initial commit of ebook 39343HEAD main

author: Roger Frank <rfrank@pglaf.org> 2025-10-14 20:12:35 -0700
committer: Roger Frank <rfrank@pglaf.org> 2025-10-14 20:12:35 -0700
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+  <meta name="DC.Creator" content="Frederick Whymper" />
+  <meta name="DC.Title" content=
+  "The Sea: Its Stirring Story of Adventure, Peril, &amp; Heroism. Volume 3" />
+  <meta name="DC.Date" content="April 1, 2012" />
+  <meta name="DC.Language" content="English" />
+  <meta name="DC.Publisher" content="Project Gutenberg" />
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+  <title>The Project Gutenberg EBook of The Sea: Its Stirring Story of
+  Adventure, Peril, &amp; Heroism. Volume 3 by Frederick Whymper</title>
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+  "margin-bottom: 2.00em; margin-top: 2.00em" xml:lang="en">
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+    "margin-bottom: 6.00em; margin-top: 2.00em">
+      <div class="tei tei-div" style=
+      "margin-bottom: 5.00em; margin-top: 5.00em">
+        <div id="pgheader" class="tei tei-div" style=
+        "margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em">
+          <div class="tei tei-div" style=
+          "margin-bottom: 3.00em; margin-top: 3.00em">
+            <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 2.00em">The Project
+            Gutenberg EBook of The Sea: Its Stirring Story of Adventure,
+            Peril, &amp; Heroism. Volume 3 by Frederick Whymper</p>
+          </div>
+
+          <div class="tei tei-div" style=
+          "margin-bottom: 3.00em; margin-top: 3.00em">
+            <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">This eBook is
+            for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with almost no
+            restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or re-use
+            it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License <a href=
+            "#pglicense" class="tei tei-ref">included with this eBook</a> or
+            online at <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/license" class=
+            "tei tei-xref">http://www.gutenberg.org/license</a></p>
+          </div>
+          <pre class="pre tei tei-div" style=
+          "margin-bottom: 3.00em; margin-top: 3.00em">
+Title: The Sea: Its Stirring Story of Adventure, Peril, &amp; Heroism. Volume 3
+
+Author: Frederick Whymper
+
+Release Date: April 1, 2012 [Ebook #39343]
+
+Language: English
+
+Character set encoding: UTF-8
+
+
+***START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE SEA: ITS STIRRING STORY OF ADVENTURE, PERIL, &amp; HEROISM. VOLUME 3***
+</pre>
+        </div>
+      </div>
+
+      <div class="tei tei-div" style=
+      "margin-bottom: 5.00em; margin-top: 5.00em"></div>
+      <hr class="page" />
+
+      <div class="tei tei-div" style=
+      "margin-bottom: 5.00em; margin-top: 5.00em">
+        <div class="tei tei-pb"></div>
+
+        <div class="tei tei-pb"></div><a name="illo_002" id="illo_002" class=
+        "tei tei-anchor"></a>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"></p>
+
+        <div class="tei tei-figure" style="text-align: center">
+          <img src="images/illo_002.jpg" alt="MORGAN’S ATTACK ON GIBRALTAR"
+          title="MORGAN’S ATTACK ON GIBRALTAR." />
+
+          <div class="tei tei-head" style=
+          "text-align: center; margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em">
+            MORGAN’S ATTACK ON GIBRALTAR.
+          </div>
+        </div>
+      </div>
+      <hr class="page" />
+
+      <div class="tei tei-titlePage" style="text-align: center">
+        <div class="tei tei-pb" style="text-align: center"></div><a name=
+        "Pgi" id="Pgi" class="tei tei-anchor" style="text-align: center"></a>
+        <span class="tei tei-docTitle" style=
+        "text-align: center"><span class="tei tei-titlePart" style=
+        "text-align: center"><span class="tei tei-hi" style=
+        "text-align: center"><span style=
+        "font-size: 173%; font-variant: small-caps">The
+        Sea</span></span></span><br />
+        <br />
+        <span class="tei tei-titlePart" style=
+        "text-align: center"><span class="tei tei-hi" style=
+        "text-align: center"><span style=
+        "font-size: 144%; font-style: italic">Its Stirring Story of
+        Adventure, Peril, &amp; Heroism.</span></span></span></span><br />
+        <br />
+        <br />
+
+        <div class="tei tei-byline" style="text-align: center">
+          BY<br />
+          <br />
+          <span class="tei tei-docAuthor" style=
+          "text-align: center"><span style="font-size: 120%">F.
+          WHYMPER,</span></span><br />
+          <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: center"><span style=
+          "font-size: 75%">AUTHOR OF</span> <span class="tei tei-q" style=
+          "text-align: center"><span style=
+          "font-size: 75%">“</span><span style="font-size: 75%">TRAVELS IN
+          ALASKA,</span><span style="font-size: 75%">”</span></span>
+          <span style="font-size: 75%">ETC.</span></span>
+        </div><br />
+        <br />
+        <span class="tei tei-titlePart" style=
+        "text-align: center"><span class="tei tei-hi" style=
+        "text-align: center"><span style=
+        "font-style: italic">ILLUSTRATED.</span></span></span><br />
+        <br />
+        <br />
+        <span class="tei tei-titlePart" style=
+        "text-align: center">*&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;*</span>
+        <span class="tei tei-titlePart" style=
+        "text-align: center">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;*&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</span><br />
+
+        <br />
+        <br />
+        <span class="tei tei-docImprint" style=
+        "text-align: center"><span class="tei tei-publisher" style=
+        "text-align: center"><span class="tei tei-hi" style=
+        "text-align: center"><span style=
+        "font-size: 120%; font-variant: small-caps">Cassell, Petter, Galpin
+        &amp; Co.</span></span><span style=
+        "font-size: 120%">:</span></span><br />
+        <span class="tei tei-pubPlace" style=
+        "text-align: center"><span class="tei tei-hi" style=
+        "text-align: center"><span style="font-style: italic">LONDON, PARIS
+        &amp; NEW YORK</span></span>.</span></span><br />
+        <span class="tei tei-titlePart" style=
+        "text-align: center"><span style="font-size: 75%">[ALL RIGHTS
+        RESERVED]</span></span>
+
+        <div class="tei tei-pb" style="text-align: center"></div><a name=
+        "Pgii" id="Pgii" class="tei tei-anchor" style=
+        "text-align: center"></a>
+      </div>
+      <hr class="page" />
+
+      <div class="tei tei-div" style=
+      "margin-bottom: 5.00em; margin-top: 5.00em">
+        <span class="tei tei-pb" id="pageiii">[pg iii]</span><a name="Pgiii"
+        id="Pgiii" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> <a name="toc1" id=
+        "toc1"></a><a name="pdf2" id="pdf2"></a>
+
+        <h1 class="tei tei-head" style=
+        "text-align: center; margin-bottom: 3.46em; margin-top: 3.46em">
+        <span style="font-size: 173%">CONTENTS.</span></h1><a name="Pgv" id=
+        "Pgv" class="tei tei-anchor"></a><a name="Pgvi" id="Pgvi" class=
+        "tei tei-anchor"></a><a name="Pgvii" id="Pgvii" class=
+        "tei tei-anchor"></a>
+
+        <table summary="This is a table" cellspacing="0" class=
+        "tei tei-table" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+          <colgroup span="2"></colgroup>
+
+          <tbody>
+            <tr class="tei tei-row">
+              <td class="tei tei-cell" style="text-align: center">
+              <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: center"><a href=
+              "#chap01" class="tei tei-ref" style=
+              "text-align: center"><span style="font-size: 120%">CHAPTER
+              I.</span></a></span></td>
+
+              <td class="tei tei-cell" style="text-align: right"></td>
+            </tr>
+
+            <tr class="tei tei-row">
+              <td class="tei tei-cell" style="text-align: center"><a href=
+              "#chap01" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: center">THE
+              PIRATES AND BUCANIERS.</a></td>
+
+              <td class="tei tei-cell" style="text-align: right"><span class=
+              "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: right"><span style=
+              "font-size: 75%">PAGE</span></span></td>
+            </tr>
+
+            <tr class="tei tei-row">
+              <td class="tei tei-cell">Who was the First Pirate?—The Society
+              of Bucaniers—Home of the Freebooters—Rise of the
+              Band—Impecunious Spanish Governors and their Roguery—Great
+              Capture of Spanish Treasure—An Unjust Seizure, but no
+              Redress—Esquemeling’s Narrative—Voyage from Havre—<span class=
+              "tei tei-q">“Baptism”</span> of the French Mariners—Other
+              Ceremonies—At Tortuga—Occupied and Reoccupied by French and
+              Spanish—The French West India Company—Esquemeling twice Sold as
+              a Slave—He Joins the Society of Pirates—Wild Boars and Savage
+              Mastiffs—How the Wild Dogs came to the Islands—Cruelty of the
+              Planters—A Terrible Case of Retribution—The Murderer of a
+              Hundred Slaves—The First Tortugan Pirate—Pierre le Grand—A
+              Desperate Attack—Rich Prize Taken—Rapid Spread of Piracy—How
+              the Rovers Armed their Ships—Regulations of their
+              Voyages—<span class="tei tei-q">“No Prey, no Pay”</span>—The
+              richly-laden Vessels of New Spain—The Pearl Fisheries—An
+              Enterprising Pirate—Success and Failure—His Final
+              Surrender</td>
+
+              <td class="tei tei-cell" style="text-align: right">1</td>
+            </tr>
+
+            <tr class="tei tei-row">
+              <td class="tei tei-cell" style="text-align: center">
+              <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: center"><a href=
+              "#chap02" class="tei tei-ref" style=
+              "text-align: center"><span style="font-size: 120%">CHAPTER
+              II.</span></a></span></td>
+
+              <td class="tei tei-cell" style="text-align: right"></td>
+            </tr>
+
+            <tr class="tei tei-row">
+              <td class="tei tei-cell" style="text-align: center"><a href=
+              "#chap02" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: center">THE
+              PIRATES AND BUCANIERS (<span class="tei tei-hi" style=
+              "text-align: center"><span style=
+              "font-style: italic">continued</span></span>).</a></td>
+
+              <td class="tei tei-cell" style="text-align: right"></td>
+            </tr>
+
+            <tr class="tei tei-row">
+              <td class="tei tei-cell">The Pirate Portuguez—Another
+              Successful Boat Attack—Re-taken—A Gibbet or Life—Escape—Saved
+              by Two Wine-jars—Helped by the Pirates—Rich again—And suddenly
+              Poor—A Dutch Pirate—From Sailor to Captain—A Grand Capture—And
+              a brutal Commander—No Surrender to the Spaniards—Victory and
+              Horse-flesh—The Rover’s Prodigality—A Stratagem—Worse than
+              Ever—The Spaniards reduce their Commerce—Lewis Scot—John
+              Davis—Outrages at Nicaragua—Piratical Gains—Lolonois the Bad
+              and Brave—His First Wounds—And his Early Successes—Six Hundred
+              and Sixty Pirates—The Capture of Maracaibo and
+              Gibraltar—Division of the Gains—His Brutalities—And Deserved
+              Death</td>
+
+              <td class="tei tei-cell" style="text-align: right">13</td>
+            </tr>
+
+            <tr class="tei tei-row">
+              <td class="tei tei-cell" style="text-align: center">
+              <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: center"><a href=
+              "#chap03" class="tei tei-ref" style=
+              "text-align: center"><span style="font-size: 120%">CHAPTER
+              III.</span></a></span></td>
+
+              <td class="tei tei-cell" style="text-align: right"></td>
+            </tr>
+
+            <tr class="tei tei-row">
+              <td class="tei tei-cell" style="text-align: center"><a href=
+              "#chap03" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: center">THE
+              PIRATES AND BUCANIERS (<span class="tei tei-hi" style=
+              "text-align: center"><span style=
+              "font-style: italic">continued</span></span>).</a></td>
+
+              <td class="tei tei-cell" style="text-align: right"></td>
+            </tr>
+
+            <tr class="tei tei-row">
+              <td class="tei tei-cell">The Second Lolonois—Captain Henry
+              Morgan—His first Successes—A Pirate Fleet of Seven Hundred
+              Men—Attack on a Cuban Town—Morgan’s Form—Not to be
+              Beaten—Puerto Bello—Morgan’s Strategy—The Castle
+              taken—Extravagant Demands—The Governor of Panama Derided—Return
+              to Jamaica—Their Dissipation—A Fresh Start—Maracaibo re-taken—A
+              Chance for Guy Fawkes—Gibraltar again—Cruel Tortures inflicted
+              on Prisoners—Horrible Brutalities—Arrival of a Spanish
+              Fleet—Morgan’s Insolence—Letter from the Spanish
+              Admiral—<span class="tei tei-q">“To the Death!”</span></td>
+
+              <td class="tei tei-cell" style="text-align: right">29</td>
+            </tr>
+
+            <tr class="tei tei-row">
+              <td class="tei tei-cell" style="text-align: center">
+              <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: center"><a href=
+              "#chap04" class="tei tei-ref" style=
+              "text-align: center"><span style="font-size: 120%">CHAPTER
+              IV.</span></a></span></td>
+
+              <td class="tei tei-cell" style="text-align: right"></td>
+            </tr>
+
+            <tr class="tei tei-row">
+              <td class="tei tei-cell" style="text-align: center"><a href=
+              "#chap04" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: center">THE
+              PIRATES AND BUCANIERS (<span class="tei tei-hi" style=
+              "text-align: center"><span style=
+              "font-style: italic">continued</span></span>).</a></td>
+
+              <td class="tei tei-cell" style="text-align: right"></td>
+            </tr>
+
+            <tr class="tei tei-row">
+              <td class="tei tei-cell">Attack resolved—The Fire-ship—Morgan
+              passes the Castle—Off for St. Catherine’s—Given up by a
+              Stratagem—St. Catherine’s an Easy Prey—Power of Fire—Thirty in
+              Three Hundred Saved—The March on Panama—A Pirate Band of Twelve
+              Hundred—Sufferings on the Way—A Pipe for Supper—Leather and
+              Cold Water—Panama at Last—The First Encounter—Resolute
+              Fighting—Wild Bulls in Warfare—Victory for the Pirates—Ruthless
+              Destruction of Property—Cruelty to Prisoners—Searching for
+              Treasure—Dissatisfaction at the Dividend—The Last of
+              Morgan</td>
+
+              <td class="tei tei-cell" style="text-align: right">40</td>
+            </tr>
+
+            <tr class="tei tei-row">
+              <td class="tei tei-cell" style="text-align: center">
+              <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: center"><a href=
+              "#chap05" class="tei tei-ref" style=
+              "text-align: center"><span style="font-size: 120%">CHAPTER
+              V.</span></a></span></td>
+
+              <td class="tei tei-cell" style="text-align: right"></td>
+            </tr>
+
+            <tr class="tei tei-row">
+              <td class="tei tei-cell" style="text-align: center"><a href=
+              "#chap05" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: center">THE
+              PIRATES AND BUCANIERS (<span class="tei tei-hi" style=
+              "text-align: center"><span style=
+              "font-style: italic">continued</span></span>).</a></td>
+
+              <td class="tei tei-cell" style="text-align: right"></td>
+            </tr>
+
+            <tr class="tei tei-row">
+              <td class="tei tei-cell">The Exploits of Captain Sawkins—Three
+              Ships Attacked by Canoes—Valiant Peralta—Explosion on
+              Board—Miserable Sight on Two Ships’ Decks—Capture of an Empty
+              Ship—Dissatisfaction among the Pirates—Desertion of
+              Many—Message from the Governor of Panama—The Pirate Captain’s
+              Bravado—His Death—Fear inspired on all the Southern
+              Coasts—Preparations for Punishing and Hindering the
+              Bucaniers—Captain Kidd—His First Commission as Privateer—Turns
+              Pirate—The Mocha Fleet—Almost a Mutiny on Board—Kills his
+              Gunner—Capture of Rich Prizes—A Rich Ransom Derided—Grand
+              Dividend—Kidd Deserted by some of his Men—Proclamation of
+              Pardon—Kidd Excepted—Rushes on his Doom—Arrested in New
+              York—Trial at the Old Bailey—Pleadings—Execution with Six
+              Companions</td>
+
+              <td class="tei tei-cell" style="text-align: right">51</td>
+            </tr>
+
+            <tr class="tei tei-row">
+              <td class="tei tei-cell" style="text-align: center">
+              <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: center"><a href=
+              "#chap06" class="tei tei-ref" style=
+              "text-align: center"><span style="font-size: 120%">CHAPTER
+              VI.</span></a></span></td>
+
+              <td class="tei tei-cell" style="text-align: right"></td>
+            </tr>
+
+            <tr class="tei tei-row">
+              <td class="tei tei-cell" style="text-align: center"><a href=
+              "#chap06" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: center">THE
+              PIRATES OF THE EIGHTEENTH CENTURY.</a></td>
+
+              <td class="tei tei-cell" style="text-align: right"></td>
+            </tr>
+
+            <tr class="tei tei-row">
+              <td class="tei tei-cell">Difference between the Pirates of the
+              Seventeenth and Eighteenth Centuries—Avery’s brief Career—A
+              Captain all at Sea—Capture of his Ship—Madagascar a Rendezvous
+              for Pirates—A Rich Prize—The Great Mogul’s Ship Taken—Immense
+              Spoils—The Great Mogul’s Rage—Avery’s Treachery—His Companions
+              abandon their Evil Ways<span class="tei tei-pb" id="pageiv">[pg
+              iv]</span><a name="Pgiv" id="Pgiv" class=
+              "tei tei-anchor"></a>—The Water-rat beaten by Land-rats—Avery
+              dies in abject Poverty—A Pirate Settlement on
+              Madagascar—Roberts the Daring—Sails among a Portuguese Fleet,
+              and selects the best Vessel for his Prey—His Brutal Destruction
+              of Property—His End—Misson and Caraccioli—Communistic
+              Pirates—Their Captures—High Morality and Robbery Combined—Their
+              Fates</td>
+
+              <td class="tei tei-cell" style="text-align: right">59</td>
+            </tr>
+
+            <tr class="tei tei-row">
+              <td class="tei tei-cell" style="text-align: center">
+              <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: center"><a href=
+              "#chap07" class="tei tei-ref" style=
+              "text-align: center"><span style="font-size: 120%">CHAPTER
+              VII.</span></a></span></td>
+
+              <td class="tei tei-cell" style="text-align: right"></td>
+            </tr>
+
+            <tr class="tei tei-row">
+              <td class="tei tei-cell" style="text-align: center"><a href=
+              "#chap07" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: center">THE
+              PIRATES OF THE EIGHTEENTH CENTURY (<span class="tei tei-hi"
+              style="text-align: center"><span style=
+              "font-style: italic">concluded</span></span>).</a></td>
+
+              <td class="tei tei-cell" style="text-align: right"></td>
+            </tr>
+
+            <tr class="tei tei-row">
+              <td class="tei tei-cell">Mary Read, the Female Pirate—As Male
+              Servant, Soldier, and Sailor—Her Bravery and Modesty—The Pirate
+              Vane—No Honour among Thieves—Delivered to Justice—The brief
+              Career of Captain Worley—The Biter Bit—A more than usually
+              brutal Pirate—Captain Low’s Life of Villainy—His Wonderful
+              Successes—An unfortunate Black Burned to Death—Torture of a
+              <a name="corriv" id="corriv" class=
+              "tei tei-anchor"></a><span class=
+              "tei tei-corr">Portuguese</span> Captain—Of Two <span class=
+              "tei tei-corr">Portuguese</span> Friars—The Results of
+              Sympathy—Low’s Cupidity defeated by a <span class=
+              "tei tei-corr">Portuguese</span>—Eleven Thousand Moidores
+              dropped out of a Cabin Window—An Unpunished Fiend</td>
+
+              <td class="tei tei-cell" style="text-align: right">67</td>
+            </tr>
+
+            <tr class="tei tei-row">
+              <td class="tei tei-cell" style="text-align: center">
+              <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: center"><a href=
+              "#chap08" class="tei tei-ref" style=
+              "text-align: center"><span style="font-size: 120%">CHAPTER
+              VIII.</span></a></span></td>
+
+              <td class="tei tei-cell" style="text-align: right"></td>
+            </tr>
+
+            <tr class="tei tei-row">
+              <td class="tei tei-cell" style="text-align: center"><a href=
+              "#chap08" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: center">PAUL
+              JONES AND DE SOTO.</a></td>
+
+              <td class="tei tei-cell" style="text-align: right"></td>
+            </tr>
+
+            <tr class="tei tei-row">
+              <td class="tei tei-cell">Paul Jones, the Privateer—A Story of
+              his Boyhood—He Joins the American Revolutionists—Attempt to
+              Burn the Town and Shipping of Whitehaven—Foiled—His Appearance
+              at St. Mary’s—Capture of Lady Selkirk’s Family Plate—A Letter
+              from Jones—Return of the Plate several Years after—A Press-gang
+              Impressed—Engagement with the <span class=
+              "tei tei-name"><span style=
+              "font-style: italic">Ranger</span></span>—A Privateer
+              Squadron—The Fight off Scarborough—Brave Captains Pearson and
+              Piercy—Victory for the Privateers—Jones Dies in abject
+              Poverty—A Nineteenth Century Freebooter—Benito de Soto—Mutiny
+              on a Slave Ship—The Commander left Ashore and the Mate
+              Murdered—Encounters the <span class="tei tei-name"><span style=
+              "font-style: italic">Morning Star</span></span>—A Ship without
+              a Gun—Terror of the Passengers—Order to spare no Lives—A
+              Terrified Steward—De Soto’s Commands only partially observed,
+              and the Ship Saved—At Cadiz—Failure of the Pirate’s
+              Plans—Captured, Tried, and Hanged at Gibraltar</td>
+
+              <td class="tei tei-cell" style="text-align: right">71</td>
+            </tr>
+
+            <tr class="tei tei-row">
+              <td class="tei tei-cell" style="text-align: center">
+              <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: center"><a href=
+              "#chap09" class="tei tei-ref" style=
+              "text-align: center"><span style="font-size: 120%">CHAPTER
+              IX.</span></a></span></td>
+
+              <td class="tei tei-cell" style="text-align: right"></td>
+            </tr>
+
+            <tr class="tei tei-row">
+              <td class="tei tei-cell" style="text-align: center"><a href=
+              "#chap09" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: center">OUR
+              ARCTIC EXPEDITIONS.</a></td>
+
+              <td class="tei tei-cell" style="text-align: right"></td>
+            </tr>
+
+            <tr class="tei tei-row">
+              <td class="tei tei-cell">Our Latest Arctic Expedition—Scene at
+              Portsmouth—Departure of the <span class=
+              "tei tei-name"><span style=
+              "font-style: italic">Alert</span></span> and <span class=
+              "tei tei-name"><span style=
+              "font-style: italic">Discovery</span></span>—Few Expeditions
+              really ever pointed to the Pole—What we know of the
+              Regions—Admitted and Unadmitted Records—Dutch Yarns—A Claimant
+              at the Pole—Life with the Esquimaux—A Solitary Journey—Northmen
+              Colony—The Adventurer kindly treated—Their
+              King—Sun-worshippers—Believers in an Arctic Hell—The Mastodon
+              not Extinct—Domesticated Walruses—The whole story a nonsensical
+              <span class="tei tei-name"><span style=
+              "font-style: italic">Canard</span></span></td>
+
+              <td class="tei tei-cell" style="text-align: right">84</td>
+            </tr>
+
+            <tr class="tei tei-row">
+              <td class="tei tei-cell" style="text-align: center">
+              <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: center"><a href=
+              "#chap10" class="tei tei-ref" style=
+              "text-align: center"><span style="font-size: 120%">CHAPTER
+              X.</span></a></span></td>
+
+              <td class="tei tei-cell" style="text-align: right"></td>
+            </tr>
+
+            <tr class="tei tei-row">
+              <td class="tei tei-cell" style="text-align: center"><a href=
+              "#chap10" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: center">CRUISE
+              OF THE <span class="tei tei-name" style=
+              "text-align: center"><span style=
+              "font-style: italic">PANDORA</span></span>.</a></td>
+
+              <td class="tei tei-cell" style="text-align: right"></td>
+            </tr>
+
+            <tr class="tei tei-row">
+              <td class="tei tei-cell">The Arctic Expedition of 1875-6—Its
+              Advocates—The <span class="tei tei-name"><span style=
+              "font-style: italic">Alert</span></span> and <span class=
+              "tei tei-name"><span style=
+              "font-style: italic">Discovery</span></span>—Cruise of the
+              <span class="tei tei-name"><span style=
+              "font-style: italic">Pandora</span></span>—Curious Icebergs—The
+              First Bump with the Ice—Seal Meat as a Luxury—Ashore on a
+              Floe—Coaling at Ivigtut—The Kryolite Trade—Beauty of the
+              Greenland Coast in Summer—Festivities at Disco—The Belles of
+              Greenland—A Novel Ball-room—The dreaded Melville Bay—Scene of
+              Ruin at Northumberland House—Devastation of the Bears—An Arctic
+              Graveyard—Beset by the Ice—An Interesting Discovery—Furthest
+              Point Attained—Return Voyage—A Dreadful Night—The Phantom
+              Cliff—Home again</td>
+
+              <td class="tei tei-cell" style="text-align: right">91</td>
+            </tr>
+
+            <tr class="tei tei-row">
+              <td class="tei tei-cell" style="text-align: center">
+              <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: center"><a href=
+              "#chap11" class="tei tei-ref" style=
+              "text-align: center"><span style="font-size: 120%">CHAPTER
+              XI.</span></a></span></td>
+
+              <td class="tei tei-cell" style="text-align: right"></td>
+            </tr>
+
+            <tr class="tei tei-row">
+              <td class="tei tei-cell" style="text-align: center"><a href=
+              "#chap11" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: center">THE
+              <span class="tei tei-name" style=
+              "text-align: center"><span style=
+              "font-style: italic">ALERT</span></span> AND <span class=
+              "tei tei-name" style="text-align: center"><span style=
+              "font-style: italic">DISCOVERY</span></span>.</a></td>
+
+              <td class="tei tei-cell" style="text-align: right"></td>
+            </tr>
+
+            <tr class="tei tei-row">
+              <td class="tei tei-cell">Nares’ Expedition—Wonderful Passage
+              through Baffin’s Bay—Winter Quarters of the <span class=
+              "tei tei-name"><span style=
+              "font-style: italic">Discovery</span></span>—Capital
+              Game-bag—Continued Voyage of the <span class=
+              "tei tei-name"><span style=
+              "font-style: italic">Alert</span></span>—Highest Latitude ever
+              attained by a Ship—<span class="tei tei-q">“The Sea of Ancient
+              Ice”</span>—Winter Quarters, Employments, and Amusements—The
+              Royal Arctic Theatre—Guy Fawkes’ Day on the Ice—Christmas
+              Festivities—Unparalleled Cold—Spring Sledging—Attempt to Reach
+              the <span class="tei tei-name"><span style=
+              "font-style: italic">Discovery</span></span>—Illness and Death
+              of Petersen—The Ravages of Scurvy—Tribute to Captain Hall’s
+              Memory—Markham and Parr’s Northern Journey—Highest Latitude
+              ever reached—Sufferings of the Men—Brave Deeds—The Voyage
+              Home</td>
+
+              <td class="tei tei-cell" style="text-align: right">99</td>
+            </tr>
+
+            <tr class="tei tei-row">
+              <td class="tei tei-cell" style="text-align: center">
+              <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: center"><a href=
+              "#chap12" class="tei tei-ref" style=
+              "text-align: center"><span style="font-size: 120%">CHAPTER
+              XII.</span></a></span></td>
+
+              <td class="tei tei-cell" style="text-align: right"></td>
+            </tr>
+
+            <tr class="tei tei-row">
+              <td class="tei tei-cell" style="text-align: center"><a href=
+              "#chap12" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: center">THE
+              FIRST ARCTIC VOYAGES.</a></td>
+
+              <td class="tei tei-cell" style="text-align: right"></td>
+            </tr>
+
+            <tr class="tei tei-row">
+              <td class="tei tei-cell">Early History of Arctic Discovery—The
+              Hardy Norseman—Accidental Discovery of Iceland—Colony Formed—A
+              Fisherman Drifted to Greenland—Eric the Red Head—Rapid
+              Colonisation—Early Intercourse with America—Voyages of the
+              <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style=
+              "font-style: italic">Zeni</span></span>—Cabot’s Attempt at a
+              North-West Passage—Maritime Enterprise of this Epoch—Voyage of
+              the <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style=
+              "font-style: italic">Dominus Vobiscum</span></span>—Of the
+              <span class="tei tei-name"><span style=
+              "font-style: italic">Trinitie</span></span> and <span class=
+              "tei tei-name"><span style=
+              "font-style: italic">Minion</span></span>—Starvation and
+              Cannibalism—A High-handed Proceeding—Company of the Merchant
+              Adventurers—Attempts at the North-East—Fate of
+              Willoughby—Chancelor, and our First Intercourse with
+              Russia</td>
+
+              <td class="tei tei-cell" style="text-align: right">115</td>
+            </tr>
+
+            <tr class="tei tei-row">
+              <td class="tei tei-cell" style="text-align: center">
+              <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: center"><a href=
+              "#chap13" class="tei tei-ref" style=
+              "text-align: center"><span style="font-size: 120%">CHAPTER
+              XIII.</span></a></span></td>
+
+              <td class="tei tei-cell" style="text-align: right"></td>
+            </tr>
+
+            <tr class="tei tei-row">
+              <td class="tei tei-cell" style="text-align: center"><a href=
+              "#chap13" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: center">EARLY
+              ARCTIC EXPEDITIONS.</a></td>
+
+              <td class="tei tei-cell" style="text-align: right"></td>
+            </tr>
+
+            <tr class="tei tei-row">
+              <td class="tei tei-cell">Attempts at the North-West Passage—Sir
+              Humphrey Gilbert’s Advocacy—The One thing left
+              undone—Frobisher’s Expeditions—Arctic <span class=
+              "tei tei-q">“Diggins”</span>—A Veritable Gold Excitement—Large
+              Fleet Despatched—Disaster and Disappointment—Voyages of John
+              Davis—Intercourse with the Natives—His Reports concerning
+              Whales, &amp;c.—The Merchants Aroused—Opening of the Whaling
+              Trade—Maldonado’s Claim to the Discovery of the North-West
+              Passage</td>
+
+              <td class="tei tei-cell" style="text-align: right">123</td>
+            </tr>
+
+            <tr class="tei tei-row">
+              <td class="tei tei-cell" style="text-align: center">
+              <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: center"><a href=
+              "#chap14" class="tei tei-ref" style=
+              "text-align: center"><span style="font-size: 120%">CHAPTER
+              XIV.</span></a></span></td>
+
+              <td class="tei tei-cell" style="text-align: right"></td>
+            </tr>
+
+            <tr class="tei tei-row">
+              <td class="tei tei-cell" style="text-align: center"><a href=
+              "#chap14" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: center">THE
+              VOYAGES OF BARENTS.</a></td>
+
+              <td class="tei tei-cell" style="text-align: right"></td>
+            </tr>
+
+            <tr class="tei tei-row">
+              <td class="tei tei-cell">North-Eastern Voyages of the
+              Dutch—Barents reaches Nova Zembla—Adventures with the Polar
+              Bears—Large Trading Expedition organised—Failure of the
+              Venture—Reward Offered for the Discovery of a North-East
+              Passage—Third Voyage—Dangers of the Ice—Forced to Winter on
+              Nova Zembla—Erection of a House—Intense Cold—Philosophical
+              Dutchmen—Attacks from Bears—Returning Spring—The Vessel
+              Abandoned—Preparations for a Start—The Company Enfeebled and
+              Down-hearted—Voyage of 1,700 miles in Two Small Boats—Death of
+              Barents and Adrianson—Perils of Arctic Navigation—Enclosed in
+              the Ice—Death of a Sailor—Meeting with Russians—Arrival in
+              Lapland—Home once more—Discovery of the Barents Relics by
+              Carlsen—Voyages of Adams, Weymouth, Hall, and Knight</td>
+
+              <td class="tei tei-cell" style="text-align: right">129</td>
+            </tr>
+
+            <tr class="tei tei-row">
+              <td class="tei tei-cell" style="text-align: center">
+              <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: center"><a href=
+              "#chap15" class="tei tei-ref" style=
+              "text-align: center"><span style="font-size: 120%">CHAPTER
+              XV.</span></a></span></td>
+
+              <td class="tei tei-cell" style="text-align: right"></td>
+            </tr>
+
+            <tr class="tei tei-row">
+              <td class="tei tei-cell" style="text-align: center"><a href=
+              "#chap15" class="tei tei-ref" style=
+              "text-align: center">VOYAGES OF HUDSON AND HIS
+              SUCCESSORS.</a></td>
+
+              <td class="tei tei-cell" style="text-align: right"></td>
+            </tr>
+
+            <tr class="tei tei-row">
+              <td class="tei tei-cell">Henry Hudson’s Voyages—Projected
+              Passage over the Pole—Second Expedition—A Mermaid Sighted—Third
+              Voyage in the Dutch Service—Discovery of the Hudson River—Last
+              Voyage—Discovery of Hudson’s Bay—Story of an Arctic
+              Tragedy—Abacuk Pricket’s Narrative—Their Winter Stay—Rise of a
+              Mutiny—Hudson and Nine Companions Set Adrift and Left to
+              Die—Retribution—Four of the Mutineers Killed—Sufferings from
+              Starvation—Death of a Ringleader—Arrival in Ireland—Suspicious
+              Circumstances—Baffin’s Voyages—Danish Expeditions to
+              Greenland—Jens Munk and his Unfortunate Companions—Sixty-one
+              Persons Starved to Death—Voyage of Three Survivors across the
+              Atlantic—An unkingly King—Death of Munk—Moxon’s Dutch
+              Beer-house Story—Wood and Flawes—Wreck of Wood’s
+              Vessel—Knight’s Fatal Expedition—Slow Starvation and Death of
+              the whole Company—The Middleton and Dobbs’ Agitation—£20,000
+              offered for the Discovery of the North-West Passage</td>
+
+              <td class="tei tei-cell" style="text-align: right">144</td>
+            </tr>
+
+            <tr class="tei tei-row">
+              <td class="tei tei-cell" style="text-align: center">
+              <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: center"><a href=
+              "#chap16" class="tei tei-ref" style=
+              "text-align: center"><span style="font-size: 120%">CHAPTER
+              XVI.</span></a></span></td>
+
+              <td class="tei tei-cell" style="text-align: right"></td>
+            </tr>
+
+            <tr class="tei tei-row">
+              <td class="tei tei-cell" style="text-align: center"><a href=
+              "#chap16" class="tei tei-ref" style=
+              "text-align: center">EXPEDITIONS IN THE EIGHTEENTH
+              CENTURY.</a></td>
+
+              <td class="tei tei-cell" style="text-align: right"></td>
+            </tr>
+
+            <tr class="tei tei-row">
+              <td class="tei tei-cell">Paucity of Arctic Expeditions in the
+              Eighteenth Century—Phipps’ Voyage—Walls of Ice—Ferocious
+              Sea-horses—A Beautiful Glacier—Cook’s Voyage—A Fresh
+              Attempt—Extension of the Government Rewards—Cape Prince of
+              Wales—Among the Tchuktchis—Icy Cape—Baffled by the Ice—Russian
+              Voyages—The two Unconquerable Capes—Peter the Great—Behring’s
+              Voyages—Discovery of the Straits—The Third Voyage—Scurvy and
+              Shipwreck—Death of the Commander—New Siberia—The Ivory
+              Islands</td>
+
+              <td class="tei tei-cell" style="text-align: right">154</td>
+            </tr>
+
+            <tr class="tei tei-row">
+              <td class="tei tei-cell" style="text-align: center">
+              <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: center"><a href=
+              "#chap17" class="tei tei-ref" style=
+              "text-align: center"><span style="font-size: 120%">CHAPTER
+              XVII.</span></a></span></td>
+
+              <td class="tei tei-cell" style="text-align: right"></td>
+            </tr>
+
+            <tr class="tei tei-row">
+              <td class="tei tei-cell" style="text-align: center"><a href=
+              "#chap17" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: center">THE
+              EXPEDITIONS OF ROSS AND PARRY.</a></td>
+
+              <td class="tei tei-cell" style="text-align: right"></td>
+            </tr>
+
+            <tr class="tei tei-row">
+              <td class="tei tei-cell">Remarkable Change in the Greenland
+              Ice-Fields—Immense Icebergs found out of their Latitudes—Ross
+              the First’s Expedition—Festivities among the Danes—Interviews
+              with Esquimaux—Crimson Snow—A Mythical Discovery—The Croker
+              Mountains—Buchan’s Expedition—Bursting of Icebergs—Effects of
+              Concussion—The Creation of an Iceberg—Spitzbergen in
+              Summer—Animated Nature—Millions of Birds—Refuge in an
+              Ice-pack—Parry and his Exploits—His Noble Character—First
+              Arctic Voyage—Sails over the Croker Mountains</td>
+
+              <td class="tei tei-cell" style="text-align: right">162</td>
+            </tr>
+
+            <tr class="tei tei-row">
+              <td class="tei tei-cell" style="text-align: center">
+              <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: center"><a href=
+              "#chap18" class="tei tei-ref" style=
+              "text-align: center"><span style="font-size: 120%">CHAPTER
+              XVIII.</span></a></span></td>
+
+              <td class="tei tei-cell" style="text-align: right"></td>
+            </tr>
+
+            <tr class="tei tei-row">
+              <td class="tei tei-cell" style="text-align: center"><a href=
+              "#chap18" class="tei tei-ref" style=
+              "text-align: center">PARRY’S EXPEDITIONS (<span class=
+              "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: center"><span style=
+              "font-style: italic">continued</span></span>).</a></td>
+
+              <td class="tei tei-cell" style="text-align: right"></td>
+            </tr>
+
+            <tr class="tei tei-row">
+              <td class="tei tei-cell">Five Thousand Pounds Earned by Parry’s
+              Expedition—Winter Quarters—Theatre—An Arctic Newspaper—Effects
+              of Intense Cold—The Observatory Burned Down—Return to
+              England—Parry’s Second Expedition—<span class=
+              "tei tei-q">“Young”</span> Ice—Winter at Lyon’s Inlet—A Snow
+              Village in Winter and Spring—Break-up of the Ice—The Vessels in
+              a Terrible Position—Third Winter Quarters—Parry’s Fourth
+              Winter—The <span class="tei tei-name"><span style=
+              "font-style: italic">Fury</span></span> Abandoned—The Old
+              <span class="tei tei-name"><span style=
+              "font-style: italic">Griper</span></span> and her Noble
+              Crew</td>
+
+              <td class="tei tei-cell" style="text-align: right">170</td>
+            </tr>
+
+            <tr class="tei tei-row">
+              <td class="tei tei-cell" style="text-align: center">
+              <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: center"><a href=
+              "#chap19" class="tei tei-ref" style=
+              "text-align: center"><span style="font-size: 120%">CHAPTER
+              XIX.</span></a></span></td>
+
+              <td class="tei tei-cell" style="text-align: right"></td>
+            </tr>
+
+            <tr class="tei tei-row">
+              <td class="tei tei-cell" style="text-align: center"><a href=
+              "#chap19" class="tei tei-ref" style=
+              "text-align: center">PARRY’S BOAT AND SLEDGE
+              EXPEDITION.</a></td>
+
+              <td class="tei tei-cell" style="text-align: right"></td>
+            </tr>
+
+            <tr class="tei tei-row">
+              <td class="tei tei-cell">Parry’s Attempt at the Pole—Hecla
+              Cove—Boat and Sledge Expedition—Mode of Travelling—Their
+              Camps—Laborious Efforts—Broken Ice—Midnight Dinners and
+              Afternoon Breakfasts—Labours of Sisyphus—Drifting Ice—Highest
+              Latitude Reached—Return Trip to the Ship—Parry’s Subsequent
+              Career—Wrangell’s Ice Journeys</td>
+
+              <td class="tei tei-cell" style="text-align: right">178</td>
+            </tr>
+
+            <tr class="tei tei-row">
+              <td class="tei tei-cell" style="text-align: center">
+              <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: center"><a href=
+              "#chap20" class="tei tei-ref" style=
+              "text-align: center"><span style="font-size: 120%">CHAPTER
+              XX.</span></a></span></td>
+
+              <td class="tei tei-cell" style="text-align: right"></td>
+            </tr>
+
+            <tr class="tei tei-row">
+              <td class="tei tei-cell" style="text-align: center"><a href=
+              "#chap20" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: center">THE
+              MAGNETIC POLE—A LAND JOURNEY TO THE POLAR SEA.</a></td>
+
+              <td class="tei tei-cell" style="text-align: right"></td>
+            </tr>
+
+            <tr class="tei tei-row">
+              <td class="tei tei-cell">Sir John Ross and the <span class=
+              "tei tei-name"><span style=
+              "font-style: italic">Victory</span></span>—First Steam Vessel
+              Employed in the Arctic—Discovery of the Magnetic Pole—The
+              British Flag Waving over it—Franklin and Richardson’s Journeys
+              to the Polar Sea—The Coppermine River—Sea voyage in Birch-bark
+              Canoes—Return Journey—Terrible Sufferings—Starvation and Utter
+              Exhaustion—Deaths by the Way—A Brave Feat—Relieved at
+              Length—Journey to the Mouth of the Mackenzie—Fracas with the
+              Esquimaux—Peace Restored</td>
+
+              <td class="tei tei-cell" style="text-align: right">186</td>
+            </tr>
+
+            <tr class="tei tei-row">
+              <td class="tei tei-cell" style="text-align: center">
+              <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: center"><a href=
+              "#chap21" class="tei tei-ref" style=
+              "text-align: center"><span style="font-size: 120%">CHAPTER
+              XXI.</span></a></span></td>
+
+              <td class="tei tei-cell" style="text-align: right"></td>
+            </tr>
+
+            <tr class="tei tei-row">
+              <td class="tei tei-cell" style="text-align: center"><a href=
+              "#chap21" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: center">VOYAGE
+              OF THE <span class="tei tei-name" style=
+              "text-align: center"><span style=
+              "font-style: italic">TERROR</span></span>.</a></td>
+
+              <td class="tei tei-cell" style="text-align: right"></td>
+            </tr>
+
+            <tr class="tei tei-row">
+              <td class="tei tei-cell">Back’s effort to reach Repulse
+              Bay—Nine Months in the Ice—The <span class=
+              "tei tei-name"><span style=
+              "font-style: italic">Terror</span></span> Nipped and Crushed—A
+              General Disruption—Extreme Peril—Increase of
+              Pressure—Providential Delivery—Another Nip—Bow of the Ship
+              Split—Preparations for Emergencies—The Crew—An early
+              Break-up—Frozen Again—A Tremendous Rush of Ice—The Day of
+              Release</td>
+
+              <td class="tei tei-cell" style="text-align: right">196</td>
+            </tr>
+
+            <tr class="tei tei-row">
+              <td class="tei tei-cell" style="text-align: center">
+              <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: center"><a href=
+              "#chap22" class="tei tei-ref" style=
+              "text-align: center"><span style="font-size: 120%">CHAPTER
+              XXII.</span></a></span></td>
+
+              <td class="tei tei-cell" style="text-align: right"></td>
+            </tr>
+
+            <tr class="tei tei-row">
+              <td class="tei tei-cell" style="text-align: center"><a href=
+              "#chap22" class="tei tei-ref" style=
+              "text-align: center">FRANKLIN’S LAST VOYAGE.</a></td>
+
+              <td class="tei tei-cell" style="text-align: right"></td>
+            </tr>
+
+            <tr class="tei tei-row">
+              <td class="tei tei-cell">Sir John Franklin and his Career—His
+              Last Expedition—Takes the Command as his Birthright—The last
+              seen of his Ships—Alarm at their Long Absence—The Search—A few
+              Faint Traces Discovered by Parry—A Fleet beset in the
+              Ice—Efforts made to Communicate with Franklin—Rockets and
+              Balloons—M’Clure’s Expedition—Discovery of the North-West
+              Passage—Strange Arrival of Lieutenant Pim over the Ice—The
+              <span class="tei tei-name"><span style=
+              "font-style: italic">Investigator</span></span> Abandoned—Crew
+              Saved—Reward of £10,000 to M’Clure and his Ship’s Company</td>
+
+              <td class="tei tei-cell" style="text-align: right">201</td>
+            </tr>
+
+            <tr class="tei tei-row">
+              <td class="tei tei-cell" style="text-align: center">
+              <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: center"><a href=
+              "#chap23" class="tei tei-ref" style=
+              "text-align: center"><span style="font-size: 120%">CHAPTER
+              XXIII.</span></a></span></td>
+
+              <td class="tei tei-cell" style="text-align: right"></td>
+            </tr>
+
+            <tr class="tei tei-row">
+              <td class="tei tei-cell" style="text-align: center"><a href=
+              "#chap23" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: center">THE
+              FRANKLIN SEARCH.</a></td>
+
+              <td class="tei tei-cell" style="text-align: right"></td>
+            </tr>
+
+            <tr class="tei tei-row">
+              <td class="tei tei-cell">The Franklin Expedition—The First
+              Relics—Dr. Rae’s Discoveries—The Government Tired of the
+              Search—Noble Lady Franklin—The Voyage of the <span class=
+              "tei tei-name"><span style=
+              "font-style: italic">Fox</span></span>—Beset in the Ice for
+              Eight Months—Enormous Icebergs—Seal and Bear Hunts—Unearthly
+              Noises under the Floes—Guy Fawkes in the Arctic—The Fiftieth
+              Seal Shot—A Funeral—A Merry Christmas—New Year’s
+              Celebration—Winter Gales—Their Miraculous Escape—Experience of
+              a Whaler—Breakfast and Ship Lost together</td>
+
+              <td class="tei tei-cell" style="text-align: right">215</td>
+            </tr>
+
+            <tr class="tei tei-row">
+              <td class="tei tei-cell" style="text-align: center">
+              <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: center"><a href=
+              "#chap24" class="tei tei-ref" style=
+              "text-align: center"><span style="font-size: 120%">CHAPTER
+              XXIV.</span></a></span></td>
+
+              <td class="tei tei-cell" style="text-align: right"></td>
+            </tr>
+
+            <tr class="tei tei-row">
+              <td class="tei tei-cell" style="text-align: center"><a href=
+              "#chap24" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: center">THE
+              LAST TRACES.</a></td>
+
+              <td class="tei tei-cell" style="text-align: right"></td>
+            </tr>
+
+            <tr class="tei tei-row">
+              <td class="tei tei-cell">M’Clintock’s Summer Explorations—The
+              Second Winter—Sledging Parties—Snow Huts—Near the Magnetic
+              Pole—Meeting with Esquimaux—Franklin Relics Obtained—Objection
+              of Esquimaux to Speak of the Dead—Hobson’s Discovery of the
+              Franklin Records—Fate of the <span class=
+              "tei tei-name"><span style=
+              "font-style: italic">Erebus</span></span> and <span class=
+              "tei tei-name"><span style=
+              "font-style: italic">Terror</span></span>—Large Quantity of
+              Relics Purchased from the Natives—The Skeleton on the
+              Beach—Fate of Crozier’s Party—<span class="tei tei-q">“As they
+              Fell they Died”</span>—The Record at Point Victory—Boat with
+              Human Remains Discovered—The Wrecks never Seen—Return of the
+              <span class="tei tei-name"><span style=
+              "font-style: italic">Fox</span></span></td>
+
+              <td class="tei tei-cell" style="text-align: right">223</td>
+            </tr>
+
+            <tr class="tei tei-row">
+              <td class="tei tei-cell" style="text-align: center">
+              <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: center"><a href=
+              "#chap25" class="tei tei-ref" style=
+              "text-align: center"><span style="font-size: 120%">CHAPTER
+              XXV.</span></a></span></td>
+
+              <td class="tei tei-cell" style="text-align: right"></td>
+            </tr>
+
+            <tr class="tei tei-row">
+              <td class="tei tei-cell" style="text-align: center"><a href=
+              "#chap25" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: center">KANE’S
+              MEMORABLE EXPEDITION.</a></td>
+
+              <td class="tei tei-cell" style="text-align: right"></td>
+            </tr>
+
+            <tr class="tei tei-row">
+              <td class="tei tei-cell">Dr. Kane’s Expedition—His short but
+              eventful Career—Departure of the <span class=
+              "tei tei-name"><span style=
+              "font-style: italic">Advance</span></span>—Dangers of the
+              Voyage—Grinding Ice—Among the Bergs—A Close Shave—Nippings—The
+              Brig towed from the Ice-beach—Smith’s Sound—Rensselaer
+              Harbour—Winter Quarters—Return of an Exploring Party—Fearful
+              Sufferings—To the Rescue—Saved—Curious Effects of Intense
+              Cold</td>
+
+              <td class="tei tei-cell" style="text-align: right">232</td>
+            </tr>
+
+            <tr class="tei tei-row">
+              <td class="tei tei-cell" style="text-align: center">
+              <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: center"><a href=
+              "#chap26" class="tei tei-ref" style=
+              "text-align: center"><span style="font-size: 120%">CHAPTER
+              XXVI.</span></a></span></td>
+
+              <td class="tei tei-cell" style="text-align: right"></td>
+            </tr>
+
+            <tr class="tei tei-row">
+              <td class="tei tei-cell" style="text-align: center"><a href=
+              "#chap26" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: center">KANE’S
+              EXPEDITION (<span class="tei tei-hi" style=
+              "text-align: center"><span style=
+              "font-style: italic">continued</span></span>).</a></td>
+
+              <td class="tei tei-cell" style="text-align: right"></td>
+            </tr>
+
+            <tr class="tei tei-row">
+              <td class="tei tei-cell">Arrival of Esquimaux at the Brig—A
+              Treaty Concluded—Hospitality on Board—Arctic Appetites—Sledge
+              Journeys—A Break-down—Morton’s Trip—The Open Sea—The Brig
+              hopelessly Beset—A Council Called—Eight Men stand by the
+              <span class="tei tei-name"><span style=
+              "font-style: italic">Advance</span></span>—Departure of the
+              Rest—Their Return—Terrible Sufferings—A Characteristic
+              Entry—Raw Meat for Food—Fruitless Journeys for Fresh Meat—A
+              Scurvied Crew—Starving Esquimaux—Attempted Desertion—A Deserter
+              brought back from the Esquimaux Settlements</td>
+
+              <td class="tei tei-cell" style="text-align: right">238</td>
+            </tr>
+
+            <tr class="tei tei-row">
+              <td class="tei tei-cell" style="text-align: center">
+              <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: center"><a href=
+              "#chap27" class="tei tei-ref" style=
+              "text-align: center"><span style="font-size: 120%">CHAPTER
+              XXVII.</span></a></span></td>
+
+              <td class="tei tei-cell" style="text-align: right"></td>
+            </tr>
+
+            <tr class="tei tei-row">
+              <td class="tei tei-cell" style="text-align: center"><a href=
+              "#chap27" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: center">KANE’S
+              EXPEDITION (<span class="tei tei-hi" style=
+              "text-align: center"><span style=
+              "font-style: italic">concluded</span></span>).</a></td>
+
+              <td class="tei tei-cell" style="text-align: right"></td>
+            </tr>
+
+            <tr class="tei tei-row">
+              <td class="tei tei-cell">A Sad Entry—Farewell to the
+              Brig—Departure for the South—Death of Ohlsen—Difficult
+              Travelling—The Open Water—The Esquimaux of Etah—A Terrible
+              Gale—Among the broken Floes—A Greenland Oasis—The Ice
+              Cliff—Eggs by the Hundred—An Anxious Moment—A Savage Feast—The
+              First Sign of Civilisation—Return to the Settlements—Home once
+              more</td>
+
+              <td class="tei tei-cell" style="text-align: right">247</td>
+            </tr>
+
+            <tr class="tei tei-row">
+              <td class="tei tei-cell" style="text-align: center">
+              <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: center"><a href=
+              "#chap28" class="tei tei-ref" style=
+              "text-align: center"><span style="font-size: 120%">CHAPTER
+              XXVIII.</span></a></span></td>
+
+              <td class="tei tei-cell" style="text-align: right"></td>
+            </tr>
+
+            <tr class="tei tei-row">
+              <td class="tei tei-cell" style="text-align: center"><a href=
+              "#chap28" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: center">HAYES’
+              EXPEDITION—SWEDISH EXPEDITIONS.</a></td>
+
+              <td class="tei tei-cell" style="text-align: right"></td>
+            </tr>
+
+            <tr class="tei tei-row">
+              <td class="tei tei-cell">Voyage of the <span class=
+              "tei tei-name"><span style="font-style: italic">United
+              States</span></span>—High Latitude attained—In Winter
+              Quarters—Hardships of the Voyage—The dreary Arctic
+              Landscape—Open Water once more—1,300 Miles of Ice
+              traversed—Swedish Expeditions—Perilous Position of the
+              <span class="tei tei-name"><span style=
+              "font-style: italic">Sofia</span></span></td>
+
+              <td class="tei tei-cell" style="text-align: right">255</td>
+            </tr>
+
+            <tr class="tei tei-row">
+              <td class="tei tei-cell" style="text-align: center">
+              <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: center"><a href=
+              "#chap29" class="tei tei-ref" style=
+              "text-align: center"><span style="font-size: 120%">CHAPTER
+              XXIX.</span></a></span></td>
+
+              <td class="tei tei-cell" style="text-align: right"></td>
+            </tr>
+
+            <tr class="tei tei-row">
+              <td class="tei tei-cell" style="text-align: center"><a href=
+              "#chap29" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: center">THE
+              SECOND GERMAN EXPEDITION.</a></td>
+
+              <td class="tei tei-cell" style="text-align: right"></td>
+            </tr>
+
+            <tr class="tei tei-row">
+              <td class="tei tei-cell">The First German
+              Expedition—Preparations for a Second—Building of the
+              <span class="tei tei-name"><span style=
+              "font-style: italic">Germania</span></span>—The <span class=
+              "tei tei-name"><span style=
+              "font-style: italic">Hansa</span></span>—The Emperor William’s
+              Interest in the Voyage—The Scientific Corps—Departure from
+              Bremerhaven—Neptune at the Arctic Circle—The Vessels Separated
+              among the Ice—Sport with Polar Bears—Wedged in by the Grinding
+              Ice—Preparations to Winter on the Floe—The <span class=
+              "tei tei-name"><span style=
+              "font-style: italic">Hansa</span></span> lifted Seventeen Feet
+              out of the Water—A Doomed Vessel—Wreck of the <span class=
+              "tei tei-name"><span style=
+              "font-style: italic">Hansa</span></span></td>
+
+              <td class="tei tei-cell" style="text-align: right">258</td>
+            </tr>
+
+            <tr class="tei tei-row">
+              <td class="tei tei-cell" style="text-align: center">
+              <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: center"><a href=
+              "#chap30" class="tei tei-ref" style=
+              "text-align: center"><span style="font-size: 120%">CHAPTER
+              XXX.</span></a></span></td>
+
+              <td class="tei tei-cell" style="text-align: right"></td>
+            </tr>
+
+            <tr class="tei tei-row">
+              <td class="tei tei-cell" style="text-align: center"><a href=
+              "#chap30" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: center">ON AN
+              ICE-RAFT.</a></td>
+
+              <td class="tei tei-cell" style="text-align: right"></td>
+            </tr>
+
+            <tr class="tei tei-row">
+              <td class="tei tei-cell">A Floating Ice-Raft—The
+              Settlement—Christmas in a New Position—Terrible
+              Storms—Commotion under the Ice—The Floe breaks up—House
+              Ruined—Water on the Floe—A Spectre Iceberg—Fresh Dangers and
+              Deliverances—Drifted 1,100 Miles—Resolution to Leave the
+              Ice—Open Water—Ice again—Tedious Progress—Reach Illuidlek
+              Island—Welcome at the Greenland Settlements—Home in
+              Germany—Voyage of the <span class="tei tei-name"><span style=
+              "font-style: italic">Germania</span></span>—Discovery of Coal—A
+              New Inlet—Home to Bremen</td>
+
+              <td class="tei tei-cell" style="text-align: right">263</td>
+            </tr>
+
+            <tr class="tei tei-row">
+              <td class="tei tei-cell" style="text-align: center">
+              <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: center"><a href=
+              "#chap31" class="tei tei-ref" style=
+              "text-align: center"><span style="font-size: 120%">CHAPTER
+              XXXI.</span></a></span></td>
+
+              <td class="tei tei-cell" style="text-align: right"></td>
+            </tr>
+
+            <tr class="tei tei-row">
+              <td class="tei tei-cell" style="text-align: center"><a href=
+              "#chap31" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: center">HALL’S
+              EXPEDITION—THE AUSTRO-HUNGARIAN
+              EXPEDITION—NORDENSKJÖLD.</a></td>
+
+              <td class="tei tei-cell" style="text-align: right"></td>
+            </tr>
+
+            <tr class="tei tei-row">
+              <td class="tei tei-cell">Captain Hall’s Expedition—High
+              Latitude Attained—Open Water Seen—Death of Hall—The
+              <span class="tei tei-name"><span style=
+              "font-style: italic">Polaris</span></span> Beset—An Abandoned
+              Party—Six Months on a Floating Ice-floe—Rescue—Loss of the
+              Steamer—Investigation at Washington—The Austro-Hungarian
+              Expedition—The <span class="tei tei-name"><span style=
+              "font-style: italic">Tegethoff</span></span> hopelessly Beset
+              in the Ice—Two Long Weary Years—Perils from the Ice
+              Pressure—Ramparts raised round the Ship—The Polar Night—Loss of
+              a Coal-hut—Attempts to Escape—A Grand Discovery—Franz Josef
+              Land—Sledging Parties—Gigantic Glaciers—The Steamer
+              Abandoned—Boat and Sledge Journey to the Bay of Downs—Prof.
+              Nordenskjöld’s Voyage—The North-East Passage an accomplished
+              Fact</td>
+
+              <td class="tei tei-cell" style="text-align: right">268</td>
+            </tr>
+
+            <tr class="tei tei-row">
+              <td class="tei tei-cell" style="text-align: center">
+              <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: center"><a href=
+              "#chap32" class="tei tei-ref" style=
+              "text-align: center"><span style="font-size: 120%">CHAPTER
+              XXXII.</span></a></span></td>
+
+              <td class="tei tei-cell" style="text-align: right"></td>
+            </tr>
+
+            <tr class="tei tei-row">
+              <td class="tei tei-cell" style="text-align: center"><a href=
+              "#chap32" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: center">THE
+              ANTARCTIC REGIONS.</a></td>
+
+              <td class="tei tei-cell" style="text-align: right"></td>
+            </tr>
+
+            <tr class="tei tei-row">
+              <td class="tei tei-cell">Has the South Pole been Neglected?—The
+              Antarctic even more Inhospitable than the Arctic—The Antarctic
+              Summer—Search for the <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style=
+              "font-style: italic">Terra Australis</span></span>—Early
+              Explorers—Captain Cook’s Discoveries—Watering at Icebergs—The
+              Southern Thule—Smith’s Report—Weddell’s Voyage—Dead Whale
+              Mistaken for an Island—D’Urville’s Adélie Land—Wilkes
+              Land—Voyages of James Ross—High Land Discovered—Deep Beds of
+              Guano—Antarctic Volcanoes—Mounts Erebus and Terror—Victoria
+              Land</td>
+
+              <td class="tei tei-cell" style="text-align: right">276</td>
+            </tr>
+
+            <tr class="tei tei-row">
+              <td class="tei tei-cell" style="text-align: center">
+              <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: center"><a href=
+              "#chap33" class="tei tei-ref" style=
+              "text-align: center"><span style="font-size: 120%">CHAPTER
+              XXXIII.</span></a></span></td>
+
+              <td class="tei tei-cell" style="text-align: right"></td>
+            </tr>
+
+            <tr class="tei tei-row">
+              <td class="tei tei-cell" style="text-align: center"><a href=
+              "#chap33" class="tei tei-ref" style=
+              "text-align: center">DECISIVE VOYAGES IN
+              HISTORY.—DIAZ—COLUMBUS.</a></td>
+
+              <td class="tei tei-cell" style="text-align: right"></td>
+            </tr>
+
+            <tr class="tei tei-row">
+              <td class="tei tei-cell">An Important Epoch in the History of
+              Discovery—King John II. of Portugal and his Enterprises—Diaz
+              the Bold—Ventures out to Sea—Rounds the Cape—Ignorant of the
+              Fact—The Cape of Storms—King John re-christens it—Columbus and
+              the Narrative of his Son—His Visit to Portugal—Marriage—An
+              un-royal Trick—Sends his Brother to England—His
+              Misfortune—Columbus in Spain—A prejudiced and ignorant
+              Report—The One Sensible Ecclesiastic—Again Repulsed—A Friend at
+              Court—Queen Isabella Won to the Cause—Departure of the
+              Expedition—Out in the Broad Atlantic—Murmurs of the Crews—Signs
+              of Land—Disappointment—Latent Mutiny—Land at Last—Discovery of
+              St. Salvador—Cuba—Natives Smoking the Weed—Utopia in
+              Hispaniola—Columbus Wrecked—Gold Obtained—First Spanish
+              Settlement—Homeward Voyage—Storms and Vows—Arrival in
+              Europe—Triumphant Reception at Barcelona</td>
+
+              <td class="tei tei-cell" style="text-align: right">281</td>
+            </tr>
+
+            <tr class="tei tei-row">
+              <td class="tei tei-cell" style="text-align: center">
+              <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: center"><a href=
+              "#chap34" class="tei tei-ref" style=
+              "text-align: center"><span style="font-size: 120%">CHAPTER
+              XXXIV.</span></a></span></td>
+
+              <td class="tei tei-cell" style="text-align: right"></td>
+            </tr>
+
+            <tr class="tei tei-row">
+              <td class="tei tei-cell" style="text-align: center"><a href=
+              "#chap34" class="tei tei-ref" style=
+              "text-align: center">DECISIVE VOYAGES IN
+              HISTORY.—COLUMBUS—VASCO DA GAMA.</a></td>
+
+              <td class="tei tei-cell" style="text-align: right"></td>
+            </tr>
+
+            <tr class="tei tei-row">
+              <td class="tei tei-cell">Columbus and his Enemies—Unsuitable
+              Settlers—Outrageous Conduct of the Colonists—The Second
+              Expedition of Columbus—Discovery of Jamaica—Dangerous Illness
+              of Columbus—Return to Spain—The Excitement over—Difficulty of
+              Starting a New Expedition—Third Voyage—Columbus reaches the
+              Mainland of America—Insurrection in Hispaniola—Machinations at
+              Home—Columbus brought to Spain in Chains—Indignation in
+              Spain—His Fourth Voyage—Ferdinand’s Ingratitude—Death of the
+              Great Navigator—Estimate of his Character—Vasco da Gama—First
+              Voyage—The Cape reached—First Sight of India—At
+              Calicut—Friendship of the King of Cananore—Great Profits of the
+              Expedition—Second Voyage—Vengeance on the Ruler of Calicut—His
+              Brutality—Subsequent History of Da Gama</td>
+
+              <td class="tei tei-cell" style="text-align: right">294</td>
+            </tr>
+
+            <tr class="tei tei-row">
+              <td class="tei tei-cell" style="text-align: center">
+              <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: center"><a href=
+              "#chap35" class="tei tei-ref" style=
+              "text-align: center"><span style="font-size: 120%">CHAPTER
+              XXXV.</span></a></span></td>
+
+              <td class="tei tei-cell" style="text-align: right"></td>
+            </tr>
+
+            <tr class="tei tei-row">
+              <td class="tei tei-cell" style="text-align: center"><a href=
+              "#chap35" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: center">THE
+              COMPANIONS AND FOLLOWERS OF COLUMBUS.</a></td>
+
+              <td class="tei tei-cell" style="text-align: right"></td>
+            </tr>
+
+            <tr class="tei tei-row">
+              <td class="tei tei-cell">The Era of Spanish Discovery—Reasons
+              for its Rapid Development—Ojeda’s First Voyage—Fighting the
+              Caribs—Indians and Cannon—Pinzon’s Discovery of Brazil—A Rough
+              Reception—Bastides the Humane—A New Calamity—Ships leaking like
+              Sieves—Economical Generosity of King Ferdinand—Ojeda’s Second
+              Voyage—The disputed Strong-Box—Ojeda Entrapped—Swimming in
+              Irons—Condemned Abroad—Acquitted at Home—A Triumphant Client,
+              but a Ruined Man—A Third Voyage—Worthy La Cosa—Rival
+              Commanders—A Foolish Challenge</td>
+
+              <td class="tei tei-cell" style="text-align: right">300</td>
+            </tr>
+
+            <tr class="tei tei-row">
+              <td class="tei tei-cell" style="text-align: center">
+              <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: center"><a href=
+              "#chap36" class="tei tei-ref" style=
+              "text-align: center"><span style="font-size: 120%">CHAPTER
+              XXXVI.</span></a></span></td>
+
+              <td class="tei tei-cell" style="text-align: right"></td>
+            </tr>
+
+            <tr class="tei tei-row">
+              <td class="tei tei-cell" style="text-align: center"><a href=
+              "#chap36" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: center">THE
+              COMPANIONS AND FOLLOWERS OF COLUMBUS (<span class="tei tei-hi"
+              style="text-align: center"><span style=
+              "font-style: italic">concluded</span></span>).</a></td>
+
+              <td class="tei tei-cell" style="text-align: right"></td>
+            </tr>
+
+            <tr class="tei tei-row">
+              <td class="tei tei-cell">Nicuesa and the Duns of San
+              Domingo—Indian Contempt for a Royal Manifesto—La Cosa’s Advice
+              Disregarded—Ojeda’s Impetuosity—A Desperate Fight—Seventy
+              Spaniards Killed—La Cosa’s Untimely End—Ojeda found Exhausted
+              in the Woods—A Rival’s Noble Conduct—Avenged on the Indians—A
+              New Settlement—Ojeda’s Charm fails—A Desperate Remedy—In Search
+              of Provisions—Wrecked on Cuba—A Toilsome March—Kindly
+              Natives—Ojeda’s Vow Redeemed—Dies in Abject Poverty—The
+              Bachelor Enciso and Balboa—Smuggled on Board in a Tub—Leon and
+              his Search for the Fountain of Youth—Discovery of
+              Florida—Magellan—Snubbed at Home—Warmly Seconded by the Spanish
+              Emperor—His Resolute Character—Discovery of the Straits—His
+              Death—The First Voyage round the World—Captain Cook’s
+              Discoveries—His Tragical Death—Vancouver’s Island</td>
+
+              <td class="tei tei-cell" style="text-align: right">308</td>
+            </tr>
+          </tbody>
+        </table>
+      </div>
+      <hr class="page" />
+
+      <div class="tei tei-div" style=
+      "margin-bottom: 5.00em; margin-top: 5.00em">
+        <span class="tei tei-pb" id="pageviii">[pg viii]</span><a name=
+        "Pgviii" id="Pgviii" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> <a name="toc3" id=
+        "toc3"></a><a name="pdf4" id="pdf4"></a>
+
+        <h1 class="tei tei-head" style=
+        "text-align: center; margin-bottom: 3.46em; margin-top: 3.46em">
+        <span style="font-size: 173%">LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS.</span></h1>
+
+        <table summary="This is a table" cellspacing="0" class=
+        "tei tei-table" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+          <colgroup span="2"></colgroup>
+
+          <tbody>
+            <tr class="tei tei-row">
+              <td class="tei tei-cell"></td>
+
+              <td class="tei tei-cell" style="text-align: right"><span class=
+              "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: right"><span style=
+              "font-size: 75%">PAGE</span></span></td>
+            </tr>
+
+            <tr class="tei tei-row">
+              <td class="tei tei-cell"><a href="#illo_002" class=
+              "tei tei-ref">Morgan’s Attack on Gibraltar</a></td>
+
+              <td class="tei tei-cell" style="text-align: right"><span class=
+              "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: right"><span style=
+              "font-style: italic">Frontispiece</span></span></td>
+            </tr>
+
+            <tr class="tei tei-row">
+              <td class="tei tei-cell"><a href="#illo_014" class=
+              "tei tei-ref">Pirate Vessels (17th century)</a></td>
+
+              <td class="tei tei-cell" style="text-align: right">4</td>
+            </tr>
+
+            <tr class="tei tei-row">
+              <td class="tei tei-cell"><a href="#illo_018" class=
+              "tei tei-ref">Pierre Le Grand taking the Spanish
+              Vessel</a></td>
+
+              <td class="tei tei-cell" style="text-align: right">8</td>
+            </tr>
+
+            <tr class="tei tei-row">
+              <td class="tei tei-cell"><a href="#illo_019" class=
+              "tei tei-ref">Pierre François attacking the
+              Vice-Admiral</a></td>
+
+              <td class="tei tei-cell" style="text-align: right">9</td>
+            </tr>
+
+            <tr class="tei tei-row">
+              <td class="tei tei-cell"><a href="#illo_023" class=
+              "tei tei-ref">Escape of Portuguez</a></td>
+
+              <td class="tei tei-cell" style="text-align: right">13</td>
+            </tr>
+
+            <tr class="tei tei-row">
+              <td class="tei tei-cell"><a href="#illo_025" class=
+              "tei tei-ref">Brasiliano’s Escape</a></td>
+
+              <td class="tei tei-cell" style="text-align: right"><span class=
+              "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: right"><span style=
+              "font-style: italic">To&nbsp;face&nbsp;page</span></span>&nbsp;15</td>
+            </tr>
+
+            <tr class="tei tei-row">
+              <td class="tei tei-cell"><a href="#illo_029" class=
+              "tei tei-ref">Map of Central America and the West India
+              Islands</a></td>
+
+              <td class="tei tei-cell" style="text-align: right">17</td>
+            </tr>
+
+            <tr class="tei tei-row">
+              <td class="tei tei-cell"><a href="#illo_033" class=
+              "tei tei-ref">The Struggle with the Pirates at
+              Gibraltar</a></td>
+
+              <td class="tei tei-cell" style="text-align: right">21</td>
+            </tr>
+
+            <tr class="tei tei-row">
+              <td class="tei tei-cell"><a href="#illo_037" class=
+              "tei tei-ref">Lolonois’ Fight with the Spaniards</a></td>
+
+              <td class="tei tei-cell" style="text-align: right">25</td>
+            </tr>
+
+            <tr class="tei tei-row">
+              <td class="tei tei-cell"><a href="#illo_044" class=
+              "tei tei-ref">On the Coast of Costa Rica</a></td>
+
+              <td class="tei tei-cell" style="text-align: right">32</td>
+            </tr>
+
+            <tr class="tei tei-row">
+              <td class="tei tei-cell"><a href="#illo_048" class=
+              "tei tei-ref">Blowing up of the French Pirate Ship</a></td>
+
+              <td class="tei tei-cell" style="text-align: right">36</td>
+            </tr>
+
+            <tr class="tei tei-row">
+              <td class="tei tei-cell"><a href="#illo_052" class=
+              "tei tei-ref">Morgan’s Attack on Maracaibo</a></td>
+
+              <td class="tei tei-cell" style="text-align: right">40</td>
+            </tr>
+
+            <tr class="tei tei-row">
+              <td class="tei tei-cell"><a href="#illo_053" class=
+              "tei tei-ref">Captain Henry Morgan</a></td>
+
+              <td class="tei tei-cell" style="text-align: right">41</td>
+            </tr>
+
+            <tr class="tei tei-row">
+              <td class="tei tei-cell"><a href="#illo_056" class=
+              "tei tei-ref">Captain Morgan’s Escape from Maracaibo</a></td>
+
+              <td class="tei tei-cell" style="text-align: right">44</td>
+            </tr>
+
+            <tr class="tei tei-row">
+              <td class="tei tei-cell"><a href="#illo_060" class=
+              "tei tei-ref">Burning of Panama</a></td>
+
+              <td class="tei tei-cell" style="text-align: right">48</td>
+            </tr>
+
+            <tr class="tei tei-row">
+              <td class="tei tei-cell"><a href="#illo_064" class=
+              "tei tei-ref">View of Panama</a></td>
+
+              <td class="tei tei-cell" style="text-align: right">52</td>
+            </tr>
+
+            <tr class="tei tei-row">
+              <td class="tei tei-cell"><a href="#illo_073" class=
+              "tei tei-ref">Avery chasing the Great Mogul’s Ship</a></td>
+
+              <td class="tei tei-cell" style="text-align: right">61</td>
+            </tr>
+
+            <tr class="tei tei-row">
+              <td class="tei tei-cell"><a href="#illo_077" class=
+              "tei tei-ref">Death of <span class="tei tei-q">“Captain”</span>
+              Roberts</a></td>
+
+              <td class="tei tei-cell" style="text-align: right">65</td>
+            </tr>
+
+            <tr class="tei tei-row">
+              <td class="tei tei-cell"><a href="#illo_080" class=
+              "tei tei-ref">The Female Pirates</a></td>
+
+              <td class="tei tei-cell" style="text-align: right">68</td>
+            </tr>
+
+            <tr class="tei tei-row">
+              <td class="tei tei-cell"><a href="#illo_085" class=
+              "tei tei-ref">Paul Jones and Lady Selkirk</a></td>
+
+              <td class="tei tei-cell" style="text-align: right">73</td>
+            </tr>
+
+            <tr class="tei tei-row">
+              <td class="tei tei-cell"><a href="#illo_089" class=
+              "tei tei-ref">Paul Jones</a></td>
+
+              <td class="tei tei-cell" style="text-align: right">77</td>
+            </tr>
+
+            <tr class="tei tei-row">
+              <td class="tei tei-cell"><a href="#illo_092" class=
+              "tei tei-ref">De Soto chasing the <span class=
+              "tei tei-name"><span style="font-style: italic">Morning
+              Star</span></span></a></td>
+
+              <td class="tei tei-cell" style="text-align: right">80</td>
+            </tr>
+
+            <tr class="tei tei-row">
+              <td class="tei tei-cell"><a href="#illo_093" class=
+              "tei tei-ref">Cadiz</a></td>
+
+              <td class="tei tei-cell" style="text-align: right">81</td>
+            </tr>
+
+            <tr class="tei tei-row">
+              <td class="tei tei-cell"><a href="#illo_097" class=
+              "tei tei-ref">Captain Nares conducting H.R.H. The Prince of
+              Wales over the <span class="tei tei-name"><span style=
+              "font-style: italic">Alert</span></span> at Portsmouth</a></td>
+            </tr>
+
+            <tr class="tei tei-row">
+              <td class="tei tei-cell"><a href="#illo_101" class=
+              "tei tei-ref">Departure of the <span class=
+              "tei tei-name"><span style=
+              "font-style: italic">Alert</span></span> and <span class=
+              "tei tei-name"><span style=
+              "font-style: italic">Discovery</span></span> from
+              Portsmouth</a></td>
+
+              <td class="tei tei-cell" style="text-align: right"><span class=
+              "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: right"><span style=
+              "font-style: italic">To face page</span></span> 85</td>
+            </tr>
+
+            <tr class="tei tei-row">
+              <td class="tei tei-cell"><a href="#illo_099" class=
+              "tei tei-ref">Sir George Nares</a></td>
+
+              <td class="tei tei-cell" style="text-align: right">85</td>
+            </tr>
+
+            <tr class="tei tei-row">
+              <td class="tei tei-cell"><a href="#illo_104" class=
+              "tei tei-ref">Cape Desolation</a></td>
+
+              <td class="tei tei-cell" style="text-align: right">88</td>
+            </tr>
+
+            <tr class="tei tei-row">
+              <td class="tei tei-cell"><a href="#illo_105" class=
+              "tei tei-ref">Map of the North Polar Regions</a></td>
+
+              <td class="tei tei-cell" style="text-align: right">89</td>
+            </tr>
+
+            <tr class="tei tei-row">
+              <td class="tei tei-cell"><a href="#illo_107" class=
+              "tei tei-ref">The Arctic Yacht <span class=
+              "tei tei-name"><span style=
+              "font-style: italic">Pandora</span></span></a></td>
+
+              <td class="tei tei-cell"></td>
+            </tr>
+
+            <tr class="tei tei-row">
+              <td class="tei tei-cell"><a href="#illo_111" class=
+              "tei tei-ref">The Arctic Store Ship <span class=
+              "tei tei-name"><span style=
+              "font-style: italic">Valorous</span></span></a></td>
+
+              <td class="tei tei-cell"></td>
+            </tr>
+
+            <tr class="tei tei-row">
+              <td class="tei tei-cell"><a href="#illo_113" class=
+              "tei tei-ref">Disco</a></td>
+
+              <td class="tei tei-cell" style="text-align: right">93</td>
+            </tr>
+
+            <tr class="tei tei-row">
+              <td class="tei tei-cell"><a href="#illo_116" class=
+              "tei tei-ref">Entrance to the Music Hall, Disco</a></td>
+
+              <td class="tei tei-cell" style="text-align: right">96</td>
+            </tr>
+
+            <tr class="tei tei-row">
+              <td class="tei tei-cell"><a href="#illo_117" class=
+              "tei tei-ref">Explorers Crossing Hummocks</a></td>
+
+              <td class="tei tei-cell" style="text-align: right"><span class=
+              "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: right"><span style=
+              "font-style: italic">To face page</span></span> 97</td>
+            </tr>
+
+            <tr class="tei tei-row">
+              <td class="tei tei-cell"><a href="#illo_119" class=
+              "tei tei-ref">The Monument to Bellot</a></td>
+
+              <td class="tei tei-cell" style="text-align: right">97</td>
+            </tr>
+
+            <tr class="tei tei-row">
+              <td class="tei tei-cell"><a href="#illo_123" class=
+              "tei tei-ref">Winter Quarters of the <span class=
+              "tei tei-name"><span style=
+              "font-style: italic">Discovery</span></span></a></td>
+
+              <td class="tei tei-cell" style="text-align: right">101</td>
+            </tr>
+
+            <tr class="tei tei-row">
+              <td class="tei tei-cell"><a href="#illo_126" class=
+              "tei tei-ref">Winter Quarters of the <span class=
+              "tei tei-name"><span style=
+              "font-style: italic">Alert</span></span></a></td>
+
+              <td class="tei tei-cell" style="text-align: right">104</td>
+            </tr>
+
+            <tr class="tei tei-row">
+              <td class="tei tei-cell"><a href="#illo_130" class=
+              "tei tei-ref">An <span class="tei tei-name"><span style=
+              "font-style: italic">Alert</span></span> Sledge Party
+              <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">en
+              route</span></span> to the <span class=
+              "tei tei-name"><span style=
+              "font-style: italic">Discovery</span></span></a></td>
+
+              <td class="tei tei-cell" style="text-align: right">108</td>
+            </tr>
+
+            <tr class="tei tei-row">
+              <td class="tei tei-cell"><a href="#illo_131" class=
+              "tei tei-ref">Sunshine in the Polar Regions</a></td>
+
+              <td class="tei tei-cell" style="text-align: right">109</td>
+            </tr>
+
+            <tr class="tei tei-row">
+              <td class="tei tei-cell"><a href="#illo_134" class=
+              "tei tei-ref">A Sledge Party starting for Cape Joseph
+              Henry</a></td>
+
+              <td class="tei tei-cell" style="text-align: right">112</td>
+            </tr>
+
+            <tr class="tei tei-row">
+              <td class="tei tei-cell"><a href="#illo_135" class=
+              "tei tei-ref">Arrival of Lieutenant Parr on board the
+              <span class="tei tei-name"><span style=
+              "font-style: italic">Alert</span></span></a></td>
+
+              <td class="tei tei-cell" style="text-align: right">113</td>
+            </tr>
+
+            <tr class="tei tei-row">
+              <td class="tei tei-cell"><a href="#illo_142" class=
+              "tei tei-ref">Sebastian Cabot</a></td>
+
+              <td class="tei tei-cell" style="text-align: right">120</td>
+            </tr>
+
+            <tr class="tei tei-row">
+              <td class="tei tei-cell"><a href="#illo_146" class=
+              "tei tei-ref">Frobisher passing Greenwich</a></td>
+
+              <td class="tei tei-cell" style="text-align: right">124</td>
+            </tr>
+
+            <tr class="tei tei-row">
+              <td class="tei tei-cell"><a href="#illo_147" class=
+              "tei tei-ref">An Arctic Scene: Floating Ice</a></td>
+
+              <td class="tei tei-cell" style="text-align: right">125</td>
+            </tr>
+
+            <tr class="tei tei-row">
+              <td class="tei tei-cell"><a href="#illo_150" class=
+              "tei tei-ref">Martin Frobisher</a></td>
+
+              <td class="tei tei-cell" style="text-align: right">128</td>
+            </tr>
+
+            <tr class="tei tei-row">
+              <td class="tei tei-cell"><a href="#illo_151" class=
+              "tei tei-ref">An Iceberg breaking up</a></td>
+
+              <td class="tei tei-cell" style="text-align: right"><span class=
+              "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: right"><span style=
+              "font-style: italic">To&nbsp;face&nbsp;page</span></span>&nbsp;129</td>
+            </tr>
+
+            <tr class="tei tei-row">
+              <td class="tei tei-cell"><a href="#illo_155" class=
+              "tei tei-ref">Nova Zembla, showing the route taken by Barents
+              and his Followers</a></td>
+
+              <td class="tei tei-cell" style="text-align: right">131</td>
+            </tr>
+
+            <tr class="tei tei-row">
+              <td class="tei tei-cell"><a href="#illo_156" class=
+              "tei tei-ref">Mock Suns, seen on 4th June, 1596, by Barents and
+              his Followers</a></td>
+
+              <td class="tei tei-cell" style="text-align: right">132</td>
+            </tr>
+
+            <tr class="tei tei-row">
+              <td class="tei tei-cell"><a href="#illo_157" class=
+              "tei tei-ref">Transporting Wood on Sledges for Building the
+              House</a></td>
+
+              <td class="tei tei-cell" style="text-align: right">133</td>
+            </tr>
+
+            <tr class="tei tei-row">
+              <td class="tei tei-cell"><a href="#illo_160" class=
+              "tei tei-ref">Attacked by Bears</a></td>
+
+              <td class="tei tei-cell" style="text-align: right">136</td>
+            </tr>
+
+            <tr class="tei tei-row">
+              <td class="tei tei-cell"><a href="#illo_161" class=
+              "tei tei-ref">Repairing the Boat</a></td>
+
+              <td class="tei tei-cell" style="text-align: right">137</td>
+            </tr>
+
+            <tr class="tei tei-row">
+              <td class="tei tei-cell"><a href="#illo_164" class=
+              "tei tei-ref">Unloading, Dragging, and Carrying Boats and
+              Goods</a></td>
+
+              <td class="tei tei-cell" style="text-align: right">140</td>
+            </tr>
+
+            <tr class="tei tei-row">
+              <td class="tei tei-cell"><a href="#illo_168" class=
+              "tei tei-ref">View on the Hudson</a></td>
+
+              <td class="tei tei-cell" style="text-align: right">144</td>
+            </tr>
+
+            <tr class="tei tei-row">
+              <td class="tei tei-cell"><a href="#illo_169" class=
+              "tei tei-ref">The Remnants of Knight’s Expedition</a></td>
+
+              <td class="tei tei-cell" style="text-align: right">145</td>
+            </tr>
+
+            <tr class="tei tei-row">
+              <td class="tei tei-cell"><a href="#illo_173" class=
+              "tei tei-ref">In Smith’s Sound</a></td>
+
+              <td class="tei tei-cell" style="text-align: right">149</td>
+            </tr>
+
+            <tr class="tei tei-row">
+              <td class="tei tei-cell"><a href="#illo_176" class=
+              "tei tei-ref">Mock Suns</a></td>
+
+              <td class="tei tei-cell" style="text-align: right">152</td>
+            </tr>
+
+            <tr class="tei tei-row">
+              <td class="tei tei-cell"><a href="#illo_180" class=
+              "tei tei-ref">Encounter with Sea-horses</a></td>
+
+              <td class="tei tei-cell" style="text-align: right">156</td>
+            </tr>
+
+            <tr class="tei tei-row">
+              <td class="tei tei-cell"><a href="#illo_181" class=
+              "tei tei-ref">Tchuktchi Indians Building a Hut</a></td>
+
+              <td class="tei tei-cell" style="text-align: right">157</td>
+            </tr>
+
+            <tr class="tei tei-row">
+              <td class="tei tei-cell"><a href="#illo_185" class=
+              "tei tei-ref">Sir John Ross</a></td>
+
+              <td class="tei tei-cell" style="text-align: right">161</td>
+            </tr>
+
+            <tr class="tei tei-row">
+              <td class="tei tei-cell"><a href="#illo_188" class=
+              "tei tei-ref">Fiskernæs, South Greenland</a></td>
+
+              <td class="tei tei-cell" style="text-align: right">164</td>
+            </tr>
+
+            <tr class="tei tei-row">
+              <td class="tei tei-cell"><a href="#illo_189" class=
+              "tei tei-ref">The <span class="tei tei-name"><span style=
+              "font-style: italic">Dorothea</span></span> and the
+              <span class="tei tei-name"><span style=
+              "font-style: italic">Trent</span></span> in the Ice</a></td>
+
+              <td class="tei tei-cell" style="text-align: right">165</td>
+            </tr>
+
+            <tr class="tei tei-row">
+              <td class="tei tei-cell"><a href="#illo_191" class=
+              "tei tei-ref">Magdalena Bay, Spitzbergen</a></td>
+
+              <td class="tei tei-cell" style="text-align: right"><span class=
+              "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: right"><span style=
+              "font-style: italic">To face page</span></span> 166</td>
+            </tr>
+
+            <tr class="tei tei-row">
+              <td class="tei tei-cell"><a href="#illo_195" class=
+              "tei tei-ref">The North Cape</a></td>
+
+              <td class="tei tei-cell" style="text-align: right">169</td>
+            </tr>
+
+            <tr class="tei tei-row">
+              <td class="tei tei-cell"><a href="#illo_198" class=
+              "tei tei-ref">Esquimaux of West Greenland</a></td>
+
+              <td class="tei tei-cell" style="text-align: right">172</td>
+            </tr>
+
+            <tr class="tei tei-row">
+              <td class="tei tei-cell"><a href="#illo_199" class=
+              "tei tei-ref">An Esquimaux Snow Village</a></td>
+
+              <td class="tei tei-cell" style="text-align: right">173</td>
+            </tr>
+
+            <tr class="tei tei-row">
+              <td class="tei tei-cell"><a href="#illo_203" class=
+              "tei tei-ref">Captain Lyon and his Crew offering Prayers for
+              their Preservation</a></td>
+
+              <td class="tei tei-cell" style="text-align: right">177</td>
+            </tr>
+
+            <tr class="tei tei-row">
+              <td class="tei tei-cell"><a href="#illo_206" class=
+              "tei tei-ref">The Edge of the Pack</a></td>
+
+              <td class="tei tei-cell" style="text-align: right">180</td>
+            </tr>
+
+            <tr class="tei tei-row">
+              <td class="tei tei-cell"><a href="#illo_211" class=
+              "tei tei-ref">Dr. (afterwards Sir) John Richardson</a></td>
+
+              <td class="tei tei-cell" style="text-align: right">185</td>
+            </tr>
+
+            <tr class="tei tei-row">
+              <td class="tei tei-cell"><a href="#illo_214" class=
+              "tei tei-ref">Fort Enterprise</a></td>
+
+              <td class="tei tei-cell" style="text-align: right">188</td>
+            </tr>
+
+            <tr class="tei tei-row">
+              <td class="tei tei-cell"><a href="#illo_215" class=
+              "tei tei-ref">Richardson’s Adventure with White Wolves</a></td>
+
+              <td class="tei tei-cell" style="text-align: right">189</td>
+            </tr>
+
+            <tr class="tei tei-row">
+              <td class="tei tei-cell"><a href="#illo_218" class=
+              "tei tei-ref">Perrault Dividing his Little Store</a></td>
+
+              <td class="tei tei-cell" style="text-align: right">192</td>
+            </tr>
+
+            <tr class="tei tei-row">
+              <td class="tei tei-cell"><a href="#illo_222" class=
+              "tei tei-ref">Esquimaux Kaiyacks and Boat</a></td>
+
+              <td class="tei tei-cell" style="text-align: right">196</td>
+            </tr>
+
+            <tr class="tei tei-row">
+              <td class="tei tei-cell"><a href="#illo_223" class=
+              "tei tei-ref">The <span class="tei tei-name"><span style=
+              "font-style: italic">Terror</span></span> Nipped in the
+              Ice</a></td>
+
+              <td class="tei tei-cell" style="text-align: right">197</td>
+            </tr>
+
+            <tr class="tei tei-row">
+              <td class="tei tei-cell"><a href="#illo_227" class=
+              "tei tei-ref">Back Addressing the Seamen</a></td>
+
+              <td class="tei tei-cell" style="text-align: right">201</td>
+            </tr>
+
+            <tr class="tei tei-row">
+              <td class="tei tei-cell"><a href="#illo_231" class=
+              "tei tei-ref">Sir John Franklin</a></td>
+
+              <td class="tei tei-cell" style="text-align: right">205</td>
+            </tr>
+
+            <tr class="tei tei-row">
+              <td class="tei tei-cell"><a href="#illo_233" class=
+              "tei tei-ref">The <span class="tei tei-name"><span style=
+              "font-style: italic">Erebus</span></span> and the <span class=
+              "tei tei-name"><span style=
+              "font-style: italic">Terror</span></span> among
+              Icebergs</a></td>
+
+              <td class="tei tei-cell" style="text-align: right"><span class=
+              "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: right"><span style=
+              "font-style: italic">To&nbsp;face&nbsp;page</span></span>&nbsp;207</td>
+            </tr>
+
+            <tr class="tei tei-row">
+              <td class="tei tei-cell"><a href="#illo_236" class=
+              "tei tei-ref">Cutting Ice Docks</a></td>
+
+              <td class="tei tei-cell" style="text-align: right">208</td>
+            </tr>
+
+            <tr class="tei tei-row">
+              <td class="tei tei-cell"><a href="#illo_237" class=
+              "tei tei-ref">Ice Mountains</a></td>
+
+              <td class="tei tei-cell" style="text-align: right">209</td>
+            </tr>
+
+            <tr class="tei tei-row">
+              <td class="tei tei-cell"><a href="#illo_241" class=
+              "tei tei-ref">Captain Robert Le Mesurier M’Clure</a></td>
+
+              <td class="tei tei-cell" style="text-align: right">213</td>
+            </tr>
+
+            <tr class="tei tei-row">
+              <td class="tei tei-cell"><a href="#illo_243" class=
+              "tei tei-ref">The Sledge Party of the <span class=
+              "tei tei-name"><span style=
+              "font-style: italic">Resolute</span></span>, under Lieut.
+              Bedford Pim, Finding the <span class=
+              "tei tei-name"><span style="font-style: italic">Investigator</span></span></a></td>
+
+              <td class="tei tei-cell"></td>
+            </tr>
+
+            <tr class="tei tei-row">
+              <td class="tei tei-cell"><a href="#illo_247" class=
+              "tei tei-ref">Back’s Great Fish River</a></td>
+
+              <td class="tei tei-cell" style="text-align: right">217</td>
+            </tr>
+
+            <tr class="tei tei-row">
+              <td class="tei tei-cell"><a href="#illo_250" class=
+              "tei tei-ref">Esquimaux Catching Seals</a></td>
+
+              <td class="tei tei-cell" style="text-align: right">220</td>
+            </tr>
+
+            <tr class="tei tei-row">
+              <td class="tei tei-cell"><a href="#illo_251" class=
+              "tei tei-ref">A Natural Arch in the Arctic Regions</a></td>
+
+              <td class="tei tei-cell" style="text-align: right">221</td>
+            </tr>
+
+            <tr class="tei tei-row">
+              <td class="tei tei-cell"><a href="#illo_254" class=
+              "tei tei-ref">Captain (afterwards Sir Leopold)
+              M’Clintock</a></td>
+
+              <td class="tei tei-cell" style="text-align: right">224</td>
+            </tr>
+
+            <tr class="tei tei-row">
+              <td class="tei tei-cell"><a href="#illo_255" class=
+              "tei tei-ref">An Esquimaux Sledge and Team of Dogs</a></td>
+
+              <td class="tei tei-cell" style="text-align: right"><span class=
+              "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: right"><span style=
+              "font-style: italic">To face page</span></span> 225</td>
+            </tr>
+
+            <tr class="tei tei-row">
+              <td class="tei tei-cell"><a href="#illo_260" class=
+              "tei tei-ref">Cape York, Melville Bay</a></td>
+
+              <td class="tei tei-cell" style="text-align: right">228</td>
+            </tr>
+
+            <tr class="tei tei-row">
+              <td class="tei tei-cell"><a href="#illo_261" class=
+              "tei tei-ref">Relics brought back by the Franklin Search
+              Expedition</a></td>
+
+              <td class="tei tei-cell" style="text-align: right">229</td>
+            </tr>
+
+            <tr class="tei tei-row">
+              <td class="tei tei-cell"><a href="#illo_265" class=
+              "tei tei-ref">Whale Sound, Greenland</a></td>
+
+              <td class="tei tei-cell" style="text-align: right">233</td>
+            </tr>
+
+            <tr class="tei tei-row">
+              <td class="tei tei-cell"><a href="#illo_268" class=
+              "tei tei-ref">Dr. Kane</a></td>
+
+              <td class="tei tei-cell" style="text-align: right">236</td>
+            </tr>
+
+            <tr class="tei tei-row">
+              <td class="tei tei-cell"><a href="#illo_273" class=
+              "tei tei-ref">Morton Discovers the Open Sea</a></td>
+
+              <td class="tei tei-cell" style="text-align: right">241</td>
+            </tr>
+
+            <tr class="tei tei-row">
+              <td class="tei tei-cell"><a href="#illo_276" class=
+              "tei tei-ref">Esquimaux Snow Houses</a></td>
+
+              <td class="tei tei-cell" style="text-align: right">244</td>
+            </tr>
+
+            <tr class="tei tei-row">
+              <td class="tei tei-cell"><a href="#illo_277" class=
+              "tei tei-ref">Kalutunah</a></td>
+
+              <td class="tei tei-cell" style="text-align: right">245</td>
+            </tr>
+
+            <tr class="tei tei-row">
+              <td class="tei tei-cell"><a href="#illo_281" class=
+              "tei tei-ref">Cape Alexander, Greenland</a></td>
+
+              <td class="tei tei-cell" style="text-align: right">249</td>
+            </tr>
+
+            <tr class="tei tei-row">
+              <td class="tei tei-cell"><a href="#illo_284" class=
+              "tei tei-ref">The Home of the Eider Duck</a></td>
+
+              <td class="tei tei-cell" style="text-align: right">252</td>
+            </tr>
+
+            <tr class="tei tei-row">
+              <td class="tei tei-cell"><a href="#illo_287" class=
+              "tei tei-ref">Godhavn, a Danish Settlement in Disco Island,
+              Greenland</a></td>
+
+              <td class="tei tei-cell"></td>
+            </tr>
+
+            <tr class="tei tei-row">
+              <td class="tei tei-cell"><a href="#illo_290" class=
+              "tei tei-ref">The Schooner, <span class=
+              "tei tei-name"><span style="font-style: italic">United
+              States</span></span>, at Port Foulke</a></td>
+
+              <td class="tei tei-cell" style="text-align: right">256</td>
+            </tr>
+
+            <tr class="tei tei-row">
+              <td class="tei tei-cell"><a href="#illo_295" class=
+              "tei tei-ref">The House of the <span class=
+              "tei tei-name"><span style=
+              "font-style: italic">Hansa</span></span> on the Ice</a></td>
+
+              <td class="tei tei-cell" style="text-align: right"><span class=
+              "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: right"><span style=
+              "font-style: italic">To face page</span></span> 260</td>
+            </tr>
+
+            <tr class="tei tei-row">
+              <td class="tei tei-cell"><a href="#illo_297" class=
+              "tei tei-ref">A Young Bear chained to an Anchor</a></td>
+
+              <td class="tei tei-cell" style="text-align: right">261</td>
+            </tr>
+
+            <tr class="tei tei-row">
+              <td class="tei tei-cell"><a href="#illo_300" class=
+              "tei tei-ref">The Sun at Midnight in the Arctic
+              Regions</a></td>
+
+              <td class="tei tei-cell" style="text-align: right">264</td>
+            </tr>
+
+            <tr class="tei tei-row">
+              <td class="tei tei-cell"><a href="#illo_305" class=
+              "tei tei-ref">The Funeral of Captain Hall</a></td>
+
+              <td class="tei tei-cell" style="text-align: right">269</td>
+            </tr>
+
+            <tr class="tei tei-row">
+              <td class="tei tei-cell"><a href="#illo_308" class=
+              "tei tei-ref">Start of Lieutenant Payer’s Sledge
+              Expedition</a></td>
+
+              <td class="tei tei-cell" style="text-align: right">272</td>
+            </tr>
+
+            <tr class="tei tei-row">
+              <td class="tei tei-cell"><a href="#illo_309" class=
+              "tei tei-ref">Fall of the Sledge into a Crevasse</a></td>
+
+              <td class="tei tei-cell" style="text-align: right">273</td>
+            </tr>
+
+            <tr class="tei tei-row">
+              <td class="tei tei-cell"><a href="#illo_313" class=
+              "tei tei-ref">View of Cape Horn</a></td>
+
+              <td class="tei tei-cell" style="text-align: right">277</td>
+            </tr>
+
+            <tr class="tei tei-row">
+              <td class="tei tei-cell"><a href="#illo_317" class=
+              "tei tei-ref">Lisbon in the 16th Century</a></td>
+
+              <td class="tei tei-cell" style="text-align: right">281</td>
+            </tr>
+
+            <tr class="tei tei-row">
+              <td class="tei tei-cell"><a href="#illo_320" class=
+              "tei tei-ref">Bartholomew Diaz on his Voyage to the
+              Cape</a></td>
+
+              <td class="tei tei-cell" style="text-align: right">284</td>
+            </tr>
+
+            <tr class="tei tei-row">
+              <td class="tei tei-cell"><a href="#illo_321" class=
+              "tei tei-ref">Christopher Columbus</a></td>
+
+              <td class="tei tei-cell" style="text-align: right">285</td>
+            </tr>
+
+            <tr class="tei tei-row">
+              <td class="tei tei-cell"><a href="#illo_324" class=
+              "tei tei-ref">Caravels of Columbus</a></td>
+
+              <td class="tei tei-cell" style="text-align: right">288</td>
+            </tr>
+
+            <tr class="tei tei-row">
+              <td class="tei tei-cell"><a href="#illo_325" class=
+              "tei tei-ref">Columbus’s First Sight of Land</a></td>
+
+              <td class="tei tei-cell" style="text-align: right">289</td>
+            </tr>
+
+            <tr class="tei tei-row">
+              <td class="tei tei-cell"><a href="#illo_328" class=
+              "tei tei-ref">Discovery of the Isle of Spain</a></td>
+
+              <td class="tei tei-cell" style="text-align: right">292</td>
+            </tr>
+
+            <tr class="tei tei-row">
+              <td class="tei tei-cell"><a href="#illo_329" class=
+              "tei tei-ref">Reception of Columbus by Ferdinand and
+              Isabella</a></td>
+
+              <td class="tei tei-cell" style="text-align: right"><span class=
+              "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: right"><span style=
+              "font-style: italic">To face page</span></span> 293</td>
+            </tr>
+
+            <tr class="tei tei-row">
+              <td class="tei tei-cell"><a href="#illo_331" class=
+              "tei tei-ref">Ancient Gold-washing at St. Domingo</a></td>
+
+              <td class="tei tei-cell" style="text-align: right">293</td>
+            </tr>
+
+            <tr class="tei tei-row">
+              <td class="tei tei-cell"><a href="#illo_335" class=
+              "tei tei-ref">Columbus under Arrest</a></td>
+
+              <td class="tei tei-cell" style="text-align: right">297</td>
+            </tr>
+
+            <tr class="tei tei-row">
+              <td class="tei tei-cell"><a href="#illo_338" class=
+              "tei tei-ref">View of Calicut in the 15th Century</a></td>
+
+              <td class="tei tei-cell" style="text-align: right">300</td>
+            </tr>
+
+            <tr class="tei tei-row">
+              <td class="tei tei-cell"><a href="#illo_339" class=
+              "tei tei-ref">Vasco da Gama</a></td>
+
+              <td class="tei tei-cell" style="text-align: right">301</td>
+            </tr>
+
+            <tr class="tei tei-row">
+              <td class="tei tei-cell"><a href="#illo_343" class=
+              "tei tei-ref">Ojeda’s Attempted Escape</a></td>
+
+              <td class="tei tei-cell" style="text-align: right">305</td>
+            </tr>
+
+            <tr class="tei tei-row">
+              <td class="tei tei-cell"><a href="#illo_347" class=
+              "tei tei-ref">The Death of La Cosa</a></td>
+
+              <td class="tei tei-cell" style="text-align: right">309</td>
+            </tr>
+
+            <tr class="tei tei-row">
+              <td class="tei tei-cell"><a href="#illo_350" class=
+              "tei tei-ref">Arrival of Ojeda and his Followers at the Indian
+              Village</a></td>
+
+              <td class="tei tei-cell" style="text-align: right">312</td>
+            </tr>
+
+            <tr class="tei tei-row">
+              <td class="tei tei-cell"><a href="#illo_355" class=
+              "tei tei-ref">Ferdinand de Magellan</a></td>
+
+              <td class="tei tei-cell" style="text-align: right">317</td>
+            </tr>
+          </tbody>
+        </table>
+      </div>
+    </div>
+    <hr class="page" />
+
+    <div class="tei tei-body" style=
+    "margin-bottom: 6.00em; margin-top: 6.00em">
+      <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page1">[pg 1]</span><a name="Pg001" id=
+      "Pg001" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+
+      <div class="tei tei-figure" style="text-align: center"><img src=
+      "images/illo_011.jpg" alt="Illustration" /></div>
+
+      <h1 class="tei tei-head" style=
+      "text-align: center; margin-bottom: 3.46em; margin-top: 3.46em">
+      <span style="font-size: 173%">THE SEA.</span></h1>
+
+      <div class="tei tei-div" style=
+      "margin-bottom: 5.00em; margin-top: 5.00em">
+        <a name="chap01" id="chap01" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> <a name=
+        "toc5" id="toc5"></a><a name="pdf6" id="pdf6"></a>
+
+        <h2 class="tei tei-head" style=
+        "text-align: center; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em">
+        <span style="font-size: 144%">CHAPTER I.</span></h2>
+
+        <h2 class="tei tei-head" style=
+        "text-align: center; margin-bottom: 2.40em; margin-top: 2.40em">
+        <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: center"><span style=
+        "font-size: 120%; font-variant: small-caps">The Pirates and
+        Bucaniers.</span></span></h2>
+
+        <div class="tei tei-argument" style=
+        "text-align: center; margin-bottom: 1.80em; margin-left: 3.60em; margin-top: 1.80em; margin-right: 3.60em">
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style=
+        "text-align: center; margin-bottom: 0.90em"><span style=
+        "font-size: 90%">Who was the First Pirate?—The Society of
+        Bucaniers—Home of the Freebooters—Rise of the Band—Impecunious
+        Spanish Governors and their Roguery—Great Capture of Spanish
+        Treasure—An Unjust Seizure, but no Redress—Esquemeling’s
+        Narrative—Voyage from Havre—</span><span class="tei tei-q" style=
+        "text-align: center"><span style=
+          "font-size: 90%">“</span><span style="font-size: 90%">Baptism</span><span style="font-size: 90%">”</span></span>
+          <span style="font-size: 90%">of the French Mariners—Other
+          Ceremonies—At Tortuga—Occupied and re-occupied by French and
+          Spanish—The French West India Company—Esquemeling twice sold as a
+          Slave—He joins the Society of Pirates—Wild Boars and Savage
+          Mastiffs—How the Wild Dogs came to the Islands—Cruelty of the
+          Planters—A Terrible Case of Retribution—The Murderer of a Hundred
+          Slaves—The First Tortugan Pirate—Pierre le Grand—A Desperate
+          Attack—Rich Prize taken—Rapid Spread of Piracy—How the Rovers armed
+          their Ships—Regulations of their Voyages—</span><span class=
+          "tei tei-q" style="text-align: center"><span style=
+          "font-size: 90%">“</span><span style="font-size: 90%">No Prey, no
+          Pay</span><span style="font-size: 90%">”</span></span><span style=
+          "font-size: 90%">—The richly-laden Vessels of New Spain—The Pearl
+          Fisheries—An Enterprising Pirate—Success and Failure—His Final
+          Surrender.</span></p>
+        </div>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Who was the first
+        pirate is a question easier to ask than to answer. We may be sure,
+        however, that not long after navigation had become a recognised art
+        the opportunities for robbery on the sea produced a breed of
+        <span class="tei tei-q">“water-rats,”</span> who <span class=
+        "tei tei-pb" id="page2">[pg 2]</span><a name="Pg002" id="Pg002"
+        class="tei tei-anchor"></a>infested the ocean, and were the terror of
+        the honest shipowner. That <span class="tei tei-q">“hardy
+        Norseman,”</span> of whom we sing so pleasantly, was in very truth
+        nothing better; while some of the great names among the mariners of
+        the middle ages are, practically, those of pirates, whose occupation
+        bore the stamp of semi-legality from royal sanction, directly given
+        or implied.</p>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">But the society of
+        pirates, of which the following chapters will furnish some account,
+        was, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">sui
+        generis</span></span>, the greatest on record, and was formidable
+        even to the great Powers of Europe. <span class="tei tei-q">“It
+        preserved itself distinct from all the more regular and civilised
+        classes of mankind, in defiance of the laws and constitutions by
+        which other nations and societies were governed. In their history we
+        find a perpetual mixture of justice and cruelty, fair retaliation and
+        brutal revenge, of rebellion and subordination, of wise laws and
+        desperate passions, such as no other confederacy ever exhibited, and
+        which kept them together as a body, until the loss of their bravest
+        and best leaders, who could not be replaced, obliged them to return
+        to the more peaceable arts of life, and again to mix with nations
+        governed by law and discipline.”</span><a id="noteref_1" name=
+        "noteref_1" href="#note_1"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style=
+        "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">1</span></span></a> The
+        origin of the term <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style=
+        "font-style: italic">bucaneer</span></span>, or <span class=
+        "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">bucanier</span></span>,
+        is not to be very easily traced; it has an allusion to those who
+        dried the flesh of wild cattle and fish after the manner of the
+        Indians, and was first applied to the French settlers of St. Domingo,
+        who had at first no other employment than that of hunting bulls or
+        wild boars, in order to sell their hides or flesh. Many of them
+        subsequently became pirates, and the term was permanently applied to
+        them.</p>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">The West Indies,
+        for good reason, were long the especial home of the freebooters. They
+        abounded—as indeed they still abound—in little uninhabited islands
+        and <span class="tei tei-q">“keys,”</span> <span class=
+        "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">i.e.</span></span>, low
+        sandy islands, appearing a little distance above the surface of the
+        water, with only a few bushes or grass upon them. These islands have
+        any quantity of harbours, convenient for cleansing and provisioning
+        vessels. Water and sea fowl, turtle and turtle eggs, shell and other
+        fish, were abundant. The pirates would, provided they had plenty of
+        strong liquor, want for nothing as regards indulgence; and in these
+        secluded nooks they often held high revel, whilst many of them became
+        the hiding-places for their ill-gotten treasures. From them they
+        could dart out on the richly-laden ships of Spain, France, or
+        England; while men-of-war found it difficult to pursue them among the
+        archipelago of islands, sand-banks, and shallows.</p>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">The rise of these
+        rovers, or at least the great increase of them in the West Indies,
+        was very much due to the impecunious Spanish governors—hungry
+        courtiers, who would stick at no peculation or dishonesty that could
+        enrich them. They granted commissions—practically letters of
+        marque—to great numbers of vessels of war, on pretence of preventing
+        interlopers from interfering with their trade, with orders to seize
+        all ships and vessels whatsoever within five leagues of their coasts.
+        If the Spanish captains exceeded their privileges, the victims had an
+        opportunity of redress in the Spanish courts, but generally found, to
+        their sorrow, that delays and costs swallowed up anything they might
+        recover. The frequent losses sustained by English merchants during
+        the latter half of the seventeenth century led to serious reprisals
+        in after years; a prominent example occurred in 1716.</p><span class=
+        "tei tei-pb" id="page3">[pg 3]</span><a name="Pg003" id="Pg003"
+        class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">About two years
+        previously, the Spanish galleons, or plate fleet, had been cast away
+        in the Gulf of Florida, and several vessels from the Havannah (Cuba)
+        had been at work with diving apparatus to fish up the lost treasure.
+        The Spaniards had recovered some millions of dollars, and had carried
+        it to the Havannah; but they had some 350,000 pieces on the spot, and
+        were daily taking out more. In the meantime, two ships and three
+        sloops, fitted out from Jamaica, Barbadoes, &amp;c., under Captain
+        Henry Jennings, sailed to the gulf, and found the Spaniards then upon
+        the wreck, the silver before mentioned being deposited on shore in a
+        storehouse, under a guard. The rovers surprised the place, landing
+        300 men, and seized the treasure, which they carried off to Jamaica.
+        On their way they fell in with a richly-laden Spanish ship, bound for
+        the Havannah, having on board bales of cochineal, casks of indigo,
+        60,000 pieces of silver, and other valuable cargo, <span class=
+        "tei tei-q">“which,”</span> says the chronicler, <span class=
+        "tei tei-q">“their hand being in, they took,”</span> and having
+        rifled the vessel, let her go. They went away to Jamaica with their
+        booty, and were followed in view of the port by the Spaniards, who,
+        having seen them thither, went back to the Governor of the Havannah
+        with their complaints. He immediately sent a vessel to the Governor
+        of Jamaica, making representations as regards this robbery, and
+        claiming the goods. As it was in a time of peace, and contrary to all
+        justice and right that this piracy had been committed, the Governor
+        of Jamaica could do nothing else but order their punishment. They,
+        however, escaped to sea again, but not until they had disposed of
+        their cargo to good advantage; and being thus made desperate, they
+        turned pirates, robbing not the Spaniards only, but the vessels of
+        any nation they met. They were joined by other desperadoes, notably
+        by a gang of logwood cutters from the Bays of Campechy and Honduras.
+        The Spaniards had attacked them and carried off the logwood, but had
+        humanely given them three sloops to carry them home. But the men
+        thought they could do better in piracy, and joined the
+        before-mentioned rovers.</p>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">And now to one of
+        the historians, Joseph Esquemeling, whose record is incorporated in
+        the work on which these pages are founded, and who was afterwards in
+        company with such noted pirates as Lolonois, Pierre le Grand, Roche
+        Brasiliano, and others. He says:—</p>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class=
+        "tei tei-q">“Not to detain the reader any longer with these
+        particulars, I shall proceed to give an account of our voyage from
+        Havre de Grâce in France, from whence we set sail, in a ship called
+        <span class="tei tei-name"><span style="font-style: italic">St.
+        John</span></span>, May the 2nd, 1666. Our vessel was equipped with
+        twenty-eight guns, twenty marines, and two hundred and twenty
+        passengers, including those whom the Company sent as free passengers.
+        Soon after we came to an anchor under the Cape of Barfleur, there to
+        join seven other ships of the same West India Company which were to
+        come from Dieppe, under convoy of a man-of-war, mounted with
+        thirty-seven guns and two hundred and fifty men. Of these ships two
+        were bound for Senegal, five for the Caribbee Islands, and ours for
+        Tortuga. Here gathered to us about twenty sail of other ships, bound
+        for Newfoundland, with some Dutch vessels going for Nantz, Rochelle,
+        and St. Martin’s, so that in all we made thirty sail. Here we put
+        ourselves in a posture of defence, having notice that four English
+        frigates, of sixty guns each, waited for us near Alderney. Our
+        admiral, the Chevalier Sourdis, having given necessary orders, we
+        sailed thence with a favourable gale, and some mists arising, totally
+        impeded the English frigates from discovering our fleet. We steered
+        our course as near as we could to the <span class="tei tei-pb" id=
+        "page4">[pg 4]</span><a name="Pg004" id="Pg004" class=
+        "tei tei-anchor"></a>coast of France, for fear of the enemy. As we
+        sailed along, we met a vessel of Ostend, who complained to our
+        admiral that a French privateer had robbed him that very morning,
+        whereupon we endeavoured to pursue the said pirate; but our labour
+        was in vain, not being able to overtake him.</span></p><a name=
+        "illo_014" id="illo_014" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"></p>
+
+        <div class="tei tei-figure" style="text-align: center">
+          <img src="images/illo_014.png" alt="PIRATE VESSELS (17TH CENTURY)"
+          title="PIRATE VESSELS (17TH CENTURY)." />
+
+          <div class="tei tei-head" style=
+          "text-align: center; margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em">
+            PIRATE VESSELS (17TH CENTURY).
+          </div>
+        </div>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class=
+        "tei tei-q">“Our fleet, as we sailed, caused no small fears and
+        alarms to the inhabitants of the coasts of France, these judging us
+        to be English, and that we sought some convenient place for landing.
+        To allay their fright we hung out our colours, but they would not
+        trust us. After this we came to an anchor in the Bay of Conquet, in
+        Brittany, near Ushant, there to take in water. Having stored
+        ourselves with fresh provisions here, we prosecuted our voyage,
+        designing to pass by the Pas of Fontenau, and not expose ourselves to
+        the Sorlingues, fearing the English that were cruising thereabouts.
+        The river Pas is of a current very strong and rapid, which, rolling
+        over many rocks, disgorges itself into the sea on the coast of
+        France, in 48 deg. 10 min. latitude, so that this passage is very
+        dangerous, all the rocks as yet not being thoroughly
+        known.”</span></p>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Esquemeling
+        mentions the ceremony which, at this passage and some other places,
+        was used by mariners, and by them called <span class=
+        "tei tei-q">“baptism.”</span> The master’s mate clothed himself with
+        a ridiculous sort of garment which reached to his feet, and put on
+        his head a comically constructed cap, made very burlesque; in his
+        right hand he had a naked wooden sword, and in his left a pot full of
+        ink. His face was horribly blacked with soot, and his neck adorned
+        with a collar of many little pieces of wood. Thus apparelled he
+        ordered every one to be called who had never passed through that
+        dangerous place before, and then, causing them to kneel down, he made
+        the sign of the cross on their forehead with ink, and gave every one
+        a stroke on the shoulder with his wooden sword. Meanwhile, the
+        standers-by threw a bucket of water over each man’s head, and so
+        ended the ceremony. But that done, each of the baptised was obliged
+        to give a bottle of brandy, placing it near the mainmast, without
+        speaking a word. If the vessel never passed that way before, the
+        captain was compelled to distribute some wine amongst the mariners
+        and passengers; other gifts, which the newly baptised frequently
+        offered, were divided among the old seamen, and of them they made a
+        banquet among themselves.</p><span class="tei tei-pb" id="page5">[pg
+        5]</span><a name="Pg005" id="Pg005" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class=
+        "tei tei-q">“The Hollanders likewise, not only at this passage, but
+        also at the rocks called Berlingues, nigh the coast of Portugal, in
+        39 deg. 40 min. (being a passage very dangerous, especially by night,
+        when in the dark the rocks are not distinguishable, the land being
+        very high), they use some such ceremony; but their manner of
+        baptising is very different to that of the French, for he that is to
+        be baptised is fastened and hoisted up thrice at the mainyard’s end,
+        as if he were a criminal. If he be hoisted the fourth time, in the
+        name of the Prince of Orange or of the captain of the vessel, his
+        honour is more than ordinary. Thus every one is dipped several times
+        in the main ocean, but he that is dipped first has the honour of
+        being saluted with a gun. Such as are not willing to fall must pay
+        twelve pence for ransom; if he be an officer, two shillings; and if a
+        passenger, at their own pleasure. If the ship never passed that way
+        before, the captain is to give a small rundlet of wine, which, if he
+        denies, the mariners may cut off the stern of the vessel. All the
+        profit accruing by this ceremony is kept by the master’s mate, who,
+        after reaching their port, usually laid it out in wine, which was
+        drunk amongst the ancient seamen. Some say that this ceremony was
+        instituted by the Emperor Charles V., though it is not amongst his
+        laws.”</span> After recording some similar ceremonies, we find
+        Esquemeling at Tortuga, their desired port, where they landed the
+        goods belonging to the West India Company.</p>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Our chronicler,
+        after describing the abundant fruits and fine trees, the flocks of
+        wild pigeons and abundance of turtle—from which the island derives
+        its name, being supposed to resemble one in the general outline of
+        its coasts—speaks of the multitudes of large crabs, both of land and
+        sea. <span class="tei tei-q">“These,”</span> naïvely says the
+        narrator, <span class="tei tei-q">“are good to feed servants and
+        slaves, whose palates they please, but are very hurtful to the sight;
+        besides, being eaten too often they cause great giddiness in the
+        head, with much weakness of the brain, so that very frequently they
+        are deprived of sight for a quarter of an hour.”</span></p>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">The French, having
+        settled on the Isle of St. Christopher, planted there some large
+        trees, of which they built long boats, and in which they proceeded to
+        discover neighbouring islands. They first reached Hispaniola, where
+        they landed, and found large quantities of cattle, horses, and wild
+        boars, but did not stop there, as there was already a considerable
+        colony of Spaniards. They proceeded to the neighbouring island of
+        Tortuga, which they seized without difficulty, there being not more
+        than ten or twelve Spaniards in possession. The French were
+        afterwards obliged to abandon it. In 1664 it was occupied by the West
+        India Company of France, who sent thither Monsieur Ogeron as
+        governor. The company expected considerable trade, and even went so
+        far as to give a large amount of trust both to the pirates and to
+        traders. This, as might be expected, did not answer, and they had to
+        resort to force of arms in order to collect some of their payments.
+        To make a long story short, the Company eventually recalled their
+        factors, and sold the servants as slaves. On this occasion
+        Esquemeling was also sold, being a servant of the said Company, and
+        received very hard usage from his first master, the
+        lieutenant-general of the island. Fortunately for himself, he fell
+        sick, and his master, fearing to lose him altogether, sold him
+        cheaply to a surgeon, who treated him humanely, and he soon recovered
+        his health. After having served him one year, he was offered his
+        liberty on a promise to pay a ransom when he was in a position to do
+        so. <span class="tei tei-q">“Being,”</span> says the chronicler,
+        <span class="tei tei-q">“now at liberty, though like Adam when
+        <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page6">[pg 6]</span><a name="Pg006" id=
+        "Pg006" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>he was just created—that is, naked
+        and destitute of all human necessaries—not knowing how to get my
+        living, I determined to enter into the order of pirates or robbers at
+        sea. Into this society I was received with common consent, both of
+        the superior and vulgar sort, where I continued till 1672. Having
+        assisted them in all their designs and attempts, and served them in
+        many notable exploits, I returned to my own native
+        country.”</span></p>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">After some very
+        graphic descriptions of the alligators and other animals, he gives
+        some interesting particulars respecting the numerous wild mastiffs
+        and boars of the island, the former of which were introduced by the
+        bucaniers. He says:—</p>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class=
+        "tei tei-q">“The Governor of Tortuga, Monsieur Ogeron, finding that
+        the wild dogs killed so many of the wild boars that the hunters of
+        that island had much ado to find any, fearing lest that common
+        sustenance of the island should fail, sent for a great quantity of
+        poison from France to destroy the wild mastiffs. This was done anno
+        1668, by commanding horses to be killed and empoisoned, and laid open
+        at certain places where the wild dogs used to resort. This being
+        continued for six months, there were killed an incredible number; and
+        yet all this could not exterminate and destroy the race, or scarce
+        diminish them, their number appearing almost as large as before.
+        These wild dogs are easily tamed among men, even as tame as ordinary
+        house-dogs. The hunters of those parts, whenever they find a wild
+        bitch with whelps, commonly take away the puppies and bring them
+        home, which, being grown up, they hunt much better than other
+        dogs.</span></p>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class=
+        "tei tei-q">“But here the curious reader may perhaps inquire how so
+        many wild dogs came here. The occasion was, the Spaniards having
+        possessed these isles, found them peopled with Indians—a barbarous
+        people, sensual and brutish, hating all labour, and only inclined to
+        killing and making war against their neighbours: not out of ambition,
+        but only because they agreed not with themselves in some common terms
+        of language; and perceiving the dominion of the Spaniards laid great
+        restrictions upon their lazy and brutish customs, they conceived an
+        irreconcilable hatred against them, but especially because they saw
+        them take possession of their kingdoms and dominions. Hereupon they
+        made against them all the resistance they could, opposing everywhere
+        their designs to the utmost; and the Spaniards, finding themselves
+        cruelly hated by the Indians, and nowhere secure from their
+        treacheries, resolved to extirpate and ruin them, since they could
+        neither tame them by civility nor conquer them with the sword. But
+        the Indians—it being their custom to make the woods their chief
+        places of defence—at present made these their refuge whenever they
+        fled from the Spaniards. Hereupon, those first conquerors of the new
+        world made use of dogs to range and search the intricatest thickets
+        of woods and forests for those their implacable and unconquerable
+        enemies; thus they forced them to leave their old refuge, and submit
+        to the sword, seeing no milder usage would do it; hereupon they
+        killed some of them, and, quartering their bodies, placed them in the
+        highways, that others might take warning from such a punishment. But
+        this severity proved of ill consequence, for instead of frighting
+        them and reducing them to civility, they conceived such horror of the
+        Spaniards that they resolved to detest and fly their sight for ever;
+        hence the greatest part died in caves and subterraneous places of the
+        woods and mountains, in which places I myself have often seen great
+        numbers of human bones. The Spaniards, finding no more Indians to
+        appear about the woods, turned away a great number of dogs
+        <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page7">[pg 7]</span><a name="Pg007" id=
+        "Pg007" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>they had in their houses, and
+        they, finding no masters to keep them, betook themselves to the woods
+        and fields to hunt for food to preserve their lives; thus by degrees
+        they became unacquainted with houses, and grew wild. This is the
+        truest account I can give of the multitudes of wild dogs in these
+        parts.</span></p>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class=
+        "tei tei-q">“But besides these wild mastiffs, here are also great
+        numbers of wild horses everywhere all over the island; they are but
+        low of stature, short-bodied, with great heads, long necks, and big
+        or thick legs: in a word, they have nothing handsome in their shape.
+        They run up and down commonly in troops of 200 or 300 together, one
+        going always before to lead the multitude. When they meet any person
+        travelling through the woods or fields, they stand still, suffering
+        him to approach until he can almost touch them, and then, <a name=
+        "corr007" id="corr007" class="tei tei-anchor"></a><span class=
+        "tei tei-corr">suddenly</span> starting, they betake themselves to
+        flight, running away as fast as they can. The hunters catch them only
+        for their skins, though sometimes they preserve their flesh likewise,
+        which they harden with smoke, using it for provisions when they go to
+        sea.</span></p>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class=
+        "tei tei-q">“Here would be also wild bulls and cows in great number,
+        if by continual hunting they were not much diminished; yet
+        considerable profit is made to this day by such as make it their
+        business to kill them. The wild bulls are of a vast bigness of body,
+        and yet they hurt not any one except they be exasperated. Their
+        bodies are from eleven to thirteen feet long.”</span></p>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">The cruelty of
+        many of the planters to their slaves, some of whom were kidnapped
+        Europeans, was revolting. A terrible case is that of one of them who
+        had behaved so brutally to a servant that the latter ran away; after
+        having taken refuge in the woods for some days, he was captured, and
+        brought back to the wicked Pharaoh. No sooner had he got him than he
+        commanded him to be tied to a tree, where he gave him so many lashes
+        on his back that his body ran with an entire stream of blood. Then,
+        to make the smart of his wounds the greater, he anointed him with
+        lemon-juice mixed with salt and pepper. In this miserable posture he
+        left him tied to the tree for four-and-twenty hours, after which he
+        began his punishment again, lashing him again so cruelly that the
+        miserable wretch gave up the ghost, with these dying
+        words:—<span class="tei tei-q">“I beseech the Almighty God, creator
+        of heaven and earth, that He permit the wicked spirit to make thee
+        feel as many torments before thy death as thou hast caused me to feel
+        before mine!”</span> The sequel is worthy the attention of those who
+        believe in earthly retribution. <span class="tei tei-q">“Scarce three
+        or four days were past after this horrible fact when the Almighty
+        Judge, who had heard the cries of that tormented wretch, suffered the
+        evil one suddenly to possess this barbarous and inhuman homicide, so
+        that those cruel bonds which had punished to death his innocent
+        servant were the tormentors of his own body; for he beat himself and
+        tore his own flesh after a miserable manner till he lost the very
+        shape of a man, not ceasing to howl and cry without any rest by day
+        or night. Thus he continued raving mad till he died. Many other
+        examples of this kind I could rehearse. The planters of the Caribbee
+        Islands are rather worse and more cruel to their servants than the
+        former. In the Isle of St. Christopher a planter was known to have
+        killed above a hundred of his slaves with blows and stripes.”</span>
+        And, if Esquemeling is to be believed, the English planters of the
+        period were little better.</p><a name="illo_018" id="illo_018" class=
+        "tei tei-anchor"></a>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"></p>
+
+        <div class="tei tei-figure" style="text-align: center">
+          <img src="images/illo_018.png" alt=
+          "PIERRE LE GRAND TAKING THE SPANISH VESSEL" title=
+          "PIERRE LE GRAND TAKING THE SPANISH VESSEL." />
+
+          <div class="tei tei-head" style=
+          "text-align: center; margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em">
+            PIERRE LE GRAND TAKING THE SPANISH VESSEL.
+          </div>
+        </div>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">The first pirate
+        of Tortuga was Pierre le Grand, or Peter the Great. He was born at
+        Dieppe, in Normandy. The action which rendered him famous was his
+        taking the vice-<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page8">[pg
+        8]</span><a name="Pg008" id="Pg008" class=
+        "tei tei-anchor"></a>admiral’s ship of the Spanish fleet, near the
+        Cape of Tiburon, on the west side of Hispaniola; this he performed
+        with only one boat and twenty-eight men. Until that time the
+        Spaniards had passed and re-passed with all security through the
+        channel of Bahama; so that Pierre le Grand, setting out to sea by the
+        Caycos, took this grand ship with all the ease imaginable. The
+        Spaniards found aboard were set ashore, and the vessel was sent to
+        France. <span class="tei tei-q">“The manner how this undaunted spirit
+        attempted and took this large ship,”</span> says the narrator,
+        <span class="tei tei-q">“I shall give you out of the journal of the
+        author in his own words, <span class="tei tei-q">‘The boat,’</span>
+        says he, <span class="tei tei-q">‘wherein Pierre le Grand was with
+        his companions had been at sea a long time without finding any prize
+        worth his taking, and their provisions beginning to fail, they were
+        in danger of starving. Being almost reduced to despair, they spied a
+        great ship of the Spanish flota separated from the rest; this vessel
+        they resolved to take, or die in the attempt. Hereupon they sailed
+        towards her to view her strength. And though they judged the vessel
+        to be superior to theirs, yet their covetousness and the extremity
+        they were reduced to made them venture. Being come so near that they
+        could not possibly escape, they made an oath to their captain, Pierre
+        le Grand, to stand by him to the last. ’Tis true, the pirates did
+        believe they should find the ship unprovided to fight, and therefore
+        the sooner master her. It was in the dusk of the evening they began
+        to attack; but before they engaged they ordered the surgeon of the
+        boat to bore a hole in the sides of it, that their own vessel sinking
+        under them, they might be compelled to attack more vigorously, and
+        endeavour more hastily to board the ship. This was done accordingly;
+        and without any other arms than a pistol in one hand and a sword in
+        the other, they immediately climbed up the sides of the ship, and ran
+        altogether into the great cabin, where they found the captain, with
+        several of his companions, playing at cards. Here they set a pistol
+        to <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page10">[pg 10]</span><a name="Pg010"
+        id="Pg010" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>his breast, commanding him to
+        deliver up the ship. The Spaniards, surprised to see the pirates on
+        board their ship, cried, <span class="tei tei-q">“Jesus, bless us!
+        Are these devils, or what are they?”</span> Meanwhile some of them
+        took possession of the gun-room, and seized the arms, killing as many
+        as made any opposition; whereupon the Spaniards presently
+        surrendered. That very day the captain of the ship had been told by
+        some of the seamen that the boat which was in view cruising was a
+        boat of pirates, whom the captain slightly answered, <span class=
+        "tei tei-q">“What, then, must I be afraid of such a pitiful thing as
+        that is? No! though she were a ship as big and as strong as mine
+        is.”</span> As soon as Pierre le Grand had taken this rich prize, he
+        detained in his service as many of the common seamen as he had need
+        of, setting the rest ashore, and then set sail for France, where he
+        continued without ever returning to America
+        again.’</span> ”</span></p>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">The planters and
+        hunters of Tortuga had no sooner heard of the rich prize those
+        pirates had taken than they resolved to follow their example. Many of
+        them left their employments, and endeavoured to get some small boats
+        wherein to exercise piracy; but not being able to purchase or build
+        them in Tortuga, they set out in their canoes, and sought them
+        elsewhere. With these they cruised at first upon Cape de Alvarez,
+        where the Spaniards used to trade from one city to another in small
+        vessels, in which they carried hides, tobacco, and other commodities
+        to the Havannah, and to which the Spaniards from Europe frequently
+        resorted.</p>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Here it was that
+        those pirates at first took a great many boats laden with the
+        before-mentioned commodities; these they used to carry to Tortuga,
+        and sell the whole purchase to the vessels that waited for their
+        return or accidentally happened to be there. With the gains of these
+        prizes they provided themselves with necessaries wherewith to
+        undertake other voyages, some of which were made to Campechy, and
+        others toward Hispaniola, in both which the Spaniards then drove a
+        good trade. Upon those coasts they found great numbers of trading
+        vessels, and often ships of great burden. Two of the biggest of these
+        vessels, and two great ships which the Spaniards had laden with plate
+        in the port of Campechy to go to the Caraccas, they took in less than
+        a month’s time, and carried to Tortuga, when the people of the whole
+        island, encouraged by their success—especially seeing in two years
+        the riches of the country so much increased—they augmented the number
+        of freebooters so fast, that in a little time there were in that
+        small island and port above twenty pirate-ships. The Spaniards, not
+        able to bear their robberies any longer, equipped two large
+        men-of-war, both for the defence of their own coasts and to cruise
+        upon the enemy’s. We shall see the result.</p>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Before the pirates
+        went to sea they gave notice to all concerned of the day on which
+        they were to embark, obliging each man to bring as many pounds of
+        powder and ball as they thought necessary. Being all come aboard,
+        they consulted as to where to get provisions, especially flesh,
+        seeing they scarcely used anything else: this was ordinarily pork and
+        tortoise, which they salted a little; sometimes they robbed the
+        hog-yards, where the Spaniards often had a thousand head of swine
+        together. They approached these places in the night, and having beset
+        the keeper’s lodge, would force him to rise and give them as many
+        head as they desired, threatening to kill him if he refused or made
+        any noise; and these menaces were oftentimes executed on the
+        miserable swine-keepers or any other person that endeavoured to
+        hinder their robberies.</p><span class="tei tei-pb" id="page11">[pg
+        11]</span><a name="Pg011" id="Pg011" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Having got flesh
+        sufficient for their voyage, they returned to the ship. Here every
+        one was allowed, twice a day, as much as he could eat, without weight
+        or measure; nor did the steward of the vessel give any more flesh,
+        nor anything else, to the captain than to the meanest mariner.
+        <span class="tei tei-q">“The ship being well victualled, they would
+        deliberate whether they should go to seek their desperate fortunes,
+        and likewise agree upon certain articles, which were put in writing,
+        which every one was bound to observe; and all of them, or the
+        chiefest part, set their hands to it. Here they set down distinctly
+        what sums of money each particular person ought to have for that
+        voyage, the fund of all the payments being what was netted by the
+        whole expedition, for otherwise it was the same law among these
+        people as other pirates—<span class="tei tei-q">‘No prey, no
+        pay.’</span> First, therefore, they calculated how much the captain
+        was to have for his ship; next the salary of the carpenter or
+        shipwright who careened, mended, and rigged the vessel; this commonly
+        amounted to one hundred or one hundred and fifty pieces of
+        eight,<a id="noteref_2" name="noteref_2" href="#note_2"><span class=
+        "tei tei-noteref"><span style=
+        "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">2</span></span></a> according
+        to the agreement. Afterwards, for provisions and victualling, they
+        drew out of the same common stock about two hundred pieces of eight;
+        also a salary for the surgeon and his medicine chest, which usually
+        is rated at two hundred or two hundred and fifty pieces of eight.
+        Lastly, they agreed what rate each one ought to have that was either
+        wounded or maimed in his body, or should suffer the loss of any limb:
+        as, for the loss of a right arm, six hundred pieces of eight, or six
+        slaves; for the left arm, five hundred pieces of eight, or five
+        slaves; for a right leg, five hundred pieces of eight, or five
+        slaves; for the left leg, four hundred pieces of eight, or four
+        slaves; for an eye, one hundred pieces of eight, or one slave; for a
+        finger, the same as for an eye: all which sums were taken out of the
+        common stock of what was gathered by their piracy, and a very exact
+        and equal dividend was made of the remainder. They had also regard to
+        qualities and places; thus, the captain or chief was allotted five or
+        six portions to what the ordinary seamen had, the master’s mate only
+        two, and other officers proportionately to their employ; after which
+        they drew equal parts, from the highest to the lowest mariner, the
+        boys not being omitted, who drew a half share, because when they take
+        a better vessel than their own it was the boys’ duty to fire the
+        former vessel, and then retire to the prize.”</span></p>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">They observed
+        among themselves very good order; for in the prizes which they took
+        it was severely prohibited to any one to take anything for
+        themselves; hence all they got was equally divided. They took a
+        solemn oath to each other not to conceal the least thing they might
+        find among the prizes; and if any one was found false to his oath he
+        was immediately turned out of the society. They were very kind and
+        charitable to each other, so that if any one wanted what another had,
+        he was immediately supplied. As soon as these pirates had taken a
+        prize, they immediately set ashore the prisoners, detaining only some
+        few for their own help and service, whom also they released after two
+        or three years. They refreshed themselves at one island or another,
+        but especially at those on the south of Cuba; here they careened
+        their vessels, while some went hunting, and others cruised in canoes
+        for prizes. They often took the poor turtle fishermen, and made them
+        work during their pleasure.</p><a name="illo_019" id="illo_019"
+        class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"></p>
+
+        <div class="tei tei-figure" style="text-align: center">
+          <img src="images/illo_019.jpg" alt=
+          "PIERRE FRANÇOIS ATTACKING THE VICE-ADMIRAL" title=
+          "PIERRE FRANÇOIS ATTACKING THE VICE-ADMIRAL." />
+
+          <div class="tei tei-head" style=
+          "text-align: center; margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em">
+            PIERRE FRANÇOIS ATTACKING THE <span class="tei tei-name" style=
+            "text-align: center"><span style=
+            "font-style: italic">VICE-ADMIRAL</span></span>.
+          </div>
+        </div>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">The inhabitants of
+        New Spain and Campechy were wont to lade their best merchandise in
+        ships of great bulk; the vessels from Campechy sailed in the winter
+        to Caraccas, the <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page12">[pg
+        12]</span><a name="Pg012" id="Pg012" class=
+        "tei tei-anchor"></a>Trinity Isles, and that of Margarita, and
+        returned back again in the summer. The pirates, knowing these seasons
+        (and thoroughly alive to the situation), always cruised between the
+        places above-mentioned; but in case they lighted on no considerable
+        booty, commonly undertook some more hazardous enterprise;
+        <span class="tei tei-q">“one remarkable instance of which,”</span>
+        says our chronicler, <span class="tei tei-q">“I shall here give you.
+        A certain pirate, called Pierre François, or Peter Francis, waiting a
+        long time at sea with his boat and twenty-six men for the ships that
+        were to return from Maracaibo to Campechy, and not being able to find
+        any prey, at last he resolved to direct his course to Rancheiras,
+        near the River de la Plata, in 12½° north latitude. Here lies a rich
+        bank of pearl, to the fishery whereof they yearly sent from
+        Carthagena twelve vessels, with a man-of-war for their defence. Every
+        vessel has at least two negroes, who are very dexterous in diving to
+        the depth of six fathoms, where they find good store of pearls. On
+        this fleet, called the Pearl Fleet, Pierre François resolved to
+        venture rather than go home empty. They then rode at anchor at the
+        mouth of the River de la Hacha, the man-of-war scarce half a league
+        distant from the small ships, and the wind very calm. Having spied
+        them in this posture, he presently pulled down his sails and rowed
+        along the coast, feigning to be a Spanish vessel coming from
+        Maracaibo; but no sooner was he come to the pearl-bank, when suddenly
+        he assaulted the <span class="tei tei-name"><span style=
+        "font-style: italic">Vice-Admiral</span></span>, of eighty guns and
+        sixty men, commanding them to surrender. The Spaniards made a good
+        defence for some time, but at last were forced to submit. Having thus
+        taken the <span class="tei tei-name"><span style=
+        "font-style: italic">Vice-Admiral</span></span>, he resolved to
+        attempt the man-of-war, with which addition he hoped to master the
+        rest of the fleet. To this end he presently sunk his own boat,
+        putting forth the Spanish colours, and weighed anchor with a little
+        wind which then began to stir, having with threats and promises
+        compelled most of the Spaniards to assist him; but so soon as the
+        man-of-war perceived one of his fleet to sail, he did so too, fearing
+        lest the mariners designed to run away with the riches they had on
+        board. The pirates on this immediately gave over the enterprise,
+        thinking themselves unable to encounter force to force; hereupon they
+        endeavoured to get out of the river and gain the open seas by making
+        as much sail as they could; which the man-of-war perceiving, he
+        presently gave them chase, but the pirates having laid on too much
+        sail, and a gust of wind presently rising, their mainmast was brought
+        by the board, which disabled them from escaping.</span></p>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class=
+        "tei tei-q">“This unhappy event much encouraged those in the
+        man-of-war, they gaining upon the pirates every moment, and at last
+        overtook them; but they, finding they had twenty-two sound men, the
+        rest being either killed or wounded, resolved to defend themselves as
+        long as possible. This they performed very courageously for some
+        time, till they were forced by the man-of-war, on condition that they
+        should not be used as slaves to carry stones, or be employed in other
+        labours for three or four years, as they served their negroes, but
+        that they should be set safe on shore on free land. On these articles
+        they yielded, with all they had taken, which was worth in pearls
+        alone above 100,000 pieces of eight, besides the vessel, provisions,
+        goods, &amp;c., all of which would have made this a greater prize
+        than he could desire: which he had certainly carried off if his
+        mainmast had not been lost, as we said
+        before.”</span></p><span class="tei tei-pb" id="page13">[pg
+        13]</span><a name="Pg013" id="Pg013" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+        <a name="illo_023" id="illo_023" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"></p>
+
+        <div class="tei tei-figure" style="text-align: center">
+          <img src="images/illo_023.jpg" alt="ESCAPE OF PORTUGUEZ" title=
+          "ESCAPE OF PORTUGUEZ." />
+
+          <div class="tei tei-head" style=
+          "text-align: center; margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em">
+            ESCAPE OF PORTUGUEZ.
+          </div>
+        </div>
+      </div>
+
+      <div class="tei tei-div" style=
+      "margin-bottom: 5.00em; margin-top: 5.00em">
+        <a name="chap02" id="chap02" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> <a name=
+        "toc7" id="toc7"></a> <a name="pdf8" id="pdf8"></a>
+
+        <h2 class="tei tei-head" style=
+        "text-align: center; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em">
+        <span style="font-size: 144%">CHAPTER II.</span></h2>
+
+        <h2 class="tei tei-head" style=
+        "text-align: center; margin-bottom: 2.40em; margin-top: 2.40em">
+        <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: center"><span style=
+        "font-size: 120%; font-variant: small-caps">The Pirates and
+        Bucaniers</span></span> <span style=
+        "font-size: 120%">(</span><span class="tei tei-hi" style=
+        "text-align: center"><span style=
+        "font-size: 120%; font-style: italic">continued</span></span><span style="font-size: 120%">).</span></h2>
+
+        <div class="tei tei-argument" style=
+        "text-align: center; margin-bottom: 1.80em; margin-left: 3.60em; margin-top: 1.80em; margin-right: 3.60em">
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style=
+        "text-align: center; margin-bottom: 0.90em"><span style=
+        "font-size: 90%">The Pirate Portuguez—Another Successful Boat
+        Attack—Re-taken—A Gibbet or Life—Escape—Saved by Two Wine-jars—Helped
+        by the Pirates—Rich again—And suddenly Poor—A Dutch Pirate—From
+        Sailor to Captain—A grand Capture—And a brutal Commander—No Surrender
+        to the Spaniards—Victory and Horse-flesh—The Rover’s Prodigality—A
+        Stratagem—Worse than ever—The Spaniards reduce their Commerce—Lewis
+        Scot—John Davis—Outrages at Nicaragua—Piratical Gains—Lolonois the
+        Bad and Brave—His First Wounds—And his Early Successes—Six Hundred
+        and Sixty Pirates—The Capture of Maracaibo and Gibraltar—Division of
+        the Gains—His Brutalities—And Deserved Death.</span></p>
+        </div>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Bold attempts were
+        the order of the day. A certain pirate named Portuguez was cruising
+        off the Cape Coriente in Cuba, where he met a ship from Maracaibo and
+        Carthagena bound to the Havannah provided with twenty <span class=
+        "tei tei-q">“great”</span> guns of the period, and seventy passengers
+        and crew. This ship he attacked, and was at first beaten off. The
+        assault was renewed on the part of the pirates, and after a long and
+        dangerous fight the rovers became the victors. The Portuguese lost
+        only ten men and had four wounded. But the Spaniards had a much
+        larger force in those waters.</p>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Being very near
+        the cape before-named, they unexpectedly met with three vessels
+        coming from New Spain, and bound for the Havannah; by these, not
+        being able to escape, they were easily re-taken, both ship and
+        pirates, and all made prisoners, and stripped of all the riches they
+        had taken just before. The cargo consisted of 120,000 weight of
+        cocoa-nuts,<a id="noteref_3" name="noteref_3" href=
+        "#note_3"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style=
+        "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">3</span></span></a> the chief
+        ingredient of chocolate, and 70,000 pieces of eight. Two days after
+        this misfortune there arose a great storm, which separated the ships
+        from one another. The great vessel, where the pirates were, arrived
+        at Campechy, where a number of merchants resided. The Portuguese
+        pirate was well known there for the outrages he had committed.
+        <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page14">[pg 14]</span><a name="Pg014"
+        id="Pg014" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>The next day after their
+        arrival, the magistrates of the city sent to demand certain
+        prisoners, but fearing the Portuguese pirate might escape, kept him
+        guarded on board, while they erected a gibbet on shore, expecting to
+        hang him next day. Bartholomew Portuguez was too much for them, and
+        managed to escape, after stabbing his sentinel, and swimming ashore
+        with the help of two wine-jars, as he was a bad swimmer. He took to
+        the woods, living on wild herbs, and secreted himself for days in the
+        hollow of a tree, while his enemies were searching for him.
+        Eventually he escaped, after travelling some forty leagues, a
+        fortnight after, half starved and exhausted, to Del Golpho Triste. He
+        had on his way made a boat or raft from a plank and some osiers. But
+        at Golpho Triste he met some of his own kidney—pirates of his own
+        kind. They naturally sympathised, and gave him a boat and twenty men.
+        Eight days after he accomplished his will. He took the boat to
+        Campechy, and <span class="tei tei-q">“with an undaunted courage, and
+        without any noise, he assaulted the said ship; those on board thought
+        it was a boat from land that came to bring contraband goods, and so
+        were not in no posture of defence; which opportunity the pirates
+        laying hold of, assaulted them so resolutely, that in a little time
+        they compelled the Spaniards to surrender. Being masters of the ship,
+        they immediately weighed anchor and set sail for the port, lest they
+        should be pursued by other vessels. This they did with the utmost
+        joy, seeing themselves possessors of so brave a ship; especially
+        Portuguez, who by a second turn of fortune was become rich and
+        powerful again, who was so lately in that same vessel a prisoner
+        condemned to be hanged. With this purchase he designed greater things
+        which he might have alone,”</span> and so forth. Piracy did not
+        prosper with him in the end, for his vessel was afterwards lost, and
+        he was never fortunate again.</p>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class=
+        "tei tei-q">“Not less considerable,”</span> wrote Esquemeling,
+        <span class="tei tei-q">“are the actions of another pirate who now
+        lives at Jamaica, who on several occasions has performed very
+        surprising things. He was born at Groninghen, in the United
+        Provinces. His own name not being known, his companions gave him the
+        name of Roche Brasiliano, by reason of his long residence in Brazil;
+        hence he was forced to fly when the Portuguese took those countries
+        from the Dutch, several nations then inhabiting at Brazil (as
+        English, French, Dutch, and others) being constrained to seek new
+        fortunes.</span></p>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class=
+        "tei tei-q">“This person fled to Jamaica, where, being at a stand how
+        to get his living, he entered into the society of pirates, where he
+        served as a private mariner for some time, and behaved himself so
+        well that he was beloved and respected by all. One day some of the
+        mariners quarrelled with that degree that they left the boat.
+        Brasiliano, following them, was chosen their leader, who, having
+        fitted out a small vessel, they made him captain.”</span></p>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Within a few days
+        after he took a rich plate ship coming from New Spain, and carried it
+        to Jamaica. This action brought him great reputation, and he was, for
+        the time, a great man ashore. He was, however, a terrible brute when
+        drunk—the average condition of the pirate on land—and would run
+        wildly about the streets, insulting, beating, or wounding any one he
+        chanced to meet. Pleasant Brasiliano!</p><a name="illo_025" id=
+        "illo_025" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"></p>
+
+        <div class="tei tei-figure" style="text-align: center">
+          <img src="images/illo_025.jpg" alt="BRASILIANO’S ESCAPE" title=
+          "BRASILIANO’S ESCAPE." />
+
+          <div class="tei tei-head" style=
+          "text-align: center; margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em">
+            BRASILIANO’S ESCAPE.
+          </div>
+        </div>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">To the Spaniards
+        he was always barbarous and cruel, out of an inveterate hatred
+        against their nation. On several occasions he commanded men to be
+        roasted alive on wooden spits, for not showing hog-yards where he
+        might steal swine. After committing <span class="tei tei-pb" id=
+        "page15">[pg 15]</span><a name="Pg015" id="Pg015" class=
+        "tei tei-anchor"></a>many such cruelties, as he was cruising on the
+        coasts of Campechy, a dismal tempest surprised him so violently that
+        his ship was wrecked upon the coasts, the mariners only escaping with
+        their muskets and some few bullets and powder, which were the only
+        things they could save. The ship was lost between Campechy and the
+        Golpho Triste; here they got ashore in a canoe, and, marching along
+        the shore with all the speed they could, directed their course
+        towards Golpho Triste, the common refuge of the pirates. On their
+        journey, all very exhausted and hungry, they were pursued by a troop
+        of 100 Spaniards. The pirates were but thirty; yet, seeing their
+        brave commander resolute, they fought bravely, and facing the troop
+        of Spaniards, discharged their muskets on them so dexterously that
+        they killed one horseman almost with every shot. The fight continued
+        for an hour, till at last the Spaniards were put to flight. They
+        stripped the dead, and took from them what was most for their use;
+        such as were not quite dead they despatched with the ends of their
+        muskets.</p>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class=
+        "tei tei-q">“Having vanquished the enemy, they mounted on horses they
+        found in the field, and continued their journey, Brasiliano having
+        lost but two of his companions in this bloody fight, and had two
+        wounded. Prosecuting their way, before they came to the port they
+        spied a boat at anchor from Campechy, well manned, protecting a few
+        canoes that were lading wood; hereupon they sent six of their men to
+        watch them, who next morning, by a wile, possessed themselves of the
+        canoes. Having given notice to their companions, they boarded them,
+        and also took the little man-of-war, their convoy. Being thus masters
+        of the fleet, they wanted only provisions, of which they found little
+        aboard those vessels; but this defect was supplied by the horses,
+        which they killed and salted, which by good fortune the wood-cutters
+        had brought with them, with which they supported themselves till they
+        could get better.</span></p>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class=
+        "tei tei-q">“They took also another vessel going from New Spain to
+        Maracaibo, laden with divers sorts of merchandise and pieces of
+        eight, designed to buy cocoa-nuts for their lading home; all these
+        they carried to Jamaica, where they safely arrived, and, according to
+        custom, wasted all in a few days in taverns and disorderly houses.
+        Some of these pirates will spend two or three thousand pieces of
+        eight in a night, not leaving themselves a good shirt to wear in the
+        morning. My own master,”</span> says Esquemeling, <span class=
+        "tei tei-q">“would buy sometimes a pipe of wine, and placing it in
+        the street, would force those that passed by it to drink with him,
+        threatening also to pistol them if they would not. He would do the
+        like with barrels of beer or ale, and very often he would throw these
+        liquors about the streets and wet people’s clothes, without regarding
+        whether he spoiled their apparel.</span></p>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class=
+        "tei tei-q">“Among themselves these pirates are very liberal; if any
+        one has lost all, which often happens in their manner of life, they
+        freely give him of what they have. In taverns and alehouses they have
+        great credit; but at Jamaica they ought not to run very deep in debt,
+        seeing the inhabitants there easily sell one another for debt. This
+        happened to my patron, to be sold for a debt of a tavern wherein he
+        had spent the greater part of his money. This man had, within three
+        months before, three thousand pieces of eight in ready cash, all
+        which he wasted in that little time, and became as poor as I have
+        told you.”</span></p>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">The history of a
+        pirate is that of many another man made suddenly rich. Brasiliano,
+        <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page16">[pg 16]</span><a name="Pg016"
+        id="Pg016" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>after having spent all,
+        naturally went to sea again, and set forth for the coast of Campechy.
+        Fifteen days after his arrival he took a canoe, and went to examine
+        the port, but his fortune failed, and he and all his men were taken
+        and committed to a dungeon. Doubtless they would have all been hanged
+        but for a stratagem of Brasiliano, which saved their lives. He wrote
+        a letter to the governor in the names of his fellow pirates at sea,
+        warning him of their power, and that their blood would be on his
+        head. The governor was frightened out of his wits, and released them
+        on the bare promise that they would not be pirates again. As a
+        nominal punishment, he sent them as drafts on the Spanish galleons,
+        and they went to Spain. They returned, to be worse pirates than
+        ever.</p>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">The Spaniards
+        about this period became so tired of sending vessels to sea only to
+        lose them, that they diminished the number considerably. But this was
+        of no avail, for the pirates then turned their attention to the
+        Spanish towns and settlements. One Lewis Scot sacked the city of
+        Campechy, which he almost ruined; another pirate, named Mansvelt,
+        invaded New Granada; while John Davis gave his unwelcome attentions
+        to Nicaragua.</p>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">This freebooter,
+        having long been unfortunate in his enterprises, resolved on a
+        desperate expedient. Leaving his ship hidden on the coast, he took
+        eighty out of ninety men which he had in all, and divided them in
+        three canoes. In the dark of night they entered the river leading to
+        the city; proceeding cautiously, they hid themselves by day under the
+        thickly wooded banks. On the third night they arrived at the city, at
+        the outposts of which, on the river, the guard allowed them to pass,
+        as most of them spoke Spanish, and he took them for fishermen. They
+        had with them an Indian guide who had run away from his master in
+        Nicaragua, and he went ashore and speedily despatched the sentinel.
+        The pirate band then entered the city, and knocked softly at the
+        houses of several chief citizens, who, believing them to be friends,
+        opened their doors. The pirates soon convinced them to the contrary,
+        and rifled them of all the money and plate they could find. The
+        churches were pillaged and profaned. Meantime the citizens collected
+        their forces, and the pirates saw that they must get away with the
+        prisoners they had taken; <span class="tei tei-q">“these they led
+        away, that if any of them should be taken by the Spaniards they might
+        use them for ransom. Thus they got to their ships, and with all speed
+        put to sea, forcing the prisoners, before they let them go, to
+        procure as much flesh as was necessary for their voyage to Jamaica.
+        But no sooner had they weighed anchor when they saw a troop of about
+        500 Spaniards, all well armed, at the sea-side; against these they
+        let fly several guns, wherewith they forced them to quit the sands
+        and retire, with no small regret to see these pirates carry away so
+        much plate of their churches and houses, though distant at least
+        forty leagues from the sea.”</span> Davis and his men divided the
+        Spanish coin and jewels, to the value of about ten thousand pounds in
+        English money. The captain was afterwards chosen admiral of seven or
+        eight vessels, and pillaged a town in Florida, named St. Augustine,
+        although it possessed a castle protected by 200 men.</p>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">One of the most
+        famous—or, more properly speaking, infamous—pirates of the day was
+        Francis Lolonois, a native of France. <span class="tei tei-q">“In his
+        youth he was transported to the Caribee Islands, in quality of
+        servant or slave, according to custom, of which we have already
+        spoken. Being out of his time, he came to Hispaniola, where he joined
+        for some time the <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page17">[pg
+        17]</span><a name="Pg017" id="Pg017" class=
+        "tei tei-anchor"></a>hunters, before he began his robberies upon the
+        Spaniards, till his unfortunate death.”</span> These are
+        Esquemeling’s words; some of his victims would hardly endorse the
+        latter opinion.</p>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">At first he made
+        two or three voyages as a common mariner, and behaved himself so
+        courageously as to gain the favour of the Governor of Tortuga,
+        Monsieur de la Place, insomuch that he gave him a ship in which he
+        might seek his fortune, which was very favourable to him at first;
+        for in a short time he acquired a considerable amount of
+        wealth.</p><a name="illo_029" id="illo_029" class=
+        "tei tei-anchor"></a>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"></p>
+
+        <div class="tei tei-figure" style="text-align: center">
+          <img src="images/illo_029.png" alt=
+          "MAP OF CENTRAL AMERICA AND THE WEST INDIA ISLANDS" title=
+          "MAP OF CENTRAL AMERICA AND THE WEST INDIA ISLANDS." />
+
+          <div class="tei tei-head" style=
+          "text-align: center; margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em">
+            MAP OF CENTRAL AMERICA AND THE WEST INDIA ISLANDS.
+          </div>
+        </div>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class=
+        "tei tei-q">“But his cruelties to the Spaniards were such that the
+        latter in his time would rather die, or sink fighting, than
+        surrender, knowing they should have no mercy at his hands. But he was
+        overtaken by a reverse of fortune, and lost his ship on the coast of
+        Campechy. The men were all saved, but upon landing, the Spaniards
+        pursued them and killed the greater part, wounding also Lolonois. Not
+        knowing how to escape, he saved his life by a stratagem: mingling
+        sand with the blood of his wounds, he besmeared his face and other
+        parts of his body, and hiding himself dexterously among the dead,
+        continued there till the Spaniards quitted the field.</span></p>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class=
+        "tei tei-q">“They being gone, he retired to the woods, and bound up
+        his wounds as well as he could. These being pretty well healed, he
+        took his way to Campechy, having disguised himself in a Spanish
+        habit; here he enticed certain slaves, to whom he promised liberty
+        <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page18">[pg 18]</span><a name="Pg018"
+        id="Pg018" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>if they would obey him and
+        trust to his conduct. They accepted his promises, and, stealing a
+        canoe, went to sea with him. Now the Spaniards having made several of
+        his companions prisoners, kept them close in a dungeon, while
+        Lolonois went about the town and saw what passed. These were often
+        asked, <span class="tei tei-q">‘What has become of your
+        captain?’</span> To whom they constantly answered, <span class=
+        "tei tei-q">‘He is dead;’</span> which rejoiced the Spaniards, who
+        made bonfires, and, knowing nothing to the contrary, gave thanks to
+        God for their deliverance from such a cruel pirate. Lolonois, having
+        seen these rejoicings for his death, made haste to escape, with the
+        slaves above-mentioned, and came safe to Tortuga, the common refuge
+        of all sorts of wickedness, and the seminary, as it were, of pirates
+        and thieves. Though now his fortune was low, yet he got another ship
+        with craft and subtilty, and in it twenty-one men. Being well
+        provided with arms and necessaries, he set forth for Cuba, on the
+        south whereof is a small village called De los Cayos. The inhabitants
+        drive a great trade in tobacco, sugar, and hides, and all in boats,
+        not being able to use ships, by reason of the little depth of the
+        sea.</span></p>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class=
+        "tei tei-q">“Lolonois was persuaded he should get here some
+        considerable prey; but by the good fortune of some fishermen who saw
+        him, and the mercy of God, they escaped him; for the inhabitants of
+        the town despatched immediately a vessel overland to the Havannah,
+        complaining that Lolonois was come to destroy them with two canoes.
+        The governor could scarcely believe this, having received letters
+        from Campechy that he was dead; but at their importunity he sent a
+        ship to their relief, with ten guns and ninety men well armed, giving
+        them this express command, <span class="tei tei-q">‘that they should
+        not return into his presence without having totally destroyed those
+        pirates.’</span> To this effect he gave them a negro to serve them
+        for a hangman, and orders that they should immediately hang every one
+        of the pirates excepting Lolonois, their captain, whom they should
+        bring alive to the Havannah. This ship arrived at Cayos, of whose
+        coming the pirates were advertised beforehand, and, instead of
+        flying, went to seek it in the river Estera, where she rode at
+        anchor. The pirates seized some fishermen, and forced them by night
+        to show them the entry of the port, hoping soon to obtain a greater
+        vessel than their two canoes, and thereby to mend their fortune. They
+        arrived, after two in the morning, very nigh the ship; and the watch
+        on board the ship asking them whence they came, and if they had seen
+        any pirates abroad, they caused one of the prisoners to answer that
+        they had seen no pirates nor anything else; which answer made them
+        believe that the pirates had fled upon hearing of their
+        coming.</span></p>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class=
+        "tei tei-q">“But they soon found the contrary, for about break of day
+        the pirates assaulted the vessel on both sides with their two canoes
+        with such vigour that though the Spaniards behaved themselves as they
+        ought, and made as good defence as they could, making some use of
+        their great guns, yet they were forced to surrender, being beaten by
+        the pirates, with sword in hand, down under the hatches. From thence
+        Lolonois commanded them to be brought up one by one, and in this
+        order caused their heads to be struck off. Among the rest came up the
+        negro designed to be the pirates’ executioner. This fellow implored
+        mercy at his hands very dolefully, telling Lolonois he was
+        constituted hangman of that ship, and if he would spare him he would
+        tell him faithfully all that he should desire. Lolonois, making him
+        confess what he thought fit, commanded him to be murdered with the
+        <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page19">[pg 19]</span><a name="Pg019"
+        id="Pg019" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>rest. Thus he cruelly and
+        barbarously put them all to death, reserving only one alive, whom he
+        sent back to the Governor of the Havannah, with this message in
+        writing: <span class="tei tei-q">‘I shall never henceforth give
+        quarter to any Spaniard whatsoever, and I have great hopes I shall
+        execute on your own person the very same punishment I have done upon
+        them you sent against me. Thus I have retaliated the kindness you
+        designed to me and my companions.’</span> The governor, much troubled
+        at this sad news, swore in the presence of many that he would never
+        grant quarter to any pirate that should fall into his hands. But the
+        citizens of the Havannah desired him not to persist in the execution
+        of that rash and rigorous oath, seeing the pirates would certainly
+        take occasion from thence to do the same, and they had a hundred
+        times more opportunity for revenge than he; that being necessitated
+        to get their livelihood by fishery, they should hereafter always be
+        in danger of their lives. By these reasons he was persuaded to bridle
+        his anger, and remit the severity of his oath.</span></p>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class=
+        "tei tei-q">“Now Lolonois had got a good ship, but very few
+        provisions and people in it; to purchase both which he determined to
+        cruise from one port to another. Doing thus for some time without
+        success, he determined to go to the port of Maracaibo. Here he
+        surprised a ship laden with plate and other merchandise, outward
+        bound to buy cocoa-nuts. With this prize he returned to Tortuga,
+        where he was received with joy by the inhabitants, they
+        congratulating his happy success and their own private interest. He
+        stayed not long there, but designed to equip a fleet sufficient to
+        transport five hundred men and necessaries. Thus provided, he
+        resolved to pillage both cities, towns, and villages, and finally to
+        take Maracaibo itself. For this purpose he knew the island of Tortuga
+        would afford him many resolute and courageous men, fit for such
+        enterprises; besides, he had in his service several prisoners well
+        acquainted with the ways and places designed upon.”</span></p>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Lolonois gave
+        notice to a large number of the pirates, and gathered together in a
+        little while above 400 men, among whom was then in Tortuga another
+        freebooter, named Michael de Basco, who, by his piracy, had become
+        rich enough to live at ease and go no more abroad, having withal the
+        offer of major of the island. But seeing the great preparations that
+        Lolonois made for this expedition, he joined him, and offered him
+        that if he would make him his chief captain by land (seeing he knew
+        the country very well, and all its approaches) he would share in his
+        fortunes and go with him. This precious pair of thieves agreed, to
+        the great joy of Lolonois, who knew that Basco had done great things
+        in Europe, and had the repute of being a good soldier. Then they all
+        embarked in eight vessels, that of Lolonois being the greatest,
+        having ten guns.</p>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">All things being
+        ready, and the whole company on board, they set sail together about
+        the end of April, being in all about six hundred and sixty persons.
+        They steered for the port of Bayala, north of Hispaniola. Here they
+        took into their company some French hunters, who volunteered, and
+        provided themselves with victuals and necessaries for their
+        voyage.</p>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class=
+        "tei tei-q">“From hence they sailed again the last of July, and
+        steered directly to the eastern cape of the isle called Punta d’
+        Espada. Hereabouts espying a ship from Puerto Rico, <span class=
+        "tei tei-pb" id="page20">[pg 20]</span><a name="Pg020" id="Pg020"
+        class="tei tei-anchor"></a>bound for New Spain, laden with
+        cocoa-nuts, Lolonois commanded the rest of the fleet to wait for him
+        near Savona, on the east of Cape Punta d’ Espada, he alone intending
+        to take the said vessel. The Spaniards, though they had been in sight
+        two hours, and knew them to be pirates, yet would not flee, but
+        prepared to fight, being well armed and provided. The combat lasted
+        three hours, and then they surrendered. This ship had sixteen guns
+        and fifty fighting men aboard. They found in her 120,000 weight of
+        cocoa, 40,000 pieces of eight, and the value of 10,000 more in
+        jewels. Lolonois sent the vessel presently to Tortuga to be unladed,
+        with orders to return as soon as possible to Savona, where he would
+        wait for them. Meanwhile, the rest of the fleet being arrived at
+        Savona met another Spanish vessel coming from Coman, with military
+        provisions to Hispaniola, and money to pay the garrisons there. This
+        vessel they also took, without any resistance, though mounted with
+        eight guns. In it were 7,000 weight of powder, a great number of
+        muskets and like things, with 12,000 pieces of eight.”</span></p>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">These successes
+        emboldened the pirates, and we find their next exploit that of taking
+        a town of no inconsiderable size, that of Maracaibo in Venezuela. The
+        island on which it is situated is divided by a gulf or bay from two
+        others; on one was placed a watch-tower, while on the other was a
+        castle, and as the water about was often shallow, with many dangerous
+        sand-banks, vessels had to come in very close to it. Maracaibo, the
+        city or town, had some 3,000 or 4,000 Spanish inhabitants, and about
+        800 able to bear arms. There was a large church, four monasteries,
+        and one hospital; the trade of the town was largely in tobacco,
+        hides, and to an extent flesh, which they exchanged for cocoa-nuts,
+        oranges, lemons, and other fruits, with a town named Gibraltar,
+        situated some distance in the country on the Lake of Maracaibo. The
+        latter is described as delightfully situated among plantations of
+        sugar, and cocoa, and woods, the timber of which was often large
+        enough for ship and boat building. The whole country abounded in
+        rivers and brooks, while the tobacco grown had a high reputation in
+        Europe, being known as <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style=
+        "font-style: italic">tobacco de sacerdotes</span></span>, or priests’
+        tobacco.</p>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Lolonois arrived
+        at the Gulf of Venezuela, and cast anchor out of sight of the
+        watch-tower already mentioned; next morning he made in for the Lake
+        of Maracaibo, which communicates with the sea, and cast anchor again.
+        Then a number of the men landed to attack the fortress which
+        commanded the bar, and which was merely composed of earthworks. The
+        governor, however, knew of their approach, and had placed an
+        ambuscade to cut them off behind, while he should attack them in
+        front. This the pirates discovered, and manœuvred so successfully and
+        fought so desperately that not a man could retreat to the castle.
+        This done, Lolonois, with his followers, advanced immediately to the
+        fort, and after a desperate fight of nearly three hours completely
+        mastered it, without any other arms than swords and pistols. While
+        this fight was in progress, the routed ambuscade, not being able to
+        get into the castle, retired into Maracaibo in great confusion and
+        disorder, crying out, <span class="tei tei-q">“The pirates will
+        presently be here with two thousand men and more!”</span> The city
+        had been formerly sacked by pirates, and the people knew well of what
+        quality was their mercy. There was then a general stampede in boats
+        and canoes to Gibraltar, with such of the portable wealth as could be
+        taken. Arrived there, they spread the dismal news, and there was
+        general dismay.</p><span class="tei tei-pb" id="page21">[pg
+        21]</span><a name="Pg021" id="Pg021" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">The castle thus
+        taken by the pirates, they signalled to the ships their victory, that
+        they should come further in without fear of danger. The rest of the
+        day was spent in ruining and demolishing the castle. They
+        nailed<a id="noteref_4" name="noteref_4" href="#note_4"><span class=
+        "tei tei-noteref"><span style=
+        "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">4</span></span></a> the guns,
+        and burnt as much as they could not carry away, burying the dead, and
+        sending the wounded on board the <a name="corr021" id="corr021"
+        class="tei tei-anchor"></a><span class="tei tei-corr">fleet.</span>
+        Next day, very early, they weighed anchor, and steered altogether
+        towards Maracaibo, about six leagues distant from the fort; but the
+        wind failing, they could advance little, being forced to wait for the
+        tide. Next morning they came in sight of the town, and prepared for
+        landing under the protection of their own guns, fearing the Spaniards
+        might have laid an ambuscade in the woods; they put their men into
+        canoes, brought for the purpose, and landed where they thought most
+        convenient, shooting still furiously with their great guns. Of those
+        in the canoes half only went ashore, the other half remaining aboard.
+        They fired from the ships as fast as possible towards the woody part
+        of the shore, but could discover nobody. Then they entered the town,
+        the inhabitants of which had retired to the woods and Gibraltar with
+        their families. Their houses were found well provided with victuals,
+        as flour, bread, pork, brandy, wines, and poultry, with which the
+        pirates fell to, making high havoc; having had no opportunity for
+        four weeks before of filling their stomachs with such good cheer.</p>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class=
+        "tei tei-q">“They instantly possessed themselves of the best houses
+        in the town,”</span> says the narrator, <span class="tei tei-q">“and
+        placed sentinels wherever they thought convenient; the great church
+        serving them for their main guard. Next day they sent out 160 men to
+        find out some of the inhabitants in the woods thereabouts; these
+        returned the same night, bringing with them 20,000 pieces of eight,
+        several mules laden with household goods and merchandise, and twenty
+        prisoners, men, women, and children. Some of these were put to the
+        rack to make them confess where they had hid the rest of the goods;
+        but they could extort very little from them. Lolonois, who valued not
+        murdering, though in cold blood, ten or twelve Spaniards, drew his
+        cutlass, and hacked one to pieces before the rest, saying,
+        <span class="tei tei-q">‘If you do not confess and declare where you
+        have hid the rest of your goods, I will do the like to <span class=
+        "tei tei-pb" id="page22">[pg 22]</span><a name="Pg022" id="Pg022"
+        class="tei tei-anchor"></a>all your companions.’</span> At last,
+        amongst these horrible cruelties and inhuman threats, one promised to
+        show the place where the rest of the Spaniards were hid; but those
+        that were fled, having intelligence of it, changed place, and buried
+        the remnant of their riches, so that the pirates could not find them
+        out. Besides, the Spaniards flying from one place to another every
+        day, and often changing woods, were jealous even of each other, so as
+        the father durst scarce trust his own son.”</span></p><a name=
+        "illo_033" id="illo_033" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"></p>
+
+        <div class="tei tei-figure" style="text-align: center">
+          <img src="images/illo_033.png" alt=
+          "THE STRUGGLE WITH THE PIRATES AT GIBRALTAR" title=
+          "THE STRUGGLE WITH THE PIRATES AT GIBRALTAR." />
+
+          <div class="tei tei-head" style=
+          "text-align: center; margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em">
+            THE STRUGGLE WITH THE PIRATES AT GIBRALTAR.
+          </div>
+        </div>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">After the pirates
+        had been fifteen days in Maracaibo they made up their minds to
+        capture Gibraltar, not a task quite so difficult as the taking of
+        that other which guards the portals of the Mediterranean, but still
+        sufficiently troublesome. The inhabitants had received intelligence
+        of their approaching advent, and that they afterwards intended to
+        attempt the capture of Merida, another city of that country, and they
+        therefore informed the governor, who was a brave soldier, and had
+        served in Flanders. His answer was, <span class="tei tei-q">“he would
+        have them take no care, for he hoped in a little while to exterminate
+        the said pirates;”</span> whereupon he brought a force of 400
+        well-armed men to Gibraltar, ordering at the same time the
+        inhabitants to arm. He soon had a force of 800 fighting men. With the
+        same speed he raised a battery, mounting twenty guns, and covered
+        with great baskets of earth. In another place he constructed a
+        smaller battery of eight guns, and this done, he barricaded a narrow
+        passage, an approach to the town, through which the pirates must
+        pass; at the same time he opened another, through morasses of dirt
+        and mud, into the wood, totally unknown to the freebooters.</p>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class=
+        "tei tei-q">“The pirates, ignorant of these preparations, having
+        embarked all their prisoners and booty, took their way towards
+        Gibraltar. Being come in sight of the place, they saw the Royal
+        Standard hanging forth, and that those of the town designed to defend
+        their houses. Lolonois seeing this, called a council of war, what
+        they ought to do, telling his officers and mariners <span class=
+        "tei tei-q">‘that the difficulty of the enterprise was very great,
+        seeing the Spaniards had had so much time to put themselves in a
+        posture of defence, and had got a good body of men together, with
+        much ammunition; but notwithstanding,’</span> said he, <span class=
+        "tei tei-q">‘have a good courage; we must either defend ourselves
+        like good soldiers, or lose our lives with all the riches we have
+        got. Do as I shall do who are your captain. At other times we have
+        fought with fewer men than we have in our company at present, and yet
+        we have overcome greater numbers than there possibly can be in this
+        town; the more there are, the more glory and the greater riches we
+        shall gain.’</span> The pirates supposed that all the riches of the
+        inhabitants of Maracaibo were transported to Gibraltar, or at least
+        the greater part. After this speech they all promised to follow and
+        to obey him. Lolonois made answer, <span class="tei tei-q">‘It is
+        well; but know ye, withal, that the first man who shall show any
+        fear, or the least apprehension thereof, I will pistol him with my
+        own hands!’</span></span></p>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class=
+        "tei tei-q">“With this resolution they cast anchor nigh the shore,
+        near three-quarters of a league from the town; next day, before
+        sun-rise, they landed 380 men, well provided, and armed every one
+        with a cutlass and one or two pistols, and sufficient powder and
+        bullets for thirty charges. Here they all shook hands, in testimony
+        of good courage, and began their march, Lolonois speaking
+        thus:—<span class="tei tei-q">‘Come, my brethren, follow me, and have
+        good courage.’</span> They followed their guide, who, believing he
+        led them well, brought them to the way which the governor had
+        barricaded. Not being able to pass that way, they went to the other
+        <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page23">[pg 23]</span><a name="Pg023"
+        id="Pg023" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>newly made in the wood among
+        the mire, which the Spaniards could shoot into at pleasure; but the
+        pirates, full of courage, cut down the branches of trees and threw
+        them on the way, that they might not stick in the dirt. Meanwhile,
+        those of Gibraltar fired with their great guns so furiously that they
+        could scarce hear nor see for the noise and smoke. Being past the
+        wood, they came on firm ground, where they met with a battery of six
+        guns, which immediately the Spaniards discharged upon them, all
+        loaded with small bullets and pieces of iron; and the Spaniards,
+        sallying forth, set upon them with such fury as caused the pirates to
+        give way, few of them caring to advance towards the fort, many of
+        them being already killed and wounded. This made them go back to seek
+        another way, but the Spaniards having cut down many trees to hinder
+        the passage, they could find none, but were forced to return to that
+        they had left. Here the Spaniards continued to fire as before; nor
+        would they sally out of their batteries to attack them any more.
+        Lolonois and his companions not being able to grimp up the baskets of
+        earth, were compelled to use an old stratagem, wherewith at last they
+        deceived and overcame the Spaniards.</span></p>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class=
+        "tei tei-q">“Lolonois retired suddenly with all his men, making show
+        as if he fled, whereupon the Spaniards, crying out, <span class=
+        "tei tei-q">‘They flee, they flee! let us follow them!’</span>
+        sallied out with great disorder to the pursuit. Being drawn to some
+        distance from the batteries, which was the pirates’ only design, they
+        turned upon them unexpectedly, sword in hand, and killed above 200
+        men, and thus fighting their way through those who remained, they
+        possessed themselves of the batteries. The Spaniards that remained
+        abroad, giving themselves over for lost, fled to the woods; those in
+        the battery of eight guns surrendered themselves, obtaining quarter
+        for their lives. The pirates being now become masters of the town,
+        pulled down the Spanish colours and set up their own, taking
+        prisoners as many as they could find. These they carried to the great
+        church, where they raised a battery of several great guns, fearing
+        lest the Spaniards that were fled should rally and come upon them
+        again; but next day, being all fortified, their fears were over. They
+        gathered the dead to bury them, being above 500 Spaniards, besides
+        the wounded in the town and those who died of their wound in the
+        woods. The pirates had also above 150 prisoners and nigh 500 slaves,
+        many women and children.”</span></p>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Of their own
+        companions only forty were killed and about eighty wounded, of whom,
+        however, the greater part died through the pestilential air of the
+        place. They put the slain Spaniards into two great boats, and towing
+        them a quarter of a league to sea, they sunk the boats. This done,
+        they gathered all the plate, valuables generally, and merchandise
+        they could, or thought convenient to carry away. <span class=
+        "tei tei-q">“The Spaniards who had anything left had hid it
+        carefully; but the unsatisfied pirates, not content with the riches
+        they had got, sought for more goods and merchandise, not sparing
+        those who lived in the fields, such as hunters and planters. They had
+        scarce been eighteen days on the place when the greater part of the
+        prisoners died of hunger; for in the town there were few provisions,
+        especially of flesh, though they had some, but no sufficient quantity
+        of flour, and this the pirates had taken for themselves, as they also
+        took the swine, cows, and poultry, without allowing any share to the
+        poor prisoners; for these they only provided some small quantity of
+        mule’s and ass’s flesh; and many who could not eat of that loathsome
+        provision died of hunger, their stomachs not being accustomed to such
+        sustenance. Only some women were allowed <span class="tei tei-pb" id=
+        "page24">[pg 24]</span><a name="Pg024" id="Pg024" class=
+        "tei tei-anchor"></a>better cheer, but not for the best
+        reasons.”</span> Of the prisoners, many also died under the tortures
+        sustained to make them give up their money or jewels; many died,
+        accordingly, who possessed neither, or would not admit the facts.</p>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">After having been
+        in possession of the town four entire weeks, they sent four of their
+        prisoners to the Spaniards that were fled to the woods, demanding of
+        them a ransom of 10,000 pieces; they threatened to reduce it to
+        ashes. The Spaniards were unable or indisposed to bring in a sum so
+        considerable in the stipulated time—namely, only two days—and the
+        pirates fired the town in several places, whereupon the inhabitants
+        begged them to help extinguish the fire, and the ransom should be
+        readily paid. The pirates agreed, but in spite of all their best
+        endeavours one part of the town was ruined. The church belonging to
+        the monastery was burned down. After they had received the sum fixed
+        they carried on board all the riches they had gathered, with a great
+        number of slaves which had not paid the ransom. Thence they returned
+        to Maracaibo, where they found a general consternation in the city,
+        which was not quieted when they demanded 50,000 pieces of eight to be
+        brought on board, or the inhabitants’ houses should be sacked anew.
+        Meantime the pirates stripped the great church of all its valuables.
+        At last a compromise was effected, that on payment of 20,000 pieces
+        of eight, and 500 cows, the pirates would depart peaceably. Both
+        these demands being paid, the fleet set sail. But three days
+        afterwards, the townspeople’s fears were renewed at seeing the
+        pirates appear again, and re-enter the port with all their ships.
+        Their alarm subsided when they found that the pirates only required a
+        pilot to take them over the bar and banks at the entrance of the Lake
+        of Maracaibo.</p>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">At Hispaniola the
+        freebooters made a division of their gains, according to the order
+        and rank of every one. They found that they had considerably over a
+        <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">quarter of
+        a million</span></span> pieces of eight to share, besides any
+        quantity of rich spoils. Those who had been wounded received their
+        proportion for the loss of their limbs after the first general
+        division. Then they weighed the plate, allowing ten pieces of eight
+        (ten dollars) to a pound. The jewels were frequently, no doubt,
+        either greatly over-valued or under-valued by reason of their
+        ignorance. This done, every one was put to his oath again that he had
+        not concealed anything from the rest or smuggled anything from the
+        common stock. The shares of those who had died in battle or otherwise
+        were carefully given to the proper relatives or friends—honour among
+        thieves with a vengeance! The dividends having been arranged, they
+        started for Tortuga, where these <span class=
+        "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">nouveaux
+        riches</span></span> were received with great rejoicings. Two French
+        ships, laden with wine and brandy, &amp;c., had arrived shortly
+        before, and these liquors were comparatively cheap when the pirates
+        sailed into harbour; a week or two afterwards prices had increased
+        wonderfully, and the larger part of the bucaniers had not a dollar to
+        bless themselves wherewith. The governor of the island purchased a
+        ship-load of cocoa from them for about a twentieth part of its worth;
+        and in a week or two the tavern-keepers, gamblers, and loafers, had
+        acquired a good proportion of the riches, so hardly and bravely,
+        albeit so dishonestly, earned.</p>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Lolonois was now
+        the great man of Tortuga, as he brought wealth to the town, and all
+        men flocked to his standard; he had no difficulty in obtaining all
+        the volunteers he desired. He resolved, therefore, on another voyage
+        to Nicaragua, that country, as <span class="tei tei-pb" id=
+        "page25">[pg 25]</span><a name="Pg025" id="Pg025" class=
+        "tei tei-anchor"></a>the reader may be reminded, which in later days
+        has been the scene of the exploits of Walker the filibuster, and
+        which may some day hold a prominent place in the eyes of the world in
+        connection with a great ship canal between the Atlantic and Pacific.
+        Having promulgated his new programme, some seven hundred men enrolled
+        themselves under him. Of these he put about three hundred on the
+        great prize ship he took at Maracaibo, and the rest on five smaller
+        vessels. Fancy an expedition of seven hundred men starting on such an
+        errand, even in these days! What harm might they not
+        accomplish?</p><a name="illo_037" id="illo_037" class=
+        "tei tei-anchor"></a>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"></p>
+
+        <div class="tei tei-figure" style="text-align: center">
+          <img src="images/illo_037.png" alt=
+          "LOLONOIS’ FIGHT WITH THE SPANIARDS" title=
+          "LOLONOIS’ FIGHT WITH THE SPANIARDS." />
+
+          <div class="tei tei-head" style=
+          "text-align: center; margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em">
+            LOLONOIS’ FIGHT WITH THE SPANIARDS.
+          </div>
+        </div>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">The expedition
+        being ready, Lolonois proceeded to a port in Hispaniola to take in
+        provisions, and afterwards to Matamana, on the south coast of Cuba,
+        where he intended to rob the poor turtle-hunters of their canoes.
+        They captured as many as they wanted, to the sorrow of their owners,
+        but to their own satisfaction, as they were always useful in shallow
+        waters, and the port to which they were directing their course came
+        under that category. Hence they steered for the Cape Gracias a Dios,
+        and being at sea were becalmed for a long while, and were carried by
+        the currents into the Gulf of Honduras. The ship which carried the
+        commander of the expedition could not keep up with the rest, and what
+        was worse, they were running short of provisions, so that they were
+        obliged to send their canoes to the river Xagua, where there were a
+        number of Indians, whom they first killed. After that, as a mere
+        matter of secondary importance, they thought it no harm to carry off
+        the hogs, hens, and millet, of their settlements, which were found in
+        abundance. They resolved further to remain there till the bad weather
+        was over, and pillage all the villages and towns on the coast of the
+        gulf, but were not particularly successful till they came to Puerto
+        Cavallo. Here the Spaniards <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page26">[pg
+        26]</span><a name="Pg026" id="Pg026" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>had
+        two storehouses, where they kept the produce of the country till the
+        arrival of their ships. There was then in the port a Spanish ship of
+        twenty-four guns and sixteen pedreros, or mortar-pieces. This ship
+        was immediately seized by the pirates, and the two storehouses burned
+        with all the rest of the houses there. Many of the inhabitants were
+        made prisoners, and they committed upon them the most inhuman
+        cruelties that ever heathens invented, putting them to the cruellest
+        tortures they could devise. <span class="tei tei-q">“It was the
+        custom of Lolonois that, having tormented persons not confessing, he
+        would instantly cut them in pieces with his hanger, and pull out
+        their tongues, desiring to do so, if possible, to every Spaniard in
+        the world. It often happened that some of these miserable prisoners,
+        being forced by the rack, would promise to discover the place where
+        the fugitive Spaniards lay hid, which not being able afterwards to
+        perform, they were put to more cruel deaths than they who were dead
+        before.</span></p>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class=
+        "tei tei-q">“The prisoners being all dead but two (whom they reserved
+        to show them what they desired), they marched hence to the town of
+        San Pedro, or St. Peter, ten or twelve leagues from Puerto Cavallo,
+        being three hundred men whom Lolonois led, leaving behind him Moses
+        Van Vin, his lieutenant, to govern the rest in his absence. Being
+        come three leagues on his way, they met with a troop of Spaniards,
+        who lay in ambuscade for their coming; these they set upon with all
+        the courage possible, and at last totally defeated. Howbeit, they
+        behaved themselves very manfully at first, but not being able to
+        resist the fury of the pirates, they were forced to give way and save
+        themselves by flight, leaving many pirates dead in the place, some
+        wounded, and some of their own party maimed by the way. These
+        Lolonois put to death without mercy, having asked them what questions
+        he thought fit for his purpose.”</span></p>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">There were still
+        some five prisoners not wounded; these were asked by Lolonois, if any
+        more Spaniards remained farther on in ambuscade? They answered there
+        were. Then, being brought before him one by one, he asked if there
+        was no other way to the town but that? this he did to avoid those
+        ambuscades, if possible. But they all constantly answered him they
+        knew none. Having asked them all, and finding they could show him no
+        other way, Lolonois grew outrageously passionate, so that he drew his
+        cutlass, and with it cut open the breast of one of those poor
+        Spaniards, and pulling out his heart began to bite and gnaw it with
+        his teeth, like a ravenous wolf, saying to the rest, <span class=
+        "tei tei-q">“I will serve you all alike if you show me not another
+        way!”</span> The poor wretches promised to show him another way, but
+        averred that it was a most difficult route. He tried it and found
+        that they were right. He was so exasperated that he swore the
+        horrible oath—<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style=
+        "font-style: italic">Mort Dieu, les Espagnols me le
+        payeront!</span></span> Next day he kept his word, for meeting an
+        ambuscade of Spaniards, he attacked them with such fury that few
+        remained to tell the tale. The Spaniards hoped by these ambuscades to
+        destroy the pirates in detail. Later he met another and a stronger
+        party, more advantageously placed, but the pirates attacking them
+        with much vigour, and using fire-balls in great numbers, forced the
+        remnant to flee leaving the larger part killed and wounded. There was
+        but one path that led to the town, and this was very well barricaded,
+        while the settlement was surrounded by planted shrubs of a prickly
+        and pointed nature, probably something of the cactus variety. The
+        Spaniards, posted behind their defences, plied the pirates with their
+        artillery, and were answered with showers of fire-balls; the latter
+        were <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page27">[pg 27]</span><a name=
+        "Pg027" id="Pg027" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>for the present unable
+        to advance. A second attack was made, the pirates’ orders being not
+        to fire until very close to the enemy; and in this they were
+        successful, as every shot told. The conflict continued raging till
+        night, when the Spaniards hoisted the white flag and desired to
+        parley, the only conditions they required being that the pirates
+        should give the inhabitants quarter for two hours. This was a
+        <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style=
+        "font-style: italic">ruse</span></span> to enable them to carry off
+        and hide their valuables. Granting this request, the pirates marched
+        into the town, and continued there the two hours without committing
+        the least outrage; but the time past, Lolonois ordered that the
+        inhabitants should be followed, robbed of all they had carried away,
+        and made prisoners. They had succeeded, however, knowing the country,
+        in making such good use of their time that the pirates could only
+        capture a few sacks of indigo. Having remained there a few days,
+        committing all kinds of outrages and stealing all they could, they
+        returned to the coast, rejoining some of their companions, who had
+        been engaged in robbing the poor fishermen of the coast, and others
+        who came from Guatemala. A vessel from Spain was daily expected to
+        arrive off this river, and they left two canoes to attack her, whilst
+        they went over to some islands on the other side of the gulf to
+        careen and cleanse their ships and obtain provisions, they knowing
+        well that turtle abounded. They also made a number of ropes and nets
+        from the rind of the macoa-tree, and obtained a quantity of a kind of
+        bitumen or pitch, useful on board ship. In short, these islands would
+        seem to supply nearly all that was required for the seaman’s use.</p>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">The pirates,
+        having been in the gulf three months, received advice that the
+        expected Spanish ship had arrived, and hastened to the spot where she
+        lay unloading her merchandise. They had previously sent away some of
+        the boats to seek for a smaller vessel, also expected, richly laden
+        with plate, indigo, and cochineal. Meanwhile the ship’s crew,
+        expecting an attack, had prepared for a good defence. Her <a name=
+        "corr027" id="corr027" class="tei tei-anchor"></a><span class=
+        "tei tei-corr">armament</span> consisted of forty-two guns, and she
+        had on board one hundred and thirty well-armed men. Lolonois simply
+        laughed at all this, and assaulted them with great courage. His own
+        ship had but twenty-two guns. The Spaniards behaved excellently, and
+        forced the pirates to retire momentarily, but Lolonois was still
+        equal to the occasion. Taking advantage of the dense smoke caused by
+        the bad powder of those days, he again attacked the ship, boarded her
+        from all sides, and forced the Spaniards to surrender. They were
+        considerably chagrined to find that their fight had been almost for
+        nothing—piratically considered—for they found on board little more
+        than fifty bars of iron, a small parcel of paper, and some earthen
+        jars of wine.</p>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Lolonois now
+        called a council of war, and stated that he was bound for Guatemala.
+        A division of opinion immediately arose, and he was especially
+        opposed by some of the men who were but <span class=
+        "tei tei-q">“green hands”</span> in the art of piracy, and who had
+        expected long ere this to have become wealthy, or, as the chronicler
+        puts it, had expected <span class="tei tei-q">“that pieces of eight
+        were gathered as easy as pears from a tree.”</span> Many of these
+        immediately seceded and left the fleet, returning home as best they
+        might. Another section averred that they would rather starve than
+        return without plenty of prize money. The major part did not approve
+        of the proposed voyage, and separated from Lolonois and his
+        adherents. Their ring-leaders, Moses Vanclein and Pierre le Picard,
+        on the voyage home, pillaged a town in Costa Rica, but only gained
+        some seven or eight pounds of native gold.</p>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Lolonois, thus
+        deserted by the larger number of his companions, remained alone in
+        the <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page28">[pg 28]</span><a name=
+        "Pg028" id="Pg028" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>Gulf of Honduras, where
+        all suffered severely from want of provisions. Roast monkey was their
+        main sustenance. At last, near Cape Gracias a Dios, his ship struck
+        on a sandbank near the little island, one of the group named De las
+        Puertas, and although they threw overboard the guns, iron, and other
+        weighty things on the ship, she stuck fast, and no art could remove
+        her. They were forced to break her up, and build themselves a boat to
+        get away. The islands were inhabited by some Indians, who are
+        described as being very tall and nimble, running as fast as a fleet
+        horse, and enormously strong; <span class="tei tei-q">“at diving
+        also,”</span> says the chronicler, <span class="tei tei-q">“they are
+        very dexterous and hardy. From the bottom of the sea I saw them take
+        up an anchor of six hundred-weight, tying a cable to it with great
+        dexterity, and pulling it from a rock.”</span> Their arms were of
+        wood, and in place of iron points crocodiles’ teeth were often used.
+        They had plantations of bananas, potatoes, and other fruits and
+        vegetables. They occasionally indulged in cannibalism. Two of the
+        men, a Frenchman and a Spaniard, went into the woods, where they lost
+        themselves. A party of Indians pursued them. They defended themselves
+        with their swords, but were at last forced to flee; the nimbler of
+        the two, the Frenchman, escaped, but the Spaniard was taken. Some
+        days after, twelve well-armed pirates, conducted by the
+        above-mentioned Frenchman, reached the place where the Spaniard had
+        been left. Here they found the evidences that the Indians had camped
+        and made a fire, and at a small distance discovered a man’s bones
+        well roasted, and with shreds of flesh, ill scraped off, adhering to
+        them. A human hand, with but two fingers remaining, was also found,
+        and they could only conclude that these were the last of the poor
+        Spaniard, as he was never heard of again.</p>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Their boat was now
+        finished, and they determined to make for the river of Nicaragua. She
+        could not hold the number, and to avoid disputes they cast lots who
+        should go or stay. Lolonois and half his men embarked in the
+        long-boat and in the skiff which they had before, the other half
+        remaining ashore. At the river of Nicaragua that ill-fortune assailed
+        the pirate leader which of long time had been reserved for him as a
+        punishment due to the multitude of horrible crimes committed in his
+        wicked and licentious life. Here he met with both Spaniards and
+        Indians, who, jointly setting upon him and his companions, were
+        killed on the place. Lolonois with those that remained alive, had
+        much ado to escape aboard their boats; yet, notwithstanding this
+        great loss, he resolved not to return to those he had left at the
+        Isle of Puertas without taking some boats such as he sought. To this
+        effect he determined to go on to the coasts of Carthagena; but
+        <span class="tei tei-q">“God Almighty,”</span> says
+        Esquemeling—<span class="tei tei-q">“the time of His divine justice
+        being now come—had appointed the Indians of Darien to be the
+        instruments and executioners thereof. These Indians of Darien were
+        esteemed as bravoes, or wild savage Indians, by the neighbouring
+        Spaniards, who never could civilise them. Hither Lolonois came
+        (brought by his evil conscience that cried for punishment), thinking
+        to act his cruelties; but the Indians, within a few days after his
+        arrival, took him prisoner, and tore him in pieces alive, throwing
+        his body limb by limb into the fire, and his ashes into the air, that
+        no trace or memory might remain of such an infamous, inhuman
+        creature. One of his companions gave me an exact account of the
+        tragedy, affirming that himself had escaped the same punishment with
+        the greatest difficulty. He believed also that many of his comrades
+        who were taken in that encounter by those Indians were, as their
+        cruel captain, torn in pieces and burnt alive. Thus ends the history,
+        the life, and miserable death of that infernal <span class=
+        "tei tei-pb" id="page29">[pg 29]</span><a name="Pg029" id="Pg029"
+        class="tei tei-anchor"></a>wretch Lolonois, who, full of horrid,
+        execrable, and enormous deeds, and debtor to so much innocent blood,
+        died by cruel and butcherly hands, such as his own were in the course
+        of his life.”</span> Those that remained on the island De las Puertas
+        waiting for their companions’ return were later taken off on the ship
+        of another pirate. The united crews, now in number 500, made for the
+        river at Gracias a Dios, which they entered in canoes. They took
+        little provision, expecting to <span class=
+        "tei tei-q">“find”</span>—in the pirate’s meaning, steal—plenty
+        ashore. In this they were disappointed, for the Indians had got
+        notice of their coming, and had fled. They were thus reduced to
+        extreme necessity and hunger, and a few green herbs formed their only
+        sustenance. After a laborious search in the woods for food, during
+        which time they were reduced to eat their own boots and the leather
+        sheaths of their swords and knives, and at which period they also
+        vowed to sacrifice any Indians they might meet to appease their own
+        appetites—which, fortunately for the Indians, did not happen—their
+        courage oozed out, and they returned to the ships. The greater part
+        of them subsequently perished from hunger and exhaustion, or in the
+        same manner as had their commander Lolonois not long before.</p>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">And now to the
+        deeds of another famous freebooter, <span class=
+        "tei tei-q">“who,”</span> as Esquemeling says, <span class=
+        "tei tei-q">“may deservedly be called the second Lolonois, not being
+        unlike or inferior to him either in achievements against the
+        Spaniards or in robberies of many innocent people.”</span> The
+        notorious pirate Captain Morgan now appears upon the scene.</p>
+      </div>
+
+      <div class="tei tei-div" style=
+      "margin-bottom: 5.00em; margin-top: 5.00em">
+        <a name="chap03" id="chap03" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> <a name=
+        "toc9" id="toc9"></a> <a name="pdf10" id="pdf10"></a>
+
+        <h2 class="tei tei-head" style=
+        "text-align: center; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em">
+        <span style="font-size: 144%">CHAPTER III.</span></h2>
+
+        <h2 class="tei tei-head" style=
+        "text-align: center; margin-bottom: 2.40em; margin-top: 2.40em">
+        <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: center"><span style=
+        "font-size: 120%; font-variant: small-caps">The Pirates and
+        Bucaniers</span></span> <span style=
+        "font-size: 120%">(</span><span class="tei tei-hi" style=
+        "text-align: center"><span style=
+        "font-size: 120%; font-style: italic">continued</span></span><span style="font-size: 120%">).</span></h2>
+
+        <div class="tei tei-argument" style=
+        "text-align: center; margin-bottom: 1.80em; margin-left: 3.60em; margin-top: 1.80em; margin-right: 3.60em">
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style=
+        "text-align: center; margin-bottom: 0.90em"><span style=
+        "font-size: 90%">The Second Lolonois—Captain Henry Morgan—His first
+        Successes—A Pirate Fleet of Seven Hundred Men—Attack on a Cuban
+        Town—Morgan’s Form—Not to be Beaten—Puerto Bello—Morgan’s
+        Strategy—The Castle taken—Extravagant Demands—The Governor of Panama
+        Derided—Return to Jamaica—Their Dissipation—A Fresh Start—Maracaibo
+        re-taken—A Chance for Guy Fawkes—Gibraltar again—Cruel Tortures
+        inflicted on Prisoners—Horrible Brutalities—Arrival of a Spanish
+        Fleet—Morgan’s Insolence—Letter from the Spanish
+        Admiral—</span><span class="tei tei-q" style=
+        "text-align: center"><span style=
+          "font-size: 90%">“</span><span style="font-size: 90%">To the
+          Death!</span><span style="font-size: 90%">”</span></span></p>
+        </div>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Captain Henry
+        Morgan was born in Wales; his father was in easy circumstances, as
+        many who bear that name in Wales were and are known to be. Morgan,
+        when young, had no inclination for the calling of his father, and
+        therefore left the country and came to the sea-coast, to seek some
+        other employment more suitable to his aspirations. He volunteered on
+        board a vessel bound for Barbadoes, the captain of which, according
+        to the frequent practice of those times, sold him as soon as he went
+        ashore. <span class="tei tei-q">“He served his time at Barbadoes,
+        and, obtaining his liberty, betook himself to Jamaica, there to seek
+        new fortunes. Here he found two vessels of pirates ready to go to
+        sea; and being destitute of employment he went with them, with intent
+        to follow the exercises of that sort of people; and he soon learnt
+        their mode of living so exactly that, having performed three or four
+        voyages with profit and success, he agreed with some of his comrades,
+        who had got by the same voyages a little money, to join stocks and
+        buy a ship. The vessel being bought they unanimously chose him
+        captain and commander.”</span></p><span class="tei tei-pb" id=
+        "page30">[pg 30]</span><a name="Pg030" id="Pg030" class=
+        "tei tei-anchor"></a>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">With this ship he
+        left Jamaica, and off the coast of Campechy took several prizes, with
+        which he returned triumphantly. He next met an old pirate, Mansvelt
+        by name, who was then engaged in forming and manning a fleet, and who
+        offered Morgan the post of vice-admiral in his expedition, which the
+        latter accepted. There was no nonsense about the piracy of those
+        days; for we read that the freebooters’ fleet consisted of no less
+        than fifteen vessels, great and small, manned by 500 adventurers.
+        They first proceeded to the Isle of St. Catherine, near the coast of
+        Costa Rica, where they landed most of their men, and soon
+        <span class="tei tei-q">“forced all the forts and castles
+        thereof,”</span> which they instantly demolished, except one, which
+        they garrisoned with 100 men of their own, and all the slaves taken
+        from the Spaniards. With the rest of their forces they proceeded to a
+        neighbouring island, so close, indeed, that in a few days they made a
+        bridge and carried over all the captured ordnance. Having ruined with
+        fire and sword both the islands, they put to sea again with the
+        intention of pillaging all the towns and villages on the coast of
+        Costa Rica. The Governor of Panama learned of these proceedings, and
+        made preparations to meet the pirates, of which fact they also
+        learned, and they retired, finding the whole country was alarmed.
+        They returned to St. Catherine, where the governor whom they had left
+        in charge—a Frenchman, Le Sieur Simon by name—had made good use of
+        his charge by putting the greater island in an excellent state of
+        defence, while he had cultivated the lesser one to such an extent
+        that he was able to re-victual the fleet. Mansvelt was very much bent
+        on keeping these islands, as they were conveniently situated for
+        piracy, and easily defended. He laid the matter before the Governor
+        of Jamaica, who rejected his plans. He then proceeded to Tortuga for
+        volunteers to man the island with supplies, but here death put an end
+        to his wicked life, leaving all things in suspense. The new Governor
+        of Costa Rica did not approve of the islands remaining in the hands
+        of pirates; but before taking action offered easy terms to Le Sieur
+        Simon, promising him good reward should he give them up. The latter,
+        after some small show of resistance, delivered them up to Spain.</p>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Captain Morgan was
+        now entirely in command of the pirate fleet, and had under his
+        command no less than 700 men, part English and part French, on twelve
+        vessels. A council was called, and some recommended an attempt on the
+        City of Havannah, while others, who had been prisoners there, thought
+        it useless to try any such scheme with less than 1,500 men. They
+        finally resolved to attack the town of El Puerto del Principe, an
+        inland town of Cuba, tolerably near the coast, where the inhabitants
+        were wealthy, and had never yet been attacked by the pirates. They
+        made sail, steering toward the coast nearest that town. At a bay
+        named El Puerto del Santa Maria, a Spanish prisoner on board the
+        fleet swam ashore by night, and succeeded in reaching the threatened
+        town, where he gave the inhabitants information of the coming attack,
+        and they, of course, immediately began to hide and carry away their
+        riches and movables. The governor immediately enrolled all the males
+        of the town, about 800, and posted part of them in a position where
+        by necessity the pirates must pass, while he made other preparations
+        for hindering them, by cutting down trees and laying them across the
+        roads. He placed ambuscade parties with cannon to harass them on
+        their march.</p>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class=
+        "tei tei-q">“Captain Morgan with his men now on the march found the
+        avenues to the town impassable; hereupon they took their way through
+        the wood, traversing it with great difficulty, whereby they escaped
+        divers ambuscades; at last they came to the place from <span class=
+        "tei tei-pb" id="page31">[pg 31]</span><a name="Pg031" id="Pg031"
+        class="tei tei-anchor"></a>its figure called by the Spaniards La
+        Savanna, or the Sheet. The governor seeing them come, detached a
+        troop of horse to charge them in the front, thinking to disperse
+        them, and to pursue them with his main body; but this design
+        succeeded not, for the pirates marched in very good order at the
+        sound of their drums, and with flying colours. Coming near the horse,
+        they drew into a semicircle, and so advanced towards the Spaniards,
+        who charged them vehemently for a while; but the pirates being very
+        dexterous at their arms, and their governor and many of their
+        companions being killed, they retreated towards the wood, to save
+        themselves with more advantage; but before they could reach it most
+        of them were killed. Thus they left the victory to these new-come
+        enemies, who had no considerable loss of men in the battle, and but
+        very few wounded. The skirmish lasted four hours; after which they
+        entered the town, not without very great resistance of such as were
+        within, who defended themselves as long as possible, and many seeing
+        the enemy in the town shut themselves up in their own houses and
+        thence made several shots upon the pirates, who therefore threatened
+        them, saying, <span class="tei tei-q">‘If you surrender not
+        voluntarily, you shall soon see the town in a flame, and your wives
+        and children torn in pieces before your faces.’</span> Upon these
+        menaces, the Spaniards submitted to the discretion of the pirates,
+        believing they could not continue there long.”</span></p>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">As soon as the
+        pirates had captured the town, they imprisoned all the Spaniards—men,
+        women, children, and slaves—in several churches, and pillaged all the
+        goods they could find. They then searched the country round about,
+        bringing in daily prisoners, goods, and provision. <span class=
+        "tei tei-q">“With this they fell to making great cheer, after their
+        old custom, without remembering the poor prisoners, whom they let
+        starve in the churches, though they tormented them daily and
+        inhumanly to make them confess where they had hid their goods, money,
+        &amp;c., though little or nothing was left them; not sparing the
+        women and children; giving them nothing to eat, whereby the greater
+        part perished.</span></p>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class=
+        "tei tei-q">“Pillage and provisions growing scarce, they thought
+        convenient to depart and seek new fortunes in other places. They told
+        the prisoners they should find money to ransom themselves, or else
+        they should all be transported to Jamaica; and beside, if they did
+        not pay a second ransom for the town, they would burn every house to
+        the ground.”</span> The Spaniards hereupon nominated among themselves
+        four fellow-prisoners to go and seek for the above-named
+        contributions; but the pirates, to the intent they should return
+        presently with those ransoms, tormented several cruelly in their
+        presence before they departed. After a few days the Spaniards
+        returned, telling Captain Morgan, <span class="tei tei-q">“We have
+        run up and down and searched all the neighbouring woods and places we
+        most suspected, and yet have not been able to find any of our own
+        party, nor consequently any fruit of our embassy; but if you are
+        pleased to have a little longer patience with us, we shall certainly
+        cause all that you demand within fifteen days;”</span> which Captain
+        Morgan granted. But not long after, there came into the town seven or
+        eight pirates who had been ranging in the woods and fields, and got
+        considerable booty. These brought, amongst other prisoners, a negro,
+        whom they had taken with letters. Captain Morgan having perused them,
+        found they were from the Governor of Santa Iago, being written to
+        some of the prisoners, wherein he told them:—<span class=
+        "tei tei-q">“They should not make too much haste to pay any ransom
+        for their town or persons or any other pretext; but, on the contrary,
+        they should put off the pirates as well as they <span class=
+        "tei tei-pb" id="page32">[pg 32]</span><a name="Pg032" id="Pg032"
+        class="tei tei-anchor"></a>could with excuses and delays, expecting
+        to be relieved by him in a short time, when they would certainly come
+        to their aid.”</span> Upon this intelligence, Captain Morgan ordered
+        all their plunder to be carried aboard; and withal, he told the
+        Spaniards that the very next day they should pay their ransoms, for
+        he would not wait a moment longer, but reduce the whole town to ashes
+        if they failed of the sum he demanded.</p>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class=
+        "tei tei-q">“With this intimation Captain Morgan made no mention of
+        the letters he had intercepted. They answered—<span class=
+        "tei tei-q">‘That it was impossible for them to give such a sum of
+        money in so short a space of time, seeing their fellow-townsmen were
+        not to be found in all the country thereabouts.’</span> Captain
+        Morgan knew full well their intentions, but thought it not convenient
+        to stay there any longer, demanding only of them 500 oxen or cows,
+        with sufficient salt to powder them, with this condition, that they
+        should carry them on board his ships. Thus he departed with all his
+        men, taking with him only six of the principal prisoners as pledges.
+        Next day the Spaniards brought the cattle and salt to the ships, and
+        required the prisoners; but Captain Morgan refused to deliver them
+        till they had helped his men to kill and salt the beeves. This was
+        performed in great haste, he not caring to stay there any longer,
+        lest he should be surprised; and having received all on board, he
+        liberated the hostages.”</span></p>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Captain Morgan was
+        hardly to be disconcerted by any defection on the part of his late
+        allies, and he therefore immediately rallied his remaining men, who
+        swore to stick by him to death. Another pirate captain joined him,
+        and in a few days he had collected a fleet of nine sail, manned by
+        four hundred and sixty fighting men. Morgan immediately steered for
+        <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page33">[pg 33]</span><a name="Pg033"
+        id="Pg033" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>the coast of Costa Rica,
+        keeping his intended plan of action closely locked within his own
+        bosom.</p><a name="illo_044" id="illo_044" class=
+        "tei tei-anchor"></a>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"></p>
+
+        <div class="tei tei-figure" style="text-align: center">
+          <img src="images/illo_044.png" alt="ON THE COAST OF COSTA RICA"
+          title="ON THE COAST OF COSTA RICA." />
+
+          <div class="tei tei-head" style=
+          "text-align: center; margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em">
+            ON THE COAST OF COSTA RICA.
+          </div>
+        </div>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">The land was now
+        in sight, and a council of war was called. Morgan informed his
+        company that he intended to plunder Puerto Bello by night, and put
+        the whole city to the sack. He recalled to them the fact that he had
+        kept the matter entirely secret, and that his victims could therefore
+        have had no notice. Some thought that they had not a sufficient
+        number of men to successfully attack the town. Morgan’s answer was
+        characteristic. <span class="tei tei-q">“If our numbers are
+        small,”</span> said he, <span class="tei tei-q">“our hearts are
+        great, and the fewer persons we are, the more union, and the better
+        shares we shall have in the spoil.”</span> The attack was
+        settled.</p>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">The city or town
+        of Puerto Bello was in those days one of the strongest of the Spanish
+        main, or West Indian isles, Havannah and Carthagena alone out-ranking
+        it. Two forts defended the entrance to its harbour; it had a garrison
+        of 300 soldiers; and was inhabited by some 400 families. The
+        merchants did not generally reside there, owing to the unhealthiness
+        of the climate, but stopped at Panama, and brought their commodities
+        over at regular seasons, when the Spanish galleons or slave-ships
+        were expected. Captain Morgan, who knew the neighbouring country
+        thoroughly, anchored his vessels some little distance from the town
+        to be attacked, and leaving a few men on board to bring them into
+        port next day, proceeded with the bulk of his company in boats and
+        canoes. About midnight they reached a place called Estera longa
+        Lemos, where they all went on shore, and marched to the city. They
+        had with them an Englishman who had formerly been a prisoner there,
+        and he with three or four others contrived to seize the sentinel
+        before he had time to give any warning. The latter was brought with
+        his hands bound to Captain Morgan, and closely interrogated as to the
+        strength of the place, with threats of death if he did not speak
+        truly. Then, having gathered all the information they could, they
+        marched up to the castle or fort near the city, and closely
+        surrounded it. Let Esquemeling now describe to us the sequence.</p>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class=
+        "tei tei-q">“Being posted under the walls of the castle, Captain
+        Morgan commanded the sentinel whom they had taken prisoner to speak
+        to those within, charging them to surrender to his discretion,
+        otherwise they should all be cut in pieces without quarter. But they,
+        regarding none of these threats, began instantly to fire, which
+        alarmed the city; yet, notwithstanding, though the governor and
+        soldiers of the said city made as great resistance as could be, they
+        were forced to surrender. Having taken the castle, they resolved to
+        be as good as their words, putting the Spaniards to the sword,
+        thereby to strike a terror into the rest of the city. Whereupon,
+        having shut up all the officers and soldiers into one room, they set
+        fire to the powder (whereof they found great quantity) and blew up
+        the castle into the air, with all the Spaniards that were within.
+        This done, they pursued the course of their victory, falling upon the
+        city, which, as yet, was not ready to receive them. Many of the
+        inhabitants cast their precious jewels and money into wells and
+        cisterns, or hid them in places underground, to avoid as much as
+        possible being totally robbed. One party of the pirates, being
+        assigned to this purpose, ran immediately to the cloisters, and took
+        as many religious men and women<a id="noteref_5" name="noteref_5"
+        href="#note_5"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style=
+        "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">5</span></span></a> as they
+        could find. The governor of the city, not <span class="tei tei-pb"
+        id="page34">[pg 34]</span><a name="Pg034" id="Pg034" class=
+        "tei tei-anchor"></a>being able to rally the citizens through their
+        great confusion, retired to one of the castles remaining, and thence
+        fired incessantly at the pirates; but these were not in the least
+        negligent either to assault him or to defend themselves, so that
+        amidst the horror of the assault they made very few shots in vain;
+        for, aiming with great dexterity at the mouths of the guns, the
+        Spaniards were certain to lose one or two men every time they charged
+        each gun anew. This continued very furious from break of day till
+        noon; yea, about this time of day the case was very dubious which
+        party should conquer or be conquered. At last, the pirates perceiving
+        they had lost many men, and yet advanced but little towards gaining
+        either this or the other castles, made use of fire-balls, which they
+        threw with their hands, designing to burn the doors of the castles;
+        but the Spaniards from the walls let fall great quantities of stones,
+        and earthen pots full of powder and other combustibles, which forced
+        them to desist. Captain Morgan, seeing this generous defence made by
+        the Spaniards, began to despair of success. Hereupon many faint and
+        calm meditations came into his mind; neither could he determine which
+        way to turn him in that strait. Being thus puzzled he was suddenly
+        animated to continue the assaults by seeing English colours put forth
+        in one of the lesser castles, then entered by his men, of whom he
+        presently afterwards spied a troop coming to meet him, proclaiming
+        victory with loud shouts of joy. This instantly put him on new
+        resolutions of taking the rest of the castles, especially seeing the
+        chiefest citizens were fled to them, and had conveyed thither great
+        part of their riches, with all the plate belonging to the churches
+        and divine service.</span></p>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class=
+        "tei tei-q">“To this effect he ordered ten or twelve ladders to be
+        made in all haste, so broad that three or four men at once might
+        ascend them. These being finished, he commanded all the religious men
+        and women whom he had taken prisoners to fix them against the walls
+        of the castle. This he had before threatened the governor to do if he
+        delivered not the castle, but his answer was, <span class=
+        "tei tei-q">‘He would never surrender himself alive.’</span> Captain
+        Morgan was persuaded the governor would not employ his armed force,
+        seeing the religious women and ecclesiastical persons exposed in
+        front of the soldiers to the greatest danger. Thus the ladders, as I
+        have said, were put into the hands of religious persons of both
+        sexes, and these were forced at the head of the companies to raise
+        and apply them to the walls; but Captain Morgan was fully deceived in
+        his judgment, for the governor, who acted like a brave soldier in the
+        performance of his duty, used his utmost endeavour to destroy
+        whosoever came near the walls. The religious men and women ceased not
+        to cry to him, and beg of him by all the saints of Heaven, to deliver
+        the castle, and spare both his and their lives; but nothing could
+        prevail with his obstinacy and fierceness. Thus, many of the
+        religious men and nuns were killed before they could fix the ladders,
+        which at last being done, though with great loss of the said
+        religious people, the pirates mounted them in great numbers, and with
+        not less valour, having fire-balls in their hands, and earthen pots
+        full of powder; all which things being now at the top of the walls,
+        they kindled and cast in among the Spaniards.</span></p>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class=
+        "tei tei-q">“This effort of the pirates was very great, inasmuch as
+        the Spaniards could no longer resist nor defend the castle, which was
+        now entered. Hereupon they all threw down their arms, and craved
+        quarter for their lives. Only the governor would crave no mercy, but
+        killed many of the pirates with his own hands, and not a few of his
+        own soldiers, because <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page35">[pg
+        35]</span><a name="Pg035" id="Pg035" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>they
+        would not stand to their arms. And though the pirates asked him if he
+        would have quarter, yet he constantly answered, <span class=
+        "tei tei-q">‘By no means; I would rather die as a valiant soldier
+        than be hanged as a coward!’</span> They endeavoured as much as they
+        could to take him prisoner, but he defended himself so obstinately
+        that they were forced to kill him, notwithstanding all the cries and
+        tears of his own wife and daughter, who begged him on their knees to
+        demand quarter and save his life.”</span></p>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">The pirates now
+        gave themselves up to all kinds of debauchery, some of the details of
+        which shall not disgrace these pages. The chronicler says that at
+        this time fifty determined men could easily have re-taken the city.
+        The President of Panama sent a body of men to the rescue, who were
+        met by the pirates and put to flight. He later sent a message full of
+        threats, at which Morgan only laughed, and sent word that he would
+        demolish the forts and burn the town unless he should immediately
+        receive 100,000 pieces of eight (over £20,000), and it was eventually
+        paid. The Governor or President of Panama was puzzled to learn how
+        400 men, without ordnance, could have taken a town so well fortified
+        as Puerto Bello, and sent to Morgan, asking for some small patterns
+        of his arms. The pirate captain forwarded by the messenger a pistol
+        and some small bullets, and desired the president <span class=
+        "tei tei-q">“to accept that slender pattern of the arms wherewith he
+        had taken Puerto Bello, and keep them a twelvemonth; after which time
+        he promised to come to Panama and fetch them away.”</span> The
+        governor returned the presents, sending him back a golden ring, and
+        desiring him not to trouble himself about Panama, as he might obtain
+        a warmer reception than he expected. The results of this expedition
+        comprised a quarter of a million dollars, besides merchandise in
+        silk, linen, and cloth. The tavern-keepers, traders, and gamblers of
+        Jamaica reaped the larger part of these enormous gains.</p>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Morgan’s next
+        enterprise, in which he was joined by many other pirate commanders,
+        was against the already unfortunate city of Maracaibo. A French
+        pirate-ship, carrying thirty-six guns, was then at Jamaica, and
+        Morgan tried to induce the commander and his men to join them. This
+        the French refused; whereupon he invited the captain and several of
+        his men to dine with him, and treacherously made them prisoners.</p>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">This unjust action
+        of Captain Morgan was followed by very swift retribution. Captain
+        Morgan, immediately after he had taken these French prisoners, called
+        a council to deliberate what place they should select for this new
+        expedition. It was determined to go to the Isle of Savona, to wait
+        for the fleet then expected from Spain, and take any of the Spanish
+        vessels straggling from the rest. This resolution being made, they
+        began to feast aboard the prize in expectation of their new voyage.
+        They drank many healths and discharged many guns—common signs of
+        mirth among the pirates. Most of the men being drunk—by what accident
+        is not known—the ship was suddenly blown up, with 350 Englishmen,
+        besides the French prisoners in the hold; of whom only thirty men
+        escaped, who were in the main cabin, at some distance from the full
+        force of the powder. Many more, it is thought, might have escaped had
+        they not taken too much wine. The French prisoners were accused of
+        having fired the vessel, and Morgan a little later seized their ship
+        and crew.</p><a name="illo_048" id="illo_048" class=
+        "tei tei-anchor"></a>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"></p>
+
+        <div class="tei tei-figure" style="text-align: center">
+          <img src="images/illo_048.png" alt=
+          "BLOWING UP OF THE FRENCH PIRATE SHIP" title=
+          "BLOWING UP OF THE FRENCH PIRATE SHIP." />
+
+          <div class="tei tei-head" style=
+          "text-align: center; margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em">
+            BLOWING UP OF THE FRENCH PIRATE SHIP.
+          </div>
+        </div>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class=
+        "tei tei-q">“Eight days after the loss of the said ship, Captain
+        Morgan commanded the bodies of the miserable wretches who were blown
+        up to be searched for as they floated on the sea: <span class=
+        "tei tei-pb" id="page36">[pg 36]</span><a name="Pg036" id="Pg036"
+        class="tei tei-anchor"></a>not to afford them Christian burial, but
+        for their clothes and attire; and if any had gold rings on their
+        fingers these were cut off, leaving them exposed to the voracity of
+        the monsters of the sea. At last they set sail for Savona, the place
+        of their assignation. There were in all fifteen vessels, Captain
+        Morgan commanding the biggest, of only fourteen small guns. His
+        number of men was 960. Few days after they arrived at the Cabo de
+        Lobos, south of Hispaniola, between Cape Tiburon and Cape Punta de
+        Espada. Hence they could not pass, by reason of contrary winds, for
+        three weeks, in spite of every effort to do so. Then Captain Morgan
+        doubled the cape, and spied an English vessel at a distance. Having
+        spoken to her, they found she came from England, and bought of her,
+        for ready money, some provisions they wanted.</span></p>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class=
+        "tei tei-q">“Captain Morgan proceeded on his voyage till he came to
+        the port of Ocoa; here he landed some men, sending them into the
+        woods to seek water and provisions, the better to spare such as he
+        had already on board. They killed many beasts, and among others some
+        horses. But the Spaniards, not well satisfied at their hunting, laid
+        a stratagem for them, ordering three or four hundred men to come from
+        Santo Domingo, not far distant, and desiring them to hunt in all the
+        parts thereabout near the sea, that so if the pirates should return
+        they might find no subsistence. Within few days the pirates returned
+        to hunt, but finding nothing to kill, a party of about fifty
+        straggled farther on into the woods. The Spaniards, who watched all
+        their motions, gathered a great herd of cows, and set two or three
+        men to keep them. The pirates, having spied them, killed a sufficient
+        number; and though the Spaniards could see them at a distance, yet
+        they could not hinder them at present; but as soon as they attempted
+        to carry them away they set upon them furiously, <span class=
+        "tei tei-pb" id="page37">[pg 37]</span><a name="Pg037" id="Pg037"
+        class="tei tei-anchor"></a>crying—<span class="tei tei-q">‘Mata,
+        mata!’</span> which is, <span class="tei tei-q">‘Kill, kill!’</span>
+        Thus the pirates were compelled to quit the prey, and retreat to
+        their ships; but they did it in good order, retiring by degrees, and
+        when they had opportunity discharging full volleys on the Spaniards,
+        killing many of their enemies, though with some loss.</span></p>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class=
+        "tei tei-q">“The Spaniards, seeing their damage, endeavoured to save
+        themselves by flight and carry off their dead and wounded companions.
+        The pirates perceiving them flee would not content themselves with
+        what hurt they had already done, but pursued them speedily into the
+        woods, and killed the greatest part of those that remained. Next day
+        Captain Morgan, extremely offended at what had passed, went himself,
+        with 200 men, into the woods to seek for the rest of the Spaniards,
+        but finding nobody, he revenged himself on the houses of the poor and
+        miserable rustics that inhabited those scattering fields and woods,
+        of which he burnt a great number; with this he returned to his ship,
+        somewhat more satisfied in his mind for having done some considerable
+        damage to the enemy, which was always his most ardent
+        desire.”</span></p>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Captain Morgan
+        having waited impatiently for some of his ships which had not yet
+        joined company, was recommended by a French captain who had served
+        with Lolonois to make an attempt with his present forces—eight ships
+        and about 500 men—on Maracaibo. The Spaniards had built another fort
+        since the action with Lolonois, and when the pirates arrived gave
+        them a very warm reception, which lasted till evening. In the
+        obscurity of the night Morgan and his men crept up to the fort, when
+        they found that the Spaniards had deserted it. They had left,
+        however, a train of powder with match burning, with the intention of
+        playing Guy Fawkes with the pirates, and had not Morgan discovered it
+        in time they would undoubtedly have suffered great loss. The
+        freebooters found a considerable amount of powder and muskets, with
+        which they furnished the fleet, and they spiked sixteen cannons. Next
+        day they proceeded in boats and canoes to the town, which, with an
+        adjacent fort, was found deserted.</p>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class=
+        "tei tei-q">“As soon as they had entered the town the pirates
+        searched every corner, to see if they could find any people who were
+        hid who might offend them unawares; not finding anybody, every party,
+        as they came out of their several ships, chose what several houses
+        they pleased. The church was deputed for the common corps du guard,
+        where they lived, after their military manner, very insolently. Next
+        day after they sent a troop of 100 men to seek for the inhabitants
+        and their goods. These returned next day, bringing with them thirty
+        persons—men, women, and children—and fifty mules laden with good
+        merchandise. All these miserable people were put to the rack, to make
+        them confess where the rest of the inhabitants were and their goods.
+        Among other tortures, one was to stretch their limbs with cords and
+        then to beat them with sticks and other instruments. Others had
+        burning matches placed between their fingers, which were thus burnt
+        alive. Others had slender cords or matches placed about their heads
+        till their eyes burst out. Those who would not confess, or had
+        nothing to declare, died under the hands of those villains. These
+        tortures and racks continued for three whole weeks, in which time
+        they sent out daily parties to seek for more people to torment and
+        rob, they never returning without booty and new riches.</span></p>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class=
+        "tei tei-q">“Captain Morgan having now gotten into his hands about a
+        hundred of the chief families, <span class="tei tei-pb" id=
+        "page38">[pg 38]</span><a name="Pg038" id="Pg038" class=
+        "tei tei-anchor"></a>with all their goods, at last resolved for
+        Gibraltar, as Lolonois had done before. With this design he equipped
+        his fleet, providing it sufficiently with all necessaries. He put
+        likewise on board all the prisoners, and weighing anchor, set sail
+        with resolution to hazard a battle. They had sent before some
+        prisoners to Gibraltar to require the inhabitants to surrender,
+        otherwise Captain Morgan would put them all to the sword without any
+        quarter. Arriving before Gibraltar, the inhabitants received him with
+        continued shooting of great cannon bullets; but the pirates, instead
+        of fainting hereat, ceased not to encourage one another,
+        saying—<span class="tei tei-q">‘We must make one meal upon bitter
+        things before we come to taste the sweetness of the sugar this place
+        affords.’</span> ”</span></p>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Next day, early in
+        the morning, they landed all their men, and being guided by the
+        Frenchman beforenamed, they marched towards the town, not by the
+        ordinary way, but crossing through woods, which way the Spaniards did
+        not expect they would have come, for at the beginning of their
+        journey they pretended to march the next and open way to the town,
+        hereby to deceive the Spaniards; <span class="tei tei-q">“but these
+        remembering full well what Lolonois had done but two years before,
+        thought it not safe to expect a second brunt, and hereupon all fled
+        out of the town as fast as they could, carrying all their goods and
+        riches, as also all their powder, and having nailed all the great
+        guns; so as the pirates found not one person in the whole city but
+        one poor innocent man who was born a fool. This man they asked
+        whither the inhabitants had fled, and where they had hid their goods.
+        To all which questions and the like he constantly
+        answered—<span class="tei tei-q">‘I know nothing, I know
+        nothing!’</span> but they presently put him to the rack, and tortured
+        him with cords, which torments forced him to cry out—<span class=
+        "tei tei-q">‘Do not torture me any more, but come with me and I will
+        show you my goods and my riches!’</span> They were persuaded, it
+        seems, he was some rich person disguised under those clothes so poor
+        and that innocent tongue; so they went along with him, and he
+        conducted them to a poor miserable cottage, wherein he had a few
+        earthen dishes and other things of no value, and three pieces of
+        eight, concealed with some other trumpery under ground. Then they
+        asked him his name, and he readily answered, <span class=
+        "tei tei-q">‘My name is Don Sebastian Sanchez, and I am brother unto
+        the Governor of Maracaibo.’</span> This foolish answer, it must be
+        conceived, these inhuman wretches took for truth; for no sooner had
+        they heard it but they put him again upon the rack, lifting him up on
+        high with cords, and tying large weights to his feet and neck.
+        Besides which they burnt him alive, applying palm-leaves burning to
+        his face.”</span> They sent out parties, and captured some prisoners,
+        several of whom were tortured or killed. Among others there was a
+        Portuguese, who was falsely reported by a negro to be very rich. This
+        man was commanded to produce his riches. His answer was that he had
+        no more than 100 pieces of eight in the world, and these had been
+        stolen from him two days before by his servant. The pirates would not
+        believe him, but dragged him to a rack without any regard to his age
+        of sixty years, and stretched him with cords, breaking both his arms
+        behind his shoulders. <span class="tei tei-q">“This cruelty went not
+        alone, for he not being able or willing to make any other
+        declaration, they put him to another sort of torment more barbarous;
+        they tied him with small cords by his two thumbs and great toes to
+        four stakes fixed in the ground at a convenient distance, the whole
+        weight of his body hanging by these cords. Not satisfied yet with
+        their cruel torture, they took a stone of above 200 pounds and laid
+        it on his belly, as if they intended <span class="tei tei-pb" id=
+        "page39">[pg 39]</span><a name="Pg039" id="Pg039" class=
+        "tei tei-anchor"></a>to press him to death; they also kindled
+        palm-leaves and applied the flame to the face of this unfortunate
+        Portuguese, burning with them the whole skin, beard, and hair. At
+        last, seeing that neither with these tortures nor others they could
+        get anything out of him, they untied the cords, and carried him,
+        half-dead, to the church, where was their corps du guard; here they
+        tied him anew to one of the pillars thereof, leaving him in that
+        condition without giving him either to eat or drink, unless very
+        sparingly and so little that would scarce sustain life, for some
+        days. Four or five being past, he desired one of the prisoners might
+        come to him, by whose means he promised he would endeavour to raise
+        some money to satisfy their demands. The prisoner whom he desired was
+        brought to him, and he ordered him to promise the pirates 500 pieces
+        of eight for his ransom; but they were deaf and obstinate at such a
+        small sum, and instead of accepting it beat him cruelly with cudgels,
+        saying, <span class="tei tei-q">‘Old fellow, instead of 500, 5,000
+        pieces of eight; otherwise you shall here end your life.’</span>
+        Finally, after a thousand protestations that he was but a miserable
+        man, and kept a poor tavern for his living, he agreed with them for
+        1,000 pieces of eight. These he raised, and having paid them, got his
+        liberty, though so horribly maimed, that it is scarce to be believed
+        he could survive many weeks.”</span> Morgan proceeded later to
+        Gibraltar, and his proceedings there are but a repetition of his
+        former acts. And yet in searching the interior he and some of his men
+        were at one time in such straits that a couple of score or so of
+        Spaniards could have annihilated them.</p>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">And now they
+        returned to Maracaibo, where an unpleasant surprise awaited them.
+        They learned from a poor old Spaniard that three large Spanish ships
+        had arrived off the bar, and were awaiting the exit of the pirates;
+        and, further, that the castle at the entrance had been repaired, well
+        provided with guns and ammunition, and thoroughly manned. Morgan sent
+        a boat down to find out how far this was true, and the report was
+        that its crew had ventured so near that they were in great danger of
+        being shot; that there were three great ships, mounting respectively
+        forty, thirty, and twenty-four guns. Morgan disguised the
+        apprehension he must have felt, and sent a message, couched in his
+        usual style of braggadocia, demanding a heavy ransom for not putting
+        the city of Maracaibo to the flames. Here follows the answer of the
+        Spanish Admiral:—</p>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"></p>
+
+        <div class="tei tei-text" style=
+        "margin-bottom: 2.00em; margin-top: 2.00em">
+          <div class="tei tei-body" style=
+          "margin-bottom: 6.00em; margin-top: 6.00em">
+            <p class="tei tei-p" style=
+            "text-align: center; margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class=
+            "tei tei-q" style="text-align: center">“<span class="tei tei-hi"
+            style="text-align: center"><span style="font-style: italic">The
+            letter of Don Alonso del Campo y Espinosa, Admiral of the Spanish
+            Fleet, to Captain Morgan, Commander of the
+            Pirates:</span></span>—</span></p>
+
+            <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class=
+            "tei tei-q">“Having understood by all our friends and neighbours
+            the unexpected news that you have dared to attempt and commit
+            hostilities in the countries, titles, towns, and villages
+            belonging to the dominions of his Catholic Majesty, my Sovereign
+            Lord and Master, I let you understand by these lines that I am
+            come to this place, according to my obligation, near that castle
+            which you took out of the hands of a parcel of cowards, where I
+            have put things into a very good posture of defence, and mounted
+            again the artillery which you nailed and dismounted. My intent is
+            to dispute with you your passage out of the lake, and follow and
+            pursue you everywhere, to the end you may see the performance of
+            my duty. Notwithstanding, if you be contented to surrender with
+            humility all that you have taken, together with the slaves and
+            all other prisoners, I will let you freely pass, without trouble
+            or molestation, on condition that you retire home presently to
+            your own country. <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page40">[pg
+            40]</span><a name="Pg040" id="Pg040" class=
+            "tei tei-anchor"></a>But if you make any resistance or opposition
+            to what I offer you, I assure you I will command boats to come
+            from Caraccas, wherein I will put my troops, and coming to
+            Maracaibo, will put you every man to the sword. This is my last
+            and absolute resolution. Be prudent, therefore, and do not abuse
+            my bounty with ingratitude. I have with me very good soldiers,
+            who desire nothing more ardently than to revenge on you and your
+            people all the cruelties and base infamous actions you have
+            committed upon the Spanish nation in America. Dated on board the
+            royal ship named the <span class="tei tei-name"><span style=
+            "font-style: italic">Magdalen</span></span>, lying at anchor at
+            the entry of the lake of Maracaibo, the 24th April,
+            1669.</span></p>
+
+            <div class="tei tei-signed" style="text-align: right">
+              <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: right"><span class=
+              "tei tei-q" style="text-align: right"><span style=
+              "font-variant: small-caps">“</span><span style=
+              "font-variant: small-caps">Don Alonso del Campo y
+              Espinosa.</span><span style=
+              "font-variant: small-caps">”</span></span></span>
+            </div>
+          </div>
+        </div><a name="illo_052" id="illo_052" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"></p>
+
+        <div class="tei tei-figure" style="text-align: center">
+          <img src="images/illo_052.png" alt="MORGAN’S ATTACK ON MARACAIBO"
+          title="MORGAN’S ATTACK ON MARACAIBO." />
+
+          <div class="tei tei-head" style=
+          "text-align: center; margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em">
+            MORGAN’S ATTACK ON MARACAIBO.
+          </div>
+        </div>
+      </div>
+
+      <div class="tei tei-div" style=
+      "margin-bottom: 5.00em; margin-top: 5.00em">
+        <a name="chap04" id="chap04" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> <a name=
+        "toc11" id="toc11"></a> <a name="pdf12" id="pdf12"></a>
+
+        <h2 class="tei tei-head" style=
+        "text-align: center; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em">
+        <span style="font-size: 144%">CHAPTER IV.</span></h2>
+
+        <h2 class="tei tei-head" style=
+        "text-align: center; margin-bottom: 2.40em; margin-top: 2.40em">
+        <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: center"><span style=
+        "font-size: 120%; font-variant: small-caps">The Pirates and
+        Bucaniers</span></span> <span style=
+        "font-size: 120%">(</span><span class="tei tei-hi" style=
+        "text-align: center"><span style=
+        "font-size: 120%; font-style: italic">continued</span></span><span style="font-size: 120%">).</span></h2>
+
+        <div class="tei tei-argument" style=
+        "text-align: center; margin-bottom: 1.80em; margin-left: 3.60em; margin-top: 1.80em; margin-right: 3.60em">
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style=
+        "text-align: center; margin-bottom: 0.90em"><span style=
+        "font-size: 90%">Attack resolved—The Fire-ship—Morgan passes the
+        Castle—Off for St. Catherine’s—Given up by a Stratagem—St.
+        Catherine’s an Easy Prey—Power of Fire—Thirty in Three Hundred
+        Saved—The March on Panama—A Pirate Band of Twelve Hundred—Sufferings
+        on the Way—A Pipe for Supper—Leather and Cold Water—Panama at
+        last—The First Encounter—Resolute Fighting—Wild Bulls in
+        Warfare—Victory for the Pirates—Ruthless Destruction of
+        Property—Cruelty to Prisoners—Searching for Treasure—Dissatisfaction
+        at the Dividend—The last of Morgan.</span></p>
+        </div>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">On receipt of the
+        captain’s letter Morgan called his men together and asked them
+        whether they were going to fight or surrender. They answered
+        unanimously that they would fight to the last drop of blood rather
+        than surrender so easily the booty they had obtained with so much
+        danger. <span class="tei tei-q">“Among the rest one said to Captain
+        Morgan, <span class="tei tei-q">‘Take you care for the rest, and I
+        will undertake to destroy the biggest of those ships with only twelve
+        men; the manner shall be by making a <span class=
+        "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">brulot</span></span>,
+        or fire-ship, of that vessel we took in the river of Gibraltar,
+        which, to the intent she may not be known for a fire-ship, we will
+        fill her decks with logs of wood, standing with hats and montera
+        caps, to deceive their sight with the representation of men. The same
+        we will do at the port-holes that serve for the guns, <span class=
+        "tei tei-pb" id="page41">[pg 41]</span><a name="Pg041" id="Pg041"
+        class="tei tei-anchor"></a>which shall be filled with counterfeit
+        cannon. At the stern we will hang out English colours, and persuade
+        the enemy she is one of our best men-of-war going to fight <a name=
+        "corr041" id="corr041" class="tei tei-anchor"></a><span class=
+        "tei tei-corr">them.</span>’</span> This proposition was approved.
+        Attempts were afterwards made to compromise with Don Alonso, but he
+        would not listen to them, and sent them a peremptory message, which,
+        simply translated, meant that they must give in, or give
+        up.</span></p><a name="illo_053" id="illo_053" class=
+        "tei tei-anchor"></a>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"></p>
+
+        <div class="tei tei-figure" style="text-align: center">
+          <img src="images/illo_053.png" alt="CAPTAIN HENRY MORGAN" title=
+          "CAPTAIN HENRY MORGAN. (From Captain C. Johnson’s “Lives of Famous Highwaymen, Pirates, &amp;c.”)" />
+
+          <div class="tei tei-head" style=
+          "text-align: center; margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em">
+            CAPTAIN HENRY MORGAN.<br />
+            (<span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: center"><span style=
+            "font-style: italic">From Captain C. Johnson’s</span>
+            <span class="tei tei-q" style="text-align: center"><span style=
+            "font-style: italic">“</span><span style=
+            "font-style: italic">Lives of Famous Highwaymen, Pirates,
+            &amp;c.</span><span style=
+            "font-style: italic">”</span></span></span>)
+          </div>
+        </div>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class=
+        "tei tei-q">“No sooner had Captain Morgan received this message from
+        Don Alonso than he put all things in order to fight, resolving to get
+        out of the lake by main force, without surrendering anything. First,
+        he commanded all the slaves and prisoners to be tied and guarded very
+        well, and gathered all the pitch, tar, and brimstone they could find
+        in the whole town for the fire-ship above-mentioned. Then they made
+        several inventions of powder <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page42">[pg
+        42]</span><a name="Pg042" id="Pg042" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>and
+        brimstone with palm-leaves well anointed with tar. They covered very
+        well their counterfeit cannon, laying under every piece many pounds
+        of powder; besides, they cut down many outworks of the ship, that the
+        powder might exert its strength the better; breaking open also new
+        port-holes, where, instead of guns, they placed little drums used by
+        the negroes. Finally, the decks were handsomely beset with many
+        pieces of wood, dressed up like men, with hats or monteras, and armed
+        with swords, muskets, and bandeleers.”</span></p>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">The fire-ship
+        being fitted, they prepared to proceed to the entry of the port. All
+        the prisoners were put into one great boat, and in another all the
+        women were placed, with the plate, jewels, and other rich things;
+        into others they put the bales of goods, merchandise, and bulky
+        articles. Each of these boats had twelve armed men aboard; the
+        <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style=
+        "font-style: italic">brulot</span></span> had orders to go before the
+        rest of the vessels, and presently to fall foul of the great ship.
+        All things being ready, Captain Morgan exacted an oath of his
+        comrades, making them promise to defend themselves to the last drop
+        of blood without demanding quarter; promising, withal, that whoever
+        behaved himself thus should be well rewarded.</p>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">With this
+        resolution they set sail to meet the Spaniards. On April 30th, 1669,
+        they found the Spanish fleet riding at anchor in the middle of the
+        entry of the lake. <span class="tei tei-q">“Captain Morgan, it being
+        now late and almost dark, commanded all his vessels to an anchor,
+        designing to fight even all night if they forced him to it. He
+        ordered a careful watch to be kept aboard every vessel till morning,
+        they being almost within shot, as well as within sight, of the enemy.
+        The day dawning, they weighed anchor and sailed again, steering
+        directly towards the Spaniards, who, seeing them move, did instantly
+        the same. The fire-ship, sailing before the rest, fell presently upon
+        the great ship and grappled her, which the Spaniards (too late)
+        perceiving to be a fire-ship, they attempted to put her off, but in
+        vain; for the flame seizing her timber and tackling, soon consumed
+        all the stern, the fore-part sinking into the sea, where she
+        perished. The second Spanish ship perceiving the <span class=
+        "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Admiral</span></span>
+        to burn, not by accident, but by industry of the enemy, escaped
+        towards the castle, where the Spaniards themselves sunk her, choosing
+        to lose their ship rather than to fall into the hands of those
+        pirates. The third, having no opportunity to escape, was taken by the
+        pirates.”</span></p>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">The pirates were,
+        we can well believe, rejoiced at this easy victory, and they now
+        attempted to take the castle. This was thoroughly well garrisoned and
+        provided, whereas they had nothing but muskets and a few hand
+        grenades. They consequently failed; the Spaniards gave them volley
+        after volley, and they at last retired, with a loss of thirty killed
+        and as many wounded. The attack was not renewed. From a pilot who was
+        taken prisoner the following day Captain Morgan learned that the
+        expedition, which had been sent out by the Supreme Council of State
+        in Spain, consisted of six well-equipped men-of-war, with
+        instructions to root out the English pirates. It had been organised
+        in Spain, upon the receipt of the news of the loss of Puerto Bello
+        and other places, after fruitless representations had been made to
+        the King of England, who simply disclaimed any connivance with the
+        pirates. Two of the principal vessels had returned to Spain, being
+        considered too large for the enterprise, and one had been lost in a
+        gale. This pilot entered the service of Captain Morgan, and informed
+        him that in the ship which was sunk there was a great quantity
+        <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page43">[pg 43]</span><a name="Pg043"
+        id="Pg043" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>of treasure, and that he could
+        see for himself that the Spaniards, in boats, were endeavouring to
+        rescue some of it. Morgan again sent a message to the admiral, who
+        had escaped to the castle, demanding a ransom, or he would fire
+        Maracaibo. This was at first, of course, indignantly refused, and the
+        pirate chief renewed his threats, when the Spanish settlers,
+        down-hearted at their constant ill-fortune, consented to pay the sum
+        of 20,000 pieces and 500 head of cattle, though the admiral, Don
+        Alonso, sternly objected.</p>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Morgan, in spite
+        of his successes, rather feared passing the castle at the entrance of
+        the lake, and he endeavoured, by means of the prisoners he held, to
+        secure his escape, by sending some of them to Don Alonso with a
+        promise to give them all up if he would not fire, or hang them if he
+        did. A deputation of prisoners waited on the admiral, urging his
+        consent; but Don Alonso told them, <span class="tei tei-q">“If you
+        had been as loyal to your king in hindering the entry of these
+        pirates as I shall do their going out, you had never caused these
+        troubles, neither to yourselves nor to our whole nation, which hath
+        suffered so much through your pusillanimity. In a word, I shall never
+        grant your request, but shall endeavour to maintain that respect
+        which is due to my king according to my duty.”</span> Thus the poor
+        wretched prisoners had to return to Morgan, and report the failure of
+        their mission. His reply was, in his usual vein, that he would find
+        the means of accomplishing his object in spite of Don Alonso.</p>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">The stratagem
+        employed was as follows:—During the day that they hoped to escape
+        after dark they put a number of their men in canoes, and rowed
+        towards the shore, as if they intended to land. There they hid
+        themselves among the trees and by lying down in the boats. Then the
+        canoes returned to the ships, two or three men rowing in each, and
+        the rest remaining at the bottom concealed. Thus much only could be
+        observed from the castle, and the ruse was repeated several times,
+        the impression given being that the pirates intended to scale the
+        walls by night from the land. This caused the Spaniards to place most
+        of their greater guns on the land side, with the principal part of
+        the garrison, leaving the side towards the sea almost destitute of
+        defence. Night being come they weighed anchor, and by moonlight,
+        without setting sail, the tide gently took them towards the entrance
+        near the castle. Having arrived off the latter, they spread their
+        sails with all speed. The Spaniards, perceiving this, brought their
+        guns over to the sea side, but the pirates, being favoured by this
+        loss of time and also with a good breeze, escaped almost scatheless.
+        Just as they were departing, Morgan ironically saluted the castle
+        with a volley from seven of his largest guns.</p><a name="illo_056"
+        id="illo_056" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"></p>
+
+        <div class="tei tei-figure" style="text-align: center">
+          <img src="images/illo_056.jpg" alt=
+          "CAPTAIN MORGAN’S ESCAPE FROM MARACAIBO" title=
+          "CAPTAIN MORGAN’S ESCAPE FROM MARACAIBO." />
+
+          <div class="tei tei-head" style=
+          "text-align: center; margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em">
+            CAPTAIN MORGAN’S ESCAPE FROM MARACAIBO.
+          </div>
+        </div>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">His next
+        expedition, in which he was joined by many other pirates, assembled
+        on the south side of Tortuga on October the 24th, 1670, when a
+        council of ways and means was convened, the principal lack being in
+        provisions. This, however, was to them a small matter, and they
+        resolved to rob and rifle the towns and settlements of the mainland.
+        Four vessels were despatched on this errand to the River de la Hacha,
+        where a village was situated which was usually well provided with
+        corn. Meanwhile, another party was despatched into the woods, and the
+        hunters were very successful. The rest remained in the ships to clean
+        and re-fit them. The river expedition was becalmed off the coast,
+        which gave the Spaniards ashore time to hide and take away their
+        goods. A large ship from Carthagena was lying in the river, laden
+        with maize (Indian corn), ready to depart. The <span class=
+        "tei tei-pb" id="page45">[pg 45]</span><a name="Pg045" id="Pg045"
+        class="tei tei-anchor"></a>pirates soon made short work of this
+        vessel, the crew of which was easily mastered. The Spaniards peppered
+        them from a battery when they landed, but the freebooters drove them
+        back to a fortified village, whence, after some little resistance,
+        the former were driven into the woods. They captured, tortured, and
+        robbed a number of these unfortunate settlers, who at length were
+        glad to get rid of them by paying a ransom of 4,000 bushels of maize.
+        Morgan had begun to despair of their return, when they arrived with
+        the captured ship and an enormous supply of the needed corn.</p>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Captain Morgan
+        having divided the maize, and the flesh which the hunters brought in,
+        among the ships according to their number of men, he departed, having
+        inspected beforehand every ship. <span class="tei tei-q">“Thus he set
+        sail, and stood for Cape Tiburon, where he resolved to determine what
+        enterprise he should take in hand. No sooner were they arrived, but
+        they met some other ships newly come to join them from Jamaica; so
+        that now their fleet consisted of thirty-seven ships, wherein were
+        2,000 fighting men, beside mariners and boys.</span></p>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class=
+        "tei tei-q">“Captain Morgan having such a number of ships, divided
+        the whole fleet into two squadrons, constituting a Vice-Admiral and
+        other officers of the second squadron distinct from the first. To
+        these he gave letters patent, or commissions to act all manner of
+        hostilities against the Spanish nation, and take of them what ships
+        they could, either abroad at sea or in the harbours, as if they were
+        open and declared enemies (as he termed it) of the King of England,
+        his pretended master. This done, he called all his captains and other
+        officers together, and caused them to sign some articles of agreement
+        betwixt them, and in the name of all. Herein it was stipulated that
+        he should have the hundredth part of all that was gotten to himself;
+        that every captain should draw the shares of eight men for the
+        expenses of his ship besides his own. To the surgeon, besides his
+        pay, 200 pieces of eight for his chest of medicaments. To every
+        carpenter, above his salary, 100 pieces of eight. The rewards were
+        settled in this voyage much higher than before: as, for the loss of
+        both hands, 1,800 pieces of eight, or eighteen slaves; for one leg,
+        whether right or left, 600 pieces of eight, or six slaves; for a hand
+        as much as for a leg; and for the loss of an eye 100 pieces of eight
+        or one slave. Lastly, to him that in any battle should signalise
+        himself, either by entering first any castle, or taking down the
+        Spanish colours and setting up the English, they allotted fifty
+        pieces of eight for a reward. All which extraordinary salaries and
+        rewards to be paid out of the first spoil they should take, as every
+        one should occur to be either rewarded or paid.”</span> The first
+        captain who should take a Spanish vessel was to receive the tenth
+        part of its value. One of three cities was to be attacked—Carthagena,
+        Panama, or Vera Cruz; and after a council had been held the lot fell
+        on Panama. They resolved to first visit the Isle of St. Catherine,
+        there to obtain guides for the enterprise.</p>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">As soon as Captain
+        Morgan approached the island he sent one of his best sailing vessels
+        to examine the entrance of the river, and see whether there were any
+        foreign ships there, and next day they anchored in a neighbouring
+        bay, where the Spaniards had built a battery, which made no
+        resistance. Morgan landed about 1,000 men, and marched them through
+        the woods, where they discovered another deserted battery, the
+        Spaniards having retired to the smaller and adjacent island, which
+        was thoroughly fortified. As soon as the pirates <span class=
+        "tei tei-pb" id="page46">[pg 46]</span><a name="Pg046" id="Pg046"
+        class="tei tei-anchor"></a>got in range the Spaniards opened a
+        furious fire upon them, and the former were that day compelled to
+        retreat to a hungry camp, as they had come utterly unprovided, while
+        about midnight the rain somewhat damped their ardour. They passed a
+        miserable and shelterless night; nor did the weather improve next
+        day, when they found in the fields an old lean and diseased horse,
+        which they killed and ate, but this was not anything like sufficient
+        to satisfy the cravings of their hunger, as it afforded only a morsel
+        each for a part of them, some being compelled to go entirely without.
+        But nothing could daunt Morgan, and he had the audacity to send a
+        canoe with a flag of truce to the Spanish governor, telling him that
+        he would put the Spaniards to the sword, without quarter, if they did
+        not instantly submit.</p>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">In the afternoon
+        the canoe returned with this answer:—<span class="tei tei-q">“That
+        the governor desired two hours’ time to deliberate with his officers
+        about it, which having passed he would give his positive
+        answer.”</span> This time elapsed, the governor sent two canoes with
+        white colours, having on board two persons to treat with Captain
+        Morgan; but, before they landed, they demanded of the pirates two men
+        as hostages. These were readily granted by Captain Morgan, who
+        delivered up two of his captains for a pledge of the security
+        required. The Spaniards then announced that they had resolved to
+        deliver up the island, not being provided with sufficient forces to
+        defend it against a fleet. Morgan was asked to use a stratagem of
+        war, for the better saving of their credit, which was as
+        follows:—That he would come with his troops by night to the bridge
+        that joined the smaller island to the principal one, and there attack
+        the fort of St. Jerome; that at the same time all his fleet would
+        draw near the castle of Santa Teresa and attack it by land, landing
+        in the meantime more troops near the battery of St. Matthew; that
+        these troops being landed, should by this means intercept the
+        governor as he endeavoured to pass to St. Jerome’s fort, and then
+        take him prisoner, making pretence as if they had forced him to
+        deliver the castle, and that he would lead the English into it under
+        colour of being his own troops. That on both sides there should be
+        continual firing carried on, but without bullets, or at least that
+        they should be fired only into the air, so that no side might be
+        hurt. That thus having obtained two such considerable forts, the
+        chiefest of the isle, he need not take care for the rest, which must
+        fall of course into his hands.</p>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">These propositions
+        were granted by Captain Morgan, and, soon after, he commanded the
+        whole fleet to enter the port, and his men to be ready to assault
+        that night the Castle of St. Jerome. Thus the false battle began,
+        with incessant firing from both the castles against the ships, but
+        without bullets, as was agreed. Then the pirates landed, and
+        assaulted the lesser island by night, which they took, with both the
+        fortresses, forcing the Spaniards, in appearance, to fly to the
+        church.</p>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">St. Catherine’s
+        thus became an easy prey to Morgan and his followers, and the first
+        few days were simply spent in riotous feasting. The prisoners which
+        they had taken numbered 459 souls; and besides all kinds of plunder
+        they secured no less than thirty thousand pounds of powder, together
+        with large quantities of other ammunition. The fortresses were, with
+        one exception, demolished.</p>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Morgan’s next
+        enterprise was against the important city of Panama. He took with him
+        1,200 men, five boats laden with artillery, and thirty-two canoes.
+        But the Chagres <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page47">[pg
+        47]</span><a name="Pg047" id="Pg047" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>river
+        of the time was very like that of to-day—a shallow stream, except in
+        the freshet season—and after a few days of tedious progress, they
+        left it, preferring to continue their journey by land. On this trip a
+        pipe of tobacco was the only supper that many of them could obtain,
+        while a piece of leather, washed down by a draught of muddy water,
+        formed, by comparison, a splendid meal.</p>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">On the ninth day
+        of that tedious journey, Captain Morgan marched on while the fresh
+        air of the morning lasted, a common practice in very hot countries.
+        The way was now more difficult than before; but after two hours’
+        march they observed some Spaniards in the distance, who watched their
+        motions. They endeavoured to catch some of them, but could not, as
+        they would suddenly disappear, and hide themselves in caves among the
+        rocks, unknown to the pirates. At last, ascending a high hill, the
+        latter saw in the distance the blue waters of the Pacific, then known
+        as the South Sea. This happy sight, as it seemed the end of their
+        labours, caused great joy among them; they could see, also, one ship
+        and six boats, which were sailing from Panama, and proceeded to the
+        Islands of Torvoga and Tavogilla; then they came to a valley, where
+        they found cattle in abundance, of which they killed a number. There,
+        while some killed and flayed horses, cows, bulls, and asses, others
+        kindled fires, and got wood to roast them; then cutting the flesh
+        into convenient pieces, or gobbets, they threw them into the fire,
+        and, half burnt or roasted, they devoured them with greedy appetite.
+        Such was their hunger, they behaved as though they were rather
+        cannibals than Europeans, <span class="tei tei-q">“the blood many
+        times running down from their beards to their waists.”</span></p>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">A little while
+        after they came in sight of the highest steeple in Panama; and one
+        can imagine their satisfaction. All their trumpets were sounded, and
+        drums beat. Then they pitched their camp for that night; the whole
+        army waiting with impatience for the morning, when they intended to
+        attack the city. During the evening fifty horse appeared, who came
+        out of the city on the noise of the drums and trumpets, to observe
+        the enemy’s position, and came almost within musket-shot of the army.
+        Those on horseback hallooed to the pirates, and threatened them,
+        saying, <span class="tei tei-q">“Perros! nos veremos!”</span>—that
+        is, <span class="tei tei-q">“Ye dogs! we shall meet ye!”</span> They
+        then returned to the city, except only seven or eight horsemen, who
+        hovered about to watch the pirates. <span class=
+        "tei tei-q">“Immediately after the city fired, and ceased not to play
+        their biggest guns all night long against the camp, but with little
+        or no harm to the pirates, whom they could not easily reach. Now also
+        the 200 Spaniards, whom the pirates had seen in the afternoon,
+        appeared again, making a show of blocking up the passages, that no
+        pirates might escape their hands. But the pirates, though in a manner
+        besieged, instead of fearing their blockades, as soon as they had
+        placed sentinels about their camp, opened their satchels, and,
+        without any napkins or plates, fell to eating very heartily the
+        pieces of bulls’ and horses’ flesh which they had reserved since
+        noon. This done they laid themselves down to sleep on the grass, with
+        great repose and satisfaction, expecting only with impatience the
+        dawning of the next day.</span></p>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class=
+        "tei tei-q">“The tenth day, betimes in the morning, they put all
+        their men in order, and, with drums and trumpets sounding, marched
+        directly towards the city; but one of the guides directed Captain
+        Morgan not to take the common highway, lest they should find in it
+        many <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page48">[pg 48]</span><a name=
+        "Pg048" id="Pg048" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>ambuscades. He took his
+        advice, and chose another way through the wood, though very irksome
+        and difficult. The Spaniards, perceiving the pirates had taken
+        another way they scarce had thought of, were compelled to leave their
+        barricades and batteries, and come out to meet them. The Governor of
+        Panama put his forces in order, consisting of two squadrons, four
+        regiments of foot, and a large number of wild bulls, which were
+        driven by a large number of Indians, with some negroes and others to
+        help them.”</span></p>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">The pirates, now
+        upon their march, came to the top of a low hill, whence they had a
+        prospect of the city and champaigne country underneath. Here they
+        found the forces of the people of Panama in battle array to be so
+        numerous that they were rather alarmed. Much doubting the fortunes of
+        the day, most of them wished themselves at home, or at least free
+        from the obligation of fighting at that moment, but it was obvious
+        that they must either fight resolutely or die; for no quarter could
+        be expected from an enemy on whom they had committed so many
+        cruelties. They divided themselves into three battalions, sending in
+        advance two hundred bucaniers, who were good shots. Descending the
+        hill they marched directly towards the Spaniards, who waited for
+        their coming. As soon as they approached, the Spaniards began to
+        shout and cry, <span class="tei tei-q">“Viva el Roy!”</span>
+        (<span class="tei tei-q">“God save the King!”</span>) and immediately
+        their horse moved against the pirates; but the fields being full of
+        quagmires, soft under foot, they could not wheel about as they
+        desired. The two <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page49">[pg
+        49]</span><a name="Pg049" id="Pg049" class=
+        "tei tei-anchor"></a>hundred bucaniers who went before, each putting
+        one knee to the ground, began the battle briskly with a full volley
+        of shot; the Spaniards defended themselves courageously, doing all
+        they could to disorder the enemy. Their infantry endeavoured to
+        second the cavalry, but were constrained by the pirates to leave
+        them. Finding themselves baffled, they attempted to drive a number of
+        half-wild bulls against them behind, to put them into disorder; but
+        the cattle ran away frightened with the noise of the battle; some few
+        broke through the English companies, and only tore the colours in
+        pieces, while the bucaniers shot every one of them dead.</p>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">The battle having
+        continued two hours, the greater part of the Spanish horse was
+        routed, and almost all killed; the rest fled, which the foot seeing,
+        and finding that they could not possibly prevail, they discharged the
+        shot they had in their muskets, and throwing them down, fled away,
+        every one as he could. The pirates could not follow them, being too
+        much harassed and wearied with their long journey. Many, not being
+        able to fly whither they desired, hid themselves temporarily among
+        the shrubs of the sea-side, but very unfortunately, for most of them
+        being found by the pirates were instantly killed, without any
+        quarter. Some priests were brought prisoners before Captain Morgan,
+        but he was deaf to their cries, and commanded them all to be
+        pistolled, which was done. Soon after they brought a captain to him,
+        whom he examined very strictly as to the forces of Panama. He
+        answered, their whole strength consisted in four hundred horse,
+        twenty-four companies of foot, each of one hundred men complete;
+        sixty Indians and some negroes, who were to drive two thousand wild
+        bulls upon the English, and thus, by breaking their files, put them
+        into a total disorder; besides, that in the city they had made
+        trenches and raised batteries in several places; and that at the
+        entry of the highway leading to the city, they had built a fort
+        mounted with eight great brass guns, defended by fifty men. The
+        pirates were now, however, both elated by their successes and furious
+        at their losses, and that same day the city fell completely into
+        their hands. Strict injunctions were given to the freebooters not to
+        even taste the wine they found, as the captain feared that a
+        considerable amount of debauchery must ensue after the privations
+        they had endured. He gave out, however, that he had been informed
+        that the wine was poisoned. Captain Morgan, as soon as he had placed
+        the necessary guards, commanded twenty-five men to seize a large
+        boat, which had stuck in the mud of the port, for want of water, at a
+        low tide. The same day, about noon, he fired privately several great
+        edifices of the city, nobody knowing who was the author of the
+        outrage; the fire increased so that before night the greater part of
+        the city was in flames. Captain Morgan pretended that the Spaniards
+        had done it, finding that his own people blamed him for the action.
+        Many of the Spaniards, and some of the pirates, did what they could
+        either to quench the flames, or, by blowing up houses with gunpowder,
+        and pulling down others, to stop it, but almost in vain, for in less
+        than half an hour it consumed a whole street. All the houses of the
+        city were then built of cedar.</p><a name="illo_060" id="illo_060"
+        class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"></p>
+
+        <div class="tei tei-figure" style="text-align: center">
+          <img src="images/illo_060.png" alt="BURNING OF PANAMA" title=
+          "BURNING OF PANAMA." />
+
+          <div class="tei tei-head" style=
+          "text-align: center; margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em">
+            BURNING OF PANAMA.
+          </div>
+        </div>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Next day Captain
+        Morgan despatched away two troops, of 150 men each, to seek for the
+        inhabitants who had escaped. Above 200 prisoners, men, women, and
+        slaves, were taken. Three other boats were also taken. But all these
+        prizes they would willingly have given for one galleon, which
+        miraculously escaped, richly laden with the king’s plate, jewels, and
+        <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page50">[pg 50]</span><a name="Pg050"
+        id="Pg050" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>other precious goods of the
+        best and richest merchants of Panama; a number of nuns also had
+        embarked with them all the ornaments of their church, consisting of
+        gold, plate, and other things of great value. <span class=
+        "tei tei-q">“The strength of this galleon was inconsiderable, having
+        only seven guns and ten or twelve muskets, and very ill provided with
+        victuals, necessaries, and fresh water.”</span> They subsequently
+        took a tolerably rich prize, having on board 20,000 dollars in
+        coin.</p>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">February 24th,
+        1671, Captain Morgan departed from Panama, or rather from the place
+        where Panama had once stood.<a id="noteref_6" name="noteref_6" href=
+        "#note_6"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style=
+        "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">6</span></span></a> The
+        spoils included 175 beasts of burden, laden with silver and gold,
+        besides about 600 prisoners, men, women, children, and slaves.</p>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">When the march
+        began, the cries and shrieks of the unfortunate prisoners were
+        renewed, which did not worry Captain Morgan. They marched in the same
+        order as before, one party of the pirates in the van, the prisoners
+        in the middle, and the rest of the pirates in the rear, by whom the
+        miserable Spaniards were abused, punched, and thrust in their backs
+        and sides, to make them walk faster. A beautiful and virtuous lady,
+        the wife of a merchant, was led prisoner by herself, between two
+        pirates. Her lamentations pierced the skies, seeing herself carried
+        away into captivity, often crying to the pirates, and telling them
+        <span class="tei tei-q">“that she had given orders to two religious
+        persons, in whom she had relied, to go to a certain place, and fetch
+        so much as her ransom did amount to; that they had promised
+        faithfully to do it, but having obtained the money, instead of
+        bringing it to her, they had employed it another way, to ransom some
+        of their own and particular friends.”</span> This Captain Morgan
+        found to be true, and he gave the lady her liberty; otherwise he had
+        designed to transport her to Jamaica. But he detained the monks as
+        prisoners in her place, using them according to their deserts. Many
+        of the prisoners ransomed themselves later, while others were taken
+        to Jamaica and sold. About half-way across the Isthmus Morgan had his
+        men searched, going through the form himself. This was to see whether
+        any one had secreted valuables for his own use. The French pirates of
+        Morgan’s expedition took great offence at this, but they were forced
+        to submit. At Chagres the dividend was made, and there was a
+        considerable amount of dissatisfaction, his own companions telling
+        him to his face that he had reserved the best jewels for himself. It
+        appears likely that he had done so, and at all events, at this period
+        he suddenly sailed away from the larger part of his
+        pirate-associates, and left them in the lurch. Indeed, afterwards,
+        some of them suffered great privations before they reached the common
+        rendezvous in Jamaica.</p>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Many of Morgan’s
+        former associates vowed to murder him if they could catch him,
+        believing that he had enriched himself greatly at their expense. He,
+        for the nonce, settled in Jamaica, and married the daughter of a
+        wealthy man. Long after this the pirates sought means to punish him,
+        and hearing that he intended to retire to the island of St.
+        Catherine, vowed among themselves to waylay him on the voyage. An
+        unexpected incident saved Morgan. At this very crisis a new governor
+        (Lord Vaughan) arrived at Port Royal, Jamaica, bringing a royal order
+        for the successful bucanier to be sent to England, to answer the
+        complaints of the King of Spain, in regard to the depredations made
+        on his <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page51">[pg 51]</span><a name=
+        "Pg051" id="Pg051" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>subjects. Of his trial
+        little or nothing is known, but he was soon after knighted by Charles
+        II., and appointed Commissioner for the Admiralty at Jamaica!
+        Furthermore, in the autumn of 1680, the Earl of Carnarvon, then
+        Governor of Jamaica, returning to England, left the <span class=
+        "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">ci-devant</span></span>
+        pirate as his deputy, and Morgan seized the opportunity to hang many
+        of his old comrades! In the next reign he was thrown into
+        prison—wherefore, precisely is not known, and his final fate is
+        uncertain. So much for the vicissitudes of a pirate’s life.</p>
+      </div>
+
+      <div class="tei tei-div" style=
+      "margin-bottom: 5.00em; margin-top: 5.00em">
+        <a name="chap05" id="chap05" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> <a name=
+        "toc13" id="toc13"></a> <a name="pdf14" id="pdf14"></a>
+
+        <h2 class="tei tei-head" style=
+        "text-align: center; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em">
+        <span style="font-size: 144%">CHAPTER V.</span></h2>
+
+        <h2 class="tei tei-head" style=
+        "text-align: center; margin-bottom: 2.40em; margin-top: 2.40em">
+        <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: center"><span style=
+        "font-size: 120%; font-variant: small-caps">The Pirates and
+        Bucaniers</span></span> <span style=
+        "font-size: 120%">(</span><span class="tei tei-hi" style=
+        "text-align: center"><span style=
+        "font-size: 120%; font-style: italic">continued</span></span><span style="font-size: 120%">).</span></h2>
+
+        <div class="tei tei-argument" style=
+        "text-align: center; margin-bottom: 1.80em; margin-left: 3.60em; margin-top: 1.80em; margin-right: 3.60em">
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style=
+        "text-align: center; margin-bottom: 0.90em"><span style=
+        "font-size: 90%">The Exploits of Captain Sawkins—Three Ships attacked
+        by Canoes—Valiant Peralta—Explosion on Board—Miserable Sight on Two
+        Ship’s Decks—Capture of an Empty Ship—Dissatisfaction among the
+        Pirates—Desertion of many—Message from the Governor of Panama—The
+        Pirate Captain’s Bravado—His Death—Fear inspired on all the Southern
+        Coasts—Preparations for punishing and hindering the Bucaniers—Captain
+        Kidd—His first Commission as Privateer—Turns Pirate—The Mocha
+        Fleet—Almost a Mutiny on Board—Kills his Gunner—Capture of Rich
+        Prizes—A Rich Ransom derided—Grand Dividend—Kidd deserted by some of
+        his Men—Proclamation of Pardon—Kidd excepted—Rushes on his
+        Doom—Arrested in New York—Trial at the Old Bailey—Pleadings—Execution
+        with Six Companions.</span></p>
+        </div>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Among the great
+        bucaniers of the seventeenth century were Captains Coxon, Harris,
+        Bournano, Sawkins, and Sharp, of the exploits of only one or two of
+        whom we shall have space to speak. On one of their principal
+        expeditions they started with nine vessels, having on board 460 men,
+        and, after a desertion of two of the ships’ companies, had still
+        three-fourths of the number left. Their march from the coast of
+        Darien—the point of destination being the unfortunate city of
+        Panama—presented similar difficulties to those already experienced by
+        Morgan, and the narration of them would be, therefore, tedious. On
+        the way they took the town of Santa Maria, but did not obtain much
+        booty. From thence they proceeded by river, in thirty-five canoes and
+        a boat, to the Pacific Ocean. At the mouth of the river, and on the
+        rocks outside, some of them were shipwrecked, and for a time the
+        company became separated, although almost all of them were able
+        afterwards to rejoin. On the morning of April 23rd, 1680 (St.
+        George’s Day), they arrived within sight of the city of Panama, and
+        also in full view of some Spanish men-of-war ready for the fray, as
+        they immediately weighed anchor and sailed towards them. Some of the
+        canoes were sailing faster than the boats, and there was every fear
+        that the former would be run down by the ships. When the fight
+        commenced, the pirates had only sixty-eight men to contend against
+        228, Biscayans, mulattoes, and negroes.</p><a name="illo_064" id=
+        "illo_064" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"></p>
+
+        <div class="tei tei-figure" style="text-align: center">
+          <img src="images/illo_064.png" alt="VIEW OF PANAMA" title=
+          "VIEW OF PANAMA." />
+
+          <div class="tei tei-head" style=
+          "text-align: center; margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em">
+            VIEW OF PANAMA.
+          </div>
+        </div>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Captain Sawkins’s
+        canoe, and also that on which was the narrator of the fight, were
+        much to leeward of the rest, so that one of the Spanish ships came
+        between the two and fired on both, wounding, with these broadsides,
+        five men in the two canoes. But the commander paid dearly for his
+        passage between them, as he was not quick in coming about again, and
+        making the same way; for the pirates killed, with their first volley,
+        several of his men upon the decks. Thus they got also to windward, as
+        the rest were before. The admiral of this armadilla (or little fleet)
+        came up with them instantly, <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page52">[pg
+        52]</span><a name="Pg052" id="Pg052" class=
+        "tei tei-anchor"></a>scarce giving time to charge, thinking to pass
+        by them all with as little damage as the first of the ships had done.
+        But, as it happened, it turned out much the worse for him; for they
+        were so fortunate as to kill the man at the helm, so that his ship
+        ran into the wind, and her sails lay aback. By this means they all
+        had time to come up under her stern, and, firing continually into his
+        vessel, they killed all that came to the helm; besides which
+        slaughter they cut asunder his mainsheet and brace with their shot.
+        At this time the third vessel was coming to the aid of their general.
+        Hereupon Captain Sawkins, who had changed his canoe and had gone into
+        one of the boats, left the admiral to four canoes (for his own was
+        quite disabled), and met the captain of the second ship. <span class=
+        "tei tei-q">“Between him and Captain Sawkins,”</span> says the
+        chronicler, <span class="tei tei-q">“the dispute was very hot, lying
+        aboard each other, and both giving and receiving death as fast as
+        they could charge. While we were thus engaged the first ship tacked
+        about, and came up to relieve the admiral; but, we perceiving it, and
+        foreseeing how hard it would go with us if we should be beaten from
+        the admiral’s stern, determined to prevent his design. Hereupon two
+        of our canoes, to wit, Captain Springer’s and my own, stood off to
+        meet him. He made up directly towards the admiral, who stood upon the
+        quarter-deck waving unto him with a handkerchief so to do; but we
+        engaged him so closely in the middle of his way, that had he not
+        given us the helm, and made away from us, we had certainly been on
+        board him. We killed so many of the men that the vessel had scarce
+        men enough left alive, or unwounded, to carry her off; yet, the wind
+        now blowing fresh, they made shift to get away from us, and save
+        their lives.</span></p>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class=
+        "tei tei-q">“The vessel which was to relieve the admiral being thus
+        put to flight, we came about again upon the admiral, and all together
+        gave a loud halloo, which was answered <span class="tei tei-pb" id=
+        "page53">[pg 53]</span><a name="Pg053" id="Pg053" class=
+        "tei tei-anchor"></a>by our men in the periagua (large boat), though
+        at a distance from us. At that time we came so close under the stern
+        of the admiral, that we wedged up the rudder; and withal killed both
+        the admiral himself and the chief pilot of his ship; so that now they
+        were almost quite disabled and disheartened likewise, seeing what a
+        bloody massacre we had made among them with our shot. Hereupon,
+        two-thirds of his men being killed, and many others wounded, they
+        cried for quarter, which had several times been offered to them, and
+        as stoutly denied till then. Captain Coxon boarded the admiral, and
+        took with him Captain Harris, who had been shot through both his legs
+        as he boldly adventured up along the side of the ship. This vessel
+        being thus taken we put on board her all our wounded men, and
+        instantly manned two of our canoes to go and aid Captain Sawkins, who
+        had now been three times beaten from on board Peralta, such valiant
+        defence had he made; and, indeed, to give our enemies their due, no
+        men in the world did ever act more bravely than these
+        Spaniards.</span></p>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class=
+        "tei tei-q">“Thus coming close under Peralta’s side, we gave him a
+        full volley of shot, and expected to have the like return from him
+        again; but on a sudden we saw his men blown up that were abaft the
+        mast, some of them falling on the deck and others into the sea. This
+        disaster was soon perceived by their valiant captain Peralta; but he
+        leaped overboard, and, in spite of all our shot got several of them
+        back into the ship again, though he was much burnt in both his hands
+        himself. But as one misfortune seldom cometh alone, meanwhile he was
+        recovering these men to reinforce his ship withal and renew the
+        fight, another jar of powder took fire forward, and blew up several
+        others upon the forecastle. Among this smoke, and under the
+        opportunity thereof, Captain Sawkins laid them on board, and took the
+        ship.”</span></p>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Soon after they
+        were taken the narrator went on board Captain Peralta’s vessel to see
+        what condition they were in, and a miserable sight it was; for there
+        was not a man that was not either killed, desperately wounded, or
+        horribly burnt with powder. Their dark skins were frequently turned
+        white, the powder having torn it from their flesh and bones. On the
+        admiral’s ship there were but twenty-five men alive out of
+        eighty-six. Of these twenty-five men only eight were able to bear
+        arms, all the rest being desperately wounded and by their wounds
+        totally disabled to make any resistance, or defend themselves. Their
+        blood ran down the decks in whole streams, and scarce one place in
+        the ship was found that was free from blood.</p>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Having possessed
+        themselves of these two vessels, Captain Sawkins asked the prisoners
+        how many men there were on board the greatest ship, lying in the
+        harbour of the island of Perico, as also on the others that were
+        something smaller. Captain Peralta hearing these questions, dissuaded
+        him as much as he could, saying that in the biggest alone there were
+        three hundred and fifty men, and that he would find the rest too well
+        provided for defence against his small number. But one of the men who
+        lay dying upon the deck contradicted Peralta as he was speaking, and
+        told Captain Sawkins there was not one man on board those ships that
+        were in view, for they had all been taken out of them to fight the
+        pirates, in the three vessels just taken. These words were credited
+        as proceeding from a dying man; and steering their course to the
+        island they went on board them, and found, as he had said, not one
+        person there. The largest of the ships, which was called <span class=
+        "tei tei-name"><span style="font-style: italic">La</span>
+        <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page54">[pg 54]</span><a name="Pg054"
+        id="Pg054" class="tei tei-anchor"></a><span style=
+        "font-style: italic">Santissima Trinidad</span></span>, they had set
+        on fire. They had also made a hole in her, and loosened her
+        fore-sail. But they quenched the fire with all speed, and stopped the
+        leak. This being done they put their wounded men on board her, and
+        made her for the present their hospital.</p>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Having surveyed
+        their own loss, they found eighteen of their men had been killed in
+        the fight, and twenty-two wounded. The three captains against whom
+        they had fought had been esteemed by the Spaniards the bravest in all
+        the <span class="tei tei-q">“South Seas”</span>; neither was their
+        reputation undeserved, as may easily be inferred from the narrative
+        given of the engagement. As the third ship was running away from the
+        fight, she met with two more coming out to their assistance; but gave
+        them so little encouragement that they turned back and dared not
+        engage the pirates. The fight began about half an hour after sunrise,
+        and by noon the battle was finished. Captain Peralta, while he was
+        their prisoner, would often break out into admiration of their
+        valour, and say that surely <span class="tei tei-q">“Englishmen were
+        the most valiant men in the whole world, who endeavoured always to
+        fight openly, whilst all other nations invented all the ways
+        imaginable to barricade themselves, and fight as close as they
+        could.”</span></p>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Other vessels were
+        shortly afterwards taken. But in spite of their successes, there was
+        dissatisfaction among some of the pirates, and Captain Coxon was
+        openly branded as a coward by some of them, for the small part he had
+        taken in the engagement. He immediately deserted with seventy of the
+        men. Soon afterwards other pirates, however, joined the forces.</p>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Eight days after
+        their arrival at Tavoga (now called Toboga), they took a ship that
+        was coming from Truxillo, and bound for Panama. In this vessel they
+        found two thousand jars of wine, fifty jars of gunpowder, and
+        fifty-one thousand pieces of eight. This money had been sent from
+        that city to pay the soldiers belonging to the garrison of Panama.
+        From the prize they had information that there was another ship
+        coming from Lima with one hundred thousand pieces of eight more,
+        which vessel was to sail ten or twelve days after them, and which,
+        they said, could not be long before she arrived at Panama. Within two
+        days after this intelligence they took another ship laden with flour
+        from Truxillo, and the men on this prize confirmed what the first had
+        told them, and said that the rich vessel might be expected there in
+        the space of eight or ten days.</p>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">While they lay at
+        Tavoga the President or Governor of Panama sent a message by some
+        merchants to them to know what they came for. To this message Captain
+        Sawkins made answer that <span class="tei tei-q">“he came to assist
+        the King of Darien, who was the true lord of Panama and all the
+        country thereabouts, and that since he had come so far it was
+        reasonable that they should have some satisfaction. So that if he
+        pleased to send five hundred pieces of eight for each man and one
+        thousand for each commander, and would not any further annoy the
+        Indians, but suffer them to use their own power and liberty, as
+        became the true and natural lords of the country, that then they
+        would desist from further hostilities, and go away peaceably;
+        otherwise, that he should stay there, and get what he could, causing
+        the Spaniards what damage was possible.”</span> From the Panama
+        merchants they learned there lived there as Bishop of Panama, one who
+        had formerly been Bishop of Santa Martha, and who had been prisoner
+        to Captain Sawkins when he took <span class="tei tei-pb" id=
+        "page55">[pg 55]</span><a name="Pg055" id="Pg055" class=
+        "tei tei-anchor"></a>the place about four or five years before. The
+        captain having received this intelligence sent two loaves of sugar to
+        the bishop as a present. The next day the merchant who carried them,
+        returning to Tavoga, brought the captain a gold ring, and a message
+        to Captain Sawkins from the President above mentioned, to know
+        farther of him, since they were Englishmen, <span class=
+        "tei tei-q">“From whom they had their commission, and to whom he
+        ought to complain for the damages they had already done them?”</span>
+        To this message Captain Sawkins sent back for an answer, <span class=
+        "tei tei-q">“that as yet all his company were not come together, but
+        that when they were come up, they would come and visit him at Panama,
+        and bring their commissions on the muzzles of their guns; at which
+        time he should read them as plain as the flame of gunpowder could
+        make them.”</span> But Sawkins’s bravado never came to anything, and
+        he was shortly afterwards killed at Puebla Nueva.</p>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">But the impression
+        made by the pirates’ deeds had spread far and wide. Some time
+        afterwards, when Captain Sharp, who succeeded Sawkins, and had made
+        several captures in the meantime, took a vessel of the Spanish armada
+        on that coast (not the Great Armada, gentle reader; the word simply
+        signifies <span class="tei tei-q">“fleet”</span>) the captain proved
+        to them in a speech how the fame and fear of the pirates had pervaded
+        the South Pacific, and what preparations had been made to resist
+        them. He said, <span class="tei tei-q">“Gentlemen, I am now your
+        prisoner of war by the overruling providence of Fortune; and,
+        moreover, am very well satisfied that no money whatsoever can procure
+        my ransom, at least for the present, at your hands; hence I am
+        persuaded it is not my interest to tell you a lie, which if I do, I
+        desire you to punish me as severely as you think fit. We heard of
+        your taking and destroying our armadilla and other ships at Panama,
+        about six weeks after that engagement, by two several barks which
+        arrived here from thence; but they could not inform us whether you
+        designed to come any farther to the southward, but rather desired we
+        would send them speedily all the help by sea that we possibly could;
+        hereupon we sent the rumour of your being in these seas to Lima,
+        desiring they would expedite what succour they could send to join
+        with ours. We had at that time in our harbour two or three great
+        ships, but all of them very unfit to sail; for this reason, at Lima,
+        the Viceroy of Peru pressed three large merchant-ships, into the
+        biggest of which he put fourteen brass guns, into the second ten, and
+        in the other six. Unto these he added two barks, and put 750 men on
+        board them all. Of this number of men they landed eight score at
+        Point St. Helen, all the rest being carried down to Panama, with
+        design to fight you there. Besides these forces two other men-of-war,
+        bigger than the afore-mentioned, are still lying at Lima, and fitting
+        out with all speed to follow and pursue you. One of these men-of-war
+        is equipped with thirty-six brass guns, and the other with thirty;
+        these ships, besides their complement of seamen, have 400 soldiers
+        added to them by the viceroy. Another man-of-war belonging to this
+        number, and lesser than the afore-mentioned, is called the
+        <span class="tei tei-name"><span style=
+        "font-style: italic">Patache</span></span>. This ship carries
+        twenty-four guns, and was sent to Arica to fetch the king’s plate
+        from thence; but the viceroy having received intelligence of your
+        exploits at Panama, sent for this ship back from thence in such haste
+        that they came away and left the money behind them. Hence the
+        <span class="tei tei-name"><span style=
+        "font-style: italic">Patache</span></span> now lies at the port of
+        Callao, ready to sail on the first occasion, or news of your arrival
+        thereabout; they having for this purpose sent to all parts very
+        strict orders to keep a good look-out on all sides, and all places
+        along <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page56">[pg 56]</span><a name=
+        "Pg056" id="Pg056" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>the coast. Since this,
+        from Manta, they sent us word that they had seen two ships at sea
+        pass by that place; and from the Goat Key also we heard that the
+        Indians had seen you, and that they were assured that one of your
+        vessels was the ship called <span class="tei tei-name"><span style=
+        "font-style: italic">La Trinidad</span></span>, which you had taken
+        before Panama, as being a ship well known in these seas. From hence
+        we concluded that your design was to ply and make your voyage
+        thereabouts. Now this bark wherein you took us prisoners being bound
+        for Panama, the Governor of Guayaquil sent us out before her
+        departure, if possible, to discover you; which, if we did, we were to
+        run the bark on shore and get away, or else to fight you with these
+        soldiers and fire-arms that you see. As soon as we heard of your
+        being in the seas we built two forts, the one of six guns, and the
+        other of four, for the defence of the town. At the last muster taken,
+        in the town of Guayaquil, we had there 850 men of all colours; but
+        when we came out we left only 250 men that were actually under
+        arms.”</span> The story of Sharp and others of the pirates, after
+        this, shows that the Spanish preparations had a very decided effect
+        on the spoils they were able to acquire. Their gains were small; and
+        apart from the dangers of the sea, a number barely escaped being
+        massacred ashore at the Island of Plate. When they attempted to
+        return by the Straits of Magellan, they were tempest-tossed and
+        sorely tried. They could not find the entrance to the straits, and
+        eventually rounded America by what is described as <span class=
+        "tei tei-q">“an unknown way.”</span> That unknown route was
+        unmistakably <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style=
+        "font-style: italic">viâ</span></span> Cape Horn.</p>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Among the
+        notorious pirates probably no one is better known in England than
+        Captain Robert Kidd, whose trial and execution formed the subject of
+        many once popular ballads. He commenced life in the king’s service,
+        and had so far distinguished himself, that we find him in the first
+        month of 1695 receiving a commission from His Majesty William III. to
+        command a <span class="tei tei-q">“private”</span> man-of-war to
+        <span class="tei tei-q">“apprehend, seize, and take”</span> certain
+        American pirates. The privateer was actually fitted out at the
+        expense of Lord Bellamont, at one time Governor of Barbadoes, and
+        others, who knew the wealth that the pirates had acquired; and they
+        obtained the king’s commission, partly with the view of keeping the
+        men under better command, and also to give their enterprise some sort
+        of sanction of legality. Kidd sailed for New York, where he engaged
+        more men, increasing his officers and crew to a total of 150. Each
+        man was to have one share in any division of spoil, while he reserved
+        for himself and owners forty shares. This vessel was the <span class=
+        "tei tei-name"><span style=
+        "font-style: italic">Adventure</span></span> galley, of thirty
+        guns.</p>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">After calling at
+        Madeira and the De Verde Islands for provisions and necessaries, he
+        set sail for Madagascar, then a rendezvous of the Indian Ocean
+        pirates. After cruising on that and the Malabar coasts, where he was
+        not at first successful in meeting with any of the pirate vessels, he
+        touched at a place called Mabbee, on the Red Sea, where he helped
+        himself to a quantity of the natives’ corn, without offering payment.
+        Hitherto he had acted strictly in his capacity as a legalised
+        privateer, but he now began to show his true colours. The Mocha fleet
+        was expected shortly to pass that way, and when he proposed to his
+        crew that they should attack it, one and all agreed. He thereupon
+        sent a well-manned boat to reconnoitre, which returned in a few days
+        with the news that there were fourteen or fifteen ships about to
+        sail. It will be understood that the Mocha fleet had nothing to do
+        with American pirates, but was a commercial fleet, in this case
+        consisting of English, <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page57">[pg
+        57]</span><a name="Pg057" id="Pg057" class=
+        "tei tei-anchor"></a>Dutch, and Moorish vessels, convoyed by a vessel
+        or vessels of war, in the fashion of those days. The man at the
+        masthead soon announced its approach, and Kidd, getting into the
+        midst of the vessels, fired briskly at a Moorish ship. Two
+        men-of-war, however, bore down upon him, and knowing he was not a
+        match for them, Kidd reluctantly put on all sail, and ran away.
+        Shortly afterwards he took a small vessel belonging to Moorish
+        owners, the master being an Englishman, whom he forced into his
+        service as pilot. He used the men brutally, having them hoisted by
+        the arms and drubbed with a cutlass, to find out whether or no any
+        valuables were on board. As there was next to nothing to be found, he
+        seized some quantity of coffee and pepper, and let the vessel go.
+        When he touched shortly afterwards at a Moorish port, he found that
+        he was suspected, and soon after this he discovered that many places
+        along the coast had become alarmed. A Portuguese man-of-war was
+        despatched after him, and met him; he fought her gallantly for about
+        six hours, when he again became convinced that prudence, in his case,
+        was the better part of valour, and made good his escape.</p>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Not long after
+        this he encountered a Moorish vessel, having for master a Dutch
+        <span class="tei tei-q">“schipper.”</span> Kidd chased her under
+        French colours, and hailed her in the same language. A Frenchman on
+        board answered, when he was told, <span class="tei tei-q">“you are
+        the captain,”</span> meaning, <span class="tei tei-q">“you must
+        be.”</span> Kidd’s reason for this was that he held, in addition to
+        his commission against pirates, one called a <span class=
+        "tei tei-q">“commission of reprisal”</span> against French vessels.
+        At this time he seems to have been almost doubtful as to his course
+        of action, for while he took the cargo of the last-named ship, he
+        refused to attack a Dutch vessel which he met some time afterwards.
+        In this case there was almost a mutiny on board, a majority being in
+        favour of attack. Many threatened even to man a boat and seize her,
+        which Kidd prevented by swearing that if they did they would never
+        come on board his ship again. His gunner shortly afterwards
+        reproached him with this matter, and said that he had ruined them
+        all. Kidd, whose career might have ended much sooner than it did, if
+        the mutinous ones had been so disposed, was equal to the emergency.
+        Politely calling his gunner <span class="tei tei-q">“a dog,”</span>
+        he raised a bucket and broke it over the unfortunate man’s skull, who
+        died a day after. A Portuguese prize of tolerable value, containing
+        Indian goods, jars of butter, bags of rice, wax, &amp;c., was taken
+        shortly afterwards, and this put the crew in better humour, which was
+        vastly increased when he fell in with the <span class=
+        "tei tei-name"><span style="font-style: italic">Quieda
+        Merchant</span></span>, a richly-laden Moorish ship of 400 tons,
+        having for master an Englishman named Wright. Kidd chased her under
+        French colours, and took her without a struggle. There were hardly
+        any Europeans on board, but there were a number of Armenian
+        merchants. The pirate at first proposed that they should pay a
+        ransom, and that he would let them depart in peace. They offered a
+        sum something under £3,000, at which he laughed, and seized the
+        vessel, selling the cargo at various points, where he also left the
+        crew. When the division of the spoil was made, each man netted about
+        £200, while his forty shares amounted to a total of £8,000. In spite
+        of these enormous gains he was not above cheating some poor natives
+        shortly afterwards, who up to that time had been accustomed to look
+        upon even pirates as fair dealers in petty matters.</p>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">With the
+        <span class="tei tei-name"><span style="font-style: italic">Quieda
+        Merchant</span></span> and <span class="tei tei-name"><span style=
+        "font-style: italic">Adventure</span></span> he sailed once more for
+        Madagascar, where he, unfortunately for himself, met with some
+        Englishmen who knew him. Among them <span class="tei tei-pb" id=
+        "page58">[pg 58]</span><a name="Pg058" id="Pg058" class=
+        "tei tei-anchor"></a>was a pirate named Culliford. When they met,
+        they told him that they had been informed he was sent out to take
+        them and hang them. Kidd laughed at their fears, and told them that
+        they might look upon him as a brother, pledging them in wine. The
+        <span class="tei tei-name"><span style=
+        "font-style: italic">Adventure</span></span> was now old and leaky,
+        and Kidd shifted his guns and stores to the prize. Here he acted
+        fairly to his men, by dividing such of the cargo, &amp;c., which was
+        available; a number of them returned the compliment by deserting him,
+        others remaining in the country, and some going on board Captain
+        Culliford’s ship.</p>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">At Amboyna, where
+        he touched soon afterwards, he learnt that his proceedings were
+        understood in England, and that he had been declared a pirate. The
+        fact was that questions had been asked in Parliament regarding the
+        commission which had been given to him, and those who had fitted out
+        the vessel. The discussion seemed to Lord Bellamont to bear hardly on
+        him, and after Kidd’s execution, he published a pamphlet defending
+        his course. But to stop the piracy so common in those days, a free
+        pardon was offered to those pirates who had been engaged in the
+        Eastern African waters who should surrender their persons any time
+        prior to the 30th April, 1699. Kidd and Avery, the latter of whom we
+        shall hereafter meet, were excepted distinctly in the proclamation.
+        When Kidd left Amboyna he most certainly did not know this fact, or
+        he would not have rushed into the lion’s jaw. Trusting to his money,
+        and his influence with Lord Bellamont, he sailed for New York, where
+        on arrival he was arrested with other of his companions, and sent to
+        England for trial.</p>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">A solemn session
+        of Admiralty was that which met at the Old Bailey, in May, 1701, when
+        Captain Kidd and nine others were arraigned for piracy and robbery on
+        the high seas. All were found guilty except three, who were proved to
+        have been apprentices. Kidd was also tried for the murder of his
+        gunner, and found guilty. The men pleaded variously, and two of them
+        had undoubtedly surrendered themselves within the time limited by the
+        proclamation. Colonel Bass, the Governor of West Jersey (now the
+        state of New Jersey, adjoining that of New York), corroborated this
+        statement. It was shown that they had not surrendered to a commission
+        of four specially sent over for the purpose, and they were condemned
+        to die. This was, as far as the writer can judge, a hard case.
+        Another seaman, Darby Mullins, said in his defence that he served
+        under the king’s commission, and had no right to disobey any commands
+        of his superior officer; that, in fact, the men were never allowed to
+        question his authority, because it would destroy all discipline; and
+        that even if unlawful acts were committed, the officers were the
+        persons to answer it, not the men. He was answered that serving as he
+        did only entitled him to do that which was lawful, not that which was
+        unlawful. He replied that the case of a seaman must be bad indeed, if
+        he were punished in both cases, for obeying and for not obeying his
+        officers, and that if he were allowed to dispute his superior’s
+        orders, there would be no such thing as command on the high seas.
+        This ingenious defence availed him nothing; he had taken a share of
+        the plunder, and had mutinied, showing no regard to the commission;
+        and further, had acted in accordance with the customs of pirates and
+        freebooters. The jury brought him in guilty with the rest.</p>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Kidd’s defence was
+        not strong, as a matter of legal argument. He insisted that he had
+        been more sinned against than sinning. He said that he went out on a
+        laudable <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page59">[pg 59]</span><a name=
+        "Pg059" id="Pg059" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>employment, and had no
+        occasion, being then in good circumstances, to go a pirating; that
+        the men had frequently mutinied, and that he had been threatened in
+        his own cabin, and that ninety-five deserted him at one time and set
+        fire to his boat, so that he was disabled from bringing his ship
+        home, or the prizes he took, to have them regularly condemned, which
+        prizes, he said, were taken under virtue of his commission, they
+        having French passes (false). A witness, Colonel Hewson, spoke highly
+        of his previous reputation for bravery. So much of his own statement
+        was doubtful or false that he was found guilty. When the judge put on
+        the black cap, Kidd stood up and said: <span class="tei tei-q">“My
+        lord, it is a very hard sentence. For my part I am the most innocent
+        person of them all, and have been sworn against by perjured
+        persons.”</span> A week after the bodies of Kidd and six of his men
+        were seen by the passers-by on the river, hanging high, suspended by
+        chains, a warning especially to the seamen of and entering to the
+        port of London not to turn pirates.</p>
+      </div>
+
+      <div class="tei tei-div" style=
+      "margin-bottom: 5.00em; margin-top: 5.00em">
+        <a name="chap06" id="chap06" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> <a name=
+        "toc15" id="toc15"></a> <a name="pdf16" id="pdf16"></a>
+
+        <h2 class="tei tei-head" style=
+        "text-align: center; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em">
+        <span style="font-size: 144%">CHAPTER VI.</span></h2>
+
+        <h2 class="tei tei-head" style=
+        "text-align: center; margin-bottom: 2.40em; margin-top: 2.40em">
+        <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: center"><span style=
+        "font-size: 120%; font-variant: small-caps">The Pirates of the
+        Eighteenth Century.</span></span></h2>
+
+        <div class="tei tei-argument" style=
+        "text-align: center; margin-bottom: 1.80em; margin-left: 3.60em; margin-top: 1.80em; margin-right: 3.60em">
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style=
+        "text-align: center; margin-bottom: 0.90em"><span style=
+        "font-size: 90%">Difference between the Pirates of the Seventeenth
+        and Eighteenth Centuries—Avery’s brief Career—A Captain all at
+        Sea—Capture of his Ship—Madagascar, a Rendezvous for Pirates—A Rich
+        Prize—The Great Mogul’s Ship taken—Immense Spoils—The Great Mogul’s
+        Rage—Avery’s Treachery—His Companions abandon their Evil Ways—The
+        Water-rat beaten by Land-rats—Avery dies in abject Poverty—A Pirate
+        Settlement on Madagascar—Roberts the Daring—Sails among a Portuguese
+        Fleet, and selects the best Vessel for his Prey—His Brutal
+        Destruction of Property—His End—Misson and Caraccioli—Communistic
+        Pirates—Their Captures—High Morality and Robbery combined—Their
+        Fates.</span></p>
+        </div>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">As we have seen,
+        the seventeenth century presented innumerable examples of piracy on a
+        grand scale. The eighteenth presents no examples of formidable
+        organisations; on the contrary, each pirate, as a rule, worked for
+        himself, and relied on the unaided strength of himself and crew. An
+        example is afforded by Avery. Captain Avery’s brief career was,
+        piratically considered, brilliant enough. In 1715 we find him mate of
+        a vessel starting from Bristol, and designed for a privateer. The
+        commander, Captain Gibson, was a convivial sailor, fond of his
+        bottle, and in port was usually found ashore. On the evening on which
+        the event about to be described took place, he was on board, but
+        having taken his usual dose or doses of strong liquor, had retired to
+        his berth. The crew not in the secret were also below, leaving on
+        deck only a few conspirators with whom Avery had made a compact. At
+        the time agreed some other conspirators came off in a long-boat, and
+        Avery hailed them, and was answered in the following terms:
+        <span class="tei tei-q">“Is your drunken boatswain
+        aboard?”</span>—the watch-word previously arranged. Avery replied in
+        the affirmative, and the boat, manned by sixteen stout fellows, came
+        alongside, and in a few minutes the hatches were secured, and the
+        ship put to sea. There were several vessels in port, and a Dutch
+        skipper was offered a considerable reward to pursue Avery, but he
+        declined. When Captain Gibson awoke he rang his bell, and Avery and
+        one of the men going into the cabin, found <span class="tei tei-pb"
+        id="page60">[pg 60]</span><a name="Pg060" id="Pg060" class=
+        "tei tei-anchor"></a>him only half awake. He inquired what was the
+        matter with the ship: <span class="tei tei-q">“Does she drive? What
+        weather is it?”</span> He thought she was still in port. <span class=
+        "tei tei-q">“No, no,”</span> answered Avery; <span class=
+        "tei tei-q">“we are at sea.”</span> <span class="tei tei-q">“At
+        sea!”</span> said the captain. <span class="tei tei-q">“How is
+        that?”</span> <span class="tei tei-q">“Come, come,”</span> said
+        Avery, <span class="tei tei-q">“put on your clothes, and I’ll let you
+        into a secret. You must know that I am captain now, and this is my
+        cabin; therefore you must walk out!”</span> He then explained his
+        intentions of proceeding to Madagascar on a piratical venture. The
+        captain was terribly frightened, but Avery reassured him by saying
+        that he could either go ashore, or, if he chose to make one of them,
+        and keep sober, he might in time be raised to the dignity of
+        lieutenant. Gibson preferred the former alternative, and, with four
+        or five men of the same mind, was put on shore.</p>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Avery sailed for
+        Madagascar, where he was joined by two sloops, the sailors on board
+        which were themselves well inclined to his enterprise, having just
+        before run away with the vessels from the East Indies. They sailed in
+        company, and off the mouth of the Indus the man at the masthead
+        espied a sail, and they gave chase. She was evidently a fine tall
+        vessel, possibly an East Indiaman. She proved something better, for,
+        when they fired a shot at her, she hoisted Mogul colours, and
+        appeared ready for a fight. The sloops first attacked, with Avery for
+        a support. The men of the sloops attacked on either quarter, and
+        boarded her; she immediately afterwards struck her colours. She was
+        one of the Great Mogul’s own ships, having on board many
+        distinguished persons of his own court, including one of his
+        daughters, going on a pilgrimage to the Holy City, Mecca. They were
+        carrying with them rich offerings to present at the shrine of
+        Mahomet. They were travelling in full Eastern magnificence, with
+        retinues and slaves, immense sums of money, jewellery, and plate. The
+        spoil which they obtained was immense, and after rifling the ship of
+        everything valuable, the pirates allowed her to depart. The news soon
+        reached the Great Mogul, and he was so enraged that he threatened to
+        extirpate the English on the Indian coast. The East India Company had
+        enough to do to pacify him, and only succeeded in doing so by
+        promising to use every endeavour to punish the pirates. Avery’s name
+        and fame soon after reached Europe, and, as might have been expected,
+        all kinds of wild fables were circulated concerning him.</p><a name=
+        "illo_073" id="illo_073" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"></p>
+
+        <div class="tei tei-figure" style="text-align: center">
+          <img src="images/illo_073.png" alt=
+          "AVERY CHASING THE GREAT MOGUL’S SHIP" title=
+          "AVERY CHASING THE GREAT MOGUL’S SHIP." />
+
+          <div class="tei tei-head" style=
+          "text-align: center; margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em">
+            AVERY CHASING THE GREAT MOGUL’S SHIP.
+          </div>
+        </div>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">On the voyage to
+        Madagascar Avery proposed to the commanders of the sloops that the
+        treasures taken should be collectively stored on board his own ship,
+        as being by far the strongest and safest place, until an opportunity
+        should occur for a division on land. They acceded, and the treasure
+        was brought on board, and, with what he had, deposited in three great
+        chests. Avery having got it on his own ship, suggested to his men
+        that they had now on board sufficient to make them all happy, and he
+        proposed that they should immediately make for some country where
+        they were not known, and <a name="corr060" id="corr060" class=
+        "tei tei-anchor"></a><span class="tei tei-corr">where</span> they
+        might live in plenty. They soon understood his hint, and pressing on
+        all sail, left the sloops’ crews to curse their perfidy. They
+        proceeded to America, and at the Island of Providence, then newly
+        settled, divided the spoils, and Avery pretending that his vessel had
+        been an unsuccessful privateer, sold her readily. He then purchased a
+        sloop, in which he and his companions sailed, and most of them landed
+        on various parts of the American coasts, and settled. They dispersed
+        over that country.</p>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Avery, however,
+        had carefully concealed the greater part of the jewels and other
+        <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page61">[pg 61]</span><a name="Pg061"
+        id="Pg061" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>valuable articles, so that his
+        riches were considerable. Arriving at Boston he was almost induced to
+        settle there; but as the greater part of his wealth consisted of
+        diamonds, he feared that if he attempted to dispose of them at that
+        place he should certainly be arrested as a pirate. He resolved,
+        therefore, to sail for the north of Ireland, where he dispersed his
+        men, some of whom obtained the pardon of King William, and eventually
+        became peaceable Irish settlers.</p>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">He found, however,
+        that it was as difficult to dispose of his diamonds in Ireland,
+        without rendering himself suspected, as in Boston. It, therefore,
+        occurred to him that Bristol might be a likely place to suit his
+        purpose, and he accordingly proceeded to Devonshire, having
+        previously made arrangements to meet one of his friends at Bideford.
+        The so-called friend introduced him to others, and the latter
+        persuaded him that the safest plan would be to place his effects in
+        the hands of some wealthy merchants who would make no inquiry as to
+        how he came by them. One of these persons informed him that he knew
+        merchants who would not bother him with inquiries, and Avery, falling
+        easily into the trap, assented to this proposal. Accordingly the
+        merchants who had been named paid him a visit at Bideford, where,
+        after protestations of honour and integrity on their part, he
+        delivered his diamonds and gold to them. After giving him a little
+        money for his immediate support, they departed.</p>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">The old pirate
+        changed his name, and lived quietly at Bideford, so that no notice
+        was taken of him. The first sum of money he had received from the
+        supposed merchants was soon spent, and for some time he heard nothing
+        from the latter, though he wrote to them <span class="tei tei-pb" id=
+        "page62">[pg 62]</span><a name="Pg062" id="Pg062" class=
+        "tei tei-anchor"></a>repeatedly. At length they sent him a small
+        supply, but it was not sufficient to pay his debts. He therefore
+        resolved to go at once to Bristol and have a personal interview with
+        the merchants themselves. However, on arriving there he met with a
+        mortifying repulse; for when he desired them to account with him,
+        they silenced him by threatening to disclose his real character; thus
+        proving themselves as good land-rats as he had been a water-rat.</p>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Avery went again
+        to Ireland, and from thence solicited the merchants very strongly,
+        but to no purpose, so that he was reduced to utter beggary. Next we
+        find him on board a trading vessel working his passage over to
+        Plymouth, from whence he travelled on foot to Bideford. He had been
+        there but a few days when he fell sick, and died, <span class=
+        "tei tei-q">“not being worth as much money as would buy him a
+        coffin.”</span> Such was the end of a man who had, in his brief
+        career, astonished and alarmed not merely the Great Mogul of all the
+        Indies, and the great East India Company, but had become a hero of
+        romance in Europe.</p>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">And now to return
+        to the unfortunate sloops. Their provisions were nearly exhausted,
+        and although fish and fowl were readily obtainable at Madagascar,
+        whither they returned, they had no salt to cure them for a long
+        voyage. They therefore made an encampment on the coast, where they
+        were joined by other piratical Englishmen who had selected the island
+        as a permanent place of settlement. When the pirates first settled
+        there many of the native princes were very friendly, and the former,
+        having fire-arms, which in those days the latter had not, often
+        joined in the inter-tribal wars, carrying terror wherever they went.
+        Half a dozen pirates with a small native army would put a much larger
+        number of the enemy to flight, and they were therefore great
+        personages, and were almost worshipped.</p>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">By these means
+        they became in a little time very formidable, and such prisoners as
+        they took in war were employed in cultivating the ground, and the
+        most beautiful of the women they married; nor were they contented
+        with one wife, but often adopted the practice of polygamy. The
+        natural result was, that they separated, each of them choosing a
+        convenient place for himself, where he lived in princely style,
+        surrounded by his family, slaves, and dependents. Nor was it long
+        before jarring interests excited them to draw the sword against each
+        other, and they appeared in the field of battle, at the head of their
+        respective clans as it were. In these civil wars their number and
+        strength were very soon greatly lessened.</p>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">These pirates, in
+        the strange manner elevated to the dignity of petty princes, and
+        being destitute of honourable principles, used their power with the
+        most wanton barbarity. The most trifling offences were punished with
+        death; the victim was led to a tree, and instantly shot through the
+        head. The negroes at length, exasperated by continual oppression,
+        formed the determination to exterminate their masters in the course
+        of a single night; and this was not apparently a very difficult
+        matter to accomplish, so much were they divided. Fortunately,
+        however, for them, a negro woman who was partial to them ran twenty
+        miles in three hours, and warning them of their danger, they were
+        united in arms to oppose the negroes before the latter had assembled.
+        This narrow escape made them more cautious. By degrees the original
+        stock of course died out, and when Captain Woods Rodgers called
+        <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page63">[pg 63]</span><a name="Pg063"
+        id="Pg063" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>there about thirty years after,
+        there were only eleven of them left, surrounded by a numerous progeny
+        of half-breed children. The circumstance will remind our readers of
+        the descendants of the mutineers of the <span class=
+        "tei tei-name"><span style="font-style: italic">Bounty</span></span>
+        on Pitcairn Island.</p>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">A little later we
+        find a remarkable pirate on the field of action. Captain Bartholomew
+        Roberts seems at first to have been really averse to the line of life
+        to which he afterwards took so kindly. When his commander, Captain
+        Davis, a pirate, died, the crew, in solemn conclave, selected
+        Roberts. He accepted the dignity, and told them that <span class=
+        "tei tei-q">“since he had dipped his hands in muddy water, and must
+        be a pirate, it was better being a commander than a private.”</span>
+        Very shortly afterwards he captured two vessels, the first Dutch and
+        the second English. The crew of the latter joined him, and emptied
+        and burned the vessel. On the Brazilian coast they were not
+        successful, but among the West Indian Islands they encountered a
+        fleet of forty-two sail of Portuguese ships, waiting for two
+        men-of-war to convoy them. Roberts, with his one little vessel,
+        determined to have one or more of them, and he sailed among the
+        fleet, keeping the larger part of his men concealed. He steered his
+        ship almost alongside one of them, hailed her, and ordered her master
+        to come on board quietly, threatening to give no quarter if the least
+        resistance were made, or even if a signal of distress were displayed.
+        The Portuguese, perceiving a sudden flash of cutlasses on board the
+        pirate ship—a <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style=
+        "font-style: italic">coup de théâtre</span></span> arranged by
+        Roberts—submitted at once. The newly-fledged pirate saluted the
+        captain courteously, and told him that he should go scot-free if he
+        indicated which was the richest ship in the fleet. He gladly pointed
+        to a large vessel, and, although very much superior in size and
+        apparent strength to his own, made towards her, carrying with him the
+        poor Portuguese captain, for reasons which will at once appear.
+        Coming alongside, Roberts made his unwilling prisoner ask in
+        Portuguese how Seignior Capitano did, and to invite him on board, as
+        he had a matter of great importance to impart. He was answered in the
+        affirmative, but Roberts perceiving an unusual movement on board, and
+        expecting that they meant to give him a broadside, forestalled them
+        by pouring in a shower of shot, and then grappled, boarded, and took
+        her. She proved herself a rich prize, laden with tobacco, sugar,
+        skins, and a goodly number of golden moidores. Roberts was not long
+        in securing the better part of her cargo, and speedily sailed
+        away.</p>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">After touching at
+        various points, they sailed for Newfoundland, entering the harbour of
+        Trepassi with the black flags flying, and drums and trumpets
+        sounding. The original account says that there were twenty-two
+        <span class="tei tei-q">“ships”</span> lying there, but it probably
+        means large fishing boats. The men aboard abandoned them, and the
+        pirates burnt or sunk them all, besides doing enormous damage ashore.
+        Roberts here took a small Bristol vessel, which he fitted and manned
+        for his own service. Shortly afterwards he destroyed ten French
+        <span class="tei tei-q">“ships”</span> (probably meaning, as before,
+        large fishing boats) on the banks of Newfoundland, and after that a
+        number of prizes of more value. At Martinique it had been the custom
+        of Dutch traders, when they approached the island, to hoist their
+        jacks. Roberts knew the signal, and imitated it, and the poor people
+        believing that a profitable market was at hand, vied with each other
+        who should first row out to the ship. As they one by one approached
+        he fired into and sunk them, determined to do them as much damage as
+        possible. This was in retaliation; he had heard that some cruisers
+        had been sent out to punish him.</p><span class="tei tei-pb" id=
+        "page64">[pg 64]</span><a name="Pg064" id="Pg064" class=
+        "tei tei-anchor"></a>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">But the end of
+        this brute was at hand. One morning, soon after leaving Martinique,
+        while he was at breakfast, he was informed that a man-of-war was at
+        hand. He took little notice, and his men were undetermined whether
+        she was a Portuguese ship or a French vessel. As she came nearer,
+        she, however, hoisted English colours, and proved to be the
+        <span class="tei tei-name"><span style=
+        "font-style: italic">Swallow</span></span>, a man-of-war of no
+        inconsiderable size. Roberts knew his danger, but determined to get
+        clear, or die in the attempt. A man on board, who was a deserter from
+        the <span class="tei tei-name"><span style=
+        "font-style: italic">Swallow</span></span>, informed him that she
+        sailed best upon the wind, and that the pirate-ship should,
+        therefore, go before it. The resolution was made to pass close to the
+        <span class="tei tei-name"><span style=
+        "font-style: italic">Swallow</span></span> under all sail, and to
+        receive her broadside before they returned a shot; if seriously
+        injured, to run on the shore to which they were close; or, should
+        both fail, to blow up together, and balk the enemy. The greater part
+        of his men were at this time drunk, for they had captured a quantity
+        of liquor not long before, and their brandy-courage was likely to
+        prove of the Dutch order. Roberts was determined to die game, and
+        dressed himself in his best uniform—a rich crimson damask waistcoat
+        and breeches, and a red feather in his hat, a gold chain and diamond
+        cross, two pairs of pistols in a silk sling hung over his shoulders,
+        and his sword in hand. In short, he was just the typical kind of
+        showy pirate of whom boys delight to read.</p>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">The <span class=
+        "tei tei-name"><span style="font-style: italic">Swallow</span></span>
+        approached, and poured in her fire; Roberts hoisted the black flag,
+        and passed her with all sail. But for a fatal mistake he might have
+        got clear away; but either by bad steering, or in not keeping his
+        vessel before the wind, she again came up very near him. He was
+        preparing for action, when a grape-shot struck him directly in the
+        throat, and he fell back dead on the tackles of a gun. The man at the
+        helm, one Stephenson, not at first thinking he was wounded, swore at
+        him, and upbraided him as a coward; but, almost immediately
+        afterwards, when he found that his captain was indeed dead, burst
+        into tears, and wished himself dead. The pirate-ship almost
+        immediately surrendered. His men threw his body overboard, with all
+        his finery and arms on, as he had repeatedly ordered during his
+        lifetime. Thus, at about forty years of age, perished a brave and
+        daring, though utterly reckless and unprincipled, man, who, under
+        better auspices, might have been of the greatest service to his
+        country.</p><a name="illo_077" id="illo_077" class=
+        "tei tei-anchor"></a>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"></p>
+
+        <div class="tei tei-figure" style="text-align: center">
+          <img src="images/illo_077.png" alt="DEATH OF “CAPTAIN” ROBERTS"
+          title="DEATH OF “CAPTAIN” ROBERTS." />
+
+          <div class="tei tei-head" style=
+          "text-align: center; margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em">
+            DEATH OF <span class="tei tei-q" style=
+            "text-align: center">“CAPTAIN”</span> ROBERTS.
+          </div>
+        </div>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">One of the most
+        remarkable pirates of the century was Captain Misson, who commenced
+        life in the French navy. When on leave at Rome he met one Caraccioli,
+        a priest, who had imbibed some peculiar religious and social views,
+        and who was afterwards, through his influence, admitted on board the
+        man-of-war on which he was then serving. Both on several occasions
+        showed a considerable amount of bravery. Caraccioli was a very
+        ambitious man, and freely aired his peculiar ideas before both his
+        friend Misson and the crew. His social views were of the communistic
+        order; he believed that every man had as much right to that which
+        would properly support him as to the air he breathed, and that wealth
+        and poverty were both wrong, and that the world needed remodelling.
+        It will be understood that he considered himself one of the men to do
+        it, and was by no means strict in his regard for the rightful
+        property of others. In a word, he meant to reform as much of the
+        world as possible by means of piracy!</p>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">So far, however,
+        both men were serving in the legitimate navy of France, but an
+        opportunity occurred of which they made the most. Off Martinique,
+        their vessel, the <span class="tei tei-name"><span style=
+        "font-style: italic">Victoire</span></span>, <span class="tei tei-pb"
+        id="page65">[pg 65]</span><a name="Pg065" id="Pg065" class=
+        "tei tei-anchor"></a>encountered an English man-of-war, the
+        <span class="tei tei-name"><span style=
+        "font-style: italic">Winchelsea</span></span>, and a smart engagement
+        followed, during which the French captain and his four principal
+        officers were killed. The master (presumably the navigating officer)
+        would have struck, but Misson took up the sword, ordering Caraccioli
+        to act as lieutenant, and, encouraging his men, fought for three
+        hours, when the powder-magazine of the <span class=
+        "tei tei-name"><span style=
+        "font-style: italic">Winchelsea</span></span> exploded, and only one
+        man, who died shortly afterwards, was saved for the moment. After
+        this unexpected termination, Caraccioli came to Misson, saluting him
+        as captain, and, in a very French manner, reminding him what Mahomet
+        and Darius had become from very small beginnings, showed him how he
+        might become sovereign of the Southern Seas, and enjoy a life of
+        liberty. Misson, who probably did not need a great deal of
+        convincing, agreed, and calling all hands together, told them that
+        any who would not follow his fortunes should be set ashore at places
+        whence they might easily return to France, but recommended them to
+        adopt the freebooter’s life. One and all cried, <span class=
+        "tei tei-q">“Vive le Capitaine Misson et son Lieutenant le savant
+        Caraccioli,”</span> and the <span class="tei tei-name"><span style=
+        "font-style: italic">Victoire</span></span> was at once transformed
+        from a vessel of the royal navy of France to a pirate-ship.</p>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">The crew selected
+        their officers; and then came the question as to what colours they
+        should fight under. The boatswain advised black, as the most
+        terrifying. Caraccioli strenuously opposed this, saying that they
+        were no pirates, but men who were resolved to assert that liberty
+        which nature had given them, and own no subjection to any one,
+        further than for the common good of all; that they would wage war on
+        the immensely rich, and defend the wretched. In short, he defined his
+        mission as a kind of piratical knight-errantry. <span class=
+        "tei tei-pb" id="page66">[pg 66]</span><a name="Pg066" id="Pg066"
+        class="tei tei-anchor"></a>He was to be the Don Quixote of the ocean.
+        He advised that, as they did not proceed upon the same grounds with
+        pirates, who were men of dissolute lives and no principles, they
+        should not adopt their colours. <span class=
+        "tei tei-q">“Ours,”</span> said he, <span class="tei tei-q">“is a
+        brave, a just, an innocent, and a noble cause—the cause of
+        liberty.”</span> He advised a white ensign, with the motto
+        <span class="tei tei-q">“For God and liberty”</span> inscribed upon
+        it. The valuable property on board was put under lock and key, for
+        the general benefit. When the plate belonging to the late captain was
+        going to the chest, the men unanimously voted it for Misson’s use.
+        Misson then spoke to the assembled crew; and the observations of this
+        moral robber are worthy of note. He said that, <span class=
+        "tei tei-q">“since they had resolved unanimously to seize upon and
+        defend their liberty, which ambitious men had usurped, and that this
+        could not be esteemed by impartial judges other than a brave and just
+        resolution, he was under an obligation to recommend to them a
+        brotherly love to each other, the banishment of all private piques
+        and grudges, and a strict agreement and harmony among themselves;
+        that in throwing off the yoke of tyranny, of which the action spoke
+        abhorrence, he hoped none would follow the example of tyrants, and
+        turn his back upon justice; for when equity was trodden under foot,
+        misery, confusion, and distrust naturally followed. He also advised
+        them to remember that there was a Supreme Being, the adoration of
+        whom reason and gratitude prompted us to, and our own interest would
+        engage us ... to conciliate; that he was satisfied that men born and
+        bred in slavery, by which their spirits were broken and made
+        incapable of so generous a way of thinking; who, ignorant of their
+        birthright, and the sweets of liberty, dance to the music of their
+        chains—which was, indeed, the greater part of the inhabitants of the
+        globe—would brand this generous crew with the invidious name of
+        pirates, and think it meritorious to be instrumental in their
+        destruction. Self-preservation, therefore, and not a cruel
+        disposition, obliged him to declare war against all such as should
+        refuse the entry of their ports, and against all who should not
+        immediately surrender and give up what their necessities required;
+        but in a more particular manner against all European ships and
+        vessels as concluded implacable enemies. And I do now,”</span> said
+        he, <span class="tei tei-q">“declare such war, and at the same time
+        recommend to you, my comrades, a humane and generous disposition
+        towards your prisoners, which will appear by so much more the effects
+        of a noble soul, as we are satisfied we should not meet the same
+        treatment should our ill-fortune, or more properly our disunion, or
+        want of courage, give us up to their mercy.”</span></p>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">And strangest of
+        all to tell, the pirate kept very closely to his creed. If he took a
+        small vessel, he would often let it go, after taking from the crew
+        their ammunition, or some comparatively trifling matters; he was
+        generous with his prisoners, and always spared life, except in open
+        fighting. Compared with some of the pirates whose lives have been
+        recorded in these pages he was an angel of light. Perhaps nothing
+        will better exemplify this than his conduct after taking a large
+        Dutch ship, the <span class="tei tei-name"><span style=
+        "font-style: italic">Nieuwstadt</span></span>, which had on board
+        seventeen slaves and some gold-dust. He ordered them to be clothed,
+        and told his men that trading in those of our own species could never
+        be right. He ordered them to be divided among the messes, that they
+        might sooner learn the French language. The Dutch prisoners soon
+        developed their latent tendencies for hard swearing and drinking; and
+        Misson found that his own men were becoming demoralised. He addressed
+        them all on board, and gave them a most serious lecture on the sin of
+        swearing.</p><span class="tei tei-pb" id="page67">[pg
+        67]</span><a name="Pg067" id="Pg067" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Vessel after
+        vessel was taken by him, the commanders of which were generally
+        patted on the back by Misson for their gallant defence, and always
+        treated with courteous hospitality. His greatest prize, among dozens
+        of others, was a Portuguese vessel of fifty guns. The vessels were
+        locked together. His crew found that instead of having it all their
+        own way, they were vigorously attacked. Expecting no quarter, they
+        contended fiercely, cleared the decks, and a number followed the
+        Portuguese on board their own ship. Misson seeing this called out,
+        <span class="tei tei-q">“<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style=
+        "font-style: italic">Elle est à nous; à
+        l’abordage!</span></span>”</span> and a crowd of his men boarded. He
+        engaged the captain, struck him so that he fell down the main-hatch,
+        and the Portuguese almost immediately struck. Misson lost fifty-six
+        men, and netted nearly £200,000 for himself and crew.<a id=
+        "noteref_7" name="noteref_7" href="#note_7"><span class=
+        "tei tei-noteref"><span style=
+        "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">7</span></span></a></p>
+      </div>
+
+      <div class="tei tei-div" style=
+      "margin-bottom: 5.00em; margin-top: 5.00em">
+        <a name="chap07" id="chap07" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> <a name=
+        "toc17" id="toc17"></a> <a name="pdf18" id="pdf18"></a>
+
+        <h2 class="tei tei-head" style=
+        "text-align: center; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em">
+        <span style="font-size: 144%">CHAPTER VII.</span></h2>
+
+        <h2 class="tei tei-head" style=
+        "text-align: center; margin-bottom: 2.40em; margin-top: 2.40em">
+        <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: center"><span style=
+        "font-size: 120%; font-variant: small-caps">The Pirates of the
+        Eighteenth Century.</span></span></h2>
+
+        <div class="tei tei-argument" style=
+        "text-align: center; margin-bottom: 1.80em; margin-left: 3.60em; margin-top: 1.80em; margin-right: 3.60em">
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style=
+        "text-align: center; margin-bottom: 0.90em"><span style=
+        "font-size: 90%">Mary Read, the Female Pirate—As Male Servant,
+        Soldier, and Sailor—Her Bravery and Modesty—The Pirate Vane—No Honour
+        among Thieves—Delivered to Justice—The brief Career of Captain
+        Worley—The Biter Bit—A more than usually Brutal Pirate—Captain Low’s
+        Life of Villainy—His Wonderful Successes—An unfortunate Black Burned
+        to Death—Torture of a Portuguese Captain—Of Two Portuguese Friars—The
+        Results of Sympathy—Low’s Cupidity Defeated by a Portuguese—Eleven
+        Thousand Moidores dropped out of a Cabin Window—An Unpunished
+        Fiend.</span></p>
+        </div>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">One of the most
+        remarkable pirates of the century under review was, strange as it may
+        appear, a female! Mary Read acted first as a male page, then
+        volunteered as a sailor, was afterwards a cadet in a Flanders
+        regiment, and eventually returned to the sea to become a pirate. Her
+        first impersonation of a boy was undertaken at her mother’s command.
+        The latter had been twice married, and a son born of the first
+        husband had died. When the poor woman was in great destitution she
+        thought of that husband’s mother, who was in easy circumstances, and
+        passed off her second child Mary as a boy, thereby obtaining some
+        pecuniary assistance. In the army Mary Read is said to have behaved
+        with great bravery, and when she retired she married a young Fleming
+        who had been a comrade in the field. They set up a restaurant, or
+        tavern, and for a time flourished in their business, but the husband
+        dying suddenly, and peace being concluded, she was obliged to seek
+        some other employment, and after a short lapse of time we find her a
+        sailor on a vessel bound to the West Indies. This ship was captured
+        by English pirates, and Mary was found to be the only English person
+        on board, so they detained her, letting the rest go, after they had
+        stripped the vessel of all they wanted. This was her first
+        introduction to such company, and it is said that in after life she
+        stated that it was compulsion and necessity which led her to follow
+        the career of a pirate, and not any desire on her part. <span class=
+        "tei tei-pb" id="page68">[pg 68]</span><a name="Pg068" id="Pg068"
+        class="tei tei-anchor"></a>But some of her actions looked as though
+        she had taken rather kindly to that unlawful profession.</p><a name=
+        "illo_080" id="illo_080" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"></p>
+
+        <div class="tei tei-figure" style="text-align: center">
+          <img src="images/illo_080.png" alt="THE FEMALE PIRATES" title=
+          "THE FEMALE PIRATES. (From an Old Print.)" />
+
+          <div class="tei tei-head" style=
+          "text-align: center; margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em">
+            THE FEMALE PIRATES. (<span class="tei tei-hi" style=
+            "text-align: center"><span style="font-style: italic">From an Old
+            Print.</span></span>)
+          </div>
+        </div>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">When the royal
+        pardon was granted to all pirates in the West Indies who should
+        abandon their mode of life before a given date, the crew with whom
+        Mary was serving availed themselves of it, and for some little time
+        afterwards we find Mary working on a privateer. The crew on this
+        vessel soon after mutinied, and turned her into a pirate ship, on
+        which Mary is said to have behaved with almost ferocious bravery.
+        When the vessel was at last captured, she, with another female
+        pirate, named Anne Bonney, and one male, were the last three on deck,
+        the others having fled below. Mary on this occasion is said to have
+        fired a pistol among the cowardly sailors, killing one and wounding
+        another. It is just to her to say that in her intercourse with others
+        she was modest to the last degree, and her sex was undiscovered by
+        the sailors. In fact, the before-named Anne Bonney, thinking Mary
+        Read was a handsome young man, fell violently in love with her, and
+        the latter was obliged to disclose her sex. She was a strong, robust
+        woman, and although the course of life she had undertaken made her
+        practically a criminal of the worst description—a robber and a
+        murderer—she had, if all accounts are true, many very good qualities.
+        Captain Rackam, another pirate, not knowing at the time her sex,
+        asked her one day why she—or, as he thought, he—had chosen a life so
+        dangerous, and one which exposed her to the risk of being hanged at
+        any time. She answered that as to the hanging she thought it no very
+        great hardship, <span class="tei tei-q">“for were it not for that
+        every cowardly fellow would turn pirate, and so infest the seas,
+        while men of courage might starve; that if it were put to
+        <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page69">[pg 69]</span><a name="Pg069"
+        id="Pg069" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>her choice she would not have
+        the punishment less than death, the fear of which kept some dastardly
+        rogues honest; that many of those who are now cheating the widows and
+        orphans, and oppressing their poor neighbours who have no money to
+        obtain justice, would then rob at sea, and the ocean would be as
+        crowded with rogues as the land.”</span> Curious argument! Mary Read
+        came near tasting the quality of hanging when at last she was
+        captured, but an illness, fortunately for herself, intervened, and
+        she died a natural death. Woman’s mission in life rarely takes her to
+        sea as a practical sailor.</p>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">A prominent pirate
+        of the seventeenth century was Captain Charles Vane, the details of
+        whose career would, however, read much like some already given in the
+        lives of earlier freebooters. One incident at the end of his life is
+        presented, to show how much distrust often existed among the pirates
+        themselves. Vane was at last wrecked on a small uninhabited island
+        near the Bay of Honduras; his vessel was completely lost and most of
+        his men drowned. He resided there some weeks, being reduced to great
+        straits.</p>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">While Vane was
+        upon this island a ship put in there from Jamaica for water, the
+        captain of which, one Holford, an old pirate, happened to be an
+        acquaintance of Vane’s. He thought this a good opportunity to get
+        off, and accordingly applied to his friend; but Holford absolutely
+        refused him, saying to him, <span class="tei tei-q">“Charles, I can’t
+        trust you on board my ship unless I carry you as a prisoner, for I
+        shall have you caballing with my men, knocking me on the head, and
+        running away with my ship pirating.”</span> Vane made all the
+        protestations of honour in the world to him; but it seems Captain
+        Holford was too intimately acquainted with him to place any
+        confidence in his words or oaths. He told him he might easily get off
+        if he had a mind to it. <span class="tei tei-q">“I am going down the
+        bay,”</span> said he, <span class="tei tei-q">“and shall return
+        hither in about a month; and if I find you upon the island when I
+        come back, I will carry you to Jamaica and there hang you!”</span>
+        <span class="tei tei-q">“How can I get away?”</span> answered Vane.
+        <span class="tei tei-q">“Are there not fishermen’s dories upon the
+        beach? Can’t you take one of them?”</span> replied Holford.
+        <span class="tei tei-q">“What!”</span> replied Vane; <span class=
+        "tei tei-q">“would you have me steal a dory, then?”</span>
+        <span class="tei tei-q">“Do you make it a matter of
+        conscience?”</span> replied Holford, <span class="tei tei-q">“to
+        steal a dory, when you have been a common robber and pirate, stealing
+        ships and cargoes, and plundering all mankind that fell in your way?
+        Stay here if you are so squeamish;”</span> and he left him to
+        consider the matter.</p>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">After Captain
+        Holford’s departure another ship put into the small island, on her
+        way home, for some water. None of the company knowing Vane, he easily
+        passed his examination, and so was shipped for the voyage. One would
+        be apt to think that Vane was now pretty safe, and likely to escape
+        the fate which his crimes had merited; but here a cross accident
+        happened which ruined all. Holford, returning from the bay, was met
+        by this ship, and the captains being very well acquainted with each
+        other, Holford was invited to dine aboard, which he did. As he passed
+        along to the cabin he chanced to cast his eye down in the hold, and
+        there saw Charles Vane at work. He immediately spoke to the captain,
+        saying, <span class="tei tei-q">“Do you know whom you have aboard
+        there?”</span> <span class="tei tei-q">“Why,”</span> said he,
+        <span class="tei tei-q">“I shipped the man the other day at an island
+        where he had been cast away, and he seems to be a brisk hand.”</span>
+        <span class="tei tei-q">“I tell you,”</span> replied Captain Holford,
+        <span class="tei tei-q">“it is Vane, the notorious pirate.”</span>
+        <span class="tei tei-q">“If it be he,”</span> replied the other,
+        <span class="tei tei-q">“I won’t keep him.”</span> <span class=
+        "tei tei-q">“Why, then,”</span> said Holford, <span class=
+        "tei tei-q">“I’ll send and take him aboard, and surrender him at
+        Jamaica.”</span> This being <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page70">[pg
+        70]</span><a name="Pg070" id="Pg070" class=
+        "tei tei-anchor"></a>settled, Captain Holford, as soon as he returned
+        to his ship, sent his mate, armed, to Vane, who had his pistol ready
+        cocked, and told him he was his prisoner. No man daring to make
+        opposition, he was brought aboard and put into irons; and when
+        Captain Holford arrived at Jamaica he delivered up his old
+        acquaintance to justice, at which place he was tried, convicted, and
+        executed, as was, some time before, Vane’s companion, Robert Deal,
+        who was brought thither by one of the men-of-war. <span class=
+        "tei tei-q">“It is clear,”</span> says the original narrator,
+        <span class="tei tei-q">“from this how little ancient friendship will
+        avail a great villain when he is deprived of the power that had
+        before supported and rendered him formidable.”</span></p>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Another pirate of
+        the same period was Captain Worley, who commenced business by leaving
+        New York, in September, 1718, in a small open boat, with eight men,
+        six muskets, a few pounds of biscuit and dried tongues, and a keg of
+        water. He took first a shallop laden with household goods and plate,
+        and later three sloops. He was becoming formidable enough to cause
+        uneasiness to the authorities, who despatched two armed sloops after
+        him. Worley saw them off the coast of Virginia, and believing that
+        they were two vessels bound for the James River, hastened to get into
+        its mouth first. Meantime the inhabitants of James Town, supposing
+        that all three were pirates, made every preparation ashore to defend
+        themselves. Their surprise must have been great indeed when they saw
+        the pirates were fighting among themselves. Worley had waited in the
+        entrance of the river, with the black colours flying, when he
+        discovered that the approaching vessels hoisted English colours, and
+        that he was entrapped. The pirate and his men fought bravely, and
+        when the action was over Worley and only one man out of twenty-five
+        survived. As they would probably have died of their wounds in a short
+        time they were brought ashore in irons, and hanged almost
+        immediately. Worley’s career as a pirate had lasted less than five
+        months.</p>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Yet another
+        example. Captain Edward Low had, as a boy, shown peculiarly brutal
+        qualities. He had bullied, and in low games had cheated, every one he
+        could, so that it was not surprising that when grown to man’s estate
+        he developed into a successful but specially obnoxious villain. After
+        sundry vicissitudes he had entered among the company of a ship bound
+        to Honduras for logwood, and when arrived there was employed in
+        bringing it on shore in command of a party of twelve armed men. One
+        day the boat came alongside the ship just a little before
+        dinner-time, and Low desired that they should remain for the meal,
+        while the captain wanted them to make one more trip, and offered them
+        a bottle of rum. Low and some of the men became enraged, and the
+        former took a loaded musket and fired at the captain, missing him,
+        but injuring another man. They then ran away with the boat, and only
+        next day took a small vessel, on which they hoisted the black
+        flag.</p>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Fortune now
+        constantly favoured him, and he was joined by many others. At the
+        Azores he captured a French ship of thirty-four guns, taking her with
+        his own two vessels. Entering St. Michael’s roadstead, he captured
+        seven sail without firing a gun. He then sent ashore to the governor
+        for water and provisions, promising to release the vessels if his
+        demands were conceded, and burn them if they were not. The request
+        was instantly granted, and six of the vessels were returned. But a
+        French vessel being among them, they took away all her guns and men,
+        except the cook, whom they said, <span class="tei tei-q">“being a
+        <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page71">[pg 71]</span><a name="Pg071"
+        id="Pg071" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>greasy fellow, would fry
+        well.”</span> The brutes then bound the unfortunate wretch to the
+        mast, and set fire to the ship.</p>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class=
+        "tei tei-q">“The next who fell in their way was Captain Garren, in
+        the <span class="tei tei-name"><span style=
+        "font-style: italic">Wright</span></span> galley, who, because he
+        showed some inclination to defend himself, was cut and mangled in a
+        barbarous manner. There were also two Portuguese friars, whom they
+        tied to the foremast, and several times let them down before they
+        were dead, merely to gratify their ferocious dispositions. Meanwhile,
+        another Portuguese beholding this cruel scene expressed some sorrow
+        in his countenance, upon which one of the wretches said he did not
+        like his looks, and so giving him a stroke across the body with his
+        cutlass he fell upon the spot. Another of the miscreants aiming a
+        blow at a prisoner missed his aim, and struck Low upon the under jaw.
+        The surgeon was called, and stitched up the wound; but Low finding
+        fault with the operation, the surgeon gave him a blow which broke all
+        the stitches, and left him to sew them himself. After he had
+        plundered this vessel some of them were for burning her, as they had
+        done the Frenchman; but instead of that, they cut her cables,
+        rigging, and sails to pieces, and set her adrift to the mercy of the
+        waves.”</span></p>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">On another
+        occasion he had taken a fine Portuguese vessel, but could not find
+        the treasure, and he accordingly tortured some of the men to make
+        them inform him. He was told that during the chase the captain had
+        hung a sack containing eleven thousand moidores out of the cabin
+        window, and that when they were taken he had cut the rope, and let it
+        drop to the bottom of the sea. One can imagine Low’s rage. He ordered
+        the unfortunate captain’s lips to be cut off and broiled before his
+        eyes. He then murdered him and the whole crew in cold blood. The
+        narrative of Low’s career is one continuous succession of such
+        stories; nor can the writer discover that he met with punishment in
+        this world.</p>
+      </div>
+
+      <div class="tei tei-div" style=
+      "margin-bottom: 5.00em; margin-top: 5.00em">
+        <a name="chap08" id="chap08" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> <a name=
+        "toc19" id="toc19"></a> <a name="pdf20" id="pdf20"></a>
+
+        <h2 class="tei tei-head" style=
+        "text-align: center; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em">
+        <span style="font-size: 144%">CHAPTER VIII.</span></h2>
+
+        <h2 class="tei tei-head" style=
+        "text-align: center; margin-bottom: 2.40em; margin-top: 2.40em">
+        <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: center"><span style=
+        "font-size: 120%; font-variant: small-caps">Paul Jones and De
+        Soto.</span></span></h2>
+
+        <div class="tei tei-argument" style=
+        "text-align: center; margin-bottom: 1.80em; margin-left: 3.60em; margin-top: 1.80em; margin-right: 3.60em">
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style=
+        "text-align: center; margin-bottom: 0.90em"><span style=
+        "font-size: 90%">Paul Jones, the Privateer—A Story of his Boyhood—He
+        joins the American Revolutionists—Attempt to Burn the Town and
+        Shipping of Whitehaven—Foiled—His Appearance at St. Mary’s—Capture of
+        Lady Selkirk’s Family Plate—A Letter from Jones—Return of the Plate
+        several years after—A Press-gang Impressed—Engagement with the</span>
+        <span class="tei tei-name" style="text-align: center"><span style=
+        "font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Ranger</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%">—A
+          Privateer Squadron—The Fight off Scarborough—Brave Captains Pearson
+          and Piercy—Victory for the Privateers—Jones dies in abject
+          Poverty—A Nineteenth Century Freebooter—Benito de Soto—Mutiny on a
+          Slave Ship—The Commander left ashore and the Mate
+          Murdered—Encounters the</span> <span class="tei tei-name" style=
+          "text-align: center"><span style=
+          "font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Morning
+          Star</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%">—A Ship without a
+          Gun—Terror of the Passengers—Order to spare no Lives—A terrified
+          Steward—De Soto’s commands only partially observed, and the Ship
+          saved—At Cadiz—Failure of the Pirate’s Plans—Captured, Tried, and
+          Hanged at Gibraltar.</span></p>
+        </div>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">A celebrated
+        character now appears on the scene; and the writer must avow that
+        Paul Jones has hardly been treated fairly in many works of
+        fiction<a id="noteref_8" name="noteref_8" href="#note_8"><span class=
+        "tei tei-noteref"><span style=
+        "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">8</span></span></a> and
+        so-called history. He was not a pirate in the true sense of the word,
+        although very generally regarded as such, but was a privateer,
+        employed by colonies rebelling against the mother country.</p>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">John Paul—for such
+        was his real name—was born on the estate of Lord Selkirk, near
+        <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page72">[pg 72]</span><a name="Pg072"
+        id="Pg072" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>Kirkcudbright, Scotland, in
+        1728, his father being head gardener. Young Paul worked with his
+        father for some length of time, and there is a story recorded of the
+        elder Paul which showed him to possess a good sense of humour. In the
+        gardens were two summer-houses, exactly alike in build and size. One
+        day Lord Selkirk, while strolling about the walks, observed a young
+        man locked up in one of the summer-houses and looking out of the
+        window. In the other house young Paul appeared, looking out of the
+        corresponding window. His lordship inquired why the lads were
+        confined, to which the gardener replied, <span class="tei tei-q">“My
+        lord, I caught the rascal stealing your lordship’s fruit.”</span>
+        <span class="tei tei-q">“But,”</span> said the nobleman, <span class=
+        "tei tei-q">“there are two of them. What has your son done? is he
+        also guilty?”</span> <span class="tei tei-q">“Oh no, please your
+        lordship,”</span> old Paul coolly replied, <span class="tei tei-q">“I
+        just put him in for the sake of symmetry!”</span> But it appears that
+        afterwards young Paul got himself in serious trouble, and deserved to
+        have been locked up in some stronger place than a summer-house, and
+        on other grounds than symmetry, and after some specially knavish
+        trick he was dismissed from his employment, and almost immediately
+        took to a seafaring life. He speedily rose to be mate, and soon after
+        master.</p>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">In 1777, when the
+        rupture broke out between America and Great Britain, he was in New
+        England, and he immediately enlisted among the revolutionists, who
+        appointed him commander of the <span class=
+        "tei tei-name"><span style="font-style: italic">Ranger</span></span>
+        privateer, mounting eighteen guns and several swivels, and manned
+        with a picked crew of 150 hardy men.</p>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">In the course of
+        the following winter he put to sea, and made two captures, which were
+        sold in a French port, and in 1778 made an attempt to burn and
+        destroy the town and shipping of Whitehaven. Having got near the
+        land, he kept cautiously in the offing, but at midnight, having
+        proceeded nearer, he despatched his boats with thirty daring sailors.
+        A little battery at the entrance of the harbour was easily taken, and
+        the small garrison made prisoners before they could raise an alarm,
+        and the guns spiked. The vessels inside were laying close together at
+        low water, and as no enemy was expected there were no watches kept.
+        The privateers deposited combustibles, trains of powder, and matches,
+        ready primed, on the decks and about the rigging, and all was ready
+        for the signal to be given, when a commotion and loud knocking was
+        heard in the main street, and crowds came running to the piers,
+        attracted by the lights which were being hastily thrown on the ships
+        by the enemy. The attacking party could only just manage to get away
+        and back to the ship, when, on the muster being called, one man was
+        missing. He it was who, either from hopes of great reward, or, let us
+        hope, from some purer motive of humanity, had started the alarm, and
+        saved both town and shipping, for only one vessel was seriously
+        scorched.</p><a name="illo_085" id="illo_085" class=
+        "tei tei-anchor"></a>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"></p>
+
+        <div class="tei tei-figure" style="text-align: center">
+          <img src="images/illo_085.jpg" alt="PAUL JONES AND LADY SELKIRK"
+          title="PAUL JONES AND LADY SELKIRK." />
+
+          <div class="tei tei-head" style=
+          "text-align: center; margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em">
+            PAUL JONES AND LADY SELKIRK.
+          </div>
+        </div>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Paul Jones
+        therefore left Whitehaven: the expedition had been a most complete
+        failure. He next made for the harbour of Kirkcudbright, at the
+        entrance of the river Dee—on which that <span class=
+        "tei tei-q">“jolly miller”</span> once lived of whom we sing. A
+        little distance from the sea the Dee expands into an estuary, in
+        which is the island of St. Mary, the very place on which Lord
+        Selkirk’s castle and estate stood. Early in the morning the
+        privateer, with her guns and generally warlike appearance, had been
+        observed, but her character was not known. Few vessels of size ever
+        entered the river, and in this case she was supposed to be an English
+        man-of-war, possibly bent on <span class=
+        "tei tei-q">“impressing”</span> men for the <span class="tei tei-pb"
+        id="page74">[pg 74]</span><a name="Pg074" id="Pg074" class=
+        "tei tei-anchor"></a>navy, and as the male population there, as
+        elsewhere, objected strongly to being torn away from their families
+        and employments, a number of them hid themselves, as did, indeed,
+        Lady Selkirk’s men-servants, who obtained temporary leave of absence.
+        A boat from the privateer landed a number of men immediately, who
+        strolled about leisurely, without having apparently any special
+        object in view, and later returned to the ship. The alarm of those
+        who watched their movements from a distance had hardly subsided when
+        the boat, with a strong body of armed men, again put in for
+        shore.</p>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class=
+        "tei tei-q">“They did not now stroll about as before, but forming in
+        regular order, marched directly to the castle; and then, for the
+        first time, a suspicion of the real character of such unexpected and
+        unwelcome guests was excited. Lady Selkirk and her children were then
+        the only members of the family resident in the castle. Her ladyship
+        had just finished breakfast when she received a summons, but under
+        considerable apprehensions of danger, which were not abated upon a
+        nearer approach to inspection of the party, whose ferocious
+        appearance and ragged dress too plainly betokened their hostile
+        purpose; and, as it now appeared plunder was their chief object, the
+        worst might be expected should any resistance be offered. The
+        diversity of arms with which the party were equipped further
+        confirmed the bad opinion entertained of the marauders. These
+        consisted of muskets, pistols, swords, &amp;c., and one fellow bore
+        an American tomahawk over his shoulder. There were two officers in
+        command of the party: the one rude in language and rough in his
+        manner; the other, on the contrary, was not only courteous and
+        respectful, but even apologised to her ladyship, regretting the
+        unpleasant duty in which it was unfortunately his lot to appear as
+        the principal.</span></p>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class=
+        "tei tei-q">“The first inquiry was for the appearance of Lord
+        Selkirk; and on being assured that he was not in that part of the
+        country they expressed considerable disappointment. After a short
+        pause, the officer who had treated her ladyship with the most respect
+        said he must request the production of all the plate which was in her
+        possession. She answered that the plate which was in the castle was
+        small in quantity, but, such as it was, they should have
+        it.</span></p>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class=
+        "tei tei-q">“Accordingly the whole was laid before them—even the
+        silver teapot which was used at breakfast, and which had not been
+        since washed out. The officer on receiving it ordered his men to pack
+        it all, again respectfully apologising for his conduct on this
+        occasion, which he called a dirty business, and then taking his leave
+        of her ladyship, he retired with his party, and returned to his ship,
+        leaving the family not a little pleased at their escape from a worse
+        fate, which they apprehended. Still, however, as the ship did not
+        immediately get under weigh, her ladyship, entertaining fears of a
+        second visit, lost no time in sending off her children, and removing
+        to a place of security whatever property was likely to induce them to
+        pay her another visit.”</span> In a few hours she was gratified by
+        seeing the privateer getting under weigh, and proceeding to sea
+        without offering any further violence. Lady Selkirk received, a few
+        days after, a letter from Jones, written in a romantic and almost
+        poetical style, in which he entreated her ladyship’s pardon for the
+        late affront, assuring her that, so far from having been suggested or
+        sanctioned by him, he had exerted his influence in order to prevent
+        its taking place; but his officers and crew had insisted on the
+        enterprise, in the hope of getting possession of the person of Lord
+        <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page75">[pg 75]</span><a name="Pg075"
+        id="Pg075" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>Selkirk, for whose ransom they
+        anticipated a considerable sum might be realised. This, Jones
+        declared, was the object of their first visit, in which having
+        failed, they began to murmur on their return on board, and insisted
+        on their landing again and plundering the castle; he was therefore
+        reluctantly obliged to give his assent. He added that he would
+        endeavour to buy the plunder they had so disgracefully brought away,
+        and transmit the whole, or such as he could obtain, to her
+        ladyship.</p>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class=
+        "tei tei-q">“Several years elapsed without hearing anything from
+        Jones, and all hope of realisation of his promises had vanished; but
+        in the spring of the year 1783, to the great and agreeable surprise
+        of her ladyship, the whole of the plate was returned, carriage paid,
+        precisely in the same condition in which it had been taken away, and
+        to every appearance without having ever been unpacked, the tea-leaves
+        remaining in the silver teapot, as they were left after breakfast on
+        the morning of the plunderers’ visit to the castle.”</span> It is
+        hardly to be doubted that Jones was sincere in this matter, and that
+        the real state of the case was that he had spoken before the others
+        of Lord Selkirk’s estate and his early experiences, until they had
+        become inflamed with a desire to plunder the castle, and, if
+        possible, secure the person of that nobleman, with the hope of
+        obtaining a large ransom. This, at first sight the most piratical act
+        of Paul’s life, really shows him to advantage, and that he had some
+        humanity left for his early associates. Lord Selkirk himself received
+        the news in London, with a few additions, to the effect that his
+        castle had been burned to the ground and his family taken prisoners.
+        Those were not the days of special correspondents and telegraphy.
+        About half-way on his journey he, however, obtained a more correct
+        version of the affair.</p>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Jones now made for
+        the Irish coast, where in the Belfast Loch he burned or captured
+        several fishing-boats. A sloop-of-war, the <span class=
+        "tei tei-name"><span style="font-style: italic">Drake</span></span>,
+        under the command of Captain Burden, was lying there. The commander
+        thought that the <span class="tei tei-name"><span style=
+        "font-style: italic">Ranger</span></span> was a merchantman, and sent
+        off a boat’s crew to impress some of her men for the navy. Jones
+        allowed them to come on board, and then impressed <span class=
+        "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">them</span></span>! He
+        did not, however, wish to risk an engagement just then, and therefore
+        put about and crowded on all sail. Captain Burden, finding that his
+        boat did not return, at last suspected something wrong, gave chase,
+        and, coming up with the privateer, opened a sharp fire. The night was
+        so dark that the firing could not be continued with any prospect of
+        success. Next morning the engagement was renewed, and at the end of
+        over an hour’s gallant fighting on both sides—by which time Captain
+        Burden, his first lieutenant, and some of the crew, being killed, and
+        more disabled, and the ship much damaged—the <span class=
+        "tei tei-name"><span style="font-style: italic">Drake</span></span>
+        surrendered to the <span class="tei tei-name"><span style=
+        "font-style: italic">Ranger</span></span>. Jones took his prize into
+        Brest—and communicated his success to Dr. Franklin,<a id="noteref_9"
+        name="noteref_9" href="#note_9"><span class=
+        "tei tei-noteref"><span style=
+        "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">9</span></span></a> then the
+        American diplomatic agent in Paris.</p>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">In the following
+        winter we find Jones in command of a frigate, the <span class=
+        "tei tei-name"><span style="font-style: italic">Bonne Homme
+        Richard</span></span>, of forty guns, with a complement of 370 men,
+        having under him another frigate, the <span class=
+        "tei tei-name"><span style=
+        "font-style: italic">Alliance</span></span>, of nearly equal size, a
+        brig, and a cutter, all acting in the service of the American
+        Congress. A French frigate, the <span class=
+        "tei tei-name"><span style="font-style: italic">Pallas</span></span>,
+        also formed one of the squadron. Some of his first essays were
+        failures. Landing a boat’s crew on the coast of Kerry to take some
+        sheep, the farmers and people defended their property bravely, and
+        the aggressors <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page76">[pg
+        76]</span><a name="Pg076" id="Pg076" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>were
+        sent to Tralee gaol. So, when he conceived the bold idea of burning
+        the shipping in Leith harbour, a gale blew his ship to sea. It is
+        said that laying off Kirkaldy, Jones sent a summons to the
+        townspeople to make up a ransom, or he would fire the town. A number
+        of the inhabitants had collected on the beach, among whom was a
+        venerable minister, who offered up a prayer to the Almighty, and
+        exhorted the people to courage and trustfulness. Soon after the wind
+        increased to the gale above-mentioned, and the privateer had to be
+        let go before the wind. Not long previous to this, however, Jones had
+        captured several prizes, all of which were sent to French ports.</p>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">But off
+        Scarborough Jones and his squadron fell in with a British convoy of
+        merchantmen from the Baltic, under escort of H.M.S. <span class=
+        "tei tei-name"><span style="font-style: italic">Serapis</span></span>
+        (forty-four guns), in the command of Captain Pearson, and the
+        <span class="tei tei-name"><span style="font-style: italic">Countess
+        of Scarborough</span></span> (twenty guns), Captain Piercy. The
+        result was a brilliant engagement, in which the British captains
+        behaved most gallantly, although the privateer force was in excess of
+        their own. Captain Pearson, while a prisoner on the <span class=
+        "tei tei-name"><span style="font-style: italic">Pallas</span></span>,
+        communicated a full account to the Lords of the Admiralty, of which
+        the following narrative contains some verbatim extracts:—</p>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">On the 23rd
+        September, 1799, the privateer squadron and the two English ships
+        were in sight of each other. Captain Pearson’s first anxiety was to
+        get between the merchant-ships he was convoying and the privateers,
+        which he successfully accomplished. Shortly after the action
+        commenced the muzzles of the guns of the <span class=
+        "tei tei-name"><span style="font-style: italic">Serapis</span></span>
+        and <span class="tei tei-name"><span style=
+        "font-style: italic">Alliance</span></span> actually touched each
+        other. <span class="tei tei-q">“In this position,”</span> wrote
+        Captain Pearson, <span class="tei tei-q">“we engaged from half-past
+        eight till half-past ten, during which time, from the great quantity
+        and variety of combustible matter which they threw upon our decks,
+        cabins, and, in short, into every part of the ship, we were on fire
+        no less than ten or twelve times in different parts of the ship, and
+        it was with the greatest difficulty and exertion imaginable, at
+        times, that we were able to get it extinguished. At the same time the
+        largest of the two frigates kept sailing round us during the whole
+        action, and raking us fore and aft, by which means she killed or
+        wounded almost every man on the quarter and main decks. At half-past
+        nine, either from a hand-grenade being thrown in at one of our lower
+        deck ports or from some other accident, a cartridge of powder was set
+        on fire, the flames of which, running from cartridge to cartridge all
+        the way aft, blew up the whole of the officers and crew that were
+        quartered abaft the mainmast; from which unfortunate circumstance all
+        those guns were rendered useless for the remainder of the
+        action.</span></p>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class=
+        "tei tei-q">“At ten o’clock they called for quarter from the ship
+        alongside, and said they had struck. Hearing this, I called upon the
+        captain to say if they had struck, or if he asked for quarter, but
+        receiving no answer after repeating my words two or three times, I
+        called for the boarders, and ordered them to board, which they did;
+        but the moment they were on board her they discovered a superior
+        number lying under cover, with pikes in their hands, ready to receive
+        them, on which our people retreated instantly into our own ship, and
+        returned to their guns again until half-past ten, when the frigate
+        coming across our stern, and pouring her broadside into us again
+        without our being able to bring a gun to bear on her, I found it in
+        vain, and in short impracticable, from the situation we were in, to
+        stand out any longer with any prospect of success. I therefore
+        struck; our mainmast at the same time went by the
+        board.</span></p><span class="tei tei-pb" id="page77">[pg
+        77]</span><a name="Pg077" id="Pg077" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+        <a name="illo_089" id="illo_089" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"></p>
+
+        <div class="tei tei-figure" style="text-align: center">
+          <img src="images/illo_089.png" alt="PAUL JONES" title=
+          "PAUL JONES." />
+
+          <div class="tei tei-head" style=
+          "text-align: center; margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em">
+            PAUL JONES.
+          </div>
+        </div>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class=
+        "tei tei-q">“The first lieutenant and myself were immediately
+        escorted into the ship alongside, when we found her to be an American
+        ship-of-war, called the <span class="tei tei-name"><span style=
+        "font-style: italic">Bonne Homme Richard</span></span>, of forty guns
+        and 375 men, commanded by Captain Paul Jones; the other frigate which
+        engaged us to be the <span class="tei tei-name"><span style=
+        "font-style: italic">Alliance</span></span>, of forty guns and 300
+        men; and the third frigate, which engaged and took the <span class=
+        "tei tei-name"><span style="font-style: italic">Countess of
+        Scarborough</span></span> after two hours’ action, to be the
+        <span class="tei tei-name"><span style=
+        "font-style: italic">Pallas</span></span>, a French frigate, of
+        thirty guns and 274 men; the <span class="tei tei-name"><span style=
+        "font-style: italic">Vengeance</span></span>, an armed brig of twelve
+        guns and seventy men: all in Congress service, under the command of
+        Paul Jones. They fitted and sailed from Port l’Orient the latter end
+        of July, and then came north. They have on board 300 English
+        prisoners, which they have taken in different vessels in their way
+        round since they left France, and have ransomed some others. On my
+        going on board the <span class="tei tei-name"><span style=
+        "font-style: italic">Bonne Homme Richard</span></span> I found her in
+        the greatest distress, her quarters and counter on the lower deck
+        being entirely drove in, and the whole of her lower deck guns
+        dismounted; she was also on fire in two places, and six or seven feet
+        of water in her hold, which kept increasing upon them all night and
+        next day, till they were obliged to quit her. She had 300 men killed
+        and wounded in the action. Our loss in the <span class=
+        "tei tei-name"><span style="font-style: italic">Serapis</span></span>
+        was also very great.”</span> Captain Pearson concludes with a proper
+        tribute to the bravery of Captain Piercy, who with his small frigate
+        had engaged the <span class="tei tei-name"><span style=
+        "font-style: italic">Pallas</span></span>, a much larger vessel, and
+        to the men in general. The honour of knighthood was afterwards
+        conferred on Captain Pearson, while Piercy <span class="tei tei-pb"
+        id="page78">[pg 78]</span><a name="Pg078" id="Pg078" class=
+        "tei tei-anchor"></a>and the officers were suitably promoted. The
+        Royal Exchange Insurance Company presented both captains with
+        services of plate. It need not be said that Paul Jones was for the
+        nonce a much-appreciated man in America.</p>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">His subsequent
+        career does not possess much interest for the general reader. He was,
+        in 1786, employed in diplomatic service, and he crossed the Atlantic
+        with despatches for London in the then remarkable time of twenty-two
+        days, and, having performed his duty, he remained a few hours only,
+        and then immediately started on the return voyage. American
+        go-a-headedness was fast developing at that early period. When peace
+        was concluded he entered into the service of Russia for a short
+        period, after which he was in Paris at the period of the Revolution.
+        Here he sought, but failed in obtaining, employment in the French
+        navy; and he soon became a man as dejected and downcast as he had
+        once been buoyant and resolute. He died in abject poverty; and he
+        would hardly have been decently interred but for the sympathy of a
+        friend, who succeeded in raising a small subscription for the
+        purpose.</p>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">The full history
+        of piracy would occupy a small library of volumes, and would possess
+        many elements of sameness in its full narration. In the present
+        volume only leading examples can be given, for space would fail us to
+        record the crimes committed by Algerian, Spanish, Indian, Chinese,
+        and other pirates, many of them in times not long gone by. But the
+        example of unbridled brutality and villany about to be presented
+        could not be omitted in any fair account of the subject. Sad to say,
+        it occurred in this present century of general enlightenment. The
+        career of the infamous Benito de Soto is the subject of the following
+        pages.<a id="noteref_10" name="noteref_10" href=
+        "#note_10"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style=
+        "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">10</span></span></a></p>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Benito de Soto was
+        a Portuguese sailor, and up to the year 1827 appears to have followed
+        the ordinary avocations of his profession. In the above year a slaver
+        was being fitted out for a voyage to the coast of Africa. In the
+        horrible traffic in which the vessel was engaged a strong crew was
+        required, and, among a considerable number of sailors, De Soto was
+        engaged. It was the intention of the captain to run to a part of the
+        African coast not usually visited, where he hoped to obtain them
+        cheaper than elsewhere, or perhaps get them by force. His crew
+        consisted principally of French, Spanish, and Portuguese renegades,
+        who made no objection to sail with him on his evil voyage.</p>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">The captain of the
+        slave-ship arrived at his destination, and obtained a considerable
+        number of natives, who were closely battened down in the hold. One
+        day he went ashore to make arrangements for completing his cargo,
+        when the mate, who was a bold, reckless, and thoroughly unprincipled
+        man, and who had perceived in Benito de Soto a kindred spirit,
+        proposed to the latter a design he had long contemplated for running
+        away with the vessel and becoming a pirate. De Soto at once agreed to
+        join in the mutiny, and declared that he had himself been
+        contemplating a similar enterprise. The pair of rogues shook hands,
+        and lost no time in maturing the plot. A large part of the crew
+        joined in the conspiracy, but a number held out faithfully to the
+        captain, and the mate was despairing of success, when De Soto took
+        the matter in hand, thoroughly armed the conspirators, declared the
+        mate captain, and told the others, <span class="tei tei-q">“There is
+        the African coast: this is our ship; one or other must be chosen by
+        every man on board within five minutes.”</span> The well-<span class=
+        "tei tei-pb" id="page79">[pg 79]</span><a name="Pg079" id="Pg079"
+        class="tei tei-anchor"></a>disposed would not, however, join the
+        mutinous, and they were immediately hustled into a boat, and left to
+        the mercy of the waves with one pair of oars. Had the weather
+        continued calm the boat would have made the shore by dusk; but
+        unhappily a strong gale of wind set in shortly after her departure,
+        and she was seen by De Soto and his gang struggling with the billows
+        and approaching night at a considerable distance from the land. All
+        on board agreed in opinion that the boat could not live, as they flew
+        away from her at the rate of ten knots an hour, under close-reefed
+        topsails, leaving their unhappy messmates to their inevitable fate.
+        Those of the pirates who were afterwards executed at Cadiz declared
+        that every soul in the boat perished. A drunken revel reigned on
+        board that night. The mate soon proved a tyrant; and De Soto, who had
+        only waited for the opportunity, shot him while in a drunken sleep,
+        and constituted himself commander. The slaves were taken to the West
+        Indies, and a good price obtained for them; one, a boy, De Soto
+        reserved for himself. That boy lived to be a witness against him, and
+        before he left Cadiz saw the full penalty of the law executed on his
+        brutal master.</p>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">The pirates now
+        commenced their villanous designs in good earnest, and plundered a
+        number of vessels. Amongst others they took an American brig, and
+        having secured all the valuables on board, hatched down all hands in
+        the hold except one poor black man—probably the cook—who was allowed
+        to remain on deck for the special purpose of affording by his
+        tortures the horrible amusement De Soto and his fellow fiends
+        desired. The heart sickens at the remainder of the story. They set
+        fire to the brig, and then lay to at a short distance to observe the
+        progress of the flames, knowing that a number of their
+        fellow-creatures were being roasted to death in the hold. The poor
+        African ran from rope to rope, now clinging to the shrouds, even
+        climbing up to the mast-head, till he fell exhausted in the flames,
+        and the tragedy was over.</p>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Exploit after
+        exploit, marked by heartless butchery, followed, and culminated in
+        the event which led to their overthrow. It was an evil day when they
+        met, off the Island of Ascension, the <span class=
+        "tei tei-name"><span style="font-style: italic">Morning
+        Star</span></span>, a vessel then on her voyage from Ceylon to
+        England, having on board a valuable cargo and a number of passengers,
+        civilian and military, the latter principally invalided soldiers.
+        There were also several ladies on board. De Soto at first took her
+        for a French ship, but when he was assured that she was English he
+        said with glee, <span class="tei tei-q">“So much the better, we shall
+        find the more booty,”</span> and ordered the sails squared for the
+        chase.</p>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">His vessel, the
+        <span class="tei tei-name"><span style="font-style: italic">Defensor
+        de Pedro</span></span>, was a fast sailer, but for some time could
+        not gain much on the <span class="tei tei-name"><span style=
+        "font-style: italic">Morning Star</span></span>, and De Soto broke
+        out in almost ungovernable fits of rage. When his poor little
+        cabin-boy came to ask him whether he would have his morning cup of
+        chocolate, he received a violent blow from a telescope as his reward.
+        While the crew were clearing the decks for action he walked up and
+        down with gloomy brow and folded arms, maturing his plan of attack;
+        and woe to the man who interrupted his meditations! But when he found
+        that he was gaining on his intended victim he became calm enough to
+        eat his breakfast, and then sat down to smoke a cigar.</p>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">And now they had
+        gained sufficiently on the other ship to enable De Soto to fire a
+        charge of blank cartridge for the purpose of bringing her to. This,
+        however, had no effect, although he hoisted British colours; and he
+        then shouted out, <span class="tei tei-q">“Shoot the long gun, and
+        give it <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page80">[pg 80]</span><a name=
+        "Pg080" id="Pg080" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>her
+        point-blank!”</span> The shot was fired, but fell short of its aim,
+        and the gunner was cursed as a bungler. He then ordered them to load
+        with canister-shot, and, waiting till he was abreast of the vessel,
+        discharged the gun himself with fatal accuracy, while one of his men
+        ran down the falsely-displayed British colours, and De Soto then
+        himself hauled up the Columbian colours, and cried out through the
+        speaking-trumpet for the captain to come on board.</p><a name=
+        "illo_092" id="illo_092" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"></p>
+
+        <div class="tei tei-figure" style="text-align: center">
+          <img src="images/illo_092.png" alt=
+          "DE SOTO CHASING THE “MORNING STAR”" title=
+          "DE SOTO CHASING THE “MORNING STAR.”" />
+
+          <div class="tei tei-head" style=
+          "text-align: center; margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em">
+            DE SOTO CHASING THE <span class="tei tei-q" style=
+            "text-align: center">“MORNING STAR.”</span>
+          </div>
+        </div>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">One can imagine
+        the alarm on the <span class="tei tei-name"><span style=
+        "font-style: italic">Morning Star</span></span> among the helpless
+        passengers, when they found that their captain had neither guns nor
+        small arms. Although there were twenty-five soldiers on board and a
+        commanding officer, they were all cripples or feeble invalids. The
+        captain was, as will afterwards appear, a brave and true officer, but
+        by a general council, hurriedly held, he was advised to allow one of
+        the passengers to volunteer for the service of going on board the
+        pirate ship. It may be imagined how he was received. When they found
+        that he was not the captain, they beat him, as well as the sailors
+        with him, in a brutal manner, and then sent him back with the message
+        that if the captain did not instantly come on board they would blow
+        the ship out of the water. This, of course, decided the captain, and
+        he immediately put off in a boat, with his second mate, three
+        sailors, and a boy, and was rowed to the pirate ship. On going on
+        board, De Soto, who stood near the mainmast, cutlass in hand, desired
+        the captain to approach, while the mate was ordered to go forward.
+        Both of these unfortunate individuals obeyed, and were instantly
+        massacred.</p>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">A number of the
+        pirates—picked men—were ordered to descend into the boat, Barbazan,
+        De Soto’s right hand in villainy, accompanying them. To him the
+        leader gave his orders to spare no lives, and sink the ship. The
+        pirates were all armed alike, each carrying a brace of pistols, a
+        cutlass, and a long knife. Their dress consisted of coarse chequered
+        cotton, and red woollen caps. They were all athletic men, and
+        evidently suited for their sanguinary work. A man stood by the long
+        gun with a lighted match, ready to support the boarding, if
+        necessary, with a shot that would sweep the deck. The terror of the
+        poor females and <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page81">[pg
+        81]</span><a name="Pg081" id="Pg081" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>most
+        of the rest on the <span class="tei tei-name"><span style=
+        "font-style: italic">Morning Star</span></span> may well be imagined;
+        nor could the fears of the former be allayed by the vain hopes which
+        some expressed that the pirates would simply plunder the vessel and
+        then leave them. Vain hopes indeed, for the pirates commenced cutting
+        right and left immediately they boarded. The villains were soon
+        masters of the decks. <span class="tei tei-q">“Beaten, bleeding,
+        terrified, the men lay huddled together in the hold, while the
+        pirates proceeded in their work of pillage and brutality. Every trunk
+        was hauled forth; every portable article of value heaped for the
+        plunder: money, plate, charts, nautical instruments, and seven
+        parcels of valuable jewels, which formed part of the cargo; these
+        were carried from below on the backs of those men whom the pirates
+        selected to assist them, and for two hours they were thus employed,
+        during which time De Soto stood on his own deck watching the
+        operations, for the vessels were within a hundred yards of each
+        other.”</span> The scene in the cabin was one of unbridled license;
+        the passengers were stripped of their clothes, while the females were
+        locked up together in the round-house on deck.</p>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">The steward was
+        detained, to serve the pirates with wine and eatables, and their
+        labours being now concluded, they held high revel, preparatory to
+        carrying out the diabolical orders of their leader. A more terrible
+        group of ruffians, the poor steward afterwards declared, could not
+        well be imagined. In one instance his life was in great jeopardy,
+        when one of the pirates demanded to know where the captain had kept
+        his money. He might as well have asked him to perform a miracle; but
+        pleading the truth was of no use, and a pistol was snapped at his
+        breast, which, fortunately, missed fire. He re-cocked, and presented
+        it, when the weapon was struck aside by Barbazan, who possibly
+        thought that the services <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page82">[pg
+        82]</span><a name="Pg082" id="Pg082" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>of
+        the steward might yet be required. The females were afterwards
+        ordered into the cabin, and treated with great brutality.</p>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Whether Barbazan
+        had any spark of humanity left in his bosom, or whether it was a
+        forgetfulness of the orders given to him by De Soto, caused by the
+        wine he had taken, is not known, but after a series of outrages, he
+        contented himself by ordering his men to fasten the women in the
+        cabin, heap lumber on the hatches of the hold, and bore holes in the
+        ship below the water-line. This may seem strange mercy, but it left
+        some chance, if by any possibility any of those on board could get
+        free and stop the leaks. His orders, it will be remembered, had been
+        to put all to death, as well as sink the ship.</p>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Whatever
+        Barbazan’s motives may have been, his course of action saved the
+        ship, for the women contrived to force their way out of the cabin,
+        and release the men in the hold. When they came on deck they
+        anxiously peered out into the darkness, and had the satisfaction of
+        seeing the pirate-ship, with all sails set, bearing away in the far
+        distance. Their delight was, however, somewhat checked when they
+        found that the vessel had six feet of water in her; but at length
+        work at the pumps told, and the vessel was kept afloat. Yet they were
+        still in a helpless condition, for the pirates had sawn away the
+        masts and cut the rigging. Fortunately, however, they fell in with a
+        vessel next day: their troubles were over, and they were brought in
+        safety to England.</p>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">To return to De
+        Soto. It was only next morning that he learned that the crew and
+        passengers had been left alive. This excited his utmost rage, and he
+        declared that now there could be no security for their lives. He
+        determined to put back, but providentially he could find no trace of
+        the vessel, and at last he consoled himself with the belief that she
+        had gone to the bottom. He then set sail for Europe, and on his
+        voyage met a brig, boarded, plundered, and sank her, having first
+        murdered the crew, with the exception of one individual, whom he took
+        with him as a pilot, as he professed to know the course to Corunna.
+        As soon as he had come within sight of that port, De Soto came up to
+        the unfortunate sailor, and said, <span class="tei tei-q">“You have
+        done your duty well, and I am obliged to you for your
+        services.”</span> He then immediately shot him dead, and flung his
+        body overboard! Polite and humane De Soto!</p><a name="illo_093" id=
+        "illo_093" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"></p>
+
+        <div class="tei tei-figure" style="text-align: center">
+          <img src="images/illo_093.png" alt="CADIZ" title="CADIZ." />
+
+          <div class="tei tei-head" style=
+          "text-align: center; margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em">
+            CADIZ.
+          </div>
+        </div>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">At Corunna he
+        obtained papers under a false name, sold most of his ill-gotten
+        spoils, and set sail for Cadiz, where he expected to easily dispose
+        of the remainder. The winds were favourable and the voyage good till
+        he was actually in sight of the famed old Spanish port, off which he
+        arrived in the evening. He therefore determined to lay to, intending
+        to reach his anchorage in the morning, when the wind shifted,
+        culminating in a gale, which blew right on land. He exerted all his
+        seamanship to weather a point that stretched outwards, but his
+        lee-way carried him towards the land, and the vessel became an utter
+        wreck. Soto soon arranged a plan. They were to pass themselves off as
+        honest men to the authorities of Cadiz; Soto was to take upon himself
+        the office of mate to an imaginary captain, and thus obtain their
+        sanction in disposing of the vessel. In their assumed character the
+        whole proceeded to Cadiz, and presented themselves before the proper
+        officers of the marine. Their story was listened to with sympathy,
+        and for a few days everything went on to their satisfaction. Soto had
+        succeeded so well as to conclude the sale of the wreck with a broker
+        for the sum of one thousand seven hundred and fifty <span class=
+        "tei tei-pb" id="page83">[pg 83]</span><a name="Pg083" id="Pg083"
+        class="tei tei-anchor"></a>dollars. The contract was signed, but,
+        fortunately, the money was not yet paid, when suspicion arose, from
+        some inconsistencies in the pirates’ account of themselves, and six
+        of them were arrested by the authorities. De Soto and one of the crew
+        instantly disappeared from Cadiz, and succeeded in arriving at the
+        neutral ground before Gibraltar, and six more made their escape to
+        Caracas.</p>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">De Soto’s
+        companion wisely kept to the neutral ground at Gibraltar, while he
+        foolishly ventured into the city, his object being to obtain money
+        for a letter of credit he had obtained at Cadiz. The former man was
+        the only one of the whole gang who escaped punishment.</p>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">De Soto secured
+        his admission into Gibraltar by a false pass, and took up his
+        residence at a low tavern in one of the narrow lanes in which the
+        place abounds. <span class="tei tei-q">“The appearance of this
+        house,”</span> says the writer of the interesting letter from which
+        this account is derived, <span class="tei tei-q">“was in grim harmony
+        with the worthy Benito’s life. I have occasion to pass the door
+        frequently at night, for our barrack, the casement, is but a few
+        yards from it. I never look out at the place without feeling an
+        involuntary sensation of horror....</span></p>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class=
+        "tei tei-q">“In this den the villain remained for a few weeks, and
+        during this time he seemed to enjoy himself as if he had never
+        committed a murder. The story he told Bosso of the circumstances was
+        that he came to Gibraltar on his way from Cadiz to Malaga, and was
+        merely awaiting the arrival of a friend.</span></p>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class=
+        "tei tei-q">“He dressed expensively, generally wore a white hat of
+        the best English quality, silk stockings, white trousers, and blue
+        frock coat. His whiskers were large and bushy, and his hair was
+        black, profuse, long, and curled. He was deeply browned with the sun,
+        and had an air and gait expressive of his bold, enterprising, and
+        desperate mind. Indeed, when I saw him in his cell and at his trial,
+        although his frame was attenuated almost to a skeleton, the colour of
+        his face a pale yellow, his eyes sunken, and his hair closely shorn,
+        he still exhibited strong traces of what he had been, still retained
+        his erect and fearless carriage, his quick, fiery, and malevolent
+        eye, his hurried and concise speech, and his close and pertinent
+        style of remark.”</span> After he had been confronted in court with a
+        dirk that had belonged to one of his victims, a trunk and clothes
+        taken from another, and the pocket-book containing the handwriting of
+        the <span class="tei tei-name"><span style=
+        "font-style: italic">Morning Star’s</span></span> ill-fated captain,
+        and which were proved to have been found in his room; and when the
+        maid-servant had proved that she found the dirk under his pillow, and
+        again when he was confronted by his own black slave boy between two
+        wax lights, the countenance of the villain appeared in its true
+        nature, not depressed or sorrowful, but diabolically ferocious; and
+        when Sir George Don passed the just sentence of the law upon him his
+        face was a study of concentrated venom.</p>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">The wretched man
+        persisted up to the day of his execution in asserting his innocence;
+        but the certainty of his doom seemed to make some impression on him,
+        and he at last made an unreserved confession of his crimes, giving up
+        to the keeper a razor-blade which he had secreted in his shoes for
+        the avowed purpose of committing suicide. The narrator of his life
+        seems to have believed that he was really penitent.</p>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">On the day of his
+        execution he walked firmly at the tail of the fatal cart, gazing
+        alternately at the crucifix he held in his hand and at his coffin,
+        and repeated the prayers spoken in his ears by the attendant
+        clergyman with apparent devotion. The gallows was <span class=
+        "tei tei-pb" id="page84">[pg 84]</span><a name="Pg084" id="Pg084"
+        class="tei tei-anchor"></a>erected fronting the neutral ground, and
+        he mounted the cart as firmly as he had walked, holding up his face
+        to heaven in the beating rain, apparently calm and resigned. Finding
+        the halter too high for his neck, he boldly stepped upon his coffin
+        and placed his head in the noose, bidding adieu to all around him.
+        Thus died Benito de Soto, the pirate of the nineteenth century, whose
+        crimes had hardly been exceeded by the freebooters of any previous
+        period.</p>
+      </div>
+
+      <div class="tei tei-div" style=
+      "margin-bottom: 5.00em; margin-top: 5.00em">
+        <a name="chap09" id="chap09" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> <a name=
+        "toc21" id="toc21"></a> <a name="pdf22" id="pdf22"></a>
+
+        <h2 class="tei tei-head" style=
+        "text-align: center; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em">
+        <span style="font-size: 144%">CHAPTER IX.</span></h2>
+
+        <h2 class="tei tei-head" style=
+        "text-align: center; margin-bottom: 2.40em; margin-top: 2.40em">
+        <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: center"><span style=
+        "font-size: 120%; font-variant: small-caps">Our Arctic
+        Expeditions.</span></span></h2>
+
+        <div class="tei tei-argument" style=
+        "text-align: center; margin-bottom: 1.80em; margin-left: 3.60em; margin-top: 1.80em; margin-right: 3.60em">
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style=
+        "text-align: center; margin-bottom: 0.90em"><span style=
+        "font-size: 90%">The Latest Arctic Expedition—Scene at
+        Portsmouth—Departure of the</span> <span class="tei tei-name"
+          style="text-align: center"><span style=
+          "font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Alert</span></span>
+          <span style="font-size: 90%">and</span> <span class="tei tei-name"
+          style="text-align: center"><span style=
+          "font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Discovery</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%">—Few
+          Expeditions really ever pointed to the Pole—What we know of the
+          Regions—Admitted and unadmitted Records—Dutch Yarns—A Claimant at
+          the Pole—Life with the Esquimaux—A Solitary Journey—Northmen
+          Colony—The Adventurer kindly treated—Their
+          King—Sun-worshippers—Believers in an Arctic Hell—The Mastodon not
+          extinct—Domesticated Walruses—The whole story a nonsensical</span>
+          <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: center"><span style=
+          "font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Canard</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%">.</span></p>
+        </div>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">On the afternoon
+        of May 29th, 1875, the old town of Portsmouth presented in an unusual
+        degree that gala aspect which it can so readily assume at short
+        notice. It is true that it was the official anniversary of Her
+        Majesty’s birthday, and a military review had been announced; but
+        granting full credit to the loyalty of Hants, there was still
+        something to be explained, for visitors had crowded into the town by
+        tens and tens of thousands, and the jetties, piers, and shores
+        presented the aspect of a popular holiday, so lined were they with
+        well-dressed and evidently expectant masses of people. The shipping
+        in the harbour and out to Spithead displayed the flags of the whole
+        signalling code, while from the flag-posts of every public, and
+        hundreds of private, buildings, the coastguard stations, forts, and
+        piers, depended a perfect wealth of bunting. What was the cause of
+        this enthusiasm?</p>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">In the dockyard a
+        quieter scene explained the reason. Two vessels, of no great size,
+        and which at any other time would not have attracted special
+        attention, were lying, with full steam up and bows pointed to the
+        stream, ready for immediate departure. They bore the names of the
+        <span class="tei tei-name"><span style=
+        "font-style: italic">Alert</span></span> and <span class=
+        "tei tei-name"><span style=
+        "font-style: italic">Discovery</span></span>, and were about to start
+        on a prolonged Arctic voyage. On the jetty the relatives and friends
+        of some 120 officers and blue-jackets were assembled to bid the last
+        farewell, the last God-speed to men about to encounter many known and
+        unknown dangers in a field of action where peril is the daily
+        concomitant of existence. We can well believe that the fate of
+        Franklin and his gallant band—in numbers almost literally identical
+        with the two ships’ companies about to depart—<span class=
+        "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">would</span></span>
+        recur to the minds of some, and that many a mother prayed that night,
+        and later—</p>
+
+        <div class="tei tei-lg" style=
+        "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-left: 2.00em; margin-top: 1.00em">
+          <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">
+            <span class="tei tei-q" style="text-align: left">“O Heaven, my
+            child in mercy spare!</span>
+          </div>
+
+          <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">
+            O God, where’er he be;
+          </div>
+
+          <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">
+            O God, my God, in pity spare
+          </div>
+
+          <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">
+            <span class="tei tei-q" style="text-align: left">My boy to-night
+            at sea!”</span>
+          </div>
+        </div>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">We shall not
+        attempt to depict a scene familiar to all who have voyaged or who
+        know much of seaport life, although this was a special
+        case.</p><a name="illo_097" id="illo_097" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"></p>
+
+        <div class="tei tei-figure" style="text-align: center">
+          <img src="images/illo_097.jpg" alt=
+          "CAPTAIN NARES CONDUCTING H.R.H. THE PRINCE OF WALES OVER THE ALERT AT PORTSMOUTH"
+          title=
+          "CAPTAIN NARES CONDUCTING H.R.H. THE PRINCE OF WALES OVER THE ALERT AT PORTSMOUTH." />
+
+          <div class="tei tei-head" style=
+          "text-align: center; margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em">
+            CAPTAIN NARES CONDUCTING H.R.H. THE PRINCE OF WALES OVER THE
+            <span class="tei tei-name" style=
+            "text-align: center"><span style="font-style: italic">ALERT</span></span>
+            AT PORTSMOUTH.
+          </div>
+        </div><span class="tei tei-pb" id="page85">[pg 85]</span><a name=
+        "Pg085" id="Pg085" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+
+        <div class="tei tei-lg" style=
+        "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-left: 2.00em; margin-top: 1.00em">
+          <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">
+            <span class="tei tei-q" style="text-align: left">“A sailor’s life
+            must be</span>
+          </div>
+
+          <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">
+            Spent away on the far, far sea,
+          </div>
+
+          <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">
+            <span class="tei tei-q" style="text-align: left">And little of
+            him his wife may see,”</span>
+          </div>
+        </div>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Sings Dr. Bennett;
+        and the partings were not confined to mother or wife, but were shared
+        by many a father, brother, sister, and sweetheart, who were
+        nevertheless proud of the service in which their sailor-boy was to be
+        engaged. Still prouder were they as, at four o’clock, the vessels
+        steamed out of the harbour; <span class="tei tei-q">“such cheers upon
+        cheers rent the air”</span> as, said our leading journal,
+        <span class="tei tei-q">“were never before heard in
+        Portsmouth,”</span> while <span class="tei tei-q">“an unbroken mass
+        of waving hats and fluttering handkerchiefs”</span> extended on the
+        jetties, piers, and shore away to and beyond the breakwater. The
+        ships of war and the training ship <span class=
+        "tei tei-name"><span style="font-style: italic">St.
+        Vincent</span></span> presented a sight not soon to be forgotten,
+        covered as they were by living masses from bulwarks to sky-sail yards
+        of actual and embryo comrades in the service, delighting to honour
+        these adventurous men, departing for unknown seas and for an unknown
+        period of time. If there were any of those croakers present who tell
+        us that the service has gone to the dogs, and that the <span class=
+        "tei tei-q">“true British sailor”</span> is no more, they must have
+        been silenced; while the enthusiasm of those who had come from far
+        and near to witness the departure of the expedition was but one more
+        example of that special interest always displayed by England in all
+        matters pertaining to geographical discovery. The same love of
+        adventure, and the spirit to do and dare, which characterise our
+        voyagers and travellers, permeates very largely the masses of those
+        who stay at home, for they are Britons still.</p><a name="illo_099"
+        id="illo_099" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"></p>
+
+        <div class="tei tei-figure" style="text-align: center">
+          <img src="images/illo_099.png" alt="SIR GEORGE NARES" title=
+          "SIR GEORGE NARES." />
+
+          <div class="tei tei-head" style=
+          "text-align: center; margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em">
+            SIR GEORGE NARES.
+          </div>
+        </div><span class="tei tei-pb" id="page86">[pg 86]</span><a name=
+        "Pg086" id="Pg086" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">The expedition,
+        under the command of Captain Nares, the departure of which we have
+        briefly described, was, as we all know, distinctly organised for the
+        exploration of the polar region, and with the hope of reaching the
+        North Pole itself. One point in this connection is often overlooked,
+        thereby leading to grave mistake, and it may fairly be considered
+        before entering upon the narration of this Arctic voyage. There are
+        those among us who, being <span class="tei tei-q">“nothing if not
+        practical,”</span> aver that too many voyages have been instigated
+        for the discovery of the North Pole, which is to them a worthless
+        aim. The answer to such croakers is direct. Of the hundreds of
+        expeditions, British and foreign, despatched to the Arctic regions,
+        very few indeed have been organised for that discovery, or even for
+        the exploration of the polar region proper. Those instituted with
+        that special object, as will be hereafter shown, scarcely exceed a
+        dozen in number. Strange as it may seem, commerce was for a long
+        period almost the only motive for Arctic exploration. The larger part
+        of the earlier attempts at north-west and north-east passages were
+        instigated with the distinct object of reaching the Orient—China,
+        India, and the Spice Islands—for commercial purposes, by what seems
+        now-a-days a most roundabout if not utterly ridiculous manner, but
+        which at the time appeared quite comprehensible and defensible. The
+        rich productions of the countries named in those days reached us
+        overland; and not till the very close of the fifteenth century, when
+        Vasco di Gama doubled the Cape of Good Hope, was a comparatively easy
+        sea-route found to Eastern Asia. The opening of extensive fisheries,
+        the fur-trade, reported mineral discoveries, and, in a limited
+        degree, colonisation, have been among the main causes in bygone days
+        of hundreds of Arctic voyages, the organisers whereof cared nothing
+        for the North Pole. The many Arctic expeditions of the present
+        century have been mainly instituted for geographical discovery and
+        scientific research; and, as we all know, a number of them would not
+        have had their being but for the sad tragedy which involved the
+        search for Franklin and his ill-starred companions. Now-a-days,
+        indeed, as the writer has elsewhere said,<a id="noteref_11" name=
+        "noteref_11" href="#note_11"><span class=
+        "tei tei-noteref"><span style=
+        "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">11</span></span></a>
+        <span class="tei tei-q">“we have no need for an icy route to Cathaia;
+        we have no expectation of commercial advantage from the exploration
+        of the North Pole.”</span> The solution of a most important
+        geographical problem was the aim of Captain Nares’ expedition, as it
+        was that of <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style=
+        "font-style: italic">several</span></span>, but <span class=
+        "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">not</span></span>, as
+        will be proved, that of <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style=
+        "font-style: italic">many</span></span> previous ones. If it ever is
+        to be done, England should do it.</p><a name="illo_101" id="illo_101"
+        class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"></p>
+
+        <div class="tei tei-figure" style="text-align: center">
+          <img src="images/illo_101.jpg" alt=
+          "DEPARTURE OF THE “ALERT” AND “DISCOVERY” FROM PORTSMOUTH" title=
+          "DEPARTURE OF THE “ALERT” AND “DISCOVERY” FROM PORTSMOUTH." />
+
+          <div class="tei tei-head" style=
+          "text-align: center; margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em">
+            DEPARTURE OF THE <span class="tei tei-q" style=
+            "text-align: center">“ALERT”</span> AND <span class="tei tei-q"
+            style="text-align: center">“DISCOVERY”</span> FROM PORTSMOUTH.
+          </div>
+        </div>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">It will be
+        interesting, and somewhat important, to note briefly, before entering
+        on the consideration of the great Arctic voyages, just how much and
+        how little we know about the polar region proper. The undiscovered
+        region covers an area of scarcely less than a million and a half
+        square miles; while between explored points on either side it is in
+        certain directions as much as 1,500 miles across. Parry, in 1827,
+        reached by a mixed boat and sledge journey as high a latitude as 82°
+        45′ N., while Captain Hall, the American, succeeded in <span class=
+        "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">taking his
+        vessel</span></span>, in 1871, as high as 82° 16′ N. in Smith’s
+        Sound. As we shall hereafter see, both these exploits have now been
+        beaten by the expedition under Captain (now Sir George S.) Nares. In
+        general terms, we may say that the vast tract between 70° and 80° of
+        north latitude has been pretty thoroughly explored on the European
+        and American sides of the polar region, while much less is known of
+        the same latitudes on the Asiatic side. How much of the in-lying
+        region is land, or how far covered with water, has <span class=
+        "tei tei-pb" id="page87">[pg 87]</span><a name="Pg087" id="Pg087"
+        class="tei tei-anchor"></a>yet to be determined. In spite of the very
+        positive utterances of many explorers and scientists, all we really
+        know is that there <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style=
+        "font-style: italic">is</span></span> much open water, or at all
+        events ice-covered water, and that it <span class=
+        "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">may</span></span>
+        extend to the Pole. No weight whatever can be attached to the once
+        popular <span class="tei tei-q">“open polar sea”</span> theory, which
+        rested principally on the statements of those who had, after reaching
+        given points, been unable to see anything but open water before them.
+        How would that wiseacre be esteemed, who, looking seaward from
+        different parts of our coast, saw nought but ocean, and thereon
+        immediately built a theory that no land existed in the direction of
+        his gaze? America must be swept from <span class=
+        "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">his</span></span> map
+        entirely, while even Continental Europe would have a poor
+        chance—except on a fine day, and even then from but a few points of
+        our south coast.</p>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Whilst the claims
+        of Parry, Hall, and Nares, as the three explorers who have approached
+        nearer the Pole than any others, must be admitted by all authorities,
+        we may note <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style=
+        "font-style: italic">en passant</span></span> that other and stronger
+        claims have been put forth in days gone by. The Hon. Daines
+        Barrington, somewhat of an authority in his day, read before the
+        Royal Society, late in the last century, a series of papers devoted
+        to polar subjects,<a id="noteref_12" name="noteref_12" href=
+        "#note_12"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style=
+        "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">12</span></span></a> in which
+        he records the cases of whalers and others who were said to have
+        almost reached the North Pole. He cites with some substantiatory
+        evidence the case of a Dutch ship-of-war, superintending the
+        Greenland fisheries, which had reached the latitude of 88° N., or
+        within 120 miles of the Pole. He gives the case of an English
+        captain—one Johnson, or Monson (Buffon records the same case)—who had
+        also reached 88° N. He further offers us the <span class=
+        "tei tei-q">“Relation of Two Dutch Masters”</span> to one Captain
+        Goulden, who asserted that they had reached 89°, and caps the climax
+        with a <span class="tei tei-q">“Dutch relation”</span> to a Mr. Grey,
+        in which the Hollander claims to have been within half a degree
+        (thirty geographical miles) of the Pole. These claims were seriously
+        discussed at the time, and were not put forward by an ignorant or
+        careless writer. Nevertheless, no credit is given to them by present
+        Arctic authorities, although they would seem to deserve some little
+        examination and attention.</p>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">One other claim to
+        the discovery of a continent immediately surrounding the North Pole
+        remains to be considered, albeit not seriously. It has been very
+        naturally ignored here, but was calmly discussed some years since in
+        America, where it was first published. The present writer presents it
+        in a condensed form simply as a novelty; it is only too evidently a
+        sailor’s <span class="tei tei-q">“yarn,”</span> invented by some one
+        familiar with Arctic works, or possibly with the Arctic regions
+        themselves. But as it will serve to enliven our narrative at this
+        juncture, the reader will pardon its introduction.</p>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">The editor of the
+        following narrative commences by stating that a log, squared and much
+        water-soaked, was found floating in Hudson’s Bay in the year 1866 by
+        an American sailor. On examination, a small piece of wood was
+        discovered to be morticed in its side, and this being picked out, a
+        manuscript, written on skin sewn together with sinews, was found
+        enclosed in a seal-skin cover. The story inscribed on it was in
+        substance as follows. The writer begins by stating that he has
+        discovered a new continent at the Pole. Being desirous of leaving
+        England, he had shipped before the mast on the <span class=
+        "tei tei-name"><span style="font-style: italic">Erebus</span></span>,
+        under the <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page88">[pg 88]</span><a name=
+        "Pg088" id="Pg088" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>command of Sir John
+        Franklin. He had done so under an assumed name, his true name being
+        William North. Describing briefly the events preceding Franklin’s
+        death, he goes on to say that they abandoned the ships in April,
+        1848, Captain Crozier hoping to reach Hudson’s Bay (Territory is
+        meant, presumably), their provisions being exhausted. All but himself
+        perished, and he lay on the snow insensible till rescued by some
+        Esquimaux, with whom he lived for several years. From observations he
+        became convinced there was a habitable land further north. The birds
+        and animals often came in large numbers from that direction, and then
+        suddenly returned. The Indians all had a superstitious fear of going
+        far north, and none who did so were ever seen again. It was supposed
+        that they perished of cold and starvation; but more than one old
+        Esquimaux told him that they were killed by the inhabitants beyond
+        the mountains.</p><a name="illo_104" id="illo_104" class=
+        "tei tei-anchor"></a>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"></p>
+
+        <div class="tei tei-figure" style="text-align: center">
+          <img src="images/illo_104.png" alt="CAPE DESOLATION" title=
+          "CAPE DESOLATION." />
+
+          <div class="tei tei-head" style=
+          "text-align: center; margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em">
+            CAPE DESOLATION.
+          </div>
+        </div>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class=
+        "tei tei-q">“As I could never get back to England,”</span> says he,
+        <span class="tei tei-q">“even if I had desired, I concluded to push
+        to the north, and reach the North Pole or perish in the
+        attempt.”</span> No one would go with him, so he went alone, taking
+        two dogs and a boat which he had rigged on runners. The Indians said
+        that he would never return.</p><a name="illo_105" id="illo_105"
+        class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"></p>
+
+        <div class="tei tei-figure" style="text-align: center">
+          <img src="images/illo_105.jpg" alt="MAP OF THE NORTH POLAR REGIONS"
+          title="MAP OF THE NORTH POLAR REGIONS. [larger version]" />
+
+          <div class="tei tei-head" style=
+          "text-align: center; margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em">
+            MAP OF THE NORTH POLAR REGIONS.<br />
+            <br />
+            <a href="images/illo_105.jpg" class="tei tei-xref" style=
+            "text-align: center">[larger version]</a>
+          </div>
+        </div>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class=
+        "tei tei-q">“This was on the Greenland shore, as far north as the ice
+        mountains, known to navigators as the glaciers. [<span class=
+        "tei tei-q">‘Ice rivers’</span> would be the more appropriate term;
+        but the story is evidently written by a half-educated man.] It was
+        the early spring of 1860, according to my reckoning; the season was
+        the most favourable I had ever seen, and in <span class="tei tei-pb"
+        id="page90">[pg 90]</span><a name="Pg090" id="Pg090" class=
+        "tei tei-anchor"></a>two months I must have travelled fully six
+        hundred miles, myself and the dogs living on game and seals killed by
+        the way.</span></p>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class=
+        "tei tei-q">“My theory was that I should suddenly emerge into a warm
+        and fertile country as soon as I should reach the point at which,
+        according to all the books, the earth was flattened, and on which the
+        sun in summer never sets. It seemed to me that if the sun should
+        remain for six months above the horizon, without any nights, the
+        effect would be to give a very warm climate. I had a good silver
+        watch, of which I had always taken the greatest care, and I kept a
+        record of every day, so that I should not lose my reckoning. I will
+        not dwell on the perils and privations of my journey, except to say
+        that with streaming eyes I had killed my faithful dogs to save me
+        from starvation, when on the 20th of June, 1860, according to my
+        calendar, I passed out of a crevice or gorge between two great walls
+        of ice, just in time to escape death from a falling mass larger than
+        a ship, into an open space of table-land, from which I could see
+        below me, and stretching away as far as the eye could reach, a land
+        more beautiful than England or any other country I had ever
+        seen.”</span></p>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">The narrator says
+        that his feelings becoming calmer after the surprise he had
+        experienced, he descended the mountain, at the foot of which was a
+        village, where the people were celebrating a festival or carnival.
+        Overcome by the heat and excitement, he fainted, and some time
+        afterwards found himself closely guarded in the house of some
+        priests, where, however, he was kindly treated. The curious things
+        which he had in his possession convinced them that their prisoner was
+        worth keeping alive. He explained their use by signs, in which they
+        were greatly interested. The watch pleased them the most, and they
+        easily understood the division of time. When he drew a figure of the
+        earth, with the parallels of latitude and longitude, pointing out the
+        positions of the various countries, including their own, they were
+        greatly astonished, and treated him with increased kindness.</p>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">He was taken
+        before their chief—the Jarl—who lives in a stone palace, built as
+        solidly as the pyramids. <span class="tei tei-q">“Glass is unknown,
+        and curtains or draperies take its place in the windows. Oil-lamps
+        are used, except in the palaces of the nobility and in public places,
+        where an electric light, much brighter than gas, is
+        substituted.”</span> Precious stones, gold, and silver, abound.
+        <span class="tei tei-q">“The Jarl drives out with four large moose,
+        or mastodon, attached to his chariot, which are harnessed in pairs,
+        the inside horns of each being cut so that they will not interlock.
+        His pleasure barge is drawn by walruses.”</span> Barges and boats
+        were commonly drawn by domesticated seals and walruses. Their arts
+        and productions are described in detail, and are about the same as
+        those of Northern Europe a thousand years ago. The people are
+        numerous, and live in peace and happiness. The sun is their great
+        spirit; shut in by eternal snow and ice, although their own climate
+        is not very severe, they naturally look upon cold as the essence of
+        all that is evil, and ice as its embodiment. When the genial rays of
+        the sun disperse the ice and snow they worship and rejoice. And
+        carrying out the same idea, the infernal regions are stated to be
+        cold, not hot. We all remember the worthy divine in the north of
+        Scotland, who knowing that he could not terrify his shivering
+        congregation by depicting the terrors of fire, painted in its place
+        an Arctic Hell. So Dante, in <span class="tei tei-q">“The Divine
+        Comedy,”</span> makes the frozen Lake of Cocytus <span class=
+        "tei tei-pb" id="page91">[pg 91]</span><a name="Pg091" id="Pg091"
+        class="tei tei-anchor"></a>a place where the traitors to kindred and
+        country endure a new torment. So again Shakespeare, in the well-known
+        soliloquy—</p>
+
+        <div class="tei tei-lg" style=
+        "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-left: 2.00em; margin-top: 1.00em">
+          <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">
+            <span class="tei tei-q" style="text-align: left">“Ay, but to die,
+            and go we know not where;</span>
+          </div>
+
+          <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">
+            To lie in cold obstruction and to rot;
+          </div>
+
+          <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">
+            This sensible warm motion to become
+          </div>
+
+          <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">
+            A kneaded clod; and the de-lighted<a id="noteref_13" name=
+            "noteref_13" href="#note_13"><span class="tei tei-noteref" style=
+            "text-align: left"><span style=
+            "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">13</span></span></a>
+            spirit
+          </div>
+
+          <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">
+            To bathe in fiery floods, or to reside
+          </div>
+
+          <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">
+            <span class="tei tei-q" style="text-align: left">In thrilling
+            regions of thick-ribbèd ice.”</span>
+          </div>
+        </div>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">The narrator goes
+        on to say that it is usual to make ice idols or ice demons for their
+        carnivals; and ice palaces like those often constructed in Russia are
+        also common in winter. He further says that Greenland extends to the
+        Pole and far beyond it, and ends his narrative by stating that at the
+        date on which he writes—May 22nd, 1861—he had been eleven months on
+        the polar continent, and had no desire to leave it.</p>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">So much for a
+        <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style=
+        "font-style: italic">canard</span></span>, amusing at least from the
+        mock earnestness of the writer. But that a detached colony of
+        descendants from the Northmen <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style=
+        "font-style: italic">might</span></span> be found at some more
+        distant point of Greenland with which we are at present not familiar,
+        is at least possible, and that the climate of the Pole is
+        comparatively temperate has been the belief of some authorities,
+        although, most assuredly, the intense cold experienced by the
+        expedition under Captain Nares at the high latitude attained will not
+        bear out the assertion.</p><a name="illo_107" id="illo_107" class=
+        "tei tei-anchor"></a>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"></p>
+
+        <div class="tei tei-figure" style="text-align: center">
+          <img src="images/illo_107.jpg" alt="THE ARCTIC YACHT PANDORA"
+          title="THE ARCTIC YACHT PANDORA." />
+
+          <div class="tei tei-head" style=
+          "text-align: center; margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em">
+            THE ARCTIC YACHT <span class="tei tei-name" style=
+            "text-align: center"><span style=
+            "font-style: italic">PANDORA</span></span>.
+          </div>
+        </div>
+      </div>
+
+      <div class="tei tei-div" style=
+      "margin-bottom: 5.00em; margin-top: 5.00em">
+        <a name="chap10" id="chap10" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> <a name=
+        "toc23" id="toc23"></a> <a name="pdf24" id="pdf24"></a>
+
+        <h2 class="tei tei-head" style=
+        "text-align: center; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em">
+        <span style="font-size: 144%">CHAPTER X.</span></h2>
+
+        <h2 class="tei tei-head" style=
+        "text-align: center; margin-bottom: 2.40em; margin-top: 2.40em">
+        <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: center"><span style=
+        "font-size: 120%; font-variant: small-caps">Cruise of the</span>
+        <span class="tei tei-q" style="text-align: center"><span style=
+        "font-size: 120%; font-variant: small-caps">“</span><span style=
+        "font-size: 120%; font-variant: small-caps">Pandora.</span><span style="font-size: 120%; font-variant: small-caps">”</span></span></span></h2>
+
+        <div class="tei tei-argument" style=
+        "text-align: center; margin-bottom: 1.80em; margin-left: 3.60em; margin-top: 1.80em; margin-right: 3.60em">
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style=
+        "text-align: center; margin-bottom: 0.90em"><span style=
+        "font-size: 90%">The Arctic Expedition of 1875-6—Its
+        Advocates—The</span> <span class="tei tei-name" style=
+        "text-align: center"><span style=
+        "font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Alert</span></span>
+          <span style="font-size: 90%">and</span> <span class="tei tei-name"
+          style="text-align: center"><span style=
+          "font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Discovery</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%">—Cruise
+          of the</span> <span class="tei tei-name" style=
+          "text-align: center"><span style=
+          "font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Pandora</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%">—Curious
+          Icebergs—The First Bump with the Ice—Seal Meat as a Luxury—Ashore
+          on a Floe—Coaling at Ivigtut—The Kryolite Trade—Beauty of the
+          Greenland Coast in Summer—Festivities at Disco—The Belles of
+          Greenland—A novel Ball-room—The dreaded Melville Bay—Scene of Ruin
+          at Northumberland House—Devastation of the Bears—An Arctic
+          Graveyard—Beset by the Ice—An Interesting Discovery—Furthest Point
+          attained—Return Voyage—A Dreadful Night—The Phantom Cliff—Home
+          again.</span></p>
+        </div>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">The Arctic
+        expedition of 1875-6 has been the subject of very general interest,
+        and has led to much comment and some adverse criticism. With the
+        latter we have little or nothing to do. If a certain amount of
+        disappointment exists regarding the still undiscovered Pole, let the
+        reader remember that no Arctic expedition whatever has yet fulfilled
+        all the promises and hopes of its youth, and that our brave seamen
+        <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style=
+        "font-style: italic">have</span></span> taken our flag to a higher
+        point than ever attained before. Britain is again foremost, and the
+        names of Nares and Markham stand worthily by the side of Hall and
+        Parry. The conditions under which they made their success were, in
+        some respects, of unparalleled difficulty and hardship.</p>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">The renewal of
+        English enterprise in the direction of the Pole was not due to sudden
+        caprice, but was greatly stimulated by the generous rivalry of other
+        nations. Several <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page92">[pg
+        92]</span><a name="Pg092" id="Pg092" class=
+        "tei tei-anchor"></a>members of the Royal Geographical Society,
+        prominent among whom were the late Admiral Sherard Osborne and Sir
+        Roderick I. Murchison, so long the president of the body, advocated
+        it with all their strength and might, while that noble-hearted lady,
+        the late Lady Franklin, took the deepest interest in its
+        promotion.</p>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Their
+        representations had due effect on the Government; the necessary votes
+        were passed, and the expedition organised. The vessels employed were
+        probably as well adapted for Arctic navigation as any that have left
+        our shores for that purpose. The <span class=
+        "tei tei-name"><span style="font-style: italic">Alert</span></span>
+        is a royal navy steam sloop of 751 tons and 100 horse-power, and was
+        greatly strengthened for her intended voyage. The commander of the
+        expedition, Captain Nares, who had only just been recalled from the
+        memorable voyage of the <span class="tei tei-name"><span style=
+        "font-style: italic">Challenger</span></span>, was a man of
+        considerable experience, and had been in Arctic service previously.
+        With him was associated Commander A. H. Markham, who had a
+        considerable amount of previous Arctic experience. The second vessel
+        of the expedition, the <span class="tei tei-name"><span style=
+        "font-style: italic">Discovery</span></span>, had been a Dundee steam
+        whaler, was purchased by the Government, and put under the command of
+        Captain H. F. Stephenson. The total complement of officers and crews
+        on the two vessels consisted of 120 men, the very pick of the navy
+        and whaling marine, many of whom had served in polar seas before. A
+        store ship, the <span class="tei tei-name"><span style=
+        "font-style: italic">Valorous</span></span>, accompanied them to
+        Greenland, and returned safely in time to enable Mr. Clements R.
+        Markham, a relative of Captain Markham’s, who had made a trip on her,
+        to lay before the British Association meeting at Bristol, on August
+        31st, the earliest news from the expedition. On the voyage to Disco
+        they had encountered heavy weather; but on arrival there it was
+        considered that it would prove a favourable season for Arctic
+        exploration. The <span class="tei tei-name"><span style=
+        "font-style: italic">Valorous</span></span>, having transferred the
+        stores, &amp;c., intended for the use of the Arctic ships, had parted
+        company on July 16th, leaving the expedition in good health and
+        excellent spirits.</p><a name="illo_111" id="illo_111" class=
+        "tei tei-anchor"></a>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"></p>
+
+        <div class="tei tei-figure" style="text-align: center">
+          <img src="images/illo_111.jpg" alt="THE ARCTIC STORE SHIP VALOROUS"
+          title="THE ARCTIC STORE SHIP VALOROUS." />
+
+          <div class="tei tei-head" style=
+          "text-align: center; margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em">
+            THE ARCTIC STORE SHIP <span class="tei tei-name" style=
+            "text-align: center"><span style=
+            "font-style: italic">VALOROUS</span></span>.
+          </div>
+        </div>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">For the present
+        let us leave them to pursue their researches in the polar regions
+        while we speak of the expedition which followed close in their wake,
+        and, indeed, was partly intended to be the means of a last
+        communication with them. We refer to the interesting voyage of the
+        <span class="tei tei-name"><span style=
+        "font-style: italic">Pandora</span></span>, which brought home very
+        late news from them, and which, considering the brief time in which
+        it was made, deserves to be chronicled as a most successful
+        <span class="tei tei-q">“dash”</span> into the Arctic regions.</p>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">The <span class=
+        "tei tei-name"><span style="font-style: italic">Pandora</span></span>
+        was bought from the Navy Department by Captain Allen Young, and
+        specially fitted out by him for Arctic navigation. This was no small
+        matter. Although built for a gunboat, she had to be considerably
+        strengthened. Heavy iron beams and knees were put in amidships, to
+        increase her resisting powers to a squeeze or <span class=
+        "tei tei-q">“nip”</span> in the ice; her hull was enveloped in an
+        outer casing of American elm four and a half inches thick, to
+        strengthen her sides; her bows were encased in solid iron. These
+        changes, while injuring her sailing qualities somewhat, enabled her
+        to work her way among ice, where an ordinary ship would be crushed
+        like an egg-shell. She was a small barque-rigged vessel, of 438 tons
+        register, with steam-power which could on emergencies be worked up to
+        200 horse-power. The crew and officers numbered thirty men, all told.
+        She was provisioned for eighteen months.</p>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class=
+        "tei tei-q">“The promoters of our expedition,”</span> says Mr. J. A.
+        MacGahan, who accompanied it as correspondent of the <span class=
+        "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">New York
+        Herald</span></span>, and has since collected his notes in a most
+        interesting <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page93">[pg
+        93]</span><a name="Pg093" id="Pg093" class=
+        "tei tei-anchor"></a>book,<a id="noteref_14" name="noteref_14" href=
+        "#note_14"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style=
+        "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">14</span></span></a>
+        <span class="tei tei-q">“were Captain Allen Young, on whom fell the
+        principal burden and expense; Mr. James Gordon Bennett, whom I had
+        the honour to represent; Lieutenant Innes Lillingston, R.N., who went
+        as second in command; and the late Lady Franklin. She had insisted on
+        contributing to the expenses of the expedition, almost against
+        Captain Young’s wishes, who felt by no means confident of doing
+        anything that would entitle him to accept her willing
+        contribution.”</span> It will be remembered that Captain Young had
+        been navigating officer with the memorable McClintock expedition in
+        1857-9, and that during that time he had made many perilous
+        sledge-journeys. A representative of the Dutch royal navy, Lieutenant
+        Beynen, accompanied them, and was sent out by his Government to
+        report on the expedition, and gain experience in Arctic navigation.
+        Probably, at some future time Holland may resume the thread of Arctic
+        exploration where it was dropped by Barentz, the old Dutch navigator,
+        300 years ago.</p>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">On the morning of
+        the 28th of July they arrived in sight of Cape Farewell, and were
+        surrounded on all sides by a field of floating ice. The horizon was
+        white with it, while near the ships great pieces, of every imaginable
+        shape and size, went drifting by in dangerous proximity. There were
+        old castles with broken ruined towers, battlements, and loopholes;
+        castellated fortresses; cathedrals with fantastic Gothic carving, and
+        delicate tracery, and triumphal arches. The narrator says that the
+        animal and vegetable kingdoms were repre<span class="tei tei-pb" id=
+        "page94">[pg 94]</span><a name="Pg094" id="Pg094" class=
+        "tei tei-anchor"></a>sented by huge mushrooms with broad drooping
+        tops, supported on a single slender stem, and great masses of
+        ice-foliage that crowned groups of beautifully-carved columns, like
+        immense bread-fruit trees, covered with ice. There were swans with
+        long slender necks gracefully poised in the water; there were
+        dragons, lions, eagles; in short, almost every fantastic form that
+        could be imagined, sparkling and gleaming in the bright morning sun.
+        In the path of the vessel great flat pieces, or floes, presented
+        themselves, and grew closer and thicker together, with but very
+        narrow channels of water between them. At last they came to a place
+        where there was no passage at all, unless they went two or three
+        miles out of their route.</p>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Toms, the old
+        gunner, who was out with Captain Young in the <span class=
+        "tei tei-name"><span style="font-style: italic">Fox</span></span>,
+        was on the bridge conducting the vessel’s course, and instead of
+        going around they drove straight at the floe. What had been taken by
+        some on board for a solid field of ice was in reality two large floes
+        joined together at one spot, and thus forming a narrow isthmus only a
+        few feet wide. It was this isthmus that old Toms was going to charge.
+        The wind in the course of the morning had sprung up from the east,
+        and they had it, consequently, on the starboard quarter. The
+        <span class="tei tei-name"><span style=
+        "font-style: italic">Pandora</span></span> was coming smoothly along
+        under reefed topsails, at the rate of about five knots. In a moment
+        her prow plunged into the ice with the force of a battering-ram.
+        There was a loud crash; the ship quivered and shook; the masts, with
+        the sails pulling at them, bent and creaked; the ice rolled up before
+        her in great blocks, that fell splashing in the water, and the
+        <span class="tei tei-name"><span style=
+        "font-style: italic">Pandora</span></span> stopped quite still for
+        the moment, completely jammed. But it was for a moment only. Her
+        sharp iron prow had quite demolished the neck of ice, and it only
+        remained to squeeze herself between the floes into clear water
+        beyond. She wriggled through like an eel, and then shot gaily
+        forward, as though eager for another encounter.</p>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class=
+        "tei tei-q">“That was rather a hard bump, Toms, wasn’t it?”</span>
+        said somebody.</p>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class=
+        "tei tei-q">“Oh, bless you! that’s nothing,”</span> replied the old
+        sea-dog, with a smile. <span class="tei tei-q">“We’ll have harder
+        ones nor that before we gets through the north-west passage.”</span>
+        And so they did, as the narrative abundantly shows.</p>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">The seals, with
+        their round smooth heads just barely above the surface, are described
+        as looking like plum-puddings floating in the water. As they had been
+        living on salt provisions for twenty days, a great longing for fresh
+        meat came over them. Seal’s liver with bacon is said to form an
+        excellent dish. On one occasion they had nearly killed a seal, when a
+        man was sent after it to finish the business. His weight, when he
+        arrived on the floe, broke the ice, and both fell in together. The
+        seal was lost, but happily the sailor was rescued. Later they were
+        more successful. The officers took to the seal-flesh most kindly, but
+        the sailors were by far too dainty to feed on such unusual food. It
+        is a curious fact that men on Arctic expeditions will often refuse to
+        touch seal or walrus meat, as well as preserved or tinned beef and
+        mutton. The result is the scurvy, which often enough proves
+        fatal.</p>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Captain Young, on
+        the way up to Ivigtut, a little Danish settlement on the west coast
+        of Greenland, brought his vessel alongside a large floe on which five
+        seals were observed, apparently asleep. Thirty gun-barrels were soon
+        levelled on the hapless animals, which lay quite still as the ship
+        came up, apparently unconscious of their danger. <span class=
+        "tei tei-pb" id="page95">[pg 95]</span><a name="Pg095" id="Pg095"
+        class="tei tei-anchor"></a>As about two hundred rounds were fired,
+        and yet three of the seals got away, their bravado was partially
+        excusable. One of those killed was perfectly riddled with shot. This
+        animal takes a great deal of killing unless hit exactly in the brain.
+        Soon the ship was moored to the floe, and the officers and men were
+        out to secure their game. On this floating island of ice they found a
+        little lake of water, and having been on short allowance for some
+        days, they hailed it with delight. They took a long drink first of
+        all, then a run over the island and a good roll in the snow, as
+        pleased as schoolboys out for a holiday. After this the ship was
+        watered, amid a great amount of fun and frolic, everybody being so
+        glad to stretch their legs. At Ivigtut the officers went on shore to
+        visit the few Danes of the colony while the vessel was being coaled,
+        and an amusing account is given of the hospitality extended to them.
+        The chronicler mentions very particularly an insinuating drink called
+        <span class="tei tei-q">“banko,”</span> which was ordinarily mingled
+        with layers of sherry, and sometimes claret and sherry. It had a
+        mild, pleasant taste, quite disproportionate to the powerful effects
+        it produced. The governor had entertained the officers of the
+        <span class="tei tei-name"><span style=
+        "font-style: italic">Tigress</span></span> when she came here in
+        search of the crew of the <span class="tei tei-name"><span style=
+        "font-style: italic">Polaris</span></span>, Captain Hall’s vessel,
+        and they had also drunk banko punch till some of them had been
+        observed to stir it up with their cigars for tea-spoons, and then to
+        express astonishment at the cigars appearing damp! It is at this
+        settlement that the kryolite mines are worked by a Danish company.
+        The mineral is used for a variety of purposes, but principally for
+        making soda, and in the United States for preparing aluminium.
+        McClintock’s little steam yacht, the <span class=
+        "tei tei-name"><span style="font-style: italic">Fox</span></span>, so
+        celebrated in Arctic history in connection with the Franklin search,
+        is now in the employ of this Company.</p>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">The Greenland
+        coasts at this season are described as beautiful in the extreme, a
+        broken, serrated line of high, rugged mountains rising abruptly out
+        of the water to a height of 3,000 feet. Over these the sun and
+        atmosphere combine to produce the most fantastic effects of colour,
+        while ever and anon glimpses of that mighty sea of ice which has
+        overwhelmed Greenland are to be caught. Captain Young, in his
+        progress up the coasts was met by several kyacks—skin canoes—whose
+        occupants had travelled, or rather voyaged, fifteen miles at sea
+        merely to barter their fish for tobacco, biscuit, or coffee.
+        <span class="tei tei-q">“Imagine a man getting into a canoe and
+        paddling across the English Channel from Dover to Boulogne or Calais
+        in order to sell half-a-dozen trout!”</span> They were thoroughly
+        drenched with the water dashing over them, but had very little in the
+        kyacks, so closely does the skin jacket they wear fit the round hole
+        in the top of the canoe. They were rewarded with a glass of rum, and
+        sold about fifty-five pounds of delicious fish for half a pound of
+        tobacco and a couple of dozen small sea biscuits.</p><a name=
+        "illo_113" id="illo_113" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"></p>
+
+        <div class="tei tei-figure" style="text-align: center">
+          <img src="images/illo_113.png" alt="DISCO" title="DISCO." />
+
+          <div class="tei tei-head" style=
+          "text-align: center; margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em">
+            DISCO.
+          </div>
+        </div>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">At Disco they were
+        again warmly welcomed by the Danes; and if MacGahan has not been
+        carried away by the enthusiasm of the moment, the young ladies must
+        indeed be something delightful. He avers that their small hands and
+        feet would make an English or American girl die with envy, and that
+        they dance like sylphs. Of one he says, gushingly, <span class=
+        "tei tei-q">“It was a pure delight to watch her little feet flitting
+        over the ground like butterflies, or humming-birds, or rosebuds, or
+        anything else that is delicate and sweet and delightful. It was not
+        dancing at all: it was flying; it was floating through the air on a
+        wave of rhythm, without even so much as touching ground.”</span> What
+        more could be said after this? He states, however, that they were all
+        very well behaved. They allowed the men not even <span class=
+        "tei tei-pb" id="page96">[pg 96]</span><a name="Pg096" id="Pg096"
+        class="tei tei-anchor"></a>a kiss or a squeeze of the hand, and knew
+        as well how to maintain their dignity and keep people at a proper
+        distance as any other young ladies. They are all good Christians and
+        church-going people, belonging, as do all the Esquimaux of Greenland,
+        to some form of the Lutheran faith, to which they have been converted
+        by the mild and beneficent influence of the kindly Danes.</p><a name=
+        "illo_116" id="illo_116" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"></p>
+
+        <div class="tei tei-figure" style="text-align: center">
+          <img src="images/illo_116.jpg" alt=
+          "ENTRANCE TO THE MUSIC HALL, DISCO" title=
+          "ENTRANCE TO THE MUSIC HALL, DISCO." />
+
+          <div class="tei tei-head" style=
+          "text-align: center; margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em">
+            ENTRANCE TO THE MUSIC HALL, DISCO.
+          </div>
+        </div>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">The ball-room in
+        which their first entertainment was given was rather small for forty
+        or fifty people to dance in, being only twelve feet by fifteen. It
+        was also, perhaps, a little dark, being lighted by only one small
+        window, for as it was broad daylight at ten o’clock in the evening at
+        that period it was not thought worth while to bring in candles. The
+        ceiling was barely six feet high, and in fact the festive hall was no
+        other than the workshop of Disco’s lonely carpenter, which had been
+        cleaned out for the occasion. Over its <span class=
+        "tei tei-q">“dore”</span> the inscription shown in the above
+        illustration was found, intimating that it would <span class=
+        "tei tei-q">“opn”</span> at 8 o’clock.</p><span class="tei tei-pb"
+        id="page97">[pg 97]</span><a name="Pg097" id="Pg097" class=
+        "tei tei-anchor"></a> <a name="illo_117" id="illo_117" class=
+        "tei tei-anchor"></a>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"></p>
+
+        <div class="tei tei-figure" style="text-align: center">
+          <img src="images/illo_117.jpg" alt="EXPLORERS CROSSING “HUMMOCKS”"
+          title="EXPLORERS CROSSING “HUMMOCKS.”" />
+
+          <div class="tei tei-head" style=
+          "text-align: center; margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em">
+            EXPLORERS CROSSING <span class="tei tei-q" style=
+            "text-align: center">“HUMMOCKS.”</span>
+          </div>
+        </div>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">At Upernavik, the
+        last Danish station at which the <span class=
+        "tei tei-name"><span style="font-style: italic">Pandora</span></span>
+        stopped, and that only long enough to obtain some dogs, they learned
+        that the English expedition had sailed thence on the 22nd of July. In
+        north latitude 74° they had a glimpse of the grandest of Greenland’s
+        glaciers, which is described as a great inclined plane, seventy or
+        eighty miles long, extending back to the interior in one vast icy
+        slope. Immense as was this field of ice, they knew that it was
+        nothing but a small corner of the great, lone, silent, dreary world
+        beyond. Now they entered the dreaded Melville Bay, which is in some
+        years never free from ice. It is often only towards the end of August
+        that ships can get through it. Here, in the middle of that month, the
+        little steam yacht <span class="tei tei-name"><span style=
+        "font-style: italic">Fox</span></span>, of McClintock’s memorable
+        expedition, was caught in the ice, carried down Baffin’s Bay and
+        Davis Straits, only to be freed 242 days afterwards by a miracle. The
+        fact of a bear swimming in the sea betokened that ice was not far
+        off, and so it proved. It was not, however, at first very formidable,
+        consisting only of thin, loose floes, that offered little resistance
+        to the sharp prow of the <span class="tei tei-name"><span style=
+        "font-style: italic">Pandora</span></span>. On the evening of the
+        19th of August they were at the Carey Islands, where a bootless
+        search was made for a cairn of stones believed to have been erected
+        by Captain Nares. They found, however, two cairns erected by a whaler
+        in 1867, in one of which he had left half a bottle of rum, which,
+        having undergone eight successive freezings, had become as mild as
+        fine old Rhine wine. It is needless to say that the whaling captain’s
+        health <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page98">[pg 98]</span><a name=
+        "Pg098" id="Pg098" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>was drunk therewith and
+        forthwith. Two barrels of letters for the <span class=
+        "tei tei-name"><span style="font-style: italic">Alert</span></span>
+        and <span class="tei tei-name"><span style=
+        "font-style: italic">Discovery</span></span> were left
+        there.</p><a name="illo_119" id="illo_119" class=
+        "tei tei-anchor"></a>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"></p>
+
+        <div class="tei tei-figure" style="text-align: center">
+          <img src="images/illo_119.png" alt="THE MONUMENT TO BELLOT" title=
+          "THE MONUMENT TO BELLOT." />
+
+          <div class="tei tei-head" style=
+          "text-align: center; margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em">
+            THE MONUMENT TO BELLOT.
+          </div>
+        </div>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">At Beechey Island,
+        visited at different periods by (Sir John) Ross, Belcher, and
+        Franklin, they found the yacht <span class=
+        "tei tei-name"><span style="font-style: italic">Mary</span></span>,
+        left by the former in 1851, in good condition. Northumberland House,
+        erected by Sir Edward Belcher in 1854 as a depôt for stores, had
+        evidently been broken into. The ground outside was strewn with tins
+        of preserved meats and vegetables, forty-pound tins of pemmican,
+        great rolls of heavy blue cloth, hundreds of pairs of socks and
+        mittens, bales of blankets and clothing, all scattered over the
+        ground in the most admired disorder. The ruin and destruction was so
+        great that the place resembled the scene of a disastrous railway
+        accident. Who were the marauders, these burglars that left their
+        booty behind them; these housebreakers that not merely broke into a
+        house, but spoiled nearly everything in it out of sheer wantonness?
+        Evidently the Polar bears. The marks of their claws were everywhere
+        and on everything. They had even gnawed into two or three barrels of
+        salt beef, which they had quite emptied, and it was their claws that
+        had punched holes in the heavy pemmican tins. Polar bears seem to be
+        possessed of the very genius of destruction. Near the house is the
+        monument of Lieutenant Bellot, the brave young French officer who
+        lost his life when on the search for Franklin. Here also is a marble
+        slab, the tombstone of brave Sir John himself. Both monuments were
+        sent out in the <span class="tei tei-name"><span style=
+        "font-style: italic">Fox</span></span>, at the expense of Lady
+        Franklin. Three miles farther up the bay the graves of five seamen,
+        of the crews of the <span class="tei tei-name"><span style=
+        "font-style: italic">Erebus</span></span>, <span class=
+        "tei tei-name"><span style="font-style: italic">Terror</span></span>,
+        and <span class="tei tei-name"><span style="font-style: italic">North
+        Star</span></span>, were also found. <span class="tei tei-q">“This
+        Arctic graveyard is situated on a gravelly slope, which rises up from
+        the little bay towards the foot of a high bluff, that frowns down
+        upon it as though resenting the intrusion of human dead in this
+        lonely world. Sad enough looked the poor head-boards as the
+        low-sinking sun threw its yellow rays athwart them, casting long
+        shadows over the shingly slope; silent, sad, and mournful as
+        everything else in this dreary Arctic world.”</span></p>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">On the evening of
+        August 27th they arrived at the entrance of Peel Strait, where a
+        heavy pack of ice was encountered, so dense that it was hopeless to
+        attempt a passage. A little later and it became evident that they
+        were hourly in danger of being beset, and, once beset, imprisoned for
+        the winter, and perhaps for more than one, without a harbour, with no
+        opportunity of accomplishing anything. Neither were they provisioned
+        for a length of time sufficient to run the risk of stopping in that
+        neighbourhood.</p>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">On the shores of
+        North Somerset they made an interesting discovery. The <span class=
+        "tei tei-name"><span style="font-style: italic">Pandora</span></span>
+        had attained the furthest point reached by Ross and McClintock when
+        coming down the coast on foot from the north in 1849, at which time
+        they had built a cairn, and left a record addressed to Sir John
+        Franklin, stating that they had been despatched for his succour. Poor
+        Franklin never found it, but it was reserved for Captain Young to
+        receive it twenty-eight years later. Ross had at that time been
+        within two hundred miles of the spot where the wrecks of Franklin’s
+        vessels had been abandoned.</p>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">The <span class=
+        "tei tei-name"><span style="font-style: italic">Pandora</span></span>
+        at length succeeded in reaching La Roquette Island, and the
+        expedition had, therefore, in a very brief space of time, attained a
+        position only 120 miles from Franklin’s farthest point. Success had
+        crowned their efforts so far. All on board were sanguine that they
+        would ere long be basking in the warmth of a Californian autumn,
+        <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page99">[pg 99]</span><a name="Pg099"
+        id="Pg099" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>and enjoying the good things of
+        San Francisco. It was fated otherwise. They found an unbroken
+        ice-field before them, extending for, so far as they could judge, an
+        indefinite distance. They cruised about the island for three days,
+        but matters only grew worse, and, indeed, the ice was moving slowly
+        towards them. Reluctantly Captain Young decided to give up his
+        attempt at a north-west passage, and return to England. On the way
+        out of Peel Strait, with squalls, snow, and darkness, they had a most
+        difficult task in handling the vessel, having to run races with the
+        driving ice-packs so as to avoid being shut in. The ice-pack at Cape
+        Rennel prevented a passage round it. Suddenly, a snowstorm which had
+        been beating down upon them for the whole night, abated, and
+        disclosed high precipitous cliffs hanging almost over them as it
+        seemed, and <span class="tei tei-q">“presenting,”</span> says Captain
+        Young in his <span class="tei tei-q">“Journal,”</span> <span class=
+        "tei tei-q">“a most ghostly appearance, the horizontal strata seeming
+        like the huge bars of some gigantic iron cage, and standing out from
+        the snow face. In fact, it was the skeleton of a cliff, and we
+        appeared to be in its very grasp. For a few minutes only we saw this
+        apparition, and then all was again darkness.”</span> They barely had
+        room to pass between this cliff and the ice-pack, and then hastily
+        ranged about, seeking some escape. After three hours of intense
+        anxiety, a slight movement in the pack was reported from aloft,
+        indicating a weak place in it, and through this gap the vessel at
+        length forced her way. On September 10th they passed through a
+        terrible gale; the heavy seas froze as they fell on the vessel’s
+        sides, and the <span class="tei tei-name"><span style=
+        "font-style: italic">Pandora</span></span> became <span class=
+        "tei tei-q">“one huge icicle.”</span> On reaching the Carey Islands
+        they found, at a different spot to that previously visited, a cairn,
+        erected by Captain Nares, from which they obtained a tin tube
+        addressed to the Admiralty. The <span class=
+        "tei tei-name"><span style="font-style: italic">Pandora</span></span>
+        reached Portsmouth safely on October 16th, 1865, her cruise having
+        been, all in all, one of the most successful of any made in the
+        Arctic seas in a period of time so short.</p>
+      </div>
+
+      <div class="tei tei-div" style=
+      "margin-bottom: 5.00em; margin-top: 5.00em">
+        <a name="chap11" id="chap11" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> <a name=
+        "toc25" id="toc25"></a> <a name="pdf26" id="pdf26"></a>
+
+        <h2 class="tei tei-head" style=
+        "text-align: center; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em">
+        <span style="font-size: 144%">CHAPTER XI.</span></h2>
+
+        <h2 class="tei tei-head" style=
+        "text-align: center; margin-bottom: 2.40em; margin-top: 2.40em">
+        <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: center"><span style=
+        "font-size: 120%; font-variant: small-caps">The</span> <span class=
+        "tei tei-q" style="text-align: center"><span style=
+        "font-size: 120%; font-variant: small-caps">“</span><span style=
+        "font-size: 120%; font-variant: small-caps">Alert</span><span style=
+        "font-size: 120%; font-variant: small-caps">”</span></span>
+        <span style="font-size: 120%; font-variant: small-caps">and</span>
+        <span class="tei tei-q" style="text-align: center"><span style=
+        "font-size: 120%; font-variant: small-caps">“</span><span style=
+        "font-size: 120%; font-variant: small-caps">Discovery.</span><span style="font-size: 120%; font-variant: small-caps">”</span></span></span></h2>
+
+        <div class="tei tei-argument" style=
+        "text-align: center; margin-bottom: 1.80em; margin-left: 3.60em; margin-top: 1.80em; margin-right: 3.60em">
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style=
+        "text-align: center; margin-bottom: 0.90em"><span style=
+        "font-size: 90%">Nares’ Expedition—Wonderful Passage through Baffin’s
+        Bay—Winter Quarters of the</span> <span class="tei tei-name" style=
+        "text-align: center"><span style=
+        "font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Discovery</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%">—Capital
+          Game-bag—Continued Voyage of the</span> <span class="tei tei-name"
+          style="text-align: center"><span style=
+          "font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Alert</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%">—Highest
+          Latitude ever attained by a Ship—</span><span class="tei tei-q"
+          style="text-align: center"><span style=
+          "font-size: 90%">“</span><span style="font-size: 90%">The Sea of
+          Ancient Ice</span><span style=
+          "font-size: 90%">”</span></span><span style=
+          "font-size: 90%">—Winter Quarters, Employments, and Amusements—The
+          Royal Arctic Theatre—Guy Fawkes’ Day on the Ice—Christmas
+          Festivities—Unparalleled Cold—Spring Sledging—Attempt to reach
+          the</span> <span class="tei tei-name" style=
+          "text-align: center"><span style=
+          "font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Discovery</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%">—Illness
+          and Death of Petersen—The Ravages of Scurvy—Tribute to Captain
+          Hall’s Memory—Markham and Parr’s Northern Journey—Highest Latitude
+          ever reached—Sufferings of the Men—Brave Deeds—The Voyage
+          Home.</span></p>
+        </div>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">The first official
+        communication received from Captain Nares, and written from Disco,
+        stated that on the voyage out, owing to the heavy lading of the
+        Arctic ships, they were extremely wet and uneasy, and that the
+        hatchways had to be frequently battened down during the prevalence of
+        the many heavy gales encountered. The <span class=
+        "tei tei-name"><span style="font-style: italic">Alert</span></span>
+        and <span class="tei tei-name"><span style=
+        "font-style: italic">Discovery</span></span> each lost a whale-boat.
+        A quantity of loose pack-ice had been met after passing Cape
+        Farewell. Mr. Krarup Smith, the Inspector of North Greenland, and the
+        other Danish officials, had been most courteous and obliging, and had
+        engaged to supply from different stations all the Esquimaux dogs they
+        might require.</p><span class="tei tei-pb" id="page100">[pg
+        100]</span><a name="Pg100" id="Pg100" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Passing over some
+        intermediate details not generally interesting, we find that Captain
+        Nares decided to force his way through the <span class=
+        "tei tei-q">“middle ice”</span> of Baffin’s Bay, instead of
+        proceeding by the ordinary route round Melville Bay. On July 24th
+        they ran into the pack, and had the satisfaction, thirty-four hours
+        afterwards, of having completed the passage of the middle ice, an
+        unparalleled feat. <span class="tei tei-q">“It will ne’er be credited
+        in Peterhead,”</span> said the astonished ice-quartermasters. At Cape
+        York, icebergs, many of them grounded, were noted thickly crowded
+        together. At the south-east point of Carey Island a reserve depôt of
+        provisions, &amp;c., was formed, and the record we have already
+        mentioned as having been recovered by Captain Young was deposited in
+        a cairn. Later, another note was left at Littleton Island. The first
+        ice, in large quantities, was sighted off Cape Sabine on the 30th of
+        July. The pack in the offing consisted of floes from five to six feet
+        thick, with occasionally older and heavier floes, ten to twelve feet
+        in thickness, but always much decayed and honeycombed. The ships were
+        detained at Payer Harbour for three days, watching for an opening in
+        the ice, getting under weigh whenever there appeared the slightest
+        chance of proceeding onwards, but on each occasion being forced to
+        return. On the 4th of August they were enabled to proceed twenty
+        miles up Hayes Sound. A little later, and both ships were for the
+        time hopelessly entangled, and the rudders and screws had to be
+        unshipped. At this period they barely escaped a serious collision
+        with a large iceberg. The repetition of many similar dangers, through
+        which, however, the ships passed safely, would be wearisome to the
+        reader. On August 24th, five miles off Cape Lieber, the pack obliged
+        the vessels to enter Lady Franklin’s Sound, on the northern shore of
+        which an indentation of the land gave promise of protection. On a
+        nearer approach they discovered a well-protected harbour inside an
+        island immediately west of Cape Bellot, against which the pack-ice of
+        the channel rested. The next morning they were rejoiced to see a herd
+        of nine musk-oxen feeding close by, all of which were killed. The
+        vegetation was considerably richer than at any part of the coast
+        visited north of Port Foulke, which Captain Nares considers
+        <span class="tei tei-q">“the Elysium of the Arctic regions.”</span>
+        The harbour was found to be perfectly suitable for winter quarters,
+        and it was therefore decided to leave the <span class=
+        "tei tei-name"><span style=
+        "font-style: italic">Discovery</span></span> there, while the
+        <span class="tei tei-name"><span style=
+        "font-style: italic">Alert</span></span> should push on alone. The
+        <span class="tei tei-name"><span style=
+        "font-style: italic">Discovery</span></span> was embedded in the ice
+        for ten and a half months. Captain Stephenson, of that vessel,
+        stated, in a paper read before the Royal Geographical Society, that
+        their first care was to place on shore six months’ provisions and
+        fuel, to guard against any possible accident to the ship. They were
+        particularly fortunate in killing musk-oxen and smaller game. Before
+        the darkness set in they had shot thirty-two of the former, and had
+        at one time as much as 3,053 lbs. of frozen meat hanging up. The
+        captain could not say much for its flavour: <span class=
+        "tei tei-q">“it was so very musk.”</span> Snow was piled up outside
+        the ship fifteen to twenty feet thick. This and the layer on
+        deck—mingled with ashes, which formed a kind of macadamised walk—kept
+        the warmth in the vessel, and the temperature of the lower deck
+        ranged from 48° to 56°. On October 10th they lost sight of the sun,
+        and did not see it again for 135 days.</p><a name="illo_123" id=
+        "illo_123" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"></p>
+
+        <div class="tei tei-figure" style="text-align: center">
+          <img src="images/illo_123.png" alt=
+          "WINTER QUARTERS OF THE “DISCOVERY”" title=
+          "WINTER QUARTERS OF THE “DISCOVERY.”" />
+
+          <div class="tei tei-head" style=
+          "text-align: center; margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em">
+            WINTER QUARTERS OF THE <span class="tei tei-q" style=
+            "text-align: center">“DISCOVERY.”</span>
+          </div>
+        </div>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">The <span class=
+        "tei tei-name"><span style="font-style: italic">Alert</span></span>
+        on her northward passage had many a severe tussle with the ice, but
+        passed through all dangers successfully. On August 31st Captain Nares
+        had the great satisfaction of having carried his vessel into latitude
+        82° 24′ N., a higher point than ever attained before. The ensign was
+        hoisted at the peak, and there was universal rejoicing on
+        <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page101">[pg 101]</span><a name="Pg101"
+        id="Pg101" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>board at this early
+        achievement. It was doubtless regarded as a happy omen of future
+        successes.</p>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">At the northern
+        entrance of Robeson Channel the breadth of navigable water became
+        much contracted, until off Cape Sheridan the ice was observed to be
+        touching the shore. In Robeson Channel, except where the cliffs rose
+        precipitously from the sea, and afforded no ledge or step on which
+        the ice could lodge, the shore-line was noted to be fronted, at a few
+        paces distance, by a nearly continuous ragged-topped <span class=
+        "tei tei-q">“ice-wall,”</span> from fifteen to thirty-five feet high.
+        It was broken only off the larger ravines. After proceeding some
+        distance north it became evident that their sailing season was
+        rapidly coming to an end. Captain Nares, after a thorough
+        investigation, found that he had to winter in a somewhat exposed
+        place, no harbour being available. He had rounded the north-east
+        point of Grant Land, but instead of finding a continuous coast-line,
+        leading far towards the north, as expected, found himself on the
+        border of an apparently extensive sea, with impenetrable ice on every
+        side. The ice was of most unusual age and thickness, resembling in a
+        marked degree, both in appearance and formation, low floating
+        icebergs rather than ordinary salt-water ice. It has now been termed
+        the <span class="tei tei-q">“Sea of Ancient Ice.”</span> Whereas
+        ordinary ice is usually from two feet to ten feet in thickness, that
+        in the Polar Sea, in consequence of having so few outlets by which to
+        escape to the southward in any appreciable quantity, <span class=
+        "tei tei-pb" id="page102">[pg 102]</span><a name="Pg102" id="Pg102"
+        class="tei tei-anchor"></a>gradually increases in age and thickness
+        until it measures from 80 to 120 feet, floating with its surface at
+        the lowest part fifteen feet above the water-line.</p>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Strange as it may
+        appear, the extraordinary thickness of the ice saved the ship from
+        being driven on shore, for, owing to its great depth of flotation, on
+        nearing the shallow beach it grounded, and formed a barrier, inside
+        which the ship was comparatively safe. When two pieces of ordinary
+        ice are driven one against the other and the edges broken up, the
+        crushed pieces are raised by the pressure into a high, long,
+        wall-like hedge of ice. When two of the ancient floes of the Polar
+        Sea meet, the intermediate, lighter, broken-up ice which may happen
+        to be floating about between them alone suffers; it is pressed up
+        between the two closing masses to a great height, producing a chaotic
+        wilderness of angular blocks of all shapes and sizes, varying in
+        height up to fifty feet above water, and frequently covering an area
+        of upwards of a mile in diameter. Captain Nares mentions pieces being
+        raised by outward pressure and crashing together which must have
+        weighed 30,000 tons! A ship between such opposing masses would be
+        annihilated in an instant.</p>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">As soon as the
+        shore ice was sufficiently strong Commander A. H. Markham, with
+        Lieutenants A. A. C. Parr and W. H. May under his orders, started on
+        the 25th September with three sledges to establish a depôt of
+        provisions as far in advance to the north-westward as possible.
+        Lieutenant P. Aldrich left four days previously, with two
+        lightly-equipped dog-sledges, to pioneer the road round Cape Joseph
+        Henry for the larger party. He returned on board on the 5th of
+        October, after an absence of thirteen days, having, accompanied by
+        Adam Ayles, on the 27th September, from the summit of a mountain
+        2,000 feet high situated in latitude 82° 48′ North—somewhat further
+        north than the most northern latitude attained by their gallant
+        predecessor, Sir Edward Parry, in his celebrated boat and sledge
+        journey towards the North Pole—discovered land extending to the
+        north-westward for a distance of sixty miles to latitude 83° 7′, with
+        lofty mountains in the interior to the southward.</p>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">On the 14th
+        October, two days after the sun had left them for its long winter’s
+        absence, Commander Markham’s party returned, after a journey of
+        nineteen days, having with very severe labour succeeded in placing a
+        depôt of provisions in latitude 82° 44′ north, and of tracing the
+        coast-line nearly two miles further north, thus reaching the exact
+        latitude attained by Sir Edward Parry.</p>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Being anxious to
+        inform Captain Stephenson of his position, and the good prospects
+        before his travelling parties in the following spring in exploring
+        the north-west coast of Greenland, Captain Nares despatched
+        Lieutenant Rawson to again attempt to open communication between the
+        two vessels, although he had grave doubts of his succeeding. Rawson
+        was absent from the 2nd to the 12th of October, returning
+        unsuccessful on the latter day, having found his road again stopped
+        by unsafe ice within a distance of nine miles of the ship. The broken
+        masses of pressed up ice resting against the cliffs, in many places
+        more than thirty feet high, and the accumulated deep snow-drifts in
+        the valleys, caused very laborious and slow travelling.</p>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">During these
+        autumn sledging journeys, with the temperature ranging between 15°
+        above to 22° below zero, the heavy labour, hardships, and discomforts
+        inseparable from <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page103">[pg
+        103]</span><a name="Pg103" id="Pg103" class=
+        "tei tei-anchor"></a>Arctic travelling, caused by the wet soft snow,
+        weak ice, and water spaces, which obliged the sledges to be dragged
+        over the hills, combined with constant strong winds and misty
+        weather, were, if anything, much greater than those usually
+        experienced. Out of the northern party of twenty-one men and three
+        officers, no less than seven men and one officer returned to the ship
+        badly frost-bitten, three of these so severely as to render
+        amputation necessary, the patients being confined to their beds for
+        the greater part of the winter.</p>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">During the winter
+        Captain Nares, assisted by his officers, did his very best to keep
+        the crew not merely employed, but amused. A school was organised; and
+        Captain Markham states, to the credit of the Royal Navy, that out of
+        fifty-five men on the <span class="tei tei-name"><span style=
+        "font-style: italic">Alert</span></span> there were only two who
+        could not read when they came on board. On both vessels there were
+        small printing presses, which were used specially for printing the
+        programmes of their entertainments, and occasionally even for
+        striking off bills of fare. Each Thursday<a id="noteref_15" name=
+        "noteref_15" href="#note_15"><span class=
+        "tei tei-noteref"><span style=
+        "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">15</span></span></a> was
+        devoted to lectures, concerts, readings, and occasional theatrical
+        performances. On the opening night—if any such distinction could be
+        made when all was night—the programme commenced as
+        follows:—<span class="tei tei-q">“The Royal Arctic Theatre will be
+        re-opened on Thursday next, the 18th inst. (18th November), by the
+        powerful Dramatic Company of the Hyperboreans, under the
+        distinguished patronage of Captain Nares, the Members of the Arctic
+        Exploring Expedition, and all the Nobility and Gentry of the
+        neighbourhood.”</span></p><a name="illo_126" id="illo_126" class=
+        "tei tei-anchor"></a>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"></p>
+
+        <div class="tei tei-figure" style="text-align: center">
+          <img src="images/illo_126.jpg" alt="WINTER QUARTERS OF THE “ALERT”"
+          title="WINTER QUARTERS OF THE “ALERT.”" />
+
+          <div class="tei tei-head" style=
+          "text-align: center; margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em">
+            WINTER QUARTERS OF THE <span class="tei tei-q" style=
+            "text-align: center">“ALERT.”</span>
+          </div>
+        </div>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Meantime, on the
+        <span class="tei tei-name"><span style=
+        "font-style: italic">Discovery</span></span> something very similar
+        was occurring. As soon as the ice would bear it, they commenced
+        erecting houses, including a magnificent observatory, an ice theatre,
+        and a smithy. The theatre was opened on December 1st. It was the plan
+        for plays to be produced by officers and men alternately. The
+        entertainments were varied by songs and recitations, not a few of
+        these being original. On November 5th they had a bonfire on the ice,
+        and burned the <span class="tei tei-q">“Guy,”</span> according to the
+        usual custom, with rockets and blue lights.</p>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">The Rev. Charles
+        Hodson, chaplain of the vessel, says:—<span class="tei tei-q">“As
+        soon as the ice was sufficiently firm, a walk of a mile in length was
+        constructed by shovelling away the snow. This place was generally
+        used as an exercise ground during the winter. We also constructed a
+        skating-rink there. A free hole in the ice was always kept near the
+        ship. From time to time this gradually closed up, and it then had to
+        be sawn with ice saws or else blasted with gunpowder. The dogs lived
+        on the open floe all the winter. The changes in the temperature are
+        very rapid, and I have known the variation to be as great as 60° in a
+        few hours. The coldest weather we had was in March, when one night
+        the glass showed 70½° below zero.</span></p>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class=
+        "tei tei-q">“And now a few words as to the manner in which we kept
+        Christmas. First of all, in the morning we had Christmas Waits in the
+        usual manner. A sergeant of marines, the chief boatswain’s mate, and
+        three others, went round the ship singing Christmas carols suited to
+        the occasion, and made a special stay outside the captain’s cabin. On
+        the lower deck in the forenoon there were prayers, and after that
+        captain and officers visited the mess in the lower deck, tasted the
+        pudding, inspected the decorations which <span class="tei tei-pb" id=
+        "page105">[pg 105]</span><a name="Pg105" id="Pg105" class=
+        "tei tei-anchor"></a>had been made, and so on. Then the boxes of
+        presents given by friends in England were brought out, the name of
+        him for whom it was intended having been already fixed to each box,
+        and the presents were then distributed by the captain. Ringing
+        cheers, which sounded strange enough in that lone place, were given
+        for the donors, some of them very dear indeed to the men who were so
+        far away from their homes. Cheers were also given for the captain and
+        for absent comrades in the <span class="tei tei-name"><span style=
+        "font-style: italic">Alert</span></span>. A choir was then formed,
+        and <span class="tei tei-q">‘The Roast Beef of Old England’</span>
+        had its virtues praised again. The men had their dinner at twelve
+        o’clock, and the officers dined together at five. We had brought
+        fish, beef, and mutton, all of which we hung up on one of the masts,
+        and it was soon as hard as a brick, and perfectly preserved. We had
+        also brought some sheep from England with us, and they were killed
+        from time to time. When we arrived in Discovery Bay, as we called it,
+        six of them were alive, but on being landed they were worried by the
+        dogs, and had to be slaughtered. During the winter the men had to
+        fetch ice from a berg about half a mile distant from the ship in
+        order to melt it for fresh water. This used to be brought in
+        sledges.</span></p>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class=
+        "tei tei-q">“The sun returned on the last day in February. From
+        November till February, with the exception of the starlight and
+        occasional moonlight, we had been in darkness, not by any means
+        dense, but sufficiently murky to excuse one for passing by a friend
+        without knowing him.”</span></p>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Captain Nares
+        states that one day early in March, during a long continuance of cold
+        weather, the thermometer on the <span class=
+        "tei tei-name"><span style="font-style: italic">Alert</span></span>
+        registered a mean or average of minus<a id="noteref_16" name=
+        "noteref_16" href="#note_16"><span class=
+        "tei tei-noteref"><span style=
+        "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">16</span></span></a> 73° 7′,
+        or upwards of 105° below the freezing point of water. On the
+        <span class="tei tei-name"><span style=
+        "font-style: italic">Discovery</span></span> for seven consecutive
+        days the thermometer registered a mean temperature of minus 58° 17′.
+        On the <span class="tei tei-name"><span style=
+        "font-style: italic">Alert</span></span> for thirteen days a mean
+        temperature of minus 58° 9′ was experienced, and for five days and
+        nine hours a mean temperature of minus 66° 29′. During February the
+        mercury remained frozen for fifteen consecutive days, which it could
+        not have done had not the temperature remained at least 39° below
+        zero. Subsequently the mercury was frozen solid for an almost
+        identical period. One curious effect of the cold was that their
+        breech-loading guns sometimes proved useless, for the barrels
+        contracted so much that the cartridges could not be inserted.
+        Nevertheless the huntsmen were often out, and were fairly successful.
+        The <span class="tei tei-name"><span style=
+        "font-style: italic">Alert’s</span></span> game-bag for winter and
+        early spring included six musk-oxen, twenty hares, seventy geese,
+        twenty-six ducks, ten ptarmigan, and three foxes. That of the
+        <span class="tei tei-name"><span style=
+        "font-style: italic">Discovery</span></span>, in a lower latitude,
+        was much larger as regards the oxen and hares. The crew of the latter
+        also killed seven seals.</p>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">And now the spring
+        sledging season approached, and Captain Nares, anxious to communicate
+        with the <span class="tei tei-name"><span style=
+        "font-style: italic">Discovery</span></span>, seized the first
+        favourable opportunity (March 12th, 1876) to despatch Sub-Lieutenant
+        Egerton in charge of a sledge. He was only accompanied by Lieutenant
+        Rawson and Christian Petersen, their interpreter. Four days
+        afterwards the little party returned to the ship, in consequence of
+        the severe illness of poor Petersen, who <span class="tei tei-pb" id=
+        "page106">[pg 106]</span><a name="Pg106" id="Pg106" class=
+        "tei tei-anchor"></a>had succumbed to a terrible attack of frost-bite
+        and cramp in the stomach. His feet were almost destroyed and utterly
+        useless; his hands were paralysed, and his face raw. Nothing could
+        keep him warm, though the officers, to their credit, deprived
+        themselves of nearly all their thick clothing for his benefit. After
+        very great persistence they could, indeed, to a certain limited
+        extent, restore the circulation to his extremities, but it became
+        obvious that with the existing temperatures it would be folly to
+        proceed with such a drag and encumbrance on their enterprise. The
+        temperature inside the tent at night was intensely cold, and they had
+        to burrow out a snow hut for the use of the sufferer. Even inside
+        this all the means at their command did not suffice to raise the
+        temperature much above zero, it being 24° below zero at the time in
+        the open air. The hut was simply a hole about six feet by four, and
+        six feet deep, covered over with the tent-sledge, &amp;c., and it had
+        occupied them six hours even to accomplish this much for their
+        patient’s comfort. Lieutenant Egerton says, in his report to Captain
+        Nares, that Petersen, when asked if he was warm in his feet and
+        hands, constantly responded in the affirmative, but that when
+        examined by them they were found to be gelid and hard. The fact was
+        that all feeling had departed; and it occupied Egerton and Rawson two
+        hours on one occasion to restore circulation to his feet, which they
+        eventually succeeded in doing by rubbing them with their hands and
+        flannels. Leaving a part of their provisions and outfit, they, at
+        eight o’clock on the morning of March 15th, were under way on their
+        return to the vessel. With some assistance, Petersen, after taking a
+        dose of thirty drops of sal-volatile and a little rum—the only thing,
+        indeed, which he could keep on his stomach—got over the first portion
+        of the journey, which was the worst; and as soon as the travelling
+        became easier he was lashed on the sledge and covered with robes. His
+        circulation was so feeble that his face and hands were constantly
+        frost-bitten and his limbs cramped, entailing frequent stoppages,
+        while the two officers did their best to restore the affected parts.
+        This happened over and over again; and there can be no doubt that
+        both Egerton and Rawson behaved in the most humane and heroic manner,
+        suffering as they were in some degree from frost-bite themselves, and
+        having the constant care of the sledge and nine unruly dogs, while
+        the preparations for camping and cooking, into the bargain, fell to
+        their lot. On arrival at the ship every care was taken to relieve
+        Petersen, but eventually his feet had to be amputated, while not all
+        the professional skill and unremitting care of Dr. Colan could save
+        his life. He expired from utter exhaustion three months afterwards.
+        The two brave officers just mentioned, accompanied by two seamen,
+        subsequently made a successful trip to and from the <span class=
+        "tei tei-name"><span style=
+        "font-style: italic">Discovery</span></span>, and afterwards there
+        was frequent communication, as well as co-operation, on the part of
+        both crews, in regard to some of the sledging parties.</p><a name=
+        "illo_130" id="illo_130" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"></p>
+
+        <div class="tei tei-figure" style="text-align: center">
+          <img src="images/illo_130.png" alt=
+          "AN “ALERT” SLEDGE PARTY EN ROUTE TO THE “DISCOVERY”" title=
+          "AN “ALERT” SLEDGE PARTY EN ROUTE TO THE “DISCOVERY.”" />
+
+          <div class="tei tei-head" style=
+          "text-align: center; margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em">
+            AN <span class="tei tei-q" style=
+            "text-align: center">“ALERT”</span> SLEDGE PARTY EN ROUTE TO THE
+            <span class="tei tei-q" style=
+            "text-align: center">“DISCOVERY.”</span>
+          </div>
+        </div>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">It would be
+        undesirable to attempt the description in detail of the whole of the
+        many sledge expeditions which were sent out in various directions
+        from both vessels. Among the more important may be named that under
+        Lieutenant Beaumont, of the <span class="tei tei-name"><span style=
+        "font-style: italic">Discovery</span></span>, who, crossing the
+        difficult, broken, and sometimes moving ice of Robeson Channel,
+        explored the Greenland shores to lat. 82° 18′ N. Scurvy made its
+        appearance in a virulent form among his men, only one thoroughly
+        escaping its ravages. The party, in detachments, reached the depôt at
+        Polaris Bay with the greatest difficulty, and not before two poor
+        fellows had succumbed. Soon after the return journey of those who had
+        proceeded furthest <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page107">[pg
+        107]</span><a name="Pg107" id="Pg107" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>had
+        commenced the whole party was attacked by the insidious disease,
+        until at last Lieutenant Beaumont and two others had to drag the
+        other four, who were rendered absolutely <span class=
+        "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">hors de
+        combat</span></span>. The sledge, with its living burden, had always
+        to make the journey twice, and often thrice, over the same road, and
+        that a rough and difficult route over broken and hummocky ice.
+        <span class="tei tei-q">“Nevertheless,”</span> says Captain Nares,
+        <span class="tei tei-q">“the gallant band struggled manfully onwards,
+        thankful if they made one mile a day, but never losing heart.”</span>
+        A relief party, consisting of Lieutenant Rawson and Dr. Coppinger,
+        with Hans, an Esquimaux, and a dog-sledge, went out in search of
+        them, and met them providentially, just as even the two hardiest of
+        the men were giving in. Indeed, for part of the journey the hauling
+        was performed entirely by the three officers. How thankful were they
+        to at length reach a pleasant haven—Polaris Bay, the spot so
+        intimately connected, as we shall hereafter see, with the memory of
+        poor Hall, the American explorer, and where Captain Stephenson, of
+        the <span class="tei tei-name"><span style=
+        "font-style: italic">Discovery</span></span>, had a little while
+        before performed a thoughtful and graceful act in erecting over his
+        grave a tablet and head-board! At Polaris Bay most of the invalids
+        soon recruited, and some of this happy result was due to the fact
+        that those able to get about were successful in shooting game enough
+        to furnish a daily ration of fresh meat. When they eventually reached
+        their vessel they had been absent 132 days, a long outing in the
+        Arctic regions.</p>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">There were so many
+        parties in the field at one time that we must confine ourselves very
+        much to results, as our narrative would otherwise be a series of
+        repetitions. Lieutenant Archer, of the <span class=
+        "tei tei-name"><span style=
+        "font-style: italic">Discovery</span></span>, explored Lady Franklin
+        Sound, proving that it terminates at a distance of sixty-five miles
+        from the mouth with lofty mountains and glacier-filled valleys; while
+        Lieutenant Fulford and Dr. Coppinger examined Petermann Fiord,
+        finding it terminate in the precipitous cliff of a glacier. A seam of
+        excellent coal, 250 yards long and over eight yards thick, was found
+        near the winter quarters of the <span class=
+        "tei tei-name"><span style=
+        "font-style: italic">Discovery</span></span>. Lieutenant Aldrich, of
+        the <span class="tei tei-name"><span style=
+        "font-style: italic">Alert</span></span>, made a detailed exploration
+        of the northern shores of Grinnell Land for 220 miles, the main gist
+        of his discoveries being that there was no appearance of land to its
+        northward; and no doubt some will see in this another argument in
+        favour of the <span class="tei tei-q">“open”</span> Polar Sea theory,
+        to which we have already alluded. When, on his return, he was met by
+        a relief party under Lieutenant May, only one of his men was able to
+        drag with him at the ropes. Four men were being carried, while two
+        struggled on by the side of the sledge. The scurvy here, as with all
+        the parties, attacked the men, leaving the officers scatheless.</p>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">The journey,
+        however, which we are about to briefly describe, was the most
+        interesting of any undertaken on the expedition under review.
+        Commander Markham and Lieutenant Parr, pushing forward almost due
+        north, over and among the stupendous masses of ice which covered the
+        Polar Sea, after many a weary struggle reached the highest latitude
+        ever attained—viz., 83° 20′ 26″ N. Parry has now to resign the place
+        of honour which he had held for close on half a century.</p>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">This division was
+        known as the <span class="tei tei-q">“Northern,”</span> in
+        contra-distinction to the <span class="tei tei-q">“Western,”</span>
+        the <span class="tei tei-q">“Greenland,”</span> and others, and
+        consisted of thirty-three officers and men, while an additional
+        sledge, with four men, accompanied them for a few days to form a
+        depôt of provisions some distance from the ship for use on their
+        return should they have run short. Of the thirty-three engaged, it
+        was not supposed that all would proceed to the furthest <span class=
+        "tei tei-pb" id="page108">[pg 108]</span><a name="Pg108" id="Pg108"
+        class="tei tei-anchor"></a>point; but Dr. Moss, and Mr. White one of
+        the engineers, having charge of the third and fourth sledges, went
+        with the understanding that they should assist the party to pass the
+        heavy barrier of stranded floe-bergs bordering the coast. Each of the
+        sledges had its own name; indeed, this was true of all those
+        employed. Those of the northern division were the <span class=
+        "tei tei-name"><span style="font-style: italic">Marco
+        Polo</span></span>, <span class="tei tei-name"><span style=
+        "font-style: italic">Victoria</span></span>, <span class=
+        "tei tei-name"><span style=
+        "font-style: italic">Bulldog</span></span>, and <span class=
+        "tei tei-name"><span style=
+        "font-style: italic">Alexandra</span></span>. Two boats, equipped and
+        provisioned for seventy days, were taken. In an interesting paper
+        read before a meeting of the Royal Geographical Society by Captain
+        Markham, on December 12th, 1876, he stated that the sledges to which
+        they gave a decided preference were what are commonly called the
+        eight-man sledges, each crew consisting of an officer and seven men.
+        The extreme weight of these when packed and fully equipped for an
+        extended journey, on leaving the ship, was 1,700lbs., or at the rate
+        of 220lbs. to 240lbs. per man to drag. The tents, each sledge crew
+        being provided with one, were eleven feet in length, affording a
+        little under fourteen inches space for each man to sleep in, the
+        breadth of the tent being about the length of a man. The costume was
+        composed of duffle, a woollen material resembling thick blanket, over
+        which was worn a suit of duck to act as a <span class=
+        "tei tei-q">“snow repeller.”</span> Their feet were encased in
+        blanket wrappers, thick woollen hose, and mocassins. Snow spectacles
+        were invariably worn. After their first adoption they were
+        comparatively exempt from snow blindness. They slept in duffle
+        sleeping bags, and their tent robes were made of the same material.
+        They had three meals a day. Breakfast during the intensely cold
+        weather was always discussed in their bags. It consisted of a
+        pannikin full of cocoa, and the same amount of pemmican with biscuit.
+        The pemmican was always mixed with a proportion of preserved
+        potatoes. After marching for about five or six hours a halt was
+        called for luncheon. This meal <span class="tei tei-pb" id=
+        "page109">[pg 109]</span><a name="Pg109" id="Pg109" class=
+        "tei tei-anchor"></a>consisted of a pannikin of warm tea, with 4ozs.
+        of bacon and a little biscuit to each man. When the weather was
+        intensely cold, or there was any wind, this meal was a very trying
+        one. They were frequently compelled to wait as long as an hour and a
+        half before the tea was ready, during which time they had to keep
+        continually on the move to avoid frost-bite. The question,
+        <span class="tei tei-q">“Does it boil?”</span> was constantly heard;
+        and the refractory behaviour of the kettle tried the unfortunate
+        cook’s temper and patience to the utmost. After the day’s
+        march—sometimes ten to eleven, and even twelve working hours—had
+        terminated, and every one was comfortably settled in his bag, supper,
+        consisting of tea and pemmican, was served, after which pipes were
+        lighted, and the daily allowance of spirits issued to those who were
+        not total abstainers. The mid-day tea was found most refreshing and
+        invigorating, and it was infinitely preferred by the men to the old
+        custom of serving half the allowance of grog at that
+        time.</p><a name="illo_131" id="illo_131" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"></p>
+
+        <div class="tei tei-figure" style="text-align: center">
+          <img src="images/illo_131.jpg" alt="SUNSHINE IN THE POLAR REGIONS"
+          title="SUNSHINE IN THE POLAR REGIONS." />
+
+          <div class="tei tei-head" style=
+          "text-align: center; margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em">
+            SUNSHINE IN THE POLAR REGIONS.
+          </div>
+        </div><span class="tei tei-pb" id="page110">[pg 110]</span><a name=
+        "Pg110" id="Pg110" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">The party started
+        on April 3rd (1876) from the vessel, and for a few days, although the
+        route was difficult, made fair progress. The men were in good health
+        and spirits, and, except a few trifling cases of snow blindness,
+        there were no casualties to report. The reader will not need to be
+        informed that snow blindness is produced by the intense glitter of
+        the sunlight on the snow crystals. Even as early as April 6th we read
+        in Markham’s <span class="tei tei-q">“Journal”</span><a id=
+        "noteref_17" name="noteref_17" href="#note_17"><span class=
+        "tei tei-noteref"><span style=
+        "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">17</span></span></a> of a
+        beautiful sunny day, when the temperature was 35° below zero, and
+        everything frozen stiff and hard. When as far as the eyes can reach
+        in any direction there is nothing but a dazzlingly white field of
+        snow or snow-covered hummocks, the effect is extremely painful, and,
+        indeed, would soon render them weak and sore, and eventually blind,
+        but for the use of <span class="tei tei-q">“goggles”</span> in some
+        form. In the various journals of the expedition we read of different
+        kinds, made of coloured or smoked glass, &amp;c. The writer has seen
+        among the natives of Northern Alaska, and has himself used,
+        <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style=
+        "font-style: italic">wooden</span></span> goggles. Covering each eye
+        is an oval piece of wood, usually painted black, scooped out like and
+        about the size of the bowl of a dessert-spoon, with a narrow,
+        straight slit cut through the middle. These, with the leather strips
+        by which they are tied on, look clumsy enough, but were found
+        effectual in use. Among natives even, accustomed to the glare on the
+        snow, who had neglected their use in spring, one might often note
+        those with swollen, red, and weak eyes.</p>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">To return to our
+        expedition. On reaching a depôt made at Cape Joseph Henry (Grinnell
+        Land), the point from which they would leave the land, the party was
+        re-arranged; only fifteen men with three sledges, carrying a weight
+        of 6,079 pounds in all, were to form the northern party, which, under
+        Markham and Parr, would proceed direct <span class="tei tei-q">“to
+        sea.”</span> It is needless to say that it was a sea of ice, and very
+        ancient ice also, making the travelling correspondingly difficult
+        from the enormous size of the hummocks and extent of their fields.
+        Perhaps the entries appended to each day’s travel in Markham’s
+        <span class="tei tei-q">“Journal”</span> will give as good an idea of
+        the difficulty and the tortuous nature of their route, and of the
+        frequency of their trips over the same road being duplicated and
+        triplicated, as any direct description. We find constantly entries
+        like the following:—<span class="tei tei-q">“Course and distance made
+        good north four miles. Distance marched, thirteen miles.”</span> This
+        is a mild example. It was found impossible to move the whole of their
+        heavy loads at one time. Indeed, during a large part of the journey
+        but one sledge at a time could be dragged forward. This entailed
+        returning <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style=
+        "font-style: italic">twice</span></span>, and in effect making
+        <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style=
+        "font-style: italic">five</span></span> trips over the same route,
+        thus: forward with number one; return and forward with number two;
+        return and forward with number three, the process being repeated as
+        long as the endurance of the party was equal to it. One mile of
+        progress became therefore five of actual travel; in some cases, where
+        the parties on the return journeys had become enfeebled, and had to
+        be carried on the sledges, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style=
+        "font-style: italic">three</span></span> returns had to be made by
+        the working members, thus entailing <span class=
+        "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">seven</span></span>
+        trips over the same route. Markham’s <span class=
+        "tei tei-q">“Journal”</span> for April 10th has, <span class=
+        "tei tei-q">“Distance made good, one mile. Distance marched,
+        seven.”</span> On the 12th it was as one and a half to nine, on the
+        17th as one and a quarter to nine, and on the 18th as one to ten, the
+        latter taking ten hours to accomplish. The writer can understand all
+        this well, having <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page111">[pg
+        111]</span><a name="Pg111" id="Pg111" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>in a
+        minor degree had the same experiences in Northern Alaska, where the
+        winters are only a shade less severe than in these extreme
+        latitudes.<a id="noteref_18" name="noteref_18" href=
+        "#note_18"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style=
+        "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">18</span></span></a></p>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">The men were now
+        dragging 405 lbs. apiece, and the exertion and severe climate were
+        beginning to tell upon them. The symptoms of scurvy were plain
+        enough, and on the 19th we do not wonder to find Markham determining
+        to leave one of his boats. <span class="tei tei-q">“Before quitting
+        the boat an oar was lashed to the mast, and the mast stepped, yard
+        hoisted, and decorated with some old clothes,”</span> in order that
+        they might be sure to find it on their return. No wonder the men
+        worked a little livelier shortly afterwards, for they were thus
+        relieved of dragging a matter of 800 lbs. Two of them, however, were
+        already prostrated with scurvy, and had to be carried on the sledges.
+        In journeying to the northward the route seldom lay over smooth ice,
+        and the somewhat level floes, or fields, were thickly studded over
+        with rounded, blue-topped ice humps, ten or twenty feet high, laying
+        sometimes in ranges, but more often separated, at a distance of 100
+        to 200 yards apart, the depressions between being filled with snow,
+        deeply scored into ridges by the wind, the whole composition being
+        well comparable to a suddenly frozen oceanic sea. Separating the
+        floes were <span class="tei tei-q">“hedges”</span> of ice masses,
+        often forty to fifty feet high, or more, thrown together in irregular
+        and chaotic confusion, and where there was little choice of a road
+        over, through, or round about them. Among and around these, again,
+        were steep-sided snow-drifts, sloping down from the highest altitude
+        of the piled-up masses to the general level. <span class=
+        "tei tei-q">“The journey,”</span> says Captain Nares in the general
+        report, <span class="tei tei-q">“was consequently an incessant battle
+        to overcome ever-recurring obstacles, each hard-won success
+        stimulating them for the next struggle. A passage way had always to
+        be cut through the squeezed-up ice with pick-axes, an extra one being
+        carried for the purpose, and an incline picked out of the
+        perpendicular side of the high floes, or roadway built up, before the
+        sledges, generally one at a time, could be brought on. Instead of
+        advancing with a steady walk, the usual means of progression, more
+        than half of each day was expended by the whole party facing the
+        sledge and pulling it forward a few feet at a time.”</span>
+        Occasionally a little <span class="tei tei-q">“young ice,”</span>
+        which had formed between the split-up floes of ancient date, would
+        afford them better travelling, but this luxury was not often found.
+        As the warmer weather approached—anything above zero was considered
+        warm—they were much troubled by wind, snow-fall, and foggy weather.
+        On April 30th so thick was it that they could scarcely see the length
+        of two sledges ahead, and as they were surrounded by hummocks they
+        were obliged to halt, for fear of becoming entangled. It would be
+        wearisome to the reader to enlarge upon similar experiences, which
+        were of daily occurrence.</p><a name="illo_134" id="illo_134" class=
+        "tei tei-anchor"></a>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"></p>
+
+        <div class="tei tei-figure" style="text-align: center">
+          <img src="images/illo_134.jpg" alt=
+          "A SLEDGE PARTY STARTING FOR CAPE JOSEPH HENRY" title=
+          "A SLEDGE PARTY STARTING FOR CAPE JOSEPH HENRY." />
+
+          <div class="tei tei-head" style=
+          "text-align: center; margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em">
+            A SLEDGE PARTY STARTING FOR CAPE JOSEPH HENRY.
+          </div>
+        </div>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">They had on May
+        11th exceeded by several days the time for which they were
+        provisioned, and so many of the men were, from the weakening effects
+        of scurvy, actually <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style=
+        "font-style: italic">hors de combat</span></span>, or as nearly as
+        possible useless, that it was determined to make a camp in which to
+        leave the invalids, while the rest should push on for one final
+        <span class="tei tei-q">“spurt.”</span> On the morning of the 12th,
+        therefore, leaving the cooks to attend upon the sufferers, the
+        <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page112">[pg 112]</span><a name="Pg112"
+        id="Pg112" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>remainder of the party,
+        carrying the sextant and artificial horizon, and also the
+        sledge-banners and colours, started northwards. <span class=
+        "tei tei-q">“We had,”</span> says Markham, <span class=
+        "tei tei-q">“some very severe walking, struggling through snow up to
+        our waists, over or through which the labour of dragging a sledge
+        would be interminable, and occasionally almost disappearing through
+        cracks and fissures, until twenty minutes to noon, when a halt was
+        called. The artificial horizon was then set up, and the flags and
+        banners displayed, these fluttering out bravely before a S.W. wind,
+        which latter, however, was decidedly cold and unpleasant. At noon we
+        obtained a good altitude, and proclaimed our latitude to be 83° 20′
+        26″ N., exactly 399½ miles from the North Pole. On this being duly
+        announced, three cheers were given, with one more for Captain Nares;
+        then the whole party, in the exuberance of their spirits at having
+        reached their turning-point, sang the <span class="tei tei-q">‘Union
+        Jack of Old England,’</span> the grand Palæcrystic sledging chorus,
+        winding up, like loyal subjects, with <span class="tei tei-q">‘God
+        Save the Queen.’</span> These little demonstrations had a good effect
+        on the spirits of the men, and on <span class="tei tei-pb" id=
+        "page113">[pg 113]</span><a name="Pg113" id="Pg113" class=
+        "tei tei-anchor"></a>their return to the camp a second celebration,
+        in which even the invalids joined, occurred, when a magnum of whisky,
+        that had been sent by Scotch friends to be consumed at the highest
+        latitude attained, was produced, and the steaming grog, so dear to
+        the sailor’s heart, was brewed. At supper, a hare, shot by Dr. Moss
+        shortly before they parted company at Depôt Point, was added to their
+        usual fare of pemmican, and in the evening, cigars, presented to them
+        by Lieutenant May before leaving the ship, were issued to each man.
+        The day was brought to a close with songs, and general hilarity
+        prevailed.</span></p><a name="illo_135" id="illo_135" class=
+        "tei tei-anchor"></a>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"></p>
+
+        <div class="tei tei-figure" style="text-align: center">
+          <img src="images/illo_135.png" alt=
+          "ARRIVAL OF LIEUTENANT PARR ON BOARD THE “ALERT”" title=
+          "ARRIVAL OF LIEUTENANT PARR ON BOARD THE “ALERT.”" />
+
+          <div class="tei tei-head" style=
+          "text-align: center; margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em">
+            ARRIVAL OF LIEUTENANT PARR ON BOARD THE <span class="tei tei-q"
+            style="text-align: center">“ALERT.”</span>
+          </div>
+        </div>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Markham speaks of
+        their attempt almost as a failure. It was, however, the greatest
+        success of the expedition, although unhappily purchased at the
+        expense of one life. Passing over the return journey, we find that on
+        the evening of June 8th Lieutenant Parr, who had volunteered to take
+        singly and alone the sad intelligence that nearly the whole party
+        were prostrated with scurvy, arrived at the ship. Commander Markham
+        and the few men who were able to keep on their feet had succeeded by
+        veritable <span class="tei tei-q">“forced marches”</span> in
+        conveying the invalids to the neighbourhood of Cape Joseph Henry,
+        thirty miles distant from the ship; but each day was adding to the
+        intensity of the disease, and lessening the <span class="tei tei-pb"
+        id="page114">[pg 114]</span><a name="Pg114" id="Pg114" class=
+        "tei tei-anchor"></a>power of those still able to work. Parr, with
+        brave determination, started alone, with only an alpenstock and a
+        small allowance of provisions, and completed his long and solitary
+        walk over a very rough icy road, deeply covered with newly-fallen
+        snow, within twenty-four hours. If, indeed, a large part of Markham’s
+        party could have done it at all, it would have taken them, with their
+        heavy loads, a week to ten days to accomplish the same distance. No
+        time was lost in making arrangements for their succour, and Captain
+        Nares himself, with two strong detachments, started at midnight. By
+        making forced marches, Lieutenant May, Dr. Moss, and a seaman, with a
+        light dog-sledge, laden with appropriate medical stores, reached the
+        camp fifty hours from the time that Lieutenant Parr had left it, but,
+        unfortunately, too late to save the life of George Porter, gunner
+        R.M.A., who had expired a few hours previously, and was already
+        buried in the snow. Of the original seventeen members of the party,
+        only five—the two officers and three of the men—were able to drag the
+        sledges. Three others manfully kept to their feet to the last, but
+        were so weak that they were constantly falling, and sometimes
+        fainting, while the remaining eight had utterly succumbed, and had to
+        be carried on the sledges.</p>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">This is not the
+        place for a medical discussion. Captain Nares’ conduct in partially
+        neglecting to supply the parties with sufficient of that great
+        anti-scorbutic, lime-juice, has been severely handled, and not
+        without some show of justice. On the other hand, it must be
+        remembered that the disease attacked a part of the crews who had
+        <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style=
+        "font-style: italic">remained</span></span> on both vessels and had
+        been well supplied with all dietary and medical necessaries. At one
+        time thirty-six cases were under treatment on the <span class=
+        "tei tei-name"><span style="font-style: italic">Alert</span></span>,
+        making it resemble a naval hospital.</p>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Captain Nares may
+        be allowed to give in brief his reasons for returning home that
+        season. The enfeebled state of his crew precluded the hope that, even
+        when recovered, they would accomplish as much as, or at all events
+        more than, had been already done. He believes that from any position
+        in Smith’s Sound attainable by a ship it would be impossible to
+        advance nearer the Pole by sledges. Furthermore, that all that he
+        could have hoped to accomplish by stopping another winter was perhaps
+        an extended exploration of Grant Land to the south-westward, and
+        Greenland for perhaps fifty miles further to the north-eastward or
+        eastward. And to his credit it must be scored that he brought the
+        vessels home in nearly as good condition as they would have returned
+        from any foreign station. After many a fight with the elements and
+        many an encounter with the ice, the <span class=
+        "tei tei-name"><span style="font-style: italic">Alert</span></span>
+        and <span class="tei tei-name"><span style=
+        "font-style: italic">Discovery</span></span> reached our shores
+        safely on October 27th, 1876. The reader knows the rest, and if he is
+        of our mind will not grudge the honours bestowed on men who, if they
+        had not accomplished all that was expected, had at least done more
+        than any of their predecessors in the frozen fields of the far
+        north.</p>
+      </div>
+
+      <div class="tei tei-div" style=
+      "margin-bottom: 5.00em; margin-top: 5.00em">
+        <a name="chap12" id="chap12" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> <a name=
+        "toc27" id="toc27"></a> <a name="pdf28" id="pdf28"></a> <span class=
+        "tei tei-pb" id="page115">[pg 115]</span><a name="Pg115" id="Pg115"
+        class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+
+        <h2 class="tei tei-head" style=
+        "text-align: center; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em">
+        <span style="font-size: 144%">CHAPTER XII.</span></h2>
+
+        <h2 class="tei tei-head" style=
+        "text-align: center; margin-bottom: 2.40em; margin-top: 2.40em">
+        <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: center"><span style=
+        "font-size: 120%; font-variant: small-caps">The First Arctic
+        Voyages.</span></span></h2>
+
+        <div class="tei tei-argument" style=
+        "text-align: center; margin-bottom: 1.80em; margin-left: 3.60em; margin-top: 1.80em; margin-right: 3.60em">
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style=
+        "text-align: center; margin-bottom: 0.90em"><span style=
+        "font-size: 90%">Early History of Arctic Discovery—The</span>
+        <span class="tei tei-q" style="text-align: center"><span style=
+        "font-size: 90%">“</span><span style="font-size: 90%">Hardy
+        Norseman</span><span style=
+        "font-size: 90%">”</span></span><span style=
+        "font-size: 90%">—Accidental Discovery of Iceland—Colony Formed—A
+        Fisherman Drifted to Greenland—Eric the Red Head—Rapid
+        Colonisation—Early Intercourse with America—Voyages of the
+        Zeni—Cabot’s Attempt at a North-west Passage—Maritime Enterprise of
+        this Epoch—Voyage of the</span> <span class="tei tei-name" style=
+        "text-align: center"><span style=
+        "font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Dominus
+        Vobiscum</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%">—Of the</span>
+        <span class="tei tei-name" style="text-align: center"><span style=
+        "font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Trinitie</span></span>
+        <span style="font-size: 90%">and</span> <span class="tei tei-name"
+        style="text-align: center"><span style=
+        "font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Minion</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%">—Starvation
+          and Cannibalism—A High-handed Proceeding—Company of the Merchant
+          Adventurers—Attempts at the North-east—Fate of
+          Willoughby—Chancelor, and our First Intercourse with
+          Russia.</span></p>
+        </div>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">And now, having
+        noted the results attained by the latest expedition which has dared
+        to attempt the discovery of the North Pole,<a id="noteref_19" name=
+        "noteref_19" href="#note_19"><span class=
+        "tei tei-noteref"><span style=
+        "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">19</span></span></a> let us
+        glance at the progress of northern discovery from the very beginning,
+        and watch the gradual steps by which such discoveries were rendered
+        possible. We shall have to go back to a period when no compass guided
+        the mariner on his watery way, when sextants and artificial horizons
+        were undreamed of, when navigation, in a word, was but in its second
+        stage of infancy. And although many of the earlier discoveries were
+        the result of pure accident, we shall see much to admire in the
+        enterprise and hardihood of explorers who ventured almost blindfold
+        into unknown seas, abounding in special obstacles and dangers.</p>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">With the discovery
+        of Iceland and Greenland virtually commences our knowledge of the
+        northern and Arctic seas. The Romans, even as late as Pliny’s time,
+        had no correct knowledge of the North Sea and Baltic, and whatever
+        they did know seems to have been derived second-hand from the
+        Carthaginians. In the days of our good King Alfred our ancestors did
+        undoubtedly engage in the pursuit of the whale and sea-horse, but it
+        is to the <span class="tei tei-q">“hardy Norseman,”</span> whose</p>
+
+        <div class="tei tei-lg" style=
+        "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-left: 2.00em; margin-top: 1.00em">
+          <div class="tei tei-l" style=
+          "text-align: left; margin-left: 4.00em">
+            <span class="tei tei-q" style="text-align: left">“House of
+            yore</span>
+          </div>
+
+          <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">
+            <span class="tei tei-q" style="text-align: left">Was on the
+            foaming wave,”</span>
+          </div>
+        </div>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">that we are
+        indebted for the first great discoveries. Conquering and ravaging
+        wherever they went, spreading not merely terror and ruin, but also
+        population and some of the ruder forms of civilisation, these
+        Scandinavian pirates were the only rulers of the main in the eighth,
+        ninth, and tenth centuries, during which they incessantly ravaged our
+        coasts, penetrated the very heart of France, established settlements,
+        and even levied tribute on the reigning monarch. These bold Northmen
+        ventured in vessels which now-a-days would be regarded as unsuitable
+        for the most trifling sea voyages. In the year 861, Naddodr, a
+        Norwegian Viking, bent on a piratical trip to the Faroe Islands, was
+        driven by an easterly gale so far to the north-westward that he
+        reached an utterly unknown island. Its mountains were snow-covered,
+        and the first name suggested by this fact, and which he bestowed on
+        the island, was Sneeland (Snowland). Certain Swedes ventured there
+        three years afterwards, and on their return gave such a very lively
+        account of its vegetation and soil that an emigration followed. One
+        of the first adventurers thither was Flokko. The secret of the
+        magnetic power, as applied to the compass, although known
+        <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page116">[pg 116]</span><a name="Pg116"
+        id="Pg116" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>apparently in the earliest ages
+        to the Chinese, was entirely unknown to the Scandinavians; and Flokko
+        had provided himself with a raven, or, as some accounts say, four
+        ravens, which, Noah-like, he let loose, and which guided him to the
+        land of which he was in quest. He passed a winter there, and from the
+        large quantity of drift-ice which encumbered the northern bays and
+        coasts, changed its name to that which it at present bears—Iceland.
+        In the year 874, Ingolf and other Norwegians, sick of the tyranny of
+        their king, Harold, determined to settle in the new-found island. On
+        approaching the coast, the leader, determining to be guided by chance
+        in his selection of a locality, threw overboard a wooden door, which
+        floated into a fiord on the southern side of the island, and the
+        emigrants landed there. Others soon joined the little colony,
+        bringing with them their cattle, implements, and household goods.
+        From very early Icelandic records it is interesting to learn that
+        these Norwegians found indications that others had preceded them, as
+        on the shore were discovered crosses, bells, and books, and other
+        relics of the Christian worship of those days. It is very generally
+        believed that these were of Irish origin. While the new colony was
+        yet young, one Gunbiörn, a fisherman, was drifted in his boat far to
+        the westward, and he may perhaps be regarded as the real discoverer
+        of Greenland, but, although he sighted the land, he did not attempt
+        to explore it. About the year 982, Eric Rauda, or Eric the Red Head,
+        a man who had been convicted of manslaughter in Iceland, was banished
+        from the island for a term of years. Sailing with some companions to
+        the westward, he reached Greenland, and spent three years in its
+        examination, returning at the end of that time to Iceland, where he
+        spread a somewhat high-flown account of <span class="tei tei-q">“its
+        green and pleasant meadows”</span> and of its extensive fisheries. No
+        less than twenty-five vessels were despatched from Iceland for the
+        newly-discovered land, a significant proof of the early progress of
+        the former colony. One-half of these were lost; the others reached
+        Greenland in safety.</p>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">By accident or
+        design these Scandinavians were the great explorers of their day, and
+        the colonisation of Greenland virtually led to the first European
+        intercourse with North America. An Icelandic settler, one Bjarni, on
+        a voyage by which he hoped to reach Greenland, encountered severe
+        weather, and was driven on a part of the American coast, now believed
+        to have been that of Nantucket Island, south of the State of
+        Massachusetts. The account he gave on his return inflamed the
+        ambition of Heif, or Heifr, the son of that Eric who had founded the
+        colony on Greenland. He equipped a vessel, and set sail for the New
+        World. On approaching the coast they observed a barren and rocky
+        island, which they named <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style=
+        "font-style: italic">Helleland</span></span>, and to a low sandy
+        shore beyond it, which was covered with wood, they gave the name
+        <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style=
+        "font-style: italic">Markland</span></span>. <span class=
+        "tei tei-q">“Two days after this they fell in with a new coast of
+        land, to the northward of which they observed a large island. They
+        ascended a river, the banks of which were covered with shrubs,
+        bearing fruits of a most agreeable and delicious flavour. The
+        temperature of the air felt soft and mild to the Greenland
+        adventurers, the soil appeared to be fertile, and the river abounded
+        with fish, and particularly with excellent salmon.”</span><a id=
+        "noteref_20" name="noteref_20" href="#note_20"><span class=
+        "tei tei-noteref"><span style=
+        "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">20</span></span></a> To the
+        island they gave the name <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style=
+        "font-style: italic">Vinland</span></span>, because wild grapes, or
+        berries resembling grapes, were found there. They had reached
+        <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page117">[pg 117]</span><a name="Pg117"
+        id="Pg117" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>some part of the coast of
+        Newfoundland, in all probability. The intercourse between Greenland
+        and America was kept up to the fourteenth century, principally for
+        the purpose of obtaining wood, but no colony was formed. Meantime the
+        Greenland colonies grew and flourished. Sixteen churches were
+        erected, and nearly three hundred hamlets formed on the east and west
+        sides. That on the west had increased till it numbered four parishes,
+        containing one hundred villages, but being engaged in perpetual
+        hostility with the native Esquimaux, then known as Skrœlings, the
+        colony was ultimately destroyed. In 1721, when the excellent
+        missionary, Hans Egede, visited that country, on its being
+        re-colonised by the Greenland Company, the ruins of their edifices
+        were still to be found. The fate of the eastern colony was, if
+        possible, still more deplorable. It had, for a time, a greater
+        population than that of the western side. <span class="tei tei-q">“A
+        succession of sixteen bishops is recorded in the Iceland
+        annals,”</span> says Barrow, <span class="tei tei-q">“but when the
+        seventeenth was proceeding from Norway, in 1406, to take possession
+        of his see, a stream of ice had fixed itself to the coast, and
+        rendered it completely inaccessible; and from that period to the
+        present time no intercourse whatever has been had with the
+        unfortunate colonists.”</span> It is related in the <span class=
+        "tei tei-q">“History of Greenland”</span> by Thormoder Torfager, that
+        Amand, Bishop of Skalholt, in Iceland, in returning to Norway from
+        that island, about the middle of the sixteenth century, was driven by
+        a storm near to the east coast of Greenland, and got so close that
+        the inhabitants could be seen driving their cattle, but they did not
+        attempt to land. The fate of the East Greenland colony has been the
+        cause of much discussion, some contending that it never was on the
+        eastern side, but on the western; but that there were two distinct
+        colonies cannot be doubted. A field of ice has apparently blocked the
+        eastern coast for centuries, and all attempts made to penetrate it
+        have failed, as we shall see in the progress of our narrative. Up to
+        the end of the last century, the Esquimaux of the western side spoke
+        of a foreign race, taller than themselves, and of whom they were
+        greatly afraid, regarding them as cannibals and as their natural
+        enemies. When they had met, the former had always fled, the latter
+        shooting after them with arrows. Crantz, a great authority on
+        Greenland, says:—<span class="tei tei-q">“If this report can be
+        depended upon, we might suppose that these men were descended from
+        the old Norwegians, had sheltered themselves from the savages in the
+        mountains, lived in enmity to them out of resentment for the
+        destruction of their ancestors, pillaged them in the spring when
+        sustenance failed them, and were looked upon by the savages as
+        man-eaters, and fabulously represented through excess of
+        fear.”</span></p>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">The above
+        introduction to our subject will pave the way for the period when the
+        history of Arctic and northern voyages becomes more and more
+        definite. We begin with those of the Zeni brothers, from which the
+        mists of obscurity and error have only recently been cleared, through
+        the patient researches of a most careful student and geographer.</p>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">The voyages of the
+        Zeni have generally been either ignored or considered worse than
+        mythical. For some three centuries these noble Venetian adventurers
+        have indeed been subjected to an amount of contumely and abuse
+        sufficient to have made them turn in their graves. But a champion has
+        arisen in the person of R. H. Major, Esq., F.S.A., one of the
+        secretaries of the Royal Geographical Society, who, clearing their
+        narratives from subsequent interpolations, has shown that their own
+        voyages, and those of others recorded by them were both genuine and
+        important. Their history, in brief, is as follows:—<span class=
+        "tei tei-pb" id="page118">[pg 118]</span><a name="Pg118" id="Pg118"
+        class="tei tei-anchor"></a>Towards the close of the fourteenth
+        century, Nicolo Zeno, a member of a distinguished Venetian family,
+        sailed on a voyage of discovery in the northern seas. Wrecked on the
+        Faroe Islands, Sinclair, the Earl of Orkney and Caithness, a noble
+        pirate, ambitious as any sovereign for conquest, took him into his
+        service as pilot, and, later, Nicolo was joined by his brother
+        Antonio. Many of the journals and documents of the Zeni were
+        subsequently lost, and their narrations were edited by a descendant,
+        who mixed with them much of the false geography of the day and
+        conjectures of his own. This was the point of trouble. The narrative
+        cleared of a mass of error by Mr. Major’s investigations, there can
+        now be no doubt that Nicolo visited Greenland, where he found a
+        monastery of friars, preachers, and a church of St. Thomas close by a
+        volcanic hill. There was also a hot-water spring, which the monks
+        used for heating the church and the entire monastery, and by which
+        they cooked their meat and baked their bread. By a judicious use of
+        this hot water they raised in their small covered gardens the
+        flowers, fruits, and herbs of more temperate climates, thereby
+        gaining much respect from their neighbours, who brought them presents
+        of meat, chickens, &amp;c. They were indebted, the narrative says, to
+        the volcano for the very materials of their buildings, for by
+        throwing water on the burning stones while still hot they converted
+        them into a tenacious and indestructible substance, which they used
+        as mortar. They had not much rain, as there was a settled frost all
+        through their nine months’ winter. They lived on wild fowl and fish,
+        which were attracted by the warmth of that part of the sea into which
+        the hot water fell, and which formed a commodious harbour. The houses
+        were built all round the hill, and were circular in form and tapering
+        to the top, where was a little hole for light and air, the ground
+        below supplying all necessary heat. In summer time they were visited
+        by ships from the neighbouring islands and from Trondheim, which
+        brought them corn, cloths, and other necessaries in exchange for fish
+        and skins. The narrative goes on to speak of the fishermen’s boats,
+        in shape like a weaver’s shuttle, and made of the skins and bones of
+        fishes, and other points indicating a confirmation of the facts
+        already mentioned concerning the early history of Greenland. On the
+        death of Nicolo Zeno, his brother Antonio succeeded to his property,
+        dignities, and honours, with which latter, it seems, he would have
+        gladly dispensed, wishing to return to his own country, but the earl
+        would not hear of it. Antonio therefore remained in his service, and
+        has recorded the accounts of some fishermen who had undoubtedly
+        reached North America; as also a voyage made by the Earl Sinclair and
+        himself, wherein the former at least appears to have reached
+        Newfoundland and Labrador. A part of these voyages may with more
+        propriety be considered when we come to the discoveries in regard to
+        the New World made by Columbus and the Cabots. And here a fact little
+        known may be briefly recorded, on account of the absence of almost
+        any history, that Cristoforo Colon (Columbus), prior to those great
+        voyages which have made his name immortal, did undoubtedly make a
+        northern voyage, visiting both Greenland and Iceland. The object of
+        this voyage is unknown; but, judging from the ruling ambition of the
+        navigators of those days, it was to attempt a north-west or
+        north-east passage to the Indies. As our next voyage will show, it is
+        a question to whom belongs the honour of having first made this
+        attempt.</p>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Giovanni Cabota,
+        or Cabot, a Venetian, had settled in Bristol during the reign of
+        <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page119">[pg 119]</span><a name="Pg119"
+        id="Pg119" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>Henry VII., and being a skilful
+        pilot and navigator, the king encouraged him to attempt discoveries
+        by granting him a patent, in virtue whereof he had leave to go in
+        search of strange lands, and to conquer and settle them. One-fifth of
+        the profits was to be the king’s. The patent bears date March 5th,
+        1496, and is granted to Cabot and his three sons, Ludovico,
+        Sebastian, and Sancio. There is some little difficulty in collating
+        the various accounts collected by Hakluyt, but the voyage reported by
+        Sebastian to the Pope’s legate in Spain is distinct enough. He says
+        in effect that the discoveries of Columbus had inflamed his desire to
+        attempt to reach India by the north-west. By studying the
+        globe—<span class="tei tei-q">“understanding by reason of the
+        sphere,”</span> he terms it—he thought that he must, theoretically at
+        least, reach India that way, if no land intervened. He, of course,
+        knew nothing of the icy barriers that stopped Franklin and M’Clure
+        from actually taking a vessel that way. The king favoured his ideas,
+        <span class="tei tei-q">“and immediately commanded two caravels to
+        bee furnished with all things appertayning to the voyage,”</span>
+        which was made, as far as he could remember, in 1496. Sailing to the
+        north-west, he encountered land in latitude 56°. Then, despairing to
+        find the passage, he turned back, sailing down the coast of America
+        as far as Florida, when, his provisions failing, he returned to
+        England. The Cabots brought home three natives of Newfoundland, who
+        <span class="tei tei-q">“were clothed in beasts’ skins, and did eate
+        raw flesh, and, spake such speach that no man could understand them;
+        and in their demeanour like to bruite beastes.”</span> The attempt of
+        Cabot furnishes a clue to the object of many subsequent voyages,
+        which were intended to have been made <span class=
+        "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">viâ</span></span> the
+        Arctic Seas to the Pacific and Indian Oceans. It must be remembered
+        that it was not till 1498 that the route to the Indies <span class=
+        "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">viâ</span></span> the
+        Cape of Good Hope was discovered. That <span class=
+        "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">viâ</span></span> Cape
+        Horn, as we shall see, was discovered still later.</p>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">In Hakluyt’s
+        collection of voyages a very curious poem is reprinted, complaining
+        of the neglect of the navy in the time of Henry VI., and praising
+        highly <span class="tei tei-q">“the policee of keeping the see in the
+        time of the merveillous werriour and victorious prince, King Henry
+        the Fift.”</span> The fact is that for some little time the spirit of
+        maritime adventure seems to have slumbered, subsequent to the voyages
+        just recorded. It, however, broke out in full force in the reign of
+        Henry VIII., and flourished still more particularly in that of Queen
+        Elizabeth. In 1527, <span class="tei tei-q">“King Henry VIII. sent
+        two faire ships, well manned and victualled, having in them divers
+        cunning men, to seek strange regions, and so they set forth out of
+        the Thames the 20th day of May, in the 19th yeere of his
+        raigne.”</span> This voyage was despatched at the instance of Master
+        Robert Thorne, of Bristol, who, in his <span class=
+        "tei tei-q">“exhortation”</span> to the king, gave <span class=
+        "tei tei-q">“very weighty and substantial reasons to set forth a
+        discoverie, even to the North Pole.”</span> One of the vessels was
+        lost <span class="tei tei-q">“about the great opening between the
+        north parts of Newfoundland and Meta incognita, or Greenland,”</span>
+        and the other returned, having accomplished nought, about the
+        beginning of October. Hakluyt tried hard to discover the names of the
+        vessels, and of the <span class="tei tei-q">“cunning men”</span>
+        aboard them. He could only learn that one of the ships was called the
+        <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Dominus
+        Vobiscum</span></span>, and that a wealthy canon of St. Paul’s, a
+        very scientific person, had accompanied the expedition. <span class=
+        "tei tei-q">“This,”</span> writes Hakluyt, evidently in no happy
+        frame of mind, <span class="tei tei-q">“is all that I can hitherto
+        learne or finde out of this voyage, by reason of the great negligence
+        of the writers of those times, who should have used more care in
+        preserving of the memories of the worthy actes of our nation.”</span>
+        Master Thorne <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page120">[pg
+        120]</span><a name="Pg120" id="Pg120" class=
+        "tei tei-anchor"></a>deserves, however, the credit of having been the
+        first distinct advocate of Polar exploration in the full sense of the
+        term, or, is at least, the first of whom we have any record.</p>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">The general
+        interest felt in the subject of the North-west Passage about this
+        period may be inferred from the relation of the next voyage, that of
+        the <span class="tei tei-name"><span style=
+        "font-style: italic">Trinitie</span></span> and <span class=
+        "tei tei-name"><span style="font-style: italic">Minion</span></span>
+        in 1536, where several gentlemen of the Inns of Court and Chancery,
+        <span class="tei tei-q">“and divers others in good worship, desirous
+        to see the strange things of the world,”</span> accompanied the
+        expedition. Of <span class="tei tei-q">“sixe-score persons”</span> in
+        the <span class="tei tei-q">“two tall ships,”</span> thirty were
+        private gentlemen. The voyage was instigated by Master Hore, of
+        London, <span class="tei tei-q">“a man of goodly stature and of great
+        courage, and given to the study of cosmographie,”</span> and was
+        directly encouraged by Henry VIII. After a tedious voyage of two
+        months, they reached Cape Breton, and later Penguin Island and
+        Newfoundland, where they encountered some of <span class=
+        "tei tei-q">“the naturall people of the countrey,”</span> who fled
+        from them. The history of this voyage was given to Hakluyt by Mr.
+        Oliver <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page121">[pg 121]</span><a name=
+        "Pg121" id="Pg121" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>Dawbeney, a merchant,
+        who was one of the adventurers on the <span class=
+        "tei tei-name"><span style="font-style: italic">Minion</span></span>.
+        Laying in a harbour of Newfoundland, their provisions began to get
+        very scarce, and <span class="tei tei-q">“they found small reliefe,
+        more than that they had from the nest of an osprey, that brought
+        hourely to her yong great plentie of divers sorts of fishes. But such
+        was the famine that increased amongst them from day to day, that they
+        were forced to seek to relieve themselves off raw herbes and rootes
+        that they sought on the main; but the famine increasing, and the
+        reliefe of herbes being to little purpose to satisfie their
+        insatiable hunger, in the fieldes and deserts here and there, the
+        fellow killed his mate while he stooped to take up a roote for his
+        reliefe, and cutting out pieces of his bodie whom he had murthered,
+        broyled the same on the coles and greedily devoured them.</span></p>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class=
+        "tei tei-q">“By this meane the company decreased, and the officers
+        knew not what had become of them; and it fortuned that one of the
+        company, driven with hunger to seeke abroade for reliefe, found out
+        in the fieldes the savour of broyled flesh, and fell out with one for
+        that he would suffer him and his fellowes to sterve, enjoying plentie
+        as he thought; and this matter growing to cruell speaches, he that
+        had the broyled meate burst out into these wordes:—<span class=
+        "tei tei-q">‘If thou wouldest needes know, the broyled meat I had was
+        a piece of such a man’s buttocke.’</span> The report of this brought
+        to the ship, the captaine found what had become of those that were
+        missing, and was perswaded that some of them were neither devoured
+        with wilde beastes nor yet destroyed with savages; and hereupon he
+        stood up and made a notable oration, containing howe much these
+        dealings offended the Almightie, and vouched the Scriptures from
+        first to last what God had, in cases of distresse, done for them that
+        called upon Him, and told them that the power of the Almightie was
+        then no lesse than in al former time it had bene. And added, that if
+        it had not pleased God to have holpen them in that distresse, that it
+        had been better to have perished in body, and to have lived
+        everlastingly, than to have relieved for a poore time their mortal
+        bodyes, and to be condemned everlastingly both body and soule to the
+        unquenchable fire of hell. And thus having ended to that effect, he
+        began to exhort to repentance, and besought all the company to pray,
+        that it might please God to look upon their present miserable state,
+        and for His owne mercie to relieve the same.”</span> The famine
+        increasing, it was agreed that they should cast lots who should be
+        killed, but fortunately, that very night a French vessel arrived in
+        that port, and the chronicler coolly and amusingly adds, <span class=
+        "tei tei-q">“such was the policie of the English that they became
+        masters of the same, and changing ships and vittailing them they set
+        sayle to come into England.”</span> It is but just to the king to add
+        that he afterwards recompensed the Frenchmen.</p><a name="illo_142"
+        id="illo_142" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"></p>
+
+        <div class="tei tei-figure" style="text-align: center">
+          <img src="images/illo_142.png" alt="SEBASTIAN CABOT" title=
+          "SEBASTIAN CABOT." />
+
+          <div class="tei tei-head" style=
+          "text-align: center; margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em">
+            SEBASTIAN CABOT.
+          </div>
+        </div>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">The return of
+        Sebastian Cabot to England, after he had done good service to Spain
+        in various maritime enterprises, was very much the cause of awakening
+        the merchants of London to renewed efforts for discovery. This great
+        navigator was introduced by the Duke of Somerset to Edward VI., soon
+        after his succession to the throne, and the young king was so charmed
+        by his conversation and intelligence that he created him, by patent,
+        Pilot Major, and settled on him the large annual pension—for those
+        days—of £166 13s. 4d., <span class="tei tei-q">“in consideration of
+        the good and acceptable services done and to be done.”</span> He was
+        also constituted <span class="tei tei-q">“Governour of the mysterie
+        and companie of the marchant adventurers for the discoverie of
+        regions, dominions, islands and places unknowen.”</span> By his
+        suggestion a voyage was instituted <span class="tei tei-pb" id=
+        "page122">[pg 122]</span><a name="Pg122" id="Pg122" class=
+        "tei tei-anchor"></a>in the year 1553, for the discovery of a
+        <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style=
+        "font-style: italic">north-east</span></span> passage to Cathaia; and
+        three vessels—the <span class="tei tei-name"><span style=
+        "font-style: italic">Bona Esperanza</span></span>, the <span class=
+        "tei tei-name"><span style="font-style: italic">Edward
+        Bonadventure</span></span>, and the <span class=
+        "tei tei-name"><span style="font-style: italic">Bona
+        Confidentia</span></span>—under Sir Hugh Willoughby, as
+        captain-general of the fleet, were made ready for their eventful
+        voyage. So certain were the promoters of the expedition that the
+        vessels would reach the Indian Seas, that they caused them to be
+        sheathed with lead as a protection against the worms in those waters,
+        which they understood were destructive of wooden bottoms, and this is
+        believed to be the first instance of metal sheathing being used. On
+        May 20th the ships were towed to Gravesend, <span class=
+        "tei tei-q">“the mariners being all apparalled in watchet or
+        skie-coloured cloth,”</span> and the shores being thick with
+        spectators. The expedition started with an amount of <span class=
+        "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">éclat</span></span>
+        which contrasts sadly with the events which followed. Sir Hugh
+        Willoughby, with the whole of the merchants, officers, and companies
+        of two of the ships, perished miserably on the coast of Lapland, from
+        the effects of cold and starvation. Their dead bodies were found the
+        following year by some Russian fishermen.</p>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Master Richard
+        Chancelor, the second in command, whose vessel had become separated
+        from the others, was more fortunate. After waiting vainly at
+        Wardhuys, in Norway, for the rest of the squadron, he held on his
+        course till he reached a <span class="tei tei-q">“very great
+        bay,”</span> where he learned from the fishermen that their country
+        was Muscovy or Russia. He made a land journey of fifteen hundred
+        miles to Moscow, where he was well received, and from an abortive
+        attempt at making the north-east passage sprung that extensive
+        commerce with Russia which has continued, almost uninterruptedly,
+        ever since.</p>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">The events which
+        immediately followed have little bearing on arctic history, excepting
+        that while our merchants were fully alive to the importance of the
+        new commerce opening to their vision they did not neglect
+        exploration. Chancelor and his companions, on a second voyage to
+        Russia, whither they went as commissioners to arrange the treaties
+        and immunities which the Czar might be pleased to grant, were
+        instructed <span class="tei tei-q">“to use all wayes and meanes
+        possible to learn howe men may passe from Russia, either by land or
+        sea, to Cathaia.”</span> They did not even wait the result of his
+        voyage, but despatched a small vessel, the <span class=
+        "tei tei-name"><span style=
+        "font-style: italic">Serchthrift</span></span>, in command of Steven
+        Burrowe, for north-eastern discovery. On the 27th April, 1556, the
+        vessel being ready at Gravesend, it was visited by many distinguished
+        ladies and gentlemen, including old Cabot, then in his ninety-seventh
+        year, who <span class="tei tei-q">“gave to the poore most liberall
+        almes; and then, at the sign of the Christopher, hee and his friends
+        banketted,”</span> and <span class="tei tei-q">“entered into the
+        dance himselfe amongst the rest of the young and lusty
+        company.”</span> The <span class="tei tei-name"><span style=
+        "font-style: italic">Serchthrift</span></span> reached the Cola and
+        Petchora rivers, Nova Zembla (the New Land), and the island of
+        Weigats. In proceeding to the eastward they encountered much ice, in
+        which they became entangled, and <span class=
+        "tei tei-q">“which,”</span> says the narrative, <span class=
+        "tei tei-q">“was a fearful sight to see.”</span> But on June 25th
+        they met their first whale, which seems to have inspired more terror
+        even than the ice. The account given of it is amusing. <span class=
+        "tei tei-q">“On St. James his day, bolting to the windewardes, we had
+        the latitude at noon in seventy degrees, twentie minutes. The same
+        day, at a south-west sunne, there was a monstrous whale aboord of us,
+        so neere to our side that we might have thrust a sworde or any other
+        weapon in him, which we durst not doe for feare he should have
+        overthrowen our shippe; and then I called my company together, and
+        all of us shouted, and with the crie that we made he departed from
+        us; there was as much above water of his backe as the bredth of our
+        <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page123">[pg 123]</span><a name="Pg123"
+        id="Pg123" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>pinnesse, and at his falling
+        downe he made such a terrible noise in the water, that a man would
+        greatly have marvelled, except he had known the cause of it; but, God
+        be thanked, we were quietly delivered of him.”</span> Burrowe
+        returned to England in the autumn, having reached in an eastward
+        direction a further point than any of his predecessors. Meantime,
+        Chancelor, returning to England in company with the newly-appointed
+        Russian ambassador, was wrecked in Pitsligo Bay, Scotland, the former
+        losing his life, and the latter being saved with difficulty.</p>
+      </div>
+
+      <div class="tei tei-div" style=
+      "margin-bottom: 5.00em; margin-top: 5.00em">
+        <a name="chap13" id="chap13" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> <a name=
+        "toc29" id="toc29"></a> <a name="pdf30" id="pdf30"></a>
+
+        <h2 class="tei tei-head" style=
+        "text-align: center; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em">
+        <span style="font-size: 144%">CHAPTER XIII.</span></h2>
+
+        <h2 class="tei tei-head" style=
+        "text-align: center; margin-bottom: 2.40em; margin-top: 2.40em">
+        <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: center"><span style=
+        "font-size: 120%; font-variant: small-caps">Early Arctic
+        Expeditions.</span></span></h2>
+
+        <div class="tei tei-argument" style=
+        "text-align: center; margin-bottom: 1.80em; margin-left: 3.60em; margin-top: 1.80em; margin-right: 3.60em">
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style=
+        "text-align: center; margin-bottom: 0.90em"><span style=
+        "font-size: 90%">Attempts at the North-west Passage—Sir Humphrey
+        Gilbert’s advocacy—The one thing left undone—Frobisher’s
+        Expeditions—Arctic</span> <span class="tei tei-q" style=
+        "text-align: center"><span style=
+          "font-size: 90%">“</span><span style="font-size: 90%">Diggins</span><span style="font-size: 90%">”</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%">—A
+          Veritable Gold Excitement—Large Fleet Despatched—Disaster and
+          Disappointment—Voyages of John Davis—Intercourse with the
+          Natives—His Reports concerning Whales, &amp;c.—The Merchants
+          aroused—Opening of the Whaling Trade—Maldonado’s Claim to the
+          Discovery of the North-west Passage.</span></p>
+        </div>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">While these
+        attempts at a north-east passage were being made, the north-west
+        question was by no means forgotten. Several learned men, including
+        Sir Humphrey Gilbert, employed their pens in arguing the
+        practicability of such a passage. In his defence of such an attempt
+        he spoke of a friar of Mexico who had actually performed the journey,
+        but who, on telling it to the King of Portugal, had been forbidden to
+        make it known, lest it should reach England. Whatever the facts of
+        this case, some enthusiasm on the subject was the result, and Martin
+        Frobisher spoke of it as <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style=
+        "font-style: italic">the</span></span> one thing <span class=
+        "tei tei-q">“left undone.”</span> But although he also persisted in
+        his advocacy, it took fifteen years of perseverance and constant
+        effort before he could find any one who would give him the assistance
+        he needed. At last, when hope was nearly dead within him, Dudley Earl
+        of Warwick, came to the rescue, and aided him to fit out two small
+        barques, the <span class="tei tei-name"><span style=
+        "font-style: italic">Gabriel</span></span> and the <span class=
+        "tei tei-name"><span style=
+        "font-style: italic">Michael</span></span>, thirty-five and thirty
+        tons burthen respectively. With these small craft—mere cockle-shells
+        for such a voyage—he left the Thames. As he passed Greenwich Palace,
+        on the 8th of June, 1576, Queen Elizabeth waved her farewell from a
+        window. Briefly, they reached what is believed to have been the
+        southern part of Greenland and Labrador, where they could not land
+        because of the icy field surrounding the coast. Sailing to the
+        northward, Frobisher met with a gigantic iceberg, which fell in
+        pieces within their sight, making as much noise as though a high
+        cliff had fallen into the sea. They saw a number of Esquimaux, and
+        perhaps the description given of them by the commander is as good as
+        any ever given in few words:—<span class="tei tei-q">“They be like to
+        Tartars, with long black hair, broad faces, and flatte noses, and
+        taunie in colour, wearing seale skinnes; and so doe the women, not
+        differing in the fashion, but the women are marked in the face with
+        blewe streekes downe the cheekes and round about the eyes.”</span>
+        They came near the ship timidly, and after a while one of them
+        ventured into the ship’s boat, when Frobisher presented him with a
+        bell and a knife, and sent him back with five of the crew. They were
+        directed to land him apart from the spot where a number of his
+        countrymen were assembled, but they disobeyed his orders,
+        <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page124">[pg 124]</span><a name="Pg124"
+        id="Pg124" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>and were seized by the natives,
+        together with the boat, and none of them were heard of more.
+        Returning to the same spot a few days afterwards, one of the natives
+        was enticed alongside the vessel, when Frobisher, a very powerful
+        man, caught him fast, <span class="tei tei-q">“and plucked him with
+        maine force, boate and all, into his barke out of the sea. Whereupon,
+        when he found himself in captivity, for very choler and disdaine he
+        bit his tongue in twaine within his mouth; notwithstanding he died
+        not thereof, but lived until he came to England, and then he died of
+        cold which he had taken at sea.”</span> With this <span class=
+        "tei tei-q">“strange infidele”</span> Frobisher set sail for home,
+        arriving at Harwich on October 2nd. It is very questionable whether
+        this, the first of Frobisher’s arctic voyages, would not have been
+        his last, but for one little circumstance, which had been overlooked
+        until the return of the expedition.</p><a name="illo_146" id=
+        "illo_146" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"></p>
+
+        <div class="tei tei-figure" style="text-align: center">
+          <img src="images/illo_146.png" alt="FROBISHER PASSING GREENWICH"
+          title="FROBISHER PASSING GREENWICH." />
+
+          <div class="tei tei-head" style=
+          "text-align: center; margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em">
+            FROBISHER PASSING GREENWICH.
+          </div>
+        </div>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Every one who
+        visits a strange place likes to bring home some little memento, and
+        several of the men on this voyage had collected trifles—flowers,
+        moss, grass, pebbles, or what not. One of them had obtained a piece
+        of stone, <span class="tei tei-q">“much like to a sea-cole in
+        colour,”</span> which being given to one of the adventurer’s wives,
+        she threw it in the fire, doubtless to see whether it would burn.
+        Whether from accident or not, she threw some vinegar on it to quench
+        the heat, when <span class="tei tei-q">“it glistered with a bright
+        marquesset of golde.”</span> This incident soon became known abroad,
+        and the stone was assayed, the <span class="tei tei-q">“gold
+        finers”</span> reporting it to contain a considerable quantity of
+        gold. It seems almost ridiculous to think of a <span class=
+        "tei tei-pb" id="page125">[pg 125]</span><a name="Pg125" id="Pg125"
+        class="tei tei-anchor"></a>fever, a veritable <span class=
+        "tei tei-q">“excitement,”</span> in connection with Arctic
+        <span class="tei tei-q">“diggins.”</span> Nevertheless, the next
+        voyage of Frobisher was instigated purely for the further discovery
+        of the precious metal. Queen Elizabeth seems to have been infected
+        with the same fever, and Frobisher on taking his leave of her Majesty
+        had the honour of kissing her hand, and being dismissed with
+        <span class="tei tei-q">“gracious countenance and comfortable
+        words.”</span> He was furnished with <span class="tei tei-q">“one
+        tall ship”</span> of her Majesty’s, named the <span class=
+        "tei tei-name"><span style="font-style: italic">Ayde</span></span>,
+        of 180 tons or so, and two barques of about thirty tons each. On the
+        way north they observed some enormous icebergs, more than half a mile
+        in circuit, and seventy to eighty fathoms (210 to 240 yards) under
+        water. The ice being perfectly fresh, Frobisher came to the
+        conclusion that they <span class="tei tei-q">“must be bredde in the
+        sounds, or in some land neere the Pole.”</span> It is now admitted
+        that icebergs properly so called, are but the <span class=
+        "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">ends of
+        glaciers</span></span>, broken off. Furthermore, he was the first to
+        record that <span class="tei tei-q">“the maine sea freeseth not,
+        therefore there is no <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style=
+        "font-style: italic">mare glaciale</span></span>, as the opinion
+        hitherto hath bene.”</span> They loaded up with the ore from Hall’s
+        greater island and on a small island in Frobisher’s Strait.
+        <span class="tei tei-q">“All the sands and cliffs did so glister, and
+        had so bright a marquesite, that it seemed all to be gold, but upon
+        tryall made it prooved no better than black-lead, and verified the
+        proverbe, <span class="tei tei-q">‘All is not gold that
+        glistereth.’</span> ”</span> We shall see that it was only iron
+        pyrites, a sulphuret of iron. They also professed to have found on
+        another island a mine of silver, and more gold ore.</p><a name=
+        "illo_147" id="illo_147" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"></p>
+
+        <div class="tei tei-figure" style="text-align: center">
+          <img src="images/illo_147.png" alt="AN ARCTIC SCENE: FLOATING ICE"
+          title="AN ARCTIC SCENE: FLOATING ICE." />
+
+          <div class="tei tei-head" style=
+          "text-align: center; margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em">
+            AN ARCTIC SCENE: FLOATING ICE.
+          </div>
+        </div><span class="tei tei-pb" id="page126">[pg 126]</span><a name=
+        "Pg126" id="Pg126" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">On this expedition
+        they had several altercations with the natives, and in one skirmish
+        in Yorke Sound killed five or six of them. It is said that they found
+        here some of the apparel of their five unfortunate companions who had
+        been seized the previous year by the natives. By means of two
+        captives they brought about some degree of intercourse with the
+        Esquimaux, and left a letter, understanding that their own sailors
+        were still alive, but they were never more seen. Having loaded with
+        about 200 tons of the supposed gold ore, they set sail for England,
+        where they arrived safely, to the great delight of the queen and
+        court, who considered that there were now great hopes of riches and
+        profit. It was determined that a third expedition should be
+        despatched the following year (1578).</p>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">The fleet on this
+        occasion consisted of no less than fifteen vessels. One hundred
+        persons were taken to form a settlement and remain there the complete
+        year, keeping three of the vessels for their own use; the others were
+        to bring back cargoes of the ore. Frobisher was appointed admiral and
+        general. From first to last the voyage was disastrous. In the straits
+        named after Frobisher, one of their larger barques struck so
+        violently on a mass of ice that she sank in sight of the whole fleet,
+        and although all the people on board were saved, a part of the house
+        intended for the settlers went down with the wreck. A violent storm
+        next ensued, which dispersed the fleet, some of the vessels being
+        fixed in the ice of the strait, others being swept away to sea. It
+        was a severe season, and they were bewildered by fogs, snow, and
+        mist. After many perils, a large part of the fleet assembled in the
+        Countess of Warwick’s Sound, when a council was held. It was at first
+        determined to plant the colony on the adjoining island, but on
+        examination so much of the wooden house was missing, and so great a
+        quantity of the stores and provisions were on the ships which had
+        parted company, that the idea was abandoned. <span class=
+        "tei tei-q">“A great black island,”</span> where so much black ore
+        was found that it <span class="tei tei-q">“might suffice all the gold
+        gluttons of the world,”</span> was discovered by one of the captains,
+        and was named after him, <span class="tei tei-q">“Best’s
+        Blessing.”</span> It was at length decided that each captain should
+        load his ship with ore and set homewards. The fleet arrived in
+        England on or about October 1st, having lost some forty persons. The
+        ore being now carefully examined proved worthless pyrites; and the
+        Arctic gold mines seem to have proved a <span class=
+        "tei tei-q">“fizzle”</span> as great as any of the worst which have
+        succeeded them. One Michael Lok, who had advanced money and become
+        security for Frobisher, was ruined, and cast into the Fleet prison.
+        One of the accounts mentions the fact that when the ore was first
+        examined, one of the assayers, <span class="tei tei-q">“by coaxing
+        nature, as he privately admitted to Michael Lok,”</span> <span class=
+        "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">pretended</span></span>
+        to make the discovery of its precious qualities. It seems that the
+        Master of the Mint had reported on it adversely; but the favourable
+        opinion of others and the lust for wealth overcame all reason and
+        judgment, until queen, courtiers, and subjects were sobered by the
+        complete disappointment, which ended all further search for the time.
+        Frobisher did good service for his country afterwards, and fought
+        with such bravery against the Spanish Armada that he was knighted. He
+        died from the effect of a shot-wound received at the assault of
+        Croyson, during the war with Henry IV. of France.</p><a name=
+        "illo_150" id="illo_150" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"></p>
+
+        <div class="tei tei-figure" style="text-align: center">
+          <img src="images/illo_150.png" alt="MARTIN FROBISHER" title=
+          "MARTIN FROBISHER." />
+
+          <div class="tei tei-head" style=
+          "text-align: center; margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em">
+            MARTIN FROBISHER.
+          </div>
+        </div>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">The disastrous
+        voyage of Sir Humphrey Gilbert, with its melancholy termination, has
+        been already described; but the merchants of London and elsewhere,
+        being still persuaded <span class="tei tei-q">“of the likelyhood of
+        the discoverie of the north-west passage,”</span> only two years
+        later subscribed for fresh attempts. John Davis—a name inseparably
+        associated with arctic enterprise—received <span class="tei tei-pb"
+        id="page127">[pg 127]</span><a name="Pg127" id="Pg127" class=
+        "tei tei-anchor"></a>the appointment of captain and chief pilot of
+        the new expedition. Two small vessels, the <span class=
+        "tei tei-name"><span style=
+        "font-style: italic">Sunshine</span></span> and <span class=
+        "tei tei-name"><span style=
+        "font-style: italic">Moonshine</span></span>, were employed, and on
+        one of them four musicians were taken. They left Dartmouth on the 7th
+        of June, 1585, and on the 19th of July were off the west coast of
+        Greenland, where they noted <span class="tei tei-q">“a mighty great
+        roaring of the sea,”</span> which was found to proceed from the
+        <span class="tei tei-q">“rowling together of islands of ice.”</span>
+        As they proceeded northward, the fog, which had hampered their
+        movements, clearing away, they observed <span class="tei tei-q">“a
+        rocky and mountainous land, in form of a sugar-loaf,”</span> its
+        summit, covered with snow, appearing, as it were, above the clouds.
+        The aspect of all around was so uninviting that Davis named it
+        <span class="tei tei-q">“The Land of Desolation.”</span> He could not
+        land there, owing to the coast ice, and after sundry explorations to
+        the southward, and again to the north-westward, discovered an
+        archipelago of islands, <span class="tei tei-q">“among which were
+        many free sounds, and good roads for shipping,”</span> to which he
+        gave the title of Gilbert’s Sound. Here a multitude of natives
+        approached in their canoes, on which the musicians began to perform,
+        and the sailors to dance and make signs of friendship. This delighted
+        the <span class="tei tei-q">“salvages,”</span> and the sailors
+        obtained from them almost whatever they wished—canoes, clothing,
+        bows, and native implements. After other explorations they reached a
+        fine open passage (Cumberland Strait) between Frobisher’s Archipelago
+        and the land now called Cumberland’s Island, entirely free from ice,
+        <span class="tei tei-q">“and the water of the colour, nature, and
+        quality of the main ocean.”</span> They proceeded up it a distance of
+        sixty leagues, when they found a cluster of islands in the middle of
+        the passage, and the weather being bad and the season late, they,
+        after a week’s further stay, determined to sail for England, where
+        they arrived safely on September 30th.</p>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">The reports given
+        by Davis respecting the vast number of whales and seals observed, and
+        the peltries to be obtained from the Esquimaux, aroused the
+        enterprise of the merchants, and several persons in Exeter and other
+        parts of the West of England combined to add a trading vessel, the
+        <span class="tei tei-name"><span style=
+        "font-style: italic">Mermaid</span></span>, of one hundred and twenty
+        tons, to those which had been employed the previous season. Davis
+        again reached the west coast of Greenland, where much intercourse was
+        held with the natives, who came off to the vessels sometimes in as
+        many as one <span class="tei tei-q">“hundred canoes at a time ...
+        bringing with them seale skinnes, stagge skinnes, white hares, seale
+        fish, samon peale, smal cod, dry caplin, with other fish, and birds
+        such as the country did yield.”</span> The natives do not seem to
+        have made quite so favourable an impression as on the former
+        occasion, and were described as thievish and mischievous, prone to
+        steal everything on which they could lay their hands. After some
+        remarks on their diet, we are gravely informed that they <span class=
+        "tei tei-q">“drink salt water,”</span> and eat grass and ice as
+        luxuries. They were found to be extremely nimble and strong, and fond
+        of leaping and wrestling, in which they beat the best of the crew,
+        who were west-country wrestlers. In the middle of July the
+        adventurous navigators were alarmed at the appearance of a most
+        <span class="tei tei-q">“mighty and strange quantity of yce in one
+        entire masse,”</span> so large that Davis was afraid to mention its
+        dimensions, lest he should not be believed. The same modesty and
+        diffidence has not been observed, to any marked degree, in the
+        narratives of most modern voyagers and travellers! They coasted the
+        ice till the end of July, and the cold was so severe, even in this
+        month, that the shrouds, ropes, and sails were frozen, and the air
+        was loaded with a thick fog. Sickness prevailed <span class=
+        "tei tei-pb" id="page128">[pg 128]</span><a name="Pg128" id="Pg128"
+        class="tei tei-anchor"></a>among the men, and they commenced to
+        murmur. They <span class="tei tei-q">“advised their captain, through
+        his overboldness, not to leave their widows and fatherless children
+        to give him bitter curses.”</span> He therefore left the <span class=
+        "tei tei-name"><span style="font-style: italic">Mermaid</span></span>
+        to remain where she was, in readiness to return, while with the
+        <span class="tei tei-name"><span style=
+        "font-style: italic">Moonshine</span></span> he would proceed round
+        the ice. Davis made several discoveries of some geographical
+        importance, and thought that off the Labrador coast, in latitude 54°
+        N., he had actually discovered the opening to the north-west passage.
+        Two of his vessels, the <span class="tei tei-name"><span style=
+        "font-style: italic">Sunshine</span></span> and <span class=
+        "tei tei-name"><span style="font-style: italic">North
+        Star</span></span>, had been despatched previously to seek a passage
+        northward, between Greenland and Iceland, as far as latitude 80°.
+        They proceeded some little distance north, being much hampered by the
+        ice, but in effect accomplished nothing. The latter vessel was lost
+        on the passage home.</p>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">The second voyage
+        of Davis had not been particularly prosperous either as regards
+        commerce or discovery, but his persistency and perseverance induced
+        the merchants to despatch a third expedition in 1587. On this voyage
+        he proceeded as far north as 73°, and discovered the strait which now
+        bears his name. The merchant adventurers would doubtless have
+        continued these voyages, even in part for discovery, had they been
+        reasonably profitable. But although Davis tried very zealously to
+        persuade them, they now declined most absolutely. We find him eight
+        years after appealing for the same object to Her Majesty’s Privy
+        Council in a little work entitled, <span class="tei tei-q">“The
+        Worlde’s Hydrographicall Discription,”</span> a book of which it is
+        believed there are not over three copies in existence. Among the
+        headings to the various divisions is one to this effect: <span class=
+        "tei tei-q">“That under the Pole is the greatest place of
+        dignitie.”</span> Davis made no more arctic voyages, but was employed
+        by the Dutch in the East Indian service.</p><a name="illo_151" id=
+        "illo_151" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"></p>
+
+        <div class="tei tei-figure" style="text-align: center">
+          <img src="images/illo_151.jpg" alt="AN ICEBERG BREAKING UP" title=
+          "AN ICEBERG BREAKING UP." />
+
+          <div class="tei tei-head" style=
+          "text-align: center; margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em">
+            AN ICEBERG BREAKING UP.
+          </div>
+        </div><span class="tei tei-pb" id="page129">[pg 129]</span><a name=
+        "Pg129" id="Pg129" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">While there are so
+        many well-authenticated voyages to record, we shall not be blamed if
+        those of a doubtful nature are here omitted. The so-called voyage of
+        Maldonado, in which he claimed to have effected a north-west passage
+        from the Atlantic to the Pacific in 1588, and back again the
+        following year, is universally discredited, and the narrative bears
+        every indication of being an utter forgery. The genuine voyage of
+        Juan de Fuca, in 1592, who, while searching for the same imaginary
+        <span class="tei tei-q">“Straits of Anian,”</span> of which Maldonado
+        wrote, discovered the straits which now bear his own name, belongs
+        properly to voyages in the Pacific Ocean, and will be considered in
+        its place.</p>
+      </div>
+
+      <div class="tei tei-div" style=
+      "margin-bottom: 5.00em; margin-top: 5.00em">
+        <a name="chap14" id="chap14" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> <a name=
+        "toc31" id="toc31"></a> <a name="pdf32" id="pdf32"></a>
+
+        <h2 class="tei tei-head" style=
+        "text-align: center; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em">
+        <span style="font-size: 144%">CHAPTER XIV.</span></h2>
+
+        <div class="tei tei-argument" style=
+        "text-align: center; margin-bottom: 1.80em; margin-left: 3.60em; margin-top: 1.80em; margin-right: 3.60em">
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style=
+        "text-align: center; margin-bottom: 0.90em"><span style=
+        "font-size: 90%">North-eastern Voyages of the Dutch—Barents reaches
+        Nova Zembla—Adventures with the Polar Bears—Large Trading Expedition
+        organised—Failure of the Venture—Reward offered for the Discovery of
+        a North-east Passage—Third Voyage—Dangers of the Ice—Forced to Winter
+        on Nova Zembla—Erection of a House—Intense Cold—Philosophical
+        Dutchmen—Attacks from Bears—Returning Spring—The Vessel
+        abandoned—Preparations for a Start—The Company enfeebled and
+        down-hearted—Voyage of 1,700 miles in two small Boats—Death of
+        Barents and Adrianson—Perils of Arctic Navigation—Enclosed in the
+        Ice—Death of a Sailor—Meeting with Russians—Arrival in Lapland—Home
+        once more—Discovery of the Barents Relics by Carlsen—Voyages of
+        Adams, Weymouth, Hall, and Knight.</span></p>
+        </div>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class=
+        "tei tei-q">“The True and Perfect Description of Three Voyages, so
+        strange and woonderfull that the like hath neuer been heard of
+        before,”</span> albeit bearing a somewhat sensational title, is by a
+        long way the most complete of early Arctic narratives. The work is a
+        translation, by one William Phillip, from the Dutch of Gerrit de
+        Veer, and describes three voyages undertaken by the Hollanders
+        towards the close of the sixteenth century, with the view of reaching
+        China by a north-east passage. The narrative of the last expedition
+        in particular, during the progress of which they met so many
+        disasters, were obliged to spend ten months in the inhospitable
+        region of Nova Zembla, abandon their vessel, and make their homeward
+        voyage of seventeen hundred miles in two small open boats through all
+        the perils of the Arctic seas, will be found most interesting. Our
+        account is compiled from the edition edited by Dr. Beke, and issued
+        by the Hakluyt Society.</p>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">In the year 1594
+        the United Provinces determined to send out an expedition in the
+        hopes of finding a northern route to China and India. The city of
+        Amsterdam contributed two vessels: Zeelandt and Enkhuysen one each.
+        Willem Barents<a id="noteref_21" name="noteref_21" href=
+        "#note_21"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style=
+        "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">21</span></span></a>,
+        <span class="tei tei-q">“a notable, skillfull, and wise
+        pilote,”</span> represented Amsterdam, while the other vessels were
+        respectively commanded by Cornelis Cornelison and Brand Ysbrants. The
+        vessels left the Texel on June 5th, and soon after separated.
+        Following first the fortunes of Cornelison and Ysbrants, we find that
+        they reached Lapland on the 23rd, and, proceeding eastward, found the
+        weather in the middle of July as hot as in Holland during the dog
+        days, and the mosquitoes extremely troublesome. Reaching Waigatz
+        Island they met enormous quantities of drift-wood, which was also
+        piled up on the shores. Passing the southern end of the island, they
+        observed three or four hundred wooden idols, men, women, and
+        children, their faces generally turned eastward. Sailing <span class=
+        "tei tei-pb" id="page130">[pg 130]</span><a name="Pg130" id="Pg130"
+        class="tei tei-anchor"></a>through Waigatz Strait, they found and
+        were impeded much by large quantities of floating ice; later they
+        reached an open sea perfectly clear of it. The land to the southward
+        was in sight, and trended apparently to the south-east. Without more
+        ado they concluded that they had discovered an open passage round
+        Northern Asia to China, and turned their vessels’ bows homewards, in
+        order to be the first to bring the good news to Holland. Meanwhile,
+        Barents, in the <span class="tei tei-name"><span style=
+        "font-style: italic">Messenger</span></span>, crossed the White Sea,
+        and eventually made the west coast of Nova Zembla, proceeding thence
+        northwards, naming several headlands and islands. About latitude 77°
+        25′ they encountered an immense field of ice, of which they could see
+        no end from the mast-head, and they had to turn back. After becoming
+        entangled in drift-ice, and experiencing misty, cold, and tempestuous
+        weather, the crew began to murmur, and then refused positively to
+        proceed. On the homeward voyage, after they had arrived at Maltfloe
+        and Delgoy Islands, they met the other ships, the commanders of which
+        were jubilant with the idea that they had discovered the North-east
+        Passage. At all events, on their return, the reports given by them
+        were so favourably considered, that preparations were immediately
+        made for a second expedition.</p>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Near one of the
+        islands off the coast of Nova Zembla Barents and a boat-load of his
+        men were almost swamped by an enormous white she-bear, which they had
+        wounded, and secured by a rope. The animal, in its pain and fury,
+        more than seconded their efforts to get it on board—for they had
+        fancied that they might take her alive to Holland—and a panic ensued.
+        Fortunately the rope caught round a rung or hook of the rudder, and
+        one of the bolder men then struck her into the water. The rest
+        immediately got to their oars and rowed so rapidly to the ship, that
+        the bear was pretty well half drowned by the time they arrived there,
+        and she was easily despatched. De Veer, the principal historian of
+        these voyages, gives us some graphic descriptions of the walrus. A
+        female walrus almost succeeded in swamping one of the boats, as Madam
+        Bruin had before, but fled when a good round volley of Dutch
+        execrations were levelled at her. Some of the men, tempted by the
+        ivory tusks apparently within their easy reach, went ashore with the
+        intention of killing some of these animals, but the sea-horses
+        <span class="tei tei-q">“brake all their hatchets, curtle-axes, and
+        pikes in pieces,”</span> and they could not kill any of them, but
+        succeeded in performing dentistry on a rough scale by knocking out
+        some of their teeth. The resemblance of the front part of the head of
+        a young walrus to a human face has been often remarked, and, as we
+        shall hereafter show, has had much to do with sailors’ stories
+        concerning mermaids and mermen. More than once has the cry,
+        <span class="tei tei-q">“A man overboard!”</span> been caused by the
+        sudden appearance of the head of a young walrus above the water near
+        a ship’s side.</p>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">The second
+        expedition consisted of seven vessels: six laden with wares,
+        merchandise, and money, and factors to act as traders; the seventh, a
+        small pinnace, was to accompany the rest for part of the voyage, and
+        bring back news of the proceedings. These extensive preparations were
+        rendered nearly useless by the dilatoriness of those who had the
+        matter in hand. The vessels did not leave the Texel till July 2nd,
+        1595, nor reach Nova Zembla before the middle of August. The coasts
+        of that island were found to be unapproachable on account of the ice.
+        In few words, they returned to Holland, having accomplished little or
+        nothing.</p>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">When off Waigatz
+        some of the men had landed to search for supposed precious stones,
+        <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page131">[pg 131]</span><a name="Pg131"
+        id="Pg131" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>which they fondly believed were
+        diamonds, but which were doubtless pieces of rock crystal. As two of
+        the men were taking a little rest, a <span class="tei tei-q">“great
+        leane white beare”</span> suddenly stole upon them, and caught one
+        fast by the neck. The other, seeing the cause, ran away. <span class=
+        "tei tei-q">“The beare,”</span> says the quaint narrative,
+        <span class="tei tei-q">“at the first faling upon the man, bit his
+        head in sunder, and suckt out his blood,”</span> whereupon some
+        twenty of the men ran to the place, and charged the animal with their
+        pikes and muskets. Bruin, nothing daunted, seized another of the men
+        and tore him in pieces, the rest, seized with terror, running away. A
+        number of sailors, seeing all this, immediately came on shore, and a
+        second charge was made. Many shots were fired, but missed; at length
+        the purser shot the animal between the eyes, when she began to
+        stagger. Two of the men broke their axes over her, and yet she would
+        not leave the bodies of their comrades. At length one of them
+        succeeded in stunning her with a well-directed blow, and then cut her
+        throat.</p><a name="illo_155" id="illo_155" class=
+        "tei tei-anchor"></a>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"></p>
+
+        <div class="tei tei-figure" style="text-align: center">
+          <img src="images/illo_155.png" alt=
+          "NOVA ZEMBLA, SHOWING THE ROUTE TAKEN BY BARENTS AND HIS FOLLOWERS"
+          title=
+          "NOVA ZEMBLA, SHOWING THE ROUTE TAKEN BY BARENTS AND HIS FOLLOWERS. (After an Authentic Map made by Gerrit de Veer.)" />
+
+          <div class="tei tei-head" style=
+          "text-align: center; margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em">
+            NOVA ZEMBLA, SHOWING THE ROUTE TAKEN BY BARENTS AND HIS
+            FOLLOWERS.<br />
+            (<span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: center"><span style=
+            "font-style: italic">After an Authentic Map made by Gerrit de
+            Veer.</span></span>)
+          </div>
+        </div><a name="illo_156" id="illo_156" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"></p>
+
+        <div class="tei tei-figure" style="text-align: center">
+          <img src="images/illo_156.png" alt=
+          "MOCK SUNS, SEEN ON THE 4TH JUNE, 1596, BY BARENTS AND HIS FOLLOWERS"
+          title=
+          "MOCK SUNS, SEEN ON THE 4TH JUNE, 1596, BY BARENTS AND HIS FOLLOWERS. (After a Stamp published in 1609 at Amsterdam.)" />
+
+          <div class="tei tei-head" style=
+          "text-align: center; margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em">
+            MOCK SUNS, SEEN ON THE 4TH JUNE, 1596, BY BARENTS AND HIS
+            FOLLOWERS.<br />
+            (<span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: center"><span style=
+            "font-style: italic">After a Stamp published in 1609 at
+            Amsterdam.</span></span>)
+          </div>
+        </div>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">On the return of
+        the second expedition from a voyage so fruitless, the General States
+        of the United Provinces declined to repeat the experiment, but
+        offered a large reward to any one who might make it <span class=
+        "tei tei-q">“apparant that the sayd passage was to be sayled.”</span>
+        The merchants of Amsterdam thereupon prepared two vessels, and
+        selected mostly single men for their crews, <span class=
+        "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">i.e.</span></span>, men
+        unhampered by family ties, offering them great rewards if the
+        <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page132">[pg 132]</span><a name="Pg132"
+        id="Pg132" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>objects they sought were
+        accomplished. One of the vessels was commanded by Jacob Heemskerke
+        Hendrickson, the master of the second being Cornelison Rijp; Barents
+        was appointed chief pilot. The expedition sailed from Amsterdam on
+        May 10th, 1596, and on June 1st was in a latitude high enough to have
+        no night. On the 4th, in lat. 71°, they observed two parahelia, or
+        mock suns, which are thus described in the narrative:—<span class=
+        "tei tei-q">“On each side of the sunne there was another sunne and
+        two raine-bowes, that past cleane thorow the three sunnes, and then
+        two raine-bowes more, the one compassing round about the sunnes, and
+        the other crosse thorow the great rundle.”</span> On the 5th they
+        fell in with the first floating ice, which at a distance they mistook
+        for white swans, and on the 7th they were in lat. 74°, sailing
+        through the ice <span class="tei tei-q">“as if betweene two
+        lands.”</span> They found quantities of the eggs of red geese on an
+        island. The narrator makes these birds, when flying away, cry out
+        <span class="tei tei-q">“Rot, rot, rot”</span> (red), as though
+        describing themselves. They also killed several bears, one of which
+        they pursued in their boats while <span class="tei tei-q">“foure
+        glasses were run out (<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style=
+        "font-style: italic">i.e.</span></span>, for two hours), for their
+        weapons seemed powerless to do her hurt. One of the men struck her
+        with an axe, which stuck fast in her back, and with which she swam
+        away. They followed, and at length a well-directed blow split her
+        skull.”</span> They appear to have been much hampered in proceeding
+        further north from the constantly accumulating ice. By their latitude
+        at this time they were near Amsterdam Island, on which is that cape
+        or foreland since so well known to whalers as Hakluyt’s Headland. On
+        July 1st the <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page133">[pg
+        133]</span><a name="Pg133" id="Pg133" class=
+        "tei tei-anchor"></a>commanders mutually agreed to part company:
+        Cornelison Rijp, who now disappears from the scene, being of opinion
+        that by sailing back to Spitzbergen, which they had just left, he
+        would find a passage near its east side; while Barents favoured an
+        eastward course in a lower parallel, and steered for Waigatz Strait
+        and Nova Zembla, which latter he reached on July 17th. As far as the
+        ice would permit they stood to the northwards, and at the end of the
+        first week of August doubled Point Nassau, where, the wind being
+        contrary, they made the ship fast to an iceberg, thirty-six fathoms
+        (216 feet) under water, and sixteen fathoms (96 feet) above it. This
+        berg suddenly, without warning, broke up: <span class=
+        "tei tei-q">“with one great cracke it burst into foure hundred pieces
+        at the least.”</span> Ships have often been overwhelmed in this
+        manner. Ice in all forms now surrounded them; the ship’s rudder was
+        smashed to pieces, and their boat crushed like a nutshell, while a
+        similar fate was expected constantly for the vessel herself, which
+        had become much strained. They had equally to give up all hopes of
+        proceeding or returning that season, and with great difficulty they
+        got to the west side of a harbour on Nova Zembla, named by them Ice
+        Haven. Here, as we shall see, they had to pass a long winter, under
+        circumstances of great hardship and danger.</p>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">On August 27th the
+        ice drove with great force on the ship’s bows, and lifted her up
+        several feet. They feared that she must be capsized. Shortly
+        afterwards the ship burst out of the ice, <span class=
+        "tei tei-q">“with such a noyse and so great a crack”</span> that all
+        on board feared their last hour was come. On the 30th, during a heavy
+        snow and boisterous weather, <span class="tei tei-pb" id=
+        "page134">[pg 134]</span><a name="Pg134" id="Pg134" class=
+        "tei tei-anchor"></a>the ice masses commenced driving and grinding
+        together with greater force than before; the ship was lifted up
+        bodily, almost upright, and then dashed into the water again. We
+        cannot wonder to learn that the hairs of their heads also stood
+        <span class="tei tei-q">“vpright with feare”</span> amid such
+        scenes.</p>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">And so it went on
+        from day to day, the vessel being strained and cracked in many
+        places, and leaking badly. On September 5th they held a council, and
+        determined to commence the work of removing the stores ashore. They
+        carried off their old foresail, and <span class="tei tei-q">“other
+        furniture”</span> on land to make a tent; powder, lead, muskets, with
+        bread and wine, and some tools to mend their boat. <span class=
+        "tei tei-q">“The 11 of September,”</span> says the narrative,
+        <span class="tei tei-q">“it was calme wether, and 8 of vs went on
+        land, euery man armed, to see if that were true, as our other three
+        companions had said that there lay wood about the riuer; for that
+        seeing we had so long wound and turned about, sometime in the ice,
+        and then againe got out, and thereby were compelled to alter our
+        course, and at last saw that we could not get out of the ice, but
+        rather became faster, and could not loose our ship, as at other times
+        we had done, as also that it began to be winter, we took counsell
+        together what we were best to doe according to the time that we might
+        winter there, and attend such aduenture as God would send vs; and
+        after we had debated vpon the matter, to keepe and defend our selues
+        both from the cold and the wild beasts, we determined to build a
+        house vpon the land to keep vs therein as well as we could, and so to
+        commit ourselues vnto the tuition of God.”</span> As they had little
+        wood on board, and there were no trees on land, they were most
+        rejoiced when they found <span class="tei tei-q">“certaine trees,
+        roots and all,”</span> which had been driven upon the shore
+        (drift-wood, probably, brought down by one of the great rivers of
+        Asiatic Siberia, floated out to sea, and deposited on the shores of
+        Nova Zembla). <span class="tei tei-q">“We were much
+        comforted,”</span> says the narrator, <span class="tei tei-q">“being
+        in good hope that God would show vs some further fauour; for that
+        wood serued vs not onely to build our house, but also to burne and
+        serue vs all the winter long; otherwise, without all doubt, we had
+        died there miserably with extreame cold.”</span></p><a name=
+        "illo_157" id="illo_157" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"></p>
+
+        <div class="tei tei-figure" style="text-align: center">
+          <img src="images/illo_157.png" alt=
+          "TRANSPORTING WOOD ON SLEDGES FOR BUILDING THE HOUSE" title=
+          "TRANSPORTING WOOD ON SLEDGES FOR BUILDING THE HOUSE." />
+
+          <div class="tei tei-head" style=
+          "text-align: center; margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em">
+            TRANSPORTING WOOD ON SLEDGES FOR BUILDING THE HOUSE.
+          </div>
+        </div>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">The party as it
+        now stood consisted of seventeen persons, of whom one, the carpenter,
+        who of all could least be spared at this juncture, died towards the
+        end of September, and another was prostrated with sickness. They had
+        to haul the wood in sledges for a considerable distance over ice and
+        snow, and it was so intensely cold that the skin was often taken off
+        their hands and faces. <span class="tei tei-q">“As wee put a naile
+        into our mouthes,”</span> says De <a name="corr134" id="corr134"
+        class="tei tei-anchor"></a><span class="tei tei-corr">Veer</span>
+        <span class="tei tei-q">“(as carpenters use to do) there would ice
+        hang thereon when wee took it out againe, and make the bloud
+        follow.”</span> The present writer saw precisely the same thing
+        happen more than once at a Russian trading post in Alaska some years
+        ago, and knows well what it is to have his own mouth and nostrils
+        nearly frozen up by the breath congealing about the moustache, lips,
+        &amp;c., more especially when camped in the <span class=
+        "tei tei-q">“open”</span> at night. These good Dutchmen seem to have
+        been most resigned and philosophical during <span class=
+        "tei tei-q">“their cold, comfortlesse, darke, and dreadful
+        winter,”</span> determining to make the best of their hard lot. The
+        narrative of De Veer is told in a plain, unvarnished, and manly
+        style, and, as Dr. Beke<a id="noteref_22" name="noteref_22" href=
+        "#note_22"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style=
+        "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">22</span></span></a> has well
+        remarked, <span class="tei tei-q">“we may perceive that the reliance
+        of himself and his <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page135">[pg
+        135]</span><a name="Pg135" id="Pg135" class=
+        "tei tei-anchor"></a>comrades on the Almighty was not less firm or
+        sincere because His name was not incessantly on their lips.
+        Cheerfulness, and even frequent hilarity, could not fail to be the
+        concomitants of so wholesome a tone of mind.”</span></p>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">On September 15th
+        two bears made their appearance, and there was great excitement, the
+        men being anxious to shoot them. A tub or barrel of salt beef was
+        standing on the ice near the ship, and one of the bears put his head
+        into it to get out a joint of the meat. But <span class=
+        "tei tei-q">“she fared therewith,”</span> says the narrator,
+        <span class="tei tei-q">“as the dog did with ye pudding;<a id=
+        "noteref_23" name="noteref_23" href="#note_23"><span class=
+        "tei tei-noteref"><span style=
+        "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">23</span></span></a> for as
+        she was snatching at the beefe she was shot into the head, wherewith
+        she fell downe dead and neuer stir’d (there we saw a curious sight);
+        the other beare stood still, and lokt vpon her fellow (as if
+        wondering why she remained so motionless), and when she had stood a
+        good while she smelt her fellow, and perceiuing that she lay still
+        and was dead, she ran away, and all pursuit was
+        vain.”</span></p><a name="illo_160" id="illo_160" class=
+        "tei tei-anchor"></a>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"></p>
+
+        <div class="tei tei-figure" style="text-align: center">
+          <img src="images/illo_160.png" alt="ATTACKED BY BEARS" title=
+          "ATTACKED BY BEARS." />
+
+          <div class="tei tei-head" style=
+          "text-align: center; margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em">
+            ATTACKED BY BEARS.
+          </div>
+        </div>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">At length their
+        house was completed; it had been built partly from the drift-wood,
+        and partly from the deck timbers and other portions of the ship. The
+        original illustration, a very quaint picture, shows the fire in the
+        middle of the floor, and a large chimney immediately over it. In
+        other illustrations in De Veer’s works the chimney is surmounted by a
+        barrel, which served the same purpose for the <span class=
+        "tei tei-q">“look out”</span> as the <span class="tei tei-q">“crow’s
+        nest”</span> or observatory in modern Arctic vessels. An oil lamp
+        swung in the centre of the room, and a large bench, with divisions,
+        served for resting places by night. The old Dutch clock, the works of
+        which became frozen during the winter, is shown hanging on the wall,
+        while the large twelve-hour sand-glass, which replaced it, is also
+        included. A large wine-vat or barrel, standing on end, requires
+        explanation. It was used as a vapour or steam bath, a hole in the
+        side being cut both for air and as a door or opening for ingress or
+        egress. The steam was in all probability made by placing hot stones
+        in a small quantity of water at the bottom of the barrel. The writer
+        has in Alaska (formerly Russian America) often used a steam bath of a
+        construction almost as primitive, where in a small room the required
+        vapour was raised by throwing water on a little furnace or
+        fire-place, built of stones, which were kept at a white heat by a
+        fire inside. Round the walls of the room were shelves or benches, on
+        which one could recline, and by selecting the upper or lower ones, as
+        the case might be, enjoy a greater or a lesser degree of heat.</p>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">On November 4th
+        the last feeble rays of the sun took leave of them, and intense cold
+        followed. Their wine and spruce-beer became frozen, and separated
+        into two parts, the water being ice, and the remainder a thick
+        glutinous liquid. Melted together again, they were nearly
+        undrinkable. Wood does not appear to have been scarce till later in
+        the winter, although they had to fetch some of it a distance of
+        several miles. They once tried a fire of coal in the middle of their
+        room, but the experiment was not repeated, as the sulphurous smoke
+        nearly suffocated them. Their thickest European clothing was utterly
+        insufficient for the climate they had to endure. During the winter
+        they killed and trapped a few bears and foxes, and some of their
+        skins were of course utilised. The former, however, disappeared with
+        the sun, and only reappeared when it again showed
+        itself.</p><span class="tei tei-pb" id="page136">[pg
+        136]</span><a name="Pg136" id="Pg136" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">The record of
+        their monotonous winter life, almost entirely confined to the house,
+        would be as tedious in the recital as it was in reality. Their
+        wretched habitation was nearly buried in snow, and they felt as much
+        out of the world as though they had really left it. Outside, gale
+        succeeded gale, and howling winds and drifting snow prevented the
+        possibility of hunting, exercise, or amusement. Inside, as the record
+        tells us, they used all the means in their power to preserve warmth:
+        put hot stones and heated cannon-balls at their feet, and smothered
+        themselves in every article of clothing or bedding they had, but with
+        little avail; their cots and the walls were covered with frost, and
+        themselves as stiff and white as corpses. The narrative says quaintly
+        that as they sat before a great fire their shins burned on the fore
+        side, while their backs were frozen. Nevertheless they repined not,
+        but took everything in the spirit of calm philosophy. On December
+        26th De Veer, when an unusually severe day had set in, writes that
+        they comforted themselves that the sun had gone as low as it could,
+        and must now return. The quaintness and simplicity of this narrative
+        is well illustrated by the following entry for the last day of
+        1596:—<span class="tei tei-q">“The 31 of December it was still foule
+        wether, with a storme out of the north-west, whereby we were so fast
+        shut vp into the house as if we had beene prisoners, and it was so
+        extreame cold that the fire almost cast no heate; for as we put our
+        feete to the fire we burnt our hose (stockings) before we could feele
+        the heate, so that we had constantly work enough to do to patch our
+        hose. And, which is more, if we had not sooner smelt than felt them,
+        we should haue burnt them quite away ere we had knowne
+        it.”</span></p><span class="tei tei-pb" id="page137">[pg
+        137]</span><a name="Pg137" id="Pg137" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">On January 5th
+        they even celebrated Twelfth Night, making merry with a small
+        quantity of wine, pancakes, and white biscuit. They drew lots for a
+        master of revels, and it fell to the gunner, who was made King of
+        Nova Zembla. All this, after all, was more sensible than giving way
+        to the despondency which they could not help feeling at times. On
+        February 12th they shot a bear, the first for the year. The first
+        bullet fired, passing through her body, <span class="tei tei-q">“went
+        out againe at her tayle, and was as flat as a counter that had been
+        beaten out with a hammer.”</span> This was a god-send to them, as now
+        they were enabled to keep their lamps constantly burning, which
+        previously they had often been unable to do for want of grease. The
+        bear yielded a hundred pounds of fat. In the latter part of winter
+        the bears came round the house, and attempted to break in the door,
+        while one almost succeeded in entering by the chimney.</p><a name=
+        "illo_161" id="illo_161" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"></p>
+
+        <div class="tei tei-figure" style="text-align: center">
+          <img src="images/illo_161.png" alt="REPAIRING THE BOAT" title=
+          "REPAIRING THE BOAT." />
+
+          <div class="tei tei-head" style=
+          "text-align: center; margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em">
+            REPAIRING THE BOAT.
+          </div>
+        </div>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">At the beginning
+        of March they saw open water, and were greatly rejoiced, looking
+        hopefully forward to the day of release. In April the ice hummocks on
+        the coast were <span class="tei tei-q">“risen and piled vp one vpon
+        the other, that it was wonderfull in such manner as if there had bin
+        whole townes made of ice, with towres and bulwarkes round about
+        them.”</span> In May their provisions were getting very low, and they
+        themselves were both weakened by inaction and insufficiency of food,
+        while the scurvy had made its appearance among some of the number.
+        Impatient of their long and dreary sojourn, the men, on the 9th and
+        11th of May, came to Barents, praying him to speak to <span class=
+        "tei tei-q">“the maister (skipper) to make preparations to goe from
+        thence.”</span> On the 15th they consulted together and decided to
+        leave at the end of the month, if <span class="tei tei-q">“the ship
+        <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page138">[pg 138]</span><a name="Pg138"
+        id="Pg138" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>could not be loosed,”</span>
+        which gladdened the hearts of the men. Next they began to repair
+        their clothes; and on May 29th the boat and yawl were cleared of the
+        snow which buried them. The narrative shows how enfeebled they had
+        become. Ten of them went to the boat, to repair it and make it ready.
+        When they had got it out of the snow, and thought themselves able to
+        drag it up to the house, their united efforts were not sufficient. De
+        Veer says, <span class="tei tei-q">“We could not doe it because we
+        were too weake.”</span> They became, we cannot wonder, wholly out of
+        heart, for unless the boats could be got ready they would, as the
+        master told them, have to remain as burghers or citizens of Nova
+        Zembla, and make their graves there. But, as the narrative continues,
+        there was no want of goodwill in them, but only strength. After a
+        rest they did, by slow degrees manage to repair and heighten the
+        gunwales of the boat. Their work was impeded by the bears, one of
+        which they killed, and the liver of which having eaten, they were
+        <span class="tei tei-q">“exceeding sicke,”</span> so much so that of
+        three of the men it is stated that <span class="tei tei-q">“all their
+        skins came off from the foote to the head.”</span> Although bear’s
+        meat is perfectly wholesome and far from uneatable, the same fact has
+        very frequently been noticed in regard to the poisonous qualities of
+        the liver, at least at certain seasons. In this case, the captain
+        took what was left and threw it away, for as De Veer candidly admits,
+        they <span class="tei tei-q">“had enough of the sawce
+        thereof.”</span></p>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">It now became
+        obvious that the ship, which was completely bilged, must be
+        abandoned, and their time, after repairing and strengthening the
+        boats, was fully employed in moving and packing their goods,
+        including the more valuable of the merchandise they had brought for
+        trading purposes from the house, and in stripping the ship of
+        everything of value. On June 12th they went with hatchets, pick-axes,
+        shovels, and all kinds of implements, to make a clear wide shoot or
+        way from the house, passing the ship, to the water. The ice was full
+        of hummocks, knobs, and hills, and this was not the lightest of their
+        labours. Then Barents and the skipper wrote letters, detailing the
+        circumstances of their ten months’ stay, and that they were forced to
+        abandon the ship and put to sea in two open boats, to which all of
+        the men subscribed except four, who from sickness or inability could
+        not write. Barents’ letter was put in a place of safety in their
+        deserted house, and each of the boats was furnished with a copy of
+        the captain’s letter, in case they should be separated or one or
+        other lost. The yawl and boat having been launched and loaded,
+        Barents and a man named Adrianson, both of whom had been long
+        invalids, were carried on a sledge to the water’s edge. There were
+        now fifteen men in all, and their provisions were reduced to limited
+        rations of bread, one barrel of Dutch cheese, one flitch of bacon,
+        and some small runlets of wine, oil, and vinegar.</p>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">To the narrative
+        which follows the compiler can hardly do justice, whilst an exact
+        reprint of the quietly and unsensationally told story of Gerrit de
+        Veer would have to be closely studied before the reader would
+        understand and feel the adventurous and desperate nature of the
+        exploit performed. These fifteen poor Dutchmen, gaunt and exhausted
+        as we know they were, weakened by semi-starvation and disease, badly
+        provisioned at this most critical time, two of their number dying,
+        bravely encountered a voyage of some seventeen hundred miles, eleven
+        at least of which were amongst the worst dangers of the Arctic seas.
+        The larger of their two craft was a fishing yawl of the smallest
+        size. For eighty days they struggled through an unknown and frozen
+        ocean, in the ice, over the <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page139">[pg
+        139]</span><a name="Pg139" id="Pg139" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>ice,
+        and through the sea, exposed to all the ordinary dangers of wave and
+        tempest, liable to be crushed at any moment by the grinding ice
+        masses, or swamped by the disintegration of icebergs, constantly
+        having to unload, haul up, and re-launch their boats, and further,
+        exposed to severe cold, wet, fatigue, and famine, as well as to the
+        constant attacks of savage animals. They persevered, for although
+        their hearts often sank within them, it was for dear life, and at
+        length their heroic efforts were rewarded. Some few extracts from the
+        work already so often quoted will give a faint idea of the dangers
+        through which they passed and over which they finally triumphed.</p>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">The boats, sailing
+        in company, left Ice Haven on June 14th, 1597, at first slowly,
+        making their course from one cape or headland to another. At the very
+        start they became entangled in the floating ice, which, however, on
+        the following day was more sparsely scattered. On June 16th they set
+        sail again (having stopped off Cape Desire for the night), and got to
+        the Islands of Orange. There they went on land with two small barrels
+        and a kettle to melt snow, as also to seek for birds and eggs for
+        their sick men. Of the former they only obtained three. <span class=
+        "tei tei-q">“As we came backe againe,”</span> says the narrator,
+        <span class="tei tei-q">“our maister fell into the ice, where he was
+        in great danger of his life, for in that place there ran a great
+        streame (<span class="tei tei-q">‘strong current’</span> is Dr.
+        Beke’s translation); but, by God’s helpe, he got out againe and came
+        to vs, and there dryed himselfe by the fire that we had made, at
+        which fire we drest the birds, and carried them to the scute to our
+        sicke men.”</span> Putting to sea again, with a south-east wind and a
+        mizzling rain, they were soon all wet to the skin. Off Ice Point, the
+        most northerly cape or point of Nova Zembla, the skipper called to
+        Barents to ask him how he did, to which he answered, <span class=
+        "tei tei-q">“I still hope to run before we get to Wardhuus.”</span>
+        Then he turned to De Veer, and said, <span class="tei tei-q">“Gerrit,
+        if we are near the Ice Point just lift me up again. I must see that
+        point once more.”</span> These were almost the last words of this
+        brave man, who undoubtedly felt at the time that not merely he should
+        never see Ice Point again, but that he was not long for this world.
+        He was dying fast, and his courageous words were meant for his
+        companions’ comfort. <span class="tei tei-q">“Next day,”</span> says
+        the narrator, <span class="tei tei-q">“when we had broken our fastes,
+        the ice came so frightfully upon vs that it made our haires stand
+        vpright vpon our heades, it was so fearefull to behold; by which
+        meanes we could not make fast our scutes, so that we thought verily
+        that it was a foreshewing of our last end; for we draue away so hard
+        with the ice, and were so sore prest between a flake of ice, that we
+        thought verily the scutes would burst in a hundredth peeces, which
+        made vs look pittifully one upon the other, for no counsell nor
+        aduise was to be found, but every minute of an houre we saw death
+        before our eies.”</span> At last, in desperation, De Veer managed to
+        jump on a piece of ice, and creeping from one to another of the
+        grinding masses, at length secured a rope to one of the hummocks.
+        <span class="tei tei-q">“And when we had gotten thither,”</span> says
+        he, <span class="tei tei-q">“in all haste we tooke our sicke men out
+        and layd them vpon the ice, laying clothes and other things vnder
+        them, and then tooke all our goods out of the scutes, and so drew
+        them vpon the ice, whereby for that time we were deliuered from that
+        great danger, making account that we had escaped out of death’s
+        clawes, as it was most true.”</span></p>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">The boats having
+        been repaired, they were delayed some days by the ice, which shut
+        them in. On June 20th Adrianson <span class="tei tei-q">“began to be
+        extreme sick,”</span> and the boatswain came <span class="tei tei-pb"
+        id="page140">[pg 140]</span><a name="Pg140" id="Pg140" class=
+        "tei tei-anchor"></a>to inform the others that he could not live
+        long; <span class="tei tei-q">“whereupon,”</span> says De Veer,
+        <span class="tei tei-q">“William Barents spake and said, I think I
+        shall not liue long after him; and yet we did not ivdge William
+        Barents to be so sicke, for we sat talking one with the other, and
+        spake of many things, and William Barents looked at my little chart
+        which I had made of our voyage (and we had some discussion about it).
+        At last he laid away the chart and spake vnto me, saying, Gerrit,
+        give me some drinke; and he had so sooner drunke but he was taken
+        with so sodaine a qualme that he turned his eies in his head and died
+        presently, and we had no time to call the maister out of the other
+        scute to speak vnto him; and so he died before Claes Adrianson (who
+        died shortly after him). The death of William Barents put us in no
+        small discomfort, as being the chiefe guide and only pilot on whom we
+        reposed our selues next under God; but we could not striue against
+        God, and therefore we must of force be content.”</span> Other
+        passages indicate that Barents had inspired great affection in the
+        hearts of his companions, and that his loss was felt with much
+        poignancy.</p><a name="illo_164" id="illo_164" class=
+        "tei tei-anchor"></a>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"></p>
+
+        <div class="tei tei-figure" style="text-align: center">
+          <img src="images/illo_164.png" alt=
+          "UNLOADING, DRAGGING, AND CARRYING BOATS AND GOODS" title=
+          "UNLOADING, DRAGGING, AND CARRYING BOATS AND GOODS." />
+
+          <div class="tei tei-head" style=
+          "text-align: center; margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em">
+            UNLOADING, DRAGGING, AND CARRYING BOATS AND GOODS.
+          </div>
+        </div>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">The following
+        passage is only one of many indicating the laborious nature of their
+        undertaking:—<span class="tei tei-q">“The 22 of June in the morning
+        it blew a good gale out of the south-east, and then the sea was
+        reasonably open, but we were forced to draw our scutes ouer the ice
+        to get vnto it, which was great paine and labour unto vs; for first
+        we were forced to draw our scutes over a peece of ice of 50 paces
+        long, and then put them into the water, and then againe to draw them
+        vp vpon other ice, and after draw them at the least <span class=
+        "tei tei-pb" id="page141">[pg 141]</span><a name="Pg141" id="Pg141"
+        class="tei tei-anchor"></a>300 paces more ouer the ice, before we
+        could bring them to a good place, where we might easily get
+        out.”</span> On the 25th and 26th of June a tempest raged, and they
+        were driven to sea, being unable, as they had sometimes done before,
+        to tie the boats to fast or grounded ice. They were nearly swamped at
+        this time by the great seas which constantly broke over their open
+        boats, and for some little time were separated in a fog, but by
+        firing muskets at length found out each other’s position and joined
+        company. One of the boats got into a dangerous place between fixed
+        and driving ice, and the men had to unload it, and take it and the
+        goods bodily across the masses to more open water. On June 28th, the
+        narrative continues, <span class="tei tei-q">“We laid all our goods
+        vpon the ice, and then drew the scutes vpon the ice also, because we
+        were so hard prest on all sides with the ice, and the wind came out
+        of the sea vpon the land, and therefore we were in feare to be wholly
+        inclosed with the ice, and should not be able to get out thereof
+        againe. And being vpon the ice, we laid sailes ouer our scutes, and
+        laie down to rest, appointing one of our men to keepe watch; and when
+        the sun was north there came three beares towards our scutes,
+        wherewith he that kept the watch cried out lustily, <span class=
+        "tei tei-q">‘Three beares! Three beares!’</span> at which noise we
+        leapt out of our boates with our muskets, that were laden with small
+        shot to shoote at birds, and had no time to reload them, and
+        therefore shot at them therewith; and although that kinde of shot
+        could not hurt them much, yet they ranne away, and in the meane time
+        they gaue vs leisure to lade our muskets with bullets, and by that
+        meanes we shot one of the three dead.... The 29th of June, the sun
+        being south-south-west, the two beares came againe to the place where
+        the dead beare laie, when one of them tooke the dead beare in his
+        mouth, and went a great way with it ouer the rugged ice, and then
+        began to eate it; which we perceauing, shot a musket at her, but she,
+        hearing the noise thereof, ran away and let the dead beare lie. Then
+        foure of vs went thither, and saw that in so short a time she had
+        eaten almost the halfe of her.”</span> It was as much as these four
+        could do to carry away the half of the body left, although the bear
+        had just before dragged the whole of it over the rough and hummocky
+        ice with little exertion.</p>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">On July 1st they
+        were again in great danger among the driving, grinding ice, their
+        boats were much crushed, and they lost a quantity of goods, and, what
+        was of vital importance at the time, a large proportion of their
+        remaining provisions. A few days afterwards their little company was
+        still further reduced by the death of one of the sailors. On July
+        11th, and a week afterwards, they were enclosed by ice, from which
+        they could not extricate themselves. During this enforced delay they
+        shot a bear, whose fat ran out at the holes made by the bullets, and
+        floated on the water like oil. They obtained some seventy duck eggs
+        on a neighbouring island, and for a time feasted royally.
+        <span class="tei tei-q">“The 18 of July,”</span> says the narrator,
+        <span class="tei tei-q">“about the east sunne, three of our men went
+        vp vpon the highest part of the land to see if there was any open
+        water in the sea; at which time they saw much open water, but it was
+        so farre from the land that they were almost out of comfort, because
+        it lay so farre from the land and the fast ice.”</span> They had on
+        this occasion to row to an ice-field, unload, and drag and carry
+        boats and goods at least three-fourths of a mile across; they then
+        loaded and set sail, but were speedily entangled again, and had to
+        repeat their previous experiences.</p><span class="tei tei-pb" id=
+        "page142">[pg 142]</span><a name="Pg142" id="Pg142" class=
+        "tei tei-anchor"></a>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">And so it went on
+        for forty-four days, until, in St. Laurence Bay, behind a projecting
+        point, they suddenly came on two Russian vessels with which they had
+        met the previous year, and the crews of which wondered to see them in
+        their present plight, <span class="tei tei-q">“so leane and
+        bare”</span> and broken down. They exchanged courtesies, and provided
+        them with a trifling supply of rye bread and smoked fowls, then
+        sailing away on their own affairs. For thirty-five days longer they
+        sailed westward, repeating many of their previous experiences, till
+        at length, on September 2nd, they arrived at Kola, in Russian
+        Lapland, and their troubles were really over. Cornelison’s ship
+        happened to be in the port, and they rejoiced and made merry with
+        their old companions, who had long given them up for lost.</p>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Thus ended this
+        remarkable voyage of nearly eighty days in two small open boats. It
+        would seem nowadays utter madness to think of making a long voyage in
+        such frail and unsuitable craft, and our adventurers had had the
+        special perils of the Arctic seas superadded to the more ordinary
+        dangers of the ocean. Eight weeks later they were enjoying the calm
+        pleasures of their own firesides, after having been entertained at
+        the Hague by the Prince of Orange.</p>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">A further interest
+        attaches to the voyage from the recent discovery made by Captain
+        Carlsen, while circumnavigating Nova Zembla, of the very house
+        erected at Ice Haven by these adventurers, with many interesting
+        relics, which had remained in tolerable preservation, and had been
+        evidently unvisited for this great length of time. <span class=
+        "tei tei-q">“No man,”</span> says Mr. Markham, <span class=
+        "tei tei-q">“had entered the lonely dwelling where the famous
+        discoverer of Spitzbergen had sojourned during the long winter of
+        1596 for nearly three centuries. There stood the cooking-pans over
+        the fireplace, the old clock against the wall, the arms, the tools,
+        the drinking-vessels, the instruments, and the books that had
+        beguiled the weary hours of that long night, 278 years ago....
+        Perhaps the most touching is the pair of small shoes. There was a
+        little cabin-boy among the crew, who died, as Gerrit de Veer tells
+        us, during the winter. This accounts for the shoes having been left
+        behind. There is a flute, too, once played by that poor boy, which
+        will still give out a few notes.”</span><a id="noteref_24" name=
+        "noteref_24" href="#note_24"><span class=
+        "tei tei-noteref"><span style=
+        "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">24</span></span></a> The
+        relics brought home by Carlsen were eventually taken to the Hague,
+        where they are now preserved with jealous care.</p>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">In chronological
+        order, a voyage of which there is little record left comes next.
+        There is little doubt that William Adams—who, afterwards cast away on
+        the coast of Japan, is inseparably connected with the history of that
+        country, and whose adventures will be considered in the proper
+        place—did, in 1595 or 1596, make an attempt at the north-east
+        passage. The Prince of Orange had ordered him to try for a northern
+        route to Japan, China, and the Moluccas, considering that it would be
+        shorter, and safer from the attacks of the pirates and corsairs who
+        infested the more southern seas. Adams averred that he had reached
+        82° N., but that <span class="tei tei-q">“the cold was so excessive,
+        with so much sleet and snow driving down those straits, that he was
+        compelled to return.”</span> And he asserted that if he had kept
+        close to the coast of Tartary, and had run along it to the eastward,
+        to the opening of Anian, between the land of Asia and America, he
+        might have succeeded in his undertaking.</p><span class="tei tei-pb"
+        id="page143">[pg 143]</span><a name="Pg143" id="Pg143" class=
+        "tei tei-anchor"></a>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Next comes the
+        attempt of George Weymouth in 1602. He was despatched by the
+        worshipful merchants of the Muscovy and Turkey Companies to attempt a
+        north-west passage to China. This voyage was an utter failure, and he
+        never reached a higher latitude than 63° 53′ N. While proceeding to
+        the north-west they passed four islands of ice <span class=
+        "tei tei-q">“of a huge bignesse,”</span> and about this time the fog
+        was so thick that they could not see two ships’ lengths before them,
+        and the sails, shrouds, and ropes were frozen so stiff that they
+        could not be handled. On July 19th the crew mutinied, and conspired
+        to keep the captain confined to his cabin, while they reversed the
+        ship’s course and bore for England. Weymouth discovered this, and
+        punished the ringleaders. The boats were on one occasion sent to an
+        iceberg, to load some of it for fresh water, and as the men were
+        breaking it <span class="tei tei-q">“the great island of ice gave a
+        mightie cracke two or three times, as though it had been a
+        thunderclappe; and presently the island began to overthrow,”</span>
+        which nearly swamped the boats. The whole account of Weymouth’s
+        voyage is confused and indefinite, but he evidently did nothing
+        beyond cruising among the islands north of Hudson’s Strait, and off
+        Labrador.</p>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">In 1605, 1606, and
+        1607, three expeditions, of which James Hall, an Englishman, was
+        pilot, were despatched to the Greenland coasts by the King of
+        Denmark. They fancied on the first voyage that they had discovered a
+        silver mine in Cunningham’s Fiord, Greenland, and the second voyage
+        was instigated in the hopes of filling the royal coffers with the
+        precious metal. These voyages were in effect most fruitless. Several
+        natives were carried off by Hall, who in return left three Danish
+        malefactors on the Greenland coasts, a severe mode of banishment.
+        While these voyages were in progress, the Muscovy and East India
+        merchants had despatched a small barque, under the command of John
+        Knight, for the discovery of the north-west passage. Near Cape
+        Guinington, on the coast of Labrador, a northerly gale, which brought
+        down large quantities of drift ice, did much damage to the vessel,
+        and she lost her rudder. Knight took the vessel into the most
+        accessible cove in order to repair her, and went ashore with the mate
+        and four sailors, all well armed, to endeavour to find some more
+        suitable harbour. On landing, Knight, the mate, and another, went up
+        towards the highest part of the island, leaving the others to take
+        charge of the boat. The latter waited some thirteen hours, but the
+        captain and his companions did not return. Next day, a well-armed
+        party from the ship went in search of them, but were unable to reach
+        the island on account of the ice. No tidings were ever gleaned
+        concerning their fate, but it was concluded that the savage natives
+        had killed them, as later a number of these people came down and
+        attacked the crew with great ferocity. They had large canoes, and the
+        narrator describes them as <span class="tei tei-q">“very little
+        people, tawnie coloured, thin or no beards, and flat-nosed, and
+        man-eaters.”</span> After patching up their vessel, they steered for
+        Newfoundland, and later for England, which they reached in
+        safety.</p><span class="tei tei-pb" id="page144">[pg
+        144]</span><a name="Pg144" id="Pg144" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+        <a name="illo_168" id="illo_168" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"></p>
+
+        <div class="tei tei-figure" style="text-align: center">
+          <img src="images/illo_168.jpg" alt="VIEW ON THE HUDSON" title=
+          "VIEW ON THE HUDSON." />
+
+          <div class="tei tei-head" style=
+          "text-align: center; margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em">
+            VIEW ON THE HUDSON.
+          </div>
+        </div>
+      </div>
+
+      <div class="tei tei-div" style=
+      "margin-bottom: 5.00em; margin-top: 5.00em">
+        <a name="chap15" id="chap15" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> <a name=
+        "toc33" id="toc33"></a> <a name="pdf34" id="pdf34"></a>
+
+        <h2 class="tei tei-head" style=
+        "text-align: center; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em">
+        <span style="font-size: 144%">CHAPTER XV.</span></h2>
+
+        <div class="tei tei-argument" style=
+        "text-align: center; margin-bottom: 1.80em; margin-left: 3.60em; margin-top: 1.80em; margin-right: 3.60em">
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style=
+        "text-align: center; margin-bottom: 0.90em"><span style=
+        "font-size: 90%">Henry Hudson’s Voyages—Projected Passage over the
+        Pole—Second Expedition—A Mermaid Sighted—Third Voyage in the Dutch
+        Service—Discovery of the Hudson River—Last Voyage—Discovery of
+        Hudson’s Bay—Story of an Arctic Tragedy—Abacuk Pricket’s
+        Narrative—Their Winter Stay—Rise of a Mutiny—Hudson and Nine
+        Companions Set Adrift and left to Die—Retribution—Four of the
+        Mutineers Killed—Sufferings from Starvation—Death of a
+        Ringleader—Arrival in Ireland—Suspicious Circumstances—Baffin’s
+        Voyages—Danish Expeditions to Greenland—Jens Munk and his Unfortunate
+        Companions—Sixty-one Persons Starved to Death—Voyage of three
+        Survivors Across the Atlantic—An unkingly King—Death of Munk—Moxon’s
+        Dutch Beer-house Story—Wood and Flawes—Wreck of Wood’s
+        Vessel—Knight’s Fatal Expedition—Slow Starvation and Death of the
+        whole Company—The Middleton and Dobbs’ Agitation—£20,000 offered for
+        the Discovery of the North-west Passage.</span></p>
+        </div>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">So many previous
+        failures do not seem to have discouraged the London merchants, who,
+        in 1607, renewed the search for a northern route to China and Japan.
+        Hitherto neither the north-east nor north-west had held out much
+        hopes of success, and they now determined on a bold and novel attempt
+        at <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">sailing
+        over the Pole itself</span></span>. For this expedition Henry
+        Hudson—already known as an experienced and intrepid seaman, and
+        well-skilled in nautical science—was chosen commander. This
+        adventurous navigator left Gravesend on May 1st, in a small barque,
+        with only ten men and a boy. The very name and tonnage of the vessel
+        <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page146">[pg 146]</span><a name="Pg146"
+        id="Pg146" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>have been forgotten, but it is
+        known to have been of the tiniest description. In the second week of
+        June Hudson fell in with land—a headland of East Greenland—the
+        weather at the time being foggy, and the sails and shrouds frozen. He
+        examined other parts of this coast, feeling doubtful whether he might
+        not reach open water to the northward, and sail round Greenland, a
+        voyage never made up to this day. Later he reached Spitzbergen, where
+        the ice to the north utterly baffled all his efforts to force a
+        passage, and being short of supplies, he set sail for England. Next
+        year we find him attempting a north-east passage. He landed on Nova
+        Zembla, and as he says himself, his <span class="tei tei-q">“purpose
+        was by the Waygats (Strait) to passe by the mouth of the river Ob (or
+        Obi), and to double that way the north cape of Tartaria, or to give
+        reasons wherefore it will not be.”</span> Finding quantities of morse
+        or walrus, he delayed somewhat, hoping to defray part of the expenses
+        of the voyage by obtaining ivory. Meantime he despatched a party up a
+        large river flowing from the north-eastward, fancying, apparently,
+        that it was an arm of the sea, which might lead them to the solution
+        of the problem they sought. On this voyage, <span class=
+        "tei tei-q">“one of our company,”</span> says Hudson, <span class=
+        "tei tei-q">“looking overboard, saw a mermaid, and calling up some of
+        the companie to see her once more come up, and by that time shee was
+        come close to the ship’s side, looking earnestly on the men; a little
+        after a sea came and overturned her; from the navill upwards her
+        backe and breasts were like a woman’s (as they say that saw her), her
+        body as big as one of us; her skin very white, and long haire hanging
+        down behind, of colour blacke; in her going downe they saw her tayle,
+        which was like the tayle of a porposse, and speeckled like a macrell.
+        Their names that saw her were Thomas Hilles and Robert
+        Rayner.”</span> All this is only another version of some walrus
+        story. On this as on the previous voyage, Hudson made some
+        observations on the inclination or <span class=
+        "tei tei-q">“dip”</span> of the magnetic needle, and he is probably
+        the first Englishman who had done so.</p>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">The following year
+        (1609) we find Hudson on a third voyage of discovery, in the service
+        of the Dutch. His movements were very erratic, and the only record
+        left us does not explain them. He first doubled the North Cape, as
+        though again in quest of the north-east passage; then turned westward
+        to Newfoundland; thence again south as far as Charleston (South
+        Carolina); then north to Cape Cod, soon after which he discovered the
+        beautiful Hudson River, at the mouth of which New York is now
+        situated. Hudson’s fourth and last voyage is that most intimately
+        associated with his name on account of the cruel tragedy which
+        terminated his life, and lost England one of her bravest and most
+        energetic explorers.</p>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Several gentlemen
+        of influence, among them Sir John Wolstenholme and Sir Dudley Digges,
+        were so satisfied of the feasibility of making the north-west
+        passage, that they fitted out a vessel at their own expense, and gave
+        the command to Henry Hudson. For reasons which will appear as we
+        proceed, the accounts of the voyage itself are meagre. We know,
+        however, that he discovered the Strait and <span class=
+        "tei tei-q">“Mediterranean”</span> Sea (the latter of which has since
+        been called a bay, although somewhat improperly), and both of which
+        still bear his name. The vessel appropriated for this service had the
+        same name as one of those on Captain Nares’ late
+        expedition—<span class="tei tei-name"><span style=
+        "font-style: italic">The Discovery</span></span>—and was of
+        fifty-five tons burden, victualled only, as it seems, for six months.
+        She left the Thames on April 17th, 1610, and on June 9th was off the
+        entrance of Frobisher’s Strait, where Hudson was compelled
+        <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page147">[pg 147]</span><a name="Pg147"
+        id="Pg147" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>to ply to the westward, on
+        account of the ice and contrary winds. During July and the early part
+        of August several islands and headlands were sighted and named, and
+        at length they discovered a great strait formed by the north-west
+        point of Labrador and a cluster of islands, which led them into an
+        extensive sea. Here Hudson’s own testimony ends, and we are dependent
+        on the narrative of one Abacuk Pricket, which is perfectly useless as
+        regards any discoveries made, but which is probably correct as
+        regards the mutiny about to be described, and the circumstances which
+        preceded and followed it. The reader will, we imagine, form his own
+        conclusions very speedily in regard to Pricket’s own share in this
+        brutal transaction, in spite of his constant protestations. The story
+        in its sequel furnishes a significant example of the condition to
+        which mutiny and lawlessness on board ship may bring the
+        perpetrators.</p>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Abacuk Pricket
+        says that Hudson, being closely beset in the ice, and doubtful
+        whether he should ever escape from it, brought out his chart, and
+        showed the company that he had entered the strait a hundred leagues
+        further than any Englishman before him, and, in spite of the dangers,
+        very naturally wished to follow up his discoveries. He, however, put
+        it to them whether they should sail forward or turn the ship’s head
+        towards England. No decision appears to have been obtained, some
+        wishing themselves at home, and others, sailor-like, saying they
+        cared not where they were so long as they were out of the ice. The
+        narrator admits, however, that <span class="tei tei-q">“there were
+        some who then spake words which were remembered a great while
+        after.”</span></p>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">The slumbering
+        embers of mutiny appear to have been first fanned into a flame when
+        Hudson displaced the mate and boatswain <span class="tei tei-q">“for
+        words spoken when in the ice,”</span> and appointed others. Still
+        sailing southward, they entered a bay on Michaelmas day, and here the
+        discontent was increased by Hudson insisting on weighing the anchor,
+        while the crew was desirous of remaining there. Having voyaged for
+        three months <span class="tei tei-q">“in a labyrinth without
+        end,”</span> they at length, on November 1st, found a suitable place
+        to winter, and were soon frozen in. Hudson had taken into his house
+        in London, apparently from sheer kindheartedness, a young man named
+        Greene, of good and respectable parentage, but of a very dissolute
+        and abandoned life, and had brought him to act as a kind of captain’s
+        clerk on this voyage. Greene was most undoubtedly an irreclaimable
+        vagabond, as well as a most ungrateful person. He quarrelled with the
+        surgeon and others on board, and was the leading conspirator in the
+        mutinous proceedings against his benefactor, which were now fast
+        ripening to a conclusion. Pricket speaks well of his <span class=
+        "tei tei-q">“manhood”</span>—which it is to be hoped he meant only as
+        regarded his physical qualifications—<span class="tei tei-q">“but for
+        religion, he would say he was cleane paper, whereon he might write
+        what he would.”</span> Although the ship’s provisions were nearly
+        exhausted, they obtained, during the first three months, as many as a
+        hundred dozen white partridges, and, with more difficulty, in the
+        early spring, a few swans, geese, and ducks. A little later these
+        failed them, and they were reduced to eating moss and frogs. Later
+        again, when the ice broke up, seven men were sent out with the boat,
+        and returned with five hundred fish as big as good herrings. They
+        were, however, unsuccessful afterwards, and when the ship left the
+        bay in which they had wintered, had nothing left but short rations of
+        bread for a fortnight, and five cheeses which gave three pounds and a
+        half to each man. These were carefully and fairly <span class=
+        "tei tei-pb" id="page148">[pg 148]</span><a name="Pg148" id="Pg148"
+        class="tei tei-anchor"></a>divided by Hudson, and, as we are told in
+        the narrative, <span class="tei tei-q">“he wept when he gave it unto
+        them.”</span></p>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">The vessel stood
+        to the north-west, and on June 21st, 1611, while entangled in the
+        drift ice, Pricket says that Wilson the boatswain and Greene came to
+        him and told him that they and the crew meant to turn the master and
+        all the sick into the boat, and leave them to shift for themselves;
+        that they had not eaten anything for three days, that there were not
+        fourteen days’ provisions left for the whole crew, and that they were
+        determined <span class="tei tei-q">“either to mend or end; and what
+        they had begun they would go through with it or die.”</span> Pricket
+        says that he attempted to dissuade them, but that they threatened
+        him, and Greene bade him hold his tongue, for he himself would rather
+        be hanged at home than starved abroad. A little later, five or six of
+        the mutineers came to Pricket—he lying, as he says, lame in his
+        cabin—and administered the following oath to him:—<span class=
+        "tei tei-q">“You shall swear truth to God, your prince, and country;
+        you shall do nothing but to the glory of God, and the good of the
+        action in hand, and harm to no man.”</span> The signification of all
+        this soon appeared, for on Hudson coming out of the cabin they seized
+        him, and bound his arms behind him. He demanded what they meant, when
+        he was told that he would find out when he was in the boat. The boat
+        was hauled alongside, and Hudson, his son, and seven <span class=
+        "tei tei-q">“sicke and lame men”</span> were hustled into it; a
+        fowling-piece, some powder and shot, a few pikes, an iron pot, a
+        little meal, and some other articles, were thrown in at the same
+        time. Only one man, John King, the carpenter, had the courage to face
+        these fiends in human shape, and remonstrate with them. He wasted his
+        words and efforts, and, determining not to abandon his captain,
+        jumped into the boat, and the mutineers cut it adrift among the ice.
+        We know the horrors that have overtaken strong and hearty men when
+        obliged to trust to the boats in mid-ocean; in this case, of ten
+        persons seven at least were helpless and crippled; and sad as is the
+        fact, we can hardly wonder to find that nothing was ever gleaned
+        concerning their fate. One shudders to think of their hopeless and
+        inevitable doom, and that among them was lost one of the bravest and
+        most intrepid of England’s seamen.</p>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">But to this Arctic
+        tragedy there was a sequel. As soon as the boat was out of sight
+        Pricket says that Greene came to him and told him that he, Pricket,
+        had been elected captain, and that he should take the master’s cabin,
+        which he pretends that he did with great reluctance. The mutineers
+        soon began to quarrel about their course, and were for a whole
+        fortnight shut in the ice, at the end of which time their provisions
+        were all gone. They had to subsist on cockle-grass, which they found
+        on some neighbouring islands. They now began to fear that England
+        would be no safe place for them, and blustering <span class=
+        "tei tei-q">“Henry Greene swore the shippe should not come into any
+        place but keep the sea still, till he had the king’s majesties hand
+        and seale to shew for his safety.”</span> Greene shortly after
+        dispossessed Pricket, and became captain, a position he did not enjoy
+        long. Going ashore on an island near Cape Digges to get some more
+        grass and shoot some gulls, a quarrel ensued with a number of the
+        natives, wherein Greene was killed, and three others died shortly
+        afterwards from wounds received in the scuffle. Pricket, after
+        fighting bravely, according to his own statement, was also severely
+        wounded. The survivors were now in a fearful plight, and, except some
+        sea-fowl which they managed to <span class="tei tei-pb" id=
+        "page149">[pg 149]</span><a name="Pg149" id="Pg149" class=
+        "tei tei-anchor"></a>procure, were almost entirely without
+        provisions. They, however, stood out to sea, shaping their course for
+        Ireland. At length all their supplies were gone, and they were
+        reduced to eating candles and fried skins and bones. Just before
+        reaching Galloway Bay one of the chief mutineers died of sheer
+        starvation.</p><a name="illo_173" id="illo_173" class=
+        "tei tei-anchor"></a>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"></p>
+
+        <div class="tei tei-figure" style="text-align: center">
+          <img src="images/illo_173.png" alt="IN SMITH’S SOUND" title=
+          "IN SMITH’S SOUND." />
+
+          <div class="tei tei-head" style=
+          "text-align: center; margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em">
+            IN SMITH’S SOUND.
+          </div>
+        </div>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Such are the main
+        points of Pricket’s story, and possibly out of compassion for the
+        sufferings they had undoubtedly endured, no inquiry or punishment
+        followed their arrival. But a very suspicious circumstance has to be
+        related: Hudson’s journal, instead of terminating at the date, June
+        21st, on which he was thrust into the boat, finished on August 3rd of
+        the previous year. Pricket had charge of the master’s chest, and
+        there can be little doubt but that all portions of the journal which
+        might have implicated them had been destroyed. A subsequent navigator
+        shrewdly remarks of these transactions: <span class=
+        "tei tei-q">“Well, Pricket, I am in great doubt of thy fidelity to
+        Master Hudson.”</span> Nevertheless, his character seems not to have
+        suffered in the eyes of the merchant adventurers; for we find him
+        employed next year in a voyage under Captain (afterwards Sir) Thomas
+        Button, one object of which seems to have been to follow Hudson’s
+        track. They discovered and wintered in Hudson’s River, but found no
+        traces of the great navigator or his unfortunate companions. James
+        Hall, who in 1612 left England on a voyage of northern discovery, and
+        was mortally wounded by the dart of a Greenland Esquimaux, was
+        accompanied by William Baffin, one of the most scientific navigators
+        of his time. This expedition is noteworthy for having been the first
+        on record where <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style=
+        "font-style: italic">longitudes</span></span> were taken by
+        observation of the heavenly bodies. Baffin accompanied Bylot in 1615
+        on a voyage to the north-west. After sighting and leaving Greenland,
+        many enormous icebergs were met, some upwards of two hundred feet out
+        of the water. Baffin records one two hundred and forty feet high
+        above the sea, and says that on the usual computation,<a id=
+        "noteref_25" name="noteref_25" href="#note_25"><span class=
+        "tei tei-noteref"><span style=
+        "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">25</span></span></a> it must
+        have been <span class="tei tei-q">“one thousand sixe hundred and
+        eightie foote from <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page150">[pg
+        150]</span><a name="Pg150" id="Pg150" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>the
+        top to the bottome.”</span> A voyage made by the same navigators in
+        1616 is principally interesting on account of the discovery of Sir
+        Thomas Smythe’s (now-a-days abbreviated to <span class=
+        "tei tei-q">“plain”</span> Smith) Sound. About this period also the
+        pursuit of the whale and walrus was creating great attention from the
+        large profits accruing to the merchants and companies engaged in it.
+        Baffin accompanied an expedition sent out by the Muscovy Company,
+        consisting of six ships and a pinnace, and off Spitzbergen they
+        encountered no less than eight Spanish, four French, two Dutch, and
+        some Biscayan vessels. Nevertheless, <span class="tei tei-q">“the
+        English having taken possession of the whole country in the name of
+        his Majesty, prohibited all the others from fishing, and sent them
+        away, excepting such as they were pleased to grant leave to
+        remain.”</span> Baffin expected that the Spanish would, at all
+        events, have objected to this rather high-handed course, and
+        <span class="tei tei-q">“fought with us, but they submitted
+        themselves unto the generall.”</span> About this period there was a
+        very large number of more or less important voyages made, which may
+        be termed of a mixed character. Although sent out for purely
+        commercial purposes, they were the means of adding something to our
+        knowledge of geography. Baffin made more than one voyage after this,
+        accompanying one whaling expedition which consisted of ten ships and
+        two pinnaces. The results of some of these voyages will be more
+        particularly mentioned when we come to consider the inhabitants of
+        the Sea.</p>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">In 1619 Christian
+        IV. of Denmark sent out an expedition to Greenland, and for northern
+        discovery generally, under the command of Jens Munk, an experienced
+        seaman. The two vessels employed were mainly manned by English
+        sailors who had served on previous Arctic voyages. Munk left Elsinore
+        on May 18th, and a month afterwards made Cape Farewell. He
+        endeavoured to stand up Davis’s Strait, but the ice preventing he
+        retraced his course, eventually passing through Hudson’s Strait, to
+        which, with the northern part of Hudson’s Bay, he attached new names,
+        in apparent ignorance of previous discoveries. He made the coast of
+        America in latitude 63° 20′, where he was compelled to seek shelter
+        in an opening of the land, which he named Munk’s Winter Harbour. To
+        the surrounding country he gave the name of New Denmark. The year
+        being advanced—it was now September 7th—huts were immediately
+        constructed, and his company were at first very successful in
+        obtaining game—partridges, hares, foxes, and white bears. Several
+        mock suns were observed, and on December 18th an eclipse of the moon
+        occurred, during which this luminary was surrounded by a transparent
+        circle, within which was a cross quartering the moon. This phenomenon
+        was regarded with alarm, and as a harbinger of the misfortunes which
+        soon followed. The weather was intensely cold; their wine, beer, and
+        brandy, were frozen, and the casks burst. The scurvy made its
+        appearance in virulent form, and a Danish authority states it was
+        mostly occasioned by the too free use of spirituous liquors. Their
+        bread and provisions became exhausted, and none of them had strength
+        to hunt or seek other supplies. One by one they succumbed, till out
+        of sixty-four persons hardly one remained. When Munk, who, reduced to
+        a skeleton, had remained for some time alone in a little hut in an
+        utterly hopeless and broken-hearted condition, ventured to crawl out,
+        he found only two others alive. But the spring had come, and, making
+        one last effort, they went forth, and removing the snow found some
+        roots and plants, which they eagerly devoured. They succeeded in
+        obtaining a few fish, <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page151">[pg
+        151]</span><a name="Pg151" id="Pg151" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>and,
+        later, killed some birds. Their strength returning, they equipped the
+        smaller vessel as well as they were able, and set sail on an
+        apparently hopeless voyage, but in spite of storms and other perils
+        succeeded at length in reaching Norway, where they were received as
+        men risen from the grave. Munk must have possessed an undaunted
+        spirit, for we find him almost immediately proposing to make an
+        attempt at the north-west passage, in spite of all the sufferings he
+        had just undergone. A subscription was raised, and a vessel prepared.
+        On taking leave of the court, the king, in admonishing him to be more
+        cautious, appeared to ascribe the loss of his crew to some
+        mismanagement. Munk replied hotly, and the king, forgetting his own
+        proper dignity, struck the brave navigator with a cane. The old
+        sailor left the presence of this unkingly king, smarting under a
+        sense of outrage which he could not forget; and we are told that he
+        took to his bed and died of a broken heart very shortly afterwards.
+        The story, however, is discredited by some authorities. Some thirty
+        years later Denmark again furnished an expedition, under the command
+        of Captain Danells, to explore East Greenland. He could rarely
+        approach the ice-girt coast nearer than eighteen or twenty miles, and
+        subsequent attempts have been little more successful.</p><a name=
+        "illo_176" id="illo_176" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"></p>
+
+        <div class="tei tei-figure" style="text-align: center">
+          <img src="images/illo_176.jpg" alt="MOCK SUNS" title=
+          "MOCK SUNS." />
+
+          <div class="tei tei-head" style=
+          "text-align: center; margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em">
+            MOCK SUNS.
+          </div>
+        </div>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">The establishment
+        of the Hudson’s Bay Company, in 1669, appears to have diverted the
+        spirit of adventure and discovery from the far north, and we hear of
+        few voyages to the Arctic at this period, and for some time
+        afterwards, although the discovery of a northern passage to the
+        Pacific is really included in the objects for which the charter to
+        that Corporation was granted.</p>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">One attempt at a
+        north-eastern passage in 1676 deserves to be mentioned, principally
+        on account of the circumstances which brought it about. There was a
+        considerable amount of rivalry in the East Indian, Chinese, and
+        Japanese trade at that time, between the Dutch and ourselves, and
+        some reports had reached England that a company of merchants in
+        Holland was agitating the subject of a north-eastern passage to the
+        Orient once more. Further, Mr. Joseph Moxon, a Fellow of the Royal
+        Society, had just published his <span class="tei tei-q">“Brief
+        Discourse,”</span> wherein he records the following story, from which
+        he concluded <span class="tei tei-q">“that there is a free and open
+        sea under the very pole.”</span> <span class="tei tei-q">“Being about
+        twenty-two years ago in Amsterdam,”</span> says he, <span class=
+        "tei tei-q">“I went into a drinking-house to drink a cup of beer for
+        my thirst, and sitting by the public fire among several people, there
+        happened a seaman to come in, who seeing a friend of his there whom
+        he knew went in the Greenland voyage, wondered to see him, because it
+        was not yet time for the Greenland fleet to come home, and asked him
+        what accident brought him home so soon; his friend (who was the
+        steer-man aforesaid in a Greenland ship that summer) told him that
+        their ship went not out to fish that summer but only to take in the
+        lading of the whole fleet, and bring it to an early market. But, said
+        he, before the fleet had caught fish enough to lade us, we, by order
+        of the Greenland Company, sailed unto the north pole, and came back
+        again. Whereupon (his relation being novel to me) I entered into
+        discourse with him, and seemed to question the truth of what he said;
+        but he did ensure me it was true, and that the ship was then in
+        Amsterdam, and many of the seamen belonging to her to justify the
+        truth of it; and told me, moreover, that they had sailed two degrees
+        beyond the Pole.”</span> The Hollander also stated that they had an
+        open sea, free from ice, <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page152">[pg
+        152]</span><a name="Pg152" id="Pg152" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>and
+        that the weather was warm. Whatever amount of truth there might be in
+        this beerhouse story, its publication had an influence at the time,
+        and an expedition, partly provided by the Government and partly by
+        the Duke of York and several other noblemen and gentlemen, was
+        despatched at the end of May, 1676. The <span class=
+        "tei tei-name"><span style=
+        "font-style: italic">Speedwell</span></span> and <span class=
+        "tei tei-name"><span style=
+        "font-style: italic">Prosperous</span></span>, under the command
+        respectively of Captains Wood and Flawes, were the vessels employed.
+        The first struck on a ledge of rocks off Nova Zembla, and Wood had
+        scarcely time to get the bread and carpenter’s tools ashore before
+        she went to pieces. Two of the crew were lost, and the rest safely
+        landed. They had almost concluded to attempt a boat voyage, similar
+        to that made by the brave Hollanders of Barents’ third expedition,
+        when the <span class="tei tei-name"><span style=
+        "font-style: italic">Prosperous</span></span>, attracted by a great
+        fire which they had made on the shore, hove in sight, and took them
+        on board. The two crews reached England safely, and the voyage, in
+        the words of a distinguished writer, <span class="tei tei-q">“seems
+        to have closed the long list of unfortunate northern expeditions in
+        that century; and the discovery, if not absolutely despaired of, by
+        being so often missed, ceased for many years to be sought
+        for.”</span></p>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Nor did the
+        eighteenth century open much more auspiciously. Mr. Knight, an old
+        servant of the Hudson’s Bay Company, and for a long time governor of
+        their leading establishment on Nelson’s River, had learned from the
+        Indians that in the extreme <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page153">[pg
+        153]</span><a name="Pg153" id="Pg153" class=
+        "tei tei-anchor"></a>north of their territory, and on the banks of a
+        navigable river, there was a rich mine of native copper. Knight was
+        so impressed with the value of this information, that, after much
+        trouble, he induced the Company to send out an expedition for the
+        purpose of investigating the matter. Knight himself, nearly eighty
+        years of age, had a general charge of the expedition, the vessels of
+        which were commanded by Captains Barlow and Vaughan. The expedition
+        left in the spring of 1719, and never returned; it was not till
+        forty-eight years afterwards that any information was gleaned
+        concerning the melancholy fate of the whole party. In the year 1767
+        some of the Company’s men employed in whaling near Marble Island
+        stood in close to the shore, where in a harbour they discovered the
+        remains of a house, the hulls of two ships under water, and guns,
+        anchors, cables, an anvil, and other heavy articles, which had not
+        been removed by the natives. The following, from a work by Samuel
+        Hearne,<a id="noteref_26" name="noteref_26" href=
+        "#note_26"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style=
+        "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">26</span></span></a>
+        sufficiently indicates the misery to which the party had been
+        reduced, before death terminated their sufferings. It was obtained
+        through the medium of an Esquimaux interpreter from the natives.</p>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">When the vessels
+        arrived at Marble Island it was very late in the fall, and in getting
+        them into the harbour the largest received much damage, but on being
+        fairly in the English began to build the house; their number at that
+        time seeming to be about fifty. As soon as the ice permitted in the
+        following summer (1720), the Esquimaux paid them another visit, by
+        which time the number of the English was very greatly reduced, and
+        those that were living seemed very unhealthy. According to the
+        account given by the Esquimaux, they were then very busily employed,
+        but about what they could not easily describe, probably in
+        lengthening the long boat, for at a little distance from the house
+        there was now lying a great quantity of oak chips, which had been
+        made most assuredly by carpenters.</p>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">A sickness and
+        famine occasioned such havoc among the English that by the setting in
+        of the second winter their number was reduced to twenty. That winter
+        (1720) some of the Esquimaux took up their abode on the opposite side
+        of the harbour to that on which the English had built their houses,
+        and frequently supplied them with such provisions as they had, which
+        chiefly consisted of whale’s blubber, seal’s flesh, and train oil.
+        When the spring advanced the Esquimaux went to the continent, and on
+        their visiting Marble Island again, in the summer of 1721, they only
+        found five of the English alive, and those were in such distress for
+        provisions that they eagerly ate the seal’s flesh and whale’s blubber
+        quite raw as they purchased it from the natives. This disordered them
+        so much that three of them died in a few days, and the other two,
+        though very weak, made a shift to bury them. Those two survived many
+        days after the rest, and frequently went to the top of an adjacent
+        rock and earnestly looked to the south and east, as if in expectation
+        of some vessels coming to their relief. After continuing there a
+        considerable time together, and nothing appearing in sight, they sat
+        down close together and wept bitterly. At length one of the two died,
+        and the other’s strength was so far exhausted that he fell down and
+        died also in attempting to dig a grave for his companion.</p><a name=
+        "illo_169" id="illo_169" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"></p>
+
+        <div class="tei tei-figure" style="text-align: center">
+          <img src="images/illo_169.jpg" alt=
+          "THE REMNANTS OF KNIGHT’S EXPEDITION" title=
+          "THE REMNANTS OF KNIGHT’S EXPEDITION." />
+
+          <div class="tei tei-head" style=
+          "text-align: center; margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em">
+            THE REMNANTS OF KNIGHT’S EXPEDITION.
+          </div>
+        </div>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">In 1741 Captain
+        Middleton made a northern voyage of little importance, and on his
+        <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page154">[pg 154]</span><a name="Pg154"
+        id="Pg154" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>return was publicly accused by
+        one Mr. Arthur Dobbs, of having acted in bad faith to the Government,
+        and of having taken a bribe of £5,000 from the Hudson’s Bay Company,
+        his old employers, not to make discoveries. The captain denied having
+        accepted any bribe, but almost admitted that he had said no one
+        should be much the wiser if he did make the north-west passage. The
+        agitation, however, stirred by Dobbs, led to the passing of an Act of
+        Parliament offering the large sum of £20,000 for the discovery of a
+        north-western route to the Indies. Two vessels—the <span class=
+        "tei tei-name"><span style="font-style: italic">Dobb’s
+        Galley</span></span> and <span class="tei tei-name"><span style=
+        "font-style: italic">California</span></span>—were equipped by
+        subscription, and left in the spring of 1746. The expedition wintered
+        near Fort York, but although absent seventeen months, virtually
+        accomplished nothing. The result was that the ardour of the public as
+        well as of explorers received a decided check, and for nearly thirty
+        years we hear of no Arctic voyage being despatched for purposes of
+        discovery.</p>
+      </div>
+
+      <div class="tei tei-div" style=
+      "margin-bottom: 5.00em; margin-top: 5.00em">
+        <a name="chap16" id="chap16" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> <a name=
+        "toc35" id="toc35"></a> <a name="pdf36" id="pdf36"></a>
+
+        <h2 class="tei tei-head" style=
+        "text-align: center; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em">
+        <span style="font-size: 144%">CHAPTER XVI.</span></h2>
+
+        <div class="tei tei-argument" style=
+        "text-align: center; margin-bottom: 1.80em; margin-left: 3.60em; margin-top: 1.80em; margin-right: 3.60em">
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style=
+        "text-align: center; margin-bottom: 0.90em"><span style=
+        "font-size: 90%">Paucity of Arctic Expeditions in the Eighteenth
+        Century—Phipps’ Voyage—Walls of Ice—Ferocious Sea-horses—A Beautiful
+        Glacier—Cook’s Voyage—A Fresh Attempt—Extension of the Government
+        Rewards—Cape Prince of Wales—Among the Tchuktchis—Icy Cape—Baffled by
+        the Ice—Russian Voyages—The Two Unconquerable Capes—Peter the
+        Great—Behring’s Voyages—Discovery of the Straits—The Third
+        Voyage—Scurvy and Shipwreck—Death of the Commander—New Siberia—The
+        Ivory Islands.</span></p>
+        </div>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">The eighteenth
+        century was not remarkable for the number of northern voyages
+        instigated in England for geographical research. This was partly due
+        to the many previous failures, but still more to important
+        discoveries which were being made in other parts of the world, and
+        which for the time threw Arctic adventure in the shade. The land and
+        river expeditions of Samuel Hearne and Alexander Mackenzie to the
+        shores or neighbourhood of the Arctic Ocean do not come within the
+        scope of this work, and strong doubts have been expressed as to
+        whether either of these explorers really reached salt water, although
+        both were undoubtedly near it.</p>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">The northern
+        voyage of Captain Constantine John Phipps (afterwards Lord Mulgrave)
+        deserves some notice, inasmuch as it was a distinct attempt to reach
+        the North Pole. The Hon. Daines Barrington and others had, prior to
+        1773, agitated the subject before the Royal Society, and the
+        President and Council of that learned body had memorialised the
+        Government to fit out an expedition for the purpose, which His
+        Majesty was pleased to direct should be immediately undertaken. Two
+        vessels, the <span class="tei tei-name"><span style=
+        "font-style: italic">Racehorse</span></span> and the <span class=
+        "tei tei-name"><span style=
+        "font-style: italic">Carcass</span></span>, were selected, the former
+        having ninety and the second eighty men on board. The ships left the
+        Nore on June 10th, 1773, and seventeen days later had reached the
+        latitude of the southern part of Spitzbergen, without having met ice
+        or experiencing cold. But from the 5th of July onwards, when off
+        Spitzbergen, they met immense fields, almost <span class=
+        "tei tei-q">“one compact, impenetrable body,”</span> and the most
+        heroic and persevering efforts failed to penetrate it or find an
+        opening. In Waigatz Strait, where some of the officers landed on a
+        low, flat island, large fir-trees, roots and all, and in other cases
+        timber which had <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page155">[pg
+        155]</span><a name="Pg155" id="Pg155" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>been
+        hewn with an axe, were noticed on the shore. These had, undoubtedly,
+        drifted out from some of the great rivers of the mainland. While here
+        they wounded a sea-horse, which immediately dived, and brought up a
+        whole army of others to the rescue. They attacked the boat, which was
+        nearly upset and stove in, and wrested an oar from one of the
+        sailors.</p><a name="illo_180" id="illo_180" class=
+        "tei tei-anchor"></a>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"></p>
+
+        <div class="tei tei-figure" style="text-align: center">
+          <img src="images/illo_180.png" alt="ENCOUNTER WITH SEA-HORSES"
+          title="ENCOUNTER WITH SEA-HORSES." />
+
+          <div class="tei tei-head" style=
+          "text-align: center; margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em">
+            ENCOUNTER WITH SEA-HORSES.
+          </div>
+        </div>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">On July 30th the
+        weather was exceedingly lovely, and the scene around them, says
+        Captain Phipps, <span class="tei tei-q">“beautiful and picturesque;
+        the two ships becalmed in a large bay, with three apparent openings
+        between the islands that formed it, but everywhere surrounded with
+        ice as far as we could see, with some streams of water; not a breath
+        of air; the water perfectly smooth; the ice covered with snow, low
+        and even, except a few broken pieces near the edges; the pools of
+        water in the middle of the pieces were frozen over with young
+        ice.”</span> On August 1st the ice began to press in, and places
+        which had before been flat and almost level with the water were
+        forced <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style=
+        "font-style: italic">higher than the main-yards</span></span> of the
+        vessels. The crews were set to work to try and cut out the ships, and
+        they sawed through ice sometimes as much as twelve feet thick, but
+        without effecting their escape. Meantime the ships drifted with the
+        ice into fourteen fathoms, and Captain Phipps, greatly alarmed, at
+        one time proposed to abandon the ships and betake to the boats. On
+        August 7th, keeping their launch out and ready for emergencies, they
+        crowded all sail on the vessels, and three days later, after
+        incurring much danger, reached the open water, and anchored in Fair
+        Haven, Spitzbergen. A remarkably grand iceberg,<a id="noteref_27"
+        name="noteref_27" href="#note_27"><span class=
+        "tei tei-noteref"><span style=
+        "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">27</span></span></a> or, more
+        properly, glacier, was observed here. The face towards the sea was
+        nearly perpendicular, and about 300 feet high, with a cascade of
+        water issuing from it. The contrast of the dark mountains and white
+        snow, with the beautiful green colour of the near ice, made a very
+        pleasing and uncommon picture. Phipps describes an iceberg which had
+        floated from this glacier and grounded in twenty-four fathoms (144
+        feet). It was fifty feet above the surface of the water.</p>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Captain Phipps did
+        not pursue his investigations farther, but bore for England, which he
+        reached late in September. The unfavourable termination of his voyage
+        did not deter the Government from other efforts. Another voyage was
+        ordered, and the celebrated navigator, Captain James Cook, appointed
+        to the command. The object was to attempt once more the north-west
+        passage, but in a new manner. Hitherto all efforts had been made from
+        the Atlantic side; on this occasion the plan was reversed, and the
+        vessels were to enter the Polar seas from the Pacific Ocean. The two
+        vessels employed, the <span class="tei tei-name"><span style=
+        "font-style: italic">Resolution</span></span> and <span class=
+        "tei tei-name"><span style=
+        "font-style: italic">Discovery</span></span>, are now historically
+        famous from the extensive voyages made in them, in the Pacific more
+        particularly. The first was commanded by Cook, and the latter by
+        Captain Clerke. By an Act of Parliament then outstanding a reward of
+        £20,000 was held out to ships belonging to any of His Majesty’s
+        subjects which should make the passage, but it excluded the vessels
+        of the Royal Navy. This was now amended to include His Majesty’s
+        ships, and a further reward of £5,000 offered to any vessel which
+        should approach within one degree of the North Pole.</p><span class=
+        "tei tei-pb" id="page156">[pg 156]</span><a name="Pg156" id="Pg156"
+        class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">The two ships,
+        after making many discoveries in the Pacific, entered Behring Strait
+        on August 9th, 1779, and anchored near a point of land which has been
+        subsequently found to be the extreme western point of North America,
+        and to which Cook gave the name Cape Prince of Wales. Some
+        elevations, like stages, and others like huts, were seen on this part
+        of the coast, and they thought also that some people were visible. A
+        little later Cook stood over to the Asiatic coast, where, entering a
+        large bay, he found a village of the natives known now-a-days as
+        Tchuktchis. They were found to be peaceable and civil, and several
+        interchanges of presents were made.</p>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">In 1865 and 1866
+        the writer of these pages, when in the service of the
+        Russian-American Telegraph Expedition, had an opportunity of visiting
+        an almost identical village in Plover Bay, Eastern Siberia.<a id=
+        "noteref_28" name="noteref_28" href="#note_28"><span class=
+        "tei tei-noteref"><span style=
+        "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">28</span></span></a> The bay
+        itself, sometimes called Port Providence, has generally passed by the
+        former name since the visit of H.M.S. <span class=
+        "tei tei-name"><span style="font-style: italic">Plover</span></span>,
+        which laid up there in the winter of 1848-9, when employed on the
+        search for Sir John Franklin. Bare cliffs and <span class=
+        "tei tei-pb" id="page157">[pg 157]</span><a name="Pg157" id="Pg157"
+        class="tei tei-anchor"></a>rugged mountains hem it in on three sides,
+        and a long spit, on which the native village is situated, shelters it
+        on the ocean (or Behring Sea) side. The Tchuktchis live in skin
+        tents. <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">The
+        remains of underground houses are seen, but the people who used them
+        have passed away.</span></span> The present race makes no use of such
+        houses. Although their skin dwellings appear outwardly rough, and are
+        patched with every variety of hide—walrus, seal, and reindeer—with
+        here and there a fragment of a sail obtained from the whalers, they
+        are in reality constructed over frames built of the larger bones of
+        whales and walruses, and very admirably put together. In this most
+        exposed of villages the wintry blasts must be fearful, yet these
+        people are to be found there at all seasons. Wood they have
+        none,<a id="noteref_29" name="noteref_29" href=
+        "#note_29"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style=
+        "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">29</span></span></a> and
+        blubber lamps are the only means they have for warming their tents.
+        The frames of some of their skin canoes are also of bone. On either
+        side of these craft, which are the counterpart of the Greenland
+        canoes it is usual to find a sealskin blown out tight and the ends
+        secured. These serve as floats to steady the canoe. They have very
+        strong fishing-nets, made of thin strips of walrus hide.</p><a name=
+        "illo_181" id="illo_181" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"></p>
+
+        <div class="tei tei-figure" style="text-align: center">
+          <img src="images/illo_181.png" alt=
+          "TCHUKTCHI INDIANS BUILDING A HUT" title=
+          "TCHUKTCHI INDIANS BUILDING A HUT." />
+
+          <div class="tei tei-head" style=
+          "text-align: center; margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em">
+            TCHUKTCHI INDIANS BUILDING A HUT.
+          </div>
+        </div><span class="tei tei-pb" id="page158">[pg 158]</span><a name=
+        "Pg158" id="Pg158" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">The Tchuktchis are
+        a strongly-built race, although the inhabitants of this particular
+        village, from intercourse with whaling vessels, have been much
+        demoralised. One of these natives was seen carrying the awkward
+        burden of a carpenter’s chest weighing two hundred pounds without
+        apparently considering it a great exertion. They are a good-humoured
+        people, and not greedier than the average of natives; they are very
+        generally honest. They were of much service to a large party of men
+        who wintered there in 1866-7, at the period when it was proposed to
+        cross Behring Straits with a submarine cable in connection with the
+        land lines then partly under construction by the Western Union
+        Telegraph Company of America.</p>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class=
+        "tei tei-q">“The children are so tightly sewn up in reindeer-skin
+        clothing that they look like walking bags, and tumble about with the
+        greatest impunity. All of these people wear skin coats, pantaloons,
+        and boots, excepting only on high days in summer, when you may see a
+        few old garments of more civilised appearance that have seen better
+        days, and have been traded off by the sailors of vessels calling
+        there.</span></p>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class=
+        "tei tei-q">“The true Tchuktchi method of smoking is to swallow all
+        the fumes of the tobacco; and I have seen them after six or eight
+        pulls at a pipe fall back, completely intoxicated for the time being.
+        Their pipes are infinitely larger in the stem than in the bowl; the
+        latter, indeed, holds an infinitesimally small amount of
+        tobacco.</span></p>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class=
+        "tei tei-q">“It is said that the Tchuktchis murder the old and
+        feeble, but only with the victim’s consent! They do not appear to
+        indulge in any unnecessary cruelty, but endeavour to stupify the aged
+        sacrifice before letting a vein. This is said to be done by putting
+        some substance up the nostrils; but the whole statement must be
+        received with caution, although we derived it from a shrewd native
+        who had been much employed by the captains of vessels in the capacity
+        of interpreter, and who could speak in broken English.</span></p>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class=
+        "tei tei-q">“This native, by name <span class=
+        "tei tei-q">‘Nau-Kum,’</span> was of service on various occasions,
+        and was accordingly much petted by us. Some of his remarks are worthy
+        of record. On being taken down into the engine-room of the steamer
+        <span class="tei tei-name"><span style=
+        "font-style: italic">Wright</span></span>, he examined it carefully,
+        and then shaking his head, said solemnly, <span class=
+        "tei tei-q">‘<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style=
+        "font-style: italic">Too</span></span> muchee wheel, makee man too
+        muchee think!’</span> His curiosity when on board was unappeasable.
+        <span class="tei tei-q">‘What’s that fellow?’</span> was his constant
+        query with regard to anything, from the <span class=
+        "tei tei-q">‘donkey-engine’</span> to the mainmast. On one occasion
+        he heard two men discussing rather warmly, and could not at all
+        understand such unnecessary excitement. <span class="tei tei-q">‘That
+        fellow crazy?’</span> said he. Colonel Bulkley (engineer-in-chief of
+        the telegraph enterprise) gave him a suit of clothes with gorgeous
+        brass buttons, and many other presents. The whalers use such men on
+        occasions as pilots, traders, and interpreters, and to Naukum in
+        particular I know as much as five barrels of villanous whiskey have
+        been entrusted, for which he accounted satisfactorily. The
+        truth-loving Chippewa, when asked, <span class="tei tei-q">‘Are you a
+        Christian Indian?’</span> promptly replied, <span class=
+        "tei tei-q">‘No, I whishkey Injen!’</span> and the truthful Tchuktchi
+        would say the same. They all appear to be intensely fond of spirits.
+        The traders sell them liquors of the most horrible kind, not much
+        superior to the <span class="tei tei-q">‘coal oil’</span> or
+        <span class="tei tei-q">‘kerosene’</span> used for lamps.”</span> So
+        much for natives, who, in Captain Cook’s time, were doubtless much
+        more innocent and unsophisticated.</p>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">To resume our
+        narrative: Cook again crossed to the northern American coast, and on
+        August 17th reached a point encumbered with ice, which formed an
+        impenetrable field. To <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page159">[pg
+        159]</span><a name="Pg159" id="Pg159" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>this
+        point he gave the name Icy Cape, and it was the furthest east he was
+        able to proceed. While he made every effort to fulfil the object of
+        his mission he was baffled at every point, and on August 30th he
+        turned the vessels’ bows southward. After many explorations of both
+        the Asiatic and American coasts, it will be remembered that he lost
+        his life at the Sandwich Islands. He was succeeded by Captain Clerke,
+        who in 1779 again attempted to make the passage, but with even less
+        success than had been attained by Captain Cook.</p>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">In order that the
+        various sections of this subject should not become confused or
+        involved, mention of many Russian voyages, which had for their aim
+        the exploration of the coasts of Northern Asia, and among which were
+        several direct attempts at making the north-east passage, has been
+        purposely omitted till now. As early as 1648 Deshneff undoubtedly
+        made a voyage from the mouth of the Kolyma round the extreme eastern
+        point of Asia, and through Behring Straits to the Anadyr. In very
+        early times the Russians used to creep along the coast at the other
+        end of the continent, from Archangel to the Obi, and in the
+        eighteenth century, in particular, many efforts were made to extend
+        the explorations eastward. In brief, several explorers, Lieutenants
+        Maravief, Malgyn, and Shurakoff, between the years 1734 and 1738,
+        sailed from Archangel to the Obi, doubling the promontory; Lieutenant
+        Koskelof made a successful voyage from the Obi to the Yenesei in
+        1738; and in 1735 Lieutenant Pronchishchef, who was accompanied by
+        his wife, got very close to Cape Chelyuskin (or North-east Cape) on
+        its eastern side, his vessel being frozen in near that point. Both
+        himself and his wife died there. In 1742 Lieutenant Chelyuskin
+        reached the northernmost cape, which bears his name, by a sledge
+        journey. The North East Cape (Cape Chelyuskin) and the neighbouring
+        Cape Taimyr<a id="noteref_30" name="noteref_30" href=
+        "#note_30"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style=
+        "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">30</span></span></a> had
+        never been rounded, till Professor Nordenskjöld only the other day
+        succeeded in passing both, thus making the long-sought north-east
+        passage. From the Lena eastward to the Kolyma voyages have often been
+        made, and, as we have seen, Deshneff had completed the circuit of the
+        coast from the Kolyma eastward at a very early period. The records of
+        this voyage were entirely overlooked for a century, when they were
+        unearthed at Yakutsk, in Siberia, by Müller, the historian of the
+        voyages about to be narrated.</p>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Inseparably
+        connected with the history of Arctic voyages are those of Vitus
+        Behring, an explorer who deserves to rank among the greatest of his
+        century, although his several adventurous attempts are comparatively
+        little known. Behring was a Dane who had been attracted into the
+        Russian service by the fame of Peter the Great, and his expeditions
+        had been directly planned by that enterprising and sagacious monarch.
+        The emperor, however, did not live to see them consummated. Their
+        main objects were to determine whether Asia and America did or did
+        not join at some northern point and form one continent; and if
+        detached, how nearly the coasts approached each other. <span class=
+        "tei tei-q">“The Empress Catherine,”</span> says Müller, the
+        historian of Behring’s life, <span class="tei tei-q">“as she
+        endeavoured in all points to execute most precisely the plans of her
+        deceased husband, in a manner began her reign with an order for the
+        expedition to Kamtschatka.”</span> Behring was appointed commander,
+        having associated with him Lieutenants Spanberg and Tschirikoff. They
+        took their final orders on <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page160">[pg
+        160]</span><a name="Pg160" id="Pg160" class=
+        "tei tei-anchor"></a>February 5th, 1725, and proceeded overland
+        through Siberia to the Ochotsk Sea. It certainly gives some idea of
+        the difficult nature of the trip in those days when we find that it
+        occupied them <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style=
+        "font-style: italic">two years</span></span> to transport their
+        stores and outfit to Ochotsk. A vessel was specially constructed, in
+        which they crossed to Bolcheretsk, in Kamchatka,<a id="noteref_31"
+        name="noteref_31" href="#note_31"><span class=
+        "tei tei-noteref"><span style=
+        "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">31</span></span></a> and the
+        following winter their provisions and naval stores were transported
+        to Nishni (new) Kamchatka, a small town, or rather village, which is
+        still one of the few settlements in that great peninsula.
+        <span class="tei tei-q">“On the 4th of April, 1728,”</span> says
+        Müller, <span class="tei tei-q">“a boat was put upon the stocks, like
+        the packet-boats used in the Baltick, and on the 10th of July was
+        launched, and named the boat <span class="tei tei-name"><span style=
+        "font-style: italic">Gabriel</span></span>.”</span> On the 20th of
+        the same month Behring left the river, and following the east coasts
+        of Kamchatka and Siberia, reached as far north as 67° 18′ in the
+        straits which now bear his name. Here, finding the land trend to the
+        west, he came to the conclusion that he had reached the extreme point
+        of Asia, and that the continent of America, although contiguous, did
+        not join it. Of course we know that in the latter and main point he
+        was right. He discovered St. Laurence Island, and in the autumn
+        returned successfully to the town from which he had sailed. In a
+        second voyage contrary winds baffled all his efforts to reach and
+        examine the coasts of America, and eventually he doubled the southern
+        point of Kamchatka, and returned viâ the Siberian overland route to
+        St. Petersburg.</p>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">It is to the third
+        voyage of Behring that the greatest interest attaches. His first
+        attempt had been successful in its main object, and both the leader
+        and his officers were fired with an ambition to distinguish
+        themselves in further explorations. Müller says:—<span class=
+        "tei tei-q">“The design of the first voyage was not brought on the
+        carpet again upon this occasion, since it was looked upon as
+        completed; but instead of that, orders were given to make voyages, as
+        well eastward to the continent of America as southward to Japan, and
+        to discover, if possible, at the same time, <span class=
+        "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">through the frozen sea
+        the north passage</span></span> (the italics are ours—<span class=
+        "tei tei-hi"><span style=
+        "font-variant: small-caps">Ed.</span></span>), which had been so
+        frequently attempted by the English and Dutch. The Senate, the
+        Admiralty Office, and the Academy of Sciences, all took their parts
+        to complete this important undertaking.”</span> Behring and his
+        faithful lieutenants were promoted, and a number of naval officers
+        were ordered to join the expedition. Several scientific professors,
+        John George Gmelin, Lewis de Lisle de la Croyère, S. Müller, and one
+        Steller, a student, volunteered to accompany Behring. Two of these
+        latter never went to sea—a probably fortunate circumstance for
+        themselves, as the sequel will show—but confined themselves to land
+        researches in Siberia.</p>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">After long and
+        tedious journeyings, and great trouble in transporting their stores
+        across the dreary wilds of Siberia, they at length reached
+        Petropaulovski, Kamchatka, and having constructed vessels, left that
+        port on July 4th, 1741, on their eventful voyage. Early in its
+        history the ships became separated during the continuance of a
+        terrible gale. <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page161">[pg
+        161]</span><a name="Pg161" id="Pg161" class=
+        "tei tei-anchor"></a>Behring discovered many of the Aleutian and
+        other islands nearer the American coast. The scurvy making its
+        appearance, this brave commander endeavoured to return to Kamchatka.
+        The sickness increased, and they became so exhausted that
+        <span class="tei tei-q">“two sailors who used to be at the rudder
+        were obliged to be led in by two others who could hardly walk. And
+        when one could sit and steer no longer, another, in little better
+        condition, supplied his place. Many sails they durst not hoist,
+        because there was nobody to lower them in case of need.”</span> At
+        last land appeared, and they endeavoured to sail towards it; getting
+        near it, the anchor was dropped. A violent gale arose, and the vessel
+        was driven on the rocks, which she touched; they cast a second
+        anchor, but its cable was snapped before it took ground. Their little
+        barque was thrown bodily over the rocks by a sea which threatened to
+        overwhelm them, but, fortunately, inside the reef the water was
+        calmer, and the crew, having rested, managed to launch their boat,
+        and some of them reached the shore. There was scarcely any drift-wood
+        on the beach, and no trees on the island; hence they determined to
+        roof over some small ravines or gullies near the beach. On the
+        <span class="tei tei-q">“8th of November a beginning was made to land
+        the sick, but some died as soon as they were brought from
+        between-decks in the open air, others during the time <span class=
+        "tei tei-pb" id="page162">[pg 162]</span><a name="Pg162" id="Pg162"
+        class="tei tei-anchor"></a>they were on the deck, some in the boat,
+        and many more as soon as they were brought on shore.”</span> The
+        following day the commander, Behring—himself terribly prostrated with
+        scurvy—was brought ashore on a hand-barrow, and a month later died on
+        the island which is now known by his name. <span class=
+        "tei tei-q">“He may be said to have been buried half alive, for the
+        sand rolling down continually from the side of the ditch in which he
+        lay, and covering his feet, he at last would not suffer it to be
+        removed, and said that he felt some warmth from it, which otherwise
+        he should want in the remaining parts of his body; and thus the sand
+        increased to his belly, so that after his decease they were obliged
+        to scrape him out of the ground in order to inter him in a proper
+        manner.”</span> Poor Behring! It was a melancholy end for an explorer
+        so great.</p>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Their vessel,
+        lying unprotected, became an utter wreck, and the larger part of
+        their stores and provisions was lost. They subsisted for a
+        considerable time on dead whales which had been driven ashore. At
+        last, in the spring they resolved to construct a small vessel from
+        the wreck, which was at length completed, and they left the dreary
+        scene of their sufferings. Never were shipwrecked mariners more
+        rejoiced than when once more they sighted and reached the coast of
+        Kamchatka. Behring’s companion, Tschirikoff, had preceded them the
+        previous autumn, having lost twenty-one men by scurvy; and the
+        Professor de la Croyère, who had lingered till the last moment, died
+        in sight of Petropaulovski.</p>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">In 1770 a Russian
+        merchant, named Liakhof, crossed on the ice from the mainland to the
+        islands in the Polar Ocean which now bear his name, although
+        sometimes called New Siberia. Immense quantities of mammoth bones
+        were discovered, and he obtained from the Empress Catherine the
+        exclusive right of digging for them. As late as the year 1821 as much
+        as nine to ten tons per annum of this fossil ivory were being
+        obtained from this source. Hedenström, in 1809, and Anjou, in 1821,
+        examined these islands in detail. The latter travelled out on the ice
+        to a considerable distance north of the islands, and found
+        <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">open
+        water</span></span>.</p>
+      </div>
+
+      <div class="tei tei-div" style=
+      "margin-bottom: 5.00em; margin-top: 5.00em">
+        <a name="chap17" id="chap17" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> <a name=
+        "toc37" id="toc37"></a> <a name="pdf38" id="pdf38"></a>
+
+        <h2 class="tei tei-head" style=
+        "text-align: center; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em">
+        <span style="font-size: 144%">CHAPTER XVII.</span></h2>
+
+        <h2 class="tei tei-head" style=
+        "text-align: center; margin-bottom: 2.40em; margin-top: 2.40em">
+        <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: center"><span style=
+        "font-size: 120%; font-variant: small-caps">The Expeditions of Ross
+        and Parry.</span></span></h2>
+
+        <div class="tei tei-argument" style=
+        "text-align: center; margin-bottom: 1.80em; margin-left: 3.60em; margin-top: 1.80em; margin-right: 3.60em">
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style=
+        "text-align: center; margin-bottom: 0.90em"><span style=
+        "font-size: 90%">Remarkable Change in the Greenland
+        Ice-fields—Immense Icebergs found out of their Latitude—Ross the
+        First’s Expedition—Festivities among the Danes—Interviews with
+        Esquimaux—Crimson Snow—A Mythical Discovery—The Croker
+        Mountains—Buchan’s Expedition—Bursting of Icebergs—Effects of
+        Concussion—The Creation of an Iceberg—Spitzbergen in Summer—Animated
+        Nature—Millions of Birds—Refuge in an Ice-pack—Parry and his
+        Exploits—His Noble Character—First Arctic Voyage—Sails over the
+        Croker Mountains.</span></p>
+        </div>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">The long series of
+        interesting voyages which have been made to the Arctic regions during
+        the present century were commenced in 1818, after a considerable
+        period of inaction and apathy had existed in regard to northern
+        exploration. The renewal of these attempts was not brought about by
+        accident or caprice, but was due to a great change, which had been
+        noted by many whalers and navigators. Sir John Barrow, one of the
+        most consistent and persistent advocates of Arctic exploration, as
+        well as one of the most intelligent writers of his day, says:
+        <span class="tei tei-q">“The event alluded to was the disappearance
+        of the whole, or greater part, of the vast barrier of ice which for a
+        long period of time—perhaps for centuries—was supposed to have
+        maintained <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page163">[pg
+        163]</span><a name="Pg163" id="Pg163" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>its
+        firm-rooted position on the eastern coast of Old Greenland, and its
+        reappearance in a more southerly latitude, where it was met with, as
+        was attested by various persons worthy of credit, in the years 1815,
+        1816, and 1817, by ships coming from the East Indies and America, by
+        others going to Halifax and Newfoundland, and in different parts of
+        the Atlantic, as far down as the 40th parallel of latitude.”</span>
+        Large islands of ice had impeded some voyagers for days together;
+        icebergs miles in extent, and from one to two hundred feet high, had
+        been reported. A vessel had been beset for eleven days on the coast
+        of Labrador in floes of ice mixed with icebergs, many of which had
+        huge rocks, gravel, soil, and wood upon them. In short, there was so
+        much testimony from various sources to the vast break-up which had
+        occurred that it created a great deal of attention among scientific
+        men and navigators.</p>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">It was perfectly
+        understood whence the larger part of this ice must be derived.
+        Scoresby the younger, in a letter to Sir Joseph Banks, recorded the
+        fact that some 18,000 square miles of the surface of the Greenland
+        seas included between the parallels of 74° and 80° were known to be
+        void of ice, and that this immense change had been effected within
+        two years. Intelligence received at Copenhagen in 1816 from Iceland
+        indicated that the ice had broken loose from the opposite coast of
+        Greenland, and floated away to the southward, after surrounding the
+        shores of Iceland and filling all the creeks and bays of that island.
+        This was repeated in 1817.</p><a name="illo_185" id="illo_185" class=
+        "tei tei-anchor"></a>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"></p>
+
+        <div class="tei tei-figure" style="text-align: center">
+          <img src="images/illo_185.png" alt="SIR JOHN ROSS" title=
+          "SIR JOHN ROSS." />
+
+          <div class="tei tei-head" style=
+          "text-align: center; margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em">
+            SIR JOHN ROSS.
+          </div>
+        </div>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">The public notice
+        taken of the above facts led to two expeditions being ordered, the
+        first of which, under Commander (afterwards Sir) John Ross, was
+        remarkable for the number of officers who accompanied it, and who,
+        later, acquired distinction in the Arctic explorations of this
+        century. Parry, J. C. Ross (the commander’s nephew), Sabine (long
+        President of the Royal Society, and a most distinguished <span class=
+        "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">savan</span></span>),
+        then a captain of the Royal Artillery, Hoppner, and others, were
+        among the number. The ships employed were the <span class=
+        "tei tei-name"><span style=
+        "font-style: italic">Isabella</span></span> and <span class=
+        "tei tei-name"><span style=
+        "font-style: italic">Alexander</span></span>, and the commander’s
+        instructions were to attempt the north-west passage by the western
+        route.</p>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">On the 1st of
+        June, 1818, they had reached the eastern side of Davis’s Strait, but
+        detained by ice, and it was not till the 3rd of the following month
+        that they arrived at the Women’s Islands. The delay did not prevent
+        them from having some pleasant intercourse with the Danes and
+        Esquimaux of the Greenland settlements. Extempore balls were
+        organised, where their interpreter, Jack Sackhouse (or Saccheous),
+        was of great value. Jack combined in his person the somewhat
+        discordant qualifications of seaman, interpreter, draughtsman, and
+        master of ceremonies, with those of a fisher of seals and a
+        successful hunter of white bears.</p>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">A favourable
+        breeze sprang up, and Ross was anxious to leave, as the ice began to
+        separate. Jack had gone ashore, and when a boat was sent for him he
+        was found in one of the huts with his collar-bone broken, from having
+        greatly overloaded and discharged his gun. His idea was, as he
+        expressed it, <span class="tei tei-q">“Plenty powder, plenty
+        kill!”</span> Proceeding northward, and passing many whalers, he
+        examined and named Melville Bay. On August 10th, the ships being at
+        anchor near shore, eight sledges of Esquimaux were observed, and
+        Saccheous was despatched with a flag and some presents in order to
+        parley with them, they being on one side of a field of ice, in which
+        was a canal or chasm. After much shouting and gesticulating,
+        Saccheous held out his presents, and <span class="tei tei-pb" id=
+        "page164">[pg 164]</span><a name="Pg164" id="Pg164" class=
+        "tei tei-anchor"></a>called to them in their own language to
+        approach. The reply was <span class="tei tei-q">“No, no; go
+        away!”</span> and one man said, <span class="tei tei-q">“Go away; I
+        can kill you!”</span> holding up a knife. The interpreter, however,
+        threw them an English knife, which they accepted, and <span class=
+        "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">pulled their
+        noses</span></span>, which Ross represents to mean a sign of
+        friendship. They soon became more familiar, and pointing to the
+        ships, asked, <span class="tei tei-q">“What great creatures these
+        are. Do they come from the sun or the moon? Do they give us light by
+        day or by night?”</span> To which Saccheous replied, <span class=
+        "tei tei-q">“They are houses made of wood.”</span> The natives would
+        not believe this, answering, <span class="tei tei-q">“No, they are
+        alive; we have seen them move their wings.”</span> Ross entitles
+        these natives the <span class="tei tei-q">“Arctic
+        Highlanders.”</span> There is a good deal of rather doubtful matter
+        in the narrative of Ross, and it is certainly more than likely that
+        these people had often seen whale-ships.</p><a name="illo_188" id=
+        "illo_188" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"></p>
+
+        <div class="tei tei-figure" style="text-align: center">
+          <img src="images/illo_188.png" alt="FISKERNÆS, SOUTH GREENLAND"
+          title="FISKERNÆS, SOUTH GREENLAND." />
+
+          <div class="tei tei-head" style=
+          "text-align: center; margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em">
+            FISKERNÆS, SOUTH GREENLAND.
+          </div>
+        </div>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Not far from Cape
+        Dudley Digges Ross observed some of the cliffs covered with the
+        <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style=
+        "font-style: italic">crimson</span></span> snow often mentioned in
+        other Arctic narratives, and indeed noted by Saussure in the Alps.
+        <span class="tei tei-q">“This snow,”</span> he says, <span class=
+        "tei tei-q">“was penetrated even down to the rock, in many places to
+        a depth of ten or twelve feet, by colouring matter.”</span> Some of
+        this having been bottled, was analysed on their return by Mr. Brande,
+        the celebrated chemist, who, detecting uric acid, pronounced it to be
+        no other than the excrement of birds. <span class="tei tei-pb" id=
+        "page165">[pg 165]</span><a name="Pg165" id="Pg165" class=
+        "tei tei-anchor"></a>Other authorities considered it to be of
+        vegetable origin, judging it to be probably the drainage from some
+        particular kind of moss, the roots of which are of that colour.</p>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">The results of
+        this voyage were not extensive. Ross only reached Sir James
+        Lancaster’s Sound, where an imaginary discovery of his has since
+        given rise to much ridicule. He fancied that he saw at the bottom of
+        a bay an extensive range of mountains, the which he somewhat
+        unfortunately named after Mr. Croker, the then Secretary of the
+        Admiralty. <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page166">[pg
+        166]</span><a name="Pg166" id="Pg166" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>The
+        site of the Croker Mountains was a year afterwards sailed over by
+        Parry! It is certain that either clouds, mirage, or some other
+        phenomenon of nature, had misled him. A very similar fact was noted
+        by Captain Nares in his expedition.</p>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">The second of the
+        two expeditions was that performed under the command of Captain David
+        Buchan, who had associated with him a number of officers, including
+        John Franklin, Frederick Beechey, and George Back, who afterwards
+        distinguished themselves in various branches of the Arctic service.
+        Buchan himself was a first-rate navigator, particularly well
+        acquainted with the dangers of the northern seas, more especially on
+        the Newfoundland station. He had also made a remarkable journey
+        across the ice and snow of that island in order to communicate with
+        the natives, and was the first European who had so done. Subsequent
+        to the expedition about to be recorded, he lost his life on the
+        <span class="tei tei-name"><span style="font-style: italic">Upton
+        Castle</span></span>, a vessel making the voyage from India, and the
+        exact fate of which was never known.</p><a name="illo_189" id=
+        "illo_189" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"></p>
+
+        <div class="tei tei-figure" style="text-align: center">
+          <img src="images/illo_189.jpg" alt=
+          "THE “DOROTHEA” AND THE “TRENT” IN THE ICE" title=
+          "THE “DOROTHEA” AND THE “TRENT” IN THE ICE." />
+
+          <div class="tei tei-head" style=
+          "text-align: center; margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em">
+            THE <span class="tei tei-q" style=
+            "text-align: center">“DOROTHEA”</span> AND THE <span class=
+            "tei tei-q" style="text-align: center">“TRENT”</span> IN THE ICE.
+          </div>
+        </div>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">The two vessels
+        employed on this service were the <span class=
+        "tei tei-name"><span style=
+        "font-style: italic">Dorothea</span></span> and the <span class=
+        "tei tei-name"><span style="font-style: italic">Trent</span></span>.
+        The instructions directed Buchan to proceed to the northward, between
+        Spitzbergen and Greenland, without delay on the way, and use his best
+        endeavours to reach the North Pole or its neighbourhood. On May 24th
+        the expedition had reached Cherie Island, on the coasts of which the
+        walruses were so numerous that at about that period as many as 900 or
+        1,000 had been captured by the crew of a single vessel in seven
+        hours’ time. Many interesting traits of walrus character—if the
+        expression may be used—were observed on this expedition. <span class=
+        "tei tei-q">“We were greatly amused,”</span> says Captain Beechey,
+        the historian of the voyage, <span class="tei tei-q">“by the singular
+        and affectionate conduct of a walrus towards its young. In the vast
+        sheet of ice that surrounded the ships there were occasionally many
+        pools, and when the weather was clear and warm, animals of various
+        kinds would frequently rise and sport about in them, or crawl from
+        thence upon the ice to bask in the warmth of the sun. A walrus rose
+        in one of these pools close to the ship, and finding everything
+        quiet, dived down and brought up its young, which it held by its
+        breast by pressing it with its flipper. In this manner it moved about
+        the pool, keeping in an erect posture, and always directing the face
+        of the young towards the vessel. On the slightest movement on board
+        the mother released her flipper and pushed the young one under water,
+        but when everything was again quiet, brought it up as before, and for
+        a length of time continued to play about in the pool, to the great
+        amusement of the seamen, who gave her credit for abilities in tuition
+        which, though possessed of considerable sagacity, she hardly
+        merited.”</span></p><a name="illo_191" id="illo_191" class=
+        "tei tei-anchor"></a>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"></p>
+
+        <div class="tei tei-figure" style="text-align: center">
+          <img src="images/illo_191.jpg" alt="MAGDALEN BAY, SPITZBERGEN"
+          title="MAGDALEN BAY, SPITZBERGEN." />
+
+          <div class="tei tei-head" style=
+          "text-align: center; margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em">
+            MAGDALEN BAY, SPITZBERGEN.
+          </div>
+        </div>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">On May 28th, the
+        weather being severe, with heavy fogs, the ships separated, to rejoin
+        at Magdalena Bay, Spitzbergen, a few days later. The harbour was full
+        of ice in a rapidly decaying state. This bay is remarkable for four
+        glaciers, the smallest of which, called the Hanging Iceberg, is 200
+        feet above the sea-level at its termination. The largest extends
+        several miles inland, and, owing to the immense rents in its surface,
+        was called the Waggon Way. In the vicinity of the icebergs, which had
+        become detached from these glaciers, the observance of strict silence
+        was necessary, and the concussion produced by the discharge of a gun
+        (not its <span class="tei tei-q">“explosion,”</span> as Sir John
+        Barrow says) would often detach large masses. Beechey notes the
+        effects of such a discharge: A musket had been fired at half a mile
+        distance, which not merely brought down an immense piece of
+        <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page167">[pg 167]</span><a name="Pg167"
+        id="Pg167" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>ice, but which was the cause of
+        a ship’s launch being carried ninety-six feet by the wave produced,
+        filled with water, and landed on a beach, where it was badly stove,
+        the men barely escaping with their lives. They also had the rare
+        opportunity of noting the creation of an iceberg. An immense piece of
+        the front of a glacier was observed sliding down from the height of
+        at least 200 feet into the sea, dispersing the water in every
+        direction. This discharge was accompanied by a loud grinding noise,
+        and the ice was followed by quantities of water, which, being
+        previously lodged in the fissures, now made its escape in numberless
+        small cataracts from the face of the glacier. Some idea may be formed
+        of the disturbance caused by its plunge and the rollers which
+        agitated the bay when we learn that the <span class=
+        "tei tei-name"><span style=
+        "font-style: italic">Dorothea</span></span>, then careening on her
+        side at a distance of <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style=
+        "font-style: italic">four miles</span></span>, righted herself. This
+        mass dived wholly under water, and then reappeared, rearing its head
+        a hundred feet high, accompanied by the boiling of the sea and clouds
+        of spray. Its circumference was found to be nearly a quarter of a
+        mile, while its weight was computed at over 400,000 tons.</p>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">In summer the
+        coasts of Spitzbergen were found perfectly alive with animated
+        nature. The shores reverberated with the cries of the little auks,
+        cormorants, divers, and gulls. Walruses were basking in the sun,
+        mingling their roar with the bark of the seal. Beechey describes an
+        uninterrupted line of little auks flying in the air three miles in
+        length, and so close together that thirty fell at one shot. He
+        estimated their number at 4,000,000, allowing sixteen to a cubic
+        yard. This number appears very large; yet Audubon, in describing the
+        passenger-pigeons on the banks of the Ohio, speaks of one single
+        flock of 1,115,000,000. Audubon’s character for veracity is too
+        unquestioned for us to inquire how he made the calculation.</p>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">The surrounding
+        islands were thick with reindeer, Vogel Sang, in particular, yielding
+        the expedition forty carcases. The king eider-ducks were found in
+        such numbers that it was impossible almost to walk without treading
+        on their nests, which they defended with determined resolution; but,
+        in fact, all nature was alive at this time, and birds of many kinds,
+        foxes, and bears, were everywhere found on the shore and on the ice,
+        while amphibious animals, from whales downwards, abounded in the
+        water.</p>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">On the 7th of June
+        the ships left Magdalena Bay, and were greatly hampered in the ice.
+        Indeed, they learned from several whale-ships that the ice to the
+        westward was very thick, and that fifteen vessels were beset in it.
+        Proceeding northward themselves, they became entangled in a floe of
+        ice, where they had to remain thirteen days, after which the field
+        broke up, and they got into an open sea. Several attempts were made
+        to prosecute their voyage in a northerly direction, but without
+        success; and Captain Buchan, being satisfied that he had given the
+        ice a fair trial in the vicinity of Spitzbergen, resolved on bearing
+        for the coast of Greenland. Having arrived at the edge of the pack, a
+        gale came on so suddenly that they were at once reduced to storm
+        staysails. The vessels were reduced to take refuge among the ice, a
+        proceeding often rendered necessary in those latitudes, though
+        extremely dangerous. The <span class="tei tei-name"><span style=
+        "font-style: italic">Trent</span></span>, following the <span class=
+        "tei tei-name"><span style=
+        "font-style: italic">Dorothea</span></span>, dashed into the unbroken
+        line of furious breakers, in which immense masses of ice were
+        crashing, heaving, and subsiding with the waves. The noise was so
+        great that the officers could scarcely be heard by the crew.
+        <span class="tei tei-q">“If ever the fortitude of seamen was fairly
+        tried it was assuredly not less so on this occasion; and I would
+        not,”</span> says Beechey, <span class="tei tei-q">“conceal the pride
+        I felt in wit<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page168">[pg
+        168]</span><a name="Pg168" id="Pg168" class=
+        "tei tei-anchor"></a>nessing the bold and decisive tone in which the
+        orders were issued by the commander of our little vessel (Franklin),
+        and the promptitude and steadiness with which they were executed by
+        the crew. Each person instinctively secured his own hold, and, with
+        his eyes fixed upon the masts, awaited in breathless anxiety the
+        moment of the concussion. It soon arrived; the brig, cutting her way
+        through the light ice, came in violent contact with the main body. In
+        an instant we all lost our footing, the masts bent with the impetus,
+        and the cracking timbers from below bespoke a pressure which was
+        calculated to awaken our serious apprehensions.”</span> So great was
+        the motion of the vessel that the ship’s bells tolled continually,
+        and they were ordered to be muffled; the heaviest gale of wind had
+        never before made them strike. After many dangers from the ice the
+        pack broke up sufficiently to release the ships, both of which were
+        greatly disabled, while the <span class="tei tei-name"><span style=
+        "font-style: italic">Dorothea</span></span> was in a foundering
+        condition. They proceeded as well as they could to Fair Haven,
+        Spitzbergen, where the damages were in some sort repaired, and they
+        sailed for home.</p>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">The character of
+        Sir William Edward Parry, who carried the Union Jack nearer the Pole
+        than any explorer prior to Markham and Parr, was truly admirable,
+        while his services to his country were as brilliant as they were
+        numerous. In every way he was an honour to the British navy, such a
+        union of lofty heroism, consummate nautical skill, and calm daring,
+        is almost without parallel. The amiability and benevolence of his
+        manners endeared him to all ranks of the service, and made him the
+        idol of his men, whom he never failed to encourage by all the means
+        in his power. His name, though written in snow and ice, is
+        imperishable, for his heart was in his work, and he always believed
+        in its future success. In the four voyages made under his command to
+        the Arctic seas he was most careful of the health and comfort of his
+        followers, and lost fewer hands than any other commander in these
+        parts; and when we remember the kind of vessels he sometimes sailed
+        in (the <span class="tei tei-name"><span style=
+        "font-style: italic">Griper</span></span>, in particular, being about
+        as unseaworthy a ship as could well be sent out of dock), we can only
+        wonder at his patience under difficulties and the persevering energy
+        which kept him <span class="tei tei-q">“pegging away.”</span></p>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">The son of a
+        celebrated physician, Dr. Caleb Hillier Parry, he was born at Bath on
+        the 19th of December, 1760, and was intended originally for his
+        father’s profession; but circumstances having occurred to alter his
+        determination, he was appointed to the <span class=
+        "tei tei-name"><span style="font-style: italic">Ville de
+        Paris</span></span>, the flagship of Admiral Cornwallis’s Channel
+        Fleet, as a volunteer of the first class. Here he remained for three
+        years, during which period he was engaged in an action off Brest
+        Harbour. Fortunate in making his first essay of a seaman’s life under
+        officers who were desirous of winning the esteem and affection of
+        those beneath them, he soon became a favourite, and the admiral, on
+        his leaving the ship, thus records his opinion of him:—<span class=
+        "tei tei-q">“Parry is a fine, steady lad. I never knew any one so
+        generally approved of. He will receive civility and kindness from all
+        while he continues to conduct himself as he has done, which, I dare
+        believe, will be as long as he lives.”</span> He was afterwards
+        appointed to the <span class="tei tei-name"><span style=
+        "font-style: italic">Tribune</span></span> frigate and to the
+        <span class="tei tei-name"><span style=
+        "font-style: italic">Vanguard</span></span>, and was frequently
+        engaged with the Danish gun-boats in the Baltic.</p>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">In 1810 he gained
+        his epaulet, and joined the <span class="tei tei-name"><span style=
+        "font-style: italic">Alexandria</span></span> frigate, in which,
+        after serving in the Baltic, he made his first acquaintance with
+        polar ice between North Cape and Bear Island; and he subsequently
+        joined the <span class="tei tei-name"><span style=
+        "font-style: italic">La Hogue</span></span> at Halifax. In 1814 he
+        <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page169">[pg 169]</span><a name="Pg169"
+        id="Pg169" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>commanded a boat in a
+        successful expedition up the Connecticut river, for which service he
+        received a medal. Three years later he was recalled to England in
+        consequence of the severe illness of his father, who had been seized
+        with a paralytic stroke. His father’s illness and his own despair of
+        promotion made this the gloomiest period of our young hero’s life.
+        But dark is the hour before the dawn, and an incident occurred which
+        threw a gleam of hope upon his professional prospects, and proved the
+        forerunner to his future success. At the close of 1817 he wrote to a
+        friend on the subject of an expedition that was about starting to
+        explore the River Congo. The letter was written, but not posted, when
+        his eye fell on a paragraph in the newspaper relative to an
+        expedition about to be fitted out to the northern regions. He seized
+        the pen, and added, by way of postscript, that, as far as he was
+        concerned, <span class="tei tei-q">“hot or cold it was all one to
+        him, Africa or the Pole.”</span> This letter was shown to Mr. Barrow,
+        the then Secretary of the Admiralty, and in a few days he was
+        appointed to the command of the <span class=
+        "tei tei-name"><span style=
+        "font-style: italic">Alexander</span></span>, discovery ship, under
+        the orders of Commander John Ross, as recorded in the first voyage of
+        the present series.</p><a name="illo_195" id="illo_195" class=
+        "tei tei-anchor"></a>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"></p>
+
+        <div class="tei tei-figure" style="text-align: center">
+          <img src="images/illo_195.png" alt="THE NORTH CAPE" title=
+          "THE NORTH CAPE." />
+
+          <div class="tei tei-head" style=
+          "text-align: center; margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em">
+            THE NORTH CAPE.
+          </div>
+        </div>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">In 1819-20 Parry
+        made a second voyage to the Arctic, this being the first, however, in
+        which he had the chief command. The <span class=
+        "tei tei-name"><span style="font-style: italic">Hecla</span></span>
+        and the <span class="tei tei-name"><span style=
+        "font-style: italic">Griper</span></span> were the vessels
+        <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page170">[pg 170]</span><a name="Pg170"
+        id="Pg170" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>employed, and the expedition
+        left the river on May 11th, reaching Davis’s Strait at the end of
+        June, where icebergs of large size and in great numbers were
+        encountered. Fifty or sixty <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style=
+        "font-style: italic">per diem</span></span> was not an unusual
+        allowance, and Parry counted eighty-eight large ones from the crow’s
+        nest on one occasion, besides a profusion of smaller ones. Some most
+        important explorations in Sir James Lancaster’s Sound were made, and
+        the land which Ross had supposed extended across the bottom of this
+        inlet was found to be open water. The expedition sailed across the
+        site of the Croker Mountains, as has been before mentioned. Barrow’s
+        Strait, Wellington Channel, Melville Island, and many others, were
+        first discovered and named on this voyage.</p>
+      </div>
+
+      <div class="tei tei-div" style=
+      "margin-bottom: 5.00em; margin-top: 5.00em">
+        <a name="chap18" id="chap18" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> <a name=
+        "toc39" id="toc39"></a> <a name="pdf40" id="pdf40"></a>
+
+        <h2 class="tei tei-head" style=
+        "text-align: center; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em">
+        <span style="font-size: 144%">CHAPTER XVIII.</span></h2>
+
+        <h2 class="tei tei-head" style=
+        "text-align: center; margin-bottom: 2.40em; margin-top: 2.40em">
+        <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: center"><span style=
+        "font-size: 120%; font-variant: small-caps">Parry’s
+        Expeditions</span></span> <span style=
+        "font-size: 120%">(</span><span class="tei tei-hi" style=
+        "text-align: center"><span style=
+        "font-size: 120%; font-style: italic">continued</span></span><span style="font-size: 120%">).</span></h2>
+
+        <div class="tei tei-argument" style=
+        "text-align: center; margin-bottom: 1.80em; margin-left: 3.60em; margin-top: 1.80em; margin-right: 3.60em">
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style=
+        "text-align: center; margin-bottom: 0.90em"><span style=
+        "font-size: 90%">Five Thousand Pounds earned by Parry’s
+        Expedition—Winter Quarters—Theatre—An Arctic Newspaper—Effects of
+        Intense Cold—The Observatory Burned down—Return to England—Parry’s
+        Second Expedition—</span><span class="tei tei-q" style=
+        "text-align: center"><span style=
+          "font-size: 90%">“</span><span style="font-size: 90%">Young</span><span style="font-size: 90%">”</span></span>
+          <span style="font-size: 90%">Ice—Winter at Lyon’s Inlet—A Snow
+          Village in Winter and Spring—Break-up of the Ice—The Vessels in a
+          Terrible Position—Third Winter Quarters—Parry’s Fourth
+          Winter—The</span> <span class="tei tei-name" style=
+          "text-align: center"><span style=
+          "font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Fury</span></span>
+          <span style="font-size: 90%">Abandoned—The Old</span> <span class=
+          "tei tei-name" style="text-align: center"><span style=
+          "font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Griper</span></span>
+          <span style="font-size: 90%">and her Noble Crew.</span></p>
+        </div>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">A very important
+        event—at least, so far as concerned the members of Parry’s
+        expedition—was that which occurred on September 4th, 1819. On that
+        day the commander had the satisfaction of announcing to officers and
+        crew that they had crossed the meridian of 110 W. from Greenwich, by
+        which they had become entitled to the reward of £5,000 offered by the
+        Government to <span class="tei tei-q">“such of His Majesty’s subjects
+        as might succeed in penetrating thus far to the westward within the
+        Arctic circle.”</span> To a bluff headland near this point the
+        appropriate name of Cape Bounty was given. After many perils in the
+        ice, a secure harbour was selected for their winter quarters at
+        Melville Island, but before they could enter it a canal, two and
+        one-third miles, had to be cut through the ice. This feat was
+        performed in three days by the united efforts of <span class=
+        "tei tei-q">“all hands”</span> from both vessels; and as they would
+        probably have to remain eight or nine months in that spot, Parry
+        began the arrangements for promoting the comfort and health of his
+        crews, the wisdom of which has often since been admitted and imitated
+        by others, but which were not very commonly understood then. Parry,
+        however, has hardly had a superior in these matters since. The
+        vessels were well housed in, and all that was possible done for
+        warming and ventilating the decks and cabins. An anti-scorbutic beer
+        was brewed, and issued in lieu of spirits. Some difficulty was
+        experienced in the very cold weather in making it ferment
+        sufficiently to become palatable. A theatre was organised on board
+        the <span class="tei tei-name"><span style=
+        "font-style: italic">Hecla</span></span>, in the arrangements for
+        which Parry took a part himself, <span class=
+        "tei tei-q">“considering,”</span> says he, <span class=
+        "tei tei-q">“that an example of cheerfulness, by giving a direct
+        countenance to everything that could contribute to it, was not the
+        least essential part of my duty, under the peculiar circumstances in
+        which we were placed.”</span> A little weekly newspaper, <span class=
+        "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">The North Georgia
+        Gazette and Winter Chronicle</span></span>, edited by the since
+        illustrious Sabine, was organised, and helped to employ many
+        contributors, and divert their minds <span class="tei tei-q">“from
+        the gloomy prospect which would sometimes obtrude itself on the
+        stoutest heart.”</span> For this desolate spot was <span class=
+        "tei tei-pb" id="page171">[pg 171]</span><a name="Pg171" id="Pg171"
+        class="tei tei-anchor"></a>destined, as it proved, to be their home
+        for nearly ten months. The animals had nearly all left; seals were
+        not found in the neighbourhood; even gulls and ducks avoided Melville
+        Island, where the only vegetation consisted of stunted grasses and
+        lichens. The cold was intense, and such experiences as the following
+        did not offer much inducement for prolonged trips from the
+        vessels.</p>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">One John Pearson,
+        a marine, had imprudently gone out without his mittens, to attempt
+        hunting, and with a musket in his hands. A party from the ships found
+        him, although the night was very dark, just as he had fallen down a
+        bank of snow, and was beginning to feel that degree of torpor and
+        drowsiness which, if indulged, inevitably proves fatal. <span class=
+        "tei tei-q">“When he was brought on board,”</span> says Parry,
+        <span class="tei tei-q">“his fingers were quite stiff, and bent into
+        the shape of that part of the musket which he had been carrying; and
+        the frost had so far destroyed the animation in his fingers on one
+        hand that it was necessary to amputate three of them a short time
+        after, notwithstanding all the care and attention paid to him by the
+        medical gentlemen. The effect which exposure to severe frost has in
+        benumbing the mental as well as the corporeal faculties was very
+        striking in this man, as well as in two of the young gentlemen who
+        returned after dark, and of whom we were anxious to make inquiries
+        respecting Pearson. When I sent for them into my cabin, they looked
+        wild, spoke thick and indistinctly, and it was impossible to draw
+        from them a rational answer to any of our questions. After being on
+        board for a short time the mental faculties appeared gradually to
+        return with the returning circulation; and it was not till then that
+        a looker-on could easily persuade himself that they had not been
+        drinking too freely.”</span> At other times excursions were made when
+        the thermometer was 40° or 50° below zero without special
+        inconvenience. The fact is that one’s safety or danger much depends
+        on the absence or prevalence of wind. Even the natives of extreme
+        latitudes have been frozen to death during its prevalence. On
+        February 24th, 1820, a fire broke out in their house ashore, and in
+        their anxiety to save the valuable instruments it contained, sixteen
+        men incurred frost-bite, the thermometer on that day being from -43°
+        to -44° (76° below freezing). One man, by incautiously leaving his
+        gloves off, had afterwards to suffer the amputation of most of his
+        fingers. When he arrived on board his hands were plunged in cold
+        water, the surface of which was immediately covered with a skin of
+        ice by the cold suddenly communicated! <span class="tei tei-q">“The
+        appearance,”</span> says Parry, <span class="tei tei-q">“which our
+        faces presented at the fire was a curious one, almost every nose and
+        cheek having become quite white with frost-bites in five minutes
+        after being exposed to the weather; so that it was deemed necessary
+        for the medical gentlemen, together with some others appointed to
+        assist them, to go constantly round while the men were working at the
+        fire, and to rub with snow the parts affected, in order to restore
+        animation.”</span></p>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">On the 16th day of
+        February the greatest degree of cold was experienced, the thermometer
+        having descended to -55°, and remained for fifteen hours at -54°; the
+        less to have been expected as the old year had closed with mild
+        weather. On the following day, Parry says, <span class=
+        "tei tei-q">“notwithstanding the low temperature of the external
+        atmosphere, the officers contrived to act, as usual, the play
+        announced for this evening; but it must be confessed that it was
+        almost too cold for either the actors or the audience to enjoy it,
+        especially those of the former who undertook to appear in female
+        dresses.”</span> As early as March the snow commenced to melt,
+        according to Parry’s statement. This, however, could only possibly
+        mean under the rays of the midday <span class="tei tei-pb" id=
+        "page172">[pg 172]</span><a name="Pg172" id="Pg172" class=
+        "tei tei-anchor"></a>sun, as, at the same time, we are told that the
+        thermometer stood at -22° to -25° in the shade (the latter 57° below
+        the freezing point of water). In May the ships were again afloat, the
+        men having cut the ice around them. But the sea, as far as the eye
+        could reach, was still <span class="tei tei-q">“one unbroken and
+        continuous surface of solid and impenetrable ice,”</span> not less
+        than six or seven feet in thickness. It was not till the very last
+        day of July that the ice broke up, and on August 1st the ships stood
+        out to sea. Many a <span class="tei tei-q">“nip”</span> and
+        <span class="tei tei-q">“heavy rub,”</span> as Parry describes it,
+        did the ships sustain after this; but in spite of perils from the
+        ice, which would become monotonous in the telling, the expedition
+        reached England safely in the latter part of October; and, in spite
+        of all casualties, but one man out of ninety-four had died during
+        their eighteen months’ absence—a fact which certainly speaks volumes
+        for Parry’s unremitting care and attention to the health of his
+        crews.</p><a name="illo_198" id="illo_198" class=
+        "tei tei-anchor"></a>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"></p>
+
+        <div class="tei tei-figure" style="text-align: center">
+          <img src="images/illo_198.png" alt="ESQUIMAUX OF WEST GREENLAND"
+          title="ESQUIMAUX OF WEST GREENLAND." />
+
+          <div class="tei tei-head" style=
+          "text-align: center; margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em">
+            ESQUIMAUX OF WEST GREENLAND.
+          </div>
+        </div>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">In 1821-3 we again
+        find the indefatigable Parry in the field, this, the second voyage
+        under his direct command, being undertaken for the discovery of a
+        north-west passage. The vessels employed were the <span class=
+        "tei tei-name"><span style="font-style: italic">Fury</span></span>
+        and the <span class="tei tei-name"><span style=
+        "font-style: italic">Hecla</span></span>, and the expedition left the
+        Nore on May 8th, 1821. Most of the experiences recorded in his work
+        were similar to those already mentioned; and only a few general facts
+        and extracts from his journal are therefore presented. Two winters
+        were passed by him among the frozen realms on this voyage, and
+        several geographical examinations of importance made. The Frozen
+        Strait, Repulse Bay, and many islands of the same neighbourhood, were
+        carefully explored. Parry, in his journal of October 8th, gives the
+        following interesting description of the formation of <span class=
+        "tei tei-q">“young”</span> ice upon the surface of the sea, and the
+        obstacle which it forms to navigation.</p>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class=
+        "tei tei-q">“The formation of young ice upon the surface of the water
+        is the circumstance which most decidedly begins to put a stop to the
+        navigation of these seas, and warns the seaman that his season of
+        active operations is nearly at an end. It is indeed scarcely possible
+        to conceive the degree of hindrance occasioned by this impediment,
+        trifling as it always appears before it is encountered. When the
+        sheet has acquired the thickness of about half an inch, and is of
+        considerable extent, a ship is liable to be stopped by it, unless
+        favoured by a strong and free wind; and even when retaining her
+        <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page174">[pg 174]</span><a name="Pg174"
+        id="Pg174" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>way through the water at the
+        rate of a mile an hour her course is not always under the control of
+        the helmsman, though assisted by the nicest attention to the action
+        of the sails; but it depends upon some accidental increase or
+        decrease in the thickness of the sheet of ice with which one bow or
+        the other comes in contact. Nor is it possible in this situation for
+        the boats to render their usual assistance by running out lines or
+        otherwise; for having once entered the young ice, they can only be
+        propelled slowly through it by digging the oars and boat-hooks into
+        it, at the same time breaking it across the bows, and by rolling the
+        boat from side to side. After continuing this laborious work for some
+        time with little good effect, and considerable damage to the planks
+        and oars, a boat is often obliged to return the same way that she
+        came, backing out in the canal thus formed to no purpose. A ship in
+        this helpless state, her sails in vain expanded to a favourable
+        breeze, her ordinary resources failing, and suddenly arrested in her
+        course upon the element through which she has been accustomed to move
+        without restraint, has often reminded me of Gulliver tied down by the
+        feeble hands of Lilliputians; nor are the struggles she makes to
+        effect a release, and the apparent insignificance of the means by
+        which her efforts are opposed the least just or the least vexatious
+        part of the resemblance.”</span></p><a name="illo_199" id="illo_199"
+        class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"></p>
+
+        <div class="tei tei-figure" style="text-align: center">
+          <img src="images/illo_199.jpg" alt="AN ESQUIMAUX SNOW VILLAGE"
+          title="AN ESQUIMAUX SNOW VILLAGE." />
+
+          <div class="tei tei-head" style=
+          "text-align: center; margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em">
+            AN ESQUIMAUX SNOW VILLAGE.
+          </div>
+        </div>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">It was now again
+        time to fix upon winter quarters, and in an extensive opening of the
+        American mainland, which they named Lyon’s Inlet, a suitable harbour
+        was selected. The arrangements for the comfort and employment of the
+        crews were much as before. The Sabbath was carefully observed,
+        schools and harmless amusements provided, while the interests of
+        science were not neglected. An observatory and house were erected for
+        magnetic and astronomical observations. On February 1st a number of
+        Esquimaux arrived, who had erected a temporary village some two miles
+        from the ships. They, unlike some before seen in the vicinity of
+        Hudson’s Strait, who had become debased and demoralised by their
+        constant intercourse with whaling vessels, were of the
+        unsophisticated order, and were quiet, peaceable, and, strange to
+        say, reasonably clean. Some of the women, having handsome garments,
+        which attracted the attention of those on board, began, to their
+        astonishment and consternation, to divest themselves of some of their
+        outer clothes, although the thermometer stood at the time at 20°
+        below zero; but every individual among them having on a complete
+        double suit of deer-skin, they did not apparently suffer much in
+        consequence. Parry’s description of their little snow village is
+        graphic and interesting. Not a single material was used in the
+        construction of the huts but snow and ice. The inner apartments of
+        each were circular, with arched domes about seven or eight feet high,
+        and arched passage-ways leading into them. The interior of these
+        presented a very uniform appearance. The women were seated on the
+        beds at the side of the huts, each having her little fireplace, a
+        blubber lamp, with all her domestic arrangements and domestic
+        chattels, including all the children and some of the dogs, about her.
+        When first erected these huts had a neat and even comfortable
+        appearance. How differently did they look when the village was broken
+        up at the end of winter. Parry thus describes them:—<span class=
+        "tei tei-q">“On going out to the village we found one-half of the
+        people had quitted their late habitations, taking with them every
+        article of their property, and had gone over the ice, we knew not
+        where, in quest of more abundant food. The wretched appearance which
+        the interior of the huts now presented baffles all description. In
+        each of the larger ones some of the apartments <span class=
+        "tei tei-pb" id="page175">[pg 175]</span><a name="Pg175" id="Pg175"
+        class="tei tei-anchor"></a>were either wholly or in part deserted,
+        the very snow which composed the beds and fireplaces having been
+        turned up, that no article might be left behind. Even the bare walls,
+        whose original colour was scarcely perceptible for lamp-black, blood,
+        and other filth, were not left perfect, large holes having been made
+        in sides and roofs for the convenience of handing out the goods and
+        chattels. The sight of a deserted habitation is at all times
+        calculated to excite in the mind a sensation of dreariness and
+        desolation, especially when we have lately seen it filled with
+        cheerful inhabitants; but the feeling is even heightened rather than
+        diminished when a small portion of these inhabitants remain behind to
+        endure the wretchedness which such a scene exhibits. This was now the
+        case at the village, where, though the remaining tenants of each hut
+        had combined to occupy one of the apartments, a great part of the
+        bed-places were still bare, and the wind and drift blowing in through
+        the holes which they had not yet taken the trouble to stop up. The
+        old man Hikkeiera and his wife occupied a hut to themselves, without
+        any lamp or a single ounce of meat belonging to them, while three
+        small skins, on which the former was lying, were all that they
+        possessed in the way of blankets. Upon the whole, I never beheld a
+        more miserable spectacle, and it seemed a charity to hope that a
+        violent and constant cough with which the old man was afflicted would
+        speedily combine with his age and infirmities to release him from his
+        present sufferings. Yet in the midst of all this he was even
+        cheerful, nor was there a gloomy countenance to be seen in the
+        village.”</span></p>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">It was not till
+        July 2nd that the ships were enabled to move from their icy dock, and
+        they at first starting encountered severe dangers. Captain Lyon,
+        Parry’s associate in command, thus speaks of the situation of the
+        <span class="tei tei-name"><span style=
+        "font-style: italic">Hecla</span></span>:—</p>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class=
+        "tei tei-q">“The flood-tide, coming down loaded with a more than
+        ordinary quantity of ice, pressed the ship very much between six and
+        seven <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style=
+        "font-size: 75%">A.M.</span></span>, and rendered it necessary to run
+        out the stream cable, in addition to the hawsers which were fast to
+        the land ice. This was scarcely accomplished when a very heavy and
+        extensive floe took the ship on her broadside, and, being backed by
+        another large body of ice, gradually lifted her stern as if by the
+        action of a wedge. The weight every moment increasing obliged us to
+        veer on the hawsers, whose friction was so great as nearly to cut
+        through the bilt-heads, and ultimately set them on fire, so that it
+        became requisite for people to attend with buckets of water. The
+        pressure was at length too powerful for resistance, and the stream
+        cable, with two six and one five inch hawsers, went at the same
+        moment. Three others soon followed. The sea was too full of ice to
+        allow the ship to drive, and the only way by which she could yield to
+        the enormous weight which oppressed her was by leaning over the land
+        ice, while her stern at the same time was entirely lifted more than
+        five feet out of the water. The lower deck beams now complained very
+        much, and the whole frame of the ship underwent a trial which would
+        have proved fatal to any less strengthened vessel. At this moment the
+        rudder was unhung with a sudden jerk, which broke up the rudder-case
+        and struck the driver-boom with great force. In this state I made
+        known our situation by telegraph, as I clearly saw that, in the event
+        of another floe backing the one which lifted us, the ship must
+        inevitably turn over or part in midships. The pressure which had been
+        so dangerous at length proved our friend, for by its increasing
+        weight the floe on which we <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page176">[pg
+        176]</span><a name="Pg176" id="Pg176" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>were
+        borne burst upwards, unable to resist its force. The ship righted,
+        and, a small slack opening in the water, drove several miles to the
+        southward before she could be again secured to get the rudder hung;
+        circumstances much to be regretted at the moment, as our people had
+        been employed, with but little intermission, for three days and
+        nights attending to the safety of the ship in this dangerous
+        tideway.”</span></p>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">The <span class=
+        "tei tei-name"><span style="font-style: italic">Fury</span></span>
+        experienced nearly the same dangers, and for days the situation of
+        both vessels was most precarious. Later, the ice having cleared to
+        some extent, they were enabled to make good headway, and on July 16th
+        they discovered a great deal of high land to the northward and
+        eastward. This, from the inspection of a rude chart which had been
+        constructed by an intelligent Esquimaux, was decided to be that
+        island between which and the mainland lay a strait leading into the
+        Polar Sea, of which they had heard much from the natives. Several
+        land journeys were made, and one attempt at taking the ships through,
+        but though it was abundantly determined to be a passage, they were
+        obliged again to go into winter quarters before they had succeeded.
+        They were not extricated till nearly <span class=
+        "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">one year</span></span>
+        afterwards, and then not until a broad canal, 1,100 yards in length,
+        had been cut through the ice to the sea. The scurvy had made its
+        appearance among the crew, and Parry, after consultation with his
+        officers, reluctantly turned the vessels’ bows in a homeward
+        direction.</p>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Parry made a third
+        voyage in 1824-5, passing his <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style=
+        "font-style: italic">fourth</span></span> winter in the Arctic
+        regions. The same vessels were employed; and at the end of winter the
+        <span class="tei tei-name"><span style=
+        "font-style: italic">Fury</span></span> was so terribly damaged by
+        the ice that she had to be abandoned. But Parry, however disappointed
+        with the results of this voyage, once more, as we shall see
+        hereafter, braved the perils of the Arctic; but we must first record
+        the circumstances connected with a northern expedition which in
+        chronological order comes properly before it.</p><a name="illo_203"
+        id="illo_203" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"></p>
+
+        <div class="tei tei-figure" style="text-align: center">
+          <img src="images/illo_203.png" alt=
+          "CAPTAIN LYON AND HIS CREW OFFERING PRAYERS FOR THEIR PRESERVATION"
+          title=
+          "CAPTAIN LYON AND HIS CREW OFFERING PRAYERS FOR THEIR PRESERVATION." />
+
+          <div class="tei tei-head" style=
+          "text-align: center; margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em">
+            CAPTAIN LYON AND HIS CREW OFFERING PRAYERS FOR THEIR
+            PRESERVATION.
+          </div>
+        </div>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">In 1824 Captain
+        George F. Lyon was despatched, in the <span class=
+        "tei tei-name"><span style="font-style: italic">Griper</span></span>,
+        to complete surveys of north-east America, but not specially to
+        attempt discovery. The <span class="tei tei-name"><span style=
+        "font-style: italic">Griper</span></span> was an old tub of a vessel,
+        utterly unfitted for its work, and it is rather of the voyage itself,
+        as displaying the advantages of perfect naval discipline under great
+        disadvantages, than for any other reason, this unfortunate expedition
+        is recorded. The vessel was a bad sailer, and constantly shipped seas
+        which threatened to sweep everything from the decks. In Sir Thomas
+        Rowe’s Welcome—the passage between Southampton Island and the
+        mainland—fogs and heavy seas were encountered, while no trust could
+        be placed in the compasses, and the water was fast shallowing. Lyon
+        was obliged to bring the vessel <span class="tei tei-q">“up with
+        three bowers and a stream anchor in succession,”</span> but not
+        before the water had shoaled to five and a half fathoms, the ship all
+        the while pitching bows under. So perilous was their position that
+        the boats were stored with arms, ammunition, and provisions; the
+        officers drew lots for their respective boats, although two of the
+        smaller ones would have inevitably been swamped the moment they were
+        lowered. Heavy seas continued to sweep the decks, and when the fog
+        lifted a little a low beach was discovered astern of the ship, on
+        which the surf was running to an awful height, and where, says Lyon,
+        <span class="tei tei-q">“no human power could save us if driven upon
+        it.”</span> Immediately afterwards the ship, lifted by a tremendous
+        sea, struck with great violence the whole length of the keel, and her
+        total wreck was momentarily expected. In the midst of all their
+        misery the crew remained twenty-four <span class="tei tei-pb" id=
+        "page177">[pg 177]</span><a name="Pg177" id="Pg177" class=
+        "tei tei-anchor"></a>hours on the flooded decks, and Lyon himself did
+        not leave for his berth till exhausted after three nights’ watching.
+        Few on board expected to survive the gale. Still, every precaution
+        was taken for the comfort of the men, who were ordered to put on
+        their best and warmest clothing to support life as long as possible.
+        The officers each secured some useful instrument for future work, if,
+        indeed, the slightest hope remained. <span class="tei tei-q">“And
+        now,”</span> says Lyon, <span class="tei tei-q">“that everything in
+        our power had been done, I called all hands aft, and to a merciful
+        God offered prayers for our preservation. I thanked every one for
+        their excellent conduct, and cautioned them, as we should, in all
+        probability, soon appear before our Maker, to enter His presence as
+        men resigned to their fate. We then all sat down in groups, and,
+        sheltered from the wash of the sea by whatever we could find, many of
+        us endeavoured to obtain a little sleep. Never, perhaps, was
+        witnessed a finer scene than on the deck of my little ship, when all
+        hope of life had left us. Noble as the character of the British
+        sailor is always allowed to be in cases of danger, yet I did not
+        believe it to be possible that among forty-one persons not one
+        repining word should have been uttered. The officers sat about
+        wherever they could find shelter from the sea, and the men lay down,
+        conversing with each other with the most perfect calmness. Each was
+        at peace with his neighbour and all the world; and I am firmly
+        persuaded that the resignation which was then shown to the will of
+        the Almighty was the means of obtaining <span class="tei tei-pb" id=
+        "page178">[pg 178]</span><a name="Pg178" id="Pg178" class=
+        "tei tei-anchor"></a>His mercy. God was merciful to us; and the tide
+        almost miraculously fell no lower.”</span> They were spared, and on
+        the weather clearing discovered that they were about the centre of
+        the Welcome. The spot where they had been in such imminent danger was
+        named appropriately the Bay of God’s Mercy.</p>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">In the middle of
+        September, when off the mouth of the Wager River, a gale arose, and
+        the sluggish <span class="tei tei-name"><span style=
+        "font-style: italic">Griper</span></span> made no progress, but
+        <span class="tei tei-q">“remained actually pitching forecastle under,
+        with scarcely steerage way.”</span> The ship was brought up, and the
+        anchors fortunately held. Thick-falling sleet covered the decks to
+        some inches in depth, and withal the spray froze as it fell. The
+        night was pitchy dark; several streams of drift ice came driving down
+        upon the ship. Lyon says that it was not possible to stand below
+        decks, while on deck ropes had to be stretched from side to side for
+        the men to hold by. Great seas washed over them every minute, and the
+        temporary warmth this gave them was most painfully checked by the
+        water immediately freezing on their clothes. At dawn on the 13th
+        their best bower anchor parted, and later all the cables gave way.
+        The ship was lying on her broadside. Nevertheless, each man stood to
+        his station, and in the end seamanship triumphed; the crippled ship
+        was brought safely to England. The cool, unflinching courage of the
+        men and the undisturbed conduct of the officers were matters for
+        highest praise. The royal navy could not be proud of the <span class=
+        "tei tei-name"><span style="font-style: italic">Griper</span></span>,
+        but could, most assuredly, of the <span class=
+        "tei tei-name"><span style=
+        "font-style: italic">Griper’s</span></span> crew.</p>
+      </div>
+
+      <div class="tei tei-div" style=
+      "margin-bottom: 5.00em; margin-top: 5.00em">
+        <a name="chap19" id="chap19" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> <a name=
+        "toc41" id="toc41"></a> <a name="pdf42" id="pdf42"></a>
+
+        <h2 class="tei tei-head" style=
+        "text-align: center; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em">
+        <span style="font-size: 144%">CHAPTER XIX.</span></h2>
+
+        <h2 class="tei tei-head" style=
+        "text-align: center; margin-bottom: 2.40em; margin-top: 2.40em">
+        <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: center"><span style=
+        "font-size: 120%; font-variant: small-caps">Parry’s Boat and Sledge
+        Expedition.</span></span></h2>
+
+        <div class="tei tei-argument" style=
+        "text-align: center; margin-bottom: 1.80em; margin-left: 3.60em; margin-top: 1.80em; margin-right: 3.60em">
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style=
+        "text-align: center; margin-bottom: 0.90em"><span style=
+        "font-size: 90%">Parry’s Attempt at the Pole—Hecla Cove—Boat and
+        Sledge Expedition—Mode of Travelling—Their Camps—Laborious
+        Efforts—Broken Ice—Midnight Dinners and Afternoon Breakfasts—Labours
+        of Sisyphus—Drifting Ice—Highest Latitude Reached—Return Trip to the
+        Ship—Parry’s Subsequent Career—Wrangell’s Ice Journeys.</span></p>
+        </div>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Undaunted by the
+        comparative failure of his last voyage, we find Parry in 1826
+        proposing an attempt to reach the North Pole with sledge-boats over
+        the ice. The reports of several navigators who had visited
+        Spitzbergen agreed in one point—that the ice to the northward was of
+        a nature favourable to such a project. In the two narratives
+        descriptive of Captain Phipps’s expedition in 1773 the ice was
+        mentioned as <span class="tei tei-q">“flat and unbroken,”</span>
+        <span class="tei tei-q">“one continued plain,”</span> and so forth.
+        Scoresby the younger, speaking of the ice in the same region, stated
+        that he once saw a field so free from fissure or hummock that he
+        imagined, <span class="tei tei-q">“had it been free from snow, a
+        coach might have been driven many leagues over it in a direct line
+        without obstruction or danger.”</span> Franklin had previously mooted
+        a very similar proposition to that now made by Parry, and his plans
+        were followed in many essential particulars when the sanction of the
+        Admiralty had been given to the attempt. Two twenty-feet boats were
+        specially constructed, nearly resembling what were called
+        <span class="tei tei-q">“troop-boats,”</span> having great flatness
+        of floor, with an even width almost to bows and stern. They were
+        provided with strong <span class="tei tei-q">“runners,”</span> shod
+        with steel in the manner of a sledge, and their construction
+        generally was such as to combine lightness with strength. A bamboo
+        mast, a large sail—answering also for an awning—fourteen paddles, a
+        steer-oar, and a boat-hook, formed an essential part of the equipment
+        of each.</p>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">The <span class=
+        "tei tei-name"><span style="font-style: italic">Hecla</span></span>
+        left the Nore April 4th, 1827, on this her fourth Arctic voyage; and
+        the <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page179">[pg 179]</span><a name=
+        "Pg179" id="Pg179" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>expedition reached
+        Hammerfest April 19th, where eight reindeer<a id="noteref_32" name=
+        "noteref_32" href="#note_32"><span class=
+        "tei tei-noteref"><span style=
+        "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">32</span></span></a> were
+        taken on board, with a supply of moss for their provender. A number
+        of snow-shoes and <span class="tei tei-q">“kamoogas”</span> (leather
+        shoes, intended to be worn with the former) were also obtained. On
+        May 14th the <span class="tei tei-name"><span style=
+        "font-style: italic">Hecla</span></span> reached Hakluyt’s Headland,
+        where a severe gale was encountered, which almost laid the ship on
+        her beam-ends, and her canvas had to be reduced to her maintop-sail
+        and storm-sails. Shortly afterwards the vessel was driven into a most
+        perilous position, almost on to the packed ice. It was deemed
+        advisable to try the dangerous and almost last resort of running the
+        ship into the pack, and a tolerably open part of the margin having
+        been found, the ship was forced into it under all sail. The plan
+        succeeded, and the <span class="tei tei-name"><span style=
+        "font-style: italic">Hecla</span></span> was soon in a secure
+        situation half a mile inside the ice-field, with which she drifted
+        vaguely about for many days. It was not till June 18th that a secure
+        harbour for the vessel was found on the northern Spitzbergen coast,
+        which was named accordingly Hecla Cove.</p>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Having made all
+        necessary arrangements for the safety of the vessel, Parry left the
+        station on June 21st with the two boats, which were named the
+        <span class="tei tei-name"><span style=
+        "font-style: italic">Enterprise</span></span> and the <span class=
+        "tei tei-name"><span style=
+        "font-style: italic">Endeavour</span></span>, Lieutenant (afterwards
+        Sir) James Clarke Ross having command of the second. Lieutenant
+        Crozier accompanied the boats to Low and Walden Islands, where depôts
+        of provisions were made. Provisions for seventy-one days were taken,
+        which, including the boats and all necessary gear, made up a weight
+        of 260 lbs. per man. Four officers and twenty-four men constituted
+        the party. The boats made good progress until stopped by the ice at
+        noon on the 24th, when they were hauled upon a small floe, the
+        latitude by observation being 81° 12′ 51″. The plan of travelling on
+        the ice was much as follows: Night—if the term can be used at all in
+        connection with the long Arctic summer day—was selected for
+        travelling, partly because the snow was harder, and they also avoided
+        the glare on its surface produced by the rays of the sun at its
+        greatest altitude, which is the immediate cause of snow blindness.
+        Greater warmth was enjoyed during the hours of rest, and it also gave
+        them a better chance of drying their clothes. <span class=
+        "tei tei-q">“This travelling by night and sleeping by day,”</span>
+        says Parry, <span class="tei tei-q">“so completely inverted the
+        natural order of things that it was difficult to persuade ourselves
+        of the reality. Even the officers and myself, who were all furnished
+        with pocket chronometers, could not always bear in mind at what part
+        of the twenty-four hours we had arrived; and there were several of
+        the men who declared—and I believe truly—that they never knew night
+        from day during the whole excursion.”</span> The day was always
+        commenced by prayers, after which they took off their fur
+        sleeping-dresses, and put on those for travelling. Breakfast was
+        rather a light meal, consisting only of warm cocoa and biscuit. After
+        stowing the boats, &amp;c., so as to secure them from wet, they
+        usually travelled five to five and a half hours, halted an hour for
+        dinner, and then again travelled four, five, or even six hours. After
+        this they halted for the <span class=
+        "tei tei-q">“night,”</span>—usually early in the morning—selecting
+        the largest surface of ice in the vicinity for hauling the boats on,
+        in order to lessen the danger of collision with other masses or from
+        its breaking up. The boats were placed <span class="tei tei-pb" id=
+        "page180">[pg 180]</span><a name="Pg180" id="Pg180" class=
+        "tei tei-anchor"></a>close alongside each other, and the sails,
+        supported by the bamboo masts and three paddles, formed awnings over
+        them. Supper over, the officers and men smoked their pipes, usually
+        raising the temperature of their lodging 10° or 15°; the men told
+        their stories and <span class="tei tei-q">“fought all their battles
+        o’er again, and the labours of the day, unsuccessful as they too
+        often were, were forgotten.”</span> The day was concluded with
+        prayer, after which they retired for the night, a watch being set for
+        bears or for the breaking up of the ice. The cook roused them with a
+        bugle call after seven hours’ rest, and the work of the day commenced
+        as before. The dietary scale seems to have been very light for such
+        hard work in that severe climate—ten ounces of biscuit, nine ounces
+        of pemmican, and one ounce of sweetened cocoa-powder, with one gill
+        of rum per day each man. The fuel used consisted exclusively of
+        spirits of wine, the cocoa, or pemmican soup, being cooked in an iron
+        pot over a shallow lamp with seven wicks.</p><a name="illo_206" id=
+        "illo_206" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"></p>
+
+        <div class="tei tei-figure" style="text-align: center">
+          <img src="images/illo_206.png" alt="THE EDGE OF THE PACK" title=
+          "THE EDGE OF THE PACK." />
+
+          <div class="tei tei-head" style=
+          "text-align: center; margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em">
+            THE EDGE OF THE PACK.
+          </div>
+        </div>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">The journey
+        commenced with very slow and laborious travelling, the pieces of ice
+        at the margin of the pack being of small extent and very rugged. This
+        obliged them to make three, and sometimes four, journeys with the
+        boats and baggage, and to launch frequently over narrow pools of
+        water. In other words, in making a distance of two miles they had to
+        travel six or eight, and their progress was very tedious. Fog and
+        <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page181">[pg 181]</span><a name="Pg181"
+        id="Pg181" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>rain hindered them somewhat,
+        while the condition of much of the ice over which they passed
+        rendered their journey very fatiguing. Much of it <span class=
+        "tei tei-q">“presented a very curious appearance and structure, being
+        composed, on its upper surface, of numberless irregular, needle-like
+        crystals, placed vertically and nearly close together, their length
+        varying, in different pieces of ice, from five to ten inches.”</span>
+        A vertical section of it resembled satin-spar and asbestos when
+        falling to pieces. This kind of ice affords pretty firm footing early
+        in the season, but as the summer advances the needles become loose
+        and movable, rendering progress very difficult, besides cutting into
+        the boots and feet. The men called these ice-spikes <span class=
+        "tei tei-q">“pen-knives.”</span> This peculiar formation of ice Parry
+        attributed to the infiltration of rain-water from above. The water
+        was standing in pools on the ice, and they had often to wade through
+        it. On the 28th the party arrived at a floe covered with high and
+        rugged hummocks in successive tiers, and the boats had to be dragged
+        up and down places which were almost perpendicular. While performing
+        this laborious work, one of the men was nearly crushed by a boat
+        falling upon him from one of the hummocks. As an example of the
+        harassing nature of this service, we find them on the 29th, in making
+        a mile of northing by a circuitous route among the ice-masses and
+        open pools, travelling and re-travelling about <span class=
+        "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">ten</span></span> miles
+        in order to keep the party and supplies together. They tried for
+        soundings, and found no bottom at two hundred fathoms (1,200 feet);
+        later, a four hundred fathom line gave no bottom. On the 30th snowy
+        and inclement weather rendered the atmosphere so thick that they were
+        obliged to halt; later in the same day they made five miles by rowing
+        in a very winding channel.</p>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class=
+        "tei tei-q">“As soon,”</span> says Parry, <span class="tei tei-q">“as
+        we landed on a floe-piece, Lieutenant Ross and myself generally went
+        on ahead, while the boats were unloading and hauling up, in order to
+        select the easiest road for them. The sledges then followed in our
+        track, Messrs. Beverly and Bird accompanying them, by which the snow
+        was much trodden down, and the road thus improved for the boats. As
+        soon as we arrived at the other end of the floe, or came to any
+        difficult place, we mounted one of the highest hummocks of ice near
+        at hand (many of which were from fifteen to five-and-twenty feet
+        above the sea), in order to obtain a better view around us; and
+        nothing could well exceed the dreariness which such a view presented.
+        The eye wearied itself in vain to find an object but ice and sky to
+        rest upon; and even the latter was often hidden from our view by the
+        dense and dismal fogs which so generally prevailed. For want of
+        variety, the most trifling circumstances engaged a more than ordinary
+        share of our attention—a passing gull or a mass of ice of unusual
+        form became objects which our situation and circumstances magnified
+        into ridiculous importance; and we have since often smiled to
+        remember the eager interest with which we regarded many insignificant
+        occurrences. It may well be imagined, then, how cheering it was to
+        turn from this scene of inanimate desolation to our two little boats
+        in the distance, to see the moving figures of our men winding among
+        the hummocks, and to hear once more the sound of human voices
+        breaking the stillness of this icy wilderness. In some cases
+        Lieutenant Ross and myself took separate routes to try the ground,
+        which kept us almost continually floundering among deep snow and
+        water.”</span> The soft snow encountered was a great hindrance; on
+        <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page182">[pg 182]</span><a name="Pg182"
+        id="Pg182" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>one occasion it took the party
+        two hours to make a distance of 150 yards! They had been deviating
+        from their night travelling, and were otherwise feeling the effects
+        of it in that inflammation of the eyes which ends in snow-blindness.
+        The night travelling was therefore resumed. On July 3rd their way at
+        first lay across a number of small loose pieces of ice, most of which
+        were from five to twenty yards apart, or just sufficiently separated
+        to give them all the trouble of launching and hauling up the boats
+        <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style=
+        "font-style: italic">without</span></span> the advantage of making
+        any progress by water. Sometimes the boats were used as a kind of
+        bridge, by which the men crossed from one mass to another. By this
+        means they at length reached a floe about a mile in length, on which
+        the snow lay to the depth of five inches or so, under which, again,
+        there was about the same depth of water. Parry says that snow-shoes
+        would not have been of the least service, as the surface was so
+        irregular that the men would have been thrown down at every other
+        step. Among the hummocks noted at this time were smooth, regular
+        cones of ice, <span class="tei tei-q">“resembling in shape the
+        aromatic pastiles sold by chemists; this roundness and regularity of
+        form indicate age, all the more recent ones being sharp and
+        angular.”</span></p>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Day after day they
+        laboured on, with little variation in the circumstances detailed
+        above. The men worked with great cheerfulness and goodwill,
+        <span class="tei tei-q">“being animated with the hope of soon
+        reaching the more continuous body which had been considered as
+        composing the <span class="tei tei-q">‘main ice’</span> to the
+        northward of Spitzbergen,”</span> which Captain Lutwidge had
+        described as <span class="tei tei-q">“one continued plain of smooth,
+        unbroken ice, bounded only by the horizon.”</span><a id="noteref_33"
+        name="noteref_33" href="#note_33"><span class=
+        "tei tei-noteref"><span style=
+        "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">33</span></span></a> They
+        certainly deserved to reach it, if it existed at all; but it is more
+        than probable that this apparently continuous level, mentioned by
+        several navigators, had been seen from an elevation, the <span class=
+        "tei tei-q">“crow’s nest”</span> on board ship, or some hill ashore,
+        and that a nearer inspection would have shown it to be full of
+        hummocks and breaks.</p>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">It is amusing to
+        read of them <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style=
+        "font-style: italic">breakfasting</span></span> at five p.m.,
+        <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style=
+        "font-style: italic">dining</span></span> at midnight, and
+        <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">taking
+        supper</span></span> at six or seven o’clock in the morning! On July
+        11th, having halted an hour at midnight for dinner, they were again
+        harassed by a heavy rainfall, but although drenched to the skin they
+        made better progress soon after, traversing twelve miles, and making
+        seven and a half in a northerly direction. They had now reached the
+        latitude of 82° 11′ 51″. Next day’s exertions only enabled them to
+        make three and a half miles of direct northing, and the following day
+        but two and a half. Much thin ice was encountered; it was often a
+        nervous thing to see their whole means of subsistence lying on a
+        decayed sheet, with holes quite through it, and which would have
+        broken up with the slightest motion among the surrounding masses. One
+        day the ice on one side of a boat, heavy with provisions and stores,
+        gave way, almost upsetting her; a number of the men jumped upon the
+        ice and restored the balance temporarily. A rain-storm of twenty-one
+        hours’ duration is recorded on the 14th and 15th, which was, as
+        generally the case, succeeded by a thick wet fog. On the 16th the
+        narrative records <span class="tei tei-q">“the unusual comfort of
+        putting on dry stockings, and the no less rare luxury of delightfully
+        pleasant weather.”</span> It was so warm in the sun that the tar
+        exuded from the seams of the boats. Even the sea-water, though loaded
+        with ice, had a temperature of 34°. At this time the ice-floes were
+        larger, <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page183">[pg 183]</span><a name=
+        "Pg183" id="Pg183" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>though none are
+        recorded over three miles in length. On the 18th, after eleven hours’
+        actual labour, <span class="tei tei-q">“requiring, for the most
+        part,”</span> says Parry, <span class="tei tei-q">“our whole strength
+        to be exerted, we had travelled over a space not exceeding four
+        miles, of which only two were made good in a NNW. direction.”</span>
+        The men, exhausted by their day’s work, were treated to a little
+        extra hot cocoa. They were also put into good spirits by having
+        killed a small seal, which next night gave them an excellent supper.
+        <span class="tei tei-q">“The meat of these young animals is
+        tender,”</span> says Parry, <span class="tei tei-q">“and free from
+        oiliness; but it certainly has a smell and a look which would not
+        have been agreeable to any but very hungry people like
+        ourselves.”</span> They utilised its blubber for fuel, after the
+        Esquimaux manner. Some few birds—rotges, dovekies, looms, mollemucks,
+        and ivory and Ross gulls—were very occasionally seen and shot; and
+        one day <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">a
+        couple of small flies</span></span> were found upon the ice, which to
+        them was an event of ridiculous importance, and as so is recorded in
+        the narrative. This at least gives an insight into the terrible
+        monotony of their existence at this period.</p>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Hitherto they had
+        been favoured by the wind, but on the 19th a northerly breeze set in,
+        which, while it was the means of opening several lanes of water,
+        counterbalanced this advantage by drifting the ice—and, by
+        consequence, the party on it—in a southerly direction. Great was
+        their mortification at noon on the 20th to find by observation that
+        since the same hour on the 17th they had only advanced five miles in
+        a northerly direction. Although they had apparently made good
+        progress in the intervening time, their efforts had been nullified by
+        the ice drifting southward. These facts were carefully concealed from
+        the men. On the 21st the floe broke under the weight of the boats and
+        sledges; some of the men went completely through, and one of them was
+        only held up by his drag-belt being attached to a sledge which
+        happened to be on firmer ice. This day they made nearly seven miles
+        by travelling, and drifted back four and a half; or, in other words,
+        their observation of the latitude showed them to have, in reality,
+        advanced only two miles and a quarter. Under these circumstances we
+        can understand their anxiety when, after a calm of short duration,
+        fog-banks were observed rising both to the southward and north. Which
+        would prevail? That from the south came first, with a light air from
+        that quarter, but soon after the weather became perfectly calm and
+        clear. Next night they made the best travelling during the
+        expedition. The floes were large and tolerably level, and some good
+        lanes of water occurring, they believed that they must have
+        <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style=
+        "font-style: italic">advanced</span></span> ten or eleven miles in a
+        NNE. direction, having traversed a distance of about seventeen. They
+        had done so—<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style=
+        "font-style: italic">on the ice</span></span>; but the ice itself had
+        drifted so much to the southward that they found, to their great
+        disappointment and disgust, by observation of the latitude, that they
+        had only made <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style=
+        "font-style: italic">four</span></span> miles. Still worse was it on
+        the 26th, when they found themselves in latitude 82° 40′ 23″; since
+        their last observation on the 22nd they had, though travelling almost
+        incessantly, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style=
+        "font-style: italic">lost</span></span> by drift no less than
+        thirteen miles and a half, and were more than three miles to the
+        southward of their earlier position. The men unsuspiciously remarked
+        that they <span class="tei tei-q">“were a long time getting to this
+        83°!”</span> ignorant of the fact that the current was now taking
+        them faster south than all their labours advanced them north. Unlike
+        Sisyphus, they were but exerting an honourable ambition, but like him
+        they were rolling a stone up-hill which constantly rolled back again.
+        The eighty-third parallel had been for some time past the limit of
+        Parry’s ambition, but although he never reached it, <span class=
+        "tei tei-pb" id="page184">[pg 184]</span><a name="Pg184" id="Pg184"
+        class="tei tei-anchor"></a>he had the proud satisfaction of having
+        hoisted the British flag in a higher latitude than ever attained
+        before. Markham has since beaten him. Parry reached 82° 45′, and in
+        reaching it the party had, in the necessarily circuitous course
+        taken, and counting the constant retracing of their steps, travelled
+        a distance nearly sufficient to have reached the North Pole itself in
+        a direct line.</p>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">It became evident
+        that the nature and drift of the ice were such as to preclude the
+        possibility of a final success greater than that recorded. They had
+        now been absent from the ship thirty-five days, and one-half their
+        supplies were exhausted. Parry therefore determined to give the party
+        a day’s rest, and then set out on the return. He says:—<span class=
+        "tei tei-q">“Dreary and cheerless as were the scenes we were about to
+        leave, we never turned homewards with so little satisfaction as on
+        this occasion.”</span> Still, the southern current was now an
+        advantage, and they knew that every mile would tell. The return was
+        made successfully and without any very serious casualties. Lieutenant
+        Ross shot a fat she-bear which had approached within twenty yards.
+        Before the animal had done biting the snow, one of the men was
+        alongside of her with an open knife, cutting out the heart and liver
+        for the pot which happened to be then boiling their supper. Hardly
+        had the bear been dead an hour when all hands were employed in
+        discussing its merits as a viand, and some of them very much
+        over-gorged themselves, and were ill in consequence, though they
+        <span class="tei tei-q">“attributed this effect to the quality, and
+        not the quantity, of meat they had eaten.”</span> On the morning of
+        August 11th the first sound of the ocean swell was heard under the
+        hollow margins of the ice, and they soon reached the open sea, which
+        was dashing with heavy surges against the outer masses. Sailing and
+        paddling, fifty miles further brought them to Table Island, where
+        they found that bears had devoured all the bread left at the depôt,
+        as arranged at the commencement of their voyage. The men naïvely
+        remarked, says Parry, that <span class="tei tei-q">“Bruin was only
+        square with us.”</span> From a document deposited there during his
+        absence, he learned that on July 7th the <span class=
+        "tei tei-name"><span style="font-style: italic">Hecla</span></span>
+        had been forced on shore by the ice breaking up, but that she had
+        been hove off safely. Taking advantage of a favourable breeze, they
+        steered their boats for Walden Island, but <span class=
+        "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">en route</span></span>
+        had bad weather, reaching it completely drenched and worn-out, having
+        had no rest for fifty-six hours. They had barely strength to haul the
+        boats ashore above the surf; but a hot supper, a blazing fire of
+        drift-wood, and a few hours’ quiet rest soon restored them. The party
+        arrived at the ship on August 21st, having been absent sixty-one
+        days. Allowing for the number of times they had to return for their
+        baggage during most of the journeys on the ice, Parry estimated their
+        actual travelling at eleven hundred and twenty-seven statute miles;
+        and as they were constantly exposed to wet, cold, and fatigue, as
+        well as to considerable peril, it was matter for thankfulness that
+        all of the party returned in excellent health, two only requiring
+        some little medical care for trifling ailments.</p>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">The future career
+        of Parry was of a very different nature. After being knighted, and
+        fêted by the people of England, in the spring of 1829 he was
+        appointed Commissioner of the Australian Agricultural Company in New
+        South Wales; and one who visited the country a few years later
+        wrote:—<span class="tei tei-q">“At Port Stephens Sir Edward Parry
+        found a wilderness, but left a land of hope and promise.”</span>
+        Returning to England in 1835, he was appointed Assistant Commissioner
+        of Poor Law in the county of Norfolk, but <span class="tei tei-pb"
+        id="page185">[pg 185]</span><a name="Pg185" id="Pg185" class=
+        "tei tei-anchor"></a>after a year and a half was forced to resign
+        through ill-health. He was afterwards made Comptroller of Steam
+        Machinery to the Admiralty, a post which he held for nearly nine
+        years, during which time the duties of his office became every day
+        more arduous; and in December, 1846, he received the appointment to
+        the post of Captain Superintendent of the Royal Clarence Yard and of
+        the Naval Hospital at Haslar. He took a prominent part in the
+        founding of a sailors’ home at Portsmouth; and in 1852 had to resign
+        his post at Haslar in consequence of attaining his rear-admiral’s
+        flag. At the close of the following year he was made Governor of
+        Greenwich Hospital, and died on the 8th of July, 1855, at Ems. His
+        remains were brought to England and buried in the mausoleum at
+        Greenwich Hospital.</p>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Parry’s Polar
+        journey can hardly be dismissed without some reference to the
+        remarkable expeditions made by Wrangell, the great Russian explorer.
+        Between 1820 and 1823 inclusive he made four expeditions on the ice
+        northward from the Siberian coast, starting from the town or
+        settlement of Nijni Kolymsk, on the Kolyma River. These excursions
+        were made with dog sledges, and the condition of the ice must
+        therefore have been much superior to that encountered by Parry, who
+        found that the <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page186">[pg
+        186]</span><a name="Pg186" id="Pg186" class=
+        "tei tei-anchor"></a>reindeers he had intended for the same purpose
+        could not be employed at all. The provisions taken by Wrangell were
+        rye-biscuit, meat, and portable soup; smoked fish; the great Russian
+        speciality, tea; spirits; and tobacco. A conical tent of reindeer
+        skin, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style=
+        "font-style: italic">inside</span></span> of which a fire was
+        lighted, was part of the outfit. He proceeded on one occasion 140
+        miles, and on another 170 miles, from the land to the margin of the
+        open sea, having often to cross ridges of broken and hummocky ice
+        sometimes eighty and ninety feet above the general level. At the edge
+        of the frozen field the ice was found to be rotten and unsafe; and on
+        his last journey, when the ice on which he travelled was broken up by
+        a gale while he was seventy miles from land, nothing but the
+        swiftness of his dogs, who tore over the opening gaps, saved him from
+        destruction. A very thankful man was Wrangell when he reached
+        <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">terra
+        firma</span></span> once more.</p>
+      </div>
+
+      <div class="tei tei-div" style=
+      "margin-bottom: 5.00em; margin-top: 5.00em">
+        <a name="chap20" id="chap20" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> <a name=
+        "toc43" id="toc43"></a> <a name="pdf44" id="pdf44"></a>
+
+        <h2 class="tei tei-head" style=
+        "text-align: center; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em">
+        <span style="font-size: 144%">CHAPTER XX.</span></h2>
+
+        <h2 class="tei tei-head" style=
+        "text-align: center; margin-bottom: 2.40em; margin-top: 2.40em">
+        <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: center"><span style=
+        "font-size: 120%; font-variant: small-caps">The Magnetic Pole.—A Land
+        Journey to the Polar Sea.</span></span></h2>
+
+        <div class="tei tei-argument" style=
+        "text-align: center; margin-bottom: 1.80em; margin-left: 3.60em; margin-top: 1.80em; margin-right: 3.60em">
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style=
+        "text-align: center; margin-bottom: 0.90em"><span style=
+        "font-size: 90%">Sir John Ross and the</span> <span class=
+        "tei tei-name" style="text-align: center"><span style=
+        "font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Victory</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%">—First
+          Steam Vessel employed in the Arctic—Discovery of the Magnetic
+          Pole—The British Flag waving over it—Franklin and Richardson’s
+          Journeys to the Polar Sea—The Coppermine River—Sea Voyage in
+          Birch-bark Canoes—Return Journey—Terrible Sufferings—Starvation and
+          Utter Exhaustion—Deaths by the Way—A Brave Feat—Relieved at
+          length—Journey to the Mouth of the Mackenzie—Fracas with the
+          Esquimaux—Peace Restored.</span></p>
+        </div>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Immediately after
+        the return of Parry’s expedition in 1827, Sir John Ross submitted to
+        the Admiralty the plans for the voyage of which we are about to
+        speak. Hitherto all voyages of discovery in the Arctic seas had been
+        made in sailing vessels. Ross deserves the credit of having been the
+        first to urge the employment of a steam-ship in that service. His
+        proposals were not accepted, and he therefore laid the scheme before
+        a wealthy friend, Mr. Sheriff Booth. At that time the Parliamentary
+        reward of £20,000 was still outstanding to the discoverer of a
+        north-west passage, and Mr. Booth declined to embark <span class=
+        "tei tei-q">“in what might be deemed by others a mere mercantile
+        speculation.”</span> Not long afterwards, the Government reward being
+        withdrawn, Mr. Booth immediately empowered Ross to provide, at his
+        own private expense, all that was necessary for the expedition. A
+        paddle-wheel steamer, the <span class="tei tei-name"><span style=
+        "font-style: italic">Victory</span></span>, was purchased. The vessel
+        was strengthened and many other improvements made. She was
+        provisioned for a thousand days, and was to have been accompanied for
+        some distance by a store-ship. The men on the latter mutinied at Loch
+        Ryan, and the larger part of them immediately left the ship, which,
+        to make a long story short, never proceeded on this voyage.
+        Misfortune befell the <span class="tei tei-name"><span style=
+        "font-style: italic">Victory</span></span>; her engines proved a
+        total failure, and at the commencement of the voyage were the cause
+        of much anxiety and worry to the commander. It must be remembered
+        that <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style=
+        "font-style: italic">sea-going</span></span> steamers were then of
+        very recent introduction, while long <span class=
+        "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">ocean
+        voyages</span></span> in steam-ships were almost unthought of.
+        Symington’s first <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style=
+        "font-style: italic">river</span></span> steamer had indeed made her
+        first trip on the Clyde as early as 1788, but the earliest
+        <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style=
+        "font-style: italic">sea-going</span></span> steamboat of which we
+        have record did not make a trip till 1815. The voyage was only from
+        Glasgow to London. As we have seen, an American steamer crossed
+        <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page187">[pg 187]</span><a name="Pg187"
+        id="Pg187" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>the Atlantic Ocean to Liverpool
+        in 1819; but it was not till 1838, when the <span class=
+        "tei tei-name"><span style="font-style: italic">Great
+        Western</span></span> and <span class="tei tei-name"><span style=
+        "font-style: italic">Sirius</span></span> crossed the Atlantic, that
+        this great steamship route was really opened. Ross was therefore very
+        early in the field, and should be regarded as a man of penetration
+        for his epoch. Nowadays, as we all know, vessels with at least
+        auxiliary, if not complete steam power, are nearly always employed in
+        Government expeditions, and even by whalers in the Arctic seas.</p>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">The expedition
+        left England May 23rd, 1829, and arrived home again on October 18th,
+        1833, having thus been absent for the lengthened period of four years
+        and five months. The coast surveys made by Ross of King William’s
+        Land and Boothia Felix (named after the munificent merchant who had
+        so liberally provided the expedition) were careful, and doubtless
+        accurate, but not very extensive. The most interesting feature of all
+        was the determination of the exact locality of the Magnetic Pole,
+        which was accomplished by the nephew of Sir John Ross (later Sir
+        James Ross) on June 1st, 1831.</p>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Before leaving the
+        vessel it was perfectly understood that they were in the immediate
+        vicinity of the Magnetic Pole; and, indeed, it was afterwards proved
+        that Commander Ross had been, in a preceding land journey in 1830,
+        within ten miles of the spot, but had been unprovided with the
+        necessary instruments to determine that fact. The weather on the trip
+        was tempestuous and blustering, but no special disaster occurred, and
+        on the morning of May 31st they found themselves within fourteen
+        miles of the calculated position. Leaving behind the larger part of
+        their baggage and provisions on the beach, the party hurried forward
+        in a state of excitement pardonable under the circumstances. At eight
+        o’clock the next morning their journey was at an end, and never,
+        doubtless, were exhausted men more thoroughly happy. It will interest
+        the reader to learn how the Magnetic Pole looks.</p>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class=
+        "tei tei-q">“The land,”</span> wrote Ross the younger, <span class=
+        "tei tei-q">“at this place is very low near the coast, but it rises
+        into ridges of fifty or sixty feet high about a mile inland. We could
+        have wished that a place so important had possessed more of mark or
+        note. It was scarcely censurable to regret that there was not a
+        mountain to indicate a spot to which so much of interest must ever be
+        attached; and I could even have pardoned any one among us who had
+        been so romantic or absurd as to expect that the Magnetic Pole was an
+        object as conspicuous and mysterious as the fabled mountain of
+        Sinbad, that it was even a mountain of iron, or a magnet as large as
+        Mont Blanc. But Nature had here erected no monument to denote the
+        spot which she had chosen as the centre of one of her great and dark
+        powers, and where we could do little ourselves toward this end.... We
+        were, however, fortunate in here finding some huts of Esquimaux that
+        had not long been abandoned.”</span> A series of scientific
+        observations were at once made, the most conspicuous results of which
+        were as follows:—At their observatory the amount of the dip, as
+        indicated by the dipping-needle, was 89° 59′, being thus within one
+        minute of the vertical, while the proximity of the Magnetic Pole was
+        confirmed by the absolute inaction of the several horizontal needles.
+        <span class="tei tei-q">“These were suspended in the most delicate
+        manner possible, but there was not one which showed the slightest
+        effort to move from the position in which it was placed.”</span> In
+        other words, the magnetic force was dead in that very spot to which
+        millions of compasses are ever pointing.</p><span class="tei tei-pb"
+        id="page188">[pg 188]</span><a name="Pg188" id="Pg188" class=
+        "tei tei-anchor"></a>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">The British flag
+        was fixed on the spot, and the discoverers took possession of the
+        Magnetic Pole in the name of Great Britain and King William IV. A
+        limestone cairn was erected, in which a canister containing the
+        record of the visit of Ross and his companions was deposited. Ross
+        says that <span class="tei tei-q">“had it been a pyramid as large as
+        that of Cheops, I am not quite sure that it would have done more than
+        satisfy our ambition under the feelings of that exciting day. The
+        latitude of this spot is 70° 5′ 17″, and its <span class="tei tei-pb"
+        id="page189">[pg 189]</span><a name="Pg189" id="Pg189" class=
+        "tei tei-anchor"></a>longitude 96° 46′ 45″ W.”</span> On the return
+        journey to the ship they encountered blinding snow-storms, but
+        eventually reached it in safety, after an absence of twenty-eight
+        days.</p><a name="illo_211" id="illo_211" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"></p>
+
+        <div class="tei tei-figure" style="text-align: center">
+          <img src="images/illo_211.png" alt=
+          "DR. (AFTERWARDS SIR) JOHN RICHARDSON" title=
+          "DR. (AFTERWARDS SIR) JOHN RICHARDSON." />
+
+          <div class="tei tei-head" style=
+          "text-align: center; margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em">
+            DR. (AFTERWARDS SIR) JOHN RICHARDSON.
+          </div>
+        </div><a name="illo_214" id="illo_214" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"></p>
+
+        <div class="tei tei-figure" style="text-align: center">
+          <img src="images/illo_214.jpg" alt="FORT ENTERPRISE" title=
+          "FORT ENTERPRISE." />
+
+          <div class="tei tei-head" style=
+          "text-align: center; margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em">
+            FORT ENTERPRISE.
+          </div>
+        </div><a name="illo_215" id="illo_215" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"></p>
+
+        <div class="tei tei-figure" style="text-align: center">
+          <img src="images/illo_215.jpg" alt=
+          "RICHARDSON’S ADVENTURE WITH WHITE WOLVES" title=
+          "RICHARDSON’S ADVENTURE WITH WHITE WOLVES." />
+
+          <div class="tei tei-head" style=
+          "text-align: center; margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em">
+            RICHARDSON’S ADVENTURE WITH WHITE WOLVES.
+          </div>
+        </div>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">In 1819-22
+        Franklin made a most remarkable and perilous land and river journey
+        to the shores of the Polar Sea, which will be only briefly noticed
+        here for obvious reasons. The party consisted of Franklin, Dr.
+        Richardson, Back, Hood, and a sailor named Hepburn, who is very
+        highly commended in the narrative. They left England <span class=
+        "tei tei-pb" id="page190">[pg 190]</span><a name="Pg190" id="Pg190"
+        class="tei tei-anchor"></a>May 22nd, 1819, and reached York Factory,
+        Hudson’s Bay, at the end of August. Thence they proceeded to
+        Cumberland House, whence Franklin, Back, and Hepburn, travelled to
+        Carlton House and Chipewyan, a winter journey of 857 miles; the
+        others followed, and a number of <span class=
+        "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">voyageurs</span></span>
+        were engaged. In the spring they again started, reaching Fort
+        Providence on July 28th, 1820, from which place they proceeded to a
+        point situated by Winter Lake, where they determined to erect a house
+        and pass the winter. The house, or post, was named Fort Enterprise.
+        Back and others travelled backwards and forwards this winter 1,104
+        miles in order to fetch up a sufficient quantity of provisions for
+        their next summer’s work, and suffered severely from the intense cold
+        and from something like starvation on many occasions. The last day of
+        June, 1821, the party reached and embarked upon the Coppermine River,
+        and eighteen days later reached the sea-coast, about 317 miles from
+        their last winter quarters. The canoes and baggage had been dragged
+        over snow and ice for 117 miles of this distance, and they had
+        successfully passed many rapids. They were now in the country of the
+        Esquimaux, and exposed to fresh anxieties from the unfriendly feeling
+        which existed between them and the Indians. Dr. Richardson, one
+        night, whilst on the first watch, had seated himself on a hill
+        overhanging the river; his thoughts were possibly engaged with far
+        distant scenes, when he was roused by an indistinct noise behind him,
+        and, on looking round, perceived that nine white wolves had ranged
+        themselves in the form of a crescent, and were advancing, apparently
+        with the intention of driving him into the river. On his rising up
+        they halted, and when he advanced, they made way for his passage down
+        to the tents. He had his gun in his hand, but forbore to fire, lest
+        he should alarm any Esquimaux who might possibly be in the
+        neighbourhood. The Canadian <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style=
+        "font-style: italic">voyageurs</span></span> were delighted with
+        their first view of the sea, and amused at the sight of the seals
+        gambolling and swimming about, but were not unnaturally terrified at
+        the idea of the voyage, through an icy sea, now proposed by Franklin.
+        On July 21st, with only fifteen days’ provisions on board, they
+        commenced an eastward trip of 550 miles, which is little less than
+        the direct distance between the Coppermine River and Repulse Bay,
+        which Franklin had at one time fondly hoped to reach. Storms arose;
+        their canoes were badly shattered and their provisions nearly
+        exhausted, and at a position now marked on the map as Point Turnagain
+        they desisted from further attempts. He determined to steer westward
+        at once for Arctic Sound, and by Hood’s River attempt to reach their
+        old quarters at Fort Enterprise. They had a somewhat chilling
+        prospect before them, for as early as August 20th the pools were
+        frozen over, snow on the ground, and the thermometer down to freezing
+        point at noon. The hunters were unsuccessful, and they made
+        <span class="tei tei-q">“a scanty meal off a handful of pemmican,
+        after which only half a bag remained.”</span> Bad as were the canoes,
+        and worse as was the weather, they managed to paddle along bravely
+        till, on the 26th, they reached Hood’s River. <span class=
+        "tei tei-q">“Here,”</span> says Franklin, <span class=
+        "tei tei-q">“terminated our voyage on the Arctic Sea, during which we
+        had gone over 650 geographical miles.”</span> <span class=
+        "tei tei-q">“Our Canadian voyagers,”</span> Franklin mentions,
+        <span class="tei tei-q">“could not restrain their joy at having
+        turned their backs on the sea, and they spent the evening in talking
+        over their past adventures with much humour and no little
+        exaggeration. It is due to their character to mention that they
+        displayed much courage in encountering the dangers of the sea,
+        magnified to them by their novelty.”</span> They proceeded a few
+        miles up the river, and then encamped.</p><span class="tei tei-pb"
+        id="page191">[pg 191]</span><a name="Pg191" id="Pg191" class=
+        "tei tei-anchor"></a>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Two small canoes
+        having been constructed from the remains of the older and now almost
+        useless ones, they, on the 1st of September, left the river, the
+        commander having determined to make a direct line for Point Lake, 149
+        miles distant. Having proceeded a dozen or so miles, they encountered
+        a severe snow-storm, which obliged them to encamp, and it raged so
+        violently that they were obliged to stop there, muffled up in their
+        blankets and skins, for nearly a week. On the 3rd of September the
+        <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style=
+        "font-style: italic">last</span></span> piece of pemmican and a small
+        quantity of arrowroot were served out, and with no fire, a
+        temperature below freezing, and wet garments, they were in a
+        miserable plight. The storm abated on the 7th, but when they
+        attempted to proceed Franklin was seized with a fainting fit, in
+        consequence of sudden exposure and exhaustion. Several of the men,
+        with much kindness, urged him to eat a morsel of portable soup, the
+        small and only remaining meal, which, after much hesitation, he did,
+        and was much revived. The canoe-carriers were so weak that they were
+        constantly blown down, and one of their little boats was crushed to
+        pieces by a fall. They utilised it by making a fire to cook the
+        remnant of portable soup and arrowroot—their last meal. For the next
+        two days they had to live on the lichen named by the Canadians
+        <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">tripe de
+        roche</span></span>, but on the 10th they killed a large musk
+        ox—which, by-the-bye, was a cow—and they enjoyed a good meal. Soon
+        again all supplies failed them, and a fatal despondency settled upon
+        many of the men, who, giving up all hope, left behind articles of
+        incalculable value to the expedition, including the second canoe and
+        their fishing-nets. It must be remembered that they were passing over
+        a most rugged country, where they had constantly to cross streams and
+        rivers, and were living mainly on a scanty supply of <span class=
+        "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">tripe de
+        roche</span></span>. At this depressing moment a fine trait of
+        disinterestedness occurred. As the officers stood together round a
+        small fire, enduring the very intensity of hunger, Perrault, one of
+        the Canadians, presented each of them with a piece of meat out of a
+        little store which he had saved from his allowance. <span class=
+        "tei tei-q">“It was received,”</span> says Franklin, <span class=
+        "tei tei-q">“with great thankfulness, and such an instance of
+        self-denial and kindness filled our eyes with tears.”</span> Back,
+        the most active and vigorous of the party, was sent forward with some
+        of the hunters to apprise the people at Fort Enterprise of the
+        approach of the rest. Credit and Junius followed them, also to hunt.
+        Credit returned, but Junius was missing and was never after heard of.
+        They had now reached a branch of the Coppermine River, and it became
+        necessary to make a raft of willows, which occupied them to the 29th.
+        Then all attempts to cross the river in it failed.</p><a name=
+        "illo_218" id="illo_218" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"></p>
+
+        <div class="tei tei-figure" style="text-align: center">
+          <img src="images/illo_218.jpg" alt=
+          "PERRAULT DIVIDING HIS LITTLE STORE" title=
+          "PERRAULT DIVIDING HIS LITTLE STORE." />
+
+          <div class="tei tei-head" style=
+          "text-align: center; margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em">
+            PERRAULT DIVIDING HIS LITTLE STORE.
+          </div>
+        </div>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class=
+        "tei tei-q">“In this hopeless condition,”</span> says Franklin,
+        <span class="tei tei-q">“with certain starvation staring them in the
+        face, Dr. Richardson, actuated by the noble desire of making a last
+        effort for the safety of the party, and of relieving his suffering
+        companions from a state of misery which could only terminate, and
+        that speedily, in death, volunteered to make the attempt to swim
+        across the stream, carrying with him a line by which the raft might
+        be hauled over.</span></p>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class=
+        "tei tei-q">“He launched into the stream with the line round his
+        middle, but when he had got to a short distance from the opposite
+        bank his arms became benumbed with cold, and he lost the power of
+        moving them; still he persevered, and turning on his back, had nearly
+        gained the opposite shore, when his legs also became powerless, and
+        to our infinite alarm we beheld him sink; we instantly hauled upon
+        the line, and he came <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page192">[pg
+        192]</span><a name="Pg192" id="Pg192" class=
+        "tei tei-anchor"></a>again on the surface, and was gradually drawn
+        ashore in an almost lifeless state. Being rolled up in blankets, he
+        was placed before a good fire of willows, and fortunately was just
+        able to speak sufficiently to give some slight directions respecting
+        the manner of treating him. He recovered strength gradually, and
+        through the blessing of God was enabled in the course of a few hours
+        to converse, and by the evening was sufficiently recovered to remove
+        into the tent. We then regretted to learn that the skin of
+        <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page193">[pg 193]</span><a name="Pg193"
+        id="Pg193" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>his whole left side was
+        deprived of feeling, in consequence of exposure to too great heat. He
+        did not perfectly recover the sensation of that side until the
+        following summer. I cannot describe what every one felt at beholding
+        the skeleton which the doctor’s debilitated frame exhibited when he
+        stripped; the Canadians simultaneously exclaimed, <span class=
+        "tei tei-q">‘<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style=
+        "font-style: italic">Ah! que nous sommes
+        maigres!</span></span>’</span> I shall best explain his state and
+        that of the party by the following extract from his
+        journal:—</span></p>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class=
+        "tei tei-q">“ <span class="tei tei-q">‘It may be worthy of remark
+        that I should have had little hesitation in any former period of my
+        life at plunging into water even below 38° Fahrenheit; but at this
+        time I was reduced almost to skin and bone, and, like the rest of the
+        party, suffered from degrees of cold that would have been disregarded
+        in health and vigour. During the whole of our march we experienced
+        that no quantity of clothing would keep us warm whilst we fasted; but
+        on those occasions on which we were enabled to go to bed with full
+        stomachs we passed the night in a warm and comfortable
+        manner.’</span> ”</span> Franklin adds:—<span class="tei tei-q">“In
+        following the detail of our friend’s narrow escape, I have omitted to
+        mention that when he was about to step into the water he put his foot
+        on a dagger, which cut him to the bone; but this misfortune could not
+        stop him from attempting the execution of his generous
+        undertaking.”</span></p>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">But although they
+        had crossed the river they had much before them, and a fearful amount
+        of despondency prevailed. Franklin wishing one day to reach one of
+        his men three-quarters of a mile distant, spent <span class=
+        "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">three
+        hours</span></span> in a vain attempt to wade through the snow. Hood
+        was reduced to a perfect skeleton, Richardson was lame as well as
+        exhausted, and even Back, the energetic and unconquerable, had to use
+        a stick. The <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style=
+        "font-style: italic">voyageurs</span></span> were somewhat stronger,
+        but seem to have given up all hope; Hepburn alone seems to have
+        remained cheerful and resigned, and he was indefatigable in
+        collecting <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style=
+        "font-style: italic">tripe de roche</span></span>. On October 4th it
+        was determined that Franklin, with eight of his party, should push
+        forward, and endeavour to send back assistance. Four of these broke
+        down almost immediately, and endeavoured to return to the last camp;
+        only one arrived; the other three <span class=
+        "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">were no more heard
+        of</span></span>. Franklin succeeded in reaching Fort Enterprise,
+        where they found neither inhabitants nor supplies. On the way they
+        had literally eaten a part of their boots, and at the house were only
+        too glad to boil bones and pieces of skin for their sustenance. It is
+        almost impossible to give the reader in few words a fair idea of the
+        terrible condition in which they were. Franklin determined to push
+        forward to the next fort, but found that he had made but four miles
+        in the first six hours’ travel, and he, therefore, reluctantly
+        returned to the house, letting two of the Canadians proceed. Eighteen
+        days elapsed, and then Dr. Richardson and Hepburn arrived. Mr. Hood
+        had, meantime, been shot by Michel, one of their Indians, who it was
+        believed had also been the murderer of the three exhausted men who
+        had been missing. He had remained in strong and vigorous condition
+        when the rest were utterly exhausted. Dr. Richardson, being
+        thoroughly convinced of these facts, killed Michel with a pistol-shot
+        shortly afterwards. <span class="tei tei-q">“The emaciated
+        countenances of the doctor and Hepburn”</span> gave evidence of their
+        debilitated state. <span class="tei tei-q">“The doctor,”</span> says
+        Franklin, <span class="tei tei-q">“particularly remarked the
+        sepulchral tones of our voices, which he requested of us to make more
+        cheerful, if possible, unconscious that his own partook of the same
+        key.”</span> Hepburn had shot a <span class="tei tei-pb" id=
+        "page194">[pg 194]</span><a name="Pg194" id="Pg194" class=
+        "tei tei-anchor"></a>partridge on the way, and the <span class=
+        "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">sixth part of
+        this</span></span> was the first morsel of flesh Franklin and his
+        three companions had tasted for thirty-one days. At length the
+        long-expected relief from Back arrived by three Indians, but not till
+        two of the Canadians had succumbed. Back himself, in spite of his
+        splendid constitution, had suffered privations hardly second to those
+        recorded above. But from this period no great difficulties were
+        encountered on the return to Fort York, and Franklin and his brave
+        companions, poor Hood excepted, eventually reached England in
+        safety.</p>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Many would have
+        been content to rest on their laurels; not so Franklin, Richardson,
+        or Back, who almost immediately afterwards volunteered to again dare
+        the perils of these same regions. The <span class="tei tei-q">“second
+        expedition to the shores of the Polar Sea”</span> was not marked by
+        those disasters which had befallen the previous one, but was none the
+        less remarkable and daring. It was, however, much better provided.
+        Three light boats were built at Woolwich specially for this
+        expedition, and a fourth, covered with india-rubber canvas, called
+        the <span class="tei tei-name"><span style=
+        "font-style: italic">Walnut Shell</span></span>, was taken for the
+        purpose of crossing rivers and for easy transportation.</p>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Passing over all
+        previous matters, suffice it to say that Franklin and his party
+        successfully reached the mouth of the great Mackenzie River, where,
+        on Garry Island, says Franklin’s narrative, <span class=
+        "tei tei-q">“the men had pitched the tent on the beach, and I caused
+        the silk union flag to be hoisted which my deeply-lamented wife<a id=
+        "noteref_34" name="noteref_34" href="#note_34"><span class=
+        "tei tei-noteref"><span style=
+        "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">34</span></span></a> had made
+        and presented to me as a parting gift, under the express injunction
+        that it was not to be unfurled before the expedition reached the sea.
+        I will not attempt to describe my emotions as it expanded to the
+        breeze; however natural, and, for the moment, irresistible, I felt
+        that it was my duty to suppress them, and that I had no right, by an
+        indulgence of my own sorrows, to cloud the animated countenances of
+        my companions. Joining, therefore, with the best grace that I could
+        command, in the general excitement, I endeavoured to return, with
+        corresponding cheerfulness, their warm congratulations on having thus
+        planted the British flag on this remote island of the Polar
+        Sea.</span></p>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class=
+        "tei tei-q">“Some spirits which had been saved for the occasion were
+        issued to the men, and with three fervent cheers they drank to the
+        health of our beloved monarch and to the continued success of our
+        enterprise. Mr. Kendall and I had also reserved a little of our
+        brandy in order to celebrate this interesting event; but Baptisto, in
+        his delight at beholding the sea, had set before us some salt water,
+        which, having been mixed with the brandy before the mistake was
+        discovered, we were reluctantly obliged to forego the intended
+        draught, and to use it in the more classical form of a libation
+        poured on the ground.”</span></p>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Severe weather
+        compelled them to return up the river to their station at Fort
+        Franklin on this occasion, but they returned to the mouth of the
+        Mackenzie in the following season, where they nearly had a serious
+        difficulty with the natives. Franklin had been ashore, and had noted
+        on one of the islands a number of tents, with Esquimaux strolling
+        about. He hastened back to the boats to prepare presents for them.
+        Some seventy-three canoes and five large skin boats were soon seen
+        approaching, with perhaps three hundred persons on board. They
+        speedily showed a great desire to trade. Augustus, the
+        inter<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page195">[pg 195]</span><a name=
+        "Pg195" id="Pg195" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>preter, explained the
+        objects of the visit, and that if they should succeed in finding a
+        navigable channel for large ships a great trade would be opened with
+        them. This delighted them, and they shouted with the greatest vigour.
+        Unfortunately, just after this, <span class="tei tei-q">“a kaiyack
+        being overset by one of the <span class="tei tei-name"><span style=
+        "font-style: italic">Lion’s</span></span> (the leading boat) oars,
+        its owner was plunged into the water with his head in the mud, and
+        apparently in danger of being drowned. We instantly extricated him
+        from his unpleasant situation, and took him into the boat until the
+        water could be thrown out of his kaiyack; and Augustus, seeing him
+        shivering with cold, wrapped him up in his own great-coat. At first
+        he was exceedingly angry, but soon became reconciled to his
+        situation, and, looking about, discovered that we had many bales and
+        other articles in the boat, which had been concealed from the people
+        in the kaiyacks by the coverings being carefully spread over all. He
+        soon began to ask for everything he saw, and expressed much
+        displeasure on our refusing to comply with his demands. He also, we
+        afterwards learned, excited the cupidity of others by his account of
+        the inexhaustible riches in the <span class=
+        "tei tei-name"><span style="font-style: italic">Lion</span></span>,
+        and several of the younger men endeavoured to get into both our
+        boats, but we resisted all their attempts.”</span></p>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">They, however,
+        tried hard to steal everything on which they could lay hands. One of
+        the crew noticed that the native who had been upset had stolen a
+        pistol from Lieutenant Back, which he endeavoured to conceal under
+        his shirt, and the thief, finding it was observed, jumped out of the
+        boat into the shallow water, and escaped.</p>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class=
+        "tei tei-q">“Two of the most powerful men,”</span> says Franklin,
+        <span class="tei tei-q">“jumping on board at the same time, seized me
+        by the wrists, and forced me to sit between them; and as I shook them
+        loose two or three times, a third Esquimaux took his station in front
+        to catch my arm whenever I attempted to lift my gun or the broad
+        dagger which hung by my side. The whole way to the shore they kept
+        repeating the word <span class="tei tei-q">‘<span class=
+        "tei tei-hi"><span style=
+        "font-style: italic">teyma</span></span>’</span> beating gently on my
+        left breast with their hands and pressing mine against their breasts.
+        As we neared the beach two oomiaks, full of women, arrived, and the
+        <span class="tei tei-q">‘<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style=
+        "font-style: italic">teymas</span></span>’</span> and vociferations
+        were redoubled. The <span class="tei tei-name"><span style=
+        "font-style: italic">Reliance</span></span> was first brought to the
+        shore, and the <span class="tei tei-name"><span style=
+        "font-style: italic">Lion</span></span> close to her a few seconds
+        afterwards. The three men who held me now leaped ashore, and those
+        who had remained in their canoes, taking them out of the water,
+        carried them a little distance. A numerous party then, drawing their
+        knives and stripping themselves to the waist, ran to the <span class=
+        "tei tei-name"><span style=
+        "font-style: italic">Reliance</span></span>, and, having first hauled
+        her as far up as they could, began a regular pillage, handing the
+        articles to the women, who, ranged in a row behind, quickly conveyed
+        them out of sight.”</span> In short, Lieutenant Back, who had
+        desisted from any violence up to this period, now ordered his men to
+        level their muskets on them, but not to fire till the word of
+        command. The effect was magical as a stage effect: in a few minutes
+        not an Esquimaux was to be seen. They made for the shore, and hid
+        behind the piles of drift-wood on the beach. Augustus, the
+        interpreter, subsequently made speech to them, showing them that
+        their conduct had been very bad, and that the <span class=
+        "tei tei-q">“white man”</span> could well take care of himself.
+        <span class="tei tei-q">“Do not deceive yourselves,”</span> said he,
+        <span class="tei tei-q">“and suppose they are afraid of you. I tell
+        you they are not, and that it is entirely owing to their humanity
+        that many of you were not killed to-day; for they have all guns, with
+        which they can destroy you either when near or at a distance. I also
+        have a gun, and can assure you that if a white man had fallen I would
+        have been the first to have revenged his death.”</span> The language,
+        <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page196">[pg 196]</span><a name="Pg196"
+        id="Pg196" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>of course, is Franklin’s; but
+        these were the general sentiments expressed in their tongue. It was
+        received with shouts of applause; and a little later they pleaded
+        that having seen so many fine things new to them they could not
+        resist the temptation of stealing. They promised better behaviour,
+        and, what is more to the point, restored the articles which they had
+        purloined. Thus, what might have proved a serious affray was
+        prevented. The Esquimaux, like all unsophisticated natives, are, or
+        were then, mere children, but children capable of doing much
+        harm.</p><a name="illo_222" id="illo_222" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"></p>
+
+        <div class="tei tei-figure" style="text-align: center">
+          <img src="images/illo_222.png" alt="ESQUIMAUX KAIYACKS AND BOAT"
+          title="ESQUIMAUX KAIYACKS AND BOAT." />
+
+          <div class="tei tei-head" style=
+          "text-align: center; margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em">
+            ESQUIMAUX KAIYACKS AND BOAT.
+          </div>
+        </div>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Franklin traced
+        the coast in a westerly direction to latitude 70° 24′ N., longitude,
+        149° 37′ W., and discovered several large rivers. Fogs, gales, rain,
+        and drift ice interrupted their progress, but they were enabled to
+        examine close on 400 miles of a new coast. Dr. Richardson meantime
+        traced the coast eastward from the Mackenzie to the Coppermine River,
+        afterwards travelling by land and river to Fort Franklin. Thanks to
+        the excellent arrangements made, his party endured no great
+        privations, and this second series of journeys to the Polar Sea
+        formed a pleasant sequel to the first, which were marked by so many
+        disasters.</p>
+      </div>
+
+      <div class="tei tei-div" style=
+      "margin-bottom: 5.00em; margin-top: 5.00em">
+        <a name="chap21" id="chap21" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> <a name=
+        "toc45" id="toc45"></a> <a name="pdf46" id="pdf46"></a>
+
+        <h2 class="tei tei-head" style=
+        "text-align: center; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em">
+        <span style="font-size: 144%">CHAPTER XXI.</span></h2>
+
+        <h2 class="tei tei-head" style=
+        "text-align: center; margin-bottom: 2.40em; margin-top: 2.40em">
+        <span style="font-size: 120%">VOYAGE OF THE</span> <span class=
+        "tei tei-q" style="text-align: center"><span style=
+        "font-size: 120%">“</span><span style=
+        "font-size: 120%">TERROR.</span><span style=
+        "font-size: 120%">”</span></span></h2>
+
+        <div class="tei tei-argument" style=
+        "text-align: center; margin-bottom: 1.80em; margin-left: 3.60em; margin-top: 1.80em; margin-right: 3.60em">
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style=
+        "text-align: center; margin-bottom: 0.90em"><span style=
+        "font-size: 90%">Back’s effort to reach Repulse Bay—Nine Months in
+        the Ice—The</span> <span class="tei tei-name" style=
+        "text-align: center"><span style=
+        "font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Terror</span></span>
+          <span style="font-size: 90%">Nipped and Crushed—A General
+          Disruption—Extreme Peril—Increase of Pressure—Providential
+          Delivery—Another Nip—Bow of the Ship split—Preparations for
+          Emergencies—The Crew—An early break-up—Frozen again—A Tremendous
+          Rush of Ice—The Day of Release.</span></p>
+        </div>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Captain Back was
+        in 1836 appointed to the command of an expedition to the Arctic,
+        partly formed for purposes of survey. He was instructed to proceed to
+        Repulse or Wager Bay, as the case might be; thence he was to take a
+        party across the intervening land to the eastern shore of Prince
+        Regent’s Islet. Among other explorations <span class="tei tei-pb" id=
+        "page197">[pg 197]</span><a name="Pg197" id="Pg197" class=
+        "tei tei-anchor"></a>he was to examine the coast line as far as the
+        Point Turnagain of Franklin. It is unnecessary to go into further
+        details, as the expedition, geographically considered, was a failure.
+        But the voyage is, nevertheless, one of the most interesting on
+        record, and gives us a vivid picture, or series of pictures, of the
+        dangers incurred in the Arctic seas. The now historical <span class=
+        "tei tei-name"><span style="font-style: italic">Terror</span></span>
+        was the vessel employed, and the expedition left England on June
+        14th, 1836, crossing Davis’ Straits six weeks later, where an
+        enormous iceberg, <span class="tei tei-q">“the perpendicular face of
+        which was not less than 300 feet high,”</span> was sighted. The
+        vessel soon became entangled in the ice-floes, and this was only the
+        forerunner of their subsequent experiences. For nine months they were
+        wedged up with massive ice, and four months of this time were, as
+        Back expresses it, on <span class="tei tei-q">“an icy cradle,”</span>
+        lifted out of the water. On September 5th there was a calm, and the
+        whole of the officers and men were despatched to the only open water
+        at all near, where with axes, ice-chisels, hand-spikes, and long
+        poles, they began the laborious process of cutting away the
+        <span class="tei tei-q">“sludge”</span> that bound the broken ice
+        together, and removing them into the clear space. In this service
+        they were frequently obliged to fasten lines to the heavier masses
+        and haul them out, but though slipping and tumbling about,
+        <span class="tei tei-q">“the light-hearted fellows pulled in unison
+        to a cheerful song, and laughed and joked with the unreflecting
+        merriment of schoolboys. Every now and then some luckless wight
+        <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page198">[pg 198]</span><a name="Pg198"
+        id="Pg198" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>broke through the thin ice and
+        plunged up to his neck; another endeavouring to remove a piece of ice
+        by pushing against a larger mass, would set himself adrift with it,
+        and every such adventure was followed by shouts of laughter and
+        vociferous mirth.”</span> These efforts at releasing the ship were
+        only partially successful, and she was soon again surrounded by the
+        ice. On the morning of September 20th a fresh breeze stirred up the
+        masses. <span class="tei tei-q">“Shortly after 9 a.m. a floe piece
+        split in two, and the extreme violence of the pressure curled and
+        crumbled up the windward ice in an awful manner, forcing it against
+        the beam fully eighteen feet high. The ship creaked as it were in
+        agony, and strong as she was must have been stove and crushed had not
+        some of the smaller masses been forced under her bottom, and so
+        diminished the strain by actually lifting her bow nearly two feet out
+        of the water. In this perilous crisis steps were taken to have
+        everything in readiness for hoisting out the barge, and, without
+        creating unnecessary alarm, the officers and men were called on the
+        quarter-deck, and desired, in case of emergency, to be active in the
+        performance of their duties at the respective stations then notified
+        to them. It was a serious moment for all, as the pressure still
+        continued, nor could we expect much, if any, abatement until the wind
+        changed.</span></p><a name="illo_223" id="illo_223" class=
+        "tei tei-anchor"></a>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"></p>
+
+        <div class="tei tei-figure" style="text-align: center">
+          <img src="images/illo_223.png" alt="THE “TERROR” NIPPED IN THE ICE"
+          title="THE “TERROR” NIPPED IN THE ICE." />
+
+          <div class="tei tei-head" style=
+          "text-align: center; margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em">
+            THE <span class="tei tei-q" style=
+            "text-align: center">“TERROR”</span> NIPPED IN THE ICE.
+          </div>
+        </div>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class=
+        "tei tei-q">“At noon the weather and our prospects remained the same.
+        The barometer was falling, and the temperature was 26°-, with
+        unceasing snow. Much ice had been sunk under her bottom, and a doubt
+        existed whether it was not finding its way beneath the lee floe also;
+        for the uplifted ruins, within fifty paces of the weather beam, were
+        advancing slowly towards us like an immense wave fraught with
+        destruction. Resistance would not, could not, have been effectual
+        beyond a few seconds; for what of human construction could withstand
+        the impact of an icy continent driven onward by a furious storm? In
+        the meantime symptoms too unequivocal to be misunderstood
+        demonstrated the intensity of the pressure. The butt-ends began to
+        start, and the copper in which the galley apparatus was fixed became
+        creased, sliding-doors refused to shut, and leaks found access
+        through the bolt-heads and bull’s-eyes. On sounding the well, too, an
+        increase of water was reported, not sufficient to excite apprehension
+        in itself, but such as to render hourly pumping necessary. Moved by
+        these indications, and to guard against the worst, I ordered the
+        provisions and preserved meats, with various other necessaries, to be
+        got up from below and stowed on deck, so as to be ready at a moment
+        to be thrown upon the large floe alongside. To add to our anxiety
+        night closed prematurely, when suddenly, from some unknown cause, in
+        which, if we may so deem without presumption, the finger of
+        Providence was manifest, the floe which threatened instant
+        destruction turned so as in a degree to protect us against an
+        increase of pressure, though for several hours after the same
+        creaking and grinding sounds continued to annoy our ears. The
+        barometer and the other instruments fell with a regularity
+        unprecedented, yet the gale was broken, and by midnight it had abated
+        considerably.</span></p>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class=
+        "tei tei-q">“Sept. 21st. There was a lateral motion in some pieces of
+        the surrounding ice, and, after several astounding thumps under water
+        against the bottom, the ship, which had been lifted high beyond the
+        line of flotation, and thrown somewhat over to port, suddenly started
+        up and almost righted. Still, however, she inclined more than
+        <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page199">[pg 199]</span><a name="Pg199"
+        id="Pg199" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>was agreeable to port, nor was
+        it until one mass of ponderous dimensions burst from its imprisonment
+        below that she altogether regained her upright position. On beholding
+        the walls of ice on either side between which she had been nipped, I
+        was astonished at the tremendous force she had sustained.”</span> Her
+        mould was stamped as perfectly as in a die. Astonishment, however,
+        soon yielded to a more grateful feeling, an admiration of the genius
+        and mechanical skill by which the <span class=
+        "tei tei-name"><span style="font-style: italic">Terror</span></span>
+        had been so ably prepared for this service. There were many old
+        Greenland seamen on board, and they were unanimously of opinion that
+        no ship they had ever seen could have resisted such a pressure. On
+        sounding the well she was found not to leak, though the carpenters
+        had employment enough in caulking the seams on deck.</p>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">They had now been
+        a month beset, and were about to attempt the cutting of a dock in the
+        ice round the ship, when there was a general commotion, and the
+        entire body by which they were hampered separated into single pieces,
+        tossing into heaps, and grinding to powder whatever interrupted its
+        course. The ship bore well up against this hurly-burly, but the
+        situation was not improved. For several days the <span class=
+        "tei tei-name"><span style="font-style: italic">Terror</span></span>
+        was in a helpless condition, her stern raised seven and a half feet
+        above its proper position, and her bows correspondingly depressed, by
+        the pressure of huge ice-masses. Her deck was in consequence a
+        slippery and dangerous inclined plane.</p>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">On October 1st the
+        vessel gradually righted, and the men were kept employed in building
+        snow-walls round the ship, and in the erection of an observatory on
+        the floe. <span class="tei tei-q">“Meantime,”</span> says Back,
+        <span class="tei tei-q">“we were not unobservant of the habits and
+        dispositions of the crew, hastily gathered together, and for the most
+        part composed of people who had never before been out of a collier.
+        Some half a dozen, indeed, had served in Greenland vessels, but the
+        laxity which is there permitted rendered them little better than the
+        former. A few men-of-wars-men who were also on board were worth the
+        whole put together. The want of discipline and of attention to
+        personal comfort was most conspicuous; and though the wholesome
+        regulations practised in His Majesty’s service were most rigidly
+        attended to in the <span class="tei tei-name"><span style=
+        "font-style: italic">Terror</span></span>, yet such was the
+        unsociability, though without any ill-will, that it was only by a
+        steady and undeviating system pursued by the first lieutenant that
+        they were brought at all together with the feeling of messmates. At
+        first, though nominally in the same mess, and eating at the same
+        table, many of them would secrete their allowance, with other unmanly
+        and unsailor-like practices. This was another proof added to the many
+        I had already witnessed, how greatly discipline improves the mind and
+        manners, and how much the regular service men are to be preferred for
+        all hazardous or difficult enterprises. Reciprocity of kindnesses, a
+        generous and self-denying disposition, a spirit of frankness, a
+        hearty and above-board manner—these are the true characteristics of
+        the British seaman, and the want of these is seldom compensated by
+        other qualities. In our case—and I mention this merely to show the
+        difference of olden and modern times—there were only three or four in
+        the ship who could not write. All read, some recited whole pages of
+        poetry, others sang French songs. Yet, with all this, had they been
+        left to themselves I verily believe a more unsociable, suspicious,
+        and uncomfortable set of people could not have been found. Oh, if the
+        two are incompatible, give me the old Jack Tar, who would stand out
+        for his <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page200">[pg 200]</span><a name=
+        "Pg200" id="Pg200" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>ship, and give his life
+        for his messmates.”</span> Back, in common with so many Arctic
+        commanders before and since, saw the necessity of occupying and
+        amusing his men; and on the 22nd October a general masquerade was
+        held on board, which gave rise to much hilarity and fun. Later,
+        theatrical entertainments were organised.</p>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Some observations
+        by Back on the gradual growth of ice, by layers forced together above
+        or underneath, will explain the apparent discrepancies in Arctic
+        works, where one reads of ice of so many different thicknesses formed
+        in the same winter. It is probable that the very thick ice found in
+        many parts of floes is formed by an accumulation of such layers,
+        cemented together in bights or bays, sheltered by projecting capes or
+        headlands, and less liable to disturbance from currents and tides;
+        for they had ocular demonstration, that with a very low temperature
+        and calm weather, in the severest portion of the winter, no addition
+        of bulk takes place from the surface downwards when protected, as
+        their floe was, by a hard coating of snow and drift. The doubling and
+        packing of ice during gales of wind and when exposed to severe
+        pressure, as well as the growth and the extensive fields, are
+        phenomena which the attentive observations of modern voyagers have
+        rendered familiar; and by an extension of the above remark, another
+        explanation besides the action of the waves (for the mere heat of the
+        sun has little influence) is afforded as to how the destruction of
+        the immense fields of ice is effected, not, indeed, by pointing out
+        the agents of the destruction, but by showing how little may in many
+        instances be added in successive winters to the bulk to be destroyed.
+        The fact that no new deposition takes place underneath seems also at
+        once to account for the decayed and wasting appearance, which every
+        one accustomed to polar navigation must have noticed in what is
+        called the old ice, of which sailors will sometimes say—<span class=
+        "tei tei-q">“Aye, sir, that piece is older than I am, but it cannot
+        last above another summer.”</span> The writer well remembers the idea
+        of age, in another form, being associated with snow: <span class=
+        "tei tei-q">“That there snow,”</span> said one of the sailors to him,
+        <span class="tei tei-q">“is three hundred year old, if it’s a day.
+        Why, don’t you see the wrinkles all over the face of it?”</span>
+        Every one has noticed the wrinkles and ridges in snow, but the idea
+        of associating great age with them was original.</p>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">The winter passed
+        slowly, with many false and some true alarms of the ice being in
+        motion. On February 20th they were in imminent peril. For three hours
+        after midnight the ice opened and shut, threatening to crack the
+        vessel like a nutshell. At 4 a.m. the whole of the ice was in motion,
+        great fissures opening on every side. Back writes:—<span class=
+        "tei tei-q">“After 8 a.m. we had some quiet; and at divisions I
+        thought it necessary to address the crew, reminding them, as
+        Christians and British seamen, they were called upon to conduct
+        themselves with coolness and fortitude, and that independently of the
+        obligations imposed by the Articles of War, every one ought to be
+        influenced by the still higher motive of a conscientious desire to
+        perform his duty. I gave them to understand that I expected from one
+        and all, in the event of any disaster, an implicit obedience to and
+        energetic execution of every order that they might receive from the
+        officers, as well as kind and compassionate help to the sick. On
+        their observance of these injunctions, I warned them, our ultimate
+        safety might depend. Some fresh articles of warm clothing were then
+        dealt out to them; and as the moment of destruction was <span class=
+        "tei tei-pb" id="page201">[pg 201]</span><a name="Pg201" id="Pg201"
+        class="tei tei-anchor"></a>uncertain, I desired that the small bags
+        in which those things were contained should be placed on deck with
+        the provisions, so as to be ready at an instant. The forenoon was
+        spent in getting up bales of blankets, bear-skins, provisions,
+        pyroligneous acid for fuel, and, in short, whatever might be
+        necessary if the ship should be suddenly broken up; and spars were
+        rigged over, the quarters to hoist them out. Meanwhile the ice moved
+        but little, though the hour of full moon was passed; but at noon it
+        began to drift slowly to the <a name="corr201" id="corr201" class=
+        "tei tei-anchor"></a><span class="tei tei-corr">northward.</span> We
+        were now from five to eight miles of the nearest
+        land.</span></p><a name="illo_227" id="illo_227" class=
+        "tei tei-anchor"></a>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"></p>
+
+        <div class="tei tei-figure" style="text-align: center">
+          <img src="images/illo_227.png" alt="BACK ADDRESSING THE SEAMEN"
+          title="BACK ADDRESSING THE SEAMEN." />
+
+          <div class="tei tei-head" style=
+          "text-align: center; margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em">
+            BACK ADDRESSING THE SEAMEN.
+          </div>
+        </div>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class=
+        "tei tei-q">“Though I had seen vast bodies of ice from Spitzbergen to
+        150° west longitude under various aspects, some beautiful, and all
+        more or less awe-inspiring, I had never witnessed, nor even imagined,
+        anything so fearfully magnificent as the moving towers and ramparts
+        that now frowned on every side. Had the still extensive pieces of
+        which the floe was formed split and divided like those further off,
+        the effect would have been far less injurious to the ship; but though
+        cracked and rent, the parts, from some inexplicable cause, closed
+        again for a time, and drove with accelerated and almost irresistible
+        force against the defenceless vessel. In the forenoon the other boats
+        were hoisted higher up, to save them from damage in the event of the
+        ship being thrown much over on her broadside. For three hours we
+        remained unmolested, though the ice outside of the floe was moving in
+        various directions, some pieces almost whirling round, and of course,
+        in the effort, disturbing others. At <span class="tei tei-pb" id=
+        "page202">[pg 202]</span><a name="Pg202" id="Pg202" class=
+        "tei tei-anchor"></a>5 p.m., however, the piece near the ship having
+        previously opened enough to allow of her resuming a nearly upright
+        position, collapsed again with a force that made every plank
+        complain; and further pressure being added at 6 o’clock, an ominous
+        cracking was heard, that only ceased on her being lifted bodily up
+        eighteen inches. The same unwelcome visitation was repeated an hour
+        afterwards in consequence of the closing of a narrow lane directly
+        astern. The night was very fine, but the vapour which arose from the
+        many cracks as well as from the small open space alongside, quickly
+        becoming converted into small spiculæ of snow, rendered the cold
+        intolerably keen to those who faced the wind. Up to midnight we were
+        not much annoyed, and for four hours afterwards, on February 21st,
+        all was quiet. Every man had gone to rest with his clothes on, and
+        was agreeably surprised on being so long undisturbed by the usual
+        admonitory grinding. However, at 4 a.m. a commotion was heard, which
+        appeared to be confined to the angle contained between west and
+        north-west. On looking round at daybreak it was found that the ship
+        had been released by the retreating of the ice, and had nearly
+        righted; but at 5 a.m. she rose eighteen inches as before; she was
+        then at intervals jerked up from the pressure underneath, with a
+        groan each time from the woodwork.”</span> And so it went on from day
+        to day, Back and his men being kept incessantly at their duties, and
+        constantly at work examining, and, where it was possible,
+        strengthening the ship. Up to the middle of March they were, however,
+        still safe, but on the 15th they were destined to witness trials of a
+        more awful nature.</p>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class=
+        "tei tei-q">“While we were gliding quickly along the land,”</span>
+        says Back—<span class="tei tei-q">“which I may here remark, had
+        become more broken and rocky, though without obtaining an altitude of
+        more than perhaps one or two hundred feet—at 1.45 p.m., without the
+        least warning, a heavy rush came upon the ship, and, with a
+        tremendous pressure on the larboard quarter, bore her over upon the
+        heavy mass upon her starboard quarter. The strain was severe in every
+        part, though from the forecastle she appeared to be moving in the
+        easiest manner towards the land ice. Suddenly, however, a loud crack
+        was heard below the mainmast, as if the keel were broken or carried
+        away; and simultaneously the outer stern-post from the ten-feet mark
+        was split down to an unknown extent, and projected to the larboard
+        side upwards of three feet. The ship was thrown up by the stern to
+        the seven-and-a-half feet mark; and that damage had been done was
+        soon placed beyond doubt by the increase of leakage, which now
+        amounted to three feet per hour. Extra pumps were worked, and while
+        some of the carpenters were fixing diagonal shores forward, others
+        were examining the orlops and other parts. It was reported to me by
+        the first lieutenant, master, and carpenter, that nothing could be
+        detected inside, though apprehensions were entertained by the two
+        former that some serious injury had been inflicted. In spite of the
+        commotion the different pieces of our floe still remained firm; but
+        being unable to foresee what might take place in the night, I ordered
+        the cutters and two whale-boats to be lowered down, and hauled with
+        their stores to places considered more secure; this was accordingly
+        done, though not under two hours and a half, even with the advantage
+        of daylight. The ship was still setting fast along shore, and much
+        too close to the fixed ice; but it was not till past 8 p.m. that any
+        suspicious movement was noticed near us; then, however, a continually
+        increasing rush was heard, which at 10.45 p.m. came on with a heavy
+        roar towards the larboard quarter, upturning in its progress and
+        rolling onward with it an immense wall of ice. This advanced
+        <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page203">[pg 203]</span><a name="Pg203"
+        id="Pg203" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>so fast that though all hands
+        were immediately called they had barely time, with the greatest
+        exertion, to extricate three of the boats, one of them, in fact,
+        being hoisted up when only a few feet from the crest of the solid
+        wave, which held a steady course directly for the quarter, almost
+        overtopping it, and continuing to elevate itself until about
+        twenty-five feet high. A piece had just reached the rudder slung
+        athwart the stern, and at the moment when, to all appearances, both
+        that and a portion at least of the framework were expected to be
+        staved in and buried beneath the ruins, the motion ceased; at the
+        same time the crest of the nearest part of the wave toppled over,
+        leaving a deep wall extending from thence beyond the quarter. The
+        effect of the whole was a leak in the extreme run, oozing, as far as
+        could be ascertained, from somewhere about the sternpost. It ran in
+        along the lining like a rill for about half an hour, when it stopped,
+        probably closed by a counter pressure. The other leaks could be kept
+        under by the incessant use of one pump.</span></p>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class=
+        "tei tei-q">“Our intervals of repose were now very short, for at
+        12.50 a.m., March 16th, another rush drove irresistibly on the
+        larboard quarter and stern, and, forcing the ship ahead, raised her
+        upon the ice. A chaotic ruin followed; our poor and cherished
+        courtyard, its walls and arched doors, gallery, and well-trodden
+        paths, were rent, and in some parts ploughed up like dust. The ship
+        was careened fully four streaks, and sprang a leak as before.
+        Scarcely were ten minutes left us for the expression of our
+        astonishment that anything of human build could outlive such
+        assaults, when, at 1 a.m., another equally violent rush succeeded;
+        and, in its way towards the starboard quarter, threw up a rolling
+        wave thirty feet high, crowned by a blue square mass of many tons,
+        resembling the entire side of a house, which, after hanging for some
+        time in doubtful poise on the ridge, at length fell with a crash into
+        the hollow, in which, as in a cavern, the after-part of the ship
+        seemed imbedded. It was indeed an awful crisis, rendered more
+        frightful from the mistiness of the night and dimness of the moon.
+        The poor ship cracked and trembled violently; and no one could say
+        that the next minute would not be her last, and, indeed, his own too,
+        for with her our means of safety would probably perish. The leak
+        continued, and again (most likely as before, from counter pressure)
+        the principal one closed up. When all this was over, and there seemed
+        to be a chance of a respite, I ordered a double allowance of
+        preserved meat, &amp;c., to be issued to the crew, whose long
+        exposure to the cold rendered some extra stimulant necessary. Until 4
+        a.m. the rushes still kept coming from different directions, but
+        fortunately with diminished force. From that hour to 8 a.m.
+        everything was still, and the ice quite stationary, somewhat to the
+        westward of the singular point, terminating as it were in a knob,
+        which was the farthest eastern extreme yesterday. We certainly were
+        not more than three miles from the barren and irregular land abeam,
+        which received the name of Point Terror. To this was attached a
+        rugged shelf of what for the time might be called shore ice, having
+        at its seaward face a mural ridge of unequal, though in many parts
+        imposing, height, certainly not less than from fifty to sixty
+        feet.”</span></p>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">At last the
+        long-delayed day of release drew nigh. The ship had now been
+        three-fourths of a year enclosed in the ice, with which it had
+        drifted several hundred miles, when, on July 11th, <span class=
+        "tei tei-q">“the crew had resumed their customary labour, and, as
+        they <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page204">[pg 204]</span><a name=
+        "Pg204" id="Pg204" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>drew nearer to the
+        stern-post, various noises and crackings beneath them plainly hinted
+        that something more than usual was in progress. After breakfast I
+        visited them and the other parties as previously stated. Scarcely had
+        I taken a few turns on deck and descended to my cabin when a loud
+        rumbling notified that the ship had broken her icy bonds, and was
+        sliding gently down into her own element. I ran instantly on deck,
+        and joined in the cheers of the officers and men, who, dispersed on
+        different pieces of ice, took this significant method of expressing
+        their feelings. It was a sight not to be forgotten. Standing on the
+        taffrail, I saw the dark bubbling water below, and enormous masses of
+        ice gently vibrating and springing to the surface; the first
+        lieutenant was just climbing over the stern, while other groups were
+        standing apart, separated by this new gulf; and the spars, together
+        with working implements, were resting half in the water, half on the
+        ice, whilst the saw, the instrument whereby this sudden effect had
+        been produced, was bent double, and in that position forcibly
+        detained by the body it had severed.”</span> Having cut to within
+        four feet of the stern-post, the crew had ceased work for a few
+        moments, when the disruption took place, barely giving them time to
+        clamber up as they could for safety. Shortly afterwards a very
+        curious incident occurred. The <span class=
+        "tei tei-name"><span style="font-style: italic">Terror</span></span>
+        was almost capsized by a small submerged berg which had been released
+        by the breaking up of the floe. On July 14th the ship righted; and
+        from that time to their arrival in England, after they had managed to
+        patch up, caulk, and render her seaworthy, little of special interest
+        occurred. It is questionable whether any vessel has ever gone through
+        more of the special perils which beset ice navigation than did the
+        <span class="tei tei-name"><span style=
+        "font-style: italic">Terror</span></span>; but although terribly
+        shattered, we shall meet her again staunchly braving the dangers of
+        the Arctic.</p>
+      </div>
+
+      <div class="tei tei-div" style=
+      "margin-bottom: 5.00em; margin-top: 5.00em">
+        <a name="chap22" id="chap22" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> <a name=
+        "toc47" id="toc47"></a> <a name="pdf48" id="pdf48"></a>
+
+        <h2 class="tei tei-head" style=
+        "text-align: center; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em">
+        <span style="font-size: 144%">CHAPTER XXII.</span></h2>
+
+        <h2 class="tei tei-head" style=
+        "text-align: center; margin-bottom: 2.40em; margin-top: 2.40em">
+        <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: center"><span style=
+        "font-size: 120%; font-variant: small-caps">Franklin’s Last
+        Voyage.</span></span></h2>
+
+        <div class="tei tei-argument" style=
+        "text-align: center; margin-bottom: 1.80em; margin-left: 3.60em; margin-top: 1.80em; margin-right: 3.60em">
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style=
+        "text-align: center; margin-bottom: 0.90em"><span style=
+        "font-size: 90%">Sir John Franklin and his Career—His Last
+        Expedition—Takes the Command as his Birthright—The last seen of his
+        Ships—Alarm at their long absence—The Search—A few faint traces
+        discovered by Parry—A Fleet beset in the Ice—Efforts made to
+        communicate with Franklin—Rockets and Balloons—M’Clure’s
+        Expedition—Discovery of the North-West Passage—Strange Arrival of
+        Lieutenant Pim over the Ice—The</span> <span class="tei tei-name"
+        style="text-align: center"><span style=
+        "font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Investigator</span></span>
+        <span style="font-size: 90%">abandoned—Crew Saved—Reward of £10,000
+        to M’Clure and his Ship’s Company.</span></p>
+        </div>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">The name of Sir
+        John Franklin, whose sad destiny it was to perish at the moment of
+        triumph, stands pre-eminent as one of the brightest ornaments in our
+        long list of naval heroes. Peculiarly adapted by the bent of his mind
+        to the profession he had adopted, he brought to his aid the love of
+        adventure, a perfect knowledge of seamanship, and a zeal for
+        geographical discovery, combined with an integrity of purpose and a
+        hardy intrepidity, that, even in the service he so highly adorned,
+        have never been surpassed. Tried alike in peace and war, and
+        illustrious in both, this noble knight-errant of the northern seas,
+        irresistible as one of those icebergs that tried to bar his way, was
+        always ready <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page205">[pg
+        205]</span><a name="Pg205" id="Pg205" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>to
+        do his duty for his native land. Whether on the quarter-deck, in the
+        midst of the enemy’s hottest fire, or daring the dangers of the
+        frozen ocean, among ice and snow, blinded by dense fogs and endless
+        nights, without guides or sea room, he always showed the same
+        fearless spirit, unwearied perseverance, and love for the welfare of
+        his country which caused him to succeed in the end, although that
+        success was so dearly bought.</p><a name="illo_231" id="illo_231"
+        class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"></p>
+
+        <div class="tei tei-figure" style="text-align: center">
+          <img src="images/illo_231.png" alt="SIR JOHN FRANKLIN" title=
+          "SIR JOHN FRANKLIN." />
+
+          <div class="tei tei-head" style=
+          "text-align: center; margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em">
+            SIR JOHN FRANKLIN.
+          </div>
+        </div>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">The purest heroism
+        of England has been found in that land of desolation which a wealth
+        of valour has consecrated, and the hearts of the tars who fought
+        under Nelson were not more brave than those who sailed to meet their
+        fate under <span class="tei tei-q">“good Sir John.”</span> Setting
+        little value on his own personal comfort, but never neglecting the
+        well-being of his crew, he made himself beloved and respected by all,
+        and when he passed away to <span class="tei tei-q">“the undiscovered
+        country, from whose bourn no traveller returns,”</span> he left
+        behind him the memory of his brave deeds as an example to the youth
+        of his fatherland. The most triumphant death is that of a martyr; the
+        most glorious martyr is he who dies for his fellow-men. Successful in
+        death, Franklin and his brave followers reached the goal, and
+        perished. Well may the inscription on their monument say,
+        <span class="tei tei-q">“They forged the last link with their
+        lives.”</span><a id="noteref_35" name="noteref_35" href=
+        "#note_35"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style=
+        "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">35</span></span></a></p><span class="tei tei-pb"
+        id="page206">[pg 206]</span><a name="Pg206" id="Pg206" class=
+        "tei tei-anchor"></a>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Sir John Franklin,
+        a native of Spilsby, in Lincolnshire, was destined for the Church by
+        his father, who purchased an advowson for him. While at the Louth
+        Grammar School, during a holiday walk, he first saw the sea. This was
+        the turning-point of his life, and he determined henceforth to be a
+        sailor. In the hope of disgusting him his father sent him on a trial
+        voyage in a merchantman to Lisbon, but this trip only confirmed his
+        decision, and he joined the <span class="tei tei-name"><span style=
+        "font-style: italic">Polyphemus</span></span>, in the year 1800, the
+        vessel which, under Captain Lawford, led the line in the glorious
+        battle of Copenhagen. Two months after this engagement he was
+        transferred to the <span class="tei tei-name"><span style=
+        "font-style: italic">Investigator</span></span>, commanded by his
+        relative, Captain Flinders, and set out on his first voyage of
+        discovery to Australia, where he obtained a correctness in
+        astronomical observations and a skill in surveying that became of the
+        greatest service to him in his future career. Returning home in the
+        <span class="tei tei-name"><span style=
+        "font-style: italic">Porpoise</span></span>, he was wrecked on a
+        coral reef, and, with ninety-four persons, remained on a narrow bank
+        of sand only four feet above the level of the water for fifty days,
+        until Captain Flinders, who made the voyage of 250 leagues to Port
+        Jackson in an open boat, returned to their rescue. On reaching
+        England Franklin joined the <span class="tei tei-name"><span style=
+        "font-style: italic">Bellerophon</span></span>, and performed the
+        duties of signal-midshipman with the greatest coolness, in the
+        memorable battle of Trafalgar, where all his companions on the poop
+        were, with exception of four or five, killed or wounded. In his next
+        ship, the <span class="tei tei-name"><span style=
+        "font-style: italic">Bedford</span></span>, he attained the rank of
+        lieutenant, served in the blockade of Flushing, and was wounded in
+        the disastrous attack on New Orleans. Shortly afterwards he entered
+        on that career in the Arctic regions with which his name is so
+        intimately identified, and which has been recorded. We now come to
+        the last sad closing scene of that grand life.</p>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">In 1845 a new
+        expedition was organised by the Admiralty to make one more attempt at
+        the North-west Passage. For more than a year previously many of the
+        leading scientific men and old Arctic explorers had been urging it
+        upon the attention of the Government, and many were the volunteers
+        who desired to join it. The late Admiral Sherard Osborn, Franklin’s
+        biographer, tells us that it was at one time intended that Fitzjames,
+        whose genius and energy marked him for no common officer, should have
+        the command; but just about this time Sir John Franklin was heard to
+        say that he considered it his birthright, as the senior Arctic
+        explorer in England. He had then only recently returned from
+        Tasmania, where he had been acting as Lieutenant-Governor, and where
+        he had held an unthankful post, owing to some unmerited and
+        disagreeable treatment from the then Secretary for the Colonies.
+        <span class="tei tei-q">“Directly it was known,”</span> says Osborn,
+        <span class="tei tei-q">“that he would go if asked, the Admiralty
+        were, of course, only too glad to avail themselves of the experience
+        of such a man; but Lord Haddington, with that kindness which ever
+        distinguished him, suggested that Franklin might well rest at home on
+        his laurels. <span class="tei tei-q">‘I might find a good excuse for
+        not letting you go, Sir John,’</span> said the peer, <span class=
+        "tei tei-q">‘in the telling record which informs me that you are
+        sixty years of age.’</span> <span class="tei tei-q">‘No, no, my
+        lord,’</span> was Franklin’s rejoinder, <span class="tei tei-q">‘I am
+        only fifty-nine.’</span> Before such earnestness all <span class=
+        "tei tei-pb" id="page207">[pg 207]</span><a name="Pg207" id="Pg207"
+        class="tei tei-anchor"></a>scruples ceased. The offer was officially
+        made, and accepted. To Sir John Franklin was confided the Arctic
+        expedition, consisting of H.M.S. <span class=
+        "tei tei-name"><span style="font-style: italic">Erebus</span></span>,
+        in which he hoisted his pennant, and H.M.S. <span class=
+        "tei tei-name"><span style="font-style: italic">Terror</span></span>,
+        commanded by Captain Crozier, who had recently accompanied Sir James
+        Ross in his wonderful voyage to the antarctic
+        seas.”</span></p><a name="illo_233" id="illo_233" class=
+        "tei tei-anchor"></a>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"></p>
+
+        <div class="tei tei-figure" style="text-align: center">
+          <img src="images/illo_233.jpg" alt=
+          "THE EREBUS AND THE TERROR AMONG ICEBERGS" title=
+          "THE EREBUS AND THE TERROR AMONG ICEBERGS." />
+
+          <div class="tei tei-head" style=
+          "text-align: center; margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em">
+            THE <span class="tei tei-name" style=
+            "text-align: center"><span style=
+            "font-style: italic">EREBUS</span></span> AND THE <span class=
+            "tei tei-name" style="text-align: center"><span style=
+            "font-style: italic">TERROR</span></span> AMONG ICEBERGS.
+          </div>
+        </div>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">The two vessels
+        were completely overhauled and much strengthened, auxiliary screws,
+        engines, and fuel provided, and they were provisioned for three
+        years. The vessels left Greenhithe on May 19th, and by the third week
+        of July reached a point near Disco, Greenland, where a transport
+        which had accompanied them took on board the last letters of officers
+        and crews for home. They were seen on July 26th by a whaler, and were
+        at that date moored to an iceberg, waiting for a favourable
+        opportunity to enter the ice of Baffin’s Bay. From that day to the
+        present no one of that gallant band has ever been seen alive except
+        by the wandering Esquimaux, and not till 1854 was anything certain
+        gleaned concerning their fate. Even the meagre outlines then obtained
+        were not filled in till 1859, when M’Clintock made his memorable
+        discoveries, and brought to light one of the saddest of modern
+        tragedies.</p>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Subsequent
+        researches enable us to state that their first winter was passed near
+        Beechey Island, where they lost three men. They had reached it by
+        sailing through a channel discovered between Cornwallis and Bathurst
+        Islands, and thence by Barrow’s Straits. For a year and a half after
+        the expedition had left no anxiety about it was felt; but after a
+        council of naval officers had been called by the Admiralty, it was
+        decided that should no news arrive that summer, preparations should
+        be made for its relief. This was done. Light boats and supplies were
+        forwarded to Hudson’s Bay, and in 1848, when the public alarm became
+        general, several expeditions were sent out. Later, as we all know,
+        the Government fitted out a whole series of vessels; the Hudson’s Bay
+        Company sent forth several land parties; Lady Franklin spent the
+        larger part of her private fortune, and America came bravely to the
+        rescue. No less than thirty-two vessels were sent out on the search
+        by England up to 1859, and three by the United States, while there
+        were five land expeditions provided in large part by the Hudson’s Bay
+        Company. We must necessarily only speak of the more interesting of
+        these gallant attempts. Strangely enough, as we shall see, almost the
+        only information of value concerning the fate of Franklin and his
+        brave band was obtained by private enterprise, in spite of the
+        gallant efforts of so many in the royal navy.</p>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">One of the very
+        first attempts made to communicate with the missing party was sent in
+        1848, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style=
+        "font-style: italic">viâ</span></span> Behring Straits. Captain
+        Kellett, of H.M.S. <span class="tei tei-name"><span style=
+        "font-style: italic">Herald</span></span>, and Captain Moore, H.M.S.
+        <span class="tei tei-name"><span style=
+        "font-style: italic">Plover</span></span>, added much to our
+        knowledge of the northern coasts of Siberia and north-western
+        America; and Lieutenant Pullen, of the <span class=
+        "tei tei-name"><span style="font-style: italic">Herald</span></span>,
+        made an adventurous boat journey from Behring Straits to the mouth of
+        the Mackenzie. But not the merest spark of information was obtained
+        concerning Franklin.</p>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Some few traces
+        were discovered by Captain Penny in 1850, at a period when the fears
+        of all were at their culminating point. In this and the following
+        year several vessels were sent out by Government, among them H.M.S.
+        <span class="tei tei-name"><span style=
+        "font-style: italic">Resolute</span></span>, Captain Austin; H.M.S.
+        <span class="tei tei-name"><span style=
+        "font-style: italic">Assistance</span></span>, Captain Ommaney;
+        <span class="tei tei-name"><span style="font-style: italic">Lady
+        Franklin</span></span>, W. Penny, master; <span class=
+        "tei tei-name"><span style="font-style: italic">Sophia</span></span>,
+        A. Stewart, master; H.M.S. <span class="tei tei-name"><span style=
+        "font-style: italic">Pioneer</span></span>, Lieut. Osborn; also, at
+        the expense of the Hudson’s Bay Company, the yacht <span class=
+        "tei tei-pb" id="page208">[pg 208]</span><a name="Pg208" id="Pg208"
+        class="tei tei-anchor"></a><span class="tei tei-name"><span style=
+        "font-style: italic">Felix</span></span>, Rear-Admiral Sir John Ross.
+        The whole of these entered the Arctic regions from the Atlantic side,
+        and either met at various times or were in company. Osborn has
+        recorded many facts and incidents concerning them, from which we
+        shall only cull a few of the more interesting.</p>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Describing the
+        feat of cutting docks in the ice, to partially avoid the pressure of
+        the floes when they come crashing together, he says:—<span class=
+        "tei tei-q">“Smart things are done in the navy, but I do not think
+        anything could excel the alacrity with which the floe was suddenly
+        peopled by about 300 men (crews of whalers chiefly), triangles
+        rigged, and the long saws, called ice-saws,
+        manned.</span></p><a name="illo_236" id="illo_236" class=
+        "tei tei-anchor"></a>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"></p>
+
+        <div class="tei tei-figure" style="text-align: center">
+          <img src="images/illo_236.png" alt="CUTTING ICE DOCKS" title=
+          "CUTTING ICE DOCKS." />
+
+          <div class="tei tei-head" style=
+          "text-align: center; margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em">
+            CUTTING ICE DOCKS.
+          </div>
+        </div>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class=
+        "tei tei-q">“A hundred songs from hoarse throats resounded through
+        the gale, the sharp chipping of the saws told that the work was
+        flying, and the laugh and broad witticisms of the crews mingled with
+        the words of command and encouragement to exertion given by the
+        officers.</span></p>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class=
+        "tei tei-q">“The pencil of a Wilkie could hardly convey the
+        characteristics of such a scene, and it is far beyond my humble pen
+        to tell of the stirring animation exhibited by twenty ships’
+        companies, who knew that on their own exertions depended the safety
+        of their vessels and the success of their voyage. The ice was of an
+        average thickness of three feet, and to cut this, saws of ten feet
+        long were used, the length of stroke being about as far as the men
+        <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page210">[pg 210]</span><a name="Pg210"
+        id="Pg210" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>directing the saw could reach
+        up and down. A little powder was used to break up the pieces that
+        were cut, so as to get them easily out of the mouth of the dock—an
+        operation which the officers of our vessels performed while the men
+        cut away with the saws. In a very short time all the vessels were in
+        safety, the pressure of the pack expending itself on a chain of bergs
+        some ten miles north of our present position. The unequal contest
+        between floe and iceberg exhibited itself there in a fearful manner;
+        for the former, pressing onward against the huge grounded masses,
+        were torn into shreds, and thrown back piecemeal, layer on layer of
+        many feet in elevation, as if mere shreds of some flimsy material,
+        instead of solid, hard ice, every cubic yard of which weighed nearly
+        a ton.”</span></p><a name="illo_237" id="illo_237" class=
+        "tei tei-anchor"></a>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"></p>
+
+        <div class="tei tei-figure" style="text-align: center">
+          <img src="images/illo_237.jpg" alt="ICE MOUNTAINS" title=
+          "ICE MOUNTAINS." />
+
+          <div class="tei tei-head" style=
+          "text-align: center; margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em">
+            ICE MOUNTAINS.
+          </div>
+        </div>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">They were not
+        always so fortunate. A little later they were again beset, and escape
+        seemed hopeless. The commander, called from his berth to deck, found
+        the vessel thrown considerably over by the pressure of the ice on one
+        side, while every timber was straining, cracking, and groaning.
+        <span class="tei tei-q">“On reaching the deck,”</span> says Osborn,
+        <span class="tei tei-q">“I saw, indeed, that the poor <span class=
+        "tei tei-name"><span style="font-style: italic">Pioneer</span></span>
+        was in sad peril: the deck was arching with the pressure on her
+        sides, the scupper pieces were turned up out of the mortices, and a
+        quiver of agony wrung my craft’s frame from stem to taffrail, whilst
+        the floe, as if impatient to overwhelm its victim, had piled up as
+        high as the bulwark in many places. The men who, whaler fashion, had
+        without orders brought their clothes on deck, ready to save their
+        little property, stood in knots waiting for directions from their
+        officers, who, with anxious eyes, watched the floe-edge as it ground
+        past the side to see whether the strain was easing. Suddenly it did
+        so, and we were safe. But a deep dent in the <span class=
+        "tei tei-name"><span style=
+        "font-style: italic">Pioneer’s</span></span> side, extending for some
+        forty feet, and the fact, as we afterwards learned, of twenty-one
+        timbers being broken on one side, proved that the trial had been a
+        severe one.”</span></p>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">After overtaking
+        Captain Penny, Osborn learned of the former’s discoveries on Beechey
+        Island, the first wintering place of Sir John Franklin, and on August
+        29th paid a visit to the spot. <span class="tei tei-q">“It needed
+        not,”</span> says he, <span class="tei tei-q">“a dark wintry sky or a
+        gloomy day to throw a sombre shade around my feelings as I landed on
+        Beechey Island and looked down upon the bay on whose bosom had ridden
+        Her Majesty’s ships <span class="tei tei-name"><span style=
+        "font-style: italic">Erebus</span></span> and <span class=
+        "tei tei-name"><span style="font-style: italic">Terror</span></span>.
+        There was a sickening anxiety of the heart as one involuntarily
+        clutched at every relic which they of Franklin’s squadron had left
+        behind, in the vain hope that some clue as to the route they had
+        taken hence might be found.”</span> The hope was vain: no document of
+        any kind was discovered, although a carefully constructed cairn,
+        formed of meat-tins filled with gravel, was found and carefully
+        searched. There was the embankment of a house, with a carpenter’s and
+        armourer’s workshops, coal-bags, tubs, pieces of old clothing, rope,
+        cinders, chips, &amp;c.; the remnants of a garden, probably made in
+        joke, but with neat borders of moss and lichens, and even poppies and
+        anemones transplanted from some more genial part of the island. The
+        graves of three of the crews of the <span class=
+        "tei tei-name"><span style="font-style: italic">Erebus</span></span>
+        and <span class="tei tei-name"><span style=
+        "font-style: italic">Terror</span></span>, bearing the dates of 1845
+        and 1846, proved conclusively that the expedition had wintered
+        there.</p>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Osborn’s
+        description of an Arctic dinner is interesting. <span class=
+        "tei tei-q">“ <span class="tei tei-q">‘The pemmican is all ready,
+        sir,’</span> reports our Soyer. In troth, appetite need wait on one,
+        for the greasy compound would pall on moderate taste or hunger.
+        Tradition said that it was composed of the best rump-steaks and suet,
+        and cost 1s. 6d. per pound. To our then untutored tastes it seemed
+        composed of broken-down horses and Russian tallow. If not sweet in
+        savour, it was strong <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page211">[pg
+        211]</span><a name="Pg211" id="Pg211" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>in
+        nourishment, and after six table-spoonfuls we cried, <span class=
+        "tei tei-q">‘Hold! enough!’</span> But there came a day when we sat
+        hungry and lean, longing for this coarse mess, and eating a pound of
+        it with avidity, and declaring it to be delicious!”</span> Frozen
+        cold pork was found delicious with biscuit and a steaming cup of
+        tea.</p>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">During the long
+        winter, fancying it possible they were in the neighbourhood of
+        Franklin’s party, rockets were fired and small balloons sent off. The
+        latter carried slow matches five feet long, which, as they burned,
+        let loose pieces of coloured paper, on which were printed their
+        position and other information. A carrier pigeon, despatched on one
+        occasion by Sir John Ross from his quarters in the Arctic in 1850,
+        reached its old home in Ayr, Scotland, in five days, having flown
+        3,000 miles! Numerous sledging parties were despatched from the
+        various ships above-named, but without obtaining any further
+        information regarding Franklin.</p>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">M’Clure’s
+        expedition has been generally regarded only in connection with the
+        discovery of the North-west Passage, but he also engaged in the
+        search for Franklin. With him was associated Captain Collinson, and
+        both were ordered to proceed <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style=
+        "font-style: italic">viâ</span></span> Behring Straits to the Arctic.
+        The <span class="tei tei-name"><span style=
+        "font-style: italic">Enterprise</span></span>, commanded by the
+        latter, proceeded a little in advance of the <span class=
+        "tei tei-name"><span style=
+        "font-style: italic">Investigator</span></span>, commanded by
+        M’Clure, which left Plymouth on January 20th, 1850. Late in July the
+        Arctic Circle was crossed, and shortly afterwards, at different
+        dates, the <span class="tei tei-name"><span style=
+        "font-style: italic">Plover</span></span> and <span class=
+        "tei tei-name"><span style="font-style: italic">Herald</span></span>
+        were met. Captain Kellett, of the latter, reported the discovery of
+        the new land north of Behring Straits since always associated with
+        his name. It was covered with lofty and broken peaks, and Kellett
+        thought it to be the same as described by Wrangell, the Russian
+        explorer, on the authority of natives. Some doubt has at times been
+        thrown on this discovery, but it has been since sighted by an
+        American whaler.</p>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">On August 21st the
+        <span class="tei tei-name"><span style=
+        "font-style: italic">Investigator</span></span> reached the Pelly
+        Islands, and crossed the mouth of the great Mackenzie River. Little
+        did M’Clure think that the day after, Lieutenant Pullen, H.M.S.
+        <span class="tei tei-name"><span style=
+        "font-style: italic">Herald</span></span>, with a boat’s crew, was
+        returning from a visit to Cape Bathurst, and must have passed at a
+        distance of a few miles, a convincing proof of the easiness of
+        missing one another in the Arctic seas. Shortly afterwards they met a
+        number of natives, and held some communication with them. Osborn says
+        that <span class="tei tei-q">“when asked why they did not trade with
+        the white men up the big river (<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style=
+        "font-style: italic">i.e.</span></span>, the Mackenzie), the reply
+        was they had given the Indians a water which had killed a great many
+        of them, and had made others foolish, and they did not want any of
+        it!”</span> This statement is rather doubtful, as the Hudson’s Bay
+        Company does not, as the writer well knows, trade in spirits, at
+        least in those remote districts; and further, if they did, it would
+        be a very unusual circumstance for natives to decline it, as the
+        whalers and traders on the coast know full well.</p>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class=
+        "tei tei-q">“On September 17th the <span class=
+        "tei tei-name"><span style=
+        "font-style: italic">Investigator</span></span> had reached her
+        farthest eastward position in long. 117° 10′; and a couple of days
+        afterwards, it was decided, instead of returning to seek a harbour,
+        to winter in the pack ice. It was a dangerous, though a daring
+        experiment, but the fact that it might facilitate expeditions for the
+        relief of Franklin seems to have been uppermost in the commander’s
+        mind. The ice was not yet strong enough to remain tranquil, and
+        M’Clure had provisions and fuel on deck, and boats <span class=
+        "tei tei-pb" id="page212">[pg 212]</span><a name="Pg212" id="Pg212"
+        class="tei tei-anchor"></a>ready, in case of the vessel being
+        crushed. On September 27th a change of wind set the ice in motion,
+        and drove the vessel towards some abrupt and dangerous cliffs, 400
+        feet high, where there was no beach, and not a ledge where a goat
+        could get a foothold. Should the vessel strike their only hope was in
+        the boats. Happily the ice current changed, and swept them past the
+        rocks. At this period the crashing of the ice and creaking and
+        straining of the vessel’s timbers were deafening, and the officer of
+        the watch when speaking had to put his mouth close to his commander’s
+        ear, and shout out. The neighbouring land was searched for game, the
+        unpleasant discovery having been made that nearly 500 pounds of their
+        preserved meat had become <a name="corr212" id="corr212" class=
+        "tei tei-anchor"></a><span class=
+        "tei tei-corr">putrid.</span>”</span></p>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">The 26th of
+        October, 1850, was an important day in the history of Arctic
+        adventure. Five days before, M’Clure, with six men and a sledge, had
+        left the ship, and had since travelled through Barrow’s Straits. On
+        the clear and cloudless morning of the 26th they ascended a hill
+        before dawn. <span class="tei tei-q">“As the sun rose the panorama
+        slowly unveiled itself. First, the land called after H.R.H. Prince
+        Albert showed out on an easterly bearing, and from a point, since
+        called after the late Sir Robert Peel, it evidently turned away to
+        the east, and formed the northern entrance to the channel upon that
+        side. The coast of Bank’s Land, on which the party stood, terminated
+        at a low point about twelve miles further on.... Away to the north,
+        and across the entrance of Prince of Wales Straits, lay the frozen
+        waters of Barrow, or, as it is now called, Melville Straits, and
+        raised as our explorers were, at an altitude of 600 feet above its
+        level, the eyesight embraced a distance which precluded the
+        possibility of any land lying in that direction between them and
+        Melville Island. <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style=
+        "font-style: italic">A north-west passage</span></span> was
+        discovered. All doubt as to the existence of a water communication
+        between the two great oceans was removed.”</span> On the return
+        journey M’Clure, hastening forward to order a warm meal for his men
+        at the ship, lost his way in a snow-storm and had to wander about all
+        night. In the morning he found that he had passed the <span class=
+        "tei tei-name"><span style=
+        "font-style: italic">Investigator</span></span> by four miles.</p>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">The winter passed
+        away, and, as the spring advanced, preparations were made for
+        continuing the voyage. On May 21st a curious event occurred.
+        <span class="tei tei-q">“About 10.30 a large bear was passing the
+        ship, when Captain M’Clure killed it with a rifle shot. On examining
+        the stomach, great was the astonishment of all present at the medley
+        it contained. There were raisins that had not been long swallowed, a
+        few small pieces of tobacco leaf, bits of pork fat cut into cubes,
+        which the ship’s cook declared must have been used for making mock
+        turtle soup, an article often found on board a ship in a preserved
+        form; and, lastly, fragments of sticking-plaster, which, from the
+        forms into which they had been cut, must evidently have passed
+        through the hands of a surgeon.”</span> Better evidences of the
+        proximity of some other vessel or exploring party could not be
+        afforded. But from which of them had this miscellaneous collection
+        been derived?</p>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">On July 17th the
+        vessel got out of the ice, and soon passed round the south end of
+        Bank’s Land; but, after many perils, did not succeed in making a
+        further eastward progress, and had again to go into winter quarters
+        towards the end of September. This was a severe winter for them. The
+        scurvy made its appearance, and the provisions were running short.
+        M’Clure had now decided to keep only thirty men in the vessel, and
+        send the remainder in two divisions, one up Mackenzie River, the
+        other <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page213">[pg 213]</span><a name=
+        "Pg213" id="Pg213" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>to Beechey Island,
+        where Captain Pullen, of H.M.S. <span class=
+        "tei tei-name"><span style="font-style: italic">North
+        Star</span></span> was stationed for purposes of relief. At the
+        beginning of April all the preparations for these sledge parties had
+        been made, when an unexpected event occurred, which M’Clure’s own
+        words will best describe:—</p><a name="illo_241" id="illo_241" class=
+        "tei tei-anchor"></a>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"></p>
+
+        <div class="tei tei-figure" style="text-align: center">
+          <img src="images/illo_241.png" alt=
+          "CAPTAIN ROBERT LE MESURIER M’CLURE" title=
+          "CAPTAIN ROBERT LE MESURIER M’CLURE." />
+
+          <div class="tei tei-head" style=
+          "text-align: center; margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em">
+            CAPTAIN ROBERT LE MESURIER M’CLURE.
+          </div>
+        </div>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">While walking near
+        the ship with the first lieutenant <span class="tei tei-q">“we
+        perceived a figure walking rapidly towards us from the rough ice at
+        the entrance of the bay. From his pace and gestures we both naturally
+        supposed at first that he was some one of our party pursued by a
+        bear; but, as we approached him, doubts arose as to who it could be.
+        He was certainly unlike any of our men; but, recollecting that it was
+        possible some one might be trying on a new travelling dress
+        preparatory to the departure of our sledges, and certain that no one
+        else was near, we continued to advance. When within about two hundred
+        yards of us, this strange figure threw up his arms, and made
+        gesticulations resembling those used by Esquimaux, besides shouting,
+        at the top of his voice, words which, from the wind and intense
+        excitement of the moment, sounded like a wild screech, and this
+        brought us fairly to a standstill. The stranger came quietly on, and
+        we saw that his face was as black as ebony; and really at the moment
+        we might be pardoned for wondering whether he was a denizen of this
+        or the other world; and had he but given us a glimpse of a tail or a
+        cloven hoof, we should assuredly have taken <span class="tei tei-pb"
+        id="page214">[pg 214]</span><a name="Pg214" id="Pg214" class=
+        "tei tei-anchor"></a>to our legs. As it was, we gallantly stood our
+        ground; and, had the skies fallen upon us we could hardly have been
+        more astonished than when the dark stranger called out—</span></p>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class=
+        "tei tei-q">“ <span class="tei tei-q">‘I’m Lieutenant Pim, late of
+        the <span class="tei tei-name"><span style=
+        "font-style: italic">Herald</span></span>, and now in the
+        <span class="tei tei-name"><span style=
+        "font-style: italic">Resolute</span></span>. Captain Kellett is in
+        her at Dealy Island!’</span></span></p>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class=
+        "tei tei-q">“To rush at and seize him by the hand was the first
+        impulse, for the heart was too full for the tongue to speak. The
+        announcement of relief being close at hand, when none was supposed to
+        be within the Arctic Circle, was too sudden, unexpected, and joyous,
+        for our minds to comprehend it at once. The news flew with lightning
+        rapidity. The ship was all in commotion; the sick, forgetful of their
+        maladies, leaped from their hammocks; the artificers dropped their
+        tools, and the lower deck was cleared of men; for they all rushed for
+        the hatchway, to be assured that a stranger was actually amongst
+        them, and that his tale was true. Despondency fled from the ship, and
+        Lieutenant Pim received a welcome which he will never
+        forget.”</span></p><a name="illo_243" id="illo_243" class=
+        "tei tei-anchor"></a>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"></p>
+
+        <div class="tei tei-figure" style="text-align: center">
+          <img src="images/illo_243.jpg" alt=
+          "THE SLEDGE PARTY OF THE RESOLUTE, UNDER LIEUT. BEDFORD PIM, FINDING THE INVESTIGATOR"
+          title=
+          "THE SLEDGE PARTY OF THE RESOLUTE, UNDER LIEUT. BEDFORD PIM, FINDING THE INVESTIGATOR." />
+
+          <div class="tei tei-head" style=
+          "text-align: center; margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em">
+            THE SLEDGE PARTY OF THE <span class="tei tei-name" style=
+            "text-align: center"><span style=
+            "font-style: italic">RESOLUTE</span></span>, UNDER LIEUT. BEDFORD
+            PIM, FINDING THE <span class="tei tei-name" style=
+            "text-align: center"><span style=
+            "font-style: italic">INVESTIGATOR</span></span>.
+          </div>
+        </div>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Of course M’Clure
+        immediately started to visit Captain Kellett. At first there were
+        some hopes of saving the <span class="tei tei-name"><span style=
+        "font-style: italic">Investigator</span></span>; but the reports of
+        both ships’ surgeons on the state of the crew were so unfavourable,
+        that the men were at once transferred to the <span class=
+        "tei tei-name"><span style=
+        "font-style: italic">Resolute</span></span> and <span class=
+        "tei tei-name"><span style=
+        "font-style: italic">Intrepid</span></span>, and the former
+        abandoned. These also had in their turn to be abandoned; but the
+        united crews in the end reached England in safety. A court-martial
+        was held on M’Clure, and he was, of course, honourably acquitted. In
+        the following session a reward of £10,000 was awarded to the officers
+        and crew of the <span class="tei tei-name"><span style=
+        "font-style: italic">Investigator</span></span>, and every one of its
+        brave company received a medal from the Queen, which, doubtless, they
+        have treasured as a memento of the three dreary yet eventful winters
+        passed by them on the ice.<a id="noteref_36" name="noteref_36" href=
+        "#note_36"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style=
+        "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">36</span></span></a></p>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Among the earlier
+        vessels employed in the search for Franklin were the <span class=
+        "tei tei-name"><span style="font-style: italic">Advance</span></span>
+        and <span class="tei tei-name"><span style=
+        "font-style: italic">Rescue</span></span>, sent out from America in
+        1850, at the expense of H. Grinnell, Esq., a noble-hearted New York
+        merchant. Lieutenant De Haven had charge of the expedition, while the
+        afterwards celebrated Dr. Kane accompanied him as surgeon. De Haven
+        fell in with Ross and Penny, and examined the first winter quarters
+        of Franklin’s party, discovered by the latter, and of which mention
+        has been already made. He was very much hampered by the ice, and at
+        the end of the season returned to the United States from a somewhat
+        fruitless expedition. In addition to the several expeditions already
+        briefly mentioned here, many attempts, both by land and sea, to
+        rescue Franklin’s band were made between 1851 and 1855. Captains
+        Inglefield, Frederick, Sir Edward Belcher, Kellett, M’Clintock (first
+        voyage), Pullen, Maguire, Dr. Kane, and others, sought in vain for
+        traces of the lost expedition. As we shall see in our succeeding
+        chapter, Dr. John Rae, an indefatigable and experienced traveller,
+        was more successful; whilst the crowning discoveries, which for ever
+        settled the fate of Franklin, were reserved for the gallant
+        M’Clintock of the ever memorable <span class=
+        "tei tei-name"><span style="font-style: italic">Fox</span></span>
+        expedition.</p><span class="tei tei-pb" id="page215">[pg
+        215]</span><a name="Pg215" id="Pg215" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+      </div>
+
+      <div class="tei tei-div" style=
+      "margin-bottom: 5.00em; margin-top: 5.00em">
+        <a name="chap23" id="chap23" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> <a name=
+        "toc49" id="toc49"></a> <a name="pdf50" id="pdf50"></a>
+
+        <h2 class="tei tei-head" style=
+        "text-align: center; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em">
+        <span style="font-size: 144%">CHAPTER XXIII.</span></h2>
+
+        <h2 class="tei tei-head" style=
+        "text-align: center; margin-bottom: 2.40em; margin-top: 2.40em">
+        <span style="font-size: 120%">THE FRANKLIN SEARCH.</span></h2>
+
+        <div class="tei tei-argument" style=
+        "text-align: center; margin-bottom: 1.80em; margin-left: 3.60em; margin-top: 1.80em; margin-right: 3.60em">
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style=
+        "text-align: center; margin-bottom: 0.90em"><span style=
+        "font-size: 90%">The Franklin Expedition—The First Relics—Dr. Rae’s
+        Discoveries—The Government tired of the Search—Noble Lady
+        Franklin—The Voyage of the</span> <span class="tei tei-name" style=
+        "text-align: center"><span style=
+        "font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Fox</span></span><span style=
+        "font-size: 90%">—Beset in the Ice for Eight Months—Enormous
+        Icebergs—Seal and Bear Hunts—Unearthly Noises under the Floes—Guy
+        Fawkes in the Arctic—The Fiftieth Seal Shot—A Funeral—A Merry
+        Christmas—New Year Celebration—Winter Gales—Their Miraculous
+        Escape—Experience of a Whaler—Breakfast and Ship lost
+        together.</span></p>
+        </div>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">In October, 1854,
+        the startling news came from Dr. Rae that he had at length found some
+        definite traces of the lost expedition. For several years he had been
+        engaged in the search—principally at the expense of the Hudson’s Bay
+        Company—during which time he had descended the Mackenzie and
+        Coppermine Rivers, and explored the shores and islands of the Polar
+        Ocean without success. During his last journey, however, in 1853-4,
+        he had obtained positive evidence from the Esquimaux regarding the
+        fate of the <span class="tei tei-name"><span style=
+        "font-style: italic">Erebus</span></span> and <span class=
+        "tei tei-name"><span style="font-style: italic">Terror</span></span>
+        and their crews. Six years before, in the spring-time, some forty
+        white men had been seen painfully straggling over the ice, dragging
+        with them a boat and sledges. They had indicated by signs that their
+        vessels had been crushed in the ice, and that they were now trying to
+        reach a habitable part of the country where they might find game.
+        They were much emaciated from the effects of starvation, exposure,
+        and unwonted exertion. Later in the same year the corpses of some
+        thirty persons and some graves were discovered by the Esquimaux on
+        the mainland, and five other bodies were subsequently found on an
+        island close to it, and about a day’s journey north-west of Back’s
+        Great Fish River. Several of them had died in their tents, and one,
+        believed to have been an officer, was described as lying on his
+        double-barrelled gun, with his telescope yet strapped to his
+        shoulders. Dr. Rae obtained a number of relics from the Esquimaux,
+        including pieces of plate and other articles known to have belonged
+        to the officers. The Government was satisfied that these facts
+        indicated the entire loss of the party, and the long outstanding
+        reward of £10,000 offered to any one who should bring intelligence of
+        their fate was paid to Dr. Rae and his party. Next season, Mr. John
+        Anderson, a chief factor of the Hudson’s Bay Company, while making a
+        canoe voyage down Great Fish River to Montreal Island and Point Ogle,
+        obtained some confirmatory evidence and a few more relics from the
+        natives.</p><a name="illo_247" id="illo_247" class=
+        "tei tei-anchor"></a>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"></p>
+
+        <div class="tei tei-figure" style="text-align: center">
+          <img src="images/illo_247.png" alt="BACK’S GREAT FISH RIVER" title=
+          "BACK’S GREAT FISH RIVER." />
+
+          <div class="tei tei-head" style=
+          "text-align: center; margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em">
+            BACK’S GREAT FISH RIVER.
+          </div>
+        </div>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">The Government had
+        now become tired of the search, and perhaps for good reason, for its
+        own officers had not been, as we have seen, successful in obtaining
+        the desired information, while there had been an immense expenditure
+        of the public money in fruitless expeditions. It cannot, however, be
+        wondered at that Lady Franklin had not abandoned all hope, and that
+        she, in common with many others, was not satisfied with the meagre
+        evidence of their fate so far obtained. That it pointed to the loss
+        of the larger part of the officers and men could not be doubted, but
+        there was yet the possibility of some of them surviving at some
+        distant point it might be among the Esquimaux. Backed by
+        distinguished naval officers and men of science and influence, she
+        appealed to the Government to make one more last effort. It was in
+        vain, and there was nothing for it but a private expedition. Lady
+        Franklin purchased the steam-yacht <span class=
+        "tei tei-name"><span style="font-style: italic">Fox</span></span>,
+        and aided, in a limited degree only, by <span class="tei tei-pb" id=
+        "page216">[pg 216]</span><a name="Pg216" id="Pg216" class=
+        "tei tei-anchor"></a>private subscriptions and some Government aid,
+        fitted her out most completely. She was soon gratified by obtaining
+        the willing and gratuitous services of several distinguished
+        officers. Captain (now Sir) F. L. M’Clintock, who had braved the
+        dangers of the Arctic with (James) Ross, Austin, and Kellett;
+        Lieutenant W. R. Hobson, an officer of much experience; Captain Allen
+        Young, of the merchant marine, who not merely threw his services into
+        the cause, but subscribed £500 in furtherance of it; and Dr. David
+        Walker, an accomplished surgeon and scientific man—were all
+        volunteers whose services were secured. <span class="tei tei-q">“Many
+        worthy old shipmates,”</span> says M’Clintock, <span class=
+        "tei tei-q">“my companions in the previous Arctic voyages, most
+        readily volunteered their services, and were as gratefully accepted,
+        for it was my anxious wish to gather around me well-tried men, who
+        were aware of the duties expected of them and accustomed to naval
+        discipline. Hence, out of the twenty-five souls composing our small
+        company, seventeen had previously served in the Arctic
+        search.”</span> Just before starting, Carl Petersen, now so well
+        known to Arctic readers on account of his subsequent connection with
+        Dr. Kane’s expedition, joined the vessel as interpreter. The vessel
+        was amply provisioned for twenty-eight months, and the supplies
+        included preserved vegetables, lemon-juice, and pickles, for daily
+        consumption. The Admiralty caused 6,682 lbs. of pemmican<a id=
+        "noteref_37" name="noteref_37" href="#note_37"><span class=
+        "tei tei-noteref"><span style=
+        "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">37</span></span></a> to be
+        prepared for the expedition, and the Board of Ordnance furnished the
+        arms, powder and shot, rockets, and powder for ice blasting.
+        M’Clintock, being anxious to retain for his vessel the privileges she
+        formerly enjoyed as a yacht, was enrolled as a member of several of
+        the leading clubs.</p>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">The <span class=
+        "tei tei-name"><span style="font-style: italic">Fox</span></span>
+        left England on the last day of June, 1857, and after visiting some
+        of the Greenland settlements, turned seawards. Seventy miles to the
+        west of Upernavik the edge of the <span class="tei tei-q">“middle
+        ice”</span> was reached, and the vessel caught in its margin of loose
+        ice. They soon steamed out of what might have been to a sailing
+        vessel a serious predicament, and closely examined the field for
+        forty miles without finding an opening. M’Clintock, being satisfied
+        that he could not force a passage through it across Baffin’s Bay,
+        steered to the northward, and on August 12th was in Melville Bay,
+        where the vessel was made fast to an iceberg which was <span class=
+        "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">grounded</span></span>
+        in fifty-eight fathoms (348 feet) of water. Here they were again
+        beset by the ice. Alas! this was but the commencement of their
+        troubles. For 242 days—or, in other words, for eight months after
+        this—the little <span class="tei tei-name"><span style=
+        "font-style: italic">Fox</span></span> was helplessly and, as it
+        often appeared, hopelessly, drifting with the ice packed and piled
+        around her, with but a feeble chance of escape, and with a very
+        strong probability of being crushed to nothing without a moment’s
+        warning. Some extracts from M’Clintock’s journal will be found
+        interesting at this juncture.</p>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class=
+        "tei tei-q">“20th. No favourable ice-drift; this detention has become
+        most painful. The <span class="tei tei-name"><span style=
+        "font-style: italic">Enterprise</span></span> reached the open water
+        upon this day in 1848, within fifty miles of our present position.
+        Unfortunately, our prospects are not so cheering. There is no
+        relative motion in the floes of ice, except a gradual closing
+        together, the small spaces and streaks of water being still further
+        diminished. The temperature has fallen, and is usually below the
+        <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page217">[pg 217]</span><a name="Pg217"
+        id="Pg217" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>freezing point. I feel most
+        keenly the difficulty of my position. We cannot afford to lose many
+        more days.</span></p>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class=
+        "tei tei-q">“The men enjoy a game of rounders on the ice each
+        evening. Petersen and Christian are constantly on the look-out for
+        seals, as well as Hobson and Young occasionally. If in good condition
+        and killed instantaneously the seals float. Several have already been
+        shot. The liver fried with bacon is excellent.</span></p>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class=
+        "tei tei-q">“Birds have become scarce. The few we see are returning
+        southward. How anxiously I watch the ice, weather, barometer, and
+        thermometer! Wind from any other quarter than south-east would oblige
+        the floe-pieces to re-arrange themselves, in doing which they would
+        become loose, and then would be our opportunity to
+        proceed.</span></p>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class=
+        "tei tei-q">“24th. Fine weather, with very light northerly winds. We
+        have drifted seven miles to the west in the last two days. The ice is
+        now a close pack, so close that one may walk for many miles over it
+        in any direction by merely turning a little to the right or left to
+        avoid the small water spaces. My frequent visits to the crow’s-nest
+        are not inspiriting. How absolutely distressing this imprisonment is
+        to me no one without similar experience can form any idea. As yet the
+        crew have but little suspicion how blighted our prospects
+        are.</span></p><span class="tei tei-pb" id="page218">[pg
+        218]</span><a name="Pg218" id="Pg218" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class=
+        "tei tei-q">“The dreaded reality of wintering in the pack is
+        gradually forcing itself upon my mind; but I must not write on this
+        subject: it is bad enough to brood over it unceasingly. We can see
+        the land all round Melville Bay, from Cape Walker nearly to Cape
+        York. Petersen is indefatigable at seal shooting; he is so anxious to
+        secure them for our dogs. He says they must be hit in the head;
+        <span class="tei tei-q">‘if you hit him in the beef that is not
+        good,’</span> meaning that a flesh wound does not prevent their
+        escaping under the ice. Petersen and Christian practise an Esquimaux
+        mode of attracting the seals. They scrape the ice, thus making a
+        noise like that produced by a seal in making a hole with its
+        flippers, and then place one end of a pole in the water and put their
+        mouths close to the other end, making noises in imitation of the
+        snorts and grunts of their intended victims. Whether the device is
+        successful or not I do not know, but it looks laughable
+        enough.</span></p>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class=
+        "tei tei-q">“Christian came back a few days ago, like a true seal
+        hunter, carrying his kaiyack on his head, and dragging a seal behind
+        him. Only two years ago Petersen returned across this bay with Dr.
+        Kane’s retreating party. He shot a seal, which they devoured, and
+        which, under Providence, saved their lives. Petersen is a good ice
+        pilot, knows all these coasts as well as, or better than, any man
+        living, and, from long experience and habits of observation, is
+        almost unerring in his prognostications of the weather. Besides his
+        great value to us as interpreter, few men are better adapted for
+        Arctic work—an ardent sportsman, an agreeable companion, never at a
+        loss for occupation or amusement, and always contented and sanguine.
+        But we have, happily, many such dispositions in the <span class=
+        "tei tei-name"><span style=
+        "font-style: italic">Fox</span></span>.</span></p>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class=
+        "tei tei-q">“30th. The whole distance across Melville Bay is 170
+        miles; of this we have performed about 120, forty of which we have
+        drifted in the last fourteen days.</span></p>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class=
+        "tei tei-q">“Yesterday we set to work as usual to warp the ship
+        along, and moved her ten feet. An insignificant hummock then blocked
+        up the narrow passage. As we could not push it before us, a two-pound
+        blasting charge was exploded, and the surface ice was shattered; but
+        such an immense quantity of broken ice came up from beneath that the
+        difficulty was greatly increased instead of being removed. This is
+        one of the many instances in which our small vessel labours under
+        very great disadvantages in ice navigation; we have neither
+        sufficient manual power, steam power, nor impetus to force the floes
+        asunder. I am convinced that a steamer of moderate size and power,
+        with a crew of forty or fifty men, would have got through a hundred
+        miles of such ice in less time than we have been beset.”</span></p>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">And so it went on
+        from day to day, M’Clintock knowing that it was fast becoming
+        hopeless to expect a release, but, nevertheless, keeping his men well
+        employed in preparations for wintering and sledge-travelling. Every
+        now and then a <span class="tei tei-q">“lane”</span> of water opening
+        in the ice would mock their hopes. On one occasion such an opening
+        appeared within 170 yards of the vessel, and by the aid of steam and
+        blasting powder they advanced 100 yards towards it, when the floes
+        again closed up tightly, and they had their trouble for their pains.
+        Numerous large icebergs were around them. Allen Young examined one,
+        which was 250 feet high, and aground in 83 fathoms (498 feet) of
+        water. In other words, the enormous mass was nearly 750 feet from top
+        to bottom. The reader can judge of such dimensions by comparison: St.
+        Paul’s is only 370 feet in height. The looser ice drifting past this
+        berg was crushed, and piled up against its sides to a height of fifty
+        feet.</p><span class="tei tei-pb" id="page219">[pg
+        219]</span><a name="Pg219" id="Pg219" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Meantime they were
+        very successful in the hunt. Seals were caught in numbers, and their
+        twenty-nine dogs kept in good condition on the meat. The dogs were at
+        this period kept on the ice outside the ship, and occasionally one
+        would start out on a solitary expedition, remaining away all night,
+        but invariably returning for meal-time. On the evening of November
+        2nd there was a sudden call <span class="tei tei-q">“to arms,”</span>
+        and every one, whether <span class="tei tei-q">“sleeping, prosing, or
+        schooling”</span>—for Dr. Walker held a school on board—flew to the
+        ice, where a large he-bear was seen struggling with the dogs. He had
+        approached within twenty-five yards of the ship before the
+        quartermaster’s eye detected his indistinct outline against the snow.
+        In crossing some very thin ice he broke through into the water, where
+        he was surrounded by yelping dogs. Hobson, Young, and Petersen, had
+        each lodged a bullet in him, but these only seemed to increase his
+        rage. At length he got out of the water, and would doubtless have
+        demolished some of the dogs, when M’Clintock, with a well-directed
+        shot, put a bullet through his brain. The bear was a large one, and
+        its carcase fed the dogs for nearly a month. M’Clintock
+        says:—<span class="tei tei-q">“For the few moments of its duration
+        the chase and death was exciting. And how strange and novel the
+        scene! A misty moon affording but scanty light, dark figures gliding
+        singly about, not daring to approach each other, for the ice trembled
+        under their feet, the enraged bear, the wolfish, howling dogs, and
+        the bright flashes of the deadly rifles.”</span></p>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">About this period,
+        and while the weather was reasonably fair, unearthly noises were
+        heard under the ice, and alarming disruptions occurred close to the
+        ship. Of one of the former occasions M’Clintock writes:—<span class=
+        "tei tei-q">“A renewal of ice-crushing within a few hundred yards of
+        us; I can hear it in my bed. The ordinary sound resembles the roar of
+        distant surf breaking heavily and continuously; but when heavy masses
+        come in collision with much impetus it fully realises the justness of
+        Dr. Kane’s descriptive epithet, <span class="tei tei-q">‘ice
+        artillery.’</span> Fortunately for us, our poor little <span class=
+        "tei tei-name"><span style="font-style: italic">Fox</span></span> is
+        well within the margin of a stout old floe; we are therefore
+        undisturbed spectators of ice-conflicts which would be irresistible
+        to anything of human construction. Immediately about the ship all is
+        still, and, as far as appearances go, she is precisely as she would
+        be in a secure harbour, housed all over, banked up with snow to the
+        gunwales. In fact, her winter plumage is so complete that the masts
+        alone are visible.”</span></p>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Whenever it was
+        possible to employ or amuse the men among these dreary scenes
+        M’Clintock was most desirous that it should be done. Dr. Walker’s
+        school was a genuine success, and the rather old school-boys most
+        diligent in their studies, which were at first confined to the three
+        R’s—reading, ’riting, and ’rithmetic. Later, however, lectures and
+        readings were organised, and subjects adapted to interest the crew,
+        such as the trade winds, the atmosphere, the uses of the thermometer,
+        barometer, and so forth, were chosen. Healthful exercise was afforded
+        to the men in banking up the ship with snow. On November 5th, says
+        M’Clintock, <span class="tei tei-q">“in order to vary our monotonous
+        routine, we determined to celebrate the day.”</span> Extra grog was
+        issued, and one of Lady Franklin’s thoughtful presents, in the shape
+        of preserved plum-pudding, helped to mark the occasion. In the
+        evening a procession was organised, and the crew sallied forth, with
+        drum, gong, and discord, to burn a huge effigy of Guy Fawkes upon the
+        ice. <span class="tei tei-q">“Their blackened faces, extravagant
+        costumes, glaring torches, and savage yells, frightened <span class=
+        "tei tei-pb" id="page220">[pg 220]</span><a name="Pg220" id="Pg220"
+        class="tei tei-anchor"></a>away all the dogs; nor was it till after
+        the fireworks were let off and the traitor consumed that they crept
+        back again. It was school-night, but the men were up for fun, so gave
+        the Doctor a holiday.”</span></p><a name="illo_250" id="illo_250"
+        class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"></p>
+
+        <div class="tei tei-figure" style="text-align: center">
+          <img src="images/illo_250.png" alt="ESQUIMAUX CATCHING SEALS"
+          title="ESQUIMAUX CATCHING SEALS." />
+
+          <div class="tei tei-head" style=
+          "text-align: center; margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em">
+            ESQUIMAUX CATCHING SEALS.
+          </div>
+        </div>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">On November 15th
+        Captain Young shot the fiftieth seal, an event which was celebrated
+        by the drinking of <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style=
+        "font-style: italic">the</span></span> bottle of champagne which had
+        been reserved for the occasion of reaching the North Water—an unhappy
+        failure, the more keenly felt from being so very unexpected. On
+        November 16th <span class="tei tei-q">“Petersen saw and fired a shot
+        into a narwhal which brought the blubber out. When most Arctic
+        creatures are wounded in the water, blubber more frequently appears
+        than blood, particularly if the wound is superficial; it spreads over
+        the surface of the water like oil. Bills of fare vary much in
+        Greenland. I have inquired of Petersen, and he tells me that the
+        Greenland Esquimaux (there are many Greenlanders of Danish origin)
+        are not agreed as to which of their animals affords the most
+        delicious food; some of them prefer reindeer venison, others think
+        more favourably of young dog, the flesh of which, he asserts, is
+        <span class="tei tei-q">‘just like the beef of sheep.’</span> He says
+        a Danish captain, who had acquired the taste, provided some for his
+        guests, and they praised his <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style=
+        "font-style: italic">mutton</span></span>! After dinner he sent for
+        the skin of the animal, which was no other than a large red dog! This
+        occurred in Greenland, where his Danish guests had resided for many
+        years, far removed from European <span class=
+        "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">mutton</span></span>.
+        Baked puppy is a real delicacy all over Polynesia; at the Sandwich
+        Islands I was once invited to a feast, and had to feign
+        disappointment as well as I could when told that puppy was so
+        extremely scarce it could not be procured in time, and therefore
+        sucking-pig was substituted!”</span></p>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">On December 2nd an
+        event occurred which cast a gloom over the little party. One of the
+        engineers, Mr. Scott, had fallen down a hatchway, and died shortly
+        afterwards from the effect of internal injuries then received.
+        <span class="tei tei-q">“A funeral at sea,”</span> says M’Clintock,
+        <span class="tei tei-q">“is always peculiarly impressive; but this
+        evening, at seven o’clock, as we gathered around the sad remains of
+        poor Scott, reposing under a Union Jack, <span class="tei tei-pb" id=
+        "page221">[pg 221]</span><a name="Pg221" id="Pg221" class=
+        "tei tei-anchor"></a>and read the Burial Service by the light of
+        lanterns, the effect could not fail to awaken very serious
+        emotions.</span></p><a name="illo_251" id="illo_251" class=
+        "tei tei-anchor"></a>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"></p>
+
+        <div class="tei tei-figure" style="text-align: center">
+          <img src="images/illo_251.png" alt=
+          "A NATURAL ARCH IN THE ARCTIC REGIONS" title=
+          "A NATURAL ARCH IN THE ARCTIC REGIONS." />
+
+          <div class="tei tei-head" style=
+          "text-align: center; margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em">
+            A NATURAL ARCH IN THE ARCTIC REGIONS.
+          </div>
+        </div>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class=
+        "tei tei-q">“The greater part of the Church Service was read on
+        board, under shelter of the housing; the body was then placed upon a
+        sledge, and drawn by the messmates of the deceased to a short
+        distance from the ship, where a hole through the ice had been cut; it
+        was then <span class="tei tei-q">‘committed to the deep,’</span> and
+        the service completed. What a scene it was! I shall never forget it.
+        The lonely <span class="tei tei-name"><span style=
+        "font-style: italic">Fox</span></span>, almost buried in snow,
+        completely isolated from the habitable world, her colours half-mast
+        high, and bell mournfully tolling; our little procession slowly
+        marching over the rough surface of the frozen sea, guided by lanterns
+        and direction-posts, amid the dark and dreary depth of Arctic winter;
+        the death-like stillness, the intense cold, and threatening aspect of
+        a murky overcast sky; and all this heightened by one of those strange
+        lunar phenomena which are but seldom seen even here—a complete halo
+        encircling the moon, through which passed a horizontal band of pale
+        light that encompassed the heavens; above the moon appeared the
+        segments of two other halos, and there were also mock moons, to the
+        number of six. The misty atmosphere lent a very ghastly hue to this
+        singular display, which lasted for rather more than an
+        hour.</span></p><span class="tei tei-pb" id="page222">[pg
+        222]</span><a name="Pg222" id="Pg222" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class=
+        "tei tei-q">“27th. Our Christmas was a very cheerful, merry one. The
+        men were supplied with several additional articles, such as hams,
+        plum-puddings, preserved gooseberries and apples, nuts, sweetmeats,
+        and Burton ale. After Divine Service they decorated the lower deck
+        with flags, and made an immense display of food. The officers came
+        down with me to see their preparations. We were really astonished!
+        Their mess-tables were laid out like the counters in a confectioner’s
+        shop, with apple and gooseberry tarts, plum and sponge cakes in
+        pyramids, besides various other unknown puffs, cakes, and loaves of
+        all sizes and shapes. We bake all our own bread, and excellent it is.
+        In the background were nicely-browned hams, meat-pies, cheeses, and
+        other substantial articles. Rum-and-water in wine-glasses and plum
+        cake were handed to us. We wished them a happy Christmas, and
+        complimented them on their taste and spirit in getting up such a
+        display. Our silken sledge-banners had been borrowed for the
+        occasion, and were regarded with deference and peculiar
+        pride.</span></p>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class=
+        "tei tei-q">“In the evening the officers were enticed down amongst
+        the men again, and at a late hour I was requested, as a great favour,
+        to come down and see how much they were enjoying themselves. I found
+        them in the highest good-humour with themselves and all the world.
+        They were perfectly sober, and singing songs, each in his turn. I
+        expressed great satisfaction at having seen them enjoying themselves
+        so much and so rationally; I could therefore the better describe it
+        to Lady Franklin, who was deeply interested in everything relating to
+        them. I drank their healths, and hoped our position next year would
+        be more suitable for our purpose. We all joined in drinking the
+        healths of Lady Franklin and Miss Cracroft, and amid the acclamations
+        which followed I returned to my cabin, immensely gratified by such an
+        exhibition of genuine good-feeling, such veneration for Lady
+        Franklin, and such loyalty to the cause of the expedition. It was
+        very pleasant also that they had taken the most cheering view of our
+        future prospects. I verily believe I was the happiest individual on
+        board that happy evening.”</span> New Year’s Day was a second edition
+        of Christmas. At midnight on December 31st the arrival of 1858 was
+        announced by the band, consisting of two flutes and an accordion,
+        striking up at the cabin door. It was accompanied by <span class=
+        "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">other</span></span>
+        music from frying-pans, gridirons, kettles, pots, and pans, in the
+        hands of the crew, who were determined to have as much fun as
+        possible under the circumstances.</p>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">The monotonous
+        winter passed on, and still the <span class=
+        "tei tei-name"><span style="font-style: italic">Fox</span></span>
+        remained enclosed in the pack, although occasional disruptions of the
+        ice occurred, some of them of an alarming nature. The field one day
+        cracked within ten yards of the ship, and on another occasion
+        M’Clintock, returning from a visit to an iceberg, was cut off close
+        to the vessel by the sudden opening of a long streak of water, and
+        had to run a considerable distance before he found a crossing place,
+        where the jagged edges of the floe met. The little yacht bore out
+        bravely, although one day hurled up at bows and the next at stern.
+        Strong gales now and again blew furiously, and drifting, whirling
+        snow prevented them from seeing or hearing a few yards off. On March
+        25th, with a strong north-west wind blowing, the ship rocked in the
+        ice and rubbed against it, straining and groaning in a manner which
+        caused some alarm. The boats, provisions, sledges, knapsacks, and
+        other equipments, were kept ready for a hasty departure. As long as
+        their friendly barrier lasted there was little cause for fear; but
+        who could tell the moment when it might be demolished, and the ship
+        crack like a nutshell <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page223">[pg
+        223]</span><a name="Pg223" id="Pg223" class=
+        "tei tei-anchor"></a>among the grinding, crashing ice masses? On the
+        27th and 28th strong gales broke up the ice to some extent, and in
+        two days the <span class="tei tei-name"><span style=
+        "font-style: italic">Fox</span></span> drifted thirty-nine miles. But
+        the story would be as monotonous in the telling as was their life in
+        reality were we to detail it day by day. Suffice it to say, on April
+        24th, after they had drifted 1,385 miles, the vessel, although not by
+        any means clear of the ice, which was dashed against it by the swell,
+        and which often choked their screw and brought the engines to a dead
+        stop, was out of imminent danger. Their escape had been little short
+        of miraculous, and a sailing vessel, however strong, would probably
+        never have so successfully braved the dangers of the pack as did the
+        little steam-yacht <span class="tei tei-name"><span style=
+        "font-style: italic">Fox</span></span>. Its commander writes
+        feelingly on the 26th:—<span class="tei tei-q">“At sea! How am I to
+        describe the events of the last two days? It has pleased God to
+        accord to us a deliverance in which His merciful protection
+        contrasts—how strongly!—with our own utter helplessness; as if the
+        successive mercies vouchsafed to us during our long winter and
+        mysterious ice-drift had been concentrated and repeated in a single
+        act. Thus forcibly does His great goodness come home to the
+        mind!”</span> Their troubles, anxieties, and doubts, were over, and
+        two days later they were safely anchored off Holsteinborg, enjoying
+        the hospitalities of the Danes.</p>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">M’Clintock refers,
+        <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style=
+        "font-style: italic">àpropos</span></span> of his own experience, to
+        a whaler, whose vessel, nipped in the ice, was lost in little less
+        time than it takes to tell the story. <span class="tei tei-q">“It was
+        a beautiful morning; they had almost reached the North Water, and
+        were anticipating a very successful voyage; the steward had just
+        reported breakfast ready, when Captain Deuchars, seeing the floes
+        closing together ahead of the ship, remained on deck to see her pass
+        safely between them. But they closed too quickly; the vessel was
+        <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style=
+        "font-style: italic">almost</span></span> through when the points of
+        ice caught her sides, abreast of the mizen-mast, and, passing
+        through, held the wreck up for a few minutes, barely long enough for
+        the crew to escape and save their boats! Poor Deuchars thus suddenly
+        lost his breakfast and his ship; within <span class=
+        "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">ten
+        minutes</span></span> her royal yards disappeared beneath the
+        surface.”</span> The vessel was a strong one, supposed to be exactly
+        adapted for whaling, but the powerful nip she received was too much
+        for her. The <span class="tei tei-name"><span style=
+        "font-style: italic">Fox</span></span>, in spite of her long
+        imprisonment, was far more fortunate.</p>
+      </div>
+
+      <div class="tei tei-div" style=
+      "margin-bottom: 5.00em; margin-top: 5.00em">
+        <a name="chap24" id="chap24" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> <a name=
+        "toc51" id="toc51"></a> <a name="pdf52" id="pdf52"></a>
+
+        <h2 class="tei tei-head" style=
+        "text-align: center; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em">
+        <span style="font-size: 144%">CHAPTER XXIV.</span></h2>
+
+        <h2 class="tei tei-head" style=
+        "text-align: center; margin-bottom: 2.40em; margin-top: 2.40em">
+        <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: center"><span style=
+        "font-size: 120%; font-variant: small-caps">The Last
+        Traces.</span></span></h2>
+
+        <div class="tei tei-argument" style=
+        "text-align: center; margin-bottom: 1.80em; margin-left: 3.60em; margin-top: 1.80em; margin-right: 3.60em">
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style=
+        "text-align: center; margin-bottom: 0.90em"><span style=
+        "font-size: 90%">M’Clintock’s Summer Explorations—The Second
+        Winter—Sledging Parties—Snow Huts—Near the Magnetic Pole—Meeting with
+        Esquimaux—Franklin Relics obtained—Objection of Esquimaux to Speak of
+        the Dead—Hobson’s Discovery of the Franklin Records—Fate of
+        the</span> <span class="tei tei-name" style=
+        "text-align: center"><span style=
+        "font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Erebus</span></span>
+          <span style="font-size: 90%">and</span> <span class="tei tei-name"
+          style="text-align: center"><span style=
+          "font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Terror</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%">—Large
+          Quantity of Relics Purchased from the Natives—The Skeleton on the
+          Beach—Fate of Crozier’s Party—</span><span class="tei tei-q" style=
+          "text-align: center"><span style=
+          "font-size: 90%">“</span><span style="font-size: 90%">As they Fell
+          they Died</span><span style=
+          "font-size: 90%">”</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%">—The
+          Record at Point Victory—Boat with Human Remains Discovered—The
+          Wrecks never Seen—Return of the</span> <span class="tei tei-name"
+          style="text-align: center"><span style=
+          "font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Fox</span></span><span style=
+          "font-size: 90%">.</span></p>
+        </div>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">During the summer
+        of 1858 M’Clintock made several detailed examinations of Eclipse
+        Sound, Pond’s Bay, Peel Strait, Regent’s Inlet, and Bellot Strait,
+        without discovering the faintest trace of the lost party. The
+        <span class="tei tei-name"><span style=
+        "font-style: italic">Fox</span></span> was again to winter in the
+        Arctic—this time, however, under favourable circumstances—Port
+        Kennedy, a harbour of Bellot Strait, being <span class="tei tei-pb"
+        id="page224">[pg 224]</span><a name="Pg224" id="Pg224" class=
+        "tei tei-anchor"></a>selected. The early winter of 1858-9 passed away
+        without any occurrences of great importance, the ship being safely
+        placed and the crew still well provisioned. One important member of
+        the expedition, Mr. Brand, the chief engineer, died of apoplexy on
+        November 7th, and, in consequence, M’Clintock himself had, at a later
+        period, not merely to navigate the vessel, but to manage the
+        engines.</p><a name="illo_254" id="illo_254" class=
+        "tei tei-anchor"></a>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"></p>
+
+        <div class="tei tei-figure" style="text-align: center">
+          <img src="images/illo_254.png" alt=
+          "CAPTAIN (AFTERWARDS SIR LEOPOLD) M’CLINTOCK" title=
+          "CAPTAIN (AFTERWARDS SIR LEOPOLD) M’CLINTOCK." />
+
+          <div class="tei tei-head" style=
+          "text-align: center; margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em">
+            CAPTAIN (AFTERWARDS SIR LEOPOLD) M’CLINTOCK.
+          </div>
+        </div>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Again their
+        Christmas was spent in the happiest manner, and, says M’Clintock,
+        <span class="tei tei-q">“with a degree of loyalty to the good old
+        English custom at once spirited and refreshing. All the good things
+        which could possibly be collected together appeared upon the
+        snow-white deal tables of the men as the officers and myself walked,
+        by invitation, round the lower deck. Venison, beer, and a fresh
+        supply of clay pipes, appeared to be the most prized luxuries; but
+        the abundance and variety of the eatables, tastefully laid out, were
+        such as well might support the delusion which all seemed desirous of
+        imposing upon themselves—that they were in a land of plenty—in fact,
+        <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">all
+        but</span></span> at home! We contributed a large cheese and some
+        preserves, and candles superseded the ordinary smoky lamps. With so
+        many comforts, and the existence of so much genuine good feeling,
+        their evening was a joyous one, enlivened also by songs and
+        music.”</span> Without, the scene was widely different. A fierce
+        nor’-wester howled through the rigging, the snow-drift rustled
+        swiftly past, no star appeared through the oppressive gloom, and the
+        thermometer varied between 76° and 80° <span class="tei tei-pb" id=
+        "page225">[pg 225]</span><a name="Pg225" id="Pg225" class=
+        "tei tei-anchor"></a><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style=
+        "font-style: italic">below the freezing</span></span> point. At one
+        time it was impossible to visit the magnetic observatory, although
+        only 210 yards distant, and with a rope stretched along, breast high,
+        upon poles the whole way. After making all proper arrangements,
+        M’Clintock and Young started out on February 17th, in different
+        directions, with sledges and searching parties. The cold was intense:
+        on the 18th the thermometer registered 48° (80° below freezing); and
+        even the poor dogs felt the effects, their feet becoming lame and
+        sore in consequence of the hardness of the snow.</p><a name=
+        "illo_255" id="illo_255" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"></p>
+
+        <div class="tei tei-figure" style="text-align: center">
+          <img src="images/illo_255.jpg" alt=
+          "AN ESQUIMAUX SLEDGE AND TEAM OF DOGS" title=
+          "AN ESQUIMAUX SLEDGE AND TEAM OF DOGS." />
+
+          <div class="tei tei-head" style=
+          "text-align: center; margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em">
+            AN ESQUIMAUX SLEDGE AND TEAM OF DOGS.
+          </div>
+        </div>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">We are now
+        approaching the <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style=
+        "font-style: italic">dénoûment</span></span>—the climax of the
+        painful story which tells us of the sad fate of two whole ships’
+        companies amid the perils and horror of the frozen seas. We cannot do
+        better than present the narrative for the most part in the graphic
+        words of M’Clintock. <span class="tei tei-q">“On the 1st of
+        March,”</span> he writes, <span class="tei tei-q">“we halted to
+        encamp at about the position of the Magnetic Pole, for no cairn
+        remains to mark the spot. I had almost concluded that my journey
+        would prove to be a work of labour in vain, because hitherto no
+        traces of Esquimaux had been met with, and in consequence of the
+        reduced state of our provisions and the wretched condition of the
+        poor dogs—six out of the fifteen being quite useless—I could only
+        advance one more march.</span></p>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class=
+        "tei tei-q">“But we had done nothing more than look <span class=
+        "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">ahead</span></span>;
+        when we halted and turned round, great indeed was my surprise and joy
+        to see four men walking after us. Petersen and I immediately buckled
+        on our revolvers, and advanced to meet them. The natives halted, made
+        fast their dogs, laid down their spears, and received us without any
+        evidence of surprise....</span></p>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class=
+        "tei tei-q">“We gave them to understand that we were anxious to
+        barter with them, and very cautiously approached the real object of
+        our visit. A naval button upon one of their dresses afforded the
+        opportunity; it came, they said, from some white people who were
+        starved upon an island where there are salmon (that is, in a river),
+        and that the iron of which their knives were made came from the same
+        place. One of these men said he had been to the island to obtain wood
+        and iron, but none of them had seen the white men. Another man had
+        been to <span class="tei tei-q">‘Ei-wil-lik’</span> (Repulse Bay),
+        and counted on his fingers seven individuals of Rae’s party whom he
+        remembered having seen....</span></p>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class=
+        "tei tei-q">“Despite the gale which howled outside, we spent a
+        comfortable night in our roomy hut.</span></p>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class=
+        "tei tei-q">“Next morning the entire village population arrived,
+        amounting to about forty-five souls, from aged people to infants in
+        arms, and bartering commenced very briskly. First of all we purchased
+        all the relics of the lost expedition, consisting of six silver
+        spoons and forks, a silver medal the property of Mr. A. McDonald,
+        assistant surgeon, part of a gold chain, several buttons, and knives
+        made of the iron and wood of the wreck; also bows and arrows
+        constructed of materials obtained from the same source. Having
+        secured these, we purchased a few frozen salmon, some seal’s blubber,
+        and venison, but could not prevail upon them to part with more than
+        one of their fine dogs. One of their sledges was made of two stout
+        pieces of wood, which might have been a boat’s keel.</span></p>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class=
+        "tei tei-q">“All the old people recollected the visit of the
+        <span class="tei tei-name"><span style=
+        "font-style: italic">Victory</span></span>. An old man told me his
+        name was <span class="tei tei-q">‘Ooblooria.’</span> I recollected
+        that Sir James Ross had employed a man of that name as a guide, and
+        reminded him of it; he was, in fact, the same individual, and he
+        inquired after Sir James by his Esquimaux name of <span class=
+        "tei tei-q">‘Agglugga.’</span></span></p><span class="tei tei-pb" id=
+        "page226">[pg 226]</span><a name="Pg226" id="Pg226" class=
+        "tei tei-anchor"></a>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class=
+        "tei tei-q">“I inquired after the man who was furnished with a wooden
+        leg by the carpenter of the <span class="tei tei-name"><span style=
+        "font-style: italic">Victory</span></span>; no direct answer was
+        given, but his daughter was pointed out to me. Petersen explained to
+        me that they do not like alluding in any way to the dead, and that,
+        as my question was not answered, it was certain the man was no longer
+        amongst the living.”</span></p>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">M’Clintock
+        returned to the <span class="tei tei-name"><span style=
+        "font-style: italic">Fox</span></span>, having travelled 420 miles in
+        their twenty-five days’ absence, and having also completed the survey
+        of the coast line of continental America, thereby adding about 120
+        miles to our charts. On reaching the ship the crew was at once
+        assembled, and the information obtained laid before the men,
+        M’Clintock pointing out that one of the ships still remained
+        unaccounted for, and that they must carry out to the full all the
+        projected lines of search.</p>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">After several
+        sledge journeys to the various depôts previously made, to collect
+        provisions deposited there, the search was resumed, M’Clintock and
+        Hobson leading two parties in different directions.</p>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">On their return
+        M’Clintock writes as follows, under date of June 24th:—<span class=
+        "tei tei-q">“I have visited Montreal Island, completed the
+        exploration and circuit of King William’s Island, passing on foot
+        through the only feasible North-west Passage; but all this is as
+        nothing to the interest attached to the <span class=
+        "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Franklin
+        records</span></span> picked up by Hobson, and now safe in my
+        possession. We now know the fate of the <span class=
+        "tei tei-name"><span style="font-style: italic">Erebus</span></span>
+        and <span class="tei tei-name"><span style=
+        "font-style: italic">Terror</span></span>. The sole object of our
+        voyage has at length been completed, and we anxiously await the time
+        when escape from these bleak regions will become
+        practicable.”</span></p>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">On April 20th two
+        families of the same people previously encountered at Cape Victoria
+        were found in their snow huts upon the ice. M’Clintock
+        says:—<span class="tei tei-q">“After much anxious inquiry we learned
+        that two ships had been seen by the natives of King William’s Island:
+        one of them was seen to sink in deep water, and nothing was obtained
+        from her, a circumstance at which they expressed much regret; but the
+        other was forced on shore by the ice, where they suppose she still
+        remains, but is much broken. From this ship they have obtained most
+        of their wood, &amp;c., and Oot-loo-lik is the name of the place
+        where she grounded.</span></p>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class=
+        "tei tei-q">“Formerly many natives lived there, now very few remain.
+        All the natives have obtained plenty of wood.</span></p>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class=
+        "tei tei-q">“The most of this information was given us by the young
+        man who sold the knife. Old Oo-na-lee, who drew the rough chart for
+        me in March to show where the ship sank, now answered our questions
+        respecting the one forced on shore; not a syllable about her did he
+        mention on the former occasion, although we asked whether they knew
+        of only one ship. I think he would willingly have kept us in
+        ignorance of a wreck being upon their coasts, and that the young man
+        unwittingly made it known to us.</span></p>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class=
+        "tei tei-q">“The latter also told us that the body of a man was found
+        on board the ship; that he must have been a very large man, and had
+        long teeth: this is all he recollected having been told, for he was
+        quite a child at the time.</span></p>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class=
+        "tei tei-q">“They both told us it was in the fall of the year—that
+        is, August or September—when the ships were destroyed; that all the
+        white people went away to the <span class="tei tei-q">‘large
+        river,’</span> <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page227">[pg
+        227]</span><a name="Pg227" id="Pg227" class=
+        "tei tei-anchor"></a>taking a boat or boats with them, and that in
+        the following winter their bones were found there.”</span><a id=
+        "noteref_38" name="noteref_38" href="#note_38"><span class=
+        "tei tei-noteref"><span style=
+        "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">38</span></span></a></p>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">On May 7th, to
+        avoid snow-blindness, the party commenced night marching. Crossing
+        over from Matty Island towards the King William’s Island shore, they
+        continued their march southward until midnight, when they had the
+        good fortune to arrive at an inhabited snow village. They halted at a
+        little distance, and pitched their tent, the better to secure small
+        articles from being stolen whilst they bartered with them. M’Clintock
+        purchased from them six pieces of silver plate bearing the crests or
+        initials of Franklin, Crozier, Fairholme, and McDonald; they also
+        sold them bows and arrows of English woods, uniform and other
+        buttons, and offered a heavy sledge made of two short stout pieces of
+        curved wood, which no mere boat could have furnished them with; but
+        this, of course, could not be taken away; the silver spoons and forks
+        were readily sold for four needles each. The narrative
+        continues:—</p>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class=
+        "tei tei-q">“Having obtained all the relics they possessed, I
+        purchased some seal’s flesh, blubber, frozen venison, dried and
+        frozen salmon, and sold some of my puppies. They told us it was five
+        days’ journey to the wreck—one day up the inlet still in sight, and
+        four days overland: this would carry them to the western coast of
+        King William’s Land; they added that but little now remained of the
+        wreck which was accessible, their countrymen having carried almost
+        everything away. In answer to an inquiry, they said she was without
+        masts; the question gave rise to some laughter amongst them, and they
+        spoke to each other about <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style=
+        "font-style: italic">fire</span></span>, from which Petersen thought
+        they had burnt the masts through close to the deck in order to get
+        them down.</span></p>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class=
+        "tei tei-q">“There had been <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style=
+        "font-style: italic">many books</span></span>, they said, but all
+        have long ago been destroyed by the weather. The ship was forced on
+        shore in the fall of the year by ice. She had not been visited during
+        this past winter, and an old woman and a boy were shown to us who
+        were the last to visit the wreck; they said they had been at it
+        during the winter of 1857-8.</span></p>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class=
+        "tei tei-q">“Petersen questioned the woman closely, and she seemed
+        anxious to give all the information in her power. She said many of
+        the white men dropped by the way as they went to the Great River;
+        that some of them were buried and some were not. They did not
+        themselves witness this, but discovered their bodies during the
+        winter following.”</span></p>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Having examined
+        Montreal and King William’s Island, they started on the return
+        journey. After three weeks’ travel M’Clintock continues:—<span class=
+        "tei tei-q">“We were now upon the shore along which the retreating
+        crews must have marched. My sledges, of course, travelled upon the
+        sea-ice close along the shore; and although the depth of snow which
+        covered the beach deprived us of almost every hope, yet we kept a
+        very sharp look-out for traces; nor were we unsuccessful. Shortly
+        after midnight of the 25th of May, when slowly walking along a gravel
+        ridge near the beach, which the winds kept partially bare of snow, I
+        <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page228">[pg 228]</span><a name="Pg228"
+        id="Pg228" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>came upon a human skeleton,
+        partly exposed, with here and there a few fragments of clothing
+        appearing through the snow. The skeleton—now perfectly bleached—was
+        lying upon its face, the limbs and smaller bones either dissevered or
+        gnawed away by small animals.</span></p>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class=
+        "tei tei-q">“A most careful examination of the spot was, of course,
+        made, the snow removed, and every scrap of clothing gathered up. A
+        pocket-book afforded strong grounds for hope that some information
+        might be subsequently obtained respecting the unfortunate owner and
+        the calamitous march of the lost crews, but at the time it was frozen
+        hard. The substance of that which we gleaned upon the spot may thus
+        be summed up:—</span></p><a name="illo_260" id="illo_260" class=
+        "tei tei-anchor"></a>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"></p>
+
+        <div class="tei tei-figure" style="text-align: center">
+          <img src="images/illo_260.png" alt="CAPE YORK, MELVILLE BAY" title=
+          "CAPE YORK, MELVILLE BAY." />
+
+          <div class="tei tei-head" style=
+          "text-align: center; margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em">
+            CAPE YORK, MELVILLE BAY.
+          </div>
+        </div>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class=
+        "tei tei-q">“This victim was a young man, slightly built, and perhaps
+        above the common height; the dress appeared to be that of a steward
+        or officer’s servant, the loose bow-knot in which his
+        neck-handkerchief was tied not being used by officers or seamen. In
+        every particular the dress confirmed our conjectures as to his rank
+        or office in the late expedition—the blue jacket with slashed sleeves
+        and braided edging, and the pilot-cloth great-coat with plain covered
+        buttons. We found a clothes-brush near and a horn pocket-comb. This
+        poor man seems to have selected the bare ridge-top as affording the
+        least tiresome walking, and to have fallen on his face in the
+        position in which we found him.</span></p>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class=
+        "tei tei-q">“It was a melancholy truth that the old woman spoke when
+        she said, <span class="tei tei-q">‘They fell down and died as they
+        walked along.’</span></span></p>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class=
+        "tei tei-q">“I do not think the Esquimaux had discovered this
+        skeleton, or they would have carried off the brush and comb.
+        Superstition prevents them from disturbing their own dead, but would
+        not keep them from appropriating the property of the white man, if in
+        any way useful to them. Dr. Rae obtained a piece of flannel marked
+        <span class="tei tei-q">‘F. D. V., 1845,’</span> from the Esquimaux
+        of Boothia or Repulse Bay; it had doubtless been a part of poor Des
+        Vœux’s garments.”</span></p>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">It is impossible
+        with the space at command to give in detailed form the interesting
+        narrative of M’Clintock’s and Hobson’s careful explorations.
+        <span class="tei tei-q">“The Voyage of the <span class=
+        "tei tei-name"><span style=
+        "font-style: italic">Fox</span></span>”</span> should <span class=
+        "tei tei-pb" id="page229">[pg 229]</span><a name="Pg229" id="Pg229"
+        class="tei tei-anchor"></a>be read in the original by all interested
+        in Arctic adventure, for the modest and graphic account of it given
+        by M’Clintock bears the impress of absolute truth, without the
+        slightest attempt at fine writing or exaggeration.</p><a name=
+        "illo_261" id="illo_261" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"></p>
+
+        <div class="tei tei-figure" style="text-align: center">
+          <img src="images/illo_261.png" alt=
+          "RELICS BROUGHT BACK BY THE FRANKLIN SEARCH EXPEDITION" title=
+          "RELICS BROUGHT BACK BY THE FRANKLIN SEARCH EXPEDITION." />
+
+          <div class="tei tei-head" style=
+          "text-align: center; margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em">
+            RELICS BROUGHT BACK BY THE FRANKLIN SEARCH EXPEDITION.
+          </div>
+        </div>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">About twelve miles
+        from Cape Herschel M’Clintock found a small cairn, built by Hobson’s
+        party, and containing a note for the commander. He had reached this,
+        his extreme point, six days previously, without having seen anything
+        of the wreck or of natives, but he had found a record—the record, so
+        ardently sought for, of the Franklin expedition—at Point Victory, on
+        the north-west coast of King William’s Land. It read as follows:—</p>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"></p>
+
+        <div class="tei tei-text" style=
+        "margin-bottom: 2.00em; margin-top: 2.00em">
+          <div class="tei tei-body" style=
+          "margin-bottom: 6.00em; margin-top: 6.00em">
+            <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class=
+            "tei tei-q">“ <span class="tei tei-q">‘<span class=
+            "tei tei-date"><span style="font-style: italic">28th May,
+            1847.</span></span>—H.M. ships <span class=
+            "tei tei-name"><span style=
+            "font-style: italic">Erebus</span></span> and <span class=
+            "tei tei-name"><span style=
+            "font-style: italic">Terror</span></span> wintered in the ice in
+            lat. 70° 05′ N., long. 98° 23′ W.</span></span></p>
+
+            <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class=
+            "tei tei-q">“ <span class="tei tei-q">‘Having wintered, in
+            1846-7, at Beechey Island, in lat. 74° <a name="corr229" id=
+            "corr229" class="tei tei-anchor"></a><span class=
+            "tei tei-corr">43′</span> 28″ N., long. 91° 39′ <span class=
+            "tei tei-corr">15″</span> W., after having ascended Wellington
+            Channel to lat. 77°, and returned by the west side of Cornwallis
+            Island.</span></span></p>
+
+            <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class=
+            "tei tei-q">“ <span class="tei tei-q">‘All
+            well.</span></span></p>
+
+            <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class=
+            "tei tei-q">“ <span class="tei tei-q">‘Party, consisting of two
+            officers and six men, left the ships on Monday, 24th May,
+            1847.</span></span></p>
+
+            <div class="tei tei-signed" style="text-align: right">
+              “‘<span class="tei tei-hi" style=
+              "text-align: right"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Gm.
+              Gore</span></span>, Lieut.
+            </div>
+
+            <div class="tei tei-signed" style="text-align: right">
+              “‘<span class="tei tei-hi" style=
+              "text-align: right"><span style=
+              "font-variant: small-caps">Chas. F. Des Vœux</span></span>,
+              Mate.’
+            </div>
+          </div>
+        </div>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class=
+        "tei tei-q">“Had this been all, it would have been the record of a
+        grand success. But, alas! round the margin of the paper upon which
+        Lieutenant Gore, in 1847, wrote those words of hope and promise
+        another had subsequently written the following
+        words:—</span></p><span class="tei tei-pb" id="page230">[pg
+        230]</span><a name="Pg230" id="Pg230" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"></p>
+
+        <div class="tei tei-text" style=
+        "margin-bottom: 2.00em; margin-top: 2.00em">
+          <div class="tei tei-body" style=
+          "margin-bottom: 6.00em; margin-top: 6.00em">
+            <div class="tei tei-div" style=
+            "margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em">
+              <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class=
+              "tei tei-q">“ <span class="tei tei-q">‘<span class=
+              "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">April 25th,
+              1848.</span></span>—H.M. ships <span class=
+              "tei tei-name"><span style=
+              "font-style: italic">Terror</span></span> and <span class=
+              "tei tei-name"><span style=
+              "font-style: italic">Erebus</span></span> were deserted on the
+              22nd April, five leagues NNW. of this, having been beset since
+              12th September, 1846. The officers and crews, consisting of 105
+              souls, under the command of Captain F. R. M. Crozier, landed
+              here in lat. 69° 37′ 42″, long. 98° 41′ W. Sir John Franklin
+              died on the 11th June, 1847; and the total loss by deaths in
+              the expedition has been, to this date, nine officers and
+              fifteen men.</span></span></p>
+
+              <table summary="This is a table" cellspacing="0" class=
+              "tei tei-table" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+                <colgroup span="2"></colgroup>
+
+                <tbody>
+                  <tr class="tei tei-row">
+                    <td class="tei tei-cell"><span class=
+                    "tei tei-q">“ <span class=
+                    "tei tei-q">‘(Signed)</span></span><br />
+                    <span class="tei tei-q">“ <span class=
+                    "tei tei-q">‘<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style=
+                    "font-variant: small-caps">F. R. M.
+                    Crozier</span></span>,</span></span><br />
+                    <span class="tei tei-q">“ <span class=
+                    "tei tei-q">‘Captain, and Senior
+                    Officer.</span></span></td>
+
+                    <td class="tei tei-cell"><span class=
+                    "tei tei-q">“ <span class=
+                    "tei tei-q">‘(Signed)</span></span><br />
+                    <span class="tei tei-q">“ <span class=
+                    "tei tei-q">‘<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style=
+                    "font-variant: small-caps">James
+                    Fitzjames</span></span>,</span></span><br />
+                    <span class="tei tei-q">“ <span class=
+                    "tei tei-q">‘Captain H.M.S. <span class=
+                    "tei tei-name"><span style=
+                    "font-style: italic">Erebus</span></span>.</span></span></td>
+                  </tr>
+
+                  <tr class="tei tei-row">
+                    <td class="tei tei-cell"><span class=
+                    "tei tei-q">“ <span class="tei tei-q">‘And start (on)
+                    to-morrow, 26th, for<br />
+                    Back’s Fish River.’</span></span><a id="noteref_39" name=
+                    "noteref_39" href="#note_39"><span class=
+                    "tei tei-noteref"><span style=
+                    "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">39</span></span></a></td>
+
+                    <td class="tei tei-cell"></td>
+                  </tr>
+                </tbody>
+              </table>
+            </div>
+          </div>
+        </div>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class=
+        "tei tei-q">“In the short space of twelve months how mournful had
+        become the history of Franklin’s expedition! how changed from the
+        cheerful <span class="tei tei-q">‘All well’</span> of Graham Gore!
+        The spring of 1847 found them within ninety miles of the known sea
+        off the coast of America; and to men who had already, in two seasons,
+        sailed over 500 miles of previously unexplored waters, how confident
+        must they have then felt that that forthcoming navigable season of
+        1847 would see their ships pass over so short an intervening space!
+        It was ruled otherwise. Within a month after Lieutenant Gore placed
+        the record on Point Victory the much-loved leader of the expedition,
+        Sir John Franklin, was dead; and the following spring found Captain
+        Crozier, upon whom the command had devolved, at King William’s Land,
+        endeavouring to save his starving men, 105 souls in all, from a
+        terrible death, by retreating to the Hudson’s Bay territories up the
+        Back or Great Fish River.</span></p>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class=
+        "tei tei-q">“A sad tale was never told in fewer words. There is
+        something deeply touching in their extreme simplicity, and they show
+        in the strongest manner that both the leaders of this retreating
+        party were actuated by the loftiest sense of duty, and met with
+        calmness and decision the fearful alternative of a last bold struggle
+        for life rather than perish without effort on board their ships. We
+        well know that the <span class="tei tei-name"><span style=
+        "font-style: italic">Erebus</span></span> and <span class=
+        "tei tei-name"><span style="font-style: italic">Terror</span></span>
+        were only provisioned up to July, 1848.”</span></p>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">M’Clintock reached
+        the western extremity of King William’s Island on May 29th, and on
+        the following day encamped alongside a deserted boat of considerable
+        size, which had already been examined by Hobson, who had left a note.
+        A quantity of tattered clothing, &amp;c., remained near it.</p>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class=
+        "tei tei-q">“But,”</span> says M’Clintock, <span class=
+        "tei tei-q">“all these were after observations; there was that in the
+        boat that transfixed us with awe. It was portions of two human
+        skeletons. One was that of a slight young person; the other of a
+        large, strongly-made, middle-aged man. The former was found in the
+        bow of the boat, but in too much disturbed a state to enable Hobson
+        to judge whether the sufferer had died there; large and powerful
+        animals, probably wolves, had destroyed much of this skeleton, which
+        may have been that of an officer. Near it we found the fragment of a
+        pair of worked slippers.... Besides these slippers there were a pair
+        of small, strong, shooting half-boots. The other skeleton was in a
+        somewhat more perfect state<a id="noteref_40" name="noteref_40" href=
+        "#note_40"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style=
+        "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">40</span></span></a>, and was
+        enveloped with clothes and furs; it lay across the boat, under the
+        after thwart. Close beside it were found five watches; and there were
+        two double-barrelled guns—one barrel in each loaded and
+        cocked—standing muzzle <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page231">[pg
+        231]</span><a name="Pg231" id="Pg231" class=
+        "tei tei-anchor"></a>upwards against the boat’s side. It may be
+        imagined with what deep interest these sad relics were scrutinised,
+        and how anxiously every fragment of clothing was turned over in
+        search of pockets and pocket-books, journals, or even names. Five or
+        six small books were found, all of them Scriptural or devotional
+        works, except the <span class="tei tei-q">‘Vicar of
+        Wakefield.’</span> One little book, <span class=
+        "tei tei-q">‘Christian Melodies,’</span> bore an inscription on the
+        title-page from the donor to G. G. (Graham Gore?). A small Bible
+        contained numerous marginal notes and whole passages underlined.
+        Besides these books, the covers of a New Testament and Prayer Book
+        were found.</span></p>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class=
+        "tei tei-q">“Amongst an amazing quantity of clothing there were seven
+        or eight pairs of boots of various kinds—cloth winter boots,
+        sea-boots, heavy ankle-boots, and strong shoes. I noted that there
+        were silk handkerchiefs—black, white, and figured—towels, soap,
+        sponge, tooth-brush, and hair-combs; macintosh gun-cover marked
+        outside with paint A 12, and lined with black cloth. Besides these
+        articles we found twine, nails, saws, files, bristles, wax-ends,
+        sailmakers’ palms, powder, bullets, shot, cartridges, wads, leather
+        cartridge-case, knives—clasp and dinner ones—needle and thread cases,
+        slow-match, several bayonet-scabbards cut down into knife-sheaths,
+        two rolls of sheet-lead, and, in short, a quantity of articles of one
+        description and another truly astonishing in variety, and such as,
+        for the most part, modern sledge-travellers in these regions would
+        consider a mere accumulation of dead weight, but slightly useful, and
+        very likely to break down the strength of the sledge
+        crews.</span></p>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class=
+        "tei tei-q">“The only provisions we could find were tea and
+        chocolate: of the former very little remained, but there were nearly
+        forty pounds of the latter. These articles alone could never support
+        life in such a climate, and we found neither biscuit nor meat of any
+        kind. A portion of tobacco, and an empty pemmican-tin capable of
+        containing twenty-two pounds weight, were discovered. The tin was
+        marked with an E; it had probably belonged to the <span class=
+        "tei tei-name"><span style="font-style: italic">Erebus</span></span>.
+        None of the fuel originally brought from the ships remained in or
+        about the boat, but there was no lack of it, for a drift-tree was
+        lying on the beach close at hand, and had the party been in need of
+        fuel they would have used the paddles and bottom boards of the
+        boat.”</span> In the after part of the boat twenty-six pieces of
+        plate—spoons and forks—were found, bearing the crests or initials of
+        Franklin and his officers. The reader can see all these interesting
+        relics at Greenwich Hospital, and he will hardly examine them without
+        dropping a tear at the remembrances they recall.</p>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Although
+        M’Clintock and Hobson put forth almost superhuman effort to discover
+        the wrecks, they were never found, and the probability is that they
+        had broken up and were carried to sea at the disruption of the ice.
+        After making every attempt possible to discover further traces of the
+        lost party, M’Clintock and the rest returned to the <span class=
+        "tei tei-name"><span style="font-style: italic">Fox</span></span>. On
+        August 10th the vessel’s bows were pointed homewards, and forty days
+        later she reached the English Channel, after one of the most
+        remarkable and successful Arctic voyages ever made.</p>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">The narrative is
+        finished. It records one of the saddest tragedies of modern days.
+        Amidst all the perils of wreck, and fire, and flood, there has
+        generally been a loophole of escape for some few; here every man of
+        those gallant crews perished, the larger part while helplessly
+        endeavouring to reach a haven of safety. <span class=
+        "tei tei-q">“They fell down and died as they walked
+        along.”</span></p><span class="tei tei-pb" id="page232">[pg
+        232]</span><a name="Pg232" id="Pg232" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">The Arctic medal
+        was awarded to all the officers and crew of the <span class=
+        "tei tei-name"><span style="font-style: italic">Fox</span></span>,
+        and one of the first uses made by the men of their pay was to
+        purchase for Captain M’Clintock a handsome gold chronometer. That
+        brave and successful explorer was deservedly fêted and honoured
+        wherever he went, and, as most readers are aware, was subsequently
+        knighted.</p>
+      </div>
+
+      <div class="tei tei-div" style=
+      "margin-bottom: 5.00em; margin-top: 5.00em">
+        <a name="chap25" id="chap25" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> <a name=
+        "toc53" id="toc53"></a> <a name="pdf54" id="pdf54"></a>
+
+        <h2 class="tei tei-head" style=
+        "text-align: center; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em">
+        <span style="font-size: 144%">CHAPTER XXV.</span></h2>
+
+        <h2 class="tei tei-head" style=
+        "text-align: center; margin-bottom: 2.40em; margin-top: 2.40em">
+        <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: center"><span style=
+        "font-size: 120%; font-variant: small-caps">Kane’s Memorable
+        Expedition.</span></span></h2>
+
+        <div class="tei tei-argument" style=
+        "text-align: center; margin-bottom: 1.80em; margin-left: 3.60em; margin-top: 1.80em; margin-right: 3.60em">
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style=
+        "text-align: center; margin-bottom: 0.90em"><span style=
+        "font-size: 90%">Dr. Kane’s Expedition—His short but eventful
+        Career—Departure of the</span> <span class="tei tei-name" style=
+        "text-align: center"><span style=
+        "font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Advance</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%">—Dangers
+          of the Voyage—Grinding Ice—Among the Bergs—A Close
+          Shave—Nippings—The Brig towed from the Ice-beach—Smith’s
+          Sound—Rensselaer Harbour—Winter Quarters—Return of an Exploring
+          Party—Fearful Sufferings—To the Rescue—Saved—Curious Effects of
+          Intense Cold.</span></p>
+        </div>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Although the
+        expedition about to be described left the United States in
+        1852—several years before M’Clintock’s memorable voyage—and although
+        it was organised especially for the Franklin search, its
+        consideration has been deferred till now, in order not to interfere
+        with the narrative of the discoveries relative to the lost
+        expedition. Dr. Kane was not, indeed, to share with Rae and
+        M’Clintock the honour of determining the fate of Franklin and his
+        brave companions, but he was, and long must be, destined to hold a
+        foremost place among the great Arctic explorers of all ages, while
+        his work is one of the classics of Arctic literature.<a id=
+        "noteref_41" name="noteref_41" href="#note_41"><span class=
+        "tei tei-noteref"><span style=
+        "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">41</span></span></a></p>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Dr. Kane was in
+        the field of action he eventually chose one of the most ardent and
+        enthusiastic workers; indeed, the untiring energy and perseverance
+        with which he laboured in the face of all difficulties entitle him to
+        be considered a model explorer. His short life had been full of
+        adventure. Born on February 3rd, 1820, he became at a very early age
+        an assistant-surgeon in the United States navy, and visited most
+        parts of the world, including China, India, Ceylon, and the coasts of
+        Africa. At a station of the latter he was stricken down with
+        <span class="tei tei-q">“coast fever,”</span> and never entirely
+        recovered from the effects. He was engaged in the Mexican war with
+        the United States, and succeeded in passing through the enemy’s lines
+        with an oral despatch to the American head-quarters, when several
+        others had failed. On the voyage from New Orleans to Mexico he was
+        shipwrecked, and was afterwards laid low with typhus fever in the
+        latter country. His first visit to the Arctic was, as already
+        mentioned, in company with Lieutenant De Haven. He died at Havana,
+        shortly after his return from the expedition we are about to record.
+        His slight frame had been too severely tested; the flesh was weaker
+        than the spirit; and at the early age of thirty-seven he passed away,
+        leaving behind a reputation scarcely second to that of any Arctic
+        explorer. Ambitious always, he was nevertheless one of the most
+        thoughtful and humane of commanders. When his men were almost
+        starving, he travelled, sometimes alone, long distances on the ice
+        and snow for succour and relief; when nearly every member
+        <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page233">[pg 233]</span><a name="Pg233"
+        id="Pg233" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>of his party was stricken down
+        with scurvy, he nursed, cooked, and cared for them, oft-times when
+        enfeebled, downhearted, and scarcely able to stand himself. His naval
+        education had made him appreciate the value of discipline, but where
+        humanity was concerned self-abnegation was his leading
+        characteristic. Kane could most assuredly be termed a <span class=
+        "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">practical</span></span>
+        Christian. All honour to his memory!</p><a name="illo_265" id=
+        "illo_265" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"></p>
+
+        <div class="tei tei-figure" style="text-align: center">
+          <img src="images/illo_265.png" alt="WHALE SOUND, GREENLAND" title=
+          "WHALE SOUND, GREENLAND" />
+
+          <div class="tei tei-head" style=
+          "text-align: center; margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em">
+            WHALE SOUND, GREENLAND
+          </div>
+        </div>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Dr. Kane received
+        special orders in December, 1852, from the then Secretary of the
+        United States navy, <span class="tei tei-q">“to conduct an expedition
+        to the Arctic seas in search of Sir John Franklin.”</span> The
+        noble-hearted American merchant, Mr. Grinnell of New York, who had
+        organised De Haven’s expedition, placed a brig, the <span class=
+        "tei tei-name"><span style=
+        "font-style: italic">Advance</span></span>, at his disposal. Mr.
+        Peabody, the American benefactor of the London poor, contributed
+        handsomely to the outfit, which was aided by several scientific
+        institutions. The United States Government detailed ten officers and
+        men from the navy, which with seven others made up the full
+        complement of the expedition. Leaving New York on May 30th, 1853,
+        South Greenland was reached on July 1st. Several Danish settlements
+        were visited on the way north, where they received much hospitality,
+        and obtained skins, fur clothing, and native dogs.</p>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">As we have already
+        seen, Baffin was the discoverer of Smith’s Sound. From the year 1616,
+        the date of his visit, until Kane explored it, no European or
+        American had sailed over its waters. The voyage of the <span class=
+        "tei tei-name"><span style="font-style: italic">Advance</span></span>
+        thither was one of peril and difficulty. <span class="tei tei-pb" id=
+        "page234">[pg 234]</span><a name="Pg234" id="Pg234" class=
+        "tei tei-anchor"></a>Storm succeeded storm; the little brig was
+        constantly beset and nearly crushed in the ice, and sometimes heeled
+        over to such an extent that it seemed a miracle when she righted. Dr.
+        Kane’s description of some of the dangers through which they passed
+        is very graphic.</p>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class=
+        "tei tei-q">“At seven in the morning we were close on to the piling
+        masses. We dropped our heaviest anchor with the desperate hope of
+        winding the brig; but there was no withstanding the ice-torrent that
+        followed us. We had only time to fasten a spar as a buoy to the
+        chain, and let her slip. So went our best bower.</span></p>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class=
+        "tei tei-q">“Down we went upon the gale again, helplessly scraping
+        along a lee of ice seldom less than thirty feet thick; one floe,
+        measured by a line as we tried to fasten to it, more than forty. I
+        had seen such ice only once before, and never in such rapid motion.
+        One upturned mass rose above our gunwale, smashing in our bulwarks,
+        and depositing half a ton of ice in a lump upon our decks. Our
+        staunch little brig bore herself through all this wild adventure as
+        if she had a charmed life.</span></p>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class=
+        "tei tei-q">“But a new enemy came in sight ahead. Directly in our
+        way, just beyond the line of floe-ice against which we were
+        alternately sliding and thumping, was a group of bergs. We had no
+        power to avoid them; the only question was, whether we were to be
+        dashed in pieces against them, or whether they might not offer us
+        some providential nook of refuge against the storm. But as we neared
+        them we perceived that they were at some distance from the floe-edge,
+        and separated from it by an interval of open water. Our hopes rose as
+        the gale drove us towards this passage and into it; and we were ready
+        to exult when, from some unexplained cause—probably an eddy of the
+        wind against the lofty ice-walls—we lost our headway. Almost at the
+        same moment we saw that the bergs were not at rest, that with a
+        momentum of their own they were bearing down upon the other ice, and
+        that it must be our fate to be crushed between the two.</span></p>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class=
+        "tei tei-q">“Just then a broad sconce-piece, or low water-washed
+        berg, came driving up from the southward. The thought flashed upon me
+        of one of our escapes in Melville Bay; and as the sconce moved
+        rapidly alongside us, M’Garry managed to plant an anchor on its slope
+        and hold on to it by a whale line. It was an anxious moment. Our
+        noble tow-horse, whiter than the pale horse that seemed to be
+        pursuing us, hauled us bravely on, the spray dashing over his
+        windward flanks, and his forehead ploughing up the lesser ice as if
+        in scorn. The bergs encroached upon us as we advanced; our channel
+        narrowed to a width of perhaps forty feet; we braced the yards to
+        clear the impending ice-walls.... We passed clear, but it was a close
+        shave—so close that our port quarter-boat would have been crushed if
+        we had not taken it in from the davits—and found ourselves under the
+        lee of a berg, in a comparative open lead. Never did heart-tried men
+        acknowledge with more gratitude their merciful deliverance from a
+        wretched death.”</span> And so the narrative continues—a long series
+        of hairbreadth escapes from the nippings and crushing of the ice.
+        Kane says at this juncture:—</p>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class=
+        "tei tei-q">“During the whole of the scenes I have been trying to
+        describe I could not help being struck by the composed and manly
+        demeanour of my comrades. The turmoil of ice under a heavy sea often
+        conveys the impression of danger when the reality is absent; but in
+        this fearful passage the parting of our hawsers, the loss of our
+        anchors, the abrupt crushing of our stoven bulwarks, and the actual
+        deposit of ice upon our decks, would have tried the <span class=
+        "tei tei-pb" id="page235">[pg 235]</span><a name="Pg235" id="Pg235"
+        class="tei tei-anchor"></a>nerves of the most experienced ice-man.
+        All—officers and men—worked alike. Upon each occasion of collision
+        with the ice which formed our lee coast, efforts were made to carry
+        out lines, and some narrow escapes were incurred by the zeal of the
+        parties leading them into positions of danger. Mr. Bonsall avoided
+        being crushed by leaping to a floating fragment; and no less than
+        four of our men at one time were carried down by the drift, and could
+        only be recovered by a relief party after the gale had
+        subsided.</span></p>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class=
+        "tei tei-q">“As our brig, borne on by the ice, commenced her ascent
+        of the berg, the suspense was oppressive. The immense blocks piled
+        against her, range upon range, pressing themselves under her keel and
+        throwing her over upon her side, till, urged by the successive
+        accumulations, she rose slowly, and as if with convulsive efforts,
+        along the sloping wall. Still there was no relaxation of the
+        impelling force. Shock after shock, jarring her to her very centre,
+        she continued to mount steadily on her precarious cradle. But for the
+        groaning of her timbers and the heavy sough of the floes we might
+        have heard a pin drop; and then as she settled down into her old
+        position, quietly taking her place among the broken rubbish, there
+        was a deep breathing silence, as though all were waiting for some
+        signal before the clamour of congratulation and comment should burst
+        forth.”</span> After the storm had abated, the crew went on the
+        ice-beach and towed the vessel a considerable distance, being
+        harnessed up, as Kane says, <span class="tei tei-q">“like mules on a
+        canal.”</span> Shortly afterwards a council was called to consider
+        the feasibility of proceeding northward or returning southward to
+        find a wintering place, and the latter idea was the more favourably
+        received. After some further discussion it was resolved to cross the
+        bay in which they now were to its northern headland, and thence
+        despatch sledging parties in quest of a suitable spot to <span class=
+        "tei tei-q">“dock”</span> the brig. On the way across the vessel
+        grounded and heeled over, throwing men out of their berths and
+        setting the cabin-deck on fire by upsetting the stove. She was
+        surrounded with ice, which piled up in immense heaps. These alarming
+        experiences were repeated on several occasions. Dr. Kane meantime
+        took a whale-boat, well sheathed with tin, ahead of the brig, and
+        after about twenty-four hours came to a solid ice-shelf or table,
+        clinging round the base of the cliffs. They hauled up the boat and
+        then prepared for a sledge journey. The rough and difficult nature of
+        their icy route may be inferred from the fact that it took them five
+        days to make a <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style=
+        "font-style: italic">direct</span></span> distance of forty miles,
+        while they had travelled twice that distance in reality. They then
+        arrived at a bay into which a large river fell. This Kane considers
+        the largest stream of North Greenland; its width at the mouth was
+        three-fourths of a mile. Its course was afterwards pursued to an
+        interior glacier, from the base of which it was found to issue in
+        numerous streams. By the banks of this river they encamped, lulled by
+        the unusual music of running waters. <span class=
+        "tei tei-q">“Here,”</span> says Kane, <span class=
+        "tei tei-q">“protected from the frost by the infiltration of the
+        melted snows, and fostered by the reverberation of solar heat from
+        the rocks, we met a flower growth, which, though drearily Arctic in
+        its type, was rich in variety and colouring. Amid festuca and other
+        tufted grasses twinkled the purple lychnis, and the white star of the
+        chickweed; and, not without its pleasing associations, I recognised a
+        solitary hesperis—the Arctic representative of the wallflowers of
+        home.”</span> After a careful examination of the bays and anchorages,
+        Rensselaer Harbour, the spot where he had left the <span class=
+        "tei tei-name"><span style=
+        "font-style: italic">Advance</span></span>, was chosen for their
+        winter quarters, and a storehouse and observatory were erected
+        ashore.</p><span class="tei tei-pb" id="page236">[pg
+        236]</span><a name="Pg236" id="Pg236" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">The return of an
+        exploring party, which had suffered severely, is well described by
+        Kane. <span class="tei tei-q">“We were at work cheerfully, sewing
+        away at the skins of some mocassins by the blaze of our lamps, when,
+        towards midnight, we heard the noise of steps above, and the next
+        minute Sontag, Ohlsen, and Petersen, came down into the cabin. Their
+        manner startled me even more than their unexpected appearance on
+        board. They were swollen and haggard, and hardly able to
+        speak.</span></p>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class=
+        "tei tei-q">“Their story was a fearful one. They had left their
+        companions in the ice, risking their own lives to bring us the news.
+        Brooks, Baker, Wilson, and Pierre, were all lying frozen and
+        disabled. Where? They could not tell. Somewhere in among the hummocks
+        to the north and east. It was drifting heavily round them when they
+        parted. Irish Tom had stayed by to feed and care for the others, but
+        the chances were sorely against them. It was in vain to question them
+        further. They had evidently travelled a great distance, for they were
+        sinking with fatigue and hunger, and could hardly be rallied enough
+        to tell us the direction in which they had come.”</span></p><a name=
+        "illo_268" id="illo_268" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"></p>
+
+        <div class="tei tei-figure" style="text-align: center">
+          <img src="images/illo_268.png" alt="DR. KANE." title="DR. KANE." />
+
+          <div class="tei tei-head" style=
+          "text-align: center; margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em">
+            DR. KANE.
+          </div>
+        </div>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Kane’s promptness
+        saved the party. A sledge was hastily loaded, Ohlsen deposited upon
+        it, wrapped in furs, and an immediate departure made. The thermometer
+        stood at 76° below freezing. For sixteen hours they struggled on,
+        till at length they came to <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page237">[pg
+        237]</span><a name="Pg237" id="Pg237" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>a
+        place where Ohlsen had to acknowledge he was quite <span class=
+        "tei tei-q">“at sea,”</span> and could not recognise the landmarks.
+        Kane continues:—<span class="tei tei-q">“Pushing ahead of the party,
+        and clambering over some rugged ice-piles, I came to a long level
+        floe, which I thought might probably have attracted the eyes of weary
+        men in circumstances like our own. It was a light conjecture, but it
+        was enough to turn the scale, for there was no other to balance it. I
+        gave orders to abandon the sledge, and disperse in search of
+        footmarks. We raised our tent, placed our pemmican in cache, except a
+        small allowance for each man to carry on his person, and poor Ohlsen,
+        now just able to keep his legs, was liberated from his bag. The
+        thermometer had fallen by this time to minus 49° 3′ and the wind was
+        setting in sharp from the north-west. It was out of the question to
+        halt; it required brisk exercise to keep us from freezing. The men
+        <span class="tei tei-q">‘extended’</span> in skirmishing order, but
+        kept nervously closing up; several were seized with trembling fits,
+        and Dr. Kane fainted twice from the effect of the intense cold. At
+        length a sledge track was discovered, which followed, brought them in
+        sight of a small American flag fluttering from a hummock, and lower
+        down a little masonic banner, hanging from a tent-pole hardly above
+        the drift. It was the camp of our disabled comrades; we reached it
+        after an unbroken march of twenty-one hours.</span></p>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class=
+        "tei tei-q">“The little tent was nearly covered.... As I crawled in,
+        and coming upon the darkness, heard before me the burst of welcome
+        gladness that came from the four poor fellows stretched on their
+        backs, and then for the first time the cheer outside, my weakness and
+        my gratitude together almost overcame me. They had expected me; they
+        were sure I would come!”</span> The tent only being capable of
+        holding eight, while there were fifteen souls in all, they had to
+        take <span class="tei tei-q">“watch and watch”</span> by turns. When
+        sufficiently rested and refreshed, the sick men were sewn up in
+        reindeer skins and placed on the sledge. Although they left all
+        superfluous articles behind, the load was eleven hundred pounds.
+        <span class="tei tei-q">“We made by vigorous pulls and lifts nearly a
+        mile an hour.... Almost without premonition, we all became aware of
+        an alarming failure of our energies. I was of course familiar with
+        the benumbed and almost lethargic sensation of extreme cold.... But I
+        had treated the <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style=
+        "font-style: italic">sleepy comfort</span></span> of freezing as
+        something like the embellishment of romance. I had evidence now to
+        the contrary.</span></p>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class=
+        "tei tei-q">“Bonsall and Morton, two of our stoutest men, came to me,
+        begging permission to sleep. <span class="tei tei-q">‘They were not
+        cold, the wind did not enter them now; a little sleep was all they
+        wanted.’</span> Presently Hans was found nearly stiff under a drift,
+        and Thomas, bolt upright, had his eyes closed, and could hardly
+        articulate. At last John Blake threw himself into the snow, and
+        refused to rise. They did not complain of feeling cold, but it was in
+        vain that I wrestled, boxed, ran, argued, jeered, or reprimanded—an
+        immediate halt could not be avoided.”</span> The tent was pitched
+        with much difficulty, and then Kane with one man pushed on to a tent
+        and cache left the previous day, his object being to prepare some hot
+        food before the rest arrived. He continues:—<span class=
+        "tei tei-q">“I cannot tell how long it took us to make the nine
+        miles, for we were in a strange kind of stupor, and had little
+        apprehension of time. It was probably about four hours. We kept
+        ourselves awake by imposing on each other a continued articulation of
+        words; they must have been incoherent enough! I recall these hours as
+        amongst the most wretched I have ever <span class="tei tei-pb" id=
+        "page238">[pg 238]</span><a name="Pg238" id="Pg238" class=
+        "tei tei-anchor"></a>gone through. We were neither of us in our right
+        senses, and retained a very confused recollection of what preceded
+        our arrival at the tent. We both of us, however, remember a bear who
+        walked leisurely before us, and tore up as he went a jumper that Mr.
+        M’Garry had improvidently thrown off the day before. He tore it into
+        shreds and rolled it into a ball, but never offered to interfere with
+        our progress. I remember this, and with it a confused sentiment that
+        our tent and buffalo robe might probably share the same fate.”</span>
+        This was a really wonderful example of the almost <span class=
+        "tei tei-hi"><span style=
+        "font-style: italic">intoxicating</span></span> and bewildering
+        effect of intense cold, frequently noted by arctic explorers. They
+        were dazed, and walked as in a dream. But they arrived safely at the
+        tent, and by the time the others came up had a good steaming pemmican
+        soup ready. When they again started, Kane tried the effect of brief
+        <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style=
+        "font-style: italic">three-minute</span></span> naps in the snow, the
+        men taking it in turns to wake each other, and he considered the
+        result satisfactory. After many a halt they reached the brig. Two of
+        the men had to undergo amputation of parts of the foot, and two died,
+        in spite of unremitting care. The searching party had been out
+        seventy-two hours, during which they had only rested eight.</p>
+      </div>
+
+      <div class="tei tei-div" style=
+      "margin-bottom: 5.00em; margin-top: 5.00em">
+        <a name="chap26" id="chap26" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> <a name=
+        "toc55" id="toc55"></a> <a name="pdf56" id="pdf56"></a>
+
+        <h2 class="tei tei-head" style=
+        "text-align: center; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em">
+        <span style="font-size: 144%">CHAPTER XXVI.</span></h2>
+
+        <h2 class="tei tei-head" style=
+        "text-align: center; margin-bottom: 2.40em; margin-top: 2.40em">
+        <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: center"><span style=
+        "font-size: 120%; font-variant: small-caps">Kane’s
+        Expedition</span></span> <span style=
+        "font-size: 120%">(</span><span class="tei tei-hi" style=
+        "text-align: center"><span style=
+        "font-size: 120%; font-style: italic">continued</span></span><span style="font-size: 120%">).</span></h2>
+
+        <div class="tei tei-argument" style=
+        "text-align: center; margin-bottom: 1.80em; margin-left: 3.60em; margin-top: 1.80em; margin-right: 3.60em">
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style=
+        "text-align: center; margin-bottom: 0.90em"><span style=
+        "font-size: 90%">Arrival of Esquimaux at the Brig—A Treaty
+        Concluded—Hospitality on Board—Arctic Appetites—Sledge Journeys—A
+        Break-down—Morton’s Trip—The Open Sea—The Brig hopelessly Beset—A
+        Council Called—Eight Men stand by the</span> <span class=
+        "tei tei-name" style="text-align: center"><span style=
+        "font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Advance</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%">—Departure
+          of the Rest—Their Return—Terrible Sufferings—A Characteristic
+          Entry—Raw Meat for Food—Fruitless Journeys for Fresh Meat—A
+          Scurvied Crew—Starving Esquimaux—Attempted Desertion—A Deserter
+          brought back from the Esquimaux Settlements.</span></p>
+        </div>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">The arrival and
+        visit of a number of Esquimaux at the brig caused some little
+        excitement. They were fine specimens of the race, and evidently
+        inclined for friendship. At first only one of them was admitted on
+        board. His dress is described as a kind of hooded capôte or jumper of
+        mixed blue and white fox-skins arranged with some taste, and booted
+        trousers of white bear-skin, which at the end of the foot were made
+        to terminate with the claws of the animal. Kane soon came to an
+        understanding with this individual, and the rest were admitted to the
+        brig, where they were hospitably treated. When offered, however, good
+        fresh wheaten bread and corned pork, and large lumps of white sugar,
+        they could not be induced to touch them, but much preferred gorging
+        on walrus meat. They were greatly amazed at the coal on board—too
+        hard for blubber, and so unlike wood. They were allowed to sleep in
+        the hold. Next morning a treaty was made whereby they pledged
+        themselves, before departing, to return in a few days with more meat,
+        and to allow Kane to use their dogs and sledges in the proposed
+        excursions.</p>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Kane with a party
+        attempted in the spring of 1854 a journey to the great glacier of
+        Humboldt, from which point he had hoped <span class="tei tei-q">“to
+        cross the ice to the American side.”</span> They had made some
+        progress when the winter’s scurvy reappeared painfully among the
+        <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page239">[pg 239]</span><a name="Pg239"
+        id="Pg239" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>party. The now soft snow made
+        travelling very difficult for both men and dogs; indeed, the former
+        sank to their waists, and the latter were nearly buried. Three of the
+        men were taken with snow blindness; one was utterly, and another
+        partially disabled. Kane was, while taking an observation for
+        latitude, seized with a sudden pain, and fainted. His limbs became
+        rigid, and he had to be strapped on the sledge. On May 5th he became
+        delirious, and fainted every time he was taken from the tent to the
+        sledge. The last man to give in, he owns that on this occasion he
+        succumbed entirely, and that to five brave men—Morton, Riley, Hickey,
+        Stephenson, and Hans—themselves scarcely able to travel, he owed his
+        preservation. They carried him back to the brig by forced marches,
+        and he long lay there in a very critical state. A few days after the
+        return of the party, Schubert, one of the merriest and best liked of
+        the little band, died. Dr. Hayes, the surgeon of the ship, worked
+        zealously in the discharge of his duties, and with the better diet
+        obtained in the summer—fresh seal-meat, reindeer, ptarmigan, and
+        rabbits—the invalids gradually recovered strength, and set about
+        their duties.</p>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">The most important
+        sledge journey undertaken at this time was that made by Morton. After
+        travelling a considerable distance, <span class="tei tei-q">“due
+        north over a solid area choked with bergs and frozen fields, he was
+        startled by the growing weakness of the ice; its surface became
+        rotten, and the snow wet and pulpy. His dogs, seized with terror,
+        refused to advance. Then for the first time the fact broke upon him
+        that a long dark band seen to the north beyond a protruding cape,
+        Cape Andrew Jackson, was water.”</span> He retraced his steps, and
+        leaving Hans and his dogs, passed between Sir John Franklin Island
+        and the narrow beach line, the coast becoming more wall-like and dark
+        masses of porphyritic rock abutting into the sea. With growing
+        difficulty he managed to climb from rock to rock in hopes of doubling
+        the promontory and sighting the coasts beyond, but the water kept
+        encroaching more and more on his track.</p>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class=
+        "tei tei-q">“It must have been an imposing sight as he stood at this
+        termination of his journey looking out upon the great waste of waters
+        before him. Not <span class="tei tei-q">‘a speck of ice,’</span> to
+        use his own words, could be seen. There, from a height of 480 feet,
+        which commanded a horizon of almost forty miles, his ears were
+        gladdened with the novel music of dashing waves; and a surf breaking
+        in among the rocks at his feet, stayed his further progress.... The
+        high ridges to the north-west dwindled off into low blue knobs, which
+        blended finally with the air. Morton called the cape which baffled
+        his labours after his commander, but I have given it the more
+        enduring name of <span class="tei tei-q">‘Cape Constitution.’</span>
+        I do not believe there was a man among us who did not long for the
+        means of embarking upon its bright and lonely waters. But he who may
+        be content to follow our story for the next few months will feel as
+        we did, that a controlling necessity made the desire a fruitless
+        one.”</span></p>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Morton had
+        undoubtedly seen an open sea, but the water which he described we now
+        know to be simply Kennedy Channel, a continuation of Smith Sound. He
+        had reached a latitude (about 80° 30′) further north than any
+        previous explorer of the Greenland coast.</p><a name="illo_273" id=
+        "illo_273" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"></p>
+
+        <div class="tei tei-figure" style="text-align: center">
+          <img src="images/illo_273.png" alt="MORTON DISCOVERS THE OPEN SEA"
+          title="MORTON DISCOVERS THE OPEN SEA." />
+
+          <div class="tei tei-head" style=
+          "text-align: center; margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em">
+            MORTON DISCOVERS THE OPEN SEA.
+          </div>
+        </div>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">A year and three
+        months had passed since the starting of the expedition, and still the
+        little brig was fast in the ice. The men were, as Kane calls it,
+        <span class="tei tei-q">“scurvy riddled”</span> and utterly
+        prostrated, their supplies were rapidly becoming exhausted, and Kane
+        deter<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page240">[pg 240]</span><a name=
+        "Pg240" id="Pg240" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>mined to hold a council
+        of both officers and crew. At noon of August 26th all hands were
+        called, and the situation fully explained to them, the doctor,
+        however, counselling them to stay by the brig, although he gave them
+        full permission to make any attempt at escape they might deem
+        feasible. Eight out of seventeen resolved to stand by the vessel. Dr.
+        Hayes and eight others determined to make an effort to reach the
+        settlements. Kane divided their remaining resources, and they left on
+        the 28th. One of them, George Riley, returned a few days afterwards,
+        and, three and a half months later, the rest were only too glad to
+        rejoin the vessel, after enduring many sufferings. On December 12th,
+        says Kane, <span class="tei tei-q">“Brooks awoke me with the cry of
+        <span class="tei tei-q">‘Esquimaux again!’</span> I dressed hastily,
+        and groping my way over the pile of boxes that leads up from the hold
+        to the darkness above, made out a group of human figures, masked by
+        the hooded jumpers of the natives. They stopped at the gangway, and,
+        as I was about to challenge, one of them sprang forward and grasped
+        my hand. It was Dr. Hayes. A few words, dictated by suffering,
+        certainly not by any anxiety as to his reception, and at his bidding
+        the whole party came upon deck. Poor fellows! I could only grasp
+        their hands, and give them a brother’s welcome.”</span> The
+        thermometer stood at -50° (82° below freezing); they were covered
+        with rime and snow, and were fainting with hunger. It was necessary
+        to use caution in taking them in to the warm cabin, or it would have
+        prostrated them completely. <span class="tei tei-q">“Poor
+        fellows,”</span> says Kane, <span class="tei tei-q">“as they threw
+        open their Esquimaux garments by the stove, how they relished the
+        scanty luxuries which we had to offer them! The coffee and the meat
+        biscuit soup, and the molasses and the wheat bread, even the salt
+        pork which our scurvy forbade the rest of us to touch—how they
+        relished it all! For more than two months they had lived on frozen
+        seal and walrus meat.”</span> They were all in danger of collapse,
+        and had long to be nursed very carefully. Dr. Hayes was much
+        prostrated, and three of his frost-bitten toes had to suffer
+        amputation.</p>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Their hope at
+        starting was that they might reach Upernavik, the nearest Danish
+        settlement in Greenland, a distance of about one thousand miles, and
+        that they might, at all events next spring, send succour to the party
+        left behind. Dr. Kane furnished them with such necessaries as could
+        be properly spared, with sledges: they were to take a life-boat
+        previously deposited near Lyttelton Island, and a whale-boat which
+        had been left at the Six-mile Ravine—a spot so called from being that
+        distance from the brig. Before leaving Dr. Kane called them into the
+        cabin, where in some nook or corner of the aft locker the careful
+        steward had stowed a couple of bottles of champagne, the existence of
+        which was only known to the commander and himself. One of these was
+        drawn from its hiding-place, and in broken-handled tea-cups they
+        exchanged mutual pledges.</p>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Their hopes had
+        been to reach open water at about ten miles from the brig, but in
+        this they were entirely disappointed, and they had to drag their
+        boats, sledges, and provisions, over ice so rough and broken, that in
+        one place it took them three days to make six miles. Little wonder if
+        some of them thought of returning almost as soon as they started!</p>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">The reader would
+        not thank us were we to record the long series of weary marches over
+        the ice which form the bulk of Dr. Hayes’ narrative. Winter was fast
+        approaching, their provisions were nearly exhausted, and it behoved
+        them to erect some place of <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page241">[pg
+        241]</span><a name="Pg241" id="Pg241" class=
+        "tei tei-anchor"></a>shelter. A hut was constructed of boulders, a
+        sail doing duty for roof, and a piece of greased linen—part of an old
+        shirt—for window-glass. Like Franklin and Richardson, they tried to
+        eke out their supplies by eating <span class=
+        "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">tripe de
+        roche</span></span>, the rock lichen, which, as it most commonly
+        does, produced diarrhœa, and weakened them still more. Esquimaux
+        visitors arrived at the hut, and brought them some limited supplies
+        of blubber, but declined altogether to sell their dogs or help them
+        to Upernavik. Whether or no Hayes was mistaken, he did not trust much
+        to that innocence and simplicity which are supposed to be the
+        prevailing characteristics of the Esquimaux; and on one or two
+        occasions he seems to have had very good reason for his doubts.
+        Petersen and Godfrey, on the way, during November, to the brig for
+        succour, overheard some natives plotting their destruction, and
+        immediately started from the settlement with their sledge. The
+        Esquimaux followed them with savage cries, but the determined front
+        shown to them seemed to have altered their minds.</p>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class=
+        "tei tei-q">“I now,”</span> says Hayes, <span class=
+        "tei tei-q">“repeated to Kalutunah a request which had been made on
+        previous occasions, viz., that his people should take us upon their
+        sledges and carry us northward to the Oomeaksoak. His answer was the
+        same as it had been hitherto. It was <span class="tei tei-pb" id=
+        "page242">[pg 242]</span><a name="Pg242" id="Pg242" class=
+        "tei tei-anchor"></a>then proposed to him and his companions that we
+        should hire from them their teams; but this they also declined to do.
+        No offers which we could make seemed to produce the slightest
+        impression upon them, and it was clear that nothing would induce them
+        to comply with our wishes, nor even give us any reason for their
+        refusal. In fact, they thoroughly understood our situation; and we
+        now entertained no doubt that they had made up their minds, with a
+        unanimity which at an earlier period seemed improbable, to abandon us
+        to our fate and to profit by it.</span></p>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class=
+        "tei tei-q">“The question to be decided became a very plain one. Here
+        were six civilised men, who had no resort for the preservation of
+        their lives, their usefulness, and the happiness of their families,
+        except in the aid of sledges and teams which the savage owners
+        obstinately refused to sell or to hire. The expectation of seizing,
+        after we should have starved or frozen to death, our remaining
+        effects, was the only motive of the refusal. The savages were within
+        easy reach of their friends, and could suffer little by a short delay
+        of their return. For their property compensation could be made after
+        our arrival at the brig. For my own part, before attempting to
+        negotiate with Kalutunah I had determined that his party should not
+        escape us in case of failure in our application to them for
+        aid.</span></p>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class=
+        "tei tei-q">“My comrades were not behind me in their inclinations;
+        indeed, it is to their credit that in so desperate an extremity they
+        were willing to restrain themselves from measures of a kind to give
+        us at the time far less trouble than those which I suggested. Being
+        unwilling that any unnecessary harm should come to the Esquimaux, I
+        proposed to put them to sleep with opium; then taking possession of
+        their dogs and sledges, to push northward as rapidly as possible, and
+        leaving them to awaken at their leisure; to stop for a few hours of
+        rest among our friends at Northumberland Island; then to make
+        directly for Cape Alexander, with the hope of getting so far the
+        start of Kalutunah and his companions that before they could arrive
+        at Netlik and spread the alarm we should be beyond their
+        reach.</span></p>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class=
+        "tei tei-q">“This plan met with the unanimous sanction of the party,
+        and we prepared to put it into immediate execution. In the way of
+        this were some difficulties. Our guests were manifesting great
+        uneasiness, and a decided disinclination to remain. Many threatening
+        glances and very few kind words had been bestowed upon them, and they
+        were evidently beginning to feel that they were not in a safe place.
+        It became now our first duty to reassure them, and accordingly the
+        angry looks gave place to friendly smiles. The old, familiar habits
+        of our people were resumed. Many presents were given to them. I tore
+        the remaining pictures from my <span class=
+        "tei tei-q">‘Anatomy,’</span> and the picture of the poor footsore
+        boy who wanted washing from <span class=
+        "tei tei-q">‘Copperfield,’</span> and gave them to Kalutunah for his
+        children. Such pieces of wood as remained to us were distributed
+        amongst them. Each received a comb. This last they had sometimes seen
+        us use, and they proceeded immediately to comb out their matted hair,
+        or rather to attempt that work; but forty years of neglect, blubber,
+        and filth, had so glued their locks together that there was no
+        possibility of getting a comb through them. The jests excited by
+        these attempts to imitate our practices did more to restore
+        confidence than anything else.</span></p>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class=
+        "tei tei-q">“At length was reached the climax of our hospitalities.
+        The stew which we had been preparing for our guests was ready and was
+        placed before them, and they were soon greedily <span class=
+        "tei tei-pb" id="page243">[pg 243]</span><a name="Pg243" id="Pg243"
+        class="tei tei-anchor"></a>devouring it. This proceeding was watched
+        by us with mingled anxiety and satisfaction, for while the pot was
+        over the fire I had turned into it unobserved the contents of a small
+        vial of laudanum. The soup, of course, contained the larger part of
+        the opium, but being small in quantity it had been made so bitter
+        that they would not eat more than the half of it. In order to prevent
+        either of them from getting an over-dose we divided the fluid into
+        three equal portions, and then with intense interest awaited the
+        result, apprehensive that the narcotic had not been administered in
+        sufficiently large quantity to ensure the desired effect.</span></p>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class=
+        "tei tei-q">“After an interval of painful watchfulness on the part of
+        my companions the hunters began to droop their eyelids, and asked to
+        be allowed to lie down and sleep. We were not long in granting their
+        wish, and never before had we manifested more kindly dispositions
+        towards them. We assisted them in taking off their coats and boots,
+        and then wrapped them up in our blankets, about which we were no
+        longer fastidious.</span></p>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class=
+        "tei tei-q">“Our guests were in a few minutes asleep, but I did not
+        know how much of their drowsiness was due to fatigue (for they had
+        been hunting), and how much to the opium; nor were we by any means
+        assured that their sleep was sound, for they exhibited signs of
+        restlessness which greatly alarmed us. Every movement had, therefore,
+        to be conducted with the utmost circumspection.</span></p>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class=
+        "tei tei-q">“To prepare for starting was the work of a few minutes.
+        We were in full travelling dress—coats, boots, and mittens, and some
+        of us wore masks; the hunters’ whips were in our hands, and nothing
+        remained to be done but to get a cup from the shelf. The moment was a
+        critical one, for if the sleepers should awake our scheme must be
+        revealed. Godfrey reached up for the desired cup, and down came the
+        whole contents of the shelf, rattling to the ground. I saw the
+        sleepers start, and, anticipating the result, instantly sprang to the
+        light and extinguished it with a blow of my mittened hand. As was to
+        be expected, the hunters were aroused. Kalutunah gave a grunt, and
+        inquired what was the matter. I answered him by throwing myself upon
+        the breck, and, crawling to his side, hugged him close, and cried
+        <span class="tei tei-q">‘Singikpok’</span> (sleep). He laughed,
+        muttered something which I could not understand, and, without having
+        suspected that anything was wrong, again fell asleep.”</span> Dr.
+        Hayes and his companions made their escape.</p><a name="illo_277" id=
+        "illo_277" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"></p>
+
+        <div class="tei tei-figure" style="text-align: center">
+          <img src="images/illo_277.png" alt="KALUTUNAH" title=
+          "KALUTUNAH." />
+
+          <div class="tei tei-head" style=
+          "text-align: center; margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em">
+            KALUTUNAH.
+          </div>
+        </div>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">The dogs, however,
+        gave them a great deal of trouble; and they were not surprised when,
+        after a halt for coffee, and to make some necessary repairs, they saw
+        the prisoners left in the snow hut coming after them in full pursuit.
+        There was nothing for it but a determined front. Hayes and his
+        companions got their rifles ready, and on the approach of the
+        natives, levelled them, ready to fire. This brought the Esquimaux to
+        their senses, and with many deprecatory gestures they promised to do
+        all that was asked of them. The affair ended, happily, without
+        bloodshed, and the natives accompanied Hayes to the brig, which he
+        reached safely, as before recorded, after many adventures.</p>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Kane makes the
+        following characteristic entry for January 6th, 1855:—<span class=
+        "tei tei-q">“If this journal ever gets to be inspected by other eyes,
+        the colour of its pages will tell of the atmosphere it is written in.
+        We have been emulating the Esquimaux for some time in everything
+        else; and now, last of all, this intolerable temperature and our want
+        of fuel have driven us to rely on our lamps for heat. Counting those
+        which I have <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page244">[pg
+        244]</span><a name="Pg244" id="Pg244" class=
+        "tei tei-anchor"></a>added since the wanderers came back, we have
+        twelve constantly going, with the grease and soot everywhere in
+        proportion. I can hardly keep my charts and registers in anything
+        like decent trim. Our beds and bedding are absolutely black, and our
+        faces begrimed with fatty carbon like the Esquimaux of South
+        Greenland.”</span></p>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Still the scurvy
+        kept a number of the men in an unserviceable condition. Some of
+        Kane’s remarks on the use of raw meats <span class=
+        "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">àpropos</span></span>
+        of their value in a medicinal sense, are interesting:—<span class=
+        "tei tei-q">“I do not know,”</span> says he, <span class=
+        "tei tei-q">“that my journal anywhere mentions our habituation to raw
+        meats, nor does it dwell upon their strange adaptation to scorbutic
+        disease. Our journeys have taught us the wisdom of the Esquimaux
+        appetite, and there are few amongst us who do not relish a slice of
+        raw blubber or a chunk of frozen walrus-beef. The liver of a walrus
+        (awuktanuk) eaten with little slices of his fat, of a verity it is a
+        delicious morsel! Fire would ruin the curt, pithy expression of
+        vitality which belongs to its uncooked pieces. Charles Lamb’s roast
+        pig was nothing to awuktanuk. I wonder that raw beef is not eaten at
+        home. Deprived of extraneous fibre, it is neither indigestible nor
+        difficult to masticate. With acids and condiments it makes a salad
+        which an educated palate cannot help relishing; and as a powerful and
+        condensed heat-making and anti-scorbutic food it has no
+        rival....</span></p>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class=
+        "tei tei-q">“My plans for sledging, simple as I once thought them,
+        and simple certainly as compared with those of the English parties,
+        have completely changed. Give me an eight-pound reindeer-fur bag to
+        sleep in, an Esquimaux lamp with a lump of moss, a sheet-iron
+        snow-melter or a copper soup-pot, with a tin cylinder to slip over it
+        and defend it from the wind, a good <span class=
+        "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">pièce de
+        résistance</span></span> of raw walrus-beef, and I want nothing more
+        for a long journey, if the thermometer will keep itself as high as
+        minus 30°. Give me a bear-<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page245">[pg
+        245]</span><a name="Pg245" id="Pg245" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>skin
+        bag, and coffee to boot, and with the clothes on my back I am ready
+        for minus 60°, but no wind.</span></p><a name="illo_276" id=
+        "illo_276" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"></p>
+
+        <div class="tei tei-figure" style="text-align: center">
+          <img src="images/illo_276.png" alt="ESQUIMAUX SNOW HOUSES" title=
+          "ESQUIMAUX SNOW HOUSES." />
+
+          <div class="tei tei-head" style=
+          "text-align: center; margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em">
+            ESQUIMAUX SNOW HOUSES.
+          </div>
+        </div>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class=
+        "tei tei-q">“The programme runs after this fashion:—Keep the blood in
+        motion, without loitering on the march; and for the halt raise a
+        snow-house; or, if the snow lies scant or impracticable, ensconce
+        yourself in a burrow or under the hospitable lee of an inclined
+        hummock-slab. The outside fat of your walrus sustains your little
+        moss fire; its frozen slices give you bread, its frozen blubber gives
+        you butter, other parts make the soup. The snow supplies you with
+        water; and when you are ambitious of coffee there is a bagful stowed
+        away in your boot. Spread out your bear-bag, your only heavy movable;
+        stuff your reindeer-bag <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page246">[pg
+        246]</span><a name="Pg246" id="Pg246" class=
+        "tei tei-anchor"></a>inside, hang your boots up outside, take a blade
+        of bone and scrape off all the ice from your furs. Now crawl in, the
+        whole party of you, feet foremost, draw the top of your dormitory
+        close headlong to leeward. Fancy yourself in Sybaris, and, if you are
+        only tired enough, you may sleep—like St. Lawrence on his gridiron,
+        or even a trifle better.”</span></p>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">On January 17th
+        Kane sadly admits that the <span class="tei tei-q">“present state of
+        things cannot last.”</span> They required meat above all things, and
+        he determined to make a sledge journey to the Esquimaux huts at Etah
+        in search of it. The preparations made, he started on the 22nd, Hans
+        Christian being the only available man to accompany him, the rest
+        being nearly all prostrated with scurvy, and some in a most dangerous
+        condition. His journal gives a graphic account of the attempt, which
+        was a failure.</p>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class=
+        "tei tei-q">“Washington’s birthday, February 22nd, was, however, a
+        day of better omen. Hans had had a shot—a long shot—at a deer, but he
+        had wounded him, and the injured animal, they knew, would not run
+        far. Next morning Hans was out early on the trail of the wounded
+        deer. Rhina, the least barbarous of the sledge dogs, assisted him. He
+        was back by noon with the joyful news, <span class="tei tei-q">‘The
+        tukkuk dead only two miles up big fiord!’</span> The cry found its
+        way through the hatch, and came back in a broken huzza from the sick
+        men.</span></p>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class=
+        "tei tei-q">“We are so badly off for strong arms that our reindeer
+        threatened to be a great embarrassment to us. We had hard work with
+        our dogs carrying him to the brig, and still harder, worn down as we
+        were, in getting him over the ship’s side. But we succeeded, and were
+        tumbling him down the hold, when we found ourselves in a dilemma like
+        the Vicar of Wakefield with his family picture. It was impossible to
+        drag the prize into our little moss-lined dormitory; the <span class=
+        "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">tossut</span></span>
+        was not half big enough to let him pass; and it was equally
+        impossible to skin him anywhere else without freezing our fingers in
+        the operation.</span></p>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class=
+        "tei tei-q">“<a name="corr246" id="corr246" class=
+        "tei tei-anchor"></a><span class="tei tei-corr">It</span> was a happy
+        escape from the embarrassments of our hungry little council to
+        determine that the animal might be carved before skinning as well as
+        he could be afterwards; and, in a very few minutes we proved our
+        united wisdom by a feast on his quartered remains.</span></p>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class=
+        "tei tei-q">“It was a glorious meal, such as the compensations of
+        Providence reserve for starving men alone. We ate, forgetful of the
+        past, and almost heedless of the morrow; cleared away the offal
+        wearily, and now, at 10 <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style=
+        "font-size: 75%">P.M.</span></span>, all hands have turned in to
+        sleep, leaving to their commanding officer the solitary honour of an
+        eight hours’ vigil.</span></p>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class=
+        "tei tei-q">“The deer was among the largest of all the northern
+        specimens I have seen. He measured five feet one inch in girth, and
+        six feet two inches in length, and stood as large as a two years’
+        heifer. We estimated his weight at three hundred pounds.”</span></p>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">But such a happy
+        experience was quite exceptional at this time. Other expeditions to
+        the Esquimaux at this time demonstrated that they themselves were in
+        a starving condition. On March 20th two of the men attempted to
+        desert, but Kane had learned of their intentions, and confronted them
+        as they were about to leave the vessel. One man, Godfrey, however,
+        did succeed, his intention being apparently to reach the settlement
+        at Etah Bay, and robbing Hans, their hunter, of sledge and dogs,
+        proceed south to Netlik. He afterwards returned to the brig with this
+        very sledge, reporting that Hans was <span class="tei tei-pb" id=
+        "page247">[pg 247]</span><a name="Pg247" id="Pg247" class=
+        "tei tei-anchor"></a>lying sick at Etah, and that he himself intended
+        to settle down among the Esquimaux. Both Bonsall and Kane were at
+        this time hardly able to walk, while the rest, thirteen in all, were
+        down with the scurvy. Shots were fired at him to make him change his
+        mind, but he again escaped, and this circumstance, with Hans’
+        continued absence, naturally caused the commander much anxiety. Kane,
+        though weak and dispirited, determined to go in search of both. The
+        sequel was, that disguising himself as an Esquimaux, he succeeded in
+        deceiving the deserter when he arrived at the village, and
+        handcuffing him made him yield unconditionally; he returned to the
+        brig as a prisoner. Hans, however, had been really ill.</p>
+      </div>
+
+      <div class="tei tei-div" style=
+      "margin-bottom: 5.00em; margin-top: 5.00em">
+        <a name="chap27" id="chap27" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> <a name=
+        "toc57" id="toc57"></a> <a name="pdf58" id="pdf58"></a>
+
+        <h2 class="tei tei-head" style=
+        "text-align: center; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em">
+        <span style="font-size: 144%">CHAPTER XXVII.</span></h2>
+
+        <h2 class="tei tei-head" style=
+        "text-align: center; margin-bottom: 2.40em; margin-top: 2.40em">
+        <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: center"><span style=
+        "font-size: 120%; font-variant: small-caps">Kane’s
+        Expedition</span></span> <span style=
+        "font-size: 120%">(</span><span class="tei tei-hi" style=
+        "text-align: center"><span style=
+        "font-size: 120%; font-style: italic">concluded</span></span><span style="font-size: 120%">).</span></h2>
+
+        <div class="tei tei-argument" style=
+        "text-align: center; margin-bottom: 1.80em; margin-left: 3.60em; margin-top: 1.80em; margin-right: 3.60em">
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style=
+        "text-align: center; margin-bottom: 0.90em"><span style=
+        "font-size: 90%">A Sad Entry—Farewell to the Brig—Departure for the
+        South—Death of Ohlsen—Difficult Travelling—The Open Water—The
+        Esquimaux of Etah—A Terrible Gale—Among the broken Floes—A Greenland
+        Oasis—The Ice Cliff—Eggs by the Hundred—An Anxious Moment—A Savage
+        Feast—The First Sign of Civilisation—Return to the Settlements—Home
+        once more.</span></p>
+        </div>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Kane had now been
+        two years in the arctic regions, and the day of release, so far at
+        least as their little brig was concerned, seemed as far off as ever.
+        Nearly all the men were invalids, and it took all the doctor’s
+        unremitting attention to keep them from utter despondency; others,
+        again, wanted only strength to become mutinous. Kane writes at the
+        beginning of March that his journal <span class="tei tei-q">“is
+        little else than a chronicle of sufferings.”</span> Brooks, his first
+        officer, <span class="tei tei-q">“as stalwart a man-o’-war’s-man as
+        ever faced an enemy,”</span> burst into tears when he first saw
+        himself in the glass. On the 4th their last remnant of fresh meat had
+        been doled out, and the region about their harbour ceased to yield
+        any game.</p>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">May arrived, and
+        with returning spring, and some supplies obtained from the natives,
+        the crew were so far restored to health that all but three or four
+        could take some part in the preparations for an immediate start to
+        the southward. It had become only too evident that their vessel, now
+        almost dismantled to the water’s edge—the woodwork having been needed
+        for fuel—<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style=
+        "font-style: italic">must</span></span> be abandoned. But one month’s
+        provisions remained, and they were thirteen hundred miles from the
+        nearest Danish settlement.</p>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">The last farewell
+        to the brig was made with some degree of solemnity. It was Sunday.
+        After prayers and a chapter of the Bible had been read, Kane
+        addressed his men, not affecting to disguise from them the
+        difficulties still to be overcome, but reminding them how often an
+        unseen Power had already rescued them from peril. He was met in a
+        right spirit, and a memorial was shortly afterwards brought to him,
+        signed by the whole company, which stated that they entirely
+        concurred in his attempt to reach the south by means of boats, and
+        that they were convinced of the necessity of abandoning the brig. All
+        then went on deck. The flags were hoisted and hauled down again, and
+        the men walked once or twice around the brig, looking at her timbers,
+        and exchanging comments <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page248">[pg
+        248]</span><a name="Pg248" id="Pg248" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>upon
+        the scars, which reminded them of every stage of her dismantling. The
+        figure-head—the fair Augusta, the little blue girl with pink cheeks,
+        who had lost her breast by an iceberg and her nose by a nip off
+        Bedevilled Reach—was taken from the bows. <span class=
+        "tei tei-q">“She is at any rate wood,”</span> said the men, when Kane
+        hesitated about giving them the extra burden, <span class=
+        "tei tei-q">“and if we cannot carry her far we can burn
+        her.”</span></p>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Their boats were
+        three in number, all of them well battered by exposure to ice and
+        storm, almost as destructive of their seaworthiness as the hot sun of
+        other regions. Two of them were cypress whale-boats, twenty-six feet
+        long, with seven feet beam, and three feet deep. These were
+        strengthened with oak bottom-pieces and a long string-piece bolted to
+        the keel. A washboard of light cedar, about six inches high, served
+        to strengthen the gunwale and give increased depth. A neat housing of
+        light canvas was stretched upon a ridge-line sustained fore and aft
+        by stanchions. The third boat was the little <span class=
+        "tei tei-name"><span style="font-style: italic">Red
+        Eric</span></span>. They mounted her on the old sledge, the
+        <span class="tei tei-name"><span style=
+        "font-style: italic">Faith</span></span>, hardly relying on her for
+        any purposes of navigation, but with the intention of cutting her up
+        for firewood in case their guns should fail to give them a supply of
+        blubber. Indeed, in spite of all the ingenuity of the carpenter, Mr.
+        Ohlsen, well seconded by the persevering labours of M’Garey and
+        Bonsall, not one of the boats was positively seaworthy. The
+        <span class="tei tei-name"><span style=
+        "font-style: italic">Hope</span></span> would not pass even
+        charitable inspection, and they expected to burn her on reaching
+        water. The planking of all of them was so dried up that it could
+        hardly be made tight by caulking. The three boats were mounted on the
+        sledges, the provisions stowed snugly under the thwarts; the
+        chronometers, carefully boxed and padded, placed in the stern-sheets
+        of the <span class="tei tei-name"><span style=
+        "font-style: italic">Hope</span></span>, in charge of Mr. Sontag.
+        With them were such of the instruments as they could venture to
+        transport. Their powder and shot, upon which their lives depended,
+        were carefully distributed in bags and tin canisters.</p>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class=
+        "tei tei-q">“There was,”</span> says Kane, <span class=
+        "tei tei-q">“no sign or affectation of spirit or enthusiasm upon the
+        memorable day when we first adjusted the boats to their cradles on
+        the sledges, and moved them off to the ice-foot. But the ice
+        immediately around the vessel was smooth, and as the boats had not
+        received their lading, the first labour was an easy one. As the
+        runners moved, the gloom of several countenances was perceptibly
+        lightened. The croakers had protested that we could not stir an inch.
+        These cheering remarks always reach a commander’s ears, and I took
+        good care, of course, to make the onset contradict them. By the time
+        we reached the end of our little level the tone had improved
+        wonderfully, and we were prepared for the effort of crossing the
+        successive lines of the belt-ice, and forcing a way through the
+        smashed material which interposed between us and the
+        ice-foot.</span></p>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class=
+        "tei tei-q">“This was a work of great difficulty, and sorrowfully
+        exhausting to the poor fellows not yet accustomed to heave together.
+        But in the end I had the satisfaction, before twenty-four hours were
+        over, of seeing our little arks of safety hauled up on the higher
+        plane of the ice-foot, in full time for ornamental exhibition from
+        the brig; their neat canvas housing rigged tent-fashion over the
+        entire length of each; a jaunty little flag, made out of one of the
+        commander’s obsolete linen shirts, decorated in stripes from a
+        disused article of stationery—the red-ink bottle—and with a very
+        little of the blue-bag in the star-spangled corner. All hands after
+        this returned on board. I had ready for them the best supper our
+        supplies afforded, and they turned in with minds prepared for their
+        departure next day.</span></p><span class="tei tei-pb" id=
+        "page249">[pg 249]</span><a name="Pg249" id="Pg249" class=
+        "tei tei-anchor"></a>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class=
+        "tei tei-q">“They were nearly all of them invalids, unused to open
+        air and exercise. It was necessary to train them very gradually. We
+        made but two miles the first day, and with a single boat; and,
+        indeed, for some time after this I took care that they should not be
+        disheartened by overwork. They came back early to a hearty supper and
+        warm beds, and I had the satisfaction of marching them back each
+        recurring morning refreshed and cheerful. The weather, happily, was
+        <a name="corr249" id="corr249" class=
+        "tei tei-anchor"></a><span class="tei tei-corr">superb.</span>”</span></p>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Repeated sledge
+        journeys back to the brig, and afterwards from station to station,
+        were made, as they could not transport all their goods at one time in
+        their enfeebled state. No one worked harder than did the commander
+        himself. On one of his last visits to the brig, he, with the aid of
+        Morton and an Esquimaux, baked 150 lbs. of bread, and performed other
+        culinary operations for the benefit of the whole party.</p>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Their journey was
+        one of peril and difficulty, and constantly interrupted by gales. The
+        reflection would now and again force itself upon their minds that a
+        single storm might convert the precarious platform on which they
+        travelled into a tumultuous ice-pack. While crossing a weak part of
+        the ice one of their sledge-runners broke through, and but for the
+        presence of mind of Ohlsen, the load, boat and all, would have gone
+        under. He saw the ice give way, and by a violent exercise of
+        strength, passed a capstan-bar under the sledge, and thus bore the
+        load till it was hauled on to safer ice. He was a very powerful
+        <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page250">[pg 250]</span><a name="Pg250"
+        id="Pg250" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>man, and might have done this
+        without injuring himself; but it would seem his footing gave way
+        under him, forcing him to make a still more desperate effort to
+        extricate himself. It cost him his life: he died three days
+        afterwards, from the strain on his system.</p>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">But there were
+        times when travelling was not so difficult, and when they could hoist
+        their sails, and run rapidly before the wind over solid ice. It was a
+        new sensation to the men. Levels which, under the slow labour of the
+        drag-rope, would have delayed them for hours, were glided over
+        without a halt, and the speed of the sledges made rotten ice nearly
+        as available as sound. They made more progress in one day in this
+        manner than they had previously in five. The spirits of the men rose;
+        <span class="tei tei-q">“the sick mounted the thwarts; the well clung
+        to the gunwale; and, for the first time for nearly a year, broke out
+        the sailors’ chorus, <span class="tei tei-q">‘Storm along, my hearty
+        boys!’</span> ”</span></p>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class=
+        "tei tei-q">“Though the condition of the ice assured us,”</span> says
+        Kane, writing several days later, <span class="tei tei-q">“that we
+        were drawing near the end of our sledge-journeys, it by no means
+        diminished their difficulty or hazards. The part of the field near
+        the open water is always abraded by the currents, while it remains
+        apparently firm on the surface. In some places it was so transparent
+        that we could even see the gurgling eddies below it; while in others
+        it was worn into open holes that were already the resort of wild
+        fowl. But in general it looked hard and plausible, though not more
+        than a foot or even six inches in thickness.</span></p>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class=
+        "tei tei-q">“This continued to be its character as long as we pursued
+        the Lyttelton Island channel, and we were compelled, the whole way
+        through, to sound ahead with the boat-hook or narwal-horn. We learned
+        this precaution from the Esquimaux, who always move in advance of
+        their sledges when the ice is treacherous, and test its strength
+        before bringing on their teams. Our first warning impressed us with
+        the policy of observing. We were making wide circuits with the
+        whale-boats to avoid the tide-holes, when signals of distress from
+        men scrambling on the ice announced to us that the <span class=
+        "tei tei-name"><span style="font-style: italic">Red
+        Eric</span></span> had disappeared. This unfortunate little craft
+        contained all the dearly-earned documents of the expedition. There
+        was not a man who did not feel that the reputation of the party
+        rested in a great degree upon their preservation. It had cost us many
+        a pang to give up our collections of natural history, to which every
+        one had contributed his quota of labour and interest; but the
+        destruction of the vouchers of the cruise—the log-books, the
+        meteorological registers, the surveys, and the journals—seemed to
+        strike them all as an irreparable disaster.</span></p>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class=
+        "tei tei-q">“When I reached the boat everything was in confusion.
+        Blake, with a line passed round his waist, was standing up to his
+        knees in sludge, groping for the document-box, and Mr. Bonsall,
+        dripping wet, was endeavouring to haul the provision-bags to a place
+        of safety. Happily the boat was our lightest one, and everything was
+        saved. She was gradually lightened until she could bear a man, and
+        her cargo was then passed out by a line and hauled upon the ice. In
+        spite of the wet and the cold and our thoughts of poor Ohlsen, we
+        greeted its safety with three cheers.</span></p>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class=
+        "tei tei-q">“It was by great good fortune that no lives were lost.
+        Stephenson was caught as he sank by one of the sledge-runners, and
+        Morton while in the very act of drifting under the ice was seized by
+        the hair of the head by Mr. Bonsall, and
+        saved!”</span></p><span class="tei tei-pb" id="page251">[pg
+        251]</span><a name="Pg251" id="Pg251" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">On June 16th their
+        boats were at the open water. <span class="tei tei-q">“We
+        see,”</span> says Kane, <span class="tei tei-q">“its deep indigo
+        horizon, and hear its roar against the icy beach. Its scent is in our
+        nostrils and our hearts.”</span> They had their boats to prepare now
+        for a long and adventurous navigation. They were so small and heavily
+        laden as hardly to justify much confidence in their buoyancy; but,
+        besides this, they were split with frost and warped by sunshine, and
+        fairly open at the seams. They were to be caulked, and swelled, and
+        launched, and stowed, before they could venture to embark in them. A
+        rainy south-wester too, which had met them on arrival, was now
+        spreading with its black nimbus over the sky as if they were to be
+        storm-stayed on the precarious ice-beach. It was a time of
+        anxiety.</p><a name="illo_281" id="illo_281" class=
+        "tei tei-anchor"></a>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"></p>
+
+        <div class="tei tei-figure" style="text-align: center">
+          <img src="images/illo_281.png" alt="CAPE ALEXANDER, GREENLAND"
+          title="CAPE ALEXANDER, GREENLAND." />
+
+          <div class="tei tei-head" style=
+          "text-align: center; margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em">
+            CAPE ALEXANDER, GREENLAND.
+          </div>
+        </div>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Kane writes on
+        July 18th, <span class="tei tei-q">“The Esquimaux are camped by our
+        side—the whole settlement of Etah congregated around the <span class=
+        "tei tei-q">‘big caldron’</span> of Cape Alexander, to bid us
+        good-bye. There are Meteh and Mealik his wife, our old acquaintance
+        Mrs. Eiderduck, and their five children, commencing with Myouk my
+        body-guard, and ending with the ventricose little Accomadah. There is
+        Nessark and Anak his wife; and Tellerk, <span class="tei tei-q">‘the
+        right-arm,’</span> and Amannalik his wife; and Sip-see, and Marsumah,
+        and Aniugnah—and who not? I can name them every one, but they know us
+        as well. We have found brothers in a strange <a name="corr251" id=
+        "corr251" class="tei tei-anchor"></a><span class=
+        "tei tei-corr">land.</span>”</span></p>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">For many days
+        after leaving their Esquimaux friends they were more or less beset
+        with broken floating ice, and the weather was often extremely bad.
+        Kane describes a gale, during which the boats were nearly swamped. At
+        length they reached a cleft or cave in the cliff, and were shoring up
+        their boat with blocks of ice, when they saw the welcome sight of a
+        flock of eider ducks, and they knew that they were at their breeding
+        grounds.</p><a name="illo_284" id="illo_284" class=
+        "tei tei-anchor"></a>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"></p>
+
+        <div class="tei tei-figure" style="text-align: center">
+          <img src="images/illo_284.png" alt="THE HOME OF THE EIDER DUCK"
+          title="THE HOME OF THE EIDER DUCK." />
+
+          <div class="tei tei-head" style=
+          "text-align: center; margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em">
+            THE HOME OF THE EIDER DUCK.
+          </div>
+        </div>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class=
+        "tei tei-q">“We remained almost three days in our crystal retreat,
+        gathering eggs at the rate of 1,200 a day. Outside the storm raged
+        without intermission, and our egg-hunters found it difficult to keep
+        their feet; but a merrier set of gourmands than were gathered within
+        never surfeited in genial diet.”</span> It was the 18th of July
+        before the ice allowed them to depart. In launching the <span class=
+        "tei tei-name"><span style="font-style: italic">Hope</span></span>
+        she was precipitated into the sludge below, carrying away rail and
+        bulwark, tumbling their best shot-gun into the sea, and, worst of
+        all, their kettle—soup-kettle, paste-kettle, tea-kettle,
+        water-kettle, all in one—was lost overboard. For some days after they
+        made fair progress.</p>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">A little later and
+        matters had not improved. The ice was again before them in an almost
+        unbroken mass. <span class="tei tei-q">“Things grew worse and worse
+        with us,”</span> says Kane; <span class="tei tei-q">“the old
+        difficulty of breathing came back again, and our feet swelled to such
+        an extent that we were obliged to cut open our canvas boots. But the
+        symptom which gave me most uneasiness was our inability to sleep. A
+        form of low fever which hung by us when at work had been kept down by
+        the thoroughness of our daily rest. All my hopes of escape were in
+        the refreshing influences of the halt.</span></p>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class=
+        "tei tei-q">“It must be remembered that we were now in the open bay,
+        in the full line of the great ice-drift to the Atlantic, and in boats
+        so frail and unseaworthy as to require constant baling to keep them
+        afloat.</span></p>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class=
+        "tei tei-q">“It was at this crisis of our fortunes that we saw a
+        large seal floating—as is the custom of these animals—on a small
+        patch of ice, and seemingly asleep. It was an ussuk, <span class=
+        "tei tei-pb" id="page252">[pg 252]</span><a name="Pg252" id="Pg252"
+        class="tei tei-anchor"></a>and so large that I at first mistook it
+        for a walrus. Signal was made for the <span class=
+        "tei tei-name"><span style="font-style: italic">Hope</span></span> to
+        follow astern, and, trembling with anxiety, we prepared to crawl down
+        upon him.</span></p>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class=
+        "tei tei-q">“Petersen, with the large English rifle, was stationed in
+        the bow, and stockings were drawn over the oars as mufflers. As we
+        neared the animal our excitement became so intense that the men could
+        hardly keep stroke. I had a set of signals for such occasions, which
+        spared us the noise of the voice; and when about three hundred yards
+        off the oars were taken in, and we moved on in deep silence with a
+        single scull astern.</span></p>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class=
+        "tei tei-q">“He was not asleep, for he reared his head when we were
+        almost within rifle-shot; and to this day I can remember the hard,
+        careworn, almost despairing expression of the men’s thin faces as
+        they saw him move: their lives depended on his capture.</span></p>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class=
+        "tei tei-q">“I depressed my hand nervously, as a signal for Petersen
+        to fire. M’Gary hung upon his oar, and the boat, slowly but
+        noiselessly sagging ahead, seemed to me within certain range. Looking
+        at Petersen, I saw that the poor fellow was paralysed by his anxiety,
+        trying vainly to obtain a rest for his gun against the cut-water of
+        the boat. The seal rose on his fore-flippers, gazed at us for a
+        moment with frightened curiosity, and coiled himself for a plunge. At
+        that instant, simultaneously with the crack of our rifle, he relaxed
+        his long length on the ice, and, at the very brink of the water, his
+        head fell helpless to one side.</span></p>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class=
+        "tei tei-q">“I would have ordered another shot, but no discipline
+        could have controlled the men. With a wild yell, each vociferating
+        according to his own impulse, they urged both boats upon the floes. A
+        crowd of hands seized the seal, and bore him up to safer ice. The men
+        seemed half crazy: I had not realised how much we were reduced by
+        absolute famine. They ran over the floe, crying and laughing, and
+        brandishing their knives. It was not five minutes before each man was
+        sucking his bloody fingers, or mouthing long strips of raw
+        blubber.</span></p>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class=
+        "tei tei-q">“Not an ounce of this seal was lost. The intestines found
+        their way into the soup-kettles without any observance of the
+        preliminary home processes. The cartilaginous parts of the
+        fore-flippers were cut off in the <span class=
+        "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">mêlée</span></span> and
+        passed round to be chewed upon; and <span class="tei tei-pb" id=
+        "page253">[pg 253]</span><a name="Pg253" id="Pg253" class=
+        "tei tei-anchor"></a>even the liver, warm and raw as it was, bade
+        fair to be eaten before it had seen the pot. That night, on the large
+        halting-floe, to which, in contempt of the dangers of drifting, we
+        happy men had hauled our boats, two entire planks of the <span class=
+        "tei tei-name"><span style="font-style: italic">Red
+        Eric</span></span> were devoted to a grand cooking-fire, and we
+        enjoyed a rare and savage feast....</span></p>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class=
+        "tei tei-q">“Two days after this a mist had settled down upon the
+        islands which embayed us, and when it lifted we found ourselves
+        rowing in lazy time, under the shadow of Karkamoot. Just then a
+        familiar sound came to us over the water. We had often listened to
+        the screeching of the gulls or the bark of the fox, and mistaken it
+        for the <span class="tei tei-q">‘Huk’</span> of the Esquimaux; but
+        this had about it an inflection not to be mistaken, for it died away
+        in the familiar cadence of a <span class=
+        "tei tei-q">‘halloo.’</span></span></p>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class=
+        "tei tei-q">“ <span class="tei tei-q">‘Listen, Petersen! oars,
+        men!’</span> <span class="tei tei-q">‘What is it?’</span>—and he
+        listened quietly at first, and then, trembling, said, in a half
+        whisper, <span class="tei tei-q">‘Dannemarkers!’</span></span></p>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class=
+        "tei tei-q">“I remember this the first tone of Christian voice which
+        had greeted our return to the world. How we all stood up and peered
+        into the distant nook; and how the cry came to us again, just as,
+        having seen nothing, we were doubting whether the whole was not a
+        dream; and then how, with long sweeps, the white ash cracking under
+        the spring of the rowers, we stood for the cape that the sound
+        proceeded from, and how nervously we scanned the green spots, which
+        our experience, grown now into instinct, told us would be the likely
+        camping-ground of wayfarers!</span></p>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class=
+        "tei tei-q">“By-and-by—for we must have been pulling for a good
+        half-hour—the single mast of a small shallop showed itself; and
+        Petersen, who had been very quiet and grave, burst out into an
+        incoherent fit of crying, only relieved by broken exclamations of
+        mingled Danish and English. <span class="tei tei-q">‘’Tis the
+        Upernavik oil-boat, the <span class="tei tei-name"><span style=
+        "font-style: italic">Fraulein Flaischer</span></span>! Carlie Mossyn,
+        the assistant cooper, must be on his road to Kingatok for blubber.
+        The <span class="tei tei-name"><span style=
+        "font-style: italic">Mariane</span></span> (the one annual ship) has
+        come, and Carlie Mossyn’</span>—and here he did it all over again,
+        gulping down his words and wringing his hands.</span></p>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class=
+        "tei tei-q">“It was Carlie Mossyn, sure enough. The quiet routine of
+        a Danish settlement is the same year after year, and Petersen had hit
+        upon the exact state of things. The <span class=
+        "tei tei-name"><span style="font-style: italic">Mariane</span></span>
+        was at Proven, and Carlie Mossyn had come up in the <span class=
+        "tei tei-name"><span style="font-style: italic">Fraulein
+        Flaischer</span></span> to get the year’s supply of blubber from
+        Kingatok.</span></p>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class=
+        "tei tei-q">“Here we first got our cloudy vague idea of what had
+        passed in the world during our absence. The friction of its fierce
+        rotation has not much disturbed this little outpost of civilisation,
+        and we thought it a sort of blunder as he told us that France and
+        England were leagued with the Mussulman against the Greek Church. He
+        was a good Lutheran, this assistant cooper, and all news with him had
+        a theological complexion.</span></p>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class=
+        "tei tei-q">“ <span class="tei tei-q">‘What of America? eh,
+        Petersen?’</span>—and we all looked, waiting for him to interpret the
+        answer.</span></p>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class=
+        "tei tei-q">“ <span class="tei tei-q">‘America?’</span> said Carlie;
+        <span class="tei tei-q">‘we don’t know much of that country here, for
+        they have no whalers on the coast; but a steamer and a barque passed
+        up a fortnight ago, and have gone out into the ice to seek your
+        party.’</span></span></p>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class=
+        "tei tei-q">“How gently all the lore of this man oozed out of him! he
+        seemed an oracle, as, with hot tingling fingers pressed against the
+        gunwale of the boat, we listened to his words. <span class=
+        "tei tei-q">‘Sebastopol aint taken.’</span> Where and what was
+        Sebastopol?</span></p><span class="tei tei-pb" id="page254">[pg
+        254]</span><a name="Pg254" id="Pg254" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class=
+        "tei tei-q">“But <span class="tei tei-q">‘Sir John Franklin?’</span>
+        There we were at home again—our own delusive little speciality rose
+        uppermost. Franklin’s party, or traces of the dead which represented
+        it, had been found nearly a thousand miles to the south of where we
+        had been searching for them. He knew it; for the priest (Pastor
+        Kraag) had a German newspaper which told all about it. And so we
+        <span class="tei tei-q">‘out oars’</span> again, and rowed into the
+        fogs.</span></p>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class=
+        "tei tei-q">“Another sleeping halt was passed, and we have all washed
+        clean at the fresh-water basins, and furbished up our ragged furs and
+        woollens. Kasarsoak, the snow top of Sanderson’s <span class=
+        "tei tei-name"><span style="font-style: italic">Hope</span></span>,
+        shows itself above the mists, and we hear the yelling of the dogs.
+        Petersen had been foreman of the settlement, and he calls my
+        attention, with a sort of pride, to the tolling of the workmen’s
+        bell. It is six o’clock. We are nearing the end of our trials. Can it
+        be a dream?</span></p>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class=
+        "tei tei-q">“We hugged the land by the big harbour, turned the corner
+        by the brewhouse, and, in the midst of a crowd of children, hauled
+        our boats for the last time upon the rocks.</span></p>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class=
+        "tei tei-q">“For eighty-four days we had lived in the open air. Our
+        habits were hard and weatherworn. We could not remain within the four
+        walls of a house without a distressing sense of suffocation. But we
+        drank coffee that night before many a hospitable threshold, and
+        listened again and again to the hymn of welcome, which, sung by many
+        voices, greeted our deliverance.”</span> They had been eighty-four
+        days on the trip.</p>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Kane and his party
+        received all manner of kindness from the Danes of Upernavik. After
+        stopping there nearly a month, and recruiting their health, they left
+        for Godhavn on a Danish vessel, the captain of which had engaged to
+        drop them at the Shetland Islands, should no other or better
+        opportunity occur. Just as they were leaving Godhavn, however, the
+        look-out man at the hill-top announced a steamer in the distance. It
+        drew near, with a barque in tow, and they soon recognised the stars
+        and stripes of their own country. All the boats of the settlement put
+        out to her. <span class="tei tei-q">“Presently,”</span> says the
+        interesting narrative we have followed, <span class="tei tei-q">“we
+        were alongside. An officer whom I shall ever remember as a cherished
+        friend, Captain Hartstene, hailed a little man in a ragged flannel
+        shirt, <span class="tei tei-q">‘Is that Dr. Kane?’</span> and with
+        the <span class="tei tei-q">‘Yes!’</span> that followed the rigging
+        was manned by our countrymen, and cheers welcomed us back to the
+        social world of love which they represented.”</span> This U.S.
+        man-of-war which had been sent especially to search for them, had
+        been several weeks among the northward ice before they returned, so
+        fortunately, to Godhavn. A few weeks later Kane was being honoured as
+        only Americans honour those whom they highly esteem. Later, in many
+        ways, he received the fullest recognition in our own country. It is
+        sad to know that he, who had laboured so hard for the welfare of his
+        men, and not merely for science or personal ambition, was the first
+        to pass away. His slight frame could not stand the many drafts which
+        had been put on its endurance, and scarcely fourteen months elapsed
+        from the period of his return till the sad news of his death shocked
+        not merely the world of science but a world of friends, many of whom
+        had never known him in the flesh, but who, from his writings and good
+        report, had learned to love him.</p><a name="illo_287" id="illo_287"
+        class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"></p>
+
+        <div class="tei tei-figure" style="text-align: center">
+          <img src="images/illo_287.jpg" alt=
+          "GODHAVN, A DANISH SETTLEMENT IN DISCO ISLAND, GREENLAND" title=
+          "GODHAVN, A DANISH SETTLEMENT IN DISCO ISLAND, GREENLAND." />
+
+          <div class="tei tei-head" style=
+          "text-align: center; margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em">
+            GODHAVN, A DANISH SETTLEMENT IN DISCO ISLAND, GREENLAND.
+          </div>
+        </div>
+      </div><span class="tei tei-pb" id="page255">[pg 255]</span><a name=
+      "Pg255" id="Pg255" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+
+      <div class="tei tei-div" style=
+      "margin-bottom: 5.00em; margin-top: 5.00em">
+        <a name="chap28" id="chap28" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> <a name=
+        "toc59" id="toc59"></a> <a name="pdf60" id="pdf60"></a>
+
+        <h2 class="tei tei-head" style=
+        "text-align: center; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em">
+        <span style="font-size: 144%">CHAPTER XXVIII.</span></h2>
+
+        <h2 class="tei tei-head" style=
+        "text-align: center; margin-bottom: 2.40em; margin-top: 2.40em">
+        <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: center"><span style=
+        "font-size: 120%; font-variant: small-caps">Hayes’ Expedition—Swedish
+        Expeditions.</span></span></h2>
+
+        <div class="tei tei-argument" style=
+        "text-align: center; margin-bottom: 1.80em; margin-left: 3.60em; margin-top: 1.80em; margin-right: 3.60em">
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style=
+        "text-align: center; margin-bottom: 0.90em"><span style=
+        "font-size: 90%">Voyage of the</span> <span class="tei tei-name"
+        style="text-align: center"><span style=
+        "font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">United
+        States</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%">—High Latitude
+        attained—In Winter Quarters—Hardships of the Voyage—The dreary Arctic
+        Landscape—Open Water once more—1,300 Miles of Ice traversed—Swedish
+        Expeditions—Perilous Position of the</span> <span class=
+        "tei tei-name" style="text-align: center"><span style=
+        "font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Sofia</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%">.</span></p>
+        </div>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">It will be
+        remembered that Dr. Hayes was associated with Dr. Kane at the period
+        when Morton discovered that open water which seemed to many
+        scientific men of the day positive proof of the existence of an
+        <span class="tei tei-q">“open polar sea.”</span> Dr. Hayes was an
+        evident believer in the theory, and his enthusiastic advocacy of it
+        induced many in the United States to come forward and lend material
+        aid towards the solution of the problem. A private subscription, to
+        which that worthy New Yorker Mr. Grinnell, who had already done so
+        much to further Arctic exploration, contributed largely, enabled Dr.
+        Hayes to purchase and fit a schooner—the <span class=
+        "tei tei-name"><span style="font-style: italic">United
+        States</span></span>—for the arduous work in which she was to be
+        engaged. The vessel was of no great size, merely some 130 tons
+        burden, but was considerably strengthened and suitably provided for
+        her coming struggle with the ice. The expedition, which numbered only
+        fourteen persons all told, left Boston on July 6th, 1860.</p>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Hayes’ idea at
+        starting was to proceed <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style=
+        "font-style: italic">viâ</span></span> Smith Sound and Kennedy
+        Channel as far north as might be; then to winter on the Greenland
+        coast, and attempt to reach with sledges the northern water. Dangers,
+        the description of which would be but a recapitulation of previous
+        accounts recorded in these pages, were passed successfully, and
+        eventually he laid up the vessel in Port Foulke, where the winter was
+        passed in comparative ease. In the months of April and May, 1861, he
+        made an important exploration, at the end of which he had the
+        pleasure of reaching a point north of that attained by Morton. The
+        journey was one of the very greatest peril. Gales, fogs, and drifting
+        snows; hummocks and broken ice; opening seams and pools of water—such
+        were a few of the dangers and difficulties encountered. Some of the
+        men succumbed utterly, and had to be sent back to the schooner: it
+        occupied the doctor and his companions a clear month to cross Smith
+        Sound. In Kennedy Channel the ice was becoming rotten and full of
+        water-holes, and through the soft and now melting snow they travelled
+        with the greatest difficulty. The dreariness and desolation of an
+        Arctic landscape are well described by Hayes. <span class=
+        "tei tei-q">“As the eye wandered from peak to peak of the mountains
+        as they rose one above the other, and rested upon the dark and
+        frost-degraded cliffs, and followed along the ice-foot and overlooked
+        the sea, and saw in every object the silent forces of Nature moving
+        on—through the gloom of winter and the sparkle of summer—now, as they
+        had moved for countless ages, unobserved but by the eye of God
+        alone—I felt how puny indeed are all men’s works and efforts; and
+        when I sought for some token of living thing, some track of wild
+        beast—a fox, or bear, or reindeer, which had elsewhere always crossed
+        me in my journeyings—and saw nothing but two feeble men and
+        struggling dogs, it seemed indeed as if the Almighty had frowned upon
+        the hills and seas.”</span> Still they pushed on, till the old ice
+        came suddenly to an end, and the unerring instinct of the dogs warned
+        them of approaching danger. They were observed for some time to be
+        moving with unusual caution, and at last they scattered right and
+        left, and refused to proceed. Hayes walked on ahead, and soon came to
+        the conclusion that they must retrace their steps, for his staff gave
+        way on the ice. After <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page256">[pg
+        256]</span><a name="Pg256" id="Pg256" class=
+        "tei tei-anchor"></a>camping, and enjoying a refreshing sleep, he
+        climbed a steep hill-side to the summit of a rugged cliff, about 800
+        feet above the sea level, from which he soon understood the cause of
+        their arrested progress. <span class="tei tei-q">“The ice was
+        everywhere in the same condition as in the mouth of the bay across
+        which I had endeavoured to pass. A broad crack, starting from the
+        middle of the bay, stretched over the sea, and uniting with other
+        cracks as it meandered to the eastward, it expanded as the delta of
+        some mighty river discharging into the ocean, and under a water-sky,
+        which hung upon the northern and eastern horizon, it was lost in the
+        open sea.</span></p><a name="illo_290" id="illo_290" class=
+        "tei tei-anchor"></a>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"></p>
+
+        <div class="tei tei-figure" style="text-align: center">
+          <img src="images/illo_290.png" alt=
+          "THE SCHOONER “UNITED STATES” AT PORT FOULKE" title=
+          "THE SCHOONER “UNITED STATES” AT PORT FOULKE." />
+
+          <div class="tei tei-head" style=
+          "text-align: center; margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em">
+            THE SCHOONER <span class="tei tei-q" style=
+            "text-align: center">“UNITED STATES”</span> AT PORT FOULKE.
+          </div>
+        </div>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class=
+        "tei tei-q">“Standing against the dark sky at the north, there was
+        seen in dim outline the white sloping summit of a noble headland, the
+        most northern known land upon the globe. I judged it to be in the
+        latitude of 82° 30′, or 450 miles from the North Pole. Nearer,
+        another bold cape stood forth, and nearer still the headland, for
+        which I had been steering my course the day before, rose majestically
+        from the sea, as if pushing up into the very skies, a lofty mountain
+        peak, upon which the winter had dropped its diadem of snows. There
+        was no land visible except the coast upon which I stood.</span></p>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class=
+        "tei tei-q">“The sea beneath me was a mottled sheet of white and dark
+        patches, these latter being either soft decaying ice, or places where
+        the ice had wholly disappeared. These spots were heightened in
+        intensity of shade and multiplied in size as they receded, until the
+        belt of the water-sky blended them all together into one uniform
+        colour of dark blue. <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page257">[pg
+        257]</span><a name="Pg257" id="Pg257" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>The
+        old and solid floes (some a quarter of a mile, and others miles
+        across) and the massive ridges and wastes of hummocked ice which lay
+        piled between them and around their margins, were the only parts of
+        the sea which retained the whiteness and solidity of
+        winter.”</span></p>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Hayes returned
+        from this expedition firmly convinced that he had stood upon the
+        shores of the Polar basin. The arguments have been before indicated
+        for and against this theory, but they are certainly not conclusive.
+        The journey had been one of a most arduous nature; and more than
+        1,300 miles of ice had been traversed before he regained the
+        schooner. On his return to the United States shortly afterwards, at
+        the climax of the great American war, Hayes immediately volunteered
+        in the Northern army, a pretty decided proof of the energy and
+        bravery of the man.</p>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Between the years
+        1858 and 1872 Sweden sent out five expeditions to the Arctic, the
+        results of which were important in many directions, although no
+        geographical discoveries of great mark were made. The first was
+        provided at the expense of Otto Torell, a gentleman of means, and who
+        has deservedly earned a high scientific reputation. The expenses of
+        the others were defrayed partly by private subscription and partly by
+        Government aid. The whole of them were under the direction of
+        Professor Nordenskjöld, and a very decided addition to our knowledge
+        of Spitzbergen has been the result. The Swedes reached a latitude of
+        81° 42′ N. during the 1868 voyage. An attempt to pass northward from
+        the Seven Isles is thus described by the Professor:—</p>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class=
+        "tei tei-q">“Northward lay vast ice masses, it is true as yet broken,
+        but still so closely packed that not even a boat could pass forward,
+        and we were therefore obliged to turn to the south-west and seek for
+        another opening in the ice; but we found on the contrary, that the
+        limit of the ice stretched itself more and more to the south.... On
+        the way we had in several places met with ice black with stones,
+        gravel, and earth, which would seem to indicate the existence of land
+        still farther north.</span></p>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class=
+        "tei tei-q">“The ice itself had, moreover, a very different
+        appearance from that which we had met in these tracts at the end of
+        August. It consisted now, not only of larger ice-fields, but also of
+        huge ice-blocks.... Already, in the beginning of September, the
+        surface of the ocean, after a somewhat heavy fall of snow, had shown
+        itself between the ice masses, covered with a coating of ice, which,
+        however, was then thin, and scarcely hindered the vessel’s progress.
+        Now it was so thick that it was not without difficulty that a way
+        could be forced through it.”</span> On October the 4th, during the
+        prevalence of a gale and heavy sea, their ship, the <span class=
+        "tei tei-name"><span style="font-style: italic">Sofia</span></span>,
+        was thrown bodily upon an iceberg, and commenced to leak so badly
+        that when they reached Amsterdam Island, and after eleven hours of
+        incessant work at the pumps, the water stood two feet above the cabin
+        floor. The engine-room, thanks to water-tight bulkheads, was with
+        great difficulty kept so free from water that the fires were not
+        extinguished. Had this not been the case, the ship must have become a
+        prey to the raging elements. At Amsterdam Island the vessel was
+        careened, and the leak provisionally stopped, so that they were able
+        a little later to proceed to a more secure harbour, King’s Bay, where
+        they hauled close to the land, and at ebb tide succeeded in making
+        the ship water-tight. Two ribs were broken by the shock which caused
+        the leak, and an immediate return home was their only safe course.
+        The description, however, gives some idea of the dangers of Arctic
+        ice navigation.</p>
+      </div>
+
+      <div class="tei tei-div" style=
+      "margin-bottom: 5.00em; margin-top: 5.00em">
+        <a name="chap29" id="chap29" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> <span class=
+        "tei tei-pb" id="page258">[pg 258]</span><a name="Pg258" id="Pg258"
+        class="tei tei-anchor"></a> <a name="toc61" id="toc61"></a> <a name=
+        "pdf62" id="pdf62"></a>
+
+        <h2 class="tei tei-head" style=
+        "text-align: center; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em">
+        <span style="font-size: 144%">CHAPTER XXIX.</span></h2>
+
+        <h2 class="tei tei-head" style=
+        "text-align: center; margin-bottom: 2.40em; margin-top: 2.40em">
+        <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: center"><span style=
+        "font-size: 120%; font-variant: small-caps">The Second German
+        Expedition.</span></span></h2>
+
+        <div class="tei tei-argument" style=
+        "text-align: center; margin-bottom: 1.80em; margin-left: 3.60em; margin-top: 1.80em; margin-right: 3.60em">
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style=
+        "text-align: center; margin-bottom: 0.90em"><span style=
+        "font-size: 90%">The First German Expedition—Preparations for a
+        Second—Building of the</span> <span class="tei tei-name" style=
+        "text-align: center"><span style=
+        "font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Germania</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%">—The</span>
+          <span class="tei tei-name" style="text-align: center"><span style=
+          "font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Hansa</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%">—The
+          Emperor William’s Interest in the Voyage—The Scientific
+          Corps—Departure from Bremerhaven—Neptune at the Arctic Circle—The
+          Vessels Separated among the Ice—Sport with Polar Bears—Wedged in by
+          the Grinding Ice—Preparations to Winter on the Floe—The</span>
+          <span class="tei tei-name" style="text-align: center"><span style=
+          "font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Hansa</span></span>
+          <span style="font-size: 90%">lifted Seventeen Feet out of the
+          Water—A Doomed Vessel—Wreck of the</span> <span class=
+          "tei tei-name" style="text-align: center"><span style=
+          "font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Hansa</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%">.</span></p>
+        </div>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">On the 24th of
+        October, 1868, a number of gentlemen were assembled round a festive
+        board in Bremen to celebrate the happy return of the first German
+        expedition, under Captain Karl Koldewey. Among the guests was Dr. A.
+        Petermann, the eminent geographer, to whose exertions in great part
+        the inauguration of the expedition had been due. Its object had been
+        to reach as near the North Pole as might be, the route selected being
+        that between Greenland and Spitzbergen. Baffled by an icy barrier off
+        the South Cape of Spitzbergen, at which time a terrific storm was
+        raging, he had steered to the eastward, passing among clusters of
+        icebergs, some of which were taller than his vessel’s masts. After
+        passing safely through many perils, he returned to the South Cape,
+        and coasted Spitzbergen to the north-west; later he had endeavoured
+        to make the ice-girt shores of East Greenland, but not succeeding,
+        again returned to Spitzbergen, and after sundry explorations, turned
+        his vessel’s head towards home.</p>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">It was at the
+        banquet above-mentioned that expression was first given to the idea
+        of a second expedition to the inhospitable regions of the far North.
+        There had been some slight surplus of funds left from the first
+        expedition, and it was determined to make an appeal to German
+        liberality to complete a sum sufficient to build a steamer specially
+        adapted for Arctic waters. Committees were formed in Berlin, Munich,
+        Bremen, Hamburg, and numerous other cities, and the result in the end
+        was very satisfactory. The <span class="tei tei-name"><span style=
+        "font-style: italic">Germania</span></span>, a steamer of 143 tons
+        burden, was laid on the stocks at Bremerhaven on March 10th, 1869,
+        and thirty-six days afterwards was launched. She was about the
+        average size of a Brazilian or West Indian fruit or coffee schooner,
+        ninety feet long, twenty-two and a half feet broad, and eleven feet
+        deep. Although, therefore, an extremely small steamer, she had been
+        built in the strongest manner, with extra beams, thick iron
+        sheathing, and every other improvement which might render her
+        comparatively safe in the ice. Her sharp build proved subsequently of
+        great advantage to her when sailing. Including the machinery and
+        ship’s fittings, the <span class="tei tei-name"><span style=
+        "font-style: italic">Germania</span></span> cost £3,150. A second
+        vessel, the purchase-money for which had been guaranteed by some
+        Bremen merchants, although eventually the subscriptions released
+        them, was a Prussian schooner of 76¾ tons burden, which was
+        re-christened the <span class="tei tei-name"><span style=
+        "font-style: italic">Hansa</span></span>, and was meant to be, in
+        some sense, a tender to the <span class="tei tei-name"><span style=
+        "font-style: italic">Germania</span></span>, although fate eventually
+        decreed otherwise. Great care was taken with the victualling and
+        equipment of the ships; but little salt or dried meat was taken. Many
+        presents of <span class="tei tei-q">“the good Rhine wine”</span> and
+        other luxuries, as well as books, instruments, and other kindly
+        remembrances, came in from friends of the expedition.</p>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">The officers and
+        scientific members of the expedition counted among their number
+        several men who had previously or have since become famous. The
+        commander of the <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page259">[pg
+        259]</span><a name="Pg259" id="Pg259" class=
+        "tei tei-anchor"></a>whole was Captain Koldewey, a Hanoverian, who
+        had long been a sailor, and who, to fit himself for his new duties,
+        temporarily gave up his profession, in the winters of 1867-8 and
+        1868-9, to study physics and astronomy at the University of
+        Gottingen. With him were associated Dr. Karl N. J. Borgen, and Dr. R.
+        Copeland, an Englishman, who were conjointly to take scientific
+        observations, &amp;c.; also Julius Payer, a lieutenant in the
+        Imperial Austrian army, on leave. The latter, in particular, joined
+        the expedition with a considerable amount of prestige, derived from
+        an active life spent in the cause of science. Although only
+        twenty-seven years old, he had made and recorded many expeditions in
+        the Alps, and in the mountainous districts of Austria. He had also
+        taken an active part in 1866 in the Italian war. Lastly, to Dr.
+        Adolphus Pansch, surgeon of the <span class=
+        "tei tei-name"><span style=
+        "font-style: italic">Germania</span></span>, were assigned the
+        departments of zoology, botany, and ethnology. Nearly all of the
+        above had earned their laurels in the scientific literature of
+        Germany. The captain of the <span class="tei tei-name"><span style=
+        "font-style: italic">Hansa</span></span> was Paul Friedrich August
+        Hegemann, an experienced navigator; with him were associated two
+        scientific gentlemen, Dr. Bucholz and Dr. Gustavus Laube.</p>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">On May 28th, 1869,
+        Captain Koldewey had an audience of his Majesty King William, at
+        Babelsberg, who expressed his gratification at having secured the
+        services of a leader so energetic. The departure of the expedition
+        took place from Bremerhaven on the 15th of June following, in the
+        presence of the King, his Royal Highness the Grand Duke of
+        Mecklenburg Schwerin, Count (now Prince) Bismarck, General von
+        Moltke, and other distinguished men. The King heartily shook the
+        hands of the commander and his scientific corps, and inspected the
+        vessels with much satisfaction. The parting moment at length arrived,
+        and amid the salutes of artillery and hearty cheers from the crowds
+        ashore, the vessels made for the mouth of the Weser, and put to
+        sea.</p>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">The first part of
+        the voyage was not specially eventful. The vessels several times
+        parted company, but rejoined afterwards. The dense fogs which infest
+        those latitudes were the cause of much anxiety on the part of the
+        commanders. On July the 4th Dr. Copeland shot a gull, which fell in
+        the sea, and was nearly the cause of a serious disaster. A sailor,
+        without undressing, jumped overboard after it, and the vessel sailing
+        rapidly was soon a considerable distance from him. He was almost on
+        the point of sinking, when a boat, which had been hastily launched,
+        reached him, and he was drawn out of the water. <span class=
+        "tei tei-q">“Like a drowned poodle,”</span> says the narrative,
+        <span class="tei tei-q">“the sinner stood once more amongst us,
+        receiving as a reward a sound lecture from the captain, followed by a
+        good draught of brandy.”</span> On July the 5th they passed the
+        Arctic circle (66° 33′), the <span class="tei tei-name"><span style=
+        "font-style: italic">Hansa</span></span> being the first in the race,
+        and the first to unfurl the North German flag. <span class=
+        "tei tei-q">“Conformably to the custom,”</span> says Koldewey,
+        <span class="tei tei-q">“as on crossing the equator, Neptune came on
+        board to welcome us, and wish us success on our voyage; of course not
+        without all those who had not yet crossed the Arctic circle having to
+        undergo the rather rough shaving and christening customary on such
+        occasions.... Universal grog and good fellowship on board both ships
+        brought the ceremony to a close.”</span></p>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">After a separation
+        of many days the vessels again joined on July 18th. A prize of a
+        bottle of wine had been offered on board the <span class=
+        "tei tei-name"><span style=
+        "font-style: italic">Germania</span></span> to the individual who
+        should first sight the <span class="tei tei-name"><span style=
+        "font-style: italic">Hansa</span></span>. Soon after breakfast on
+        that day a sail is discovered from the topmast. It is a schooner, and
+        as the whale fishers do not use such craft it must be <span class=
+        "tei tei-pb" id="page260">[pg 260]</span><a name="Pg260" id="Pg260"
+        class="tei tei-anchor"></a>the <span class=
+        "tei tei-name"><span style="font-style: italic">Hansa</span></span>!
+        A little later, and by getting up steam on board the larger vessel,
+        they rejoined, and the officers met and compared notes. They parted
+        that evening full of confident hopes for the future. Little did they
+        think that the vessels would never meet again, and that although as
+        comrades they <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style=
+        "font-style: italic">would</span></span> meet, a fourteen months’
+        interval must elapse! By the misunderstanding of a signal the
+        <span class="tei tei-name"><span style=
+        "font-style: italic">Hansa</span></span> set all sail and parted
+        company when off the east coast of Greenland in lat. 70° 46′ N.,
+        long. 10° 51′ W., and soon became entangled in the ice, while they
+        looked in vain from the <span class="tei tei-q">“crow’s nest”</span>
+        for an opening. We shall now follow the fortunes of the <span class=
+        "tei tei-name"><span style=
+        "font-style: italic">Hansa</span></span>.</p>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">That vessel was
+        soon inextricably wedged in the ice. The coast of East Greenland was
+        often in sight, and several unsuccessful attempts were made to reach
+        it. During this period they had some sport with the polar bears. On
+        September 12th a she bear and cub approached the vessel, the former
+        being speedily shot. The young one was caught, escaped again, and at
+        last was brought back swimming, and was chained to the ice-anchor. It
+        was very much frightened, but nevertheless devoured its mother’s
+        flesh when it was thrown to it. The men built it a snow house, and
+        offered it a couch of shavings, but young Bruin, as a genuine
+        inhabitant of the Arctic seas, despised such luxuries, and made its
+        bed in the snow. Some days later it had disappeared, together with
+        the chain, which must have become loosened from the anchor. From the
+        weight of the iron alone the poor creature must soon have sunk. Other
+        Arctic guests visited the <span class="tei tei-name"><span style=
+        "font-style: italic">Hansa</span></span>. With a brisk wind came two
+        white foxes from the coast, a certain proof that the ice must extend
+        thither.</p><a name="illo_297" id="illo_297" class=
+        "tei tei-anchor"></a>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"></p>
+
+        <div class="tei tei-figure" style="text-align: center">
+          <img src="images/illo_297.png" alt=
+          "A YOUNG BEAR CHAINED TO AN ANCHOR" title=
+          "A YOUNG BEAR CHAINED TO AN ANCHOR." />
+
+          <div class="tei tei-head" style=
+          "text-align: center; margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em">
+            A YOUNG BEAR CHAINED TO AN ANCHOR.
+          </div>
+        </div>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Towards the end of
+        September the necessity of wintering on the floating ice off the
+        coast was decided upon, and they resolved on the erection of a winter
+        house. Bricks were ready in the shape of <span class=
+        "tei tei-q">“coal-tiles,”</span> while water or snow was to form the
+        mortar. Before anything else was done, the boats were cleaned out,
+        covered with a roofing, and provisions placed ready for them in case
+        of emergency. Captain Hegemann sketched the plan for the building,
+        which was to have an area of 20 × 14 feet, with low roof.
+        Wall-building has to be given up in frosty weather on land, not so on
+        the ice. Finely-powdered snow was strewn between the interstices, and
+        water poured upon it, which in ten minutes became solid ice-mortar.
+        The roof was at first composed of sail-cloth and matting. Meantime
+        the ice was grinding and surging around them, and threatening to
+        crush the vessel at any moment. Underneath the ice-field it groaned
+        and cracked, <span class="tei tei-q">“now sounding like the banging
+        of doors, now like many human voices raised one against the other,
+        and lastly like the drag on the wheel of a railway engine.”</span>
+        The apparent cause was that the drifting ice was pressing in upon the
+        fixed coast ice. Meantime the <span class="tei tei-name"><span style=
+        "font-style: italic">Hansa</span></span> quivered in every beam, and
+        the masts swayed to and fro. Provisions and stores were moved to the
+        house in case of sudden disaster.</p><a name="illo_295" id="illo_295"
+        class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"></p>
+
+        <div class="tei tei-figure" style="text-align: center">
+          <img src="images/illo_295.jpg" alt=
+          "THE HOUSE OF THE HANSA ON THE ICE" title=
+          "THE HOUSE OF THE HANSA ON THE ICE." />
+
+          <div class="tei tei-head" style=
+          "text-align: center; margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em">
+            THE HOUSE OF THE <span class="tei tei-name" style=
+            "text-align: center"><span style=
+            "font-style: italic">HANSA</span></span> ON THE ICE.
+          </div>
+        </div>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">On the morning of
+        the 19th a NNW. gale with snow-storm foreboded mischief. The air was
+        gloomy and thick, and the coast four miles off could not be seen. The
+        ice came pressing upon the vessel, and before noon the position
+        became serious. The piled-up masses of <span class="tei tei-q">“young
+        ice,”</span> four feet thick, pressed heavily on the outer side, and
+        the vessel became tilted upwards at the bows. The men took their
+        meals on deck, not knowing what might happen next. <span class=
+        "tei tei-q">“Soon,”</span> says the narrator, <span class=
+        "tei tei-q">“some mighty blocks of ice pushed themselves under the
+        bow of the vessel, and although they were crushed by it, they
+        <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page261">[pg 261]</span><a name="Pg261"
+        id="Pg261" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>forced it up, slowly at first,
+        then quicker, until it was raised seventeen feet out of its former
+        position upon the ice. This movement we tried to ease as much as
+        possible by shovelling away the ice and snow from the larboard side.
+        The rising of the ship was an extraordinary and awful, yet splendid
+        spectacle, of which the whole crew were witnesses from the ice. In
+        all haste the clothing, nautical instruments, journals and cards [the
+        translator means charts] were taken over the landing-bridge. The
+        after part of the ship, unfortunately, would not rise, and therefore
+        the stern-post had to bear the most frightful pressure, and the
+        conviction that the ship must soon break up forced itself upon our
+        minds.”</span> At the end of the afternoon the ice retreated, and the
+        vessel was once more again in her native element. The pumps were set
+        to work, and it was soon made clear that all their exertions would
+        not save the schooner, for the water steadily gained upon them. The
+        fate of the <span class="tei tei-name"><span style=
+        "font-style: italic">Hansa</span></span> was sealed, and the
+        coal-house on the ice was destined to be their only refuge, may-be
+        their grave.</p>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">The work of
+        removing everything available went on steadily. A snow-storm had
+        raged during the day, but it cleared in the evening; the moon shed
+        her cold light over the dreary ice-fields, and ever and anon the
+        Northern lights flashed over them in many changing colours. The men,
+        whether at the pumps, or engaged in removing the stores, had a hard
+        time of it. The decks were thick with ice, and those at the pumps
+        stood in tubs to keep dry and warm. Night allowed the crew some few
+        hours of welcome rest, and at early dawn all set to work again.
+        <span class="tei tei-q">“But the catastrophe was near; at 8
+        <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style=
+        "font-size: 75%">A.M.</span></span> the men who were busy in the
+        fore-peak, getting out firewood, came with anxious faces, with the
+        news that the wood was already floating below. When the captain had
+        ascertained the <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page262">[pg
+        262]</span><a name="Pg262" id="Pg262" class=
+        "tei tei-anchor"></a>truth of this intelligence, he ordered the
+        pumping to cease. It was evident that the ship was sinking, and that
+        it must be abandoned.</span></p>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class=
+        "tei tei-q">“The first thing to be done was to bring all necessary
+        and useful things from the ’tween decks on to the ice—bedding,
+        clothing, more provisions, and coal. Silently were all the heavy
+        chests and barrels pushed over the hatchway. First comes the weighty
+        iron galley, then the two stoves are happily hoisted over; their
+        possession ensures us the enjoyment of warm food, the heating of our
+        coal-house, and other matters indispensable for a wintering on the
+        floe. At three o’clock the water in the cabin had reached the table,
+        and all movable articles were floating. The fear that we should not
+        have enough fuel made us grasp at every loose piece of wood and throw
+        it on to the ice. The sinking of the vessel was now almost
+        imperceptible; it must have found support on a tongue of ice or some
+        promontory of our field. There was still a small medicine-chest and a
+        few other things which, in our future position, would be great
+        treasures—such as the cabin-lamp, books, cigars, boxes of games,
+        &amp;c. The snow-roof, too, and the sails were brought on to the ice;
+        but still all necessary work was not yet accomplished. Round about
+        the ship lay a chaotic mass of heterogeneous articles, and groups of
+        feeble rats struggling with death, and trembling with the cold! All
+        articles, for greater safety, must be conveyed over a fissure to
+        about thirty paces farther inland. The galley we at once took on a
+        sledge to the house, as we should want it to give us warm coffee in
+        the evening. We then looked after the sailor Max Schmidt, who was
+        suffering from frost-bite, and brought him on planks under the fur
+        covering to the coal-house. By 9 <span class=
+        "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 75%">A.M.</span></span> all were
+        in the new asylum, which was lit by the cabin-lamp, and looked like a
+        dreary tomb. Pleased with the completion of our heavy day’s work,
+        though full of trouble for the future, we prepared our couch. A
+        number of planks were laid upon the ground, and sail-cloth spread
+        over them. Upon these we lay down, rolled in our furs. A man remained
+        to watch the stove, as the temperature in the room had risen from 2°
+        Fahr. to 27½° Fahr. It was a hard, cold bed; but sleep soon fell upon
+        our weary, over-worked limbs. On the morning of the 21st we went
+        again to the ship to get more fuel. The coal-hole was, however, under
+        water. We therefore chopped down the masts, and hauled them with the
+        whole of the tackle on to the ice—a work which took us nearly the
+        whole day. At eleven the foremast fell, at three the mainmast
+        followed; and now the <span class="tei tei-name"><span style=
+        "font-style: italic">Hansa</span></span> really looked a complete,
+        comfortless wreck. For the last time the captain and steersman went
+        on deck, and about six o’clock loosed the ropes, which, by means of
+        the ice-anchor held the ship to the field, as we feared that our
+        floe, which bore all our treasures, might break.”</span> The
+        scientific collections and photographs had to be utterly abandoned.
+        On the night of the 21st and 22nd the wreck sank, about six miles
+        from the coast of Greenland. The jolly-boat, which stood loose on
+        deck, floated, and was drawn on the ice.</p>
+      </div><span class="tei tei-pb" id="page263">[pg 263]</span><a name=
+      "Pg263" id="Pg263" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+
+      <div class="tei tei-div" style=
+      "margin-bottom: 5.00em; margin-top: 5.00em">
+        <a name="chap30" id="chap30" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> <a name=
+        "toc63" id="toc63"></a> <a name="pdf64" id="pdf64"></a>
+
+        <h2 class="tei tei-head" style=
+        "text-align: center; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em">
+        <span style="font-size: 144%">CHAPTER XXX.</span></h2>
+
+        <h2 class="tei tei-head" style=
+        "text-align: center; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em">
+        <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: center"><span style=
+        "font-size: 144%; font-variant: small-caps">On an
+        Ice-Raft.</span></span></h2>
+
+        <div class="tei tei-argument" style=
+        "text-align: center; margin-bottom: 1.80em; margin-left: 3.60em; margin-top: 1.80em; margin-right: 3.60em">
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style=
+        "text-align: center; margin-bottom: 0.90em"><span style=
+        "font-size: 90%">A Floating Ice-Raft—The Settlement—Christmas in a
+        New Position—Terrible Storms—Commotion under the Ice—The Floe breaks
+        up—House Ruined—Water on the Floe—A Spectre Iceberg—Fresh Dangers and
+        Deliverances—Drifted 1,100 Miles—Resolution to Leave the Ice—Open
+        Water—Ice again—Tedious Progress—Reach Illuidlek Island—Welcome at
+        the Greenland Settlements—Home in Germany—Voyage of the</span>
+        <span class="tei tei-name" style="text-align: center"><span style=
+        "font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Germania</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%">—Discovery
+          of Coal—A New Inlet—Home to Bremen.</span></p>
+        </div>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Slowly but
+        steadily their ice-field drifted to the south, and by November 3rd
+        they had reached Scoresby’s Sound, sometimes being near the coasts
+        and sometimes far from them. Since the ship had sunk, fourteen days
+        before, the ice had closed in upon them, and even the blocks which
+        had broken away from their field had frozen to it again. Their
+        floating ice-raft was by degrees investigated in every quarter, roads
+        cleared, and marks set up for short tours. The mass of ice was at
+        this time about seven nautical miles in circumference, and seemed to
+        have a diameter in all directions of over two miles. The ice-raft, on
+        which (as Dr. Laube aptly remarked) they <span class=
+        "tei tei-q">“were as the Lord’s passengers,”</span> had an average
+        thickness above the water of five feet, and they considered that
+        there was a submergence of forty feet. <span class="tei tei-q">“Our
+        settlement,”</span> says the narrative, <span class="tei tei-q">“at
+        the beginning of November, when we were not yet snowed up, might be
+        seen from the most distant points of our field. Near the chief
+        building lay two snow-houses, which served for washing and drying
+        ourselves. Boats, heaps of wood, barrels containing coal and bacon,
+        surrounded this heart of our colony. To prevent the entrance of the
+        snow and wind into our coal-house, we built an entrance-hall with a
+        winding path, and a roof constructed in the same way as that of the
+        house.”</span></p>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">In November, upon
+        a neighbouring floe, separated from them by a small interval of
+        freshly-frozen water, they saw the shapeless body of a large walrus
+        lying motionless as a rock. As soon as the boat could be launched
+        several of them went in pursuit, and with a needle-gun succeeded in
+        killing it, although in its dying struggles it tried furiously to
+        smash the young ice on which the hunters stood, and seize them when
+        once in the water. It took ten men with a powerful pulley several
+        hours before they succeeded in getting the walrus out of the water on
+        to the ice. Late that same evening a white bear, the first of their
+        winter’s campaign, was attracted to the house by the smell of the
+        walrus fat. Three shots greeted him, the effect of which could not be
+        seen until the following morning. <span class="tei tei-q">“About 100
+        yards distant lay the bear, hit in the head by the bullet, as if
+        asleep, though quite dead, on the snow. It was a fine handsome beast;
+        its well-developed head lay upon its front paws; the red drops of
+        blood stood sharply out against the clean white snow.”</span> It was
+        a gift from heaven to them in their position. The four hams weighed
+        200 pounds.</p>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">The shortest day
+        was passed, and still they were safe. They determined that, whether
+        or no fated to see another Christmas, they would celebrate the
+        present one. <span class="tei tei-q">“In the afternoon,”</span> says
+        the narrative, <span class="tei tei-q">“whilst we went for a walk,
+        the steersman put up the Christmas-tree, and on our return the lonely
+        coal-hut shone with wonderful brightness. Keeping Christmas on a
+        Greenland floe! Made of pinewood and birch-broom, the tree was
+        artistically put together. For the lights, Dr. Laube had saved some
+        wax candles. Paper chains and <span class="tei tei-pb" id=
+        "page264">[pg 264]</span><a name="Pg264" id="Pg264" class=
+        "tei tei-anchor"></a>home-baked gingerbread were not wanting. The men
+        had made a knapsack and a revolver case for the captain; we opened
+        the leaden box from Professor Hochstetter, and the other from the
+        Geological Reichsanstalt, which caused much merriment. Then we had a
+        glass of port wine, and fell upon the old newspapers in the boxes,
+        and distributed the gifts, which consisted of small musical
+        instruments, such as whistles, jew’s-harps, and trumpets, also little
+        puppets and games of roulette, cracker bonbons, &amp;c. In the
+        evening chocolate and gingerbread nuts. <span class="tei tei-q">‘In
+        quiet devotion’</span> (says Dr. Laube in his day-book) <span class=
+        "tei tei-q">‘the festival passed by; the thoughts which passed
+        through our minds (they were much alike with all), I will not put
+        down. If this should be the last Christmas we were to see it was at
+        least bright enough. If, however, we are destined for a happy return
+        home the next will be a brighter one. May God grant
+        it!’</span> ”</span></p><a name="illo_300" id="illo_300" class=
+        "tei tei-anchor"></a>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"></p>
+
+        <div class="tei tei-figure" style="text-align: center">
+          <img src="images/illo_300.png" alt=
+          "THE SUN AT MIDNIGHT IN THE ARCTIC REGIONS" title=
+          "THE SUN AT MIDNIGHT IN THE ARCTIC REGIONS." />
+
+          <div class="tei tei-head" style=
+          "text-align: center; margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em">
+            THE SUN AT MIDNIGHT IN THE ARCTIC REGIONS.
+          </div>
+        </div>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Early next morning
+        they were awakened by a shout from the watch. They were apparently
+        drifting to land! An island seemed to be straight ahead of them. Amid
+        great alarm, all turned out. The air was thick, but about three miles
+        off they could distinguish a dark mass, which looked like an island.
+        It proved to be an enormous iceberg. Next day they passed the
+        drifting mass, which moved much slower than their field.</p>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">On January 2nd a
+        frightful storm arose, with driving snow. Alarming noises were
+        <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page265">[pg 265]</span><a name="Pg265"
+        id="Pg265" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>heard under the ice.
+        <span class="tei tei-q">“It was a scraping, blustering, crackling,
+        sawing, grating, and jarring sound, as if some unhappy ghost was
+        wandering under our floe.”</span> Perplexed, they all jumped out, but
+        could detect no change. They lay down, and applying their ears to the
+        floor, could hear a rustling like the singing of ice when closely
+        jammed, and as if water were running under the floe. They felt that
+        there was great danger of a break-up, either from being driven over
+        sunken rocks or against the fixed ice of the coast, or, may-be, both
+        at once, and they packed their furs and filled their knapsacks with
+        provisions. Ropes from the house were fastened to the boats, so that
+        in case of a catastrophe they might be able to reach them. But the
+        driving snow was so terrible that they hardly dare move, and they
+        passed a night of misery, expecting each minute to be their last. At
+        nine next morning the longed-for twilight appeared, and an hour later
+        the wind abated a little. Some of them went in the direction of the
+        <span class="tei tei-q">“quay,”</span> for thus had they christened
+        the spot, 500 steps from the house, where the sunken <span class=
+        "tei tei-name"><span style="font-style: italic">Hansa</span></span>
+        lay. They there found a new wall of ice, and recognised to their
+        horror that this wall was now the boundary of their floe, whilst on
+        all sides of it large pieces had broken off, and rose in dark
+        shapeless masses out of the drifted snow. When, on the morning of the
+        4th, the storm had worn itself out, they found that their floating
+        ice-raft had considerably diminished in size. The diameter, before
+        over two nautical miles, had now reduced to one; on three sides the
+        house was close to the edges, and on the fourth it was not over 1,000
+        steps, where it had previously been 3,000. The following days were
+        pretty good, and they got their boats out from the snow, dug out the
+        firewood, and employed themselves in constructing swimming-jackets
+        and snow-shoes out of cork, the latter to prevent themselves sinking
+        up to the hips, as they had often done before.</p>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">The days from the
+        11th to the 15th of January were destined to bring new horrors. On
+        the first-named day a heavy storm with driving snow prevailed, in the
+        midst of which the man on watch burst into the house with the alarm,
+        <span class="tei tei-q">“All hands turn out!”</span> Hastily
+        gathering their furs and knapsacks, they rushed to the door, to see
+        it almost completely snowed up. To gain the outside quickly they
+        broke through the snow-roof, to find that the tumult of the elements
+        was something beyond anything they had previously experienced.
+        Scarcely able to move from the spot, they huddled together for warmth
+        and mutual protection. Suddenly a new cry arose: <span class=
+        "tei tei-q">“Water on the floe close by!”</span> The heavy waves
+        washed over the ice: the field began to break on all sides. On the
+        spot between the house and the piled-up wood, a gap opened. All
+        seemed lost. The firewood was drifting into the raging sea; the boats
+        were in danger, and without this last resource, what would they do?
+        The community was divided into two parts. Sadly, though hastily,
+        these brave Germans bade each other good-bye, for none of them
+        expected to see the morrow. Cowering in the shelter of their boats,
+        they stood shivering all day, the fine pricking snow penetrating
+        their very clothes. Their floe, from its last diameter, about a mile,
+        had dwindled to 150 feet. Towards evening, the heavy sea subsided,
+        and the ice began to again pack and freeze together. Shortly after
+        midnight a new terror arose, the sailor on watch rushing in with the
+        information that they were drifting on an iceberg. All rushed to the
+        entrance, where they could, in the midnight gloom, distinguish a huge
+        mass of ice, of giant proportions. <span class="tei tei-q">“It is
+        past,”</span> said the captain. Was it really an iceberg, the mirage
+        of one, or the high coast? They could not decide the question, for
+        owing to the rapidity of the drift, the ghastly object had
+        disappeared the next moment.</p><span class="tei tei-pb" id=
+        "page266">[pg 266]</span><a name="Pg266" id="Pg266" class=
+        "tei tei-anchor"></a>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Again on the 14th
+        a frightful storm raged, and the ice was once more in motion. The
+        floe broke in the immediate vicinity of the house, and the boats had
+        to be dragged near it. <span class="tei tei-q">“All our
+        labour,”</span> says the narrative, <span class="tei tei-q">“was
+        rendered heavier by the storm, which made it almost impossible to
+        breathe. About eleven we experienced a sudden fissure which
+        threatened to tear our house asunder; with a thundering noise an
+        event took place, the consequences of which, in the first moments,
+        deranged all calculations. God only knows how it happened that, in
+        our flight into the open, none came to harm. But there, in the most
+        fearful weather, we all stood roofless on the ice, waiting for
+        daylight, which was still ten hours off. The boat <span class=
+        "tei tei-name"><span style="font-style: italic">King
+        William</span></span> lay on the edge of the floe, and might have
+        floated away at any moment. Fortunately, the fissure did not get
+        larger. As it was somewhat quieter at midnight, most of the men crept
+        into the captain’s boat, when the thickest sail we had was drawn over
+        them. Some took refuge in the house; but there, as the door had
+        fallen in, they entered by the skylight, and in the hurry broke the
+        panes of glass, so that it was soon full of snow. This night was the
+        most dreadful one of our adventurous voyage on the floe. The cold was
+        -9½° Fahr. (41½° below freezing). Real sleep, at least in the boat,
+        was not to be thought of; it was but a confused, unquiet,
+        half-slumber, which overpowered us from utter weariness, and our
+        limbs quivered convulsively as we lay packed like herrings in our
+        furs. The cook had, in spite of all, found energy enough in the
+        morning to make the coffee in the house, and never had the delicious
+        drink awakened more exhausted creatures to life. The bad weather
+        raged the whole day. We lay in the boat, half in water, half in snow,
+        shivering with the frost, and wet to the skin.”</span> Next night was
+        passed in the same comfortless position, but on the morning of the
+        16th the second officer caught sight of a star, and never was there a
+        more welcome omen. For five nights they slept in the boats, but by
+        the 19th they had partially rebuilt their house, although from this
+        time forth they had to take it in turns to sleep in the boats, their
+        new erection being only one-half the size of the older one.
+        Throughout all the discomfort, want, hardships, danger of all kinds,
+        the frame of mind among the men was good, undaunted, and exalted. The
+        cook kept a right seamanlike humour, even in the most critical
+        moments. As long as he had tobacco nothing troubled him.</p>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">And so it went on
+        from day to day: fresh dangers were followed by fresh deliverances,
+        and in spite of all the perils encountered, no lives were lost, nor
+        were there any serious cases of sickness. By May they had spent eight
+        months on their ice-raft, and had drifted 1,100 miles. On the morning
+        of the 7th they were agreeably surprised to see open water in the
+        direction of land. The captain, considering that the moment had
+        arrived when they should leave the floe and try to reach the coast,
+        called a council. This project received almost unanimous approbation,
+        and in feverish haste and impatience the boats were hauled empty over
+        three floes, the stores and necessaries being carried after them,
+        partly on sledges and partly on the back. At four <span class=
+        "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 75%">P.M.</span></span> they set
+        sail, the officers and crew being divided into three companies. They
+        made seven miles, and then hauled up on a small floe. After finding a
+        low spot, and first emptying the boats, they were lifted, by swinging
+        them in the water, till the third time, when a strong pull and a pull
+        all together brought their bows on the ice, and they were soon bodily
+        on its surface. Next day by noon they were not more than four or five
+        miles from the land, but the ice was densely packed in irregular
+        masses. Bad weather, with much snow, detained them six days on a
+        floe; and <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page267">[pg
+        267]</span><a name="Pg267" id="Pg267" class=
+        "tei tei-anchor"></a>then, having proceeded some little distance,
+        they were again condemned to five days’ detention. Their provisions
+        were getting low; they had rations left for not over a month. As no
+        change took place in the ice, they resolved to drag their boats over
+        it to the island of Illuidlek, which, after delays and dangers very
+        similar to those encountered by Parry on his memorable Polar sledge
+        and boat journey, was reached on June 4th. A little later they
+        successfully sailed to the Greenland Moravian mission station of
+        Friedrichstal, where their troubles ended, and where they received a
+        hearty welcome. A Danish vessel brought them to Copenhagen on
+        September 1st, and it then became evident that it was time to pay
+        some attention to their outward appearance. In their forlorn
+        condition they could not leave the ship, or they might have been
+        compromised with the police. Some were in seal-skin caps, some in
+        furs, others in sea boots from which the toes protruded, with ragged
+        trousers, threadbare coats, and a general air of Arctic seediness. At
+        length Captain Hegemann fetched them away in the twilight, and took
+        them to a clothing warehouse, where they were soon made to look more
+        like civilised beings. A few days later, and they entered Bremen;
+        not, indeed, in their own good ship, but by an express train, by its
+        east gate, from Hamburgh. The <span class="tei tei-name"><span style=
+        "font-style: italic">Hansa</span></span> men may safely await the
+        judgment of their contemporaries, for throughout the narrative, good
+        discipline, a hearty <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style=
+        "font-style: italic">esprit de corps</span></span>, unmurmuring
+        submission to the inevitable—whatever it might be—and a determination
+        to do and dare whatever might appear for their mutual advantage,
+        appear on every page. Germany may well be proud of such sons—Arctic
+        heroes every one of them. The fortunes of the <span class=
+        "tei tei-name"><span style=
+        "font-style: italic">Germania</span></span> were less eventful.</p>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Lieutenant Payer,
+        while out on a sledging expedition, made an important discovery. On
+        Kuhn Island he found a seam of coal, in places eighteen inches in
+        thickness, alternating with sandstone. It would be strange if in some
+        future age our supply of warmth should be furnished from Arctic fuel.
+        Many fine zoological and botanical specimens were collected by the
+        scientific gentlemen connected with this expedition. The leading
+        discovery was that of a large inlet in lat. 73° 15′ N., which was
+        named after the Emperor Franz Josef. Surrounding it were mountain
+        peaks ranging as high as 14,000 feet. The <span class=
+        "tei tei-name"><span style=
+        "font-style: italic">Germania</span></span> reached Bremen on
+        September 11th, 1870—but a few days after the arrival of their
+        brethren of the <span class="tei tei-name"><span style=
+        "font-style: italic">Hansa</span></span>, and at a period when all
+        Germany was <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style=
+        "font-style: italic">en fête</span></span> on account of their recent
+        victories.</p>
+      </div><span class="tei tei-pb" id="page268">[pg 268]</span><a name=
+      "Pg268" id="Pg268" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+
+      <div class="tei tei-div" style=
+      "margin-bottom: 5.00em; margin-top: 5.00em">
+        <a name="chap31" id="chap31" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> <a name=
+        "toc65" id="toc65"></a> <a name="pdf66" id="pdf66"></a>
+
+        <h2 class="tei tei-head" style=
+        "text-align: center; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em">
+        <span style="font-size: 144%">CHAPTER XXXI.</span></h2>
+
+        <h2 class="tei tei-head" style=
+        "text-align: center; margin-bottom: 2.40em; margin-top: 2.40em">
+        <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: center"><span style=
+        "font-size: 120%; font-variant: small-caps">Hall’s Expedition—The
+        Austro-Hungarian Expedition—Nordenskjöld.</span></span></h2>
+
+        <div class="tei tei-argument" style=
+        "text-align: center; margin-bottom: 1.80em; margin-left: 3.60em; margin-top: 1.80em; margin-right: 3.60em">
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style=
+        "text-align: center; margin-bottom: 0.90em"><span style=
+        "font-size: 90%">Captain Hall’s Expedition—High Latitude
+        Attained—Open Water Seen—Death of Hall—The</span> <span class=
+        "tei tei-name" style="text-align: center"><span style=
+        "font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Polaris</span></span>
+        <span style="font-size: 90%">Beset—An Abandoned Party—Six Months on a
+        Floating Ice-floe—Rescue—Loss of the Steamer—Investigation at
+        Washington—The Austro-Hungarian Expedition—The</span> <span class=
+        "tei tei-name" style="text-align: center"><span style=
+        "font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Tegethoff</span></span>
+        <span style="font-size: 90%">hopelessly Beset in the Ice—Two Long
+        Weary Years—Perils from the Ice Pressure—Ramparts raised round the
+        Ship—The Polar Night—Loss of a Coal-hut—Attempts to Escape—A Grand
+        Discovery—Franz Josef Land—Sledging Parties—Gigantic Glaciers—The
+        Steamer Abandoned—Boat and Sledge Journey to the Bay of Downs—Prof.
+        Nordenskjöld’s Voyage—The North-East Passage an accomplished
+        Fact.</span></p>
+        </div>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">But little record
+        has been made, except in transient literature and Government reports,
+        of the expedition concerning which we are about to write. Captain
+        Charles Francis Hall’s name is, with the public, more intimately
+        associated with <span class="tei tei-q">“Life with the
+        Esquimaux,”</span> and but little with the fact that he succeeded in
+        taking a vessel to a higher latitude than ever reached in that way
+        before. He returned to America in 1869, having for five years lived
+        with, and to a great extent <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style=
+        "font-style: italic">as</span></span> the natives, the result being
+        that, excepting many errors of taste and style, he succeeded in
+        producing a work which has a very special ethnological value. Before
+        it had issued from the press, he had, encouraged by the then
+        Secretary of the United States Navy, laid a plan before Congress for
+        attempting to reach the North Pole <span class=
+        "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">viâ</span></span> Smith
+        Sound. He eventually succeeded in obtaining a grant of fifty thousand
+        dollars for the purpose, while an old U.S. river gun-boat was placed
+        at his disposal. She was re-named the <span class=
+        "tei tei-name"><span style=
+        "font-style: italic">Polaris</span></span>. It was understood that no
+        naval officer should accompany him, and he therefore engaged a
+        whaling captain, one S. O. Buddington, to navigate the vessel. Two
+        scientific gentlemen, Dr. Bessels and Mr. Meyer, accompanied him, as
+        did Morton, Kane’s trusty friend, who has been so often mentioned in
+        these pages.</p>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">The expedition
+        sailed in the summer of 1871, and after having touched at Disco,
+        Greenland, proceeded up Smith Sound, Kane Basin, and Kennedy Channel,
+        across Polaris Bay (discovered and designated by Hall), eventually
+        reaching 82° 16′ N., the highest latitude ever attained by a ship
+        prior to Captain Nares’s expedition. Ice impeded their further
+        progress. The strait into which they had entered was named after Mr.
+        Robeson, and from the point which they had so speedily and easily
+        attained, a water horizon was seen to the north-east. The vessel was
+        laid up in a harbour named Thank-God Bay, where Captain Hall, after
+        sundry minor explorations, died on November 8th, having endured
+        severe suffering, the symptoms indicating paralysis and congestion of
+        the brain. During his delirium he had expressed the opinion that they
+        were trying to poison him, and before he would touch medicine, food,
+        or wine, he made his clerk taste it. This being repeated at home, on
+        the return of the expedition, a Government investigation of a careful
+        and detailed nature took place at Washington, but led to nothing
+        being elicited beyond the facts of a want of <span class=
+        "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">esprit de
+        corps</span></span> among some of the members, and that there had
+        been some disagreeable dissensions on board. Captain Buddington had
+        no ambition to distinguish himself in the field of science, which he
+        evidently despised, being probably what is called a <span class=
+        "tei tei-q">“practical”</span> man—that is, one who must have
+        immediate gain before his eyes to stir him to exertion—and there does
+        not appear to have been any very earnest feeling on the part of the
+        others. Hall died almost on the spot with which his name must ever
+        <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page269">[pg 269]</span><a name="Pg269"
+        id="Pg269" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>be associated, and it is a
+        melancholy fact that he should not have lived to reap the honours and
+        rewards due to so much enterprise. The <span class=
+        "tei tei-name"><span style=
+        "font-style: italic">Polaris</span></span>, a steam vessel of small
+        power, and unadapted for the Arctic seas, had been taken to a point
+        which the finest vessels ever employed in the exploration of the far
+        north had previously failed in reaching.</p><a name="illo_305" id=
+        "illo_305" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"></p>
+
+        <div class="tei tei-figure" style="text-align: center">
+          <img src="images/illo_305.png" alt="THE FUNERAL OF CAPTAIN HALL"
+          title="THE FUNERAL OF CAPTAIN HALL." />
+
+          <div class="tei tei-head" style=
+          "text-align: center; margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em">
+            THE FUNERAL OF CAPTAIN HALL.
+          </div>
+        </div>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">The death of
+        Captain Hall threw the command of the <span class=
+        "tei tei-name"><span style="font-style: italic">Polaris</span></span>
+        on Captain Buddington. In the second week of November, during a very
+        heavy gale, the vessel dragged her anchors, but at last brought up
+        safely in the lee of a large iceberg aground in the bay. She was made
+        fast to it, and remained in that position for some time. During the
+        winter and spring she was much damaged by the ice, and when she once
+        more floated, in June, leaked badly. After sending out an expedition
+        to Newman’s Bay, during the progress of which one of the boats was
+        crushed like a nutshell by the grinding ice, Captain Buddington
+        determined to sail for the United States. On August 15th the
+        <span class="tei tei-name"><span style=
+        "font-style: italic">Polaris</span></span> was in a position so
+        dangerous among the ice that it was deemed necessary to place the
+        boats with provisions on a large level floe, in order to prepare for
+        contingencies. A dark night came on, a gale arose, and the steamer
+        drifted away in an utterly unmanageable condition, her steam-pipes,
+        valves, &amp;c., being frozen up. For hours they could not get up
+        steam on board, while they had little coal, and the boats were on the
+        ice.</p>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">The condition of
+        those left in charge of the boats and stores on the ice was
+        apparently <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page270">[pg
+        270]</span><a name="Pg270" id="Pg270" class=
+        "tei tei-anchor"></a>desperate. Tyson, the second officer, with the
+        steward, cook, six sailors, and eight Esquimaux, passed a miserable
+        night on the drifting floe. Next morning hope revived in their
+        breasts when they saw the <span class="tei tei-name"><span style=
+        "font-style: italic">Polaris</span></span> apparently steaming
+        towards them, and all kinds of attempts were made to attract
+        attention: an india-rubber blanket was hoisted on an oar, but all to
+        no purpose. The steamer altered her course, disappearing behind a
+        point of the land, and eighteen deserted beings were destined to a
+        series of experiences similar to those recorded of the <span class=
+        "tei tei-name"><span style="font-style: italic">Hansa</span></span>
+        men. At the Washington investigation, it was shown that the captain
+        had at the time hopes of saving his vessel, which, after all, had to
+        be run ashore on Lyttelton Island, in a sinking condition. As they
+        had the boats and a supply of provisions, he considered their
+        condition better than his own.</p>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">The men on the ice
+        did their best under the circumstances, and their experiences were
+        hardly less eventful than those of the Germans in a similar strait.
+        Their food became scarce as the winter advanced, but the Esquimaux
+        were of considerable use to them in catching seals. They passed
+        nearly six months on the drifting ice-floe (from October 15th, 1872,
+        to April 1st, 1873), and when at length they left it, and were
+        rescued by the sealing steamer <span class=
+        "tei tei-name"><span style="font-style: italic">Tigress</span></span>,
+        we can well imagine the revulsion of feeling described in their
+        evidence before the Washington committee. Meantime the <span class=
+        "tei tei-name"><span style="font-style: italic">Polaris</span></span>
+        herself was ashore on Lyttelton Island, where Buddington, his
+        officers and men, fourteen souls in all, had to pass the winter,
+        fortunately under no great privations, as the stores were saved. They
+        were eventually rescued by the <span class=
+        "tei tei-name"><span style="font-style: italic">Ravenscraig</span></span>,
+        a steam-whaler, and later, having been transferred to the whaler
+        <span class="tei tei-name"><span style=
+        "font-style: italic">Arctic</span></span>, reached Dundee, and
+        eventually their own homes, in safety. In spite of the perils
+        encountered by both parties, Captain Hall was the only one of the
+        little band who did not live to reach his native land.</p>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">The Americans
+        have, therefore, as we have indicated, stuck bravely to the Smith
+        Sound route to the Pole, and a large proportion of English and
+        foreign authorities still favour the same idea.</p>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">We have seen the
+        staunch little <span class="tei tei-name"><span style=
+        "font-style: italic">Fox</span></span> of M’Clintock’s expedition
+        miraculously escape from the grinding surging ice after a detention
+        of 242 days, any one of which might easily have been the last for its
+        brave company; we have witnessed, in mental vision, the philosophical
+        German crew of the ill-fated <span class="tei tei-name"><span style=
+        "font-style: italic">Hansa</span></span> drifting 1,100 miles on
+        their precarious ice-raft, to be saved, every man of them, at last;
+        and we have just seen half of the <span class=
+        "tei tei-name"><span style="font-style: italic">Polaris</span></span>
+        men rescued from their peril on the floating ice-field after nearly
+        six months of weary watching. Turn we now to one more example of the
+        dangers of the Arctic seas to find a vessel to all appearance
+        hopelessly encompassed in the ice-drifts, and destined not to make
+        its escape before two long and dreary years had passed away.</p>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">When in 1874 the
+        Austro-Hungarian expedition, after a long absence, during which
+        nothing had been heard from it, returned in safety, many fears which
+        had been felt were sensibly allayed; and when the public learned of
+        the difficulties they had encountered and the grand discoveries made,
+        it was generally voted a complete success. This expedition, under
+        Lieutenant Weyprecht of the Navy and Lieutenant Payer of the
+        Engineers—who had already made himself a name as an Arctic explorer
+        in the second German expedition—had been partly organised at the
+        expense of the public, and greatly aided by Count Wilczek, who
+        accompanied it in his yacht as far as Barents Island. A very small
+        steamer—no more <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page271">[pg
+        271]</span><a name="Pg271" id="Pg271" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>than
+        220 tons—named the <span class="tei tei-name"><span style=
+        "font-style: italic">Tegethoff</span></span>, was employed, and among
+        its officers was Captain Carlsen, who it will be remembered, had
+        circumnavigated Spitzbergen some time before, and was the discoverer
+        of the Barents relics; he served in the capacity of ice-master. The
+        crew, all told, only numbered twenty-four men. The expedition sailed
+        from Bremerhaven on June 13th, 1872, provisioned for three years, and
+        was soon among the ice of the north-east. Early in August the vessel
+        became beset in such a manner that progress was next to impossible.
+        <span class="tei tei-q">“Subsequently,”</span> says Lieutenant Payer,
+        <span class="tei tei-q">“we regained our liberty, and in latitude 75°
+        N. we reached the open water extending along the coast of Novaya
+        Zemlya. The decrease in temperature and quantity of ice showed,
+        indeed, that the summer of 1872 was the very opposite of that of the
+        year before.”</span> The vessels kept company as far as the low
+        Barents Islands, where the <span class="tei tei-q">“thick-ribbed
+        ice,”</span> agitated and driven on the coast by winds and gales,
+        stopped their progress for a week. On the 21st of August the
+        <span class="tei tei-name"><span style=
+        "font-style: italic">Tegethoff</span></span> got clear, and left her
+        consort, the former steaming slowly towards the north. <span class=
+        "tei tei-q">“Our hopes,”</span> says Payer, <span class=
+        "tei tei-q">“were vain. Night found us encompassed on all sides by
+        ice, and (as it eventually proved) for two long and dreary years!
+        Cheerless and barren of all hope the first year lay before us, and we
+        were not any longer discoverers, but doomed to remain as helpless
+        voyagers on a floe of drifting <a name="corr271" id="corr271" class=
+        "tei tei-anchor"></a><span class="tei tei-corr">ice.</span>”</span>
+        This is, so far as is known, the longest period for which a vessel
+        has been ice-encompassed, and the reader will require no assistance
+        to picture the apparently hopeless condition in which they found
+        themselves, with but little prospect of accomplishing anything
+        approaching exploration. With the autumn of 1872 came unusually
+        severe weather, which caused the ice-blocks to re-freeze as soon as
+        they were sawn asunder, and they were utterly unable to extricate the
+        vessel, although every effort was made. On October 13th the ice broke
+        up, and the collisions of and with enormous masses placed them in
+        great danger. They were quite ignorant of their position and where
+        they were drifting. In the sombre darkness of the long Arctic night
+        they had to keep the boats and stores in readiness, as they might
+        have to abandon the vessel at any moment. The floes were constantly
+        uplifted by other ice underneath, but the little <span class=
+        "tei tei-name"><span style=
+        "font-style: italic">Tegethoff</span></span> proved herself staunch
+        and true. Eventually a rampart of ice was erected about the little
+        vessel, which had to be continually watched and repaired, on account
+        of the damage received from the pressure of surrounding ice. Amidst
+        all these dangers the routine of the ship was admirably kept up.
+        Divine service was observed, and a school established for the crew.
+        The men suffered severely from scurvy and pulmonary complaints during
+        the winter.</p>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">In the autumn of
+        1873 an important discovery was made. <span class="tei tei-q">“We
+        had,”</span> says Payer, <span class="tei tei-q">“long ago drifted
+        into a portion of the Arctic sea which had not previously been
+        visited; but in spite of a careful look-out we had not been able
+        hitherto to discover land. It was, therefore, an event of no small
+        importance, when, on the 31st of August, we were surprised by the
+        sudden appearance of a mountainous country, about fourteen miles to
+        the north, which the mist had up till that time concealed from our
+        view.”</span> They had no opportunity of reaching it until the end of
+        October, when a landing was effected in lat. 79° 54′ N., on an
+        island, lying off the mainland, to which they affixed the name of
+        Count Wilczek, to whom the expedition had in great measure owed its
+        existence. Their second Polar night of 125 days prevented any further
+        exploration, but was passed without a recurrence of <span class=
+        "tei tei-pb" id="page272">[pg 272]</span><a name="Pg272" id="Pg272"
+        class="tei tei-anchor"></a>the dangers they had met the previous
+        winter. Their winter quarters were comparatively safe, and being near
+        the land they obtained a sufficiency of bear-meat, the animals often
+        approaching the ship closely.</p><a name="illo_308" id="illo_308"
+        class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"></p>
+
+        <div class="tei tei-figure" style="text-align: center">
+          <img src="images/illo_308.png" alt=
+          "START OF LIEUT. PAYER’S SLEDGE EXPEDITION" title=
+          "START OF LIEUT. PAYER’S SLEDGE EXPEDITION." />
+
+          <div class="tei tei-head" style=
+          "text-align: center; margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em">
+            START OF LIEUT. PAYER’S SLEDGE EXPEDITION.
+          </div>
+        </div>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">In the winter of
+        1874 several sledging parties were sent out. On the 24th of March,
+        Lieutenant Payer, with six companions, left the vessel, dragging a
+        large sledge freighted with provisions and stores to the extent of
+        three-fourths of a ton. They succeeded in reaching the new land,
+        after many a struggle with the ice-hummocks, snow-drifts, and floods
+        of sea-water which had submerged some parts of the ice. Their
+        difficulties were increased by the fact that a once fine team of dogs
+        was reduced to three capable of being of service. Payer describes the
+        new land as broken up by numerous inlets and fiords, and surrounded
+        by innumerable islands. The mountains were of fair altitude—from
+        2,000 to 5,000 feet in height—while the glaciers in the valleys were
+        of gigantic size, and formed a great feature in the wild scenery.
+        Some visited <span class="tei tei-q">“were characterised by their
+        greenish-blue colour, the paucity of crevasses, and extraordinarily
+        coarse-grained ice.”</span> The vegetation was poor, as might be
+        expected. To this hitherto unknown land the name of the Emperor Franz
+        Josef was affixed. The party reached the high latitude of 81° 37′
+        N.</p><a name="illo_309" id="illo_309" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"></p>
+
+        <div class="tei tei-figure" style="text-align: center">
+          <img src="images/illo_309.jpg" alt=
+          "FALL OF THE SLEDGE INTO A CREVASSE" title=
+          "FALL OF THE SLEDGE INTO A CREVASSE." />
+
+          <div class="tei tei-head" style=
+          "text-align: center; margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em">
+            FALL OF THE SLEDGE INTO A CREVASSE.
+          </div>
+        </div>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">The return journey
+        to the vessel was made successfully, although the scarcity of
+        <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page273">[pg 273]</span><a name="Pg273"
+        id="Pg273" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>provisions obliged them to make
+        forced marches, and also necessitated a division of the party
+        remaining behind under a cliff on Hohenlohe Island, while Payer, with
+        two of the crew and a small sledge, pressed forward for aid. Crossing
+        an enormous glacier on Crown Prince Rudolf Land, one of the men, the
+        sledge and dogs, fell into a gigantic crevasse which <span class=
+        "tei tei-pb" id="page274">[pg 274]</span><a name="Pg274" id="Pg274"
+        class="tei tei-anchor"></a>the snow had concealed. Payer himself
+        might have come to grief had not he had presence of mind enough to
+        cut the harness by which he was attached to the sledge. For a time
+        the case looked very bad, as they were unable to extricate the
+        unfortunate explorer. Payer, however, with that quickness which is
+        one of his distinguishing characteristics, immediately ran back some
+        twelve miles to the other party, and obtained assistance. They had
+        eventually the happiness of rescuing the man, &amp;c., by means of
+        ropes. After many perils in the journey over the rotten ice they
+        succeeded in joining the anxious little band on the vessel. Alas! the
+        <span class="tei tei-name"><span style=
+        "font-style: italic">Tegethoff</span></span>, which had passed
+        unscathed so many dangers, had to be abandoned in the ice, and a
+        journey by boat and sledge commenced, very similar to that of
+        Barents, made three centuries before. After mournfully nailing the
+        flags to the ship’s mast, on May 20th they started on their doubtful
+        and adventurous trip. It took them over three months (ninety-six
+        days) to reach the Bay of Downs, in lat 72° 4′, where they happily
+        met a Russian schooner, and their troubles were over.</p>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">And now to the
+        Arctic expedition which stands out pre-eminently above almost any
+        other whatever. Professor Nordenskjöld may be congratulated on having
+        performed the most intrepid and daring feat of the present century,
+        speaking in a geographical point of view. The North-East Passage has
+        been accomplished. <span class="tei tei-q">“The splendid
+        success,”</span> said a leading journal, <span class="tei tei-q">“has
+        been splendidly deserved. It was no lucky accident of exploration
+        that found the <span class="tei tei-name"><span style=
+        "font-style: italic">Vega</span></span> a way round the northernmost
+        point of Asia, or chance good fortune that carried her through new
+        seas to the Behrings Straits. Professor Nordenskjöld has fought it
+        out fairly with Nature. The combat has been a long one, and round
+        after round had to be toughly contested before the Professor closed
+        with his opponent, the Arctic Ocean, and floored the grim old tyrant.
+        Six times he has gone northward to do battle with ice and snow, and
+        each time, though returning, he has brought back such knowledge of
+        the enemy’s weakness that assured him of ultimate success.”</span>
+        Unfortunately the details as yet at hand are meagre, and only the
+        bare outlines of the story can be presented. Some of the important
+        scientific results of the expedition will be referred to in future
+        pages.</p>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">The <span class=
+        "tei tei-name"><span style="font-style: italic">Vega</span></span>, a
+        tough, teak-built steam whaler, left Gothenburg on July 4th, 1878,
+        sighted Nova Zembla on the 28th, and anchored that day off a village
+        on the Samoyede peninsula at the entrance of the Kara Sea, once known
+        as the Ice Cave, but which of late has lost its terrors for even the
+        hardy Norwegian fisherman. Nordenskjöld knew the right season to
+        attempt its passage, and it was surprised when almost free of ice. On
+        August 1st, after making many scientific observations of importance,
+        the <span class="tei tei-name"><span style=
+        "font-style: italic">Vega</span></span> proceeded slowly eastward,
+        nothing but rotten ice, which in no way impeded the vessel, being
+        met. In a few days they were safely anchored in Dickson’s Haven,
+        Siberia, a spot perhaps destined to become an important exporting
+        point. Bears and reindeer were found to be numerous, and the
+        vegetation extremely rich. On the 10th the <span class=
+        "tei tei-name"><span style="font-style: italic">Vega</span></span>
+        again proceeded, and threading her way through unknown islands,
+        reached a fine harbour situated in the strait that separates Taimyr
+        Island and the mainland, where they dredged for marine specimens with
+        great success. Again resuming the voyage, they, on the evening of the
+        19th, anchored in a bay round Cape Chelyuskin, the most northerly
+        point of the Asiatic continent. This, the once unconquerable cape,
+        had now been conquered, and that fact alone would have constituted a
+        splendid triumph, although it now only forms an episode in this grand
+        <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page275">[pg 275]</span><a name="Pg275"
+        id="Pg275" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>voyage. Low mountains, free
+        from snow, were seen to the southward; geese, ducks, and other birds
+        were seen on the coast, while the ocean was alive with walrus, seals,
+        and <a name="corr275" id="corr275" class=
+        "tei tei-anchor"></a><span class="tei tei-corr">whales.</span> On the
+        21st, though delayed by fogs and rotten ice, the <span class=
+        "tei tei-name"><span style="font-style: italic">Vega</span></span>
+        coasted south-east; and on the 23rd, aided by a fine breeze and a
+        smooth sea, was able to dispense with steam. At the Chatanga river
+        they shot bears and wild fowl to their heart’s desire. On the 26th
+        they passed the entrance to the mouth of the Lena, and on the 27th
+        turned northward for the Siberian Islands, which they were prevented
+        from exploring, owing to the ice. Nordenskjöld ordered the vessel’s
+        head to be turned southward, and they passed the mouth of the great
+        Kolyma river. Soon they were among the ice, and, as they had
+        anticipated, were to be imprisoned in it. But the health of the party
+        was excellent, and no scurvy whatever appeared; their own provisions
+        were of the best; and after passing Cook’s Cape, Vankarema, the
+        <span class="tei tei-name"><span style=
+        "font-style: italic">Vega</span></span> crossed to Kolintchin, where
+        the furnaces were put out, the sails stowed, and winter life fairly
+        commenced. At a mile distance ashore there was a Tchuktchi village of
+        4,000 souls, all living easily, for fish and seals, bear, wolf, and
+        fox, were abundant, while in spring the geese, swans, and ducks,
+        returned from the south. For nearly nine months they were ice-bound;
+        but at last the ice floes broke up and scattered, and the little
+        <span class="tei tei-name"><span style=
+        "font-style: italic">Vega</span></span> soon passed East Cape, the
+        extremity of Asia, and steamed gaily into Behring Straits, where a
+        salute was fired, announcing a success unprecedented in the annals of
+        Arctic history. The Professor believes that voyages may be regularly
+        performed in the future which will open up a considerable trade with
+        northern Siberia.</p>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Surrounded by
+        almost every conceivable difficulty and danger, Arctic research has
+        witnessed and developed more genuinely heroic skill and enterprise
+        than has been needed or found in the exploration of any other portion
+        of our globe. With all its dangers the North Polar world possesses a
+        rare fascination for the adventurous, and has something to offer in
+        palliation of its monotonous desolation. The yet unknown must always
+        have charms for the greatest minds, even though it should prove
+        practically unknowable; the undiscovered may not always be so, for
+        the unfathomed of the past may be fathomed to-day. The Polar regions
+        offer much to the scientist, and, in some phases, much to the artist.
+        The beautiful Aurora flashes over the scene and banishes the darkness
+        of the Arctic night. The vastness of Nature’s operations are shown in
+        the huge icebergs clad in dazzling whiteness or glittering in the
+        moon’s silvery rays in the interminable fields of fixed or floating
+        ice, in glacial rivers of grandest size. As the bergs melting in the
+        warmer waves assume endless fantastic forms—as of pointed spires,
+        jagged steeples, or castellated remains, and as, losing the centre of
+        gravity, they roll over to assume new forms, or meeting together
+        crash like thunder or the roar of artillery, throwing up great
+        volumes of foam, disturbing the surface of the sea for miles, the
+        puniness of man is felt, and the mind inevitably lifted from Nature
+        up <span class="tei tei-q">“to Nature’s God.”</span></p>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Much has been
+        done; still, there is yet work which remains to be accomplished in
+        the Arctic seas. But brave men will never be wanting when new
+        attempts are made. As the old sea-captain, looking at the chart in
+        Millais’ picture, says, concerning the North-West Passage,
+        <span class="tei tei-q">“It might be done—and England ought to do
+        it!”</span></p>
+      </div><span class="tei tei-pb" id="page276">[pg 276]</span><a name=
+      "Pg276" id="Pg276" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+
+      <div class="tei tei-div" style=
+      "margin-bottom: 5.00em; margin-top: 5.00em">
+        <a name="chap32" id="chap32" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> <a name=
+        "toc67" id="toc67"></a> <a name="pdf68" id="pdf68"></a>
+
+        <h2 class="tei tei-head" style=
+        "text-align: center; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em">
+        <span style="font-size: 144%">CHAPTER XXXII.</span></h2>
+
+        <h2 class="tei tei-head" style=
+        "text-align: center; margin-bottom: 2.40em; margin-top: 2.40em">
+        <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: center"><span style=
+        "font-size: 120%; font-variant: small-caps">The Antarctic
+        Regions.</span></span></h2>
+
+        <div class="tei tei-argument" style=
+        "text-align: center; margin-bottom: 1.80em; margin-left: 3.60em; margin-top: 1.80em; margin-right: 3.60em">
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style=
+        "text-align: center; margin-bottom: 0.90em"><span style=
+        "font-size: 90%">Has the South Pole been Neglected?—The Antarctic
+        even more Inhospitable than the Arctic—The Antarctic Summer—Search
+        for the</span> <span class="tei tei-hi" style=
+        "text-align: center"><span style=
+        "font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Terra
+        Australis</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%">—Early
+        Explorers—Captain Cook’s Discoveries—Watering at Icebergs—The
+        Southern Thule—Smith’s Report—Weddell’s Voyage—Dead Whale Mistaken
+        for an Island—D’Urville’s Adélie Land—Wilkes Land—Voyages of James
+        Ross—High Land Discovered—Deep Beds of Guano—Antarctic
+        Volcanoes—Mounts Erebus and Terror—Victoria Land.</span></p>
+        </div>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">One might well
+        inquire, without a previous knowledge of the reasons, why the South
+        Pole has not received the attention which has been lavished on the
+        North. The fact is that while the Arctic regions do not present many
+        attractions for travel, and certainly even less for residence or
+        settlement, the Antarctic regions are still more unpromising in both
+        particulars. The extreme intensity of Antarctic cold is found to
+        commence at a much higher latitude than in the northern hemisphere.
+        In the Arctic seas large icebergs are rarely found till the 70th
+        parallel of latitude is reached, while stationary fields are met in a
+        still higher latitude. In the South Pacific both occur at from 50° to
+        60° of southern latitude. The mountains of Cape Horn, of Terra del
+        Fuego, and outlying islands, are covered with perpetual snow quite to
+        their sea-coasts. <span class="tei tei-q">“This contrast,”</span> say
+        Professor Tomlinson, in one of the few general works we possess on
+        the subject,<a id="noteref_42" name="noteref_42" href=
+        "#note_42"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style=
+        "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">42</span></span></a>
+        <span class="tei tei-q">“has been ascribed to the shorter stay which
+        the sun makes in the southern hemisphere than in the northern. But
+        this difference, amounting to scarcely eight days, has been proved to
+        be exactly compensated by the greater nearness of the earth to the
+        sun during the southern than during the northern summer. Another
+        cause must therefore be sought, and as it is a fact that water
+        becomes less heated by the same amount of sunshine than any solid
+        substance, this cause will be found in the vast extent of the
+        Antarctic seas, the total absence of any great surface of land, and
+        the form of the continents which terminate towards the south almost
+        in points, thus opening a free and unencumbered field to the currents
+        from the Polar seas, and allowing them to push forward the icy masses
+        in every direction from the south pole towards the southern and
+        temperate zone.”</span></p>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">The word
+        <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style=
+        "font-style: italic">Antarctic</span></span> explains itself as that
+        part of the earth opposite to the Arctic.<a id="noteref_43" name=
+        "noteref_43" href="#note_43"><span class=
+        "tei tei-noteref"><span style=
+        "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">43</span></span></a> Winter
+        in the one corresponds to summer in the other, and <span class=
+        "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">vice
+        versâ</span></span>. When the Arctic circle is delighting in one long
+        summer day, the Antarctic regions are oppressed by the darkest gloom.
+        When we in England are, or should be, enjoying the bright days of
+        midsummer, the southern Polar regions are pitchy dark, while at our
+        Christmas-tide that part of the earth is bathed in floods of
+        sunshine.</p>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">It has been seen
+        that our knowledge of the North Polar seas has been largely the
+        result of explorations in search of a north-western or north-eastern
+        passage or strait to the Pacific. The exploration of the Antarctic
+        regions is mainly due to quests after a continent in the southern
+        seas—the <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style=
+        "font-style: italic">Terra Australis incognita</span></span> of many
+        old geographers. The belief in the existence of such a land can be
+        traced back as far as 1576, when Juan Fernandez is reported to have
+        sailed southward from Chile, and to have arrived after a month’s
+        voyage at a <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style=
+        "font-style: italic">tierra ferme</span></span>, a charming fertile
+        land inhabited by friendly and almost civilised <span class=
+        "tei tei-pb" id="page277">[pg 277]</span><a name="Pg277" id="Pg277"
+        class="tei tei-anchor"></a>natives. If the story be not altogether
+        apocryphal, it may possibly have been some part of New Zealand. At
+        the same period there were wild reports in circulation concerning the
+        discovery by Alvaro Mendana de Neyra of some southern islands
+        abounding in silver. That navigator, however, could not find them at
+        all in a later voyage, and perished miserably, with many of his
+        companions, at Egmont, or Santa Cruz Island. His pilot, Pedro
+        Fernandez de Quiros, in 1605-6 made a professed voyage in search of
+        the southern continent, his voyage resulting in the discovery of
+        Pitcairn’s Island, the New Hebrides, and other lands, while one of
+        his captains, Luis Vaes de Torres, passed through the strait between
+        Australia and New Guinea now named after him. The first actual
+        approach to the then unknown southern polar lands appears to have
+        been made by one Dirk Gerritz, a Dutchman, in January, 1600. This
+        vessel was in the East India service, and was driven by a gale from
+        the immediate latitude of the Straits of Magellan far to the south,
+        where he discovered a barren, craggy, snow-covered coast, similar to
+        that of Norway. His accounts were discredited, but have since proved
+        to have been accurate enough, and the land is now known as New South
+        Shetland, and has been proved to cross the Antarctic circle. The
+        expeditions of Kerguelen, sent out for the purpose of exploring the
+        southern regions, resulted only in the discovery of the group of
+        islands now known by his name. It is to the celebrated Captain Cook
+        that we owe the earliest careful explorations of the south polar
+        regions.</p><a name="illo_313" id="illo_313" class=
+        "tei tei-anchor"></a>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"></p>
+
+        <div class="tei tei-figure" style="text-align: center">
+          <img src="images/illo_313.png" alt="VIEW OF CAPE HORN" title=
+          "VIEW OF CAPE HORN." />
+
+          <div class="tei tei-head" style=
+          "text-align: center; margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em">
+            VIEW OF CAPE HORN.
+          </div>
+        </div>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Late in November,
+        1772, H.M. ships <span class="tei tei-name"><span style=
+        "font-style: italic">Resolution</span></span> and <span class=
+        "tei tei-name"><span style=
+        "font-style: italic">Adventure</span></span> left the Cape of Good
+        Hope in search of the unknown continent, and early in December of the
+        same year were driven by several gales among and in dangerous
+        proximity to icebergs, one of which is <span class="tei tei-pb" id=
+        "page278">[pg 278]</span><a name="Pg278" id="Pg278" class=
+        "tei tei-anchor"></a>described as flat at its top, about fifty feet
+        in height, and half a mile in circuit. A large number of penguins and
+        other birds were on these bergs, and this was deemed a reason for
+        thinking land near. The ice islands yielded excellent fresh water,
+        large detached lumps being taken on board and the sea water allowed
+        to drain off on deck, when there was hardly a trace of salt
+        perceptible to the taste. Part of it was kept as ice, while a
+        quantity was melted in coppers. Cook said that it was the most
+        expeditious way of watering he had seen. In the middle of February
+        they had fair weather, with clear serene nights, when the beautiful
+        Aurora Australis, or Southern Lights, were seen. <span class=
+        "tei tei-q">“The officer of the watch observed that it sometimes
+        broke out in spiral rays, and in a circular form; then its light was
+        very strong, and its appearance beautiful. He could not perceive that
+        it had any particular direction, for it appeared at various times in
+        different parts of the heavens, and diffused its light throughout the
+        whole atmosphere.”</span> Bad weather followed, making navigation
+        dangerous among the bergs, while it was bitterly cold. A litter of
+        nine pigs was killed a few hours after their birth by the cold, in
+        spite of all the care taken to preserve them. This was in the
+        Antarctic summer, which, however, improved considerably afterwards.
+        Captain Cook was then tempted to advance a few degrees to the south,
+        but soon altered his mind when the weather again changed for the
+        worse.</p>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">It was not till
+        the 31st of January, 1775, on the same voyage, that Cook, who had
+        become <span class="tei tei-q">“tired of these high southern
+        latitudes, where nothing was to be found but ice and thick
+        fogs,”</span> made a discovery of land. They had been sailing over a
+        sea strewed with ice, when the fog lifting, three rocky islets of
+        considerable elevation disclosed themselves at a distance of three or
+        four miles, one terminating in a lofty peak like a sugar-loaf. It was
+        named <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style=
+        "font-style: italic">Freezeland Peak</span></span>. To the east of
+        this a high coast, with lofty snow-clad summits, appeared, and soon
+        another broken coast-line came in sight, to which the name of
+        <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Southern
+        Thule</span></span> was given, as it was the most southerly land yet
+        discovered. Other coasts, promontories, and mountains, soon came in
+        view, which Cook tells us had land apparently between them, leading
+        him to the conclusion that the whole was connected. Prudence forbade
+        him venturing nearer the coast. The reader must remember that his
+        were not the days of steam.</p>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">New land appeared
+        next morning, with outlying islands, named the <span class=
+        "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Candlemas
+        Isles</span></span> in honour of the day on which they were
+        discovered. The whole of the new land was named <span class=
+        "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Sandwich
+        Land</span></span>, and was supposed to be either a group of islands,
+        or the point of a continent. Cook firmly believed in a tract of land
+        near the Pole as the source of most of the icebergs in those seas,
+        but did not attempt a further exploration.</p>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">It was not till
+        the year 1819 that the commander of the brig <span class=
+        "tei tei-name"><span style=
+        "font-style: italic">William</span></span>, Mr. William Smith,
+        sailing south-east from the latitude of Cape Horn, noted in latitude
+        62° 30′ S. and longitude 60° W., an extensive snow-covered land, on
+        the coasts of which seals were abundant. As he was bound with a cargo
+        to Valparaiso, he could not follow up his discovery; but on arrival
+        at that port informed H.B.M. Consul, Captain Sheriff, of the fact he
+        had ascertained, and that gentleman dispatched Mr. Edward Barnsfield,
+        master of the frigate <span class="tei tei-name"><span style=
+        "font-style: italic">Andromache</span></span>, to explore the
+        new-found land. It was found to consist of a group of islands,
+        numbering twelve, with innumerable rocky islets between them. There
+        was little doubt that it was a part of the same land sighted by
+        Gerritz more than two centuries before, and now known as the South
+        Shetlands. They were further explored in 1820 by Mr. <span class=
+        "tei tei-pb" id="page279">[pg 279]</span><a name="Pg279" id="Pg279"
+        class="tei tei-anchor"></a>Weddell, whose crews obtained an immense
+        number of sea-elephants and fur seals. These islands are nearly
+        inaccessible, being ice-bound, while almost any part of them, other
+        than perpendicular cliffs, is perpetually snow-covered. There are a
+        few small patches of straggling grass where there is any soil, and a
+        moss similar to that found in Iceland. In 1821 other additions were
+        made to our knowledge of islands adjacent to the South Shetlands by
+        Captains Powell and Palmer, the latter an American, and by the
+        Russian navigator, Bellinghausen, who reached a very southern point.
+        They are respectively known as <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style=
+        "font-style: italic">Trinity</span></span>, <span class=
+        "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Palmer’s</span></span>,
+        and <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style=
+        "font-style: italic">Alexander’s Lands</span></span>. A voyage in
+        1822 has importance, as it led to valuable results, in a commercial
+        point of view. The brig <span class="tei tei-name"><span style=
+        "font-style: italic">Jane</span></span>, of Leith, Captain Weddell,
+        with a crew of twenty-two officers and men, accompanied by a cutter,
+        set sail in September of that year on a voyage to the South Seas for
+        the purpose of procuring fur seals. At the beginning of January,
+        1823, the vessels first came in sight of the land of the high
+        southern latitude, and the next day reached the South Orkneys. The
+        tops of the islands mostly terminated in craggy peaks, and looked
+        almost like the mountain tops of a sunken land. Proceeding southward,
+        they one evening passed very close to an object which appeared like a
+        rock. The lead was immediately thrown out, but no bottom could be
+        found. It turned out to be a dead whale, very much swollen, floating
+        on the surface. Weddell obtained at South Georgia a valuable cargo.
+        From the sea-elephant no less than 20,000 tons of oil were obtained
+        in a few seasons, the cargoes always including a large number of fur
+        sealskins. American sealers also took large cargoes of these skins to
+        China, where they sold for five or six dollars a skin. The Island of
+        Desolation, described by Cook, was also a source of great profit.
+        <span class="tei tei-q">“This is a striking, but by no means uncommon
+        example of the commercial advantage to be derived from voyages of
+        discovery.”</span> In 1830, Captain Biscoe, commanding the sealing
+        brig <span class="tei tei-name"><span style=
+        "font-style: italic">Eliza Scott</span></span>, made the discovery of
+        another range of islands, since named after him. In 1839, Captain
+        Balley, in a ship belonging to Messrs. Enderby, the owners of the
+        last-named vessel, discovered land in latitude 66° 44′ S., which was
+        in all probability a portion of the same territory sighted by Wilkes
+        and D’Urville a year afterwards. Thus, while America and France claim
+        the honour of having discovered an <span class="tei tei-q">“Antarctic
+        continent,”</span> Balley seems to have forestalled them. It is
+        extremely doubtful whether the patches of land seen by these
+        explorers can be considered to form a great southern continent.<a id=
+        "noteref_44" name="noteref_44" href="#note_44"><span class=
+        "tei tei-noteref"><span style=
+        "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">44</span></span></a></p>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">D’Urville, after
+        describing the <span class="tei tei-q">“lanes”</span> of tall
+        icebergs by which his ship was enclosed and impeded, states that they
+        sighted land, some few miles off, with prominent peaks 3,000 feet and
+        upwards in height, and surrounded with coast ice. Some boats were
+        sent off to make magnetic observations, and one of the officers
+        succeeded in landing on a small rocky islet, on which the tricolour
+        flag was unfurled. Not the smallest trace of vegetable life could be
+        discovered. Numerous fragments of the rock itself were carried off as
+        trophies. Close at hand were eight or ten other islets. The land thus
+        discovered was named Adélie Land (after Admiral D’Urville’s wife). A
+        projecting cape, which had been seen early in the day, was called
+        Cape Discovery, and the islet on which the landing was effected was
+        named Point Geology.</p><span class="tei tei-pb" id="page280">[pg
+        280]</span><a name="Pg280" id="Pg280" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Wilkes describes
+        his discoveries in similar terms to those of previous explorers
+        already mentioned. Stones, gravel, sand, mud, &amp;c., were noted on
+        a low iceberg, proving the existence of land somewhere about, but it
+        must be borne in mind that a landing on anything but ice was not
+        effected.</p>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">An attempt on the
+        part of Captain (afterwards Sir James) Ross to establish magnetic
+        observations in the southern hemisphere was unsuccessful, but
+        resulted in a discovery of importance. On January 11th, 1841, land
+        was sighted, rising in lofty snow-covered peaks, the elevation of
+        some of which was stated to be from 12,000 feet to 14,000 feet.
+        Various peaks were named after Sabine and other distinguished
+        philosophers who had advocated the cause of the expedition. With some
+        difficulty they landed on an island, on which they planted our flag,
+        and drank a toast to the health of the Queen and Prince Albert. It
+        was named Possession Island. There was no vegetation, but
+        <span class="tei tei-q">“inconceivable myriads of penguins completely
+        and densely covered the whole surface of the island, along the ledges
+        of the precipices, and even to the summits of the hills, attacking
+        us,”</span> says Ross, <span class="tei tei-q">“vigorously as we
+        waded through their ranks, and pecking at us with their sharp beaks,
+        disputing possession; which, together with their loud coarse notes,
+        and the insupportable stench from the deep bed of guano, which had
+        been forming for ages, and which may at some period be valuable to
+        the agriculturists of our Australasian colonies, made us glad to get
+        away again, after having loaded our boats with geological specimens
+        and penguins.”</span> Whales were very numerous; thirty were counted
+        at one time in various directions.</p>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Further south the
+        interesting discovery was made of an active volcano, a mountain
+        12,400 feet altitude, emitting flame and smoke at the time. It was
+        named after the <span class="tei tei-name"><span style=
+        "font-style: italic">Erebus</span></span>, one of the vessels
+        employed, while a second volcano, scarcely inferior in height to the
+        first-named, was called Mount Terror, after our staunch old friend
+        the vessel which so well withstood the ice in Sir George Back’s
+        expedition. <span class="tei tei-q">“On the afternoon of the
+        28th,”</span> says Ross, <span class="tei tei-q">“Mount Erebus was
+        observed to emit smoke and flame in unusual quantities, producing a
+        most grand spectacle; a volume of dense smoke was projected at each
+        successive jet with great force, in a vertical column, to the height
+        of between 1,500 and 2,000 feet above the mouth of the crater, when,
+        condensing first at its upper part, it descended in mist or snow, and
+        gradually dispersed, to be succeeded by another splendid exhibition
+        of the same kind in about half an hour afterwards, although the
+        intervals between the eruptions were by no means regular. The
+        diameter of the columns of smoke was between two and three hundred
+        feet, as near as we could measure it; whenever the smoke cleared
+        away, the bright red flame that filled the mouth of the crater was
+        clearly perceptible; and some of the officers believed they could see
+        streams of lava pouring down its sides until lost beneath the snow,
+        which descended from a few hundred feet below the crater, and
+        projected its perpendicular icy cliff several miles into the
+        ocean.”</span></p>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">The whole of the
+        land traced to the seventy-ninth degree of latitude was named
+        Victoria Land. Ross <span class="tei tei-q">“restored to England the
+        honour of the discovery of the southernmost known land,”</span> which
+        had previously belonged to Russia, as won twenty years before by the
+        intrepid Bellinghausen. A second and a third visit was made by Ross,
+        on the latter of which he made some discoveries of minor
+        importance.</p><span class="tei tei-pb" id="page281">[pg
+        281]</span><a name="Pg281" id="Pg281" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+        <a name="illo_317" id="illo_317" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"></p>
+
+        <div class="tei tei-figure" style="text-align: center">
+          <img src="images/illo_317.png" alt="LISBON IN THE 16TH CENTURY"
+          title=
+          "LISBON IN THE 16TH CENTURY. (After an Engraving of the period.)" />
+
+          <div class="tei tei-head" style=
+          "text-align: center; margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em">
+            LISBON IN THE 16TH CENTURY. (<span class="tei tei-hi" style=
+            "text-align: center"><span style="font-style: italic">After an
+            Engraving of the period.</span></span>)
+          </div>
+        </div>
+      </div>
+
+      <div class="tei tei-div" style=
+      "margin-bottom: 5.00em; margin-top: 5.00em">
+        <a name="chap33" id="chap33" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> <a name=
+        "toc69" id="toc69"></a> <a name="pdf70" id="pdf70"></a>
+
+        <h2 class="tei tei-head" style=
+        "text-align: center; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em">
+        <span style="font-size: 144%">CHAPTER XXXIII.</span></h2>
+
+        <h2 class="tei tei-head" style=
+        "text-align: center; margin-bottom: 2.40em; margin-top: 2.40em">
+        <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: center"><span style=
+        "font-size: 120%; font-variant: small-caps">Decisive Voyages in
+        History.—Diaz—Columbus.</span></span></h2>
+
+        <div class="tei tei-argument" style=
+        "text-align: center; margin-bottom: 1.80em; margin-left: 3.60em; margin-top: 1.80em; margin-right: 3.60em">
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style=
+        "text-align: center; margin-bottom: 0.90em"><span style=
+        "font-size: 90%">An Important Epoch in the History of Discovery—King
+        John II. of Portugal and his Enterprises—Diaz the Bold—Ventures out
+        to Sea—Rounds the Cape—Ignorant of the Fact—The Cape of Storms—King
+        John re-christens it—Columbus and the Narrative of his Son—His Visit
+        to Portugal—Marriage—An un-royal Trick—Sends his Brother to
+        England—His Misfortune—Columbus in Spain—A prejudiced and ignorant
+        Report—The One Sensible Ecclesiastic—Again Repulsed—A Friend at
+        Court—Queen Isabella Won to the Cause—Departure of the Expedition—Out
+        in the Broad Atlantic—Murmurs of the Crews—Signs of
+        Land—Disappointment—Latent Mutiny—Land at Last—Discovery of St.
+        Salvador—Cuba—Natives Smoking the Weed—Utopia in Hispaniola—Columbus
+        Wrecked—Gold Obtained—First Spanish Settlement—Homeward Voyage—Storms
+        and Vows—Arrival in Europe—Triumphant Reception at
+        Barcelona.</span></p>
+        </div>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">The Arctic and
+        Antarctic voyages, purposely kept together and followed to their
+        latest developments, having been described, we now go back to the
+        most interesting and important period in the world’s history,
+        geographically considered. In little less than a dozen years three of
+        the grandest discoveries in geography were made. First, the discovery
+        of a passage round the Cape of Good Hope, the sea-portal to the
+        Indian Ocean, the Orient generally, Australasia (not, indeed, then
+        discovered, or even dreamt of), and the innumerable islands of the
+        various Eastern Archipelagos. Next, the passage of the Atlantic ocean
+        to the far west, the discovery of the West Indies and the New World.
+        Last, and not least, in its ultimate bearings on the prosperity of
+        Great Britain, the passage by sea direct to India—its conquest and
+        settlement by the Portuguese. What other epoch can boast so much
+        accomplished in a time so brief?</p>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">To King John of
+        Portugal are we indebted for the first of these great discoveries. He
+        fitted out a small squadron under Bartholomew Diaz, a knight of the
+        royal household, to attempt the passage by sea to India, after
+        endeavouring to learn all that was then known about that <span class=
+        "tei tei-pb" id="page282">[pg 282]</span><a name="Pg282" id="Pg282"
+        class="tei tei-anchor"></a>country. For this important enterprise
+        Diaz was supplied with two small caravels of fifty tons each,
+        accompanied by a still smaller vessel, or tender, to carry
+        provisions. The preparations being completed, he sailed in the end of
+        August, 1486, steering directly to the southward.</p>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class=
+        "tei tei-q">“We have,”</span> says Clarke, <span class=
+        "tei tei-q">“no relation of the particulars of this voyage, and only
+        know that the first spot on which Diaz placed a stone pillar, in
+        token of discovery and possession, was at <span class=
+        "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Sierra
+        Parda</span></span>, in about 24°, 40′ S., which is said to have been
+        120 leagues further to the south than any preceding navigator.
+        According to the Portuguese historians, Diaz sailed boldly from this
+        place to the southward, in the open sea, and never saw the land again
+        until he was forty leagues to the east of the Cape of Good Hope,
+        which he had passed, without being in sight of land.”</span> Here he
+        came in sight of a bay on the coast, which he called <span class=
+        "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Angra de los
+        Vaqueros</span></span>, or Bay of Herdsmen, from observing a number
+        of cows grazing on the land. From this place Diaz continued his
+        voyage eastwards, to a small island or rock in the bay, which is now
+        called Algoa, on which he placed a stone cross, or pillar, as a
+        memorial of his progress, and named it on that account Santa Cruz, or
+        <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">El Pennol
+        de la Cruz</span></span>.</p>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">It would appear
+        that Diaz was still unconscious that he had long reached and
+        overpassed the extreme southern point of Africa, and was anxious to
+        continue his voyage still farther. But the provisions on board his
+        two caravels were nearly exhausted, and the victualling tender under
+        the command of his brother was missing. The crews of the caravels
+        became exceedingly urgent to return, lest they should perish with
+        famine. With some difficulty he prevailed on the people to continue
+        their course about twenty-five leagues further on, as he felt
+        exceedingly mortified at the idea of returning to his sovereign
+        without accomplishing the discovery on which he was bent. They
+        accordingly reached the mouth of a stream now known by the name of
+        Great Fish River.</p>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">From this river,
+        the extreme boundary of the present voyage, Diaz commenced his return
+        homewards, and discovered, with great joy and astonishment, on their
+        passage back, the long-sought-for and tremendous promontory, which
+        had been the grand object of the hopes and wishes of Portuguese
+        navigation during <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style=
+        "font-style: italic">seventy-four</span></span> years, ever since the
+        year 1412, when the illustrious Don Henry first began to direct and
+        incite his countrymen to the prosecution of discoveries along the
+        western shores of Africa. At this place Diaz erected a stone cross in
+        memory of his discovery; and owing to heavy tempests, which he
+        experienced off the high table-land of the Cape, he named it
+        <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Cabo dos
+        Tormentos</span></span>, or Cape of Storms; but the satisfaction
+        which King John derived from this memorable discovery, on the return
+        of Diaz to Portugal, in 1487, induced that sovereign to change this
+        inauspicious appellation for one of more happy omen, and he
+        accordingly ordered that it should in future be called <span class=
+        "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Cabo de bon
+        Esperança</span></span>, or Cape of Good Hope, the title which it has
+        ever since retained.</p><a name="illo_320" id="illo_320" class=
+        "tei tei-anchor"></a>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"></p>
+
+        <div class="tei tei-figure" style="text-align: center">
+          <img src="images/illo_320.png" alt=
+          "BARTHOLOMEW DIAZ ON HIS VOYAGE TO THE CAPE" title=
+          "BARTHOLOMEW DIAZ ON HIS VOYAGE TO THE CAPE" />
+
+          <div class="tei tei-head" style=
+          "text-align: center; margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em">
+            BARTHOLOMEW DIAZ ON HIS VOYAGE TO THE CAPE
+          </div>
+        </div>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Soon after the
+        discovery of <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style=
+        "font-style: italic">The Cape</span></span>—by which shorter name it
+        is now pre-eminently distinguished—Diaz fell in with the victualler,
+        from whom he had separated nine months before. Of nine persons who
+        had composed the crew of that vessel, six had been murdered by the
+        natives of the West Coast of Africa, and Fernand Colozzo, one of the
+        three survivors, died of joy on again beholding his countrymen. Diaz
+        and his companions were, of course, honourably received by their
+        sovereign, after a voyage of such unprecedented length and unusual
+        success. And now to the second of the great discoveries of this
+        epoch, which, chronologically considered, follows that of
+        Diaz.</p><span class="tei tei-pb" id="page283">[pg
+        283]</span><a name="Pg283" id="Pg283" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">In the long list
+        of honoured names who have made geographical discovery their aim,
+        none shines with a greater effulgence than that of Columbus, and
+        although in his old age he was disgracefully ignored and even
+        maltreated, succeeding times have done full justice to his memory.
+        The present writer has gone to the fountain source for his
+        information; the whole of the narrative to follow is taken from the
+        history written by his son, Don Ferdinand Columbus. It would be easy,
+        from the many popular biographies written by well-known authors, to
+        compile a more fanciful and readable story, but some, at least, of
+        these writers have not strictly adhered to facts, but have wandered
+        somewhat into the region of the imagination. The account given to the
+        world by the son of the great navigator was compiled from the
+        original letters and documents, from actual information obtained
+        direct, and from personal observation.</p>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">The narrative of
+        Don Ferdinand commences amusingly. He avers that many would have him
+        prove a highly honourable descent for the admiral his father, and
+        because on his arrival in Portugal he had assumed the name of
+        Colon,<a id="noteref_45" name="noteref_45" href=
+        "#note_45"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style=
+        "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">45</span></span></a> prove
+        that he had come in direct line from Junius Colonus, who brought
+        Mithridates a prisoner to Rome, or from the two illustrious Coloni,
+        who gained a great victory over the Venetians. The son is, however,
+        candid, and says, <span class="tei tei-q">“that however considerable
+        they (his progenitors) may once have been, it is certain that they
+        were reduced to poverty and want through the long wars and factions
+        in Lombardy. I have not been able to discover in what way they lived;
+        though in one of his letters the admiral asserted that his ancestors
+        and himself had always traded by sea.”</span><a id="noteref_46" name=
+        "noteref_46" href="#note_46"><span class=
+        "tei tei-noteref"><span style=
+        "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">46</span></span></a> Don
+        Ferdinand glories in his father as one of the people, who had risen
+        to his high estate by reason of honourable merit. But however poor,
+        he found means to leave his native city, Genoa, and study astronomy,
+        geometry, and cosmography, at the University of Pavia. He is believed
+        to have gone to sea at as early an age as fourteen. The date of his
+        birth is uncertain, but is believed to have been in 1447. Besides
+        voyaging constantly in the Mediterranean, he, as elsewhere recorded,
+        made a northern voyage of some importance. He distinctly states that
+        <span class="tei tei-q">“In February, 1467, I sailed an hundred
+        leagues beyond Thule, or Iceland.”</span></p><a name="illo_321" id=
+        "illo_321" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"></p>
+
+        <div class="tei tei-figure" style="text-align: center">
+          <img src="images/illo_321.png" alt="CHRISTOPHER COLUMBUS" title=
+          "CHRISTOPHER COLUMBUS. (After a Portrait in the Gallery of Vicenza.)" />
+
+          <div class="tei tei-head" style=
+          "text-align: center; margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em">
+            CHRISTOPHER COLUMBUS.<br />
+            (<span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: center"><span style=
+            "font-style: italic">After a Portrait in the Gallery of
+            Vicenza.</span></span>)
+          </div>
+        </div>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">In his person
+        Columbus was <span class="tei tei-q">“above the middle stature, and
+        well shaped, having rather a long visage, with somewhat full cheeks,
+        yet neither fat nor lean. His complexion was very fair with
+        delicately red cheeks, having fair hair in his youth, which became
+        entirely grey at thirty years of age. He had a hawk nose, with fair
+        eyes. In his eating and drinking, and in his dress, he was always
+        temperate and modest. In his demeanour he was affable to strangers,
+        and kind and condescending to his domestics and dependents, yet with
+        a becoming modesty and dignified gravity of manner, tempered with
+        easy politeness.”</span> His regard for religion was strict and
+        sincere, and he had a great abhorrence of profane language. In a
+        word, Columbus was one of nature’s truest gentlemen.</p>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">His son states
+        that the reason for his visit to Portugal <span class=
+        "tei tei-q">“arose from his attachment to a famous man of his name
+        and family, named Columbus, long renowned on the sea as <span class=
+        "tei tei-pb" id="page284">[pg 284]</span><a name="Pg284" id="Pg284"
+        class="tei tei-anchor"></a>commander of a fleet against the
+        infidels.”</span> He must have commanded a goodly fleet, for while
+        Christopher Columbus was with him he took four large Venetian
+        galleys, after a desperate fight. The vessel in which Columbus was,
+        took fire, and he had to leap into the water and make for the land,
+        two leagues distant. He was an excellent swimmer, and, by the aid of
+        a floating oar, he succeeded in landing on the coast near Lisbon.
+        This was his first introduction to that city. Here he married a lady
+        of good family, Donna Felipa Moniz. Her mother was the widow of
+        Perestrello, one of the captains who had re-discovered Madeira, and
+        she put at the disposal of Columbus all the charts and journals left
+        by her husband, from which he learned much of the discoveries made by
+        the Portuguese. It was at this time that he began to think seriously
+        of attempting a passage to the Indies by the westward.</p>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Columbus first
+        laid his plans before Prince John of Portugal, who lent a favourable
+        ear, but on account of the large expenses connected with his
+        expedition to the Guinea Coast, which had not hitherto been crowned
+        with any great success, could not promise immediate action. Later, by
+        the advice of one Doctor Calzadilla, in whom he reposed great
+        confidence, the King of Portugal resolved to attempt secretly the
+        discovery which Columbus had proposed. Accordingly, a caravel was
+        fitted out under pretence of carrying supplies to the Cape Verd
+        Islands, with private instructions to sail to the west. Those sent on
+        the expedition had little knowledge or enterprise, and after vaguely
+        wandering about the Atlantic some time, returned to the Cape Verde
+        Islands, laughing at the undertaking as <span class="tei tei-pb" id=
+        "page285">[pg 285]</span><a name="Pg285" id="Pg285" class=
+        "tei tei-anchor"></a>ridiculous and impracticable. <span class=
+        "tei tei-q">“When,”</span> says the son, <span class=
+        "tei tei-q">“this scandalous underhand dealing came to my father’s
+        ears, he took a great aversion to Lisbon and the Portuguese
+        nation.”</span> Little wonder, one would think! His wife was now
+        dead, and he resolved to repair to Castile with his little son. Lest,
+        however, the Spanish sovereign might not consent to his proposals, he
+        determined to send his brother, Bartholomew Columbus, from Lisbon, to
+        make similar proposals to the King of England. Bartholomew was
+        experienced in seamanship, and understood the construction of charts,
+        globes, and nautical instruments. On the voyage he had the misfortune
+        to be taken by pirates, who stripped him and the rest of the ship’s
+        company of everything of value. Poor Bartholomew arrived in England
+        in poverty and sickness. Undaunted by his misfortunes, he commenced
+        making and selling charts, in order to recruit his finances. After
+        much loss of time, he, in February, 1480, presented a map of his own
+        construction, and the proposals of his brother, to the king, who
+        became very favourably inclined towards the project; and ordered an
+        invitation to be sent to Columbus, desiring him to come to England
+        forthwith. But, alas! England was fated not to have the services of
+        this great navigator. <span class="tei tei-q">“Providence,”</span>
+        says Ferdinand, <span class="tei tei-q">“had determined that the
+        advantage of this great discovery should belong to Castile; and by
+        this time my father had gone upon his first voyage.”</span></p>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">About the end of
+        the year 1484 the admiral stole away privately from Lisbon, as he was
+        afraid of detention. The king had by this time come somewhat to his
+        senses, and it is asserted that he was desirous of renewing the
+        conferences with Columbus. But he did not use much diligence, and
+        thereby missed his last grand opportunity. Columbus next addressed
+        himself to their Catholic Majesties of Spain, Ferdinand and Isabella,
+        then at Cordova. His affable manners and evident knowledge soon
+        gained him a hearing; but as their Majesties considered that a matter
+        of such importance required to be learnedly investigated, it was
+        referred to the prior of Prado, afterwards Archbishop of Granada, who
+        was to obtain the assistance of some cosmographers, and report on its
+        practicability. The report they presented was unfavourable to the
+        enterprise. Some thought Columbus presumptuous in expecting to
+        accomplish that which skilful sailors of all nations had not done,
+        although several thousand years had elapsed since the creation of the
+        world. Others said that the world was of such prodigious size, that
+        they questioned whether he would reach the Indies that way in three
+        years. Others used the powerful argument that if they sailed round
+        the world <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style=
+        "font-style: italic">down</span></span> from Spain, they would never
+        get <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style=
+        "font-style: italic">up</span></span> again! No ship could climb
+        up-hill! The ecclesiastics quoted St. Augustine, to the effect that
+        the antipodes were an impossibility, and that no one could go from
+        one hemisphere to another. Ignorance and credulity triumphed for the
+        time, but not for long.</p><span class="tei tei-pb" id="page286">[pg
+        286]</span><a name="Pg286" id="Pg286" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Columbus was not
+        to be beaten. He followed the court to Seville, and was again
+        repulsed. He resolved to write to the King of France, and, if
+        unsuccessful there, follow his brother to England. But at this
+        juncture he acquired the friendship of the father guardian of the
+        monastery of Rabida, who, believing in his schemes, earnestly
+        entreated him to postpone his departure, saying that, as he was
+        confessor to the Queen, he was resolved to try his influence. All
+        honour to Father Perez, the one sensible ecclesiastic of his nation!
+        A fresh conference was held, but the demands of Columbus were deemed
+        too high, and again the matter fell to the ground. The admiral
+        settled his affairs, and prepared to leave for France.</p>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">He had actually
+        started on his journey, when an officer was despatched after him to
+        induce him to return. The queen had at last listened to the good
+        counsels of Santangel (comptroller of the royal disbursements), who
+        had before shown himself a friend to Columbus. He had pointed out to
+        her majesty that the sum of money required was small, and that she
+        was missing an opportunity that might redound greatly to the honour
+        of her reign, and the credit of which now some foreign monarch would
+        reap. From comparative apathy Isabella rose to enthusiasm, and the
+        treasury being pretty well exhausted by the war with Granada, she
+        offered to pawn her jewels in order to raise the necessary funds.
+        Santangel immediately replied that there was no occasion for this,
+        and that he himself would readily advance his own money in such a
+        service.</p>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">All the conditions
+        which the admiral required having been conceded, he set out from
+        Granada on May 21st, 1492, for Palos, that seaport having been bound
+        by the Crown to furnish two caravels. Columbus fitted these and a
+        third vessel with all speed. His own ship was the <span class=
+        "tei tei-name"><span style="font-style: italic">St.
+        Mary</span></span>; the second, named the <span class=
+        "tei tei-name"><span style="font-style: italic">Pinta</span></span>,
+        was commanded by Martin Alonso Pinzon; and the third, the
+        <span class="tei tei-name"><span style=
+        "font-style: italic">Nina</span></span>, by the latter’s brother,
+        Vincent Yanez Pinzon. The united crews comprised a force of ninety
+        men. Columbus set sail on this, his first voyage in the service of
+        Portugal, on the 3rd of August, 1492, making direct for the
+        Canaries.</p><a name="illo_324" id="illo_324" class=
+        "tei tei-anchor"></a>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"></p>
+
+        <div class="tei tei-figure" style="text-align: center">
+          <img src="images/illo_324.png" alt=
+          "CARAVELS OF CHRISTOPHER COLUMBUS" title=
+          "CARAVELS OF CHRISTOPHER COLUMBUS. (After an Engraving published in 1583.)" />
+
+          <div class="tei tei-head" style=
+          "text-align: center; margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em">
+            CARAVELS OF CHRISTOPHER COLUMBUS.<br />
+            (<span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: center"><span style=
+            "font-style: italic">After an Engraving published in
+            1583.</span></span>)
+          </div>
+        </div>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">The day after
+        leaving, the rudder of the <span class="tei tei-name"><span style=
+        "font-style: italic">Pinta</span></span> broke loose, and, after
+        being repaired as well as they were able at sea, the fastenings gave
+        way a second time. Alonzo Pinzon was more than suspected of having
+        caused this damage purposely, as he had endeavoured to avoid
+        proceeding on this voyage before the expedition left Spain. Having
+        again repaired the rudder, they continued the voyage, and
+        successfully came to an anchor at the Canaries on August 12th. The
+        admiral tried in vain to obtain another vessel for Pinzon. At length
+        the <span class="tei tei-name"><span style=
+        "font-style: italic">Pinta</span></span> having been patched up, the
+        little squadron set sail. <span class="tei tei-q">“Now,”</span> says
+        Ferdinand, <span class="tei tei-q">“losing sight of land, and
+        stretching out into utterly unknown seas, many of the people
+        expressed their anxiety and fear that it might be long before they
+        should see land again; but the admiral used every endeavour to
+        comfort them, with the assurance of soon finding the land he was in
+        search of, and raised their hopes of acquiring wealth and honour by
+        the discovery.”</span> He purposely under-stated the distance made
+        each day, in order to make his people believe that they were not so
+        far from Spain after all; but he carefully recorded the true
+        reckoning in private. On September 12th they discovered in the water
+        the trunk of a large tree; and the people in the <span class=
+        "tei tei-name"><span style="font-style: italic">Nina</span></span>, a
+        few days later, observed a heron flying over them, and also a smaller
+        bird. Next, a quantity of yellowish-green sea-weed was observed
+        floating in the water; a small lobster and a number of tunny fish
+        were also <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page287">[pg
+        287]</span><a name="Pg287" id="Pg287" class=
+        "tei tei-anchor"></a>noted. These signs of approaching land raised
+        hopes which were not immediately fulfilled; and the crews, being
+        utterly unacquainted with the seas they now traversed, seeing nothing
+        but water and sky, began to mutter among themselves. Later, a number
+        of seagulls and small land birds were seen, the latter settling
+        sometimes in the rigging. Again, a vast floating field of sea-weed
+        was encountered. These appearances gave some assurances of comfort to
+        the men at times; but when the weeds became thick enough to partially
+        impede the progress of the vessels, they became terrified, lest the
+        fabled fate of St. Amaro in the frozen seas, whose vessel could
+        neither move forward nor backward, might be theirs. <span class=
+        "tei tei-q">“Wherefore they steered away from those shoals of weeds
+        as much as they could.”</span></p>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">On the 23rd a
+        brisk WNW. gale, favourable for their course, arose, and on the same
+        day a turtle-dove, a land fowl, and other birds, were seen. The more
+        these tokens were observed, and found not to be followed by the
+        anxiously-looked-for land, the more the crews rebelled; cabals were
+        formed, of which the admiral was only partially aware. <span class=
+        "tei tei-q">“They represented that they had already sufficiently
+        performed their duty in adventuring further from land and all
+        possibility of succour than had ever been done before, and that they
+        ought not to proceed on the voyage to their manifest
+        destruction.”</span> They growlingly remarked that Columbus was a
+        foreigner, who desired to become a great lord at their expense, that
+        he had no favour at court, and that the most learned men had scorned
+        his ideas as visionary and absurd. Some even went so far as to
+        propose cutting the Gordian knot by throwing him overboard. Poor
+        Columbus! He had enough to do, sometimes expostulating and sometimes
+        threatening, and always in danger of a mutiny upsetting all his grand
+        projects. Nor were matters improved on September 25th, when Pinzon,
+        whose vessel was near, shouted out to the admiral, <span class=
+        "tei tei-q">“Land! land, sir! let not my good news miscarry!”</span>
+        Next morning the supposed land resolved itself into sea-clouds.</p>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">During the
+        following days the men caught some fish <span class="tei tei-q">“with
+        gilt backs”</span> with the aid of a line, and numerous birds were
+        observed. Still Columbus persisted in a westerly course, although
+        many on board, thinking that the birds were flying from one unseen
+        island to another, wished him to deviate. About sunrise on Sunday,
+        October 7th, some signs of land appeared to the westward,
+        <span class="tei tei-q">“but being imperfect, no person would mention
+        the circumstance. This was owing to fear of losing the reward of
+        thirty crowns yearly for life which had been promised by their
+        Catholic majesties to whoever should first discover land; and to
+        prevent them calling out <span class="tei tei-q">‘land! land!’</span>
+        at every turn without just cause, it was made a condition that
+        whoever said he saw land should lose the reward if it were not made
+        out in three days, even if he should afterwards actually prove the
+        first discoverer.”</span> Those on the <span class=
+        "tei tei-name"><span style="font-style: italic">Nina</span></span>,
+        however, forgot this provision, and fancying they saw land, fired a
+        gun and hoisted their colours. This time also they were disappointed,
+        but derived some comfort by observing great flights of large fowl and
+        other birds going from the west towards the south-west.</p>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">It would have been
+        impossible for the admiral to have much longer withstood the spirit
+        of mutiny which was fast gaining ground, <span class=
+        "tei tei-q">“but,”</span> says the narrative of Ferdinand,
+        <span class="tei tei-q">“it pleased God that, in the afternoon of
+        Thursday the 11th of October, such manifest tokens of being near the
+        land appeared that the men took courage and rejoiced at <span class=
+        "tei tei-pb" id="page288">[pg 288]</span><a name="Pg288" id="Pg288"
+        class="tei tei-anchor"></a>their good fortune as much as they had
+        been before distressed.”</span> From the <span class=
+        "tei tei-name"><span style="font-style: italic">St.
+        Mary</span></span> a rush was seen to float past, and one of those
+        green fish which are never found far from rocks. Some of the other
+        men noted in the water a branch of a thorn, with red berries, a
+        curiously-carved stick, and other plain indications of being close to
+        land. After the evening prayer, Columbus made a speech to the men, in
+        which <span class="tei tei-q">“he reminded them of the mercy of God
+        in having brought them so long a voyage with such favourable weather,
+        and in comforting them with so many tokens of a successful issue to
+        their enterprise.”</span> As the admiral was in his cabin that night
+        about ten o’clock he believed that he saw a light on shore; he called
+        two of the men, one only of whom could perceive it. It was again seen
+        by the admiral and the sailor, but only for a very brief space of
+        time. <span class="tei tei-q">“Being now very much on their
+        guard,”</span> says the narrative, <span class="tei tei-q">“they
+        still held on their course until about two in the morning of Friday
+        the 12th of October, when the <span class="tei tei-name"><span style=
+        "font-style: italic">Pinta</span></span>, which was always far ahead,
+        owing to her superior sailing, made the signal of seeing land, which
+        was first discovered by Roderick de Triana at about two leagues from
+        the ship. But the thirty crowns a year were afterwards granted to the
+        admiral, who had seen the light in the midst of darkness, a type of
+        the spiritual light he was the happy means of spreading in these dark
+        regions of error. Being now so near land, all the ships lay to; every
+        one thinking it long till daylight, that they might enjoy the sight
+        they had so long and anxiously desired.”</span><a id="noteref_47"
+        name="noteref_47" href="#note_47"><span class=
+        "tei tei-noteref"><span style=
+        "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">47</span></span></a></p><a name="illo_325"
+        id="illo_325" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"></p>
+
+        <div class="tei tei-figure" style="text-align: center">
+          <img src="images/illo_325.jpg" alt="COLUMBUS’S FIRST SIGHT OF LAND"
+          title="COLUMBUS’S FIRST SIGHT OF LAND." />
+
+          <div class="tei tei-head" style=
+          "text-align: center; margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em">
+            COLUMBUS’S FIRST SIGHT OF LAND.
+          </div>
+        </div>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">When daylight
+        arrived, the newly-discovered land was perceived to consist of a flat
+        island, without hills, but well timbered. It was evidently well
+        populated, for the beach was covered with people, who showed every
+        sign of wonder at the sight of the ships, which, says Ferdinand,
+        <span class="tei tei-q">“they conceived to be some unknown
+        animals.”</span> The admiral and his commanders, each in their own
+        boat, with their colours flying, went ashore, where, on arrival, they
+        fell on their knees, and thanked God for his merciful kindness and
+        for their happy discovery of the new land. Columbus then took formal
+        possession of the island in the name of their Catholic majesties.</p>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">And now, these
+        ceremonies concluded, the admiral went off to his fleet, the natives
+        following in canoes, and many indeed swimming off to the vessels.
+        Columbus named the island San Salvador, the title it still bears. As
+        he supposed himself to have landed on an island at the extremity of
+        India, he applied the term Indians to the aborigines he met, and the
+        same has in consequence become general to all the original
+        inhabitants of the New World. The islanders met by Columbus were
+        friendly and gentle, and usually quite nude. They were painted; this
+        they might regard in the light of costume, some, indeed, being
+        coloured from head to foot. They had little or no knowledge of metal
+        <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page289">[pg 289]</span><a name="Pg289"
+        id="Pg289" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>weapons, for when shown a naked
+        sword they ignorantly grasped the whole blade, and were severely cut.
+        Their javelins were wood, armed with a piece of fish-bone. Their
+        <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page290">[pg 290]</span><a name="Pg290"
+        id="Pg290" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>canoes ranged in size from such
+        as were only capable of holding one person to those built for forty
+        or more men, and were always hollowed in <span class=
+        "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">one</span></span>
+        piece, as among the northern Indians of British Columbia to-day,
+        where canoes are to be seen which will carry fifty to sixty persons
+        and two or three masts with sails. They had very little to offer in
+        exchange for the toys and trinkets which had been provided for use on
+        the expedition, but the avarice of the discoverers was soon excited
+        by the sight of small ornaments of gold among them, with which they
+        parted as readily as with anything else. Gold, in enterprises of
+        discovery, being a royal monopoly, Columbus forbade any traffic in
+        it, except by express permission. Parrots were a prime article of
+        exchange among them, and cotton yarn. If they saw any trifle on board
+        that struck their fancy they were as likely to jump into the sea with
+        it as to offer anything for it, and, on the other hand, the
+        Spaniards, after the manner of explorers, did not hesitate to accept
+        their valuables in exchange for the merest trifles. The Indians would
+        give twenty-five or so pounds of cotton for three Portuguese brass
+        coins not worth a farthing. Enough; the story of their dealings is
+        that of all times. It is scarcely more than twelve years since the
+        writer saw the same kind of thing going on in Northern Alaska among
+        unsophisticated natives. And, after all, <span class=
+        "tei tei-q">“value”</span> is a somewhat indefinite term. The
+        luxuries of some climes are the drugs of others. The poor people met
+        by Columbus highly valued a piece of broken glass or earthenware,
+        because unknown to them, and because the possession of a fragment
+        bestowed a proud distinction. Cannot we see the same kind of thing
+        among the most civilised? The rare and scarce must of necessity be
+        always the most valuable.</p>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Columbus,
+        continuing his voyage, discovered several minor islands. Everywhere
+        he inquired for gold, and everywhere he was informed that it came
+        from the south. He began to hear of an island in that direction named
+        Cuba, which, from the mistaken ideas of geography current at the
+        time, he took for Marco Polo’s famed gold island of Cipango. He
+        determined to proceed there, and eventually seek the mainland of
+        India, which must be within a few days’ sail, and then he would
+        deliver the letters of their Castilian Majesties to the Great Khan,
+        and return triumphantly to Spain. Filled with this magnificent
+        scheme, he set sail. We need not say that he reached neither Cipango,
+        India, nor the Khan; but he did discover Cuba, that beautiful island
+        of the Caribbean Sea long dear to the heart of every consumer of the
+        fragrant weed. Every smoker of a good havana should think of Columbus
+        with deepest gratitude. The Spaniards were struck with astonishment
+        at seeing the natives roll up certain dried herbs, light up one end,
+        and putting the other in their mouth, exhale smoke. Cigars as fresh
+        as these are often smoked in Cuba to this day. Columbus extols the
+        beauty of the verdure and scenery of the island, and states, as a
+        proof of the gigantic nature of some of their trees, that he saw a
+        canoe formed from one trunk capable of carrying 150 people.</p>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">While Columbus, on
+        leaving the eastern end of Cuba, was somewhat undetermined which
+        course to take, he descried land to the south-east, gradually
+        increasing to the view, and giving promise of an island of large
+        extent. The Indians on beholding it called out <span class=
+        "tei tei-q">“Bohio”</span> with obvious signs of terror, and implored
+        him not to go near it, as the inhabitants were one-eyed cannibals,
+        fierce and cruel. He, however, sailed closer and closer, till the
+        <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page291">[pg 291]</span><a name="Pg291"
+        id="Pg291" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>signs of cultivation and
+        prosperous villages became frequent. At first the natives fled. Even
+        when only three sailors rambled on shore, and encountered a large
+        number, they could not be induced to parley. The sailors at length
+        succeeded in capturing a young female, in a perfectly nude condition,
+        having hanging from her nose only an ornament of gold. Columbus soon
+        soothed her terror, had her clothed, and gave her presents of beads,
+        brass rings, and other trinkets. She was sent on shore accompanied by
+        three Indian interpreters and some of the crew. By this means, and
+        after one of the interpreters had succeeded in overtaking some of the
+        natives, and had assured them that the strangers had descended from
+        the skies mainly for the purpose of making them presents, they were
+        induced to meet the Spaniards, whom they treated with the greatest
+        hospitality, setting before them fruit, fish, and cassava bread. The
+        description of these people given by Columbus to old Peter Martyr
+        represented them as holding a community of goods, <span class=
+        "tei tei-q">“that <span class="tei tei-q">‘mine and thine,’</span>
+        the seeds of all mischief, have no place with them.... They seem to
+        live in the golden world, without toil, living in open gardens, not
+        entrenched with dykes, divided with hedges, or defended with walls.
+        They deal truly one with another, without laws, without books, and
+        without judges. They take him for an evil and mischievous man who
+        taketh pleasure in doing hurt to another.”</span> This must have been
+        Utopia indeed! Alas, as we shall see, the advent of so-called
+        civilisation proved a veritable curse. Columbus named the island
+        Espannola, or Little Spain (<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style=
+        "font-style: italic">Anglicé</span></span>, Hispaniola). The island
+        is now known as Hayti, or San Domingo.</p><a name="illo_328" id=
+        "illo_328" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"></p>
+
+        <div class="tei tei-figure" style="text-align: center">
+          <img src="images/illo_328.png" alt=
+          "THE DISCOVERY OF THE ISLE OF SPAIN" title=
+          "FACSIMILE OF AN ENGRAVING, REPUTED TO BE BY COLUMBUS, PUBLISHED IN 1493, REPRESENTING THE DISCOVERY OF THE ISLE OF SPAIN (ST. DOMINGO)." />
+
+          <div class="tei tei-head" style=
+          "text-align: center; margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em">
+            FACSIMILE OF AN ENGRAVING, REPUTED TO BE BY COLUMBUS, PUBLISHED
+            IN 1493, REPRESENTING THE DISCOVERY OF THE ISLE OF SPAIN (ST.
+            DOMINGO).
+          </div>
+        </div>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">The people of
+        Hispaniola appeared handsomer to Columbus than any he had yet met. He
+        was at length visited by a young cacique or chief, and the interview
+        was graphically described by Columbus himself in his oration before
+        Ferdinand and Isabella and the court on his return to Spain.</p>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Having put to sea
+        on the morning of December 24th, at eleven in the evening, Columbus,
+        being very fatigued, retired to his cabin. The sea was calm and the
+        wind light at the time. No sooner had he left than the steersman gave
+        the helm to a <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style=
+        "font-style: italic">grummet</span></span>,<a id="noteref_48" name=
+        "noteref_48" href="#note_48"><span class=
+        "tei tei-noteref"><span style=
+        "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">48</span></span></a> and the
+        result was that the current carried the vessel upon a treacherous
+        sandbank. Scarcely had the shock occurred than Columbus and his crew
+        were on deck, but in spite of aid from the other vessel, she speedily
+        became a wreck, and had to be deserted. The admiral immediately sent
+        ashore to the village of the cacique, at some little distance, and
+        that chief with all his people with canoes assisted to unload the
+        unfortunate vessel. <span class="tei tei-q">“From time to
+        time,”</span> said Columbus, <span class="tei tei-q">“he sent some of
+        his people to me weeping, to beg me not to be dejected, as he would
+        give me everything he possessed. I assure your highnesses that better
+        order could not have been taken in any port in Castile to preserve
+        our things, for we did not lose the value of a pin.”</span> The
+        Indians about this time brought in some few specimens of gold, worked
+        and in the rough state, and the cacique perceiving that the admiral
+        was much pleased at the sight, said he would order a quantity to be
+        brought from a place called Cibao, where it was abundant. After
+        offering him to eat, he presented him with gold ornaments and masks,
+        in which latter the precious metal formed part of the features.</p>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">The chief
+        complained greatly of a nation named the Caribs, who carried off and
+        made <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page292">[pg 292]</span><a name=
+        "Pg292" id="Pg292" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>slaves of his people,
+        and Columbus, who was impressed with the beauty and productiveness of
+        the island, readily promised to leave some of his people to protect
+        him and form a colony. Cannons had not been very long familiar to
+        Europeans, and we hardly wonder, therefore, that the natives
+        <span class="tei tei-q">“fell down as if dead”</span> on hearing the
+        reports of those fired by order of the admiral. Finding so much
+        kindness among these people, and as the narrative of his son
+        <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style=
+        "font-style: italic">naïvely</span></span> remarks, <span class=
+        "tei tei-q">“<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style=
+        "font-style: italic">such strong indications of
+        gold</span></span>,”</span> he almost forgot his grief at the loss of
+        his vessel. A fort or block-house was immediately erected, and
+        leaving three officers and thirty-six men as garrison, he set sail
+        for Spain.</p><a name="illo_329" id="illo_329" class=
+        "tei tei-anchor"></a>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"></p>
+
+        <div class="tei tei-figure" style="text-align: center">
+          <img src="images/illo_329.jpg" alt=
+          "RECEPTION OF COLUMBUS BY FERDINAND AND ISABELLA" title=
+          "RECEPTION OF COLUMBUS BY FERDINAND AND ISABELLA." />
+
+          <div class="tei tei-head" style=
+          "text-align: center; margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em">
+            RECEPTION OF COLUMBUS BY FERDINAND AND ISABELLA.
+          </div>
+        </div>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">On February 4th
+        (1493) the vessels were overtaken by a fearful storm. The whole
+        company betook themselves to prayer, and cast lots which of them
+        should go on pilgrimage for the whole crew to the shrine of Our Lady
+        of Guadaloupe, which fell to Columbus. After other pilgrimages had
+        been vowed, and the storm still increasing, <span class=
+        "tei tei-q">“they all made a vow to go barefooted and in their shirts
+        to some church of Our Lady at the first land they might come
+        to.”</span> The admiral, fearing the loss to the world of his
+        discoveries, retired to his cabin to write two brief accounts of
+        them. These were wrapped in wax and enclosed in casks, one of which
+        was thrown into the sea, while the other was placed on the poop of
+        his vessel, in case she should founder. Happily, the storm subsided,
+        and they reached the island of St. Mary, where they were detained by
+        some formalities of the naval etiquette of the day. Leaving St.
+        Mary’s, they encountered a second gale of terrific force, during the
+        continuance of which more vows were made, and the lot again fell to
+        Columbus, <span class="tei tei-q">“showing,”</span> says his son,
+        <span class="tei tei-q">“that his offerings were more acceptable than
+        others.”</span> They were driven off the rock of Cintra, and perforce
+        had to anchor in the Tagus. When it was known at Lisbon that the ship
+        was freighted with the people and productions of a new world the
+        excitement was intense, and from morn to night the vessel was
+        thronged with visitors. In an interview with the king, Columbus
+        recited his adventures and discoveries. King John listened with the
+        deepest interest, and for the moment concealed his mortification.
+        Columbus himself was loaded with attentions and allowed to depart for
+        <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page293">[pg 293]</span><a name="Pg293"
+        id="Pg293" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>Spain. Great was the agitation
+        and excitement in the little town of Palos, when the well-known
+        vessel of the admiral re-entered their harbour. Most of those who
+        thronged to the shore had relatives or friends on board, and the
+        previous winter had been one of the most severe and stormy within the
+        recollection of the oldest mariners. They awaited the landing of
+        Columbus and his crew, and then accompanied him to the principal
+        church, where solemn thanksgivings were offered, and soon every bell
+        in the village sent forth a joyous peal. His journey to Barcelona was
+        one continued triumph. He was accompanied by several of the native
+        islanders, arrayed in their simple barbaric costume, and decorated
+        with rude collars, bracelets, and ornaments of gold. He exhibited in
+        the principal towns quantities of gold dust, many quadrupeds, and
+        gaily-coloured birds, then unknown in Europe, with numerous specimens
+        of natural productions in the vegetable and mineral kingdoms. It was
+        the middle of April when Columbus reached the Court at Barcelona. The
+        nobility, courtiers, and city authorities, came to the gates to meet
+        him, and escorted him to the royal presence. Ferdinand and Isabella,
+        seated under a superb canopy of state, rose as he approached, and
+        begged him to be seated—unprecedented marks of honour in that proud
+        court. Columbus had triumphed; he had for the time silenced the
+        sneers and cavils and specious arguments of courtiers and
+        ecclesiastics. Prescott<a id="noteref_49" name="noteref_49" href=
+        "#note_49"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style=
+        "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">49</span></span></a> has well
+        described the interview. In reciting his adventures, <span class=
+        "tei tei-q">“his manner was sedate and dignified, but warmed with the
+        glow of natural enthusiasm. He enumerated the several islands which
+        he had visited, expatiated on the temperate character of the climate,
+        and the capacity of the soil for every variety of agricultural
+        productions.... He dwelt more at large on the precious metals to be
+        found in these islands.... Lastly, he pointed out the wide scope
+        afforded to Christian zeal, in the illumination of a race of men,
+        whose minds, far from being wedded to any system of idolatry, were
+        prepared by their extreme simplicity for the reception of pure and
+        uncorrupted doctrine. This last consideration touched Isabella’s
+        heart most sensibly; and the whole audience, kindled with various
+        emotions by the speaker’s eloquence, filled up the perspective with
+        the gorgeous colouring of their own fancies, as ambition, or avarice,
+        or devotional feeling, predominated in their bosoms. When Columbus
+        ceased, the king and queen, together with all present, prostrated
+        themselves on their knees in grateful thanksgivings, while the solemn
+        strains of the <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style=
+        "font-style: italic">Te Deum</span></span> were poured forth by the
+        choir of the royal chapel, as in commemoration of some glorious
+        victory.”</span> All kinds <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page294">[pg
+        294]</span><a name="Pg294" id="Pg294" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>of
+        attentions were showered upon him: he was permitted to quarter the
+        royal arms with his own, which consisted of a group of golden islands
+        amid azure billows; and received the substantial gratuity of 1,000
+        doblas of gold from the royal treasury, besides the premium promised
+        to the person who first descried land. But that which pleased
+        Columbus most were the preparations of the court for further
+        discoveries, on a scale befitting their importance. The complement of
+        the new fleet was originally fixed at 1,200 persons, but was
+        eventually swollen to 1,500, and many who joined were persons of rank
+        and distinction among the royal household. The squadron counted no
+        less than seventeen vessels.</p>
+      </div>
+
+      <div class="tei tei-div" style=
+      "margin-bottom: 5.00em; margin-top: 5.00em">
+        <a name="chap34" id="chap34" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> <a name=
+        "toc71" id="toc71"></a> <a name="pdf72" id="pdf72"></a>
+
+        <h2 class="tei tei-head" style=
+        "text-align: center; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em">
+        <span style="font-size: 144%">CHAPTER XXXIV.</span></h2>
+
+        <h2 class="tei tei-head" style=
+        "text-align: center; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em">
+        <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: center"><span style=
+        "font-size: 144%; font-variant: small-caps">Decisive Voyages in
+        History.—Columbus. Vasco da Gama.</span></span></h2>
+
+        <div class="tei tei-argument" style=
+        "text-align: center; margin-bottom: 1.80em; margin-left: 3.60em; margin-top: 1.80em; margin-right: 3.60em">
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style=
+        "text-align: center; margin-bottom: 0.90em"><span style=
+        "font-size: 90%">Columbus and his Enemies—Unsuitable
+        Settlers—Outrageous Conduct of the Colonists—The Second Expedition of
+        Columbus—Discovery of Jamaica—Dangerous Illness of Columbus—Return to
+        Spain—The Excitement over—Difficulty of starting a New
+        Expedition—Third Voyage—Columbus reaches the Mainland of
+        America—Insurrection in Hispaniola—Machinations at Home—Columbus
+        brought to Spain in Chains—Indignation in Spain—His Fourth
+        Voyage—Ferdinand’s Ingratitude—Death of the Great Navigator—Estimate
+        of his Character—Vasco da Gama—First Voyage—The Cape reached—First
+        Sight of India—At Calicut—Friendship of the King of Cananore—Great
+        Profits of the Expedition—Second Voyage—Vengeance on the Ruler of
+        Calicut—His Brutality—Subsequent History of Da Gama.</span></p>
+        </div>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">The first accounts
+        transmitted to Spain from this grand expedition were of the most
+        sanguine description. But in less than two years from the
+        commencement of this second voyage very different stories reached the
+        home country. It was true that on the voyage Columbus had made
+        further discoveries of a grand nature—the islands of Jamaica,
+        Guadaloupe, and the Caribbee Islands. But rumours, and more than
+        rumours, had reached the Court of the most alarming discontent and
+        disaffection in the colony of Hispaniola, while the actual returns of
+        a practical and commercial nature were as yet exceedingly small. The
+        real secret was, however, that mutiny, jealousy, and distrust of
+        Columbus as a foreigner, had sprung up among the Spanish adventurers,
+        most, or at least many, of whom were little fitted for rough life in
+        a new country. They were like the miscellaneous crowds who in our own
+        day have gravitated towards the gold and diamond fields, a large
+        number of whom expect to make gigantic fortunes without special
+        effort, and in a very short space of time. The hidalgoes and
+        cavaliers, of whom there was a too large proportion on the
+        expedition, could not bend themselves to obey Columbus, whom they
+        deemed an upstart. Prescott, who has collated more carefully than any
+        other writer the many authorities on the subject, shows that the
+        Spaniards indulged in the most wanton licence in regard to the
+        unoffending natives, who in the simplicity of their hearts had
+        received the white men as messengers from heaven. A general
+        resistance had, however, soon followed, which led to a war of
+        extermination. In less than four years after the Spaniards had set
+        foot on San Domingo, one-third of its native population, amounting,
+        according to <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page295">[pg
+        295]</span><a name="Pg295" id="Pg295" class=
+        "tei tei-anchor"></a>several authorities, to many hundred thousands,
+        were sacrificed by war, famine, and disease. These figures are
+        undoubtedly exaggerations, but the number was very large. It is due
+        to Columbus, always a just and humane man, to state that he did all
+        in his power to prevent this sad state of affairs, and was forced by
+        his own people to war on the Indians; and equally due to Isabella at
+        home, to record that she was in no way a party to it, but expressed
+        the utmost horror.<a id="noteref_50" name="noteref_50" href=
+        "#note_50"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style=
+        "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">50</span></span></a> These
+        excesses, and a total neglect of agriculture—for none would
+        condescend to dig unless for gold—nearly brought about a famine, and
+        Columbus had to put them on very short rations, and compel all to
+        work, whether high or low bred. These regulations led to further
+        mutiny and discontent.</p><a name="illo_331" id="illo_331" class=
+        "tei tei-anchor"></a>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"></p>
+
+        <div class="tei tei-figure" style="text-align: center">
+          <img src="images/illo_331.png" alt=
+          "ANCIENT GOLD-WASHING AT ST. DOMINGO" title=
+          "ANCIENT GOLD-WASHING AT ST. DOMINGO. (After an Old Engraving.)" />
+
+          <div class="tei tei-head" style=
+          "text-align: center; margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em">
+            ANCIENT GOLD-WASHING AT ST. DOMINGO. (<span class="tei tei-hi"
+            style="text-align: center"><span style="font-style: italic">After
+            an Old Engraving.</span></span>)
+          </div>
+        </div>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">On the return of
+        Columbus to Spain, he brought home, as before, some gold and other
+        samples of Nature’s productions in the islands. But other voyagers
+        returned, who loudly abused the new colony, and whose often wan and
+        sallow features provoked the satirical remarks of the people, that
+        they had come back with more gold in their features than in their
+        pockets! In short, the novelty of the excitement had passed, and like
+        many really valuable colonies of our own day which have been at first
+        over-lauded and over-estimated, Hispaniola fell utterly in public
+        estimation. The Spanish sovereigns, more especially Isabella, appear
+        to have lent an unwilling ear to the accusations of
+        mal-administration by Columbus. Meantime the treasury was drained by
+        the expenses of an Italian war, and large expenses had been incurred
+        for the actual maintenance of the colony. But Isabella, who really
+        believed in Columbus, whose serious and yet enthusiastic character
+        resembled her own, at length found some means for a new expedition,
+        by sacrificing funds intended for another purpose. But now it was
+        found as difficult to induce men to join the new expedition as it had
+        been easy in the previous one. Even convicts were employed as
+        sailors, and this proved a ruinous expedient. All being at length
+        ready, Columbus once again embarked on May 30th, 1498, his little
+        squadron consisting of six vessels. On this voyage he discovered
+        Trinidad, the mouth of the Orinoco—which river he imagined to proceed
+        from the tree of life in the midst of Paradise—and the coasts of
+        Paria, South America. This was really, then his first visit to the
+        <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style=
+        "font-style: italic">mainland</span></span> of America. On August
+        14th he sailed for Hispaniola once more, where he found that an
+        insurrection had been raised against his brother, Bartolomeo, whom he
+        had left as his deputy. At this juncture all the real interests of
+        the colony were neglected, and even the gold-mines, which were
+        beginning to prove remunerative, were unwrought. The convicts on the
+        vessels helped to swell the mass of general mutiny, and it took
+        Columbus nearly a year before it was in part quelled. Meantime
+        discontented and worthless men kept returning to Spain, where,
+        encouraged by idle courtiers, they worried the king daily with
+        accounts of the unproductiveness of the colony. They even surrounded
+        him, as he rode out on horseback, clamouring loudly for the arrears
+        of which they said Columbus had defrauded them.</p>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">It is very
+        difficult to exactly understand the course pursued at this juncture
+        by the <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page296">[pg 296]</span><a name=
+        "Pg296" id="Pg296" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>king. The popular view,
+        as adopted by most writers, is that he regarded Columbus as having
+        served his day: the ladder had fulfilled its use, and might now be
+        kicked down. It is, perhaps, more reasonable to believe that
+        Ferdinand hardly knew how to act, with his queen still firmly
+        believing in the great discoverer, and so much pressure in other
+        directions being brought to bear from the court and outside. It was
+        determined to send out a commissioner to investigate the affairs of
+        the colony, and the person chosen seems to have been a most unfit
+        agent. He was one Francisco de Bobadilla, a poor knight of Calatrava,
+        who, puffed up with arrogance at his sudden elevation, seems from the
+        first to have regarded Columbus in the light of a convicted criminal.
+        On his arrival in San Domingo he immediately commanded the admiral to
+        appear before him, and without even pretence of legal inquiry, put
+        him in chains, and thrust him into prison. His two brothers,
+        Bartolomeo and Diego, suffered the same indignities. Bobadilla gave
+        orders that he should be kept strictly in irons during the passage;
+        <span class="tei tei-q">“afraid,”</span> says his son Ferdinand,
+        satirically, <span class="tei tei-q">“that he might by any chance
+        swim back again to the island.”</span> It is recorded that the
+        officers who had him in charge would have removed them, but Columbus
+        proudly and bitterly told them, <span class="tei tei-q">“I will wear
+        them till the king orders otherwise, and will preserve them as
+        memorials of his gratitude.”</span> On arrival at Cadiz, it is not to
+        be wondered that the popular indignation burst forth like a torrent,
+        and was re-echoed through Spain; all seemed to feel it as a national
+        dishonour that such indignities should be heaped on the greatest
+        discoverer of his day. Ferdinand understood the weight of obloquy
+        which, rightly or wrongly, would rest upon him, and sent to Cadiz
+        immediately to release him. The king disclaimed all share in the
+        shameful act; while the queen, who was at least honest in the matter,
+        shed tears when the old man came into her presence, and endeavoured
+        to cheer his wounded spirit. But Ferdinand had no intention of
+        reinstating him in his former power, and Columbus wasted nine months
+        in vain solicitations for redress. At the end of this time, another
+        governor of Hispaniola was appointed in his place. During this time
+        Columbus was reduced to poverty, and we have his own statement to the
+        effect that <span class="tei tei-q">“he had no place to repair to
+        except an inn, and very frequently had not wherewithal to pay his
+        reckoning.”</span></p><a name="illo_335" id="illo_335" class=
+        "tei tei-anchor"></a>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"></p>
+
+        <div class="tei tei-figure" style="text-align: center">
+          <img src="images/illo_335.png" alt="COLUMBUS UNDER ARREST" title=
+          "COLUMBUS UNDER ARREST." />
+
+          <div class="tei tei-head" style=
+          "text-align: center; margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em">
+            COLUMBUS UNDER ARREST.
+          </div>
+        </div>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Later he was
+        indeed employed on a fourth voyage, but with greatly curtailed
+        powers. He imagined that there might be a passage through the Isthmus
+        of Darien, which would shorten the passage to the East Indies. It
+        need not be stated that he did not find it, although a ship canal
+        through that neck of land has been and is now being mooted, and may
+        some day become an accomplished fact. He, however, discovered parts
+        of the coasts of Honduras, the Mosquito coast, and Costa Rica. Again
+        we find him making his way to Hispaniola, on this occasion with only
+        two over-crowded vessels, almost wrecks in fact, out of the four with
+        which he had sailed from Cadiz. Here he exhausted his funds in
+        procuring necessaries and comforts for his men, even for those who
+        had on the voyage been the ringleaders of vexatious and outrageous
+        mutinies. At length he returned to Spain, where he learned of the
+        death of Queen Isabella, his warm patron. Wearied with illness and
+        disappointment, it was some months before he could proceed on his
+        journey to the court, then at Segovia. Columbus at this period of his
+        life—he was not far from seventy years of age—suffered severely from
+        gout. When he did meet Ferdinand, that monarch gave him fair words,
+        <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page297">[pg 297]</span><a name="Pg297"
+        id="Pg297" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>but those alone. Prescott has
+        probably indicated the secret, although he admits that <span class=
+        "tei tei-q">“it was the grossest injustice to withhold from him the
+        revenues secured by the original contract with the crown.”</span>
+        Poor Columbus was obliged to borrow money at this time for necessary
+        expenses. The truth was that the king, as the resources of the new
+        countries began to develop themselves, saw that he had promised a
+        larger proportion of the profits than he ever would have done to a
+        subject and a foreigner could he have foreseen the importance of the
+        discoveries. He was so unjust as to at last propose a compromise—that
+        the admiral should relinquish his claims, in consideration of other
+        estates and dignities to be assigned him in Castile. He regarded him
+        in the unwelcome light of a creditor, whose claims were too just to
+        be disavowed, and too large to be satisfied. It is very doubtful
+        whether Columbus received any assistance from the crown at this time,
+        and wearied in spirit, with health broken by a life of great
+        hardship, he did not long survive. He expired on May 20th, 1506, and
+        his remains, first deposited at Valladolid, were, six years later,
+        removed to Seville, where a costly monument was raised over them by
+        King Ferdinand, with the following inscription:—</p>
+
+        <div class="tei tei-lg" style=
+        "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-left: 2.00em; margin-top: 1.00em">
+          <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">
+            <span class="tei tei-q" style="text-align: left">“A Castilla y á
+            Leon</span>
+          </div>
+
+          <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">
+            <span class="tei tei-q" style="text-align: left">Nuevo mundo dió
+            Colon”</span>;
+          </div>
+        </div>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class=
+        "tei tei-q">“Columbus has given a new world to Castile and
+        Leon”</span>—a very limited estimate of what <span class="tei tei-pb"
+        id="page298">[pg 298]</span><a name="Pg298" id="Pg298" class=
+        "tei tei-anchor"></a>he had done. From Seville his remains were
+        taken, in 1536, to San Domingo; and at length, on the cession of that
+        island to the French in 1795, were removed to Cuba, where they were
+        finally allowed to repose in peace in the cathedral church of
+        Havana.</p>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">While the
+        Spaniards were prosecuting enterprises of great importance in and
+        about the New World, the Portuguese were well employed in pushing
+        their way towards the Orient by a sea route. The aims of both were
+        practically the same. Each wished to find a shorter route to that
+        fabled Cathay, the land of gold, and pearls, and spice, and silk. The
+        celebrated voyages of Vasco da Gama deserve a full share of
+        notice.</p><a name="illo_339" id="illo_339" class=
+        "tei tei-anchor"></a>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"></p>
+
+        <div class="tei tei-figure" style="text-align: center">
+          <img src="images/illo_339.png" alt="VASCO DA GAMA" title=
+          "VASCO DA GAMA." />
+
+          <div class="tei tei-head" style=
+          "text-align: center; margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em">
+            VASCO DA GAMA.
+          </div>
+        </div>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">The first
+        expedition of Da Gama consisted of three moderate-sized vessels. On
+        the Sunday selected for offering prayers for the success of the
+        expedition, Dom John, with his nobles and court, assembled in the
+        beautiful cathedral, which is still so great an ornament to the banks
+        of the Tagus, and at the conclusion of mass the king stood before the
+        curtain where Vasco and Paulo da Gama placed themselves with the
+        captains of their expedition, on bended knees, and devoutly prayed
+        that they might have strength of mind and body to carry out the
+        wishes of the king to increase the power and greatness of his
+        dominion, and be the means of spreading the Christian religion. With
+        these excellent professions, and amid very general demonstrations of
+        popular interest, Da Gama set sail on July 5th, 1497. Proceeding for
+        the Cape of Good Hope, Da Gama ventured boldly from the gulf of
+        Guinea, and made a direct course to the Cape, and sailed for three
+        months—August, September, and October—without sighting land. At last,
+        on November 4th, they got sight of land in the forenoon, and were so
+        rejoiced, that the ships were decorated with flags, and the captains
+        and crews put on their best array, no doubt anxious to come to anchor
+        somewhere, and land. It was some days, however, before they could do
+        so, at a point believed to have been near the present St. Elena Bay.
+        Da Gama with the other captains went ashore to endeavour to learn
+        from the natives the distance to the Cape of Good Hope.</p>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Leaving St. Elena
+        they encountered heavy gales, during which Da Gama proved the
+        possession of great courage and resolution. The waves ran mountains
+        high, and the little vessels seemed in peril of being engulfed every
+        minute. The wind was piercingly cold, and so boisterous that the
+        commands of the pilot could seldom be heard amid the din of the
+        elements. The sailors exhausted by fatigue and abandoned to despair,
+        surrounded Da Gama, entreating him not to devote himself and them to
+        inevitable destruction. But he resolved to proceed; and, at length,
+        on Wednesday, the 20th November, all the squadron safely passed round
+        the Cape, and on the 25th had sighted land beyond the furthest point
+        reached by Diaz.</p>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">At Mozambique,
+        Vasco da Gama sent a Moor ashore with presents to the Sheikh, who
+        tried to act treacherously towards him, by stealing his merchandise.
+        Nor did he fare much better at Quiloa, where the king endeavoured, by
+        means of false pilots, to run Da Gama’s ships on the shoals at the
+        entrance of the port. But at Melinde they were received with full
+        honours, and large supplies of provisions were sent on board. The
+        king visited the ships, and was received with royal hospitality. The
+        expedition sailed on August 6th, the long delay being caused by the
+        monsoons. After a passage of about twenty days they first sighted the
+        high land of India off the coast of Cananore. The news of the arrival
+        spread with great rapidity, and the natives were alarmed, for had
+        they not the legend <span class="tei tei-q">“that the whole of India
+        would be taken and ruled over by a distant king, who had white
+        people, who <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page299">[pg
+        299]</span><a name="Pg299" id="Pg299" class=
+        "tei tei-anchor"></a>would do great harm to those who were not their
+        friends?”</span> The soothsayers, however, told them that the time
+        had not yet come for the fulfilment of this prophecy.</p>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><a name="corr299"
+        id="corr299" class="tei tei-anchor"></a><span class=
+        "tei tei-corr">On</span> the arrival of the expedition at
+        Calicut<a id="noteref_51" name="noteref_51" href=
+        "#note_51"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style=
+        "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">51</span></span></a> the
+        Portuguese were well received, for the king had discovered that the
+        strangers had plenty of merchandise with them. He immediately sent
+        them presents, <span class="tei tei-q">“of many pigs, fowls, and
+        cocoa-nuts fresh and dry,”</span> and professed to a desire to enter
+        into friendly relations with the king of so great a people. When Da
+        Gama landed, he took with him twelve men of <span class=
+        "tei tei-q">“good appearance,”</span> and a large number of presents
+        and a display of cloths, crimson velvet and yellow satin, gilt and
+        chased basins, and ewers, knives of Flanders with ivory handles and
+        glittering blades, and so forth. But the Moorish traders, fearing to
+        lose their business, interfered, and the king eventually turned round
+        upon Gama, and endeavoured to capture his ships. Finding it unsafe to
+        remain, the half-laden vessels left Calicut, Da Gama threatening
+        revenge. In the King of Cananore they found a monarch well-disposed
+        to trade, and the Portuguese ships sailed thence very richly laden
+        for the homeward voyage.</p>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Their arrival at
+        Lisbon after two years and eight months’ absence was a time of great
+        rejoicing. The direct results of the expedition, pecuniarily, were
+        immense. In spite of the cost of the expedition and presents made,
+        the profit was <span class="tei tei-q">“fully sixty-fold.”</span>
+        Rewards were bestowed on all who had taken part in the expedition,
+        and Da Gama himself received the title of <span class=
+        "tei tei-q">“Dom”</span> with many grants and privileges. He was also
+        created high admiral of Spain.</p>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">The second
+        expedition of Dom Gama had avowedly for its object the punishment of
+        the King of Calicut. Ten large ships, fitted with heavy guns and all
+        the munitions of war then known, with five lateen-rigged caravels,
+        formed the fleet. Arrived at Cananore, he related to the friendly
+        king the manner in which he intended to be revenged on the King of
+        Calicut. The former <span class="tei tei-q">“swore upon his head, and
+        his eyes, and by his mother’s womb that had borne him, and by the
+        prince, his heir,”</span> that he would assist Da Gama to his utmost,
+        and they soon matured a system of trade. Gama then sailed for
+        Calicut, which he found deserted of its shipping, the news of his
+        previous doings having reached that port.</p>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">The King made one
+        effort at conciliation by sending on board one of the chief Brahmins
+        of the place with a flag of truce, but Da Gama rejected every
+        overture, ordered the Indian boat back, and kept the ambassador on
+        board, while he bombarded the city. While this was going on there
+        came in from the offing two large ships and twenty-two sambachs and
+        Malabar vessels, which he plundered, with the exception of six of the
+        smaller vessels that belonged to Cananore, and barbarously put to
+        death a large number of the captives. The King of Calicut, surrounded
+        with the wives and relations of those who had been so shamefully
+        massacred, bewailing in the most heart-rending manner their loss, and
+        beseeching protection, called a council, and it was resolved to
+        construct armed proas, large rowing barges and sambachs, and as many
+        vessels of <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page300">[pg
+        300]</span><a name="Pg300" id="Pg300" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>war
+        as could be mustered. Long before they were ready, Dom Gama had
+        sailed with his fleet for Cochym (Cochin China) having on his way
+        wreaked vengeance on as many of the Calicut vessels as crossed his
+        path. The king of Cochym had resolved from the first to be friendly
+        with the Portuguese, and Gama soon established an important factory,
+        from which the power of Portugal spread over India. In 1503 he
+        returned to his own country, to be welcomed with fresh honours and
+        titles, but was not immediately reappointed to command in India. In
+        1524, however, he was appointed viceroy of Portuguese India, and a
+        year later died in Cochin China. Thus ended the life of one of the
+        most courageous adventurers the world has seen, but a life stained by
+        crimes of the most brutal nature.</p><a name="illo_338" id="illo_338"
+        class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"></p>
+
+        <div class="tei tei-figure" style="text-align: center">
+          <img src="images/illo_338.png" alt=
+          "VIEW OF CALICUT IN THE 15TH CENTURY" title=
+          "VIEW OF CALICUT IN THE 15TH CENTURY." />
+
+          <div class="tei tei-head" style=
+          "text-align: center; margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em">
+            VIEW OF CALICUT IN THE 15TH CENTURY.
+          </div>
+        </div>
+      </div>
+
+      <div class="tei tei-div" style=
+      "margin-bottom: 5.00em; margin-top: 5.00em">
+        <a name="chap35" id="chap35" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> <a name=
+        "toc73" id="toc73"></a> <a name="pdf74" id="pdf74"></a>
+
+        <h2 class="tei tei-head" style=
+        "text-align: center; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em">
+        <span style="font-size: 144%">CHAPTER XXXV.</span></h2>
+
+        <h2 class="tei tei-head" style=
+        "text-align: center; margin-bottom: 2.40em; margin-top: 2.40em">
+        <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: center"><span style=
+        "font-size: 120%; font-variant: small-caps">The Companions and
+        Followers of Columbus.</span></span></h2>
+
+        <div class="tei tei-argument" style=
+        "text-align: center; margin-bottom: 1.80em; margin-left: 3.60em; margin-top: 1.80em; margin-right: 3.60em">
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style=
+        "text-align: center; margin-bottom: 0.90em"><span style=
+        "font-size: 90%">The Era of Spanish Discovery—Reasons for its Rapid
+        Development—Ojeda’s First Voyage—Fighting the Caribs—Indians and
+        Cannon—Pinzon’s Discovery of Brazil—A Rough Reception—Bastides the
+        Humane—A New Calamity—Ships leaking like Sieves—Economical Generosity
+        of King Ferdinand—Ojeda’s Second Voyage—The disputed Strong-Box—Ojeda
+        Entrapped—Swimming in Irons—Condemned Abroad—Acquitted at Home—A
+        Triumphant Client, but a Ruined Man—A Third Voyage—Worthy La
+        Cosa—Rival Commanders—A Foolish Challenge.</span></p>
+        </div>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">In the following
+        pages the enterprises of certain Spanish and Portuguese voyagers less
+        known to fame than those recently under notice, but still great names
+        in the history of maritime discovery, will be recorded. Not merely
+        had the examples of such men as Columbus and Vasco da Gama stirred up
+        a spirit of adventure unparalleled before or perhaps since, but, as
+        Washington Irving shows us,<a id="noteref_52" name="noteref_52" href=
+        "#note_52"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style=
+        "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">52</span></span></a> the
+        conquest of Granada and the end of the Peninsular war with the
+        Moorish usurpers, had deprived the Spanish of a sphere of action
+        which had <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page301">[pg
+        301]</span><a name="Pg301" id="Pg301" class=
+        "tei tei-anchor"></a>occupied them almost incessantly during the
+        eight centuries preceding. The youth of the nation, bred up to daring
+        adventure and heroic achievement, could not brook the tranquil and
+        regular pursuits of common life, but panted for some new field of
+        romantic enterprise. The treaty of Columbus with Ferdinand and
+        Isabella was, in a sense, signed with the same pen that had
+        subscribed to the capitulation of the Moorish capital; while not a
+        few of the cavaliers who had fought in that memorable war now crowded
+        the ships of the discoverers, firmly believing that a grand new field
+        of arms had opened to them.</p>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Alonzo de Ojeda, a
+        native of New Castile, was one of this numerous class. He had fought
+        against the Moors when a youth, and had accompanied Columbus on his
+        second voyage when only twenty-one years of age. One of his
+        relatives, a Dominican friar, was one of the first inquisitors of
+        Spain, and was an intimate of the Bishop Fonseca, who had the chief
+        management of the affairs of the Indies, which then included all the
+        countries as yet known in the New World. Ojeda, therefore, was
+        naturally and easily introduced to the Bishop’s notice, who took him
+        under his special protection. When he had accompanied Columbus he had
+        taken with him a small Flemish painting of the Holy Virgin, presented
+        to him by Fonseca, and this he had always carried with him as a
+        protecting charm, invoking it at all times of peril; while to its
+        possession he attributed his hitherto wonderful immunity from harm.
+        When Columbus returned from his third voyage, with the news of rich
+        discoveries, especially of the pearl-fisheries of Paria, Ojeda had no
+        difficulty in obtaining from the Bishop, who was one of the worst
+        enemies of poor Columbus, a commission authorising him to fit out an
+        armament and proceed on a voyage of discovery. It does not appear
+        that the sanction of the King and Queen was asked on this occasion.
+        The means were readily supplied by merchants of Seville. Among his
+        associates were several men who had just returned with Columbus,
+        principal among whom was a bold Biscayan, Juan de la Cosa by name.
+        Amerigo Vespucci, the man from whose first name the title of America
+        is derived, a broken-down Florentine merchant, accompanied the
+        expedition. It does not appear that he had any interest in the
+        voyage, or even position on board ship. Ojeda sailed from Spain on
+        the 20th May, 1499.</p>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">After touching at
+        the Canaries, he made, for those days, a rapid voyage to America. In
+        twenty-four days from leaving the islands he reached the New World,
+        at a part of the coast considerably south of that discovered by
+        Columbus, and after a little passed the mouths of several large
+        rivers, including those of the Orinoco and Esquivo, rivers which
+        freshen the <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page302">[pg
+        302]</span><a name="Pg302" id="Pg302" class=
+        "tei tei-anchor"></a>sea-water for many miles outside. They
+        afterwards touched at the island of Trinidad, of the inhabitants of
+        which Vespucci gives a number of details. He tells us that they
+        believed in no religious creed, and therefore neither prayed nor
+        offered sacrifice. Their habitations were practically caravanserai,
+        built in the shape of bells (meaning, doubtless, with bell-shaped
+        roofs), each holding from six hundred to over a thousand inhabitants.
+        He adds that every seven or eight years the inhabitants were obliged
+        to change their residences, from the maladies engendered by such
+        close packing. They ornamented themselves with beads and ornaments
+        made from the bones of fishes, with white and green stones strung
+        together as necklaces, and with the feathers of tropical birds. They
+        buried their dead in caverns or sepulchres, always leaving a jar of
+        water and something to eat by the head of the corpse, as do some
+        tribes to-day.</p>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">At Maracapana, on
+        the mainland, the natives were friendly, and brought quantities of
+        fish, venison, and cassava bread. They anxiously besought the
+        Spaniards to aid them in punishing their enemies, the cannibals of a
+        distant isle, and Ojeda seems to have rather liked the proposition.
+        Taking seven of the natives on board his vessels to act as guides, he
+        set sail in quest of these cannibal islands, which are believed to
+        have been the Caribbees. After seven days he ran his vessels in near
+        the shore of one which the guides indicated to be the habitation of
+        their cruel foes, and a number of painted and befeathered warriors
+        were seen on the shore, well armed with bows and arrows, darts,
+        lances, and bucklers. <span class="tei tei-q">“This show of
+        war,”</span> says Irving, <span class="tei tei-q">“was calculated to
+        rouse the martial spirit of Ojeda. He brought his ships to anchor,
+        ordered out his boats, and provided each with a paterero or small
+        cannon. Besides the oarsmen, each boat contained a number of
+        soldiers, who were told to crouch out of sight in the bottom. The
+        boats then pulled in steadily for the shore. As they approached, the
+        Indians let fly a cloud of arrows, but without much effect. Seeing
+        the boats continue to advance, the savages threw themselves into the
+        sea, and brandished their lances to prevent their landing. Upon this
+        the soldiers sprang up in the boats and discharged the patereroes. At
+        the sound and smoke of these unknown weapons the savages abandoned
+        the water in affright, while Ojeda and his men leaped on shore and
+        pursued them. The Carib warriors rallied on the banks, and fought for
+        a long time with that courage peculiar to their race, but were at
+        length driven to the woods at the edge of the sword, leaving many
+        killed and wounded on the field of battle.”</span> Next day a larger
+        number of the savages gathered on the beach, but, after a desperate
+        fight, were routed, their houses burned, and many taken prisoners,
+        which was probably Ojeda’s principal object in attacking them. Many
+        similar experiences followed, but in all cases, as might be expected,
+        the Spaniards came out conquerors, scarcely any of their men being
+        even seriously wounded. At one place over a thousand Indians came off
+        in canoes or swam from shore, so that in a little while the vessel’s
+        decks were crowded. While they were gazing in wonder at all they saw
+        on board, Ojeda ordered the cannon to be discharged, at the
+        unaccustomed sound of which they <span class="tei tei-q">“plunged
+        into the water like so many frogs from a bank.”</span></p>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Ojeda returned to
+        Cadiz in June, 1500, his ships packed with slaves. But the commercial
+        results of the voyage, after allowing for expenses, were so small
+        that only about 500 ducats remained to be divided between fifty-five
+        adventurers. Nino, another adventurer, who had once served as pilot
+        with Columbus, made a voyage at the same period in a bark
+        <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page303">[pg 303]</span><a name="Pg303"
+        id="Pg303" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>of only fifty tons, returning
+        two months before Ojeda, with a large number of the finest pearls and
+        some gold. The amount of pearls paid into the royal treasury was so
+        large that it drew suspicion instead of favour upon Nino and one of
+        his associates, and the first was actually thrown into prison on the
+        accusation of having kept the larger part of the spoil. But nothing
+        could be proved against him, and he was eventually set free.</p>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">The year 1499 was
+        also marked by a most important discovery, that of the great kingdom
+        of Brazil. It was reserved for Vicente Yanez Pinzon, in an otherwise
+        disastrous voyage, to first cross the equinoctial line, and on the
+        28th of January, 1500, to sight the Cape, now known as that of St.
+        Augustine, which he, however, first named <span class=
+        "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Santa Maria de la
+        Consolacion</span></span>, because its appearance relieved him from
+        much doubt and anxiety. Soon after he had taken formal possession of
+        the territory in the name of Spain, an affray with the Indians
+        occurred. In a general assault the latter killed eight or ten
+        Spaniards, and the crews retreated to their boats, disputing every
+        inch of ground. The Indians pursued them into the water, surrounded
+        the boats, and seized the oars. In spite of a desperate defence they
+        succeeded in overpowering the crew of one of the boats, and carried
+        it off. <span class="tei tei-q">“With this,”</span> says Irving,
+        <span class="tei tei-q">“they retired from the combat, and the
+        Spaniards returned defeated and disheartened to their ships, having
+        met with the roughest reception that the Europeans had yet
+        experienced in the New World.”</span> Pinzon revenged himself, not on
+        these savages, but on a quiet and hospitable tribe found on some
+        beautiful islands off the mouth of the great Amazon River. Thirty-six
+        of the poor natives were carried off, to be sold afterwards as
+        slaves.</p>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Off the Bahamas
+        Pinzon’s little squadron of four vessels encountered a terrific
+        hurricane, and two of them went down with all hands in sight of the
+        remaining two, the crews of which were powerless to help. The third
+        was driven out to sea, and the fourth was so battered by the furious
+        waves that her crew abandoned her in their boats. A few inoffensive
+        Indians were found ashore, and fearing that they might spread the
+        tidings that a mere handful of shipwrecked Spaniards were on the
+        island, it was seriously proposed to put them to death, when
+        fortunately the vessel which had been driven away returned, and it
+        was later found that the other had ridden out the storm uninjured.
+        They speedily made sail for Spain, and arrived at Palos in safety.
+        Pinzon had as much as he could do to prevent the merchants who had
+        supplied goods for the voyage—at an advance of a hundred per cent. or
+        so—from seizing and selling the vessels and cargoes. But a royal
+        edict prevented this, and he was able to satisfy them in the end,
+        after incurring much loss to himself.</p>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">The Pinzon family
+        were subsequently ennobled by the Emperor Charles V. When Washington
+        Irving visited Palos he found numerous branches of the descendants
+        enjoying excellent circumstances, and living in an almost patriarchal
+        manner.</p>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">In the year 1500,
+        Rodrigo de Bastides, a wealthy Sevillian notary, inflamed with the
+        hopes of rapid wealth, fitted out two caravels, and associated with
+        him the veteran pilot, Juan de la Cosa, already mentioned. The first
+        honourably distinguished himself by his constant humanity to the
+        natives, and the voyage was successful, commercially speaking, for on
+        the South American coasts and islands they collected a very large
+        amount of gold and pearls, but an unforeseen misfortune arrived. They
+        found their vessels leaking most <span class="tei tei-pb" id=
+        "page304">[pg 304]</span><a name="Pg304" id="Pg304" class=
+        "tei tei-anchor"></a>seriously, for their hulls had been pierced in
+        innumerable places by marine worms. It was with difficulty that they
+        could keep afloat until they reached an inlet on the coast of
+        Hispaniola, where they plugged and patched up their ships, and again
+        put to sea for Cadiz. Storm succeeded storm; the worms were again at
+        work, and the leaks broke out afresh. They were obliged to return to
+        the inlet, where they landed the most profitable and valuable parts
+        of their cargoes, and the vessels foundered with the remainder.
+        Distributing his men into three bands, they started for San Domingo
+        by different routes, each party being provided with trinkets and
+        Indian trading goods. Francisco de Bobadilla, the enemy and successor
+        of Columbus, was then Governor of San Domingo. He believing, or
+        pretending to believe, that the adventurers were carrying on an
+        illicit trade with the natives, arrested Bastides and threw him into
+        prison, afterwards sending him for trial to Spain. He sailed in the
+        same fleet in which Bobadilla embarked for Spain, and which was for
+        the most part wrecked. The ship of Bastides was one of the few to
+        outlive the storm; it arrived at Cadiz in September, 1502. Bastides
+        was, of course, acquitted of the charges brought against him, and the
+        voyage had been so lucrative that, notwithstanding all losses, he was
+        enabled to pay a handsome tribute to the crown and retain a large
+        amount for himself. Ferdinand and Isabella granted Bastides and La
+        Cosa an annual revenue for life, to be derived from the proceeds of
+        the province of Uraba, which he had discovered. <span class=
+        "tei tei-q">“Such,”</span> says Irving, <span class="tei tei-q">“was
+        the economical generosity of King Ferdinand, who rewarded the past
+        toils of his adventurous discoverers out of the expected produce of
+        their future labours.”</span> It is doubtful whether either at any
+        time derived benefit from these grants.</p>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Alonzo de Ojeda
+        had gained nothing by his first voyage, but had earned an honourable
+        reputation as an explorer. His patron the Bishop recommended him in
+        1502 once more to the royal favour, and a grant was made to him of a
+        considerable tract of land in Hispaniola, and the government of the
+        province of Coquebacao, which territory he had discovered. Four
+        vessels were fitted out, and, to pass over minor details, reached a
+        part of the South American coast called by the natives Cumana, where
+        the idea struck Ojeda that he should want furniture and utensils for
+        his new colony, <span class="tei tei-q">“and that it would be better
+        to pillage them from a country where he was a mere transient visitor,
+        than to wrest them from his neighbours in the territory where he was
+        to set up his government.”</span> This scheme was carried into
+        immediate execution, Ojeda ordering his men not to destroy the
+        habitations of the Indians, nor to commit bloodshed. His followers,
+        however, did not implicitly obey his instructions, and seven or eight
+        natives were killed and many more wounded in the skirmish which took
+        place. Many of their dwellings were fired. A large number of
+        hammocks, quantities of cotton, and utensils of various kinds, fell
+        into the victors’ hands, and they captured several females, some of
+        whom were afterwards ransomed for gold, and others carried off. The
+        place was found destitute of provisions, and Ojeda was forced to send
+        one of his vessels to Jamaica for supplies.</p>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Ojeda at length
+        arrived at Coquibacao, landing at a bay supposed to be that now known
+        as Bahia Honda, where he found a Spaniard who had been living among
+        the natives some thirteen months, and had acquired their language.
+        Ojeda determined to form his settlement there, but the natives seemed
+        disposed to defend their country, for <span class="tei tei-q">“the
+        moment a party landed to procure water they were assailed by a
+        galling shower of arrows, and driven <span class="tei tei-pb" id=
+        "page306">[pg 306]</span><a name="Pg306" id="Pg306" class=
+        "tei tei-anchor"></a>back to the ships. Upon this Ojeda landed with
+        all his force, and struck such terror into the Indians that they came
+        forward with signs of amity, and brought a considerable quantity of
+        gold as a peace-offering, which was graciously accepted.”</span> The
+        construction of the fortress was at once commenced, and although
+        interrupted by the attack of a neighbouring cacique, who was,
+        however, easily defeated, Ojeda’s men completed it speedily. It
+        contained a magazine of provisions, dealt out twice a day, and was
+        defended by cannon. The treasure gained in trade, or by robbery, was
+        deposited in a strong box with double locks.</p>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Meantime
+        provisions were becoming scarce, while the vessel which had been
+        despatched to Jamaica for supplies did not appear. <span class=
+        "tei tei-q">“The people, worn-out with labours and privations of
+        various kinds, and disgusted with the situation of the settlement,
+        which was in a poor and unhealthy country, grew discontented and
+        factious. They began to fear that they should lose the means of
+        departing, as their vessels were in danger of being destroyed by the
+        marine worms. Ojeda led them forth repeatedly upon foraging parties
+        about the adjacent country, and collected some provisions and booty
+        in the Indian villages. The provisions he deposited in the magazine,
+        part of the spoil he divided among his followers, and the gold he
+        locked up in the strong box, the keys of which he took possession of,
+        to the great displeasure of the supervisor and his associate Ocampo.
+        The murmurs of the people grew loud as their sufferings increased.
+        They insinuated that Ojeda had no authority over this part of the
+        coast, having passed the boundaries of his government, and formed his
+        settlement in the country discovered by Bastides. By the time Vergara
+        arrived from Jamaica the factions of this petty colony had risen to
+        an alarming height. Ocampo had a personal enmity to the governor,
+        arising probably from some feud about the strong box; and being a
+        particular friend of Vergara, he held a private conference with him,
+        and laid a plan to entrap the doughty Ojeda. In pursuance of this the
+        latter was invited on board the caravel of Vergara, to see the
+        provisions he had brought from Jamaica; but no sooner was he on board
+        than they charged him with having transgressed the limits of his
+        government, with having provoked the hostility of the Indians, and
+        needlessly sacrificed the lives of his followers, and above all, with
+        having taken possession of the strong box, in contempt of the
+        authority of the royal supervisor, and with the intention of
+        appropriating to himself all the gains of the enterprise. They
+        informed him, therefore, of their intention to convey him a prisoner
+        to Hispaniola, to answer to the governor for his offences.”</span>
+        Ojeda was entrapped, and scarcely knew what to do. He proposed to
+        Vergara and Ocampo that they should return to Spain with such of the
+        men as were tired of the enterprise, and they at first agreed with
+        this, and promised to leave him the smallest of the vessels, and a
+        third of the provisions and spoils. They even engaged to build him a
+        row boat before leaving, and commenced the work; but the ship
+        carpenters were invalids, and there were no caulkers, and the two
+        conspirators soon changed their minds, and resolved to take him
+        prisoner to Hispaniola. He was put in irons, and the vessels set
+        sail, having on board the whole of the little community, as well as
+        that strong box of gold and treasure, the disputed possession of
+        which was at the bottom of most of this trouble.</p><a name=
+        "illo_343" id="illo_343" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"></p>
+
+        <div class="tei tei-figure" style="text-align: center">
+          <img src="images/illo_343.jpg" alt="OJEDA’S ATTEMPTED ESCAPE"
+          title="OJEDA’S ATTEMPTED ESCAPE." />
+
+          <div class="tei tei-head" style=
+          "text-align: center; margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em">
+            OJEDA’S ATTEMPTED ESCAPE.
+          </div>
+        </div>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Arrived off the
+        desired coast, Ojeda made a bold struggle for liberty. He was a
+        strong man and a good swimmer, so one night he let himself down
+        quietly into the sea, and made an attempt to reach the land. But,
+        while his arms were free, his feet were shackled with <span class=
+        "tei tei-pb" id="page307">[pg 307]</span><a name="Pg307" id="Pg307"
+        class="tei tei-anchor"></a>heavy iron, sufficient in itself almost to
+        sink him. He had not got far when he was obliged to shout for help,
+        and the unfortunate governor was brought back half drowned to his
+        unrelenting partners. They delivered him a prisoner into the hands of
+        the authorities, but held fast to the strong box, taking from it,
+        Ojeda afterwards stated, whatever they thought proper, without regard
+        to the royal supervisor or the royal rights. Ojeda was tried in the
+        city of San Domingo, where the chief judge gave a verdict against
+        him, depriving him of all his effects, and brought him in debt to the
+        crown. He afterwards appealed to the crown, and after some time was
+        honourably acquitted by the Royal Council, and his property ordered
+        to be restored. <span class="tei tei-q">“Like too many other
+        litigants,”</span> says Irving, <span class="tei tei-q">“he finally
+        emerged from the labyrinths of the law a triumphant client, but a
+        ruined man.”</span> Costs had swallowed his all, and for years we
+        know little of his life.</p>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">In 1508 he was in
+        Hispaniola, <span class="tei tei-q">“as poor in purse, though as
+        proud in spirit, as ever.”</span> About this period there was a great
+        excitement in Spain concerning the gold mines of Veragua, first
+        discovered by Columbus, and described in glowing terms by subsequent
+        voyagers. King Ferdinand should in honour have given Bartholomew, the
+        brother of Christopher Columbus, the command of any expedition sent
+        out to that country, but he appears to have thought that the family
+        had received reward enough, and more than enough, already, so the
+        claims of Ojeda were advanced by his friend the Bishop Fonseca, and
+        the king lent a favouring ear. There was, however, a rival candidate
+        in the field, one Diego de Nicuesa, an accomplished courtier of noble
+        birth and considerable means, and the king compromised matters by
+        granting both equal <span class="tei tei-q">“patents and dignities
+        which cost nothing, and might bring rich returns.”</span> He divided
+        the territory they were to explore equally; and this is all, for they
+        were to furnish their own ships and supplies. Poor Ojeda had no means
+        whatever, but at this juncture he fortunately met the veteran Juan de
+        la Cosa in Hispaniola, and that hardy old navigator had managed to
+        fill his purse in the course of his cruising. La Cosa had, as we
+        know, sailed with Ojeda long before, and had a great admiration of
+        his courage and talents, so in the spirit of a true sailor he now
+        offered assistance to his old comrade, and it was arranged that he
+        should go to Spain, and if necessary should fit out the required
+        vessels at his own expense.</p>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Juan de la Cosa,
+        soon after reaching Spain, was appointed lieutenant, under Ojeda, and
+        he thereupon freighted a ship and two brigantines, in which he
+        embarked with about two hundred men. <span class="tei tei-q">“It
+        was,”</span> says Irving, <span class="tei tei-q">“a slender
+        armament, but the purse of the honest voyager was not very deep, and
+        that of Ojeda was empty.”</span> Nicuesa was able to start in much
+        more gallant style, with four large vessels and two brigantines.</p>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">The rival
+        armaments arrived at San Domingo at about the same time, Nicuesa
+        having done a stroke of business on the way by capturing a hundred
+        natives from one of the Caribbee Islands. <span class=
+        "tei tei-q">“This was deemed justifiable in those days even by the
+        most scrupulous divines, from the belief that the Caribs were
+        anthropophagi, or man-eaters; fortunately the opinion of mankind in
+        this more enlightened age makes but little difference in atrocity
+        between the cannibal and the kidnapper.”</span> It need hardly be
+        said that Ojeda was overjoyed at the sight of his old comrade,
+        although he was mortified to note the superiority of Nicuesa’s
+        armament to his own. He, however, looking about him for the means of
+        increasing his strength, was so far fortunate that he succeeded in
+        inducing a lawyer, the Bachelor Martin Fernandez de Enciso,
+        <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page308">[pg 308]</span><a name="Pg308"
+        id="Pg308" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>who had saved two thousand
+        castillanos (somewhat over the same number of pounds sterling), to
+        invest his money in the enterprise. Ojeda promised to make him
+        Alcalde Mayor, or Chief Judge, and the prospect of such dignity
+        dazzled the notary. It was arranged that the latter should remain in
+        Hispaniola to beat up recruits and supplies, and with them he was to
+        follow in a ship purchased by himself.</p>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class=
+        "tei tei-q">“Two rival governors,”</span> says Irving, <span class=
+        "tei tei-q">“so well matched as Ojeda and Nicuesa, and both possessed
+        of swelling spirits, pent up in small but active bodies, could not
+        remain long in a little place like San Domingo without some
+        collision. The island of Jamaica, which had been assigned to them in
+        common, furnished the first ground of contention; the province of
+        Darien furnished another, each pretending to include it within the
+        limits of his jurisdiction. Their disputes on these points ran so
+        high that the whole place resounded with them.”</span> Nicuesa was
+        the better talker, having been brought up at court, while Ojeda was
+        no great casuist. He was, however, an excellent swordsman, and always
+        ready to fight his way through any question of right or dignity, and
+        he challenged Nicuesa to single combat. Nicuesa was no coward, but as
+        a man of the world, saw the folly of such a proceeding, so he slyly
+        proposed that they should each deposit five thousand castillanos—just
+        to make the fight interesting—and to constitute a prize for the
+        winner. This rather checked poor Ojeda, who had not a dollar he could
+        call his own; but his cool and discreet friend Cosa had a
+        considerable amount of trouble with him afterwards, before he could
+        bring him to reason. The character of Cosa, as we shall see
+        hereafter, was a very noble one. He was Ojeda’s best counseller and
+        truest friend.</p>
+      </div>
+
+      <div class="tei tei-div" style=
+      "margin-bottom: 5.00em; margin-top: 5.00em">
+        <a name="chap36" id="chap36" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> <a name=
+        "toc75" id="toc75"></a> <a name="pdf76" id="pdf76"></a>
+
+        <h2 class="tei tei-head" style=
+        "text-align: center; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em">
+        <span style="font-size: 144%">CHAPTER XXXVI.</span></h2>
+
+        <h2 class="tei tei-head" style=
+        "text-align: center; margin-bottom: 2.40em; margin-top: 2.40em">
+        <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: center"><span style=
+        "font-size: 120%; font-variant: small-caps">The Companions and
+        Followers of Columbus</span></span> <span style=
+        "font-size: 120%">(</span><span class="tei tei-hi" style=
+        "text-align: center"><span style=
+        "font-size: 120%; font-style: italic">concluded</span></span><span style="font-size: 120%">).</span></h2>
+
+        <div class="tei tei-argument" style=
+        "text-align: center; margin-bottom: 1.80em; margin-left: 3.60em; margin-top: 1.80em; margin-right: 3.60em">
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style=
+        "text-align: center; margin-bottom: 0.90em"><span style=
+        "font-size: 90%">Nicuesa and the Duns of San Domingo—Indian Contempt
+        for a Royal Manifesto—La Cosa’s Advice Disregarded—Ojeda’s
+        Impetuosity—A Desperate Fight—Seventy Spaniards Killed—La Cosa’s
+        Untimely End—Ojeda found Exhausted in the Woods—A Rival’s Noble
+        Conduct—Avenged on the Indians—A New Settlement—Ojeda’s Charm fails—A
+        Desperate Remedy—In Search of Provisions—Wrecked on Cuba—A Toilsome
+        March—Kindly Natives—Ojeda’s Vow Redeemed—Dies in Abject Poverty—The
+        Bachelor Enciso and Balboa—Smuggled on Board in a Tub—Leon and his
+        Search for the Fountain of Youth—Discovery of
+        Florida—Magellan—Snubbed at Home—Warmly seconded by the Spanish
+        Emperor—His resolute Character—Discovery of the Straits—His Death—The
+        First Voyage round the World—Captain Cook’s Discoveries—His Tragical
+        Death—Vancouver’s Island.</span></p>
+        </div>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Nicuesa remained
+        some time in San Domingo after the sailing of his rival’s fleet,
+        obtaining so many volunteers that he had to purchase another ship to
+        convey them. That commander was much more the courtier than the man
+        of business, and expended his money so freely that in the end he
+        found himself seriously involved. Some of his creditors, knowing that
+        his expedition was not favourably regarded by the governor, Admiral
+        Don Diego Columbus, threw every obstacle in the way of his departure,
+        and never was an unfortunate debtor more harassed by duns, most of
+        whom he managed, however, to satisfy or mollify. His forces, which
+        now numbered seven hundred men, were safely embarked, but just as he
+        was stepping into his boat he was arrested <span class="tei tei-pb"
+        id="page309">[pg 309]</span><a name="Pg309" id="Pg309" class=
+        "tei tei-anchor"></a>for a debt of five hundred ducats, and carried
+        before the Alcalde Mayor. <span class="tei tei-q">“This was a
+        thunderstroke to the unfortunate cavalier. In vain he represented his
+        utter incapacity to furnish such a sum at the moment; in vain he
+        represented the ruin that would accrue to himself, and the vast
+        injury to the public service, should he be prevented from joining his
+        expedition. The Alcalde Mayor was inflexible, and Nicuesa was reduced
+        to despair. At this critical moment relief came from a most
+        unexpected quarter. The heart of a public notary was melted by his
+        distress! He stepped forward in court, and declared that rather than
+        see so gallant a gentleman reduced to extremity, he himself would pay
+        down the money. Nicuesa gazed at him with astonishment, and could
+        scarce believe his senses; but when he saw him actually pay off the
+        debt, and found himself suddenly released from this dreadful
+        embarrassment, he embraced his deliverer with tears of gratitude, and
+        hastened with all speed to embark, lest some other legal spell should
+        be laid upon his person.”</span></p>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Ojeda set sail
+        from San Domingo on the 10th of November, 1509, with three hundred
+        men, among the adventurers being Francisco Pizarro, afterwards the
+        renowned conqueror of Peru. They arrived speedily at Carthagena,
+        which harbour Cosa advised Ojeda to abandon, and commence a
+        settlement in the Gulf of Uraba, where the natives were much less
+        ferocious, and did not use poisoned weapons, as did those of the
+        former place. Ojeda, however, was too high-spirited to alter his
+        plans on account of any number of naked <span class="tei tei-pb" id=
+        "page310">[pg 310]</span><a name="Pg310" id="Pg310" class=
+        "tei tei-anchor"></a>savages, and he landed with a considerable
+        force, and several friars, who had been sent out to convert the
+        natives, were ordered to read aloud a manifesto, which had been
+        specially written by eminent divines and jurists in Spain. It was
+        utterly thrown away on the savages, who immediately made
+        demonstrations of the most warlike kind.</p>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Cosa once more
+        begged Ojeda to leave these unfriendly shores, but in vain, and the
+        latter, offering up a short prayer to the Virgin, led on a furious
+        charge. Juan de Cosa followed in the bravest manner, although the
+        assault was contrary to his advice. The Indians were soon driven off,
+        and a number killed or taken prisoners, on whose persons plates of
+        gold were found. Flushed by this easy victory, he pursued them into
+        the interior, followed as usual by his faithful, though unwilling
+        lieutenant. Having penetrated deep into the forest, they came to a
+        stronghold of the enemy, where they were warmly received. Ojeda led
+        his men on with the old Castilian war-cry, <span class=
+        "tei tei-q">“Santiago!”</span> and in a few minutes the Indians took
+        to flight. <span class="tei tei-q">“Eight of their bravest warriors
+        threw themselves into a cabin, and plied their bows and arrows so
+        vigorously that the Spaniards were kept at bay. Ojeda cried shame
+        upon his followers to be daunted by eight naked men. Stung by this
+        reproach, an old Castilian soldier rushed through a shower of arrows
+        and forced the door of the cabin, but received a shaft through the
+        heart and fell dead on the threshold. Ojeda, furious at the sight,
+        ordered fire to be set to the combustible edifice; in a moment it was
+        in a blaze, and the eight warriors perished in the flames.”</span>
+        Seventy prisoners were sent on board the ships. Ojeda, still against
+        the strongly-expressed advice of Cosa, continued his pursuit, and he
+        and his followers arrived at what appeared to be a deserted village.
+        They had scattered in search of booty, when troops of savages, who
+        had been concealed in the forest, surrounded them. The desperate
+        valour and iron armour of the Spaniards availed little, for they were
+        overwhelmed by numbers, and scattered into detached parties. Ojeda
+        collected a few of his followers, and made a desperate resistance
+        from the interior of a palisaded enclosure. <span class=
+        "tei tei-q">“Here he was closely besieged and galled by flights of
+        arrows. He threw himself on his knees, covered himself with his
+        buckler, and being small and active, managed to protect himself from
+        the deadly shower, but all his companions were slain by his side,
+        some of them perishing in frightful agonies. At this fearful moment
+        the veteran La Cosa, having heard of the peril of his commander,
+        arrived with a few followers to his assistance. Stationing himself at
+        the gate of the palisades, the brave Biscayan kept the savages at bay
+        until most of his men were slain, and he himself was severely
+        wounded. Just then Ojeda sprang forth like a tiger into the midst of
+        the enemy, dealing his blows on every side. La Cosa would have
+        seconded him, but was crippled by his wounds. He took refuge with the
+        remnant of his men in an Indian cabin, the straw roof of which he
+        aided them to throw off, lest the enemy should set it on fire. Here
+        he defended himself until all his comrades but one were destroyed.
+        The subtle poison of his wounds at length overpowered him, and he
+        sank to the ground. Feeling death at hand, he called to his only
+        surviving companion. <span class="tei tei-q">‘Brother,’</span> said
+        he, <span class="tei tei-q">‘since God hath protected thee from harm,
+        sally forth and fly, and if thou shouldst see Alonzo de Ojeda, tell
+        him of my <a name="corr310" id="corr310" class=
+        "tei tei-anchor"></a><span class=
+        "tei tei-corr">fate!</span>’</span> ”</span> Thus perished one of the
+        ablest of the Spanish explorers, and one of the most loyal of
+        friends, a true counsellor, and a warm-hearted partisan.</p><a name=
+        "illo_347" id="illo_347" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"></p>
+
+        <div class="tei tei-figure" style="text-align: center">
+          <img src="images/illo_347.png" alt="THE DEATH OF LA COSA" title=
+          "THE DEATH OF LA COSA." />
+
+          <div class="tei tei-head" style=
+          "text-align: center; margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em">
+            THE DEATH OF LA COSA.
+          </div>
+        </div>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Meanwhile there
+        was great alarm on the ships at the non-arrival of the seventy men
+        <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page311">[pg 311]</span><a name="Pg311"
+        id="Pg311" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>who had adventured into the
+        forests on this mad expedition. Parties were sent ashore and round
+        the coasts, where they fired signal guns and sounded trumpets, but in
+        vain. At length some of them arrived at a great thicket of mangrove
+        trees, amid the entanglements of which they caught a glimpse of a man
+        in Spanish attire. Approaching, they found that it was their
+        commander, buckler on shoulder and sword in hand, but so weak with
+        hunger and fatigue that he could not utter a word. When he was a
+        little revived by the fire they made on the shore, and the food and
+        wine they gave him, he told the story of how he had escaped from the
+        savage bands, how he had hidden every day, and struggled forward at
+        night among rocks and thickets and matted forests till he reached the
+        coast. As another proof of the special protection of the Virgin he
+        showed them his buckler bearing the marks of 300 arrows, while he had
+        received no wound whatever.</p>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Just as this
+        transpired, the fleet of Nicuesa arrived, and Ojeda was much troubled
+        in mind, remembering his late rash challenge. He ordered his men to
+        return to the ships, and leave him on the shore till his rival should
+        depart. Some of the men went to Nicuesa and intreated him not to take
+        advantage of Ojeda’s misfortunes. But there was no need for this, and
+        Nicuesa blushed with indignation that they should think him a
+        gentleman so unworthy the name. He told them to bring their commander
+        to him, and when they met he received his late foe with every show of
+        friendship. <span class="tei tei-q">“It is not,”</span> said he,
+        <span class="tei tei-q">“for hidalgoes, like men of vulgar souls, to
+        remember past differences when they behold one another in distress.
+        Henceforth, let all that has occurred between us be forgotten.
+        Command me as a brother. Myself and my men are at your orders, to
+        follow you wherever you please, until the deaths of Juan de la Cosa
+        and his comrades are revenged.”</span> This noble offer was not one
+        of words only, and the two commanders became fast friends. Four
+        hundred men, with several horses, were landed, and they approached
+        the village, which had cost them seventy lives, in the dead of the
+        night, their near approach being heralded by the numerous parrots in
+        the woods, which made a great outcry. The Indians paid no attention,
+        however, believing that the Spaniards had been exterminated, and they
+        found their village in flames before they took the alarm. The
+        Spaniards either killed them at their doors or drove them back into
+        the flames. The horses, which they supposed to be savage monsters,
+        caused great alarm. The carnage was something fearful, for no quarter
+        was given. While ranging about in search of booty they found the body
+        of La Cosa tied to a tree, swollen and discoloured in a hideous
+        manner by the poison of the Indian arrows. <span class=
+        "tei tei-q">“This dismal spectacle had such an effect upon the common
+        men that not one would remain in that place during the night.”</span>
+        The spoil in gold and other valuables was so great that the share of
+        Nicuesa and his men amounted to 37,281 dollars.</p><a name="illo_350"
+        id="illo_350" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"></p>
+
+        <div class="tei tei-figure" style="text-align: center">
+          <img src="images/illo_350.png" alt=
+          "ARRIVAL OF OJEDA AND HIS FOLLOWERS AT THE INDIAN VILLAGE" title=
+          "ARRIVAL OF OJEDA AND HIS FOLLOWERS AT THE INDIAN VILLAGE." />
+
+          <div class="tei tei-head" style=
+          "text-align: center; margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em">
+            ARRIVAL OF OJEDA AND HIS FOLLOWERS AT THE INDIAN VILLAGE.
+          </div>
+        </div>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Ojeda now,
+        somewhat late in the day, took the advice of his late faithful
+        lieutenant, and steered for the Gulf of Uraba, where he formed a
+        settlement which he named St. Sebastian. The Indians of the
+        surrounding country proved unfriendly and hostile, and at length
+        their provisions began to fail. <span class="tei tei-q">“In one of
+        their expeditions they were surprised by an ambuscade of savages in a
+        gorge of the mountains, and attacked with such fury and effect that
+        they were completely routed, and pursued with yells and howlings to
+        the very gates of St. Sebastian. Many died in excruciating agony of
+        their wounds, and others recovered with extreme difficulty. Those who
+        were well no longer dared to venture forth <span class="tei tei-pb"
+        id="page312">[pg 312]</span><a name="Pg312" id="Pg312" class=
+        "tei tei-anchor"></a>in search of food, for the whole forest teemed
+        with lurking foes. They devoured such herbs and roots as they could
+        find without regard to their quality. Their bodies became corrupted,
+        and various diseases, combined with the ravages of famine, daily
+        thinned their numbers. The sentinel who feebly mounted guard at night
+        was often found dead at his post in the morning. Some stretched
+        themselves on the ground, and expired of mere famine and debility;
+        nor was death any longer regarded as an evil, but rather as a welcome
+        relief from a life of horror and despair.”</span> Such is the
+        chronicler’s mournful account.</p>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">We have seen that
+        Ojeda felt unbounded confidence in his charm—the picture of the Holy
+        Virgin—and he had so long escaped unscathed that the Indians also
+        believed him to bear a charmed life. They determined one day to test
+        the question, and placed four of their most expert archers in ambush,
+        with directions to single him out, while a number more advanced to
+        the fort sounding their conches and drums, and yelling with hideous
+        noises. Ojeda sallied forth to meet them, and the Indians fled to the
+        ambuscade. The archers waited till he was full in front, and then
+        discharged their poisoned arrows. Three he warded off by his buckler,
+        but the fourth pierced his thigh. Ojeda was carried back to the fort,
+        more despondent than he had ever yet been, for his talisman seemed to
+        have failed him, and thrilling pains shot through his body. But he
+        was not to be thus defeated. He caused two plates of iron to be made
+        <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page313">[pg 313]</span><a name="Pg313"
+        id="Pg313" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>red hot, and ordered a surgeon
+        to apply them to each orifice of his wound. The surgeon, fearful that
+        should he die the death would be laid to his door, shudderingly
+        refused, whereupon Ojeda threatened to hang him if he did not obey,
+        and he was obliged to comply. Ojeda refused to be held or tied down,
+        and endured the agony without moving a muscle. This violent remedy so
+        inflamed his system that he had to be wrapped in sheets steeped in
+        vinegar to allay the fever, and it is said that a barrel of vinegar
+        was consumed in this way. But he lived, and his wounds healed;
+        <span class="tei tei-q">“the cold poison,”</span> says Las Casas,
+        <span class="tei tei-q">“was consumed by the vivid fire.”</span></p>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">At this time their
+        provisions were again becoming scarce, and the arrival of a strange
+        ship, commanded by one Bernardino de Talavera, a desperate pirate,
+        was welcomed, as it brought some relief, although supplies were only
+        furnished for large prices in gold. Some dissatisfaction was
+        expressed at the division of the food, and shortly afterwards serious
+        factions arose. At last Ojeda volunteered to go himself to San
+        Domingo in quest of necessary supplies, to which his followers
+        agreed, and he embarked on board Talavera’s ship. They had scarcely
+        put to sea when a serious quarrel arose between the freebooter and
+        Ojeda; the latter, apparently, having acted on board as though he
+        were commander instead of passenger. He was actually put in irons,
+        where <span class="tei tei-q">“he reviled Talavera and his gang as
+        recreants, traitors, pirates, and offered to fight the whole of them
+        successively, provided they would give him a clear deck and come on
+        two at a time.”</span> They left him fuming and raging in his chains
+        until a violent gale arose, and they bethought themselves that Ojeda
+        was a skilful navigator. They then parleyed, offering him his liberty
+        if he would pilot the ship, and he consented, but all his skill was
+        unavailing, and he was obliged to run her on the southern coast of
+        Cuba—then as yet uncolonised, except by runaway slaves from Hayti.
+        Here they made a toilsome march through forests and morasses,
+        crossing mountains and rivers, in a nearly starved condition. One
+        morass, entangled by roots and creeping vines, and cut up by sloughs
+        and creeks, occupied them thirty days to cross, at the end of which
+        time only thirty-five men survived out of seventy that had left the
+        ship. At last they reached an Indian village. <span class=
+        "tei tei-q">“The Indians gathered round and gazed at them with
+        wonder, but when they learnt their story, they exhibited a humanity
+        that would have done honour to the most professing Christians. They
+        bore them to their dwellings, set meat and drink before them, and
+        vied with each other in discharging the offices of the kindest
+        humanity. Finding that a number of their companions were still in the
+        morass, the cacique sent a large party of Indians with provisions for
+        their relief, with orders to bring on their shoulders such as were
+        too feeble to walk.... The Spaniards were brought to the village,
+        succoured, cherished, consoled, and almost worshipped as if they had
+        been angels.”</span> And now Ojeda prepared to carry out a vow he had
+        made on his journey, that if saved, he would erect a little hermitage
+        or oratory, with an altar, above which he would place the picture to
+        which he attributed his wonderful escape. The cacique listened with
+        attention to his explanations regarding the beneficence of the
+        Virgin, whom he represented as the mother of the Deity who reigned
+        above, and acquired a profound veneration for the picture. Long
+        after, when the Bishop Las Casas, who has recorded these facts,
+        arrived at the same village, he found the chapel preserved with
+        <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page314">[pg 314]</span><a name="Pg314"
+        id="Pg314" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>religious care. But when he
+        offered—wishing to obtain possession of the relic—to exchange it for
+        an image of the Virgin, the chief made an evasive reply, and next
+        morning was missing, having fled with the picture in his possession.
+        It was all in vain that Las Casas sent messages after him,
+        <span class="tei tei-q">“assuring him that he should not be deprived
+        of the relic, but, on the contrary, that the image should likewise be
+        presented to him.”</span> The cacique would not return to the village
+        till he knew that the Spaniards had departed.</p>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">We find Ojeda next
+        in Jamaica, and afterwards in San Domingo, where he inquired
+        earnestly after the Bachelor Enciso, who had, it will be remembered,
+        promised to aid him with reinforcements and supplies. He was assured
+        that that ambitious lawyer had sailed for the settlement, which was a
+        fact. Next we find the sanguine Ojeda endeavouring to set on foot
+        another armament, but the failure of his colony was too well
+        understood, and there were no more volunteers, either as regards
+        personal service or pecuniary aid. The poor adventurer was destined
+        never again to see his settlement, the subsequent history of which is
+        a series of intrigues and disasters. He died in abject poverty in San
+        Domingo, and <span class="tei tei-q">“so broken in spirit that, with
+        his last breath, he intreated his body might be buried in the
+        monastery of St. Francisco, just at the portal, in humble expiation
+        of his past pride, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style=
+        "font-style: italic">that every one who entered might tread upon his
+        grave</span></span>.”</span> Nicuesa, after many vicissitudes, was
+        lost at sea. The Bachelor Enciso was rather snubbed when he arrived
+        at Ojeda’s colony, but made some fortunate ventures, and plundered a
+        village on the banks of a river named Darien, collecting great
+        quantities of gold ornaments, bracelets, anklets, plates, and what
+        not, with food and cotton to the value of ten thousand castillanos,
+        or about ten thousand seven hundred pounds sterling. Among the men
+        who for a time served with Enciso was Vasco Nuñez de Balbao,
+        afterwards the discoverer of the Pacific from the Isthmus of Darien,
+        of whom these pages have already furnished some account. He joined
+        the expedition of Enciso in a very curious manner. He had been a man
+        of very loose and prodigal habits, but had settled down on a farm in
+        Hispaniola, where he soon became hopelessly involved in debt. The
+        proposed armament gave him the opportunity he sought of running away
+        from his creditors. He concealed himself in a cask, which was taken
+        on board the vessel as though containing provisions. When the vessel
+        was fairly out at sea <span class="tei tei-q">“Nuñez emerged like an
+        apparition from his cask, to the great surprise of Enciso, who had
+        been totally ignorant of the stratagem. The Bachelor was indignant at
+        being thus outwitted, even though he gained a recruit by the
+        deception, and, in the first ebullition of his wrath, gave the
+        fugitive debtor a very rough reception, threatening to put him on
+        shore on the first uninhabited island they should encounter. Vasco
+        Nuñez, however, succeeded in pacifying him, <span class=
+        "tei tei-q">‘for God,’</span> says the venerable Las Casas,
+        <span class="tei tei-q">‘reserved him for greater
+        things.’</span> ”</span> It was Nuñez who afterwards directed Enciso
+        to the village where he obtained so much plunder.</p>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Another remarkable
+        man of that age was Juan Ponce de Leon, the conqueror of Porto Rico,
+        and the discoverer of Florida. He had amassed a considerable amount
+        of wealth in the former place, and, like many of the active
+        discoverers of that energetic age, was ambitious for new triumphs. By
+        accident he met with some Indians who assured him <span class=
+        "tei tei-q">“that far to the <span class="tei tei-pb" id=
+        "page315">[pg 315]</span><a name="Pg315" id="Pg315" class=
+        "tei tei-anchor"></a>north, there existed a land abounding in gold
+        and in all manner of delights; but, above all, possessing a river of
+        such wonderful virtue, that whoever bathed in it would be restored to
+        youth! They added that in times past, before the arrival of the
+        Spaniards, a large party of the natives of Cuba had departed
+        northward in search of this happy land and this river of life, and,
+        having never returned, it was concluded that they were flourishing in
+        renewed youth, detained by the pleasures of that enchanting
+        country.”</span> Others told him that in a certain island of the
+        Bahamas, called Bimini, there was a fountain possessing the same
+        marvellous and inestimable qualities, and that whoever drank from it
+        would secure perennial youth. Juan Ponce listened to these fables
+        with credulity, and actually fitted out three vessels at his own
+        expense to prosecute the discovery, and obtained numerous volunteers
+        to assist him. <span class="tei tei-q">“It may seem
+        incredible,”</span> says Irving, <span class="tei tei-q">“at the
+        present day, that a man of years and experience could yield any faith
+        to a story which resembles the wild fiction of an Arabian tale; but
+        the wonders and novelties breaking upon the world in that age of
+        discovery almost realised the illusions of fable, and the
+        imaginations of the Spanish voyagers had become so heated that they
+        were capable of any stretch of credulity.”</span> A similar statement
+        was made by an eminent man of learning, Peter Martyr, to Leo X., then
+        Bishop of Rome. Juan Ponce left Porto Rico on the 3rd March, 1512,
+        for the Bahama Islands, on his search for the Fountain of Youth, but
+        all his inquiries and explorations failed in its discovery. Still he
+        persevered, and was rewarded in discovering on the mainland a country
+        in the fresh bloom of spring, the trees gay with blossoms and
+        abounding with flowers. He took possession of it in the name of the
+        Castilian sovereigns, and gave it the name of Florida, which it still
+        retains. He subsequently discovered a group of islands, where his
+        sailors, in the course of one night, caught one hundred and seventy
+        turtles. He appropriately named them the Tortugas, or Turtles, the
+        title they also still bear. Disheartened by the failure of his
+        special mission, he gave up the command to a trusty captain, and
+        returned to Porto Rico, <span class="tei tei-q">“where he arrived
+        infinitely poorer in purse and wrinkled in brow, by this cruise after
+        inexhaustible riches and perpetual youth.”</span> His captain arrived
+        soon after with the news that he had discovered the island of Bimini,
+        and that it abounded in crystal springs and limpid streams, which
+        kept the island ever fresh and verdant; <span class="tei tei-q">“but
+        none that could restore to an old man the vernal greenness of his
+        youth.”</span> As late as 1521 we find old Juan Ponce engaged in a
+        new expedition to Florida, where, in an encounter with the Indians,
+        he was fatally wounded by an arrow. He retired to Cuba, where he died
+        shortly afterwards. The Spaniards said of him that he was a lion by
+        name, and still more by nature.</p>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">The name of
+        Magellan, or Magalhaens, is more familiar to the general reader than
+        some of those which have preceded it in this chapter. He was a
+        Portuguese of noble birth, and had served honourably in India. When
+        he made the offer of his services to his own sovereign, there is no
+        doubt that the undertaking he proposed—viz., to determine the
+        question whether the shores of South America were washed by an open
+        sea—had been mooted before. To him however, belongs the credit of
+        having brought that question to an issue. His own king would have
+        nought to do with his project, and dismissed him with a frown.
+        Magellan, accompanied by Ruy Falero, an astrologer (the astrologers
+        were in part the astronomers of those days), who was associated with
+        him in the enterprise, next made his proposals to the Spanish
+        Emperor, Charles V., by whom he was received with attention and
+        respect. Articles of agreement were drawn up, to this effect: the
+        navigator agreed to reach the Moluccas <span class=
+        "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">by sailing to the
+        west</span></span>; <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page316">[pg
+        316]</span><a name="Pg316" id="Pg316" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>they
+        were to enjoy for ten years the exclusive right to the track (!), and
+        to receive the twentieth part of all profits accruing from their
+        discoveries, with some special privileges in regard to the
+        merchandise of the first voyage. Moreover, the Emperor agreed to
+        furnish five vessels, and victual them for two years—an unusual act
+        of liberality in those days, when the monarchs usually contented
+        themselves with conferring patents, privileges, and titles merely,
+        which cost them nothing, and yet were often the means of subsequently
+        enriching them. The sailing of the expedition was retarded by the
+        machinations of the Portuguese king, who now professed a willingness
+        to employ Magellan, and, failing in this, is said to have spread
+        reports that <span class="tei tei-q">“the King of Spain would lose
+        his expenses, for Fernando Magellan was a chattering fellow, and
+        little reliance could be placed in him, and that he would never
+        execute that which he promised.”</span> But at last, on the 20th
+        September, 1519, the squadron got under weigh.</p>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">In the month of
+        December following Magellan anchored in a port on the coast of
+        Brazil, which he named Santa Lucia. The natives appeared a confiding
+        and credulous race, and readily bartered provisions for the merest
+        trifles; <span class="tei tei-q">“half a dozen fowls were exchanged
+        for a king of spades”</span> (card). Putting again to sea, Magellan
+        sailed southward, touching at various points till he came to anchor
+        in a harbour which he named San Julian, and where he made a stay of
+        five months. Here discontent, and at length open mutiny, broke out,
+        the ringleaders being certain Spanish officers who felt mortified at
+        serving under a Portuguese commander. Magellan was not a man to stand
+        any nonsense, and was utterly unscrupulous. He despatched a person
+        with a letter to one of the captains, with orders to stab him whilst
+        he was engaged in reading it. This commission being rigorously
+        executed, and followed up by other stringent measures, his authority
+        was re-established through the mutineers’ knowledge and fear of his
+        determined character.</p>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">In October of the
+        next year, after various minor discoveries, he arrived at the
+        entrance of the great strait which now bears his name. After careful
+        examination of the opening, a council was held, at which the pilot,
+        Estevan Gomez, voted for returning to refit, while the more
+        enterprising wished to complete their discovery. Magellan listened
+        patiently and silently, and then firmly declared that were he reduced
+        to eat the hides on the yards—which were, in fact, the sails—he would
+        keep his faith with the Emperor. It was forbidden to speak of home or
+        scarcity of provisions on pain of death!</p>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Two vessels were
+        sent to reconnoitre in advance, and these were driven violently by a
+        gale into the straits, where the two coasts more than once seemed to
+        join, and the mariners thought all was lost, when a narrow channel
+        would disclose itself, into which they would gladly enter. They
+        returned, and made their report to Magellan, who ordered the whole
+        squadron to advance. On reaching the open expanse of water into which
+        the second gut opens, an inlet to the south-east was observed, and
+        Estevan Gomez was sent in charge of one of two vessels to explore it.
+        He took the opportunity to incite a mutiny, threw the captain into
+        chains, and steered back for Spain. When the western or Pacific end
+        of the straits was reached,<a id="noteref_53" name="noteref_53" href=
+        "#note_53"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style=
+        "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">53</span></span></a> and they
+        saw a grand open ocean beyond, they named the headland at the
+        entrance, Il Capo Descado—<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page317">[pg
+        317]</span><a name="Pg317" id="Pg317" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>the
+        <span class="tei tei-q">“Longed-for Cape”</span>—and spent some days
+        in erecting standards in conspicuous places, and in rejoicing over
+        their discovery. On the 28th November, 1520, the small squadron
+        reached the open sea, and took a northerly course towards the
+        equator, in order to reach a milder climate, the sailors having
+        suffered much in and about the straits.</p><a name="illo_355" id=
+        "illo_355" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"></p>
+
+        <div class="tei tei-figure" style="text-align: center">
+          <img src="images/illo_355.png" alt="FERDINAND DE MAGELLAN" title=
+          "FERDINAND DE MAGELLAN." />
+
+          <div class="tei tei-head" style=
+          "text-align: center; margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em">
+            FERDINAND DE MAGELLAN.
+          </div>
+        </div>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Magellan, besides
+        minor discoveries, is fairly credited with that of the Philippine
+        Islands, where he was treated in a most friendly manner. At Zebu he
+        acted after the manner of his time; for, finding the people
+        submissive and respectful, he exacted a tribute, which seems to have
+        been willingly paid. One king, or chief, alone refused, which so
+        incensed Magellan that he resolved to punish him. He accordingly
+        landed with forty-nine of his followers, clothed in mail, and began
+        an attack on 1,500 Indians. The battle raged some hours, but at last
+        numbers prevailed, and only some seven or eight Spaniards remained
+        with Magellan, the rest being either already killed or utterly
+        routed. He himself was wounded in the limbs by a poisoned arrow, and
+        his sword-arm being disabled he could no longer defend himself, and
+        so fell a martyr to overweening ambition and greed. The voyage home
+        was completed, and those of his men who remained had achieved the
+        proud distinction of having been the first circumnavigators of the
+        globe.</p>
+
+        <div class="tei tei-tb">
+          &nbsp;
+        </div>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Before leaving the
+        subject of remarkable voyages, a few supplementary remarks are
+        necessary. The great epoch just mentioned was followed by great
+        commercial activity, owing to the important discoveries of new lands
+        made, and, of course, the map of the world was by degrees filled in
+        with details which earlier explorers had overlooked. In some previous
+        chapters, notably those referring to the history of shipping and
+        shipping interests, many of the more important voyages following
+        those just described have been sufficiently noticed. In effect, the
+        many subjects treated in connection with <span class=
+        "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">The
+        Sea</span></span> naturally intertwine, and the same voyages are in
+        the course of this work occasionally mentioned more than once, though
+        in different ways, and for different reasons.</p>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">No explorer’s
+        name, after those recently considered, shines with more effulgency
+        than <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page318">[pg 318]</span><a name=
+        "Pg318" id="Pg318" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>that of the celebrated
+        Captain Cook, already mentioned in two separate connections. Born in
+        1728, the son of an agricultural labourer and farm bailiff, he early
+        showed an irresistible inclination for the sea, and could not be
+        chained down to the haberdasher’s counter, for which his father had
+        destined him. He commenced his seafaring life as an apprentice on a
+        collier, but soon rose to be mate. He next entered the royal navy,
+        where, from able seaman, his promotion was rapid. Some charts and
+        observations drawn up by him while marine surveyor of the coasts of
+        Newfoundland and Labrador brought him much notice from scientific
+        quarters, and the Royal Society offered him the command of an
+        expedition to the Pacific, to make an observation of the transit of
+        Venus. This was the first of his three great voyages, during which he
+        re-discovered New Zealand,<a id="noteref_54" name="noteref_54" href=
+        "#note_54"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style=
+        "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">54</span></span></a>
+        practically took possession of Australia, proved that New Guinea was
+        a separate island, made discoveries in the Antarctic, discovered the
+        Sandwich Islands, and made the northern explorations also mentioned
+        previously. He met his death on the island of Hawaii (Sandwich
+        Islands), in the tragical manner known almost to every schoolboy.</p>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">It would appear
+        that, previous to the fatal day, there had been some little trouble
+        with the natives. One day, the officer who had commanded a
+        watering-party returned to the ship, stating that some chief had
+        driven away the natives employed in rolling the casks to the beach,
+        work which had been gladly performed before for trifling payments. A
+        marine, with side-arms only, was sent back with him, when it was
+        noticed that the islanders were arming with stones, and two others
+        with loaded muskets were sent off to the watering party’s assistance,
+        which for the moment quieted the matter. Captain Cook gave orders
+        that, if the natives should venture to attack his men, they should in
+        the future fire on them with balls, instead of small shot, as
+        hitherto. And not long after a volley proceeding from the
+        <span class="tei tei-name"><span style=
+        "font-style: italic">Discovery</span></span>, fired after a
+        retreating canoe, announced that his orders were being carried into
+        execution. Ignorant that some stolen goods were thereupon returned,
+        Cook himself, with an officer and a marine, chased these natives on
+        shore, but fruitlessly. Meantime, the officer who had recovered the
+        stolen goods, thinking that he might retaliate, took possession of a
+        canoe on the beach, which act the owner naturally resented, and a
+        scuffle ensued, during which he was knocked down by a blow from an
+        oar. The natives returned the attack with a shower of stones, and
+        would have destroyed the pinnace but for the interference of the very
+        man who had just been knocked on the head, who was, however, still
+        friendly inclined towards the English.</p>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Captain Cook was
+        naturally annoyed at and perplexed by these occurrences. In the
+        course of the next night a boat was stolen from the <span class=
+        "tei tei-name"><span style=
+        "font-style: italic">Discovery</span></span>, and Cook at once
+        ordered a body of marines ashore, going with them himself, and taking
+        a double-barrelled gun, one barrel loaded with small shot, and the
+        other with a bullet. The other boats were ordered out to prevent any
+        canoe from leaving the bay until the matter was settled. Arrived
+        ashore, he marched up to the old king, who to every appearance had
+        had no hand in the theft, nor had connived at it, for he promised to
+        go on board with the captain, the latter intending to keep him as a
+        hostage. The chief’s two sons were already in the pinnace, when his
+        wife entreated him with tears not to go off to the ship. Two chiefs
+        also, at this juncture, forcibly laid hold of the old man, and made
+        him sit down on the beach. Cook <span class="tei tei-pb" id=
+        "page319">[pg 319]</span><a name="Pg319" id="Pg319" class=
+        "tei tei-anchor"></a>saw from the general aspect of affairs, and the
+        gathering thousands on the beach, that he must give up his idea, and
+        proceeded slowly to the place of embarkation.</p>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">It appears that,
+        while this was going on, some of the men on the boats stationed
+        around the bay had fired on some escaping canoes, and worse, had
+        killed a chief. The news arrived ashore just as Cook was leaving, and
+        the natives immediately began to put on their war-mats, and arm
+        themselves. One of them, carrying an iron dagger, which he brandished
+        wildly, threatened Cook with a large stone, and the captain at last
+        could stand his insolence no longer, and gave him a volley of small
+        shot. This against the native’s thick war-mat was about as effective
+        as shooting peas against a rhinoceros. Next came a volley of stones
+        in return, while an attempt was made to stab a marine officer, who
+        returned a heavy blow from the butt-end of his musket. A native
+        crawled behind a canoe, and then aimed a spear at Cook, who soon gave
+        them the contents of his other barrel, killing one of the assailants.
+        In quick succession, volleys of stones were answered by a volley of
+        musketry; four marines fell, and were speedily despatched. Cook now
+        stood by the water’s edge, signalling the men to stop firing and get
+        on board; but in the scuffle and confusion his orders were not
+        understood. A lieutenant commanding one of the boats blundered, or
+        worse, to the extent of taking his boat further off, so that the
+        picking up of the wounded marines was thrown entirely on the pinnace,
+        which had been brought in as near the shore as the master was able to
+        come. Poor Cook was left alone on a rock, where he was seen trying to
+        shield his head from the shower of stones with the one hand, while he
+        still grasped his musket in the other. So soon as his back was
+        turned, the natives attacked him, one clubbing him down, and another
+        stabbing him in the neck. Again he dropped in the water knee-deep,
+        looking earnestly out for help from the pinnace, not more than a few
+        yards off. But the end was near. The savages got him under in deeper
+        water. In his death-struggle he broke from them, and clung to the
+        rock. In a second there was another blow, and the end had come. His
+        body was dragged ashore and mutilated. After the fall of their
+        commander, the survivors of the men escaped under cover of a fire
+        kept up from the boats. But for Cook himself, one of the most humane
+        of commanders, nothing seems to have been attempted in the hurry and
+        excitement of the scuffle.</p>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Cook’s body—or as
+        much as remained of it—was subsequently recovered, and committed to
+        the deep, the guns booming solemnly over the watery grave of one of
+        England’s greatest explorers. While the rites were being performed,
+        absolute unbroken silence was enjoined upon the natives ashore and
+        afloat, nor was the water disturbed by the dip of a single paddle.
+        Thus perished, at the early age of fifty-one, in a miserable scuffle
+        with semi-savages, Captain James Cook, a navigator whose fame was and
+        still remains world-wide.</p>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Our space will
+        only permit us to refer, briefly, to one other notable voyage,
+        namely, that of Vancouver, whose first experiences were gained with
+        Cook. The fame of this explorer rests very much upon his
+        circumnavigation, towards the end of the eighteenth century, of the
+        island which now bears his name. The actual discovery of the entrance
+        <a name="corr319" id="corr319" class=
+        "tei tei-anchor"></a><span class="tei tei-corr">to</span> the straits
+        between the island and mainland dates from the time of De Fuca; while
+        Vancouver himself, in the following passage, admits a prior claim to
+        its partial investigation. He says—<span class="tei tei-q">“At four
+        o’clock a sail was discovered to the westward standing in shore. This
+        was <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page320">[pg 320]</span><a name=
+        "Pg320" id="Pg320" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>a very great novelty,
+        not having seen any vessel but our consort during the last eight
+        months. She soon hoisted American colours, and fired a gun to
+        leeward. At six we spoke her. She proved to be the ship <span class=
+        "tei tei-name"><span style=
+        "font-style: italic">Columbia</span></span>, commanded by Mr. Robert
+        Gray, belonging to Boston, from which port she had been absent
+        nineteen months. Having little doubt of his being the same person who
+        had formerly commanded the sloop <span class=
+        "tei tei-name"><span style=
+        "font-style: italic">Washington</span></span>, I desired he would
+        bring to, and sent Mr. Puget and Mr. Menzies on board to acquire such
+        information as might be serviceable in our future
+        operations.”</span></p>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">On the return of
+        the boat, Vancouver found that his conjectures had not been
+        ungrounded, and that Mr. Gray was the same gentleman who had
+        commanded the sloop <span class="tei tei-name"><span style=
+        "font-style: italic">Washington</span></span> at the time she had
+        made a voyage behind the island. It was a little remarkable that on
+        his approach to the entrance of this inland sea or strait, he should
+        fall in with the identical person who, it had been stated, had sailed
+        through it. Mr. Gray assured the officers, however, that he had
+        penetrated only fifty miles into the straits in question in an ESE.
+        direction; that he found the passage five leagues wide; and that he
+        understood from the natives that the opening extended a considerable
+        distance to the northward. He then returned to the ocean the same way
+        he had entered it. This inlet he supposed to be the same De Fuca had
+        discovered. The fact, however, remains that Vancouver most thoroughly
+        explored the coasts of the island, and the inlets and shores of Puget
+        Sound, Washington Territory, and British Columbia—countries which are
+        slowly but surely taking their proper place in the world’s
+        estimation.</p>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style=
+        "text-align: center; margin-bottom: 0.75em; margin-top: 2.25em">
+        <span style="font-size: 75%">END OF VOLUME III.</span></p>
+      </div>
+
+      <div class="tei tei-pb"></div>
+    </div>
+
+    <div class="tei tei-back" style=
+    "margin-bottom: 2.00em; margin-top: 6.00em">
+      <div class="tei tei-div" style=
+      "margin-bottom: 5.00em; margin-top: 5.00em">
+        <hr class="doublepage" />
+
+        <div id="footnotes" class="tei tei-div" style=
+        "margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em">
+          <h1 class="tei tei-head" style=
+          "text-align: center; margin-bottom: 3.46em; margin-top: 3.46em">
+          <span style="font-size: 173%">Footnotes</span></h1>
+
+          <dl class="tei tei-list-footnotes">
+            <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_1" name="note_1" href=
+            "#noteref_1">1.</a></dt>
+
+            <dd class="tei tei-notetext"><span class="tei tei-q">“The History
+            of the Bucaniers of America.”</span> This once celebrated work
+            contains a number of the most reliable histories of the pirates
+            and freebooters of the seventeenth century.</dd>
+
+            <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_2" name="note_2" href=
+            "#noteref_2">2.</a></dt>
+
+            <dd class="tei tei-notetext">The <span class="tei tei-q">“piece
+            of eight”</span> means in value, as nearly as possible, the
+            American dollar of to-day.</dd>
+
+            <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_3" name="note_3" href=
+            "#noteref_3">3.</a></dt>
+
+            <dd class="tei tei-notetext">This is the chronicler’s statement.
+            He meant the <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style=
+            "font-style: italic">cacao</span></span>-nut.</dd>
+
+            <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_4" name="note_4" href=
+            "#noteref_4">4.</a></dt>
+
+            <dd class="tei tei-notetext"><span class=
+            "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">i.e.</span></span>,
+            <span class="tei tei-q">“Spiked,”</span> as we say
+            now-a-days.</dd>
+
+            <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_5" name="note_5" href=
+            "#noteref_5">5.</a></dt>
+
+            <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Wherever <span class=
+            "tei tei-q">“religious men and women”</span> are mentioned in
+            these old records, the meaning is priests or monks, and
+            nuns.</dd>
+
+            <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_6" name="note_6" href=
+            "#noteref_6">6.</a></dt>
+
+            <dd class="tei tei-notetext">The city site was almost immediately
+            afterwards moved to a spot, four miles off, where the present
+            Panama stands to-day.</dd>
+
+            <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_7" name="note_7" href=
+            "#noteref_7">7.</a></dt>
+
+            <dd class="tei tei-notetext">The account is derived from a French
+            source, and although in all probability veracious in most points,
+            cannot be implicitly believed. For this reason the author has not
+            gone further into the most romantic story of this high-principled
+            pirate. Misson is said to have later gone down with his vessel,
+            while Caraccioli was killed in an affray with natives.</dd>
+
+            <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_8" name="note_8" href=
+            "#noteref_8">8.</a></dt>
+
+            <dd class="tei tei-notetext">The best known of which is
+            <span class="tei tei-q">“The Pilot,”</span> in which he is the
+            prominent character.</dd>
+
+            <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_9" name="note_9" href=
+            "#noteref_9">9.</a></dt>
+
+            <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Few readers will need reminding that
+            the same Dr. Franklin was the celebrated philosopher.</dd>
+
+            <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_10" name="note_10"
+            href="#noteref_10">10.</a></dt>
+
+            <dd class="tei tei-notetext">The narrative is derived from one of
+            two most graphic letters by the author of <span class=
+            "tei tei-q">“The Military Sketch-book.”</span></dd>
+
+            <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_11" name="note_11"
+            href="#noteref_11">11.</a></dt>
+
+            <dd class="tei tei-notetext"><span class="tei tei-q">“Heroes of
+            the Arctic.”</span> Society for the Promotion of Christian
+            Knowledge.</dd>
+
+            <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_12" name="note_12"
+            href="#noteref_12">12.</a></dt>
+
+            <dd class="tei tei-notetext">These papers, with others, were
+            published in a small work bearing the title, <span class=
+            "tei tei-q">“The Possibility of Approaching the North Pole
+            Asserted, &amp;c.”</span></dd>
+
+            <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_13" name="note_13"
+            href="#noteref_13">13.</a></dt>
+
+            <dd class="tei tei-notetext"><span class=
+            "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">De</span></span>-lighted—<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">i.e.</span></span>,
+            deprived of light.</dd>
+
+            <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_14" name="note_14"
+            href="#noteref_14">14.</a></dt>
+
+            <dd class="tei tei-notetext"><span class="tei tei-q">“Under the
+            Northern Lights.”</span> By J. A. MacGahan.</dd>
+
+            <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_15" name="note_15"
+            href="#noteref_15">15.</a></dt>
+
+            <dd class="tei tei-notetext">The entertainments were, we are
+            informed by Captain Markham, termed the Thursday <span class=
+            "tei tei-q">“Pops,”</span> and popular they most undoubtedly
+            were.</dd>
+
+            <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_16" name="note_16"
+            href="#noteref_16">16.</a></dt>
+
+            <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Few readers will need to be reminded
+            that on the Fahrenheit thermometer commonly used in England zero
+            is expressed by 0, and that the freezing point of water is plus
+            (+) 32°, or 32° above zero. The above temperatures are all minus
+            (-), or below zero. Without remembering these facts, one can
+            hardly appreciate the intense and almost unparalleled cold
+            experienced by the late expedition.</dd>
+
+            <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_17" name="note_17"
+            href="#noteref_17">17.</a></dt>
+
+            <dd class="tei tei-notetext"><span class="tei tei-q">“Journals
+            and Proceedings of the Arctic Expedition, 1875-6,”</span> &amp;c.
+            (printed as a Parliamentary Blue-book).</dd>
+
+            <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_18" name="note_18"
+            href="#noteref_18">18.</a></dt>
+
+            <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Mercury frequently froze during the
+            writer’s stay on the Yukon, and other parts of Northern Alaska,
+            in the winter of 1866-7. On one occasion the thermometer
+            registered 58° below zero (90° below the freezing point of
+            water).</dd>
+
+            <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_19" name="note_19"
+            href="#noteref_19">19.</a></dt>
+
+            <dd class="tei tei-notetext">The recently-reported exploit of
+            Professor Nordenskjold, of which we have at present the barest
+            outlines, does not properly come under this category. It was in
+            reality a successful voyage by the north-west passage, and must
+            eventually find its place in these pages.</dd>
+
+            <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_20" name="note_20"
+            href="#noteref_20">20.</a></dt>
+
+            <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Sir John Barrow: <span class=
+            "tei tei-q">“Chronological History of Voyages into the Arctic
+            Regions.”</span></dd>
+
+            <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_21" name="note_21"
+            href="#noteref_21">21.</a></dt>
+
+            <dd class="tei tei-notetext">The full name of this navigator is
+            Willem zoon Barents, or Barentz, <span class=
+            "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">i.e.</span></span>,
+            William, the son of Barents. The abbreviated form, however, has
+            always been adopted of late.</dd>
+
+            <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_22" name="note_22"
+            href="#noteref_22">22.</a></dt>
+
+            <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Introduction to the Hakluyt
+            Society’s edition of these voyages.</dd>
+
+            <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_23" name="note_23"
+            href="#noteref_23">23.</a></dt>
+
+            <dd class="tei tei-notetext">A Dutch proverb, used when an
+            undertaking turns out badly. The dog stole a sausage, and got
+            well whipped for his pains.</dd>
+
+            <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_24" name="note_24"
+            href="#noteref_24">24.</a></dt>
+
+            <dd class="tei tei-notetext"><span class="tei tei-q">“Discoveries
+            East of Spitzbergen,”</span> &amp;c. Paper read before the Royal
+            Geographical Society by C. R. Markham, Esq., C.B., F.R.S.,
+            February 10th, 1873.</dd>
+
+            <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_25" name="note_25"
+            href="#noteref_25">25.</a></dt>
+
+            <dd class="tei tei-notetext">A cubical or rectangular mass of ice
+            will, floating in the sea, have about six times the depth under
+            water that it has height above. But it will be evident that this
+            will not apply to irregular-shaped masses, which may have very
+            solid bases, rising above in lighter pinnacles or other fantastic
+            forms. The brother of the writer has seen on the Greenland coast
+            icebergs 90 to 100 feet out of the water, <span class=
+            "tei tei-hi"><span style=
+            "font-style: italic">grounded</span></span> at 100 fathoms (600
+            feet).</dd>
+
+            <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_26" name="note_26"
+            href="#noteref_26">26.</a></dt>
+
+            <dd class="tei tei-notetext"><span class="tei tei-q">“Journey
+            from Prince of Wales’s Fort in Hudson’s Bay to the Northern
+            Ocean.”</span></dd>
+
+            <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_27" name="note_27"
+            href="#noteref_27">27.</a></dt>
+
+            <dd class="tei tei-notetext">In several of the older Arctic works
+            glaciers and icebergs are confounded. The fact is that the
+            latter, or at all events the larger number of the latter, are
+            born of the former. They are masses of ice which have become
+            detached at the sea end and have floated away.</dd>
+
+            <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_28" name="note_28"
+            href="#noteref_28">28.</a></dt>
+
+            <dd class="tei tei-notetext">The writer has visited many parts of
+            Russian-America, or, as it is now called, Alaska, a little south
+            of the above point. The natives as a rule live <span class=
+            "tei tei-hi"><span style=
+            "font-style: italic">underground</span></span> in winter, but
+            they have for summer use board and log houses on the surface, and
+            stages above and around them of all kinds, some for drying fish,
+            others for raising sledges or canoes above the surface of the
+            ground, &amp;c.</dd>
+
+            <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_29" name="note_29"
+            href="#noteref_29">29.</a></dt>
+
+            <dd class="tei tei-notetext">There is none growing, but a wreck
+            or piece of drift-wood occasionally supplies their need. The
+            writer was in Behring Sea in the autumn of the year 1865, when
+            the famed and dreaded privateer <span class=
+            "tei tei-name"><span style=
+            "font-style: italic">Shenandoah</span></span> burned <span class=
+            "tei tei-hi"><span style=
+            "font-style: italic">thirty</span></span> American whale-ships,
+            and the natives had then a considerable amount of wreckage,
+            including complete boats, which had come ashore. <span class=
+            "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Vide</span></span>
+            the author’s work, <span class="tei tei-q">“Travel and Adventure
+            in the Territory of Alaska,”</span> &amp;c.</dd>
+
+            <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_30" name="note_30"
+            href="#noteref_30">30.</a></dt>
+
+            <dd class="tei tei-notetext">In the summer of 1843 Middendorf
+            explored the coasts and neighbourhood of Cape Taimyr, and looking
+            seawards to the Polar Ocean, saw open water.</dd>
+
+            <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_31" name="note_31"
+            href="#noteref_31">31.</a></dt>
+
+            <dd class="tei tei-notetext">The writer has spelt the word
+            phonetically. It is impossible to render more than the sound of a
+            Russian word in English, and any attempt to Anglicise the Russian
+            spelling must end in failure, as there are thirty-six letters in
+            that language. But from intercourse with educated Russians in
+            Kamchatka during two visits in 1865 and 1866, he knows that his
+            mode more nearly represents the sound than the versions commonly
+            adopted, one of which may be noted above in the quotation from
+            Müller, where the English translator has made the word
+            <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style=
+            "font-style: italic">Kamtschatka</span></span>.</dd>
+
+            <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_32" name="note_32"
+            href="#noteref_32">32.</a></dt>
+
+            <dd class="tei tei-notetext">We read little of these animals
+            afterwards in Parry’s narrative, and they were not, and could not
+            be, of service in the perilous and harassing journey, over broken
+            and detached <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style=
+            "font-style: italic">sea</span></span> ice, about to be
+            described.</dd>
+
+            <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_33" name="note_33"
+            href="#noteref_33">33.</a></dt>
+
+            <dd class="tei tei-notetext"><span class="tei tei-q">“Phipps’s
+            Voyage towards the North Pole.”</span></dd>
+
+            <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_34" name="note_34"
+            href="#noteref_34">34.</a></dt>
+
+            <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Sir John Franklin’s first wife died
+            on the day after the departure of the expedition from
+            England.</dd>
+
+            <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_35" name="note_35"
+            href="#noteref_35">35.</a></dt>
+
+            <dd class="tei tei-notetext">It is not desirable here to enter
+            into the detailed consideration of who first discovered the
+            North-west Passage. When Franklin sailed in 1845 there was but a
+            comparatively small gap between Parry’s furthest western point
+            (Melville Island) and Back’s Great Fish River, unexplored, and
+            Franklin did undoubtedly complete this missing link. M’Clure, as
+            we shall afterwards see, made the passage successfully and
+            independently, and his discoveries were published long before the
+            world knew anything of Franklin’s fate or the extent of his last
+            voyage. The late Sir Roderick Murchison considered Franklin
+            <span class="tei tei-q">“the first real discoverer of the
+            North-west Passage,”</span> and the inscription on his monument
+            bears witness to the same effect.</dd>
+
+            <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_36" name="note_36"
+            href="#noteref_36">36.</a></dt>
+
+            <dd class="tei tei-notetext">It will have been observed that
+            Captain Collinson, who was to have accompanied M’Clure, was never
+            able to communicate with him. This vessel, however, passed some
+            time in the Arctic waters, and some pieces of wreck purchased by
+            him from the Esquimaux, and <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style=
+            "font-style: italic">supposed</span></span> to have been parts of
+            Franklin’s vessels, the <span class="tei tei-name"><span style=
+            "font-style: italic">Erebus</span></span> and <span class=
+            "tei tei-name"><span style=
+            "font-style: italic">Terror</span></span>, were the only relics
+            which were ever obtained by any naval commander acting under
+            Government orders. Captain Parry’s discoveries, however
+            interesting in regard to the early progress of the expedition,
+            threw no light on its fate.</dd>
+
+            <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_37" name="note_37"
+            href="#noteref_37">37.</a></dt>
+
+            <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Although there is some variation in
+            the mode of preparing this comestible, it is essentially always
+            the same: lean meat, dried and cut into shreds, which is then
+            pounded up and mixed with melted beef fat, and pressed into
+            cases. Among the Indians, who have not this latter resource of
+            civilisation, gut and skins are employed, and their pemmican is
+            not, therefore, unlike a rather substantial and solid
+            sausage.</dd>
+
+            <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_38" name="note_38"
+            href="#noteref_38">38.</a></dt>
+
+            <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Conjecture is perhaps wrong at this
+            point, but the painful thought has often occurred to the writer
+            that the Esquimaux, not always quite so innocent as some writers
+            would have us believe, were the murderers of some at least of the
+            enfeebled party. Broken down by starvation, and exhausted by
+            painful travel, they would be an easy prey to the hardy natives,
+            whose cupidity might be excited by the many useful articles they
+            possessed. We have before seen how Franklin was nearly involved
+            in a serious <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style=
+            "font-style: italic">fracas</span></span> with those people, and
+            in later days it is on record that Dr. Hayes, the American
+            explorer, discovered a plot for the destruction of his
+            party.</dd>
+
+            <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_39" name="note_39"
+            href="#noteref_39">39.</a></dt>
+
+            <dd class="tei tei-notetext">There are slight discrepancies in
+            the above records, which, however, can be readily understood were
+            made in the hurry and excitement of the moment.</dd>
+
+            <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_40" name="note_40"
+            href="#noteref_40">40.</a></dt>
+
+            <dd class="tei tei-notetext">No part of the skull of either
+            skeleton was found, with the exception only of the lower jaw of
+            each.</dd>
+
+            <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_41" name="note_41"
+            href="#noteref_41">41.</a></dt>
+
+            <dd class="tei tei-notetext"><span class="tei tei-q">“Arctic
+            Explorations in the Years 1853, ’54, ’55,”</span> by Elisha Kent
+            Kane, M.D., U.S.N.</dd>
+
+            <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_42" name="note_42"
+            href="#noteref_42">42.</a></dt>
+
+            <dd class="tei tei-notetext"><span class="tei tei-q">“Summer in
+            the Antarctic Regions.”</span></dd>
+
+            <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_43" name="note_43"
+            href="#noteref_43">43.</a></dt>
+
+            <dd class="tei tei-notetext">The word <span class=
+            "tei tei-hi"><span style=
+            "font-style: italic">Arctic</span></span> is derived from the
+            Greek, and signifies <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style=
+            "font-style: italic">of</span></span>, or <span class=
+            "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">belonging to the
+            bear</span></span>.</dd>
+
+            <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_44" name="note_44"
+            href="#noteref_44">44.</a></dt>
+
+            <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Captain Dumont D’Urville commanded
+            an expedition dispatched by France in 1837 for the express
+            purpose of exploring the Antarctic, and Lieutenant Wilkes, U.S.N.
+            had a similar commission the same year. Wilkes and D’Urville
+            sighted each other’s vessels on one occasion, but through a
+            mistake did not communicate.</dd>
+
+            <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_45" name="note_45"
+            href="#noteref_45">45.</a></dt>
+
+            <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Don Cristoval Colon. The port now
+            generally termed Aspinwall, on the Atlantic side of the Isthmus
+            of Panama, was long, and is sometimes nowadays known as
+            Colon.</dd>
+
+            <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_46" name="note_46"
+            href="#noteref_46">46.</a></dt>
+
+            <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Translation of the history by Don
+            Ferdinand Columbus in Churchill’s Collection of Voyages and
+            Travels.</dd>
+
+            <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_47" name="note_47"
+            href="#noteref_47">47.</a></dt>
+
+            <dd class="tei tei-notetext">They had been seventy days on the
+            passage from Spain.</dd>
+
+            <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_48" name="note_48"
+            href="#noteref_48">48.</a></dt>
+
+            <dd class="tei tei-notetext"><span class=
+            "tei tei-q">“Land-lubber”</span> about expresses this term.</dd>
+
+            <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_49" name="note_49"
+            href="#noteref_49">49.</a></dt>
+
+            <dd class="tei tei-notetext"><span class="tei tei-q">“History of
+            the Reign of Ferdinand and Isabella.”</span></dd>
+
+            <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_50" name="note_50"
+            href="#noteref_50">50.</a></dt>
+
+            <dd class="tei tei-notetext">It must be remembered that it was
+            the received opinion of the good Roman Catholics of the period,
+            that heathen nations were outside the pale of spiritual and civil
+            rights, and that their bodies were the property of their
+            conquerors. Even Columbus recommended an exchange of native
+            slaves for the commodities required in the colony; representing,
+            moreover, that their conversion would be the more surely effected
+            in slavery! <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style=
+            "font-style: italic">Vide</span></span> Prescott’s <span class=
+            "tei tei-q">“History of the Reign of Ferdinand and
+            Isabella.”</span></dd>
+
+            <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_51" name="note_51"
+            href="#noteref_51">51.</a></dt>
+
+            <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Calicut, in the district of Malabar,
+            must not be confounded with Calcutta. Calico derives its name
+            from Calicut, once a famous manufacturing city.</dd>
+
+            <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_52" name="note_52"
+            href="#noteref_52">52.</a></dt>
+
+            <dd class="tei tei-notetext"><span class="tei tei-q">“The Voyages
+            and Discoveries of the Companions of Columbus.”</span></dd>
+
+            <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_53" name="note_53"
+            href="#noteref_53">53.</a></dt>
+
+            <dd class="tei tei-notetext">The Straits of Magellan are nearly
+            300 miles in length, and vary in breadth from one and a half to
+            thirty-three miles. The rocky cliffs and mountains which bound it
+            are in some places 3,000 to 4,000 feet in height. The passage has
+            only been used extensively since the steamship era. Now it is a
+            common highway for steamships and some sailing vessels, the
+            latter being often towed through by steam tugs.</dd>
+
+            <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_54" name="note_54"
+            href="#noteref_54">54.</a></dt>
+
+            <dd class="tei tei-notetext">First discovered by Tasman in
+            1642.</dd>
+          </dl>
+        </div>
+      </div>
+      <hr class="doublepage" />
+
+      <div class="boxed tei tei-div" style=
+      "margin-bottom: 5.00em; margin-top: 5.00em">
+        <a name="pdf77" id="pdf77"></a><a name="toc78" id="toc78"></a>
+
+        <h1 class="tei tei-head" style=
+        "text-align: center; margin-bottom: 3.46em; margin-top: 3.46em">
+        <span style="font-size: 173%">Transcriber’s Note</span></h1>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">The illustrations
+        have been moved so that they do not break up paragraphs and are near
+        the text they illustrate, thus the page number of the illustration
+        might not match the page number in the List of Illustrations.</p>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Pages which
+        contain only an image have been left out in the pagination on the
+        margin.</p>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Several
+        illustrations which were missing from the List of Illustrations have
+        been added to it. They can be identified by the missing page numbers
+        in the list.</p>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">The following
+        changes have been made to the text:</p>
+
+        <table summary="This is a list." class="tei tei-list" style=
+        "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em">
+          <tbody>
+            <tr class="tei tei-labelitem">
+              <th class="tei tei-label"></th>
+
+              <td class="tei tei-item"><a href="#corriv" class=
+              "tei tei-ref">page iv</a>, <span class=
+              "tei tei-q">“Portugese”</span> changed to <span class=
+              "tei tei-q">“Portuguese”</span> (three times)</td>
+            </tr>
+
+            <tr class="tei tei-labelitem">
+              <th class="tei tei-label"></th>
+
+              <td class="tei tei-item"><a href="#corr007" class=
+              "tei tei-ref">page 7</a>, <span class=
+              "tei tei-q">“sudddenly”</span> changed to <span class=
+              "tei tei-q">“suddenly”</span></td>
+            </tr>
+
+            <tr class="tei tei-labelitem">
+              <th class="tei tei-label"></th>
+
+              <td class="tei tei-item"><a href="#corr021" class=
+              "tei tei-ref">page 21</a>, comma changed to period after
+              <span class="tei tei-q">“fleet”</span></td>
+            </tr>
+
+            <tr class="tei tei-labelitem">
+              <th class="tei tei-label"></th>
+
+              <td class="tei tei-item"><a href="#corr027" class=
+              "tei tei-ref">page 27</a>, <span class=
+              "tei tei-q">“armanent”</span> changed to <span class=
+              "tei tei-q">“armament”</span></td>
+            </tr>
+
+            <tr class="tei tei-labelitem">
+              <th class="tei tei-label"></th>
+
+              <td class="tei tei-item"><a href="#corr041" class=
+              "tei tei-ref">page 41</a>, double quote changed to single quote
+              after <span class="tei tei-q">“them.”</span></td>
+            </tr>
+
+            <tr class="tei tei-labelitem">
+              <th class="tei tei-label"></th>
+
+              <td class="tei tei-item"><a href="#corr060" class=
+              "tei tei-ref">page 60</a>, <span class=
+              "tei tei-q">“were”</span> changed to <span class=
+              "tei tei-q">“where”</span></td>
+            </tr>
+
+            <tr class="tei tei-labelitem">
+              <th class="tei tei-label"></th>
+
+              <td class="tei tei-item"><a href="#corr134" class=
+              "tei tei-ref">page 134</a>, <span class=
+              "tei tei-q">“Vere”</span> changed to <span class=
+              "tei tei-q">“Veer”</span></td>
+            </tr>
+
+            <tr class="tei tei-labelitem">
+              <th class="tei tei-label"></th>
+
+              <td class="tei tei-item"><a href="#corr201" class=
+              "tei tei-ref">page 201</a>, period added after <span class=
+              "tei tei-q">“northward”</span></td>
+            </tr>
+
+            <tr class="tei tei-labelitem">
+              <th class="tei tei-label"></th>
+
+              <td class="tei tei-item"><a href="#corr212" class=
+              "tei tei-ref">page 212</a>, quote mark added after <span class=
+              "tei tei-q">“putrid.”</span></td>
+            </tr>
+
+            <tr class="tei tei-labelitem">
+              <th class="tei tei-label"></th>
+
+              <td class="tei tei-item"><a href="#corr229" class=
+              "tei tei-ref">page 229</a>, prime added after <span class=
+              "tei tei-q">“43”</span>, prime changed to double prime after
+              <span class="tei tei-q">“15”</span></td>
+            </tr>
+
+            <tr class="tei tei-labelitem">
+              <th class="tei tei-label"></th>
+
+              <td class="tei tei-item"><a href="#corr246" class=
+              "tei tei-ref">page 246</a>, quote mark added before
+              <span class="tei tei-q">“It”</span></td>
+            </tr>
+
+            <tr class="tei tei-labelitem">
+              <th class="tei tei-label"></th>
+
+              <td class="tei tei-item"><a href="#corr249" class=
+              "tei tei-ref">page 249</a>, quote mark added after <span class=
+              "tei tei-q">“superb.”</span></td>
+            </tr>
+
+            <tr class="tei tei-labelitem">
+              <th class="tei tei-label"></th>
+
+              <td class="tei tei-item"><a href="#corr251" class=
+              "tei tei-ref">page 251</a>, quote mark added after <span class=
+              "tei tei-q">“land.”</span></td>
+            </tr>
+
+            <tr class="tei tei-labelitem">
+              <th class="tei tei-label"></th>
+
+              <td class="tei tei-item"><a href="#corr271" class=
+              "tei tei-ref">page 271</a>, quote mark added after <span class=
+              "tei tei-q">“ice.”</span></td>
+            </tr>
+
+            <tr class="tei tei-labelitem">
+              <th class="tei tei-label"></th>
+
+              <td class="tei tei-item"><a href="#corr275" class=
+              "tei tei-ref">page 275</a>, comma changed to period after
+              <span class="tei tei-q">“whales”</span></td>
+            </tr>
+
+            <tr class="tei tei-labelitem">
+              <th class="tei tei-label"></th>
+
+              <td class="tei tei-item"><a href="#corr299" class=
+              "tei tei-ref">page 299</a>, quote mark removed before
+              <span class="tei tei-q">“On”</span></td>
+            </tr>
+
+            <tr class="tei tei-labelitem">
+              <th class="tei tei-label"></th>
+
+              <td class="tei tei-item"><a href="#corr310" class=
+              "tei tei-ref">page 310</a>, quote mark added after <span class=
+              "tei tei-q">“fate!”</span></td>
+            </tr>
+
+            <tr class="tei tei-labelitem">
+              <th class="tei tei-label"></th>
+
+              <td class="tei tei-item"><a href="#corr319" class=
+              "tei tei-ref">page 319</a>, double <span class=
+              "tei tei-q">“to”</span> removed</td>
+            </tr>
+          </tbody>
+        </table>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Differences
+        between the table of contents and the chapter summaries have not been
+        corrected. Neither have variations in hyphenation been
+        normalized.</p>
+      </div>
+      <hr class="doublepage" />
+
+      <div class="tei tei-div" style=
+      "margin-bottom: 5.00em; margin-top: 5.00em">
+        <div id="pgfooter" class="tei tei-div" style=
+        "margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em">
+          <pre class="pre tei tei-div" style=
+          "margin-bottom: 3.00em; margin-top: 3.00em">
+***END OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE SEA: ITS STIRRING STORY OF ADVENTURE, PERIL, &amp; HEROISM. VOLUME 3***
+</pre>
+          <hr class="doublepage" />
+
+          <div class="tei tei-div" style=
+          "margin-bottom: 3.00em; margin-top: 3.00em">
+            <a name="rightpageheader79" id="rightpageheader79"></a><a name=
+            "pgtoc80" id="pgtoc80"></a><a name="pdf81" id="pdf81"></a>
+
+            <h1 class="tei tei-head" style=
+            "text-align: center; margin-bottom: 3.46em; margin-top: 3.46em">
+            <span style="font-size: 173%">Credits</span></h1>
+
+            <table summary="This is a list." class="tei tei-list" style=
+            "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em">
+              <tbody>
+                <tr>
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author	Roger Frank <rfrank@pglaf.org>	2025-10-14 20:12:35 -0700
committer	Roger Frank <rfrank@pglaf.org>	2025-10-14 20:12:35 -0700
commit	0da7e77decca77780e2927b1576253700267ef4b (patch)
tree	16adc3dbb7fd1d4eabcf04cda671f0715b9fbc05 /39343-h