Life and Times of the Rev. John Wesley, M.A.,
+Founder of the Methodists. By the Rev. LUKE TYERMAN. With Portraits. 3
+vols., 8vo, Cloth, $7.50; Half Calf, $14.25.
+
+TYERMAN'S OXFORD METHODISTS. The Oxford Methodists: Memoirs of the Rev.
+Messrs. Clayton, Ingham, Gambold, Hervey, and Broughton, with
+Biographical Notices of others. By the Rev. L. TYERMAN. With Portraits.
+8vo, Cloth, $2.50.
+
+VAMBERY'S CENTRAL ASIA. Travels in Central Asia. Being the Account of a
+Journey from Teheran across the Turkoman Desert, on the Eastern Shore of
+the Caspian, to Khiva, Bokhara, and Samarcand, performed in the Year
+1863. By ARMINIUS VAMBERY, Member of the Hungarian Academy of Pesth, by
+whom he was sent on this Scientific Mission. With Map and Illustrations.
+8vo, Cloth, $4.50; Half Calf, $6.75.
+
+LYMAN BEECHER'S AUTOBIOGRAPHY, &c. Autobiography, Correspondence, &c.,
+of Lyman Beecher, D.D. Edited by his Son, CHARLES BEECHER. With Three
+Steel Portraits, and Engravings on Wood. 2 vols., 12mo, Cloth, $5.00;
+Half Morocco, $8.50.
+
+BENJAMIN'S CONTEMPORARY ART. Contemporary Art in Europe. By S. G. W.
+BENJAMIN. Handsomely Illustrated. 8vo. (_In Press._)
+
+TROWBRIDGE'S POEMS. The Book of Gold, and Other Poems. By J. T.
+TROWBRIDGE. Handsomely Illustrated. 8vo. (_In Press._)
+
+THE DESERT OF THE EXODUS. Journeys on Foot in the Wilderness of the
+Forty Years' Wanderings; undertaken in connection with the Ordnance
+Survey of Sinai and the Palestine Exploration Fund. By E. H. PALMER,
+M.A., Lord Almoner's Professor of Arabic, and Fellow of St. John's
+College, Cambridge. With Maps and numerous Illustrations from
+Photographs and Drawings taken on the spot by the Sinai Survey
+Expedition and C. F. Tyrwhitt Drake. Crown 8vo, Cloth, $3.00.
+
+THOMSON'S MALACCA, INDO-CHINA, AND CHINA. The Straits of Malacca,
+Indo-China, and China; or, Ten Years' Travels, Adventures, and Residence
+Abroad. By J. THOMSON, F.R.G.S. With over 60 Illustrations from the
+Author's own Photographs and Sketches. 8vo, Cloth, $4.00.
+
+TREVELYAN'S SELECTIONS FROM MACAULAY. Selections from the Writings of
+Lord Macaulay. By his Nephew, G. OTTO TREVELYAN, M.P. for Hawick
+District of Burghs. 8vo, Cloth, $2.50.
+
+JEFFERSON'S DOMESTIC LIFE. The Domestic Life of Thomas Jefferson:
+compiled from Family Letters and Reminiscences, by his Great-granddaughter,
+SARAH N. RANDOLPH. Illustrated. Crown 8vo, Cloth, $2.50.
+
+JOHNSON'S COMPLETE WORKS. The Works of Samuel Johnson, LL.D. With an
+Essay on his Life and Genius, by ARTHUR MURPHY, Esq. 2 vols., 8vo,
+Cloth, $4.00; Sheep, $5.00; Half Calf, $8.50.
+
+KINGLAKE'S CRIMEAN WAR. The Invasion of the Crimea: its Origin, and an
+Account of its Progress down to the Death of Lord Raglan. By ALEXANDER
+WILLIAM KINGLAKE. With Maps and Plans. Three Volumes now ready. 12mo,
+Cloth, $2.00 per vol.; Half Calf, $3.75 per vol.
+
+
+Published by HARPER & BROTHERS, New York.
+
+
+
+
+[Transcriber's notes: Obvious printer's errors have been corrected, all
+other inconsistencies are as in the original. The author's spelling has
+been maintained.
+
+Superscripts are enclosed in {}.
+
+Page 112: "With Bluddy hands that ware his Cruell foes", the "u" in
+bluddy should have a macron over it.
+
+Page 275 and following: The "HB" present in this file are in the
+original book a symbol looking like H3, without the space between both
+caracters.
+
+Page 4 of the adverts: "Imperial University of T[=o]ki[=o]", the "o" in
+Tokio should have a macron over them.]
+
+
+
+
+
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