initial commit of ebook 39342HEAD main

author: Roger Frank <rfrank@pglaf.org> 2025-10-14 20:12:33 -0700
committer: Roger Frank <rfrank@pglaf.org> 2025-10-14 20:12:33 -0700
commit: abbbae0a4a0825d07c6c844b048bb04b4aa2d5bc (patch)
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+  <meta name="DC.Creator" content="Frederick Whymper" />
+  <meta name="DC.Title" content=
+  "The Sea: Its Stirring Story of Adventure, Peril, &amp; Heroism. Volume 2" />
+  <meta name="DC.Date" content="April 1, 2012" />
+  <meta name="DC.Language" content="English" />
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+  <title>The Project Gutenberg EBook of The Sea: Its Stirring Story of
+  Adventure, Peril, &amp; Heroism. Volume 2 by Frederick Whymper</title>
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+  "margin-bottom: 2.00em; margin-top: 2.00em">
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+    "margin-bottom: 6.00em; margin-top: 2.00em">
+      <div class="tei tei-div" style=
+      "margin-bottom: 5.00em; margin-top: 5.00em">
+        <div id="pgheader" class="tei tei-div" style=
+        "margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em">
+          <div class="tei tei-div" style=
+          "margin-bottom: 3.00em; margin-top: 3.00em">
+            <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 2.00em">The Project
+            Gutenberg EBook of The Sea: Its Stirring Story of Adventure,
+            Peril, &amp; Heroism. Volume 2 by Frederick Whymper</p>
+          </div>
+
+          <div class="tei tei-div" style=
+          "margin-bottom: 3.00em; margin-top: 3.00em">
+            <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">This eBook is
+            for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with almost no
+            restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or re-use
+            it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License <a href=
+            "#pglicense" class="tei tei-ref">included with this eBook</a> or
+            online at <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/license" class=
+            "tei tei-xref">http://www.gutenberg.org/license</a></p>
+          </div>
+          <pre class="pre tei tei-div" style=
+          "margin-bottom: 3.00em; margin-top: 3.00em">
+Title: The Sea: Its Stirring Story of Adventure, Peril, &amp; Heroism. Volume 2
+
+Author: Frederick Whymper
+
+Release Date: April 1, 2012 [Ebook #39342]
+
+Language: English
+
+Character set encoding: UTF-8
+
+
+***START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE SEA: ITS STIRRING STORY OF ADVENTURE, PERIL, &amp; HEROISM. VOLUME 2***
+</pre>
+        </div>
+      </div>
+
+      <div class="tei tei-div" style=
+      "margin-bottom: 5.00em; margin-top: 5.00em"></div>
+      <hr class="doublepage" />
+
+      <div class="tei tei-div" style=
+      "margin-bottom: 5.00em; margin-top: 5.00em">
+        <div class="tei tei-pb"></div><a name="ill001" id="ill001" class=
+        "tei tei-anchor"></a>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"></p>
+
+        <div class="tei tei-figure" style="text-align: center">
+          <img src="images/illo_001.jpg" alt="THE NAVAL FLAGS OF THE WORLD"
+          title="THE NAVAL FLAGS OF THE WORLD." />
+
+          <div class="tei tei-head" style=
+          "text-align: center; margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em">
+            THE NAVAL FLAGS OF THE WORLD.
+          </div>
+        </div>
+      </div>
+      <hr class="page" />
+
+      <div class="tei tei-titlePage" style="text-align: center">
+        <div class="tei tei-pb" style="text-align: center"></div><span class=
+        "tei tei-docTitle" style="text-align: center"><span class=
+        "tei tei-titlePart" style="text-align: center"><span class=
+        "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: center"><span style=
+        "font-size: 173%; font-variant: small-caps">The
+        Sea</span></span></span><br />
+        <br />
+        <span class="tei tei-titlePart" style=
+        "text-align: center"><span class="tei tei-hi" style=
+        "text-align: center"><span style=
+        "font-size: 144%; font-style: italic">Its Stirring Story of
+        Adventure, Peril, &amp; Heroism.</span></span></span></span><br />
+        <br />
+        <br />
+
+        <div class="tei tei-byline" style="text-align: center">
+          BY<br />
+          <br />
+          <span class="tei tei-docAuthor" style=
+          "text-align: center"><span style="font-size: 120%">F.
+          WHYMPER,</span></span><br />
+          <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: center"><span style=
+          "font-size: 75%">AUTHOR OF</span> <span class="tei tei-q" style=
+          "text-align: center"><span style=
+          "font-size: 75%">“</span><span style="font-size: 75%">TRAVELS IN
+          ALASKA,</span><span style="font-size: 75%">”</span></span>
+          <span style="font-size: 75%">ETC.</span></span>
+        </div><br />
+        <br />
+        <span class="tei tei-titlePart" style=
+        "text-align: center"><span class="tei tei-hi" style=
+        "text-align: center"><span style=
+        "font-style: italic">ILLUSTRATED.</span></span></span><br />
+        <br />
+        <br />
+        <span class="tei tei-titlePart" style=
+        "text-align: center">*&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;*</span><br />
+        <br />
+        <br />
+        <span class="tei tei-docImprint" style=
+        "text-align: center"><span class="tei tei-publisher" style=
+        "text-align: center"><span class="tei tei-hi" style=
+        "text-align: center"><span style=
+        "font-size: 120%; font-variant: small-caps">Cassell Petter &amp;
+        Galpin</span></span><span style=
+        "font-size: 120%">:</span></span><br />
+        <span class="tei tei-pubPlace" style=
+        "text-align: center"><span class="tei tei-hi" style=
+        "text-align: center"><span style="font-style: italic">LONDON, PARIS
+        &amp; NEW YORK</span></span>.</span></span><br />
+        <span class="tei tei-titlePart" style=
+        "text-align: center"><span style="font-size: 75%">[ALL RIGHTS
+        RESERVED]</span></span>
+
+        <div class="tei tei-pb" style="text-align: center"></div>
+      </div>
+      <hr class="page" />
+
+      <div class="tei tei-div" style=
+      "margin-bottom: 5.00em; margin-top: 5.00em">
+        <span class="tei tei-pb" id="pageiii">[pg iii]</span><a name="Pgiii"
+        id="Pgiii" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> <a name="toc1" id=
+        "toc1"></a><a name="pdf2" id="pdf2"></a>
+
+        <h1 class="tei tei-head" style=
+        "text-align: center; margin-bottom: 3.46em; margin-top: 3.46em">
+        <span style="font-size: 173%">CONTENTS.</span></h1><a name="Pgv" id=
+        "Pgv" class="tei tei-anchor"></a><a name="Pgvi" id="Pgvi" class=
+        "tei tei-anchor"></a>
+
+        <table summary="This is a table" cellspacing="0" class=
+        "tei tei-table" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+          <colgroup span="2"></colgroup>
+
+          <tbody>
+            <tr class="tei tei-row">
+              <td class="tei tei-cell" style="text-align: center">
+              <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: center"><a href=
+              "#chap01" class="tei tei-ref" style=
+              "text-align: center"><span style="font-size: 120%">CHAPTER
+              I.</span></a></span></td>
+
+              <td class="tei tei-cell" style="text-align: right"></td>
+            </tr>
+
+            <tr class="tei tei-row">
+              <td class="tei tei-cell" style="text-align: center"><a href=
+              "#chap01" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: center">THE
+              HISTORY OF SHIPS AND SHIPPING INTERESTS (<span class=
+              "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: center"><span style=
+              "font-style: italic">continued</span></span>).</a></td>
+
+              <td class="tei tei-cell" style="text-align: right"><span class=
+              "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: right"><span style=
+              "font-size: 75%">PAGE</span></span></td>
+            </tr>
+
+            <tr class="tei tei-row">
+              <td class="tei tei-cell">Extent of the Subject—The First
+              American Colony—Hostilities with the Indians—117 Settlers
+              Missing—Raleigh’s Search for El Dorado—Little or no Gold
+              discovered—2,000 Spaniards engage in another Search—Disastrous
+              Results—Dutch Rivalry with the English—Establishment of two
+              American Trading Companies—Of the East India Company—Their
+              first Great Ship—Enormous Profits of the Venture—A
+              Digression—Officers of the Company in Modern Times—Their Grand
+              Perquisites—Another Naval Hero—Monson a Captain at Eighteen—His
+              appreciation of Stratagem—An Eleven Hours’ hand-to-hand
+              Contest—Out of Water at Sea—Monson two years a Galley
+              Slave—Treachery of the Earl of Cumberland—The Cadiz
+              Expedition—Cutting out a Treasure Ship—Prize worth
+              £200,000—James I. and his Great Ship—Monson as Guardian of the
+              Narrow Seas—After the British Pirates—One of their Haunts—A
+              Novel Scheme—Monson as a Pirate himself—Meeting of the sham and
+              real Pirates—Capture of a Number—Frightened into
+              Penitence—Another caught by a <span class=
+              "tei tei-name"><span style=
+              "font-style: italic">ruse</span></span></td>
+
+              <td class="tei tei-cell" style="text-align: right">1</td>
+            </tr>
+
+            <tr class="tei tei-row">
+              <td class="tei tei-cell" style="text-align: center">
+              <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: center"><a href=
+              "#chap02" class="tei tei-ref" style=
+              "text-align: center"><span style="font-size: 120%">CHAPTER
+              II.</span></a></span></td>
+
+              <td class="tei tei-cell" style="text-align: right"></td>
+            </tr>
+
+            <tr class="tei tei-row">
+              <td class="tei tei-cell" style="text-align: center"><a href=
+              "#chap02" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: center">THE
+              HISTORY OF SHIPS AND SHIPPING INTERESTS (<span class=
+              "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: center"><span style=
+              "font-style: italic">continued</span></span>).</a></td>
+
+              <td class="tei tei-cell" style="text-align: right"></td>
+            </tr>
+
+            <tr class="tei tei-row">
+              <td class="tei tei-cell">Charles I. and Ship Money—Improvements
+              made by him in the Navy—His great Ship, the <span class=
+              "tei tei-name"><span style="font-style: italic">Royal
+              Sovereign</span></span>—The Navigation Laws of
+              Cromwell—Consequent War with the Dutch—Capture of Grand Spanish
+              Prizes—Charles II. seizes 130 Dutch Ships—Van Tromp and the
+              Action at Harwich—De Ruyter in the Medway and Thames—Peace—War
+              with France—La Hogue—Peter the Great and his Naval
+              Studies—Visit to Sardam—Difficulty of remaining <span class=
+              "tei tei-hi"><span style=
+              "font-style: italic">incognito</span></span>—Cooks his own
+              Food—His Assiduity and Earnestness—A kind-hearted
+              Barbarian—Gives a Grand Banquet and <span class=
+              "tei tei-hi"><span style=
+              "font-style: italic">Fête</span></span>—Conveyed to England—His
+              stay at Evelyn’s Place—Studies at Deptford—Visits Palaces and
+              Public-houses—His Intemperance—Presents the King with a £10,000
+              Ruby—Engages numbers of English Mechanics—Return to
+              Russia—Rapid increase in his Navy—Determines to Build St.
+              Petersburg—Arrivals of the First Merchantmen—Splendid Treatment
+              of their Captains—Law’s Mississippi Scheme and the South Sea
+              Bubble—Two Nations gone Mad—The <span class=
+              "tei tei-q">“Bubble”</span> to pay the National Debt—Its one
+              Solitary Ship—Noble and Plebeian Stockbrokers—Rise and Fall of
+              the Bubble—Directors made to Disgorge</td>
+
+              <td class="tei tei-cell" style="text-align: right">28</td>
+            </tr>
+
+            <tr class="tei tei-row">
+              <td class="tei tei-cell" style="text-align: center">
+              <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: center"><a href=
+              "#chap03" class="tei tei-ref" style=
+              "text-align: center"><span style="font-size: 120%">CHAPTER
+              III.</span></a></span></td>
+
+              <td class="tei tei-cell" style="text-align: right"></td>
+            </tr>
+
+            <tr class="tei tei-row">
+              <td class="tei tei-cell" style="text-align: center"><a href=
+              "#chap03" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: center">THE
+              HISTORY OF SHIPS AND SHIPPING INTERESTS (<span class=
+              "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: center"><span style=
+              "font-style: italic">continued</span></span>).</a></td>
+
+              <td class="tei tei-cell" style="text-align: right"></td>
+            </tr>
+
+            <tr class="tei tei-row">
+              <td class="tei tei-cell">A Grand Epoch of Discovery—Anson’s
+              Voyage—Difficulties of manning the Fleet—Five Hundred Invalided
+              Pensioners drafted—The Spanish Squadron under Pizarro—Its
+              Disastrous Voyage—One Vessel run ashore—Rats at Four Dollars
+              each—A Man-of-war held by eleven Indians—Anson at the
+              Horn—Fearful Outbreak of Scurvy—Ashore at Robinson Crusoe’s
+              Island—Death of two-thirds of the Crews—Beauty of Juan
+              Fernandez—Loss of the <span class="tei tei-name"><span style=
+              "font-style: italic">Wager</span></span>—Drunken and
+              Insubordinate Crew—Attempt to blow up the Captain—A Midshipman
+              shot—Desertion of the Ship’s Company—Prizes taken by Anson—His
+              Humanity to Prisoners—The <span class=
+              "tei tei-name"><span style=
+              "font-style: italic">Gloucester</span></span> abandoned at
+              Sea—Delightful Stay at Tinian—The <span class=
+              "tei tei-name"><span style=
+              "font-style: italic">Centurion</span></span> blown out to
+              Sea—Despair of those on Shore—Its safe Return—Capture of the
+              Manilla Galleon—A hot Fight—Prize worth a Million and a half
+              Dollars—Return to England</td>
+
+              <td class="tei tei-cell" style="text-align: right">45</td>
+            </tr>
+
+            <tr class="tei tei-row">
+              <td class="tei tei-cell" style="text-align: center">
+              <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: center"><a href=
+              "#chap04" class="tei tei-ref" style=
+              "text-align: center"><span style="font-size: 120%">CHAPTER
+              IV.</span></a></span></td>
+
+              <td class="tei tei-cell" style="text-align: right"></td>
+            </tr>
+
+            <tr class="tei tei-row">
+              <td class="tei tei-cell" style="text-align: center"><a href=
+              "#chap04" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: center">THE
+              HISTORY OF SHIPS AND SHIPPING INTERESTS (<span class=
+              "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: center"><span style=
+              "font-style: italic">continued</span></span>).</a></td>
+
+              <td class="tei tei-cell" style="text-align: right"></td>
+            </tr>
+
+            <tr class="tei tei-row">
+              <td class="tei tei-cell">Progress of the American
+              Colonies—Great Prevalence of Piracy—Numerous Captures and
+              Executions—A Proclamation of Pardon—John Theach, or
+              <span class="tei tei-q">“Black Beard”</span>—A Desperate
+              Pirate—Hand-and-glove with the Governor of North
+              Carolina—Pretends to accept the King’s Pardon—A Blind—His
+              Defeat and Death—Unwise Legislation and consequent
+              Irritation—The Stamp Act—The Tea Tax—Enormous
+              Excitement—Tea-chests thrown into Boston Harbour—Determined
+              Attitude of the American Colonists—The Boston Port Bill—Its
+              Effects—Sympathy of all America—The final Rupture—England’s
+              Wars to the end of the Century—Nelson and the Nile—Battle of
+              Copenhagen</td>
+
+              <td class="tei tei-cell" style="text-align: right">62</td>
+            </tr>
+
+            <tr class="tei tei-row">
+              <td class="tei tei-cell" style="text-align: center">
+              <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: center"><a href=
+              "#chap05" class="tei tei-ref" style=
+              "text-align: center"><span style="font-size: 120%">CHAPTER
+              V.</span></a></span></td>
+
+              <td class="tei tei-cell" style="text-align: right"></td>
+            </tr>
+
+            <tr class="tei tei-row">
+              <td class="tei tei-cell" style="text-align: center"><a href=
+              "#chap05" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: center">THE
+              HISTORY OF SHIPS AND SHIPPING INTERESTS (<span class=
+              "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: center"><span style=
+              "font-style: italic">continued</span></span>).</a></td>
+
+              <td class="tei tei-cell" style="text-align: right"></td>
+            </tr>
+
+            <tr class="tei tei-row">
+              <td class="tei tei-cell">Early Paddle-boats—Worked by Animal
+              Power—Blasco de Garay’s Experiment—Solomon de Caus—David
+              Ramsey’s Engines—The Marquis of Worcester—A Horse-boat—Boats
+              worked by Water—By Springs—By Gunpowder—Patrick Miller’s Triple
+              Vessel—Double Vessels worked by Capstans—The First Practical
+              Steam-boat—Symington’s <span class="tei tei-pb" id="pageiv">[pg
+              iv]</span><a name="Pgiv" id="Pgiv" class=
+              "tei tei-anchor"></a>Engines—The Second Steamer—The
+              <span class="tei tei-name"><span style=
+              "font-style: italic">Charlotte Dundas</span></span>—American
+              Enterprise—James Rumsey’s Oar-boats worked by Steam—Poor
+              Fitch—Before his Age—Robert Fulton—His Torpedo
+              Experiments—Wonderful Submarine Boat—Experiments at Brest and
+              Deal—His first Steam-boat—Breaks in Pieces—Trip of the
+              <span class="tei tei-name"><span style=
+              "font-style: italic">Clermont</span></span>, the first American
+              Steamer—Opposition to his Vessels—A Pendulum Boat—The first
+              Steam War-ship—Henry Bell’s <span class=
+              "tei tei-name"><span style=
+              "font-style: italic">Comet</span></span></td>
+
+              <td class="tei tei-cell" style="text-align: right">77</td>
+            </tr>
+
+            <tr class="tei tei-row">
+              <td class="tei tei-cell" style="text-align: center">
+              <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: center"><a href=
+              "#chap06" class="tei tei-ref" style=
+              "text-align: center"><span style="font-size: 120%">CHAPTER
+              VI.</span></a></span></td>
+
+              <td class="tei tei-cell" style="text-align: right"></td>
+            </tr>
+
+            <tr class="tei tei-row">
+              <td class="tei tei-cell" style="text-align: center"><a href=
+              "#chap06" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: center">THE
+              HISTORY OF SHIPS AND SHIPPING INTERESTS (<span class=
+              "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: center"><span style=
+              "font-style: italic">continued</span></span>).</a></td>
+
+              <td class="tei tei-cell" style="text-align: right"></td>
+            </tr>
+
+            <tr class="tei tei-row">
+              <td class="tei tei-cell">The Clyde and its Ship-building
+              Interests—From Henry Bell to Modern Ship-builders—The First
+              Royal Naval Steamer—The First regular Sea-going Steamer—The
+              Revolution in Ship-building—The Iron Age—<span class=
+              "tei tei-q">“Will Iron Float?”</span>—The Invention of the
+              Screw-propeller—Ericsson, Smith, and Woodcroft—American
+              ’Cuteness—Captain Stockton and his Boat—The First Steamer to
+              Cross the Atlantic—Voyages of the <span class=
+              "tei tei-name"><span style=
+              "font-style: italic">Sirius</span></span> and <span class=
+              "tei tei-name"><span style="font-style: italic">Great
+              Western</span></span>—The International Struggle—The Collins
+              and Cunard Lines—Fate of the <span class=
+              "tei tei-name"><span style=
+              "font-style: italic">Arctic</span></span>—The <span class=
+              "tei tei-name"><span style=
+              "font-style: italic">Pacific</span></span> never heard of
+              more—Why the Cunard Company has been Successful—Splendid
+              Discipline on board their Vessels—The Fleets that leave the
+              Mersey</td>
+
+              <td class="tei tei-cell" style="text-align: right">97</td>
+            </tr>
+
+            <tr class="tei tei-row">
+              <td class="tei tei-cell" style="text-align: center">
+              <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: center"><a href=
+              "#chap07" class="tei tei-ref" style=
+              "text-align: center"><span style="font-size: 120%">CHAPTER
+              VII.</span></a></span></td>
+
+              <td class="tei tei-cell" style="text-align: right"></td>
+            </tr>
+
+            <tr class="tei tei-row">
+              <td class="tei tei-cell" style="text-align: center"><a href=
+              "#chap07" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: center">THE
+              HISTORY OF SHIPS AND SHIPPING INTERESTS (<span class=
+              "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: center"><span style=
+              "font-style: italic">continued</span></span>).</a></td>
+
+              <td class="tei tei-cell" style="text-align: right"></td>
+            </tr>
+
+            <tr class="tei tei-row">
+              <td class="tei tei-cell">A Contrast—Floating Palaces and
+              <span class="tei tei-q">“Coffin-ships”</span>—Mr. Plimsoll’s
+              Appeal—His Philanthropic Efforts—Use of Old
+              Charts—Badly-constructed Ships—A Doomed Ship—Owner’s Gains by
+              her Loss—A Sensible Deserter—Overloading—The Widows and
+              Fatherless—Other Risks of the Sailor’s Life—Scurvy—Improper
+              Cargoes—<span class="tei tei-q">“Unclassed
+              Vessels”</span>—<span class="tei tei-q">“Lloyd’s”</span> and
+              its History</td>
+
+              <td class="tei tei-cell" style="text-align: right">112</td>
+            </tr>
+
+            <tr class="tei tei-row">
+              <td class="tei tei-cell" style="text-align: center">
+              <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: center"><a href=
+              "#chap08" class="tei tei-ref" style=
+              "text-align: center"><span style="font-size: 120%">CHAPTER
+              VIII.</span></a></span></td>
+
+              <td class="tei tei-cell" style="text-align: right"></td>
+            </tr>
+
+            <tr class="tei tei-row">
+              <td class="tei tei-cell" style="text-align: center"><a href=
+              "#chap08" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: center">THE
+              HISTORY OF SHIPS AND SHIPPING INTERESTS <span class=
+              "tei tei-sic" style="text-align: center">(<span class=
+              "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: center"><span style=
+              "font-style: italic">continued</span></span>.)</span></a></td>
+
+              <td class="tei tei-cell" style="text-align: right"></td>
+            </tr>
+
+            <tr class="tei tei-row">
+              <td class="tei tei-cell">The Largest Ship in the World—History
+              of the <span class="tei tei-name"><span style=
+              "font-style: italic">Great Eastern</span></span>—Why she was
+              Built—Brunel and Scott Russell—Story of the Launch—Powerful
+              Machinery Employed—Christened by Miss Hope—Failure to move her
+              more than a few feet—A Sad Accident—Launching by Inches—Afloat
+              at last—Dimensions—Accommodations—The Grand Saloon—The
+              Paddle-wheel and Screw Engines—First Sea Trip—Speed—In her
+              first Gale—Serious Explosion on Board off Hastings—Proves a
+              fine Sea-boat—Drowning of her Captain and others—First
+              Transatlantic Voyage—Defects in Boilers and Machinery—Behaves
+              splendidly in mid-ocean—Grand Reception in New York—Subsequent
+              Trips—Used as a Troop-ship to Canada—Carried out 2,600
+              Soldiers—An eventful Passenger Trip—Caught in a Cyclone
+              Hurricane—Her Paddles almost wrenched away—Rudder
+              Disabled—Boats carried away—Shifting of Heavy Cargo—The
+              Leviathan a Gigantic Waif on the Ocean—Return to Cork</td>
+
+              <td class="tei tei-cell" style="text-align: right">129</td>
+            </tr>
+
+            <tr class="tei tei-row">
+              <td class="tei tei-cell" style="text-align: center">
+              <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: center"><a href=
+              "#chap09" class="tei tei-ref" style=
+              "text-align: center"><span style="font-size: 120%">CHAPTER
+              IX.</span></a></span></td>
+
+              <td class="tei tei-cell" style="text-align: right"></td>
+            </tr>
+
+            <tr class="tei tei-row">
+              <td class="tei tei-cell" style="text-align: center"><a href=
+              "#chap09" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: center">THE
+              HISTORY OF SHIPS AND SHIPPING INTERESTS (<span class=
+              "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: center"><span style=
+              "font-style: italic">continued</span></span>).</a></td>
+
+              <td class="tei tei-cell" style="text-align: right"></td>
+            </tr>
+
+            <tr class="tei tei-row">
+              <td class="tei tei-cell">The Ironclad Question—One of the
+              Topics of the Day—What is to be their Value in Warfare?—Story
+              of the Dummy Ironclad—Two real Ironclads vanquished by
+              it—Experience on board an American Monitor—Visit of the
+              <span class="tei tei-name"><span style=
+              "font-style: italic">Miantonoma</span></span> to St. John’s—Her
+              Tour round the World—Her Turrets and interior
+              Arrangements—Firing off the Big Guns—Inside the
+              Turret—<span class="tei tei-q">“Prepare!”</span>—Effects of the
+              Firing—A Boatswain’s-mate’s Opinion—The <span class=
+              "tei tei-name"><span style=
+              "font-style: italic">Monitor</span></span> goes round the World
+              safely—Few of the Original American Ironclads left—English
+              Ironclads—The <span class="tei tei-name"><span style=
+              "font-style: italic">Warrior</span></span>—Various
+              Types—Iron-built—Wood-built—Wood-covered—The Greatest Result
+              yet attained, the <span class="tei tei-name"><span style=
+              "font-style: italic">Inflexible</span></span>—Circular
+              Ironclads—The <span class="tei tei-q">“<span class=
+              "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Garde
+              Côtes</span></span>”</span>—Cost of Ironclads—The Torpedo
+              Question—The Marquis of Worcester’s Inventions—Bishop Wilkins’
+              Subaqueous Ark—Fulton’s Experiments—A Frightened Audience—A
+              Hulk Blown Up—Government Aid to Fulton—The <span class=
+              "tei tei-name"><span style=
+              "font-style: italic">Argus</span></span> and her <span class=
+              "tei tei-q">“Crinoline”</span>—Torpedoes successfully
+              foiled—Their use during the American War—Brave Lieut.
+              Cushing—The <span class="tei tei-name"><span style=
+              "font-style: italic">Albemarle</span></span> Destroyed—Modern
+              Torpedoes: the <span class="tei tei-q">“Lay;”</span> the
+              <span class="tei tei-q">“Whitehead”</span>—Probable Manner of
+              using in an Engagement—The Ram and its Power</td>
+
+              <td class="tei tei-cell" style="text-align: right">138</td>
+            </tr>
+
+            <tr class="tei tei-row">
+              <td class="tei tei-cell" style="text-align: center">
+              <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: center"><a href=
+              "#chap10" class="tei tei-ref" style=
+              "text-align: center"><span style="font-size: 120%">CHAPTER
+              X.</span></a></span></td>
+
+              <td class="tei tei-cell" style="text-align: right"></td>
+            </tr>
+
+            <tr class="tei tei-row">
+              <td class="tei tei-cell" style="text-align: center"><a href=
+              "#chap10" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: center">THE
+              LIGHTHOUSE AND ITS HISTORY.</a></td>
+
+              <td class="tei tei-cell" style="text-align: right"></td>
+            </tr>
+
+            <tr class="tei tei-row">
+              <td class="tei tei-cell">The Lighthouse—Our most noted one in
+              Danger—The Eddystone Undermined—The Ancient History of
+              Lighthouses—The Pharos of Alexandria—Roman Light Towers at
+              Boulogne and Dover—Fire-beacons and Pitch-pots—The Tower of
+              Cordouan—The First Eddystone Lighthouse—Winstanley and his
+              Eccentricities—Difficulties of Building his Wooden
+              Structure—Resembles a Pagoda—The Structure Swept away with its
+              Inventor—Another Silk Mercer in the Field—Rudyerd’s
+              Lighthouse—Built of Wood—Stood for Fifty Years—Creditable
+              Action of Louis XIV.—Lighthouse Keeper alone with a Corpse—The
+              Horrors of a Month—Rudyerd’s Tower destroyed by Fire—Smeaton’s
+              Early History—Employed to Build the present Eddystone—Resolves
+              on a Stone Tower—Employment of <span class=
+              "tei tei-q">“Dove-tailing”</span> in Masonry—Difficulties of
+              Landing on the Rock—Peril incurred by the Workmen—The First
+              Season’s Work—Smeaton always in the Post of Danger—Watching the
+              Rock from Plymouth Hoe—The Last Season—Vibrations of the Tower
+              in a Storm—Has stood for 120 years—Joy of the Mariner when
+              <span class="tei tei-q">“The Eddystone’s in
+              Sight!”</span>—Lights in the English Channel</td>
+
+              <td class="tei tei-cell" style="text-align: right">156</td>
+            </tr>
+
+            <tr class="tei tei-row">
+              <td class="tei tei-cell" style="text-align: center">
+              <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: center"><a href=
+              "#chap11" class="tei tei-ref" style=
+              "text-align: center"><span style="font-size: 120%">CHAPTER
+              XI.</span></a></span></td>
+
+              <td class="tei tei-cell" style="text-align: right"></td>
+            </tr>
+
+            <tr class="tei tei-row">
+              <td class="tei tei-cell" style="text-align: center"><a href=
+              "#chap11" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: center">THE
+              LIGHTHOUSE (<span class="tei tei-hi" style=
+              "text-align: center"><span style=
+              "font-style: italic">continued</span></span>).</a></td>
+
+              <td class="tei tei-cell" style="text-align: right"></td>
+            </tr>
+
+            <tr class="tei tei-row">
+              <td class="tei tei-cell">The Bell Rock—The good Abbot of
+              Arberbrothok—Ralph the Rover—Rennie’s grand Lighthouse—Perils
+              of the Work—Thirty-two Men apparently doomed to Destruction—A
+              New Form of outward Construction—Its successful Completion—The
+              Skerryvore Lighthouse and Alan Stevenson—Novel Barracks on the
+              Rock—Swept Away in a Storm—The unshapely Seal and unfortunate
+              Cod—Half-starved Workmen—Out of Tobacco—Difficulties of Landing
+              the Stones—Visit of M. de Quatrefages to Héhaux—Description of
+              the Lighthouse Exterior—How it rocks—Practice <span class=
+              "tei tei-hi"><span style=
+              "font-style: italic">versus</span></span> Theory—The Interior—A
+              Parisian Apartment at Sea</td>
+
+              <td class="tei tei-cell" style="text-align: right">172</td>
+            </tr>
+
+            <tr class="tei tei-row">
+              <td class="tei tei-cell" style="text-align: center">
+              <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: center"><a href=
+              "#chap12" class="tei tei-ref" style=
+              "text-align: center"><span style="font-size: 120%">CHAPTER
+              XII.</span></a></span></td>
+
+              <td class="tei tei-cell" style="text-align: right"></td>
+            </tr>
+
+            <tr class="tei tei-row">
+              <td class="tei tei-cell" style="text-align: center"><a href=
+              "#chap12" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: center">THE
+              LIGHTHOUSE (<span class="tei tei-hi" style=
+              "text-align: center"><span style=
+              "font-style: italic">concluded</span></span>).</a></td>
+
+              <td class="tei tei-cell" style="text-align: right"></td>
+            </tr>
+
+            <tr class="tei tei-row">
+              <td class="tei tei-cell">Lighthouses on Sand—Literally screwed
+              down—The Light on Maplin Sands—That of Port Fleetwood—Iron
+              Lighthouses—The Lanterns themselves—Eddystone long illuminated
+              with Tallow Candles—Coal Fires—Revolution caused by the
+              invention of the Argand Burner—Improvements in Reflectors—The
+              Electric Light at Sea—Flashing and Revolving Lights—Coloured
+              Lights—Their Advantages and Disadvantages—Lanterns obscured by
+              Moths, Bees, and Birds</td>
+
+              <td class="tei tei-cell" style="text-align: right">182</td>
+            </tr>
+
+            <tr class="tei tei-row">
+              <td class="tei tei-cell" style="text-align: center">
+              <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: center"><a href=
+              "#chap13" class="tei tei-ref" style=
+              "text-align: center"><span style="font-size: 120%">CHAPTER
+              XIII.</span></a></span></td>
+
+              <td class="tei tei-cell" style="text-align: right"></td>
+            </tr>
+
+            <tr class="tei tei-row">
+              <td class="tei tei-cell" style="text-align: center"><a href=
+              "#chap13" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: center">THE
+              BREAKWATER.</a></td>
+
+              <td class="tei tei-cell" style="text-align: right"></td>
+            </tr>
+
+            <tr class="tei tei-row">
+              <td class="tei tei-cell">Breakwaters, Ancient and Modern—Origin
+              and History of that at Cherbourg—Stones Sunk in Wooden
+              Cones—Partial Failure of the Plan—Millions of Tons dropped to
+              the Bottom—The Breakwater temporarily abandoned—Completed by
+              Napoleon III.—A Port Bristling with Guns—Rennie’s Plymouth
+              Breakwater—Ingenious Mode of Depositing the Stones—Lessons of
+              the Sea—The Waves the best Workmen—Completion of the Work—Grand
+              Double Breakwater at Portland—The English Cherbourg—A
+              Magnificent Piece of Engineering—Utilisation of Otherwise
+              worthless Stone—900 Convicts at Work—The Great
+              Fortifications—The Verne—Gibraltar at Home—A Gigantic
+              Fosse—Portland almost Impregnable—Breakwaters Elsewhere</td>
+
+              <td class="tei tei-cell" style="text-align: right">188</td>
+            </tr>
+
+            <tr class="tei tei-row">
+              <td class="tei tei-cell" style="text-align: center">
+              <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: center"><a href=
+              "#chap14" class="tei tei-ref" style=
+              "text-align: center"><span style="font-size: 120%">CHAPTER
+              XIV.</span></a></span></td>
+
+              <td class="tei tei-cell" style="text-align: right"></td>
+            </tr>
+
+            <tr class="tei tei-row">
+              <td class="tei tei-cell" style="text-align: center"><a href=
+              "#chap14" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: center">THE
+              GREATEST STORM IN ENGLISH HISTORY.</a></td>
+
+              <td class="tei tei-cell" style="text-align: right"></td>
+            </tr>
+
+            <tr class="tei tei-row">
+              <td class="tei tei-cell">The Dangers of the Seas—England’s
+              Interest in the Matter—The Shipping and Docks of London and
+              Liverpool—The Goodwin Sands and their History—The <span class=
+              "tei tei-q">“Hovellers”</span>—The Great Gale of 1703—Defoe’s
+              Graphic Account—Thirteen Vessels of the Royal Navy
+              Lost—Accounts of Eye-witnesses—The Storm Universal over
+              England—Great Damage and Loss of Life at
+              Bristol—Plymouth—Portsmouth—Vessels Driven to Holland—At the
+              Spurn Light—Inhumanity of Deal Townsmen—A worthy Mayor saves
+              200 Lives—The Damage in the Thames—Vessels Drifting in all
+              Directions—800 Boats Lost—Loss of Life on the River—On
+              Shore—Remarkable Escapes and Casualties—London in a Condition
+              of Wreck—Great Damage to Churches—A Bishop and his Lady
+              Killed—A Remarkable Water-Spout—Total Losses Fearful</td>
+
+              <td class="tei tei-cell" style="text-align: right">197</td>
+            </tr>
+
+            <tr class="tei tei-row">
+              <td class="tei tei-cell" style="text-align: center">
+              <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: center"><a href=
+              "#chap15" class="tei tei-ref" style=
+              "text-align: center"><span style="font-size: 120%">CHAPTER
+              XV.</span></a></span></td>
+
+              <td class="tei tei-cell" style="text-align: right"></td>
+            </tr>
+
+            <tr class="tei tei-row">
+              <td class="tei tei-cell" style="text-align: center"><a href=
+              "#chap15" class="tei tei-ref" style=
+              "text-align: center"><span class="tei tei-q" style=
+              "text-align: center">“MAN THE LIFE-BOAT!”</span></a></td>
+
+              <td class="tei tei-cell" style="text-align: right"></td>
+            </tr>
+
+            <tr class="tei tei-row">
+              <td class="tei tei-cell">The Englishman’s direct interest in
+              the Sea—The History of the Life-boat and its Work—Its Origin—A
+              Coach-builder the First Inventor—Lionel Lukin’s Boat—Royal
+              Encouragement—Wreck of the <span class=
+              "tei tei-name"><span style=
+              "font-style: italic">Adventure</span></span>—The Poor Crew
+              Drowned in sight of Thousands—Good out of Evil—The South
+              Shields Committee and their Prize Boat—Wouldhave and
+              Greathead—The latter rewarded by Government, &amp;c.—Slow
+              Progress of the Life-boat Movement—The Old Boat at
+              Redcar—Organisation of the National Life-boat Institution—Sir
+              William Hillary’s Brave Deeds—Terrible Losses at the Isle of
+              Man—Loss of Three Life-boats—Reorganisation of the
+              Society—Immense Competition for a Prize—Beeching’s <span class=
+              "tei tei-q">“Self-righting”</span> Boats—Buoyancy and
+              Ballast—Dangers of the Service—A Year’s Wrecks</td>
+
+              <td class="tei tei-cell" style="text-align: right">209</td>
+            </tr>
+
+            <tr class="tei tei-row">
+              <td class="tei tei-cell" style="text-align: center">
+              <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: center"><a href=
+              "#chap16" class="tei tei-ref" style=
+              "text-align: center"><span style="font-size: 120%">CHAPTER
+              XVI.</span></a></span></td>
+
+              <td class="tei tei-cell" style="text-align: right"></td>
+            </tr>
+
+            <tr class="tei tei-row">
+              <td class="tei tei-cell" style="text-align: center"><a href=
+              "#chap16" class="tei tei-ref" style=
+              "text-align: center"><span class="tei tei-q" style=
+              "text-align: center">“MAN THE LIFE-BOAT!”</span> (<span class=
+              "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: center"><span style=
+              "font-style: italic">continued</span></span>).</a></td>
+
+              <td class="tei tei-cell" style="text-align: right"></td>
+            </tr>
+
+            <tr class="tei tei-row">
+              <td class="tei tei-cell">A <span class=
+              "tei tei-q">“Dirty”</span> Night on the Sands—Wreck of the
+              <span class="tei tei-name"><span style=
+              "font-style: italic">Samaritano</span></span>—The Vessel
+              boarded by Margate and Whitstable Men—A Gale in its Fury—The
+              Vessel breaking up—Nineteen Men in the Fore-rigging—Two Margate
+              Life-boats Wrecked—Fate of a Lugger—The Scene at
+              Ramsgate—<span class="tei tei-q">“Man the
+              Life-boat!”</span>—The good Steamer <span class=
+              "tei tei-name"><span style=
+              "font-style: italic">Aid</span></span>—The Life-boat Towed
+              out—A terrible Trip—A grand Struggle with the Elements—The Flag
+              of Distress made out—How to reach it—The Life-boat cast off—On
+              through the Breakers—The Wreck reached at last—Difficulties of
+              Rescuing the Men—The poor little Cabin-boy—The Life-boat
+              crowded—A moment of great Peril—The Steamer reached at
+              last—Back to Ramsgate—The Reward of Merit—Loss of a Passenger
+              Steamer—The Three Lost Corpses—The Emigrant Ship on the Sands—A
+              Splendid Night’s Work</td>
+
+              <td class="tei tei-cell" style="text-align: right">215</td>
+            </tr>
+
+            <tr class="tei tei-row">
+              <td class="tei tei-cell" style="text-align: center">
+              <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: center"><a href=
+              "#chap17" class="tei tei-ref" style=
+              "text-align: center"><span style="font-size: 120%">CHAPTER
+              XVII.</span></a></span></td>
+
+              <td class="tei tei-cell" style="text-align: right"></td>
+            </tr>
+
+            <tr class="tei tei-row">
+              <td class="tei tei-cell" style="text-align: center"><a href=
+              "#chap17" class="tei tei-ref" style=
+              "text-align: center"><span class="tei tei-q" style=
+              "text-align: center">“MAN THE LIFE-BOAT!”</span> (<span class=
+              "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: center"><span style=
+              "font-style: italic">continued</span></span>).</a></td>
+
+              <td class="tei tei-cell" style="text-align: right"></td>
+            </tr>
+
+            <tr class="tei tei-row">
+              <td class="tei tei-cell">A Portuguese Brig on the Sands—Futile
+              Attempts to get her off—Sudden Break-up—Great Danger to the
+              Life-boat—Great Probability of being Crushed—An Old Boatman’s
+              Feelings—The Life-boat herself on the Goodwin—Safe at
+              Last—Gratitude of the Portuguese Crew—A Blaze of Light seen
+              from Deal—Fatal Delay—Twenty-eight Lives Lost—A dark December
+              Night—The almost-deserted Wreck of the <span class=
+              "tei tei-name"><span style=
+              "font-style: italic">Providentia</span></span>—A Plucky
+              Captain—An awful Episode—The Mate beaten to Death—Hardly
+              saved—The poor little Cabin-boy’s Rescue—Another Wreck on the
+              Sands—Many Attempts to rescue the Crew—Determination of the
+              Boatmen—Victory or Death!—The <span class=
+              "tei tei-name"><span style=
+              "font-style: italic">Aid</span></span> Steamer nearly wrecked—A
+              novel and successful Experiment—Anchoring on Board—The Crew
+              Saved</td>
+
+              <td class="tei tei-cell" style="text-align: right">225</td>
+            </tr>
+
+            <tr class="tei tei-row">
+              <td class="tei tei-cell" style="text-align: center">
+              <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: center"><a href=
+              "#chap18" class="tei tei-ref" style=
+              "text-align: center"><span style="font-size: 120%">CHAPTER
+              XVIII.</span></a></span></td>
+
+              <td class="tei tei-cell" style="text-align: right"></td>
+            </tr>
+
+            <tr class="tei tei-row">
+              <td class="tei tei-cell" style="text-align: center"><a href=
+              "#chap18" class="tei tei-ref" style=
+              "text-align: center"><span class="tei tei-q" style=
+              "text-align: center">“WRECKING”</span> AS A
+              PROFESSION.</a></td>
+
+              <td class="tei tei-cell" style="text-align: right"></td>
+            </tr>
+
+            <tr class="tei tei-row">
+              <td class="tei tei-cell">Probable Fate of a rich Vessel in the
+              Middle Ages—Maritime Laws of the Period—The King’s
+              Privileges—Cœur de Lion and his Enactments—The Rôles
+              d’Oleron—False Pilots and Wicked Lords—Stringent Laws of George
+              II.—The Homeward-bound Vessel—Plotting Wreckers—Lured
+              Ashore—<span class="tei tei-q">“Dead Men Tell no
+              Tales”</span>—A Series of Facts—Brutality to a Captain and his
+              Wife—Fate of a Plunderer—Defence of a Ship against Hundreds of
+              Wreckers—Another Example—Ship Boarded by Peasantry—Police
+              Attacked by Thousands—Cavalry Charge the Wreckers—Hundreds of
+              Drunken Plunderers—A Curious Tract of the Last Century—A
+              Professional Wrecker’s Arguments—A Candid Bahama Pilot</td>
+
+              <td class="tei tei-cell" style="text-align: right">235</td>
+            </tr>
+
+            <tr class="tei tei-row">
+              <td class="tei tei-cell" style="text-align: center">
+              <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: center"><a href=
+              "#chap19" class="tei tei-ref" style=
+              "text-align: center"><span style="font-size: 120%">CHAPTER
+              XIX.</span></a></span></td>
+
+              <td class="tei tei-cell" style="text-align: right"></td>
+            </tr>
+
+            <tr class="tei tei-row">
+              <td class="tei tei-cell" style="text-align: center"><a href=
+              "#chap19" class="tei tei-ref" style=
+              "text-align: center"><span class="tei tei-q" style=
+              "text-align: center">“HOVELLING”</span> <span class=
+              "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: center"><span style=
+              "font-style: italic">v.</span></span> WRECKING.</a></td>
+
+              <td class="tei tei-cell" style="text-align: right"></td>
+            </tr>
+
+            <tr class="tei tei-row">
+              <td class="tei tei-cell">The Contrast—The <span class=
+              "tei tei-q">“Hovellers”</span> defended—Their Services—The Case
+              of the <span class="tei tei-name"><span style=
+              "font-style: italic">Albion</span></span>—Anchors and Cables
+              wanted by a disabled Vessel—Lugger wrecked on the Beach—Dangers
+              of the Hoveller’s Life—Nearly swamped by the heavy Seas—Loss of
+              a baling Bowl, and what it means—Saved on an American Ship—The
+              Lost Found—A brilliant example of Life-saving at Bideford—The
+              Small Rewards of the Hoveller’s Life—The case of <span class=
+              "tei tei-name"><span style="font-style: italic">La
+              Marguerite</span></span>—Nearly wrecked in Port—Hovellers
+              <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style=
+              "font-style: italic">v.</span></span> Wreckers—<span class=
+              "tei tei-q">“Let’s all start fair!”</span>—Praying for
+              Wrecks</td>
+
+              <td class="tei tei-cell" style="text-align: right">245</td>
+            </tr>
+
+            <tr class="tei tei-row">
+              <td class="tei tei-cell" style="text-align: center">
+              <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: center"><a href=
+              "#chap20" class="tei tei-ref" style=
+              "text-align: center"><span style="font-size: 120%">CHAPTER
+              XX.</span></a></span></td>
+
+              <td class="tei tei-cell" style="text-align: right"></td>
+            </tr>
+
+            <tr class="tei tei-row">
+              <td class="tei tei-cell" style="text-align: center"><a href=
+              "#chap20" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: center">SHIPS
+              THAT <span class="tei tei-q" style="text-align: center">“PASS
+              BY ON THE OTHER SIDE.”</span></a></td>
+
+              <td class="tei tei-cell" style="text-align: right"></td>
+            </tr>
+
+            <tr class="tei tei-row">
+              <td class="tei tei-cell">Captains and Owners—Reasons for
+              apparent Inhumanity—A Case in Point—The Wreck of the
+              <span class="tei tei-name"><span style=
+              "font-style: italic">Northfleet</span></span>—Run down by the
+              <span class="tei tei-name"><span style=
+              "font-style: italic">Murillo</span></span>—A Noble Captain—The
+              Vessel Lost, with a Hundred Ships near her—One within Three
+              Hundred Yards—Official Inquiry—Loss of the <span class=
+              "tei tei-name"><span style=
+              "font-style: italic">Schiller</span></span>—Two Hundred Drowned
+              in one heavy Sea—Life-saving Apparatus of little use—Lessons of
+              the Disaster—Wreck of the <span class=
+              "tei tei-name"><span style=
+              "font-style: italic">Deutschland</span></span>—Harwich blamed
+              unjustly—The good Tug-boat <span class=
+              "tei tei-name"><span style=
+              "font-style: italic">Liverpool</span></span> and her
+              Work—Necessity of proper Communication with Light-houses and
+              Light-ships—The new Signal Code and old Semaphores</td>
+
+              <td class="tei tei-cell" style="text-align: right">261</td>
+            </tr>
+
+            <tr class="tei tei-row">
+              <td class="tei tei-cell" style="text-align: center">
+              <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: center"><a href=
+              "#chap21" class="tei tei-ref" style=
+              "text-align: center"><span style="font-size: 120%">CHAPTER
+              XXI.</span></a></span></td>
+
+              <td class="tei tei-cell" style="text-align: right"></td>
+            </tr>
+
+            <tr class="tei tei-row">
+              <td class="tei tei-cell" style="text-align: center"><a href=
+              "#chap21" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: center">A
+              CONTRAST—THE SHIP ON FIRE!—SWAMPED AT SEA.</a></td>
+
+              <td class="tei tei-cell" style="text-align: right"></td>
+            </tr>
+
+            <tr class="tei tei-row">
+              <td class="tei tei-cell">The Loss of the <span class=
+              "tei tei-name"><span style=
+              "font-style: italic">Amazon</span></span>—A Noble
+              Vessel—Description of her Engine-rooms—Her Boats—Heating of the
+              Machinery—The Ship on Fire—Communication cut off—The Ominous
+              Fire-bell—The Vessel put before the Wind—A Headlong
+              Course—Impossibility of Launching the Boats—<span class=
+              "tei tei-q">“Every Man for Himself!”</span>—The Boats on
+              Fire—Horrible Cases of Roasting—Boats Stove in and Upset—The
+              Remnant of Survivors—<span class="tei tei-q">“Passing by on the
+              Other Side”</span>—Loss of a distinguished Author—A Clergyman’s
+              Experiences—A Graphic Description—Without Food, Water, Oars,
+              Helm, or Compass—Blowing-up of the <span class=
+              "tei tei-name"><span style=
+              "font-style: italic">Amazon</span></span>—<span class=
+              "tei tei-q">“A Sail!”</span>—Saved on the Dutch Galliot—Back
+              from the Dead—Review of the Catastrophe—A Contrast—Loss of the
+              <span class="tei tei-name"><span style=
+              "font-style: italic">London</span></span>—Anxiety to get Berths
+              on her—The First Disaster—Terrible Weather—Swamped by the
+              Seas—The Furnaces Drowned out—Efforts to replace a
+              Hatchway—Fourteen Feet of Water in the Hold—<span class=
+              "tei tei-q">“Boys, you may say your Prayers!”</span>—Scene in
+              the Saloon—The Last Prayer Meeting—Worthy Draper—Incidents—Loss
+              of an Eminent Tragedian—His Last Efforts—The Bottle Washed
+              Ashore—Nineteen Saved out of Two Hundred and Sixty-three Souls
+              on Board—Noble Captain Martin—The <span class=
+              "tei tei-name"><span style=
+              "font-style: italic">London’s</span></span> Last Plunge—The
+              Survivors picked up by an Italian Barque</td>
+
+              <td class="tei tei-cell" style="text-align: right">278</td>
+            </tr>
+
+            <tr class="tei tei-row">
+              <td class="tei tei-cell" style="text-align: center">
+              <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: center"><a href=
+              "#chap22" class="tei tei-ref" style=
+              "text-align: center"><span style="font-size: 120%">CHAPTER
+              XXII.</span></a></span></td>
+
+              <td class="tei tei-cell" style="text-align: right"></td>
+            </tr>
+
+            <tr class="tei tei-row">
+              <td class="tei tei-cell" style="text-align: center"><a href=
+              "#chap22" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: center">EARLY
+              STEAMSHIP WRECKS AND THEIR LESSONS.</a></td>
+
+              <td class="tei tei-cell" style="text-align: right"></td>
+            </tr>
+
+            <tr class="tei tei-row">
+              <td class="tei tei-cell">The <span class=
+              "tei tei-name"><span style="font-style: italic">Rothsay
+              Castle</span></span>—An Old Vessel, unfit for Sea Service—A Gay
+              Starting—Drifting to the Fatal Sands—The Steamer Strikes—A
+              Scene of Panic—Lost within easy reach of Assistance—An
+              Imprudent Pilot—Statements of Survivors—A Father and Son parted
+              and re-united—Heartrending Episodes—The Other Side: Saved by an
+              Umbrella—Loss of the <span class="tei tei-name"><span style=
+              "font-style: italic">Killarney</span></span>—Severe Weather—The
+              Engine-fires Swamped—At the Mercy of the Waves—On the Rocks—The
+              Crisis—Half the Passengers and Crew on an Isolated
+              Rock—Spolasco and his Child—Holding on for Dear Life—Hundreds
+              Ashore <span class="tei tei-q">“Wrecking”</span>—No Attempts to
+              Save the Survivors—Several Washed Off—Deaths from
+              Exhaustion—<span class="tei tei-q">“To the
+              Rescue!”</span>—Noble Efforts—Failure of Several Plans—A Novel
+              Expedient adopted—Its Perils—Another Dreary Night—Good
+              Samaritans—A Noble Lady—Saved at Last—The Inventor’s
+              Description of the Rope Bridge—The Wreck Register for One
+              Year—Grand Work of the Lifeboat Institution</td>
+
+              <td class="tei tei-cell" style="text-align: right">297</td>
+            </tr>
+          </tbody>
+        </table>
+      </div>
+      <hr class="page" />
+
+      <div class="tei tei-div" style=
+      "margin-bottom: 5.00em; margin-top: 5.00em">
+        <a name="toc3" id="toc3"></a><a name="pdf4" id="pdf4"></a>
+        <span class="tei tei-pb" id="pagevii">[pg vii]</span><a name="Pgvii"
+        id="Pgvii" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+
+        <h1 class="tei tei-head" style=
+        "text-align: center; margin-bottom: 3.46em; margin-top: 3.46em">
+        <span style="font-size: 173%">LIST OF
+        ILLUSTRATIONS.</span></h1><a name="Pgviii" id="Pgviii" class=
+        "tei tei-anchor"></a>
+
+        <table summary="This is a table" cellspacing="0" class=
+        "tei tei-table" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+          <colgroup span="2"></colgroup>
+
+          <tbody>
+            <tr class="tei tei-row">
+              <td class="tei tei-cell"></td>
+
+              <td class="tei tei-cell" style="text-align: right"><span class=
+              "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: right"><span style=
+              "font-size: 75%">PAGE</span></span></td>
+            </tr>
+
+            <tr class="tei tei-row">
+              <td class="tei tei-cell"><a href="#ill001" class=
+              "tei tei-ref">The Naval Flags of the World</a></td>
+
+              <td class="tei tei-cell" style="text-align: right"><span class=
+              "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: right"><span style=
+              "font-style: italic">Coloured Frontispiece</span></span></td>
+            </tr>
+
+            <tr class="tei tei-row">
+              <td class="tei tei-cell"><a href="#illo_014.jpg" class=
+              "tei tei-ref">Raleigh at Trinidad</a></td>
+
+              <td class="tei tei-cell" style="text-align: right"><span class=
+              "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: right"><span style=
+              "font-style: italic">To face page</span></span> 5</td>
+            </tr>
+
+            <tr class="tei tei-row">
+              <td class="tei tei-cell"><a href="#illo_016.png" class=
+              "tei tei-ref">Sir Walter Raleigh</a></td>
+
+              <td class="tei tei-cell" style="text-align: right">5</td>
+            </tr>
+
+            <tr class="tei tei-row">
+              <td class="tei tei-cell"><a href="#illo_020.png" class=
+              "tei tei-ref">Raleigh on the River</a></td>
+
+              <td class="tei tei-cell" style="text-align: right">9</td>
+            </tr>
+
+            <tr class="tei tei-row">
+              <td class="tei tei-cell"><a href="#illo_023.jpg" class=
+              "tei tei-ref">Monson and the Biscayan Ship</a></td>
+
+              <td class="tei tei-cell" style="text-align: right">12</td>
+            </tr>
+
+            <tr class="tei tei-row">
+              <td class="tei tei-cell"><a href="#illo_028.png" class=
+              "tei tei-ref">Monson at Cadiz</a></td>
+
+              <td class="tei tei-cell" style="text-align: right">17</td>
+            </tr>
+
+            <tr class="tei tei-row">
+              <td class="tei tei-cell"><a href="#illo_032.jpg" class=
+              "tei tei-ref">Action in Cerimbra Roads</a></td>
+
+              <td class="tei tei-cell" style="text-align: right">21</td>
+            </tr>
+
+            <tr class="tei tei-row">
+              <td class="tei tei-cell"><a href="#illo_036.jpg" class=
+              "tei tei-ref">Monson at Broad Haven</a></td>
+
+              <td class="tei tei-cell" style="text-align: right">25</td>
+            </tr>
+
+            <tr class="tei tei-row">
+              <td class="tei tei-cell"><a href="#illo_043.png" class=
+              "tei tei-ref">De Ruyter on the Medway</a></td>
+
+              <td class="tei tei-cell" style="text-align: right">32</td>
+            </tr>
+
+            <tr class="tei tei-row">
+              <td class="tei tei-cell"><a href="#illo_044.png" class=
+              "tei tei-ref">Peter the Great</a></td>
+
+              <td class="tei tei-cell" style="text-align: right">33</td>
+            </tr>
+
+            <tr class="tei tei-row">
+              <td class="tei tei-cell"><a href="#illo_047.jpg" class=
+              "tei tei-ref">The Imperial Workman receiving a
+              Deputation</a></td>
+
+              <td class="tei tei-cell" style="text-align: right">36</td>
+            </tr>
+
+            <tr class="tei tei-row">
+              <td class="tei tei-cell"><a href="#illo_048.png" class=
+              "tei tei-ref">Old Dockyard at Deptford</a></td>
+
+              <td class="tei tei-cell" style="text-align: right">37</td>
+            </tr>
+
+            <tr class="tei tei-row">
+              <td class="tei tei-cell"><a href="#illo_050.png" class=
+              "tei tei-ref">Saye’s Court, Deptford</a></td>
+
+              <td class="tei tei-cell" style="text-align: right">39</td>
+            </tr>
+
+            <tr class="tei tei-row">
+              <td class="tei tei-cell"><a href="#illo_056.jpg" class=
+              "tei tei-ref">Commodore Anson</a></td>
+
+              <td class="tei tei-cell" style="text-align: right">45</td>
+            </tr>
+
+            <tr class="tei tei-row">
+              <td class="tei tei-cell"><a href="#illo_060.jpg" class=
+              "tei tei-ref">The <span class="tei tei-name"><span style=
+              "font-style: italic">Centurion</span></span> off Cape
+              Horn</a></td>
+
+              <td class="tei tei-cell" style="text-align: right">49</td>
+            </tr>
+
+            <tr class="tei tei-row">
+              <td class="tei tei-cell"><a href="#illo_067.png" class=
+              "tei tei-ref">Surrender of the <span class=
+              "tei tei-name"><span style=
+              "font-style: italic">Carmelo</span></span></a></td>
+
+              <td class="tei tei-cell" style="text-align: right">56</td>
+            </tr>
+
+            <tr class="tei tei-row">
+              <td class="tei tei-cell"><a href="#illo_072.jpg" class=
+              "tei tei-ref">Anson taking the Spanish Galleon</a></td>
+
+              <td class="tei tei-cell" style="text-align: right">61</td>
+            </tr>
+
+            <tr class="tei tei-row">
+              <td class="tei tei-cell"><a href="#illo_075.png" class=
+              "tei tei-ref">Cape Cod</a></td>
+
+              <td class="tei tei-cell" style="text-align: right">64</td>
+            </tr>
+
+            <tr class="tei tei-row">
+              <td class="tei tei-cell"><a href="#illo_076.png" class=
+              "tei tei-ref">The <span class="tei tei-name"><span style=
+              "font-style: italic">Dartmouth</span></span> in Boston
+              Harbour</a></td>
+
+              <td class="tei tei-cell" style="text-align: right">65</td>
+            </tr>
+
+            <tr class="tei tei-row">
+              <td class="tei tei-cell"><a href="#illo_083.jpg" class=
+              "tei tei-ref">Destruction of the Tea Cargoes</a></td>
+
+              <td class="tei tei-cell" style="text-align: right">72</td>
+            </tr>
+
+            <tr class="tei tei-row">
+              <td class="tei tei-cell"><a href="#illo_084.png" class=
+              "tei tei-ref">Nelson and the Bear</a></td>
+
+              <td class="tei tei-cell" style="text-align: right">73</td>
+            </tr>
+
+            <tr class="tei tei-row">
+              <td class="tei tei-cell"><a href="#illo_088.jpg" class=
+              "tei tei-ref">Nelson at Copenhagen</a></td>
+
+              <td class="tei tei-cell" style="text-align: right"><span class=
+              "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: right"><span style=
+              "font-style: italic">To face page</span></span> 76</td>
+            </tr>
+
+            <tr class="tei tei-row">
+              <td class="tei tei-cell"><a href="#illo_087.jpg" class=
+              "tei tei-ref">Lord Nelson</a></td>
+
+              <td class="tei tei-cell" style="text-align: right">76</td>
+            </tr>
+
+            <tr class="tei tei-row">
+              <td class="tei tei-cell"><a href="#illo_097.png" class=
+              "tei tei-ref">The <span class="tei tei-name"><span style=
+              "font-style: italic">Charlotte Dundas</span></span></a></td>
+
+              <td class="tei tei-cell" style="text-align: right">84</td>
+            </tr>
+
+            <tr class="tei tei-row">
+              <td class="tei tei-cell"><a href="#illo_098.jpg" class=
+              "tei tei-ref">Symington</a></td>
+
+              <td class="tei tei-cell" style="text-align: right">85</td>
+            </tr>
+
+            <tr class="tei tei-row">
+              <td class="tei tei-cell"><a href="#illo_102a.png" class=
+              "tei tei-ref">Outline of Fitch’s First Boat</a></td>
+
+              <td class="tei tei-cell" style="text-align: right">89</td>
+            </tr>
+
+            <tr class="tei tei-row">
+              <td class="tei tei-cell"><a href="#illo_102b.png" class=
+              "tei tei-ref">Fitch’s Second Boat</a></td>
+
+              <td class="tei tei-cell" style="text-align: right">89</td>
+            </tr>
+
+            <tr class="tei tei-row">
+              <td class="tei tei-cell"><a href="#illo_106.png" class=
+              "tei tei-ref">The <span class="tei tei-name"><span style=
+              "font-style: italic">Clermont</span></span></a></td>
+
+              <td class="tei tei-cell" style="text-align: right">93</td>
+            </tr>
+
+            <tr class="tei tei-row">
+              <td class="tei tei-cell"><a href="#illo_109.png" class=
+              "tei tei-ref">Bell’s <span class="tei tei-name"><span style=
+              "font-style: italic">Comet</span></span></a></td>
+
+              <td class="tei tei-cell" style="text-align: right">96</td>
+            </tr>
+
+            <tr class="tei tei-row">
+              <td class="tei tei-cell"><a href="#illo_110.jpg" class=
+              "tei tei-ref">Four Great Engineers</a></td>
+
+              <td class="tei tei-cell" style="text-align: right"><span class=
+              "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: right"><span style=
+              "font-style: italic">To face page</span></span> 97</td>
+            </tr>
+
+            <tr class="tei tei-row">
+              <td class="tei tei-cell"><a href="#illo_114.png" class=
+              "tei tei-ref">The <span class="tei tei-name"><span style=
+              "font-style: italic">United Kingdom</span></span></a></td>
+
+              <td class="tei tei-cell" style="text-align: right">99</td>
+            </tr>
+
+            <tr class="tei tei-row">
+              <td class="tei tei-cell"><a href="#illo_115.jpg" class=
+              "tei tei-ref">Arrival of the <span class=
+              "tei tei-name"><span style="font-style: italic">Great
+              Western</span></span> at New York</a></td>
+
+              <td class="tei tei-cell" style="text-align: right">100</td>
+            </tr>
+
+            <tr class="tei tei-row">
+              <td class="tei tei-cell"><a href="#illo_116.png" class=
+              "tei tei-ref">Section and Plan of the Stern of a Screw
+              Steamer</a></td>
+
+              <td class="tei tei-cell" style="text-align: right">101</td>
+            </tr>
+
+            <tr class="tei tei-row">
+              <td class="tei tei-cell"><a href="#illo_118.png" class=
+              "tei tei-ref">The <span class="tei tei-name"><span style=
+              "font-style: italic">Robert F. Stockton</span></span></a></td>
+
+              <td class="tei tei-cell" style="text-align: right">103</td>
+            </tr>
+
+            <tr class="tei tei-row">
+              <td class="tei tei-cell"><a href="#illo_120.png" class=
+              "tei tei-ref">The First Cunard Steamer</a></td>
+
+              <td class="tei tei-cell" style="text-align: right">105</td>
+            </tr>
+
+            <tr class="tei tei-row">
+              <td class="tei tei-cell"><a href="#illo_124b.png" class=
+              "tei tei-ref">Cunard Paddle Steam-ship <span class=
+              "tei tei-name"><span style=
+              "font-style: italic">Scotia</span></span></a></td>
+
+              <td class="tei tei-cell" style="text-align: right">109</td>
+            </tr>
+
+            <tr class="tei tei-row">
+              <td class="tei tei-cell"><a href="#illo_124a.png" class=
+              "tei tei-ref">The Cunard Screw Steam-ship <span class=
+              "tei tei-name"><span style=
+              "font-style: italic">Bothnia</span></span></a></td>
+
+              <td class="tei tei-cell" style="text-align: right">109</td>
+            </tr>
+
+            <tr class="tei tei-row">
+              <td class="tei tei-cell"><a href="#illo_127.png" class=
+              "tei tei-ref">Mr. Plimsoll</a></td>
+
+              <td class="tei tei-cell" style="text-align: right">112</td>
+            </tr>
+
+            <tr class="tei tei-row">
+              <td class="tei tei-cell"><a href="#illo_131.jpg" class=
+              "tei tei-ref">Mr. Plimsoll Speaking in the House of
+              Commons</a></td>
+
+              <td class="tei tei-cell" style="text-align: right">116</td>
+            </tr>
+
+            <tr class="tei tei-row">
+              <td class="tei tei-cell"><a href="#illo_139.jpg" class=
+              "tei tei-ref">Exterior of Lloyd’s</a></td>
+
+              <td class="tei tei-cell" style="text-align: right">124</td>
+            </tr>
+
+            <tr class="tei tei-row">
+              <td class="tei tei-cell"><a href="#illo_140.jpg" class=
+              "tei tei-ref">Interior of Lloyd’s</a></td>
+
+              <td class="tei tei-cell" style="text-align: right">125</td>
+            </tr>
+
+            <tr class="tei tei-row">
+              <td class="tei tei-cell"><a href="#illo_144.jpg" class=
+              "tei tei-ref">The <span class="tei tei-name"><span style=
+              "font-style: italic">Great Eastern</span></span> in a Gale off
+              Cape Clear</a></td>
+
+              <td class="tei tei-cell" style="text-align: right"><span class=
+              "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: right"><span style=
+              "font-style: italic">To face page</span></span> 129</td>
+            </tr>
+
+            <tr class="tei tei-row">
+              <td class="tei tei-cell"><a href="#illo_146.png" class=
+              "tei tei-ref">Mr. I. K. Brunel</a></td>
+
+              <td class="tei tei-cell" style="text-align: right">129</td>
+            </tr>
+
+            <tr class="tei tei-row">
+              <td class="tei tei-cell"><a href="#illo_146.png" class=
+              "tei tei-ref">Mr. Scott Russell</a></td>
+
+              <td class="tei tei-cell" style="text-align: right">129</td>
+            </tr>
+
+            <tr class="tei tei-row">
+              <td class="tei tei-cell"><a href="#illo_150.jpg" class=
+              "tei tei-ref">The Launch of the <span class=
+              "tei tei-name"><span style="font-style: italic">Great
+              Eastern</span></span></a></td>
+
+              <td class="tei tei-cell" style="text-align: right">133</td>
+            </tr>
+
+            <tr class="tei tei-row">
+              <td class="tei tei-cell"><a href="#illo_153.png" class=
+              "tei tei-ref">Arrival of the <span class=
+              "tei tei-name"><span style="font-style: italic">Great
+              Eastern</span></span> at New York</a></td>
+
+              <td class="tei tei-cell" style="text-align: right">136</td>
+            </tr>
+
+            <tr class="tei tei-row">
+              <td class="tei tei-cell"><a href="#illo_155.png" class=
+              "tei tei-ref">The <span class="tei tei-name"><span style=
+              "font-style: italic">Monitor</span></span> passing the
+              Vicksburg Batteries</a></td>
+
+              <td class="tei tei-cell" style="text-align: right">138</td>
+            </tr>
+
+            <tr class="tei tei-row">
+              <td class="tei tei-cell"><a href="#illo_156.jpg" class=
+              "tei tei-ref">Peace and War</a></td>
+
+              <td class="tei tei-cell" style="text-align: right"></td>
+            </tr>
+
+            <tr class="tei tei-row">
+              <td class="tei tei-cell"><a href="#illo_159.jpg" class=
+              "tei tei-ref">The <span class="tei tei-name"><span style=
+              "font-style: italic">Miantonoma</span></span></a></td>
+
+              <td class="tei tei-cell" style="text-align: right">140</td>
+            </tr>
+
+            <tr class="tei tei-row">
+              <td class="tei tei-cell"><a href="#illo_160.jpg" class=
+              "tei tei-ref">Interior of a Turret Ship</a></td>
+
+              <td class="tei tei-cell" style="text-align: right">141</td>
+            </tr>
+
+            <tr class="tei tei-row">
+              <td class="tei tei-cell"><a href="#illo_166.jpg" class=
+              "tei tei-ref">The <span class="tei tei-name"><span style=
+              "font-style: italic">Inflexible</span></span></a></td>
+
+              <td class="tei tei-cell" style="text-align: right">145</td>
+            </tr>
+
+            <tr class="tei tei-row">
+              <td class="tei tei-cell"><a href="#illo_168.jpg" class=
+              "tei tei-ref">Section of the <span class=
+              "tei tei-name"><span style=
+              "font-style: italic">Alexandra</span></span></a></td>
+
+              <td class="tei tei-cell" style="text-align: right">147</td>
+            </tr>
+
+            <tr class="tei tei-row">
+              <td class="tei tei-cell"><a href="#illo_162.jpg" class=
+              "tei tei-ref">Preparing for Torpedo Experiments at
+              Portsmouth</a></td>
+
+              <td class="tei tei-cell" style="text-align: right"></td>
+            </tr>
+
+            <tr class="tei tei-row">
+              <td class="tei tei-cell"><a href="#illo_172.jpg" class=
+              "tei tei-ref">The Old Style and the New (a Three-decker and a
+              Torpedo Boat)</a></td>
+
+              <td class="tei tei-cell" style="text-align: right"></td>
+            </tr>
+
+            <tr class="tei tei-row">
+              <td class="tei tei-cell"><a href="#illo_170.png" class=
+              "tei tei-ref">Lieutenant Cushing’s Attack on the <span class=
+              "tei tei-name"><span style=
+              "font-style: italic">Albemarle</span></span></a></td>
+
+              <td class="tei tei-cell" style="text-align: right">149</td>
+            </tr>
+
+            <tr class="tei tei-row">
+              <td class="tei tei-cell"><a href="#illo_178.png" class=
+              "tei tei-ref">Different Forms of Torpedoes</a></td>
+
+              <td class="tei tei-cell" style="text-align: right">153</td>
+            </tr>
+
+            <tr class="tei tei-row">
+              <td class="tei tei-cell"><a href="#illo_176.jpg" class=
+              "tei tei-ref">Torpedo Experiments at Portsmouth, with the
+              Electric Light</a></td>
+
+              <td class="tei tei-cell" style="text-align: right"></td>
+            </tr>
+
+            <tr class="tei tei-row">
+              <td class="tei tei-cell"><a name="corrvii" id="corrvii" class=
+              "tei tei-anchor"></a><a href="#illo_179.png" class=
+              "tei tei-ref"><span class="tei tei-corr">Paraguayan</span>
+              Torpedo blowing up a Brazilian Ironclad</a></td>
+
+              <td class="tei tei-cell" style="text-align: right">154</td>
+            </tr>
+
+            <tr class="tei tei-row">
+              <td class="tei tei-cell"><a href="#illo_182.png" class=
+              "tei tei-ref">The Tower of Cordouan</a></td>
+
+              <td class="tei tei-cell" style="text-align: right">157</td>
+            </tr>
+
+            <tr class="tei tei-row">
+              <td class="tei tei-cell"><a href="#illo_186.jpg" class=
+              "tei tei-ref">Destruction of Rudyerd’s Lighthouse</a></td>
+
+              <td class="tei tei-cell" style="text-align: right"><span class=
+              "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: right"><span style=
+              "font-style: italic">To face page</span></span> 161</td>
+            </tr>
+
+            <tr class="tei tei-row">
+              <td class="tei tei-cell"><a href="#illo_188.png" class=
+              "tei tei-ref">Winstanley’s Lighthouse</a></td>
+
+              <td class="tei tei-cell" style="text-align: right">161</td>
+            </tr>
+
+            <tr class="tei tei-row">
+              <td class="tei tei-cell"><a href="#illo_188b.png" class=
+              "tei tei-ref">Rudyerd’s Lighthouse</a></td>
+
+              <td class="tei tei-cell" style="text-align: right">161</td>
+            </tr>
+
+            <tr class="tei tei-row">
+              <td class="tei tei-cell"><a href="#illo_195.jpg" class=
+              "tei tei-ref">The Eddystone Lighthouse</a></td>
+
+              <td class="tei tei-cell" style="text-align: right">168</td>
+            </tr>
+
+            <tr class="tei tei-row">
+              <td class="tei tei-cell"><a href="#illo_197.png" class=
+              "tei tei-ref">Portrait of Smeaton</a></td>
+
+              <td class="tei tei-cell" style="text-align: right">170</td>
+            </tr>
+
+            <tr class="tei tei-row">
+              <td class="tei tei-cell"><a href="#illo_198.jpg" class=
+              "tei tei-ref">Interior of the Light-chamber of the
+              Eddystone</a></td>
+
+              <td class="tei tei-cell" style="text-align: right">171</td>
+            </tr>
+
+            <tr class="tei tei-row">
+              <td class="tei tei-cell"><a href="#illo_203.png" class=
+              "tei tei-ref">Lighthouse on the Inchcape Rock</a></td>
+
+              <td class="tei tei-cell" style="text-align: right">176</td>
+            </tr>
+
+            <tr class="tei tei-row">
+              <td class="tei tei-cell"><a href="#illo_205.png" class=
+              "tei tei-ref">The Skerryvore Lighthouse</a></td>
+
+              <td class="tei tei-cell" style="text-align: right">178</td>
+            </tr>
+
+            <tr class="tei tei-row">
+              <td class="tei tei-cell"><a href="#illo_211.png" class=
+              "tei tei-ref">Revolving Light Apparatus</a></td>
+
+              <td class="tei tei-cell" style="text-align: right">184</td>
+            </tr>
+
+            <tr class="tei tei-row">
+              <td class="tei tei-cell"><a href="#illo_215.png" class=
+              "tei tei-ref">Breakwater at Venice</a></td>
+
+              <td class="tei tei-cell" style="text-align: right">188</td>
+            </tr>
+
+            <tr class="tei tei-row">
+              <td class="tei tei-cell"><a href="#illo_219.png" class=
+              "tei tei-ref">Cherbourg from the Sea</a></td>
+
+              <td class="tei tei-cell" style="text-align: right">192</td>
+            </tr>
+
+            <tr class="tei tei-row">
+              <td class="tei tei-cell"><a href="#illo_220.png" class=
+              "tei tei-ref">Portland</a></td>
+
+              <td class="tei tei-cell" style="text-align: right">193</td>
+            </tr>
+
+            <tr class="tei tei-row">
+              <td class="tei tei-cell"><a href="#illo_223.png" class=
+              "tei tei-ref">Holyhead Breakwater</a></td>
+
+              <td class="tei tei-cell" style="text-align: right">196</td>
+            </tr>
+
+            <tr class="tei tei-row">
+              <td class="tei tei-cell"><a href="#illo_227.jpg" class=
+              "tei tei-ref">Great Storm in the Downs</a></td>
+
+              <td class="tei tei-cell" style="text-align: right">200</td>
+            </tr>
+
+            <tr class="tei tei-row">
+              <td class="tei tei-cell"><a href="#illo_231.png" class=
+              "tei tei-ref">The Storm in the Thames at Wapping</a></td>
+
+              <td class="tei tei-cell" style="text-align: right">204</td>
+            </tr>
+
+            <tr class="tei tei-row">
+              <td class="tei tei-cell"><a href="#illo_232.png" class=
+              "tei tei-ref">West-Indiamen Driven Ashore at Tilbury
+              Fort</a></td>
+
+              <td class="tei tei-cell" style="text-align: right">205</td>
+            </tr>
+
+            <tr class="tei tei-row">
+              <td class="tei tei-cell"><a href="#illo_236.jpg" class=
+              "tei tei-ref">A Life-boat Going Out</a></td>
+
+              <td class="tei tei-cell" style="text-align: right"><span class=
+              "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: right"><span style=
+              "font-style: italic">To face page</span></span> 209</td>
+            </tr>
+
+            <tr class="tei tei-row">
+              <td class="tei tei-cell"><a href="#illo_238.png" class=
+              "tei tei-ref">Greathead’s Life-boat</a></td>
+
+              <td class="tei tei-cell" style="text-align: right">209</td>
+            </tr>
+
+            <tr class="tei tei-row">
+              <td class="tei tei-cell"><a href="#illo_242.png" class=
+              "tei tei-ref">Life-boat Saving the Crew of the <span class=
+              "tei tei-name"><span style="font-style: italic">St.
+              George</span></span></a></td>
+
+              <td class="tei tei-cell" style="text-align: right">213</td>
+            </tr>
+
+            <tr class="tei tei-row">
+              <td class="tei tei-cell"><a href="#illo_245.jpg" class=
+              "tei tei-ref">Loss of a Life-boat at the Shipwreck of the
+              <span class="tei tei-name"><span style=
+              "font-style: italic">Ann</span></span></a></td>
+
+              <td class="tei tei-cell" style="text-align: right">216</td>
+            </tr>
+
+            <tr class="tei tei-row">
+              <td class="tei tei-cell"><a href="#illo_246.png" class=
+              "tei tei-ref">A Life-boat and Carriage—Latest Form</a></td>
+
+              <td class="tei tei-cell" style="text-align: right">217</td>
+            </tr>
+
+            <tr class="tei tei-row">
+              <td class="tei tei-cell"><a href="#illo_249.png" class=
+              "tei tei-ref">Ramsgate—The <span class=
+              "tei tei-name"><span style=
+              "font-style: italic">Aid</span></span> Going Out</a></td>
+
+              <td class="tei tei-cell" style="text-align: right">220</td>
+            </tr>
+
+            <tr class="tei tei-row">
+              <td class="tei tei-cell"><a href="#illo_250.jpg" class=
+              "tei tei-ref"><span class="tei tei-q">“Curly”</span>
+              weather</a></td>
+
+              <td class="tei tei-cell" style="text-align: right"></td>
+            </tr>
+
+            <tr class="tei tei-row">
+              <td class="tei tei-cell"><a href="#illo_260.png" class=
+              "tei tei-ref">A Group of Life-boat Men</a></td>
+
+              <td class="tei tei-cell" style="text-align: right">229</td>
+            </tr>
+
+            <tr class="tei tei-row">
+              <td class="tei tei-cell"><a href="#illo_263.png" class=
+              "tei tei-ref">On the Coast at Deal</a></td>
+
+              <td class="tei tei-cell" style="text-align: right">232</td>
+            </tr>
+
+            <tr class="tei tei-row">
+              <td class="tei tei-cell"><a href="#illo_267.jpg" class=
+              "tei tei-ref">Rescue of the Danish Vessel</a></td>
+
+              <td class="tei tei-cell" style="text-align: right">236</td>
+            </tr>
+
+            <tr class="tei tei-row">
+              <td class="tei tei-cell"><a href="#illo_268.jpg" class=
+              "tei tei-ref">Survivors Rescued from the Rigging of a
+              Wreck</a></td>
+
+              <td class="tei tei-cell" style="text-align: right"></td>
+            </tr>
+
+            <tr class="tei tei-row">
+              <td class="tei tei-cell"><a href="#illo_274.jpg" class=
+              "tei tei-ref">Wreckers Waiting for a Wreck</a></td>
+
+              <td class="tei tei-cell" style="text-align: right">241</td>
+            </tr>
+
+            <tr class="tei tei-row">
+              <td class="tei tei-cell"><a href="#illo_279.png" class=
+              "tei tei-ref">Major Warburton at the Wreck of the <span class=
+              "tei tei-name"><span style=
+              "font-style: italic">Inverness</span></span></a></td>
+
+              <td class="tei tei-cell" style="text-align: right">244</td>
+            </tr>
+
+            <tr class="tei tei-row">
+              <td class="tei tei-cell"><a href="#illo_276.jpg" class=
+              "tei tei-ref">A Wreck Ashore</a></td>
+
+              <td class="tei tei-cell" style="text-align: right"></td>
+            </tr>
+
+            <tr class="tei tei-row">
+              <td class="tei tei-cell"><a href="#illo_283.jpg" class=
+              "tei tei-ref">Loss of the <span class=
+              "tei tei-name"><span style=
+              "font-style: italic">Albion</span></span> Lugger</a></td>
+
+              <td class="tei tei-cell" style="text-align: right">248</td>
+            </tr>
+
+            <tr class="tei tei-row">
+              <td class="tei tei-cell"><a href="#illo_287.png" class=
+              "tei tei-ref">Map showing Coast of Ramsgate and the Goodwin
+              Sands</a></td>
+
+              <td class="tei tei-cell" style="text-align: right">252</td>
+            </tr>
+
+            <tr class="tei tei-row">
+              <td class="tei tei-cell"><a href="#illo_288.jpg" class=
+              "tei tei-ref">Wreck of the <span class=
+              "tei tei-name"><span style=
+              "font-style: italic">Woolpacket</span></span> on Bideford
+              Bar</a></td>
+
+              <td class="tei tei-cell" style="text-align: right"><span class=
+              "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: right"><span style=
+              "font-style: italic">To face page</span></span> 253</td>
+            </tr>
+
+            <tr class="tei tei-row">
+              <td class="tei tei-cell"><a href="#illo_290.jpg" class=
+              "tei tei-ref">The Lugger reaching Ramsgate Harbour</a></td>
+
+              <td class="tei tei-cell" style="text-align: right">253</td>
+            </tr>
+
+            <tr class="tei tei-row">
+              <td class="tei tei-cell"><a href="#illo_294.png" class=
+              "tei tei-ref">Ronayne’s Bravery</a></td>
+
+              <td class="tei tei-cell" style="text-align: right">257</td>
+            </tr>
+
+            <tr class="tei tei-row">
+              <td class="tei tei-cell"><a href="#illo_297.png" class=
+              "tei tei-ref">The <span class="tei tei-name"><span style=
+              "font-style: italic">Northfleet</span></span></a></td>
+
+              <td class="tei tei-cell" style="text-align: right">260</td>
+            </tr>
+
+            <tr class="tei tei-row">
+              <td class="tei tei-cell"><a href="#illo_302.png" class=
+              "tei tei-ref">Wreck of the <span class=
+              "tei tei-name"><span style=
+              "font-style: italic">Northfleet</span></span></a></td>
+
+              <td class="tei tei-cell" style="text-align: right">265</td>
+            </tr>
+
+            <tr class="tei tei-row">
+              <td class="tei tei-cell"><a href="#illo_305.png" class=
+              "tei tei-ref">The Scilly Islands</a></td>
+
+              <td class="tei tei-cell" style="text-align: right">268</td>
+            </tr>
+
+            <tr class="tei tei-row">
+              <td class="tei tei-cell"><a href="#illo_306.png" class=
+              "tei tei-ref">The Bishop Rock Lighthouse</a></td>
+
+              <td class="tei tei-cell" style="text-align: right">269</td>
+            </tr>
+
+            <tr class="tei tei-row">
+              <td class="tei tei-cell"><a href="#illo_309.jpg" class=
+              "tei tei-ref">Wreck of the <span class=
+              "tei tei-name"><span style=
+              "font-style: italic">Deutschland</span></span></a></td>
+
+              <td class="tei tei-cell" style="text-align: right">272</td>
+            </tr>
+
+            <tr class="tei tei-row">
+              <td class="tei tei-cell"><a href="#illo_318.jpg" class=
+              "tei tei-ref">Burning of the <span class=
+              "tei tei-name"><span style=
+              "font-style: italic">Amazon</span></span></a></td>
+
+              <td class="tei tei-cell" style="text-align: right"><span class=
+              "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: right"><span style=
+              "font-style: italic">To face page</span></span> 281</td>
+            </tr>
+
+            <tr class="tei tei-row">
+              <td class="tei tei-cell"><a href="#illo_320.png" class=
+              "tei tei-ref">The <span class="tei tei-name"><span style=
+              "font-style: italic">Amazon</span></span> Steam-ship</a></td>
+
+              <td class="tei tei-cell" style="text-align: right">281</td>
+            </tr>
+
+            <tr class="tei tei-row">
+              <td class="tei tei-cell"><a href="#illo_323.jpg" class=
+              "tei tei-ref">Rescue of the Survivors of the <span class=
+              "tei tei-name"><span style=
+              "font-style: italic">Amazon</span></span></a></td>
+
+              <td class="tei tei-cell" style="text-align: right">284</td>
+            </tr>
+
+            <tr class="tei tei-row">
+              <td class="tei tei-cell"><a href="#illo_328.png" class=
+              "tei tei-ref">The <span class="tei tei-name"><span style=
+              "font-style: italic">London</span></span></a></td>
+
+              <td class="tei tei-cell" style="text-align: right">289</td>
+            </tr>
+
+            <tr class="tei tei-row">
+              <td class="tei tei-cell"><a href="#illo_331.png" class=
+              "tei tei-ref">The <span class="tei tei-name"><span style=
+              "font-style: italic">London</span></span> Going Down</a></td>
+
+              <td class="tei tei-cell" style="text-align: right">292</td>
+            </tr>
+
+            <tr class="tei tei-row">
+              <td class="tei tei-cell"><a href="#illo_335.png" class=
+              "tei tei-ref">Getting out the <span class=
+              "tei tei-name"><span style=
+              "font-style: italic">London’s</span></span> Boats</a></td>
+
+              <td class="tei tei-cell" style="text-align: right">296</td>
+            </tr>
+
+            <tr class="tei tei-row">
+              <td class="tei tei-cell"><a href="#illo_336.jpg" class=
+              "tei tei-ref">Wreck of the <span class=
+              "tei tei-name"><span style="font-style: italic">Rothsay
+              Castle</span></span></a></td>
+
+              <td class="tei tei-cell" style="text-align: right"><span class=
+              "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: right"><span style=
+              "font-style: italic">To face page</span></span> 297</td>
+            </tr>
+
+            <tr class="tei tei-row">
+              <td class="tei tei-cell"><a href="#illo_341.jpg" class=
+              "tei tei-ref">The Menai Straits</a></td>
+
+              <td class="tei tei-cell" style="text-align: right">300</td>
+            </tr>
+
+            <tr class="tei tei-row">
+              <td class="tei tei-cell"><a href="#illo_346.jpg" class=
+              "tei tei-ref">Saved at Last</a></td>
+
+              <td class="tei tei-cell" style="text-align: right"></td>
+            </tr>
+
+            <tr class="tei tei-row">
+              <td class="tei tei-cell"><a href="#illo_348.png" class=
+              "tei tei-ref">Beaumaris</a></td>
+
+              <td class="tei tei-cell" style="text-align: right">305</td>
+            </tr>
+
+            <tr class="tei tei-row">
+              <td class="tei tei-cell"><a href="#illo_351.png" class=
+              "tei tei-ref">Entrance to Cork Harbour</a></td>
+
+              <td class="tei tei-cell" style="text-align: right">308</td>
+            </tr>
+
+            <tr class="tei tei-row">
+              <td class="tei tei-cell"><a href="#illo_355.png" class=
+              "tei tei-ref">The Survivors on the Rock</a></td>
+
+              <td class="tei tei-cell" style="text-align: right">312</td>
+            </tr>
+
+            <tr class="tei tei-row">
+              <td class="tei tei-cell"><a href="#illo_359.jpg" class=
+              "tei tei-ref">Rescue of the Survivors of the <span class=
+              "tei tei-name"><span style=
+              "font-style: italic">Killarney</span></span></a></td>
+
+              <td class="tei tei-cell" style="text-align: right">316</td>
+            </tr>
+          </tbody>
+        </table><a name="ill009" id="ill009" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+
+        <div class="tei tei-figure" style="text-align: center"><img src=
+        "images/illo_009.png" alt="Illustration" /></div>
+      </div>
+    </div>
+    <hr class="page" />
+
+    <div class="tei tei-body" style=
+    "margin-bottom: 6.00em; margin-top: 6.00em">
+      <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page1">[pg 1]</span><a name="Pg001" id=
+      "Pg001" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+
+      <div class="tei tei-figure" style="text-align: center"><img src=
+      "images/illo_010.png" alt="Illustration" /></div>
+
+      <h1 class="tei tei-head" style=
+      "text-align: center; margin-bottom: 3.46em; margin-top: 3.46em">
+      <span style="font-size: 173%">THE SEA.</span></h1>
+
+      <div class="tei tei-div" style=
+      "margin-bottom: 5.00em; margin-top: 5.00em">
+        <a name="chap01" id="chap01" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> <a name=
+        "toc5" id="toc5"></a> <a name="pdf6" id="pdf6"></a>
+
+        <h2 class="tei tei-head" style=
+        "text-align: center; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em">
+        <span style="font-size: 144%">CHAPTER I.</span></h2>
+
+        <h2 class="tei tei-head" style=
+        "text-align: center; margin-bottom: 2.40em; margin-top: 2.40em">
+        <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: center"><span style=
+        "font-size: 120%; font-variant: small-caps">The History of Ships and
+        Shipping Interests</span></span> <span style=
+        "font-size: 120%">(</span><span class="tei tei-hi" style=
+        "text-align: center"><span style=
+        "font-size: 120%; font-style: italic">continued</span></span><span style="font-size: 120%">).</span></h2>
+
+        <div class="tei tei-argument" style=
+        "text-align: center; margin-bottom: 1.80em; margin-left: 3.60em; margin-top: 1.80em; margin-right: 3.60em">
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style=
+        "text-align: center; margin-bottom: 0.90em"><span style=
+        "font-size: 90%">Extent of the Subject—The First American
+        Colony—Hostilities with the Indians—117 Settlers Missing—Raleigh’s
+        Search for El Dorado—Little or no Gold discovered—2,000 Spaniards
+        engage in another Search—Disastrous results—Dutch Rivalry with the
+        English—Establishment of two American Trading Companies—Of the East
+        India Company—Their first Great Ship—Enormous Profits of the
+        Venture—A Digression—Officers of the Company in Modern Times—Their
+        Grand Perquisites—Another Naval Hero—Monson a Captain at Eighteen—His
+        appreciation of Stratagem—An Eleven Hours’ hand-to-hand Contest—Out
+        of Water at Sea—Monson two years a Galley Slave—Treachery of the Earl
+        of Cumberland—The Cadiz Expedition—Cutting out a Treasure Ship—Prize
+        worth £200,000—James I. and his Great Ship—Monson as Guardian of the
+        Narrow Seas—After the British Pirates—One of their Haunts—A Novel
+        Scheme—Monson as a Pirate himself—Meeting of the Sham and Real
+        Pirates—Capture of a Number—Frightened into Penitence—Another caught
+        by a</span> <span class="tei tei-hi" style=
+        "text-align: center"><span style=
+        "font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">ruse</span></span><span style=
+        "font-size: 90%">.</span></p>
+        </div>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Many and vast are
+        the subjects which naturally intertwine themselves with the history
+        of the sea! Great voyages have not been organised for the mere
+        discovery of so much salt water—except as a means to an end—and the
+        <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page2">[pg 2]</span><a name="Pg002" id=
+        "Pg002" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>good ship has almost always sailed
+        with a definite and positive mission. The history of but a single
+        vessel involves the history, more or less, of hundreds of people; it
+        may mean that of thousands. So the history of the ocean is that also
+        of lands and peoples, far off or near. Subjects the most diverse are
+        still intimately connected with it. In the space of a few years’
+        time, war and peace are strangely contrasted; brilliant discoveries
+        are succeeded by disastrous failures, and heroic deeds stand side by
+        side with shameless transactions. Take only a few of the succeeding
+        pages, and we shall find recorded in them the stories of the early
+        colonisation of America, and of the disastrous voyages in quest of
+        the fabled El Dorado, followed by the brave and daring deeds of one
+        of our greatest naval heroes; these again by the establishment of the
+        great commercial company which once ruled India, succeeded by stories
+        of pirates on the sea, and <span class="tei tei-q">“bubble”</span>
+        promoters ashore. Sketches of maritime affairs must be <span class=
+        "tei tei-q">“in black and white,”</span> so great are the contrasts.
+        But let us turn to our first subject, the early voyages to, and
+        colonisation of, the great New World.</p>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">About one hundred
+        men formed the first little colony landed in Virginia from the
+        expedition of Greenville in 1585. Raleigh, at his own expense, sent a
+        shipload of supplies for them next year, but before it arrived the
+        settlers, and the very Indians of whom such flattering accounts had
+        been given, had quarrelled, and so many of the former had fallen as
+        to imperil the existence of the colony; the survivors thought
+        themselves fortunate when Drake unexpectedly arrived off the coast,
+        and took them away. When Greenville reached the settlement, a couple
+        of weeks after, they had left no tidings of themselves, and, wishing
+        to hold possession of the country, he landed fifteen men, well
+        furnished with all necessaries for two years’ use, on the island of
+        Roanoake. This voyage paid its expenses by prizes taken from the
+        Spaniards, and by the plunder of the Azores on the way home, where
+        they spoiled <span class="tei tei-q">“some of the towns of all such
+        things as were worth carriage.”</span></p>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Raleigh, next
+        season, fitted out a third expedition of three vessels, with one
+        hundred and fifty colonists, under the charge of John White, who was
+        to be Governor, with twelve chosen persons as assistants: their town
+        was to be named after himself. After narrowly escaping shipwreck,
+        they arrived off Roanoake, and White, taking the pinnace, went in
+        search of the fifteen men left in the preceding year, but
+        <span class="tei tei-q">“found none of them, nor any sign that they
+        had been there, saving only the bones of one of them, whom the
+        savages had slain long before.”</span> Next day they proceeded to the
+        western side of the island, where they found the houses which had
+        been erected still standing, but the fort had been razed. They
+        <span class="tei tei-q">“were overgrown with melons of divers
+        sorts,”</span> and deer were feeding on the melons. While they were
+        employed repairing these, and erecting others, one George Howe
+        wandered some two miles away, when a party of half-naked Indians, who
+        were engaged in catching crabs in the water, espied him. <span class=
+        "tei tei-q">“They shot at him, gave him sixteen wounds with their
+        arrows, and after they had slain him with their wooden swords, they
+        beat his head in pieces, and fled over the water to the main.”</span>
+        Captain Amadas had taken an Indian named Manteo to England with him,
+        and this man, now with White, was sent to the island of Croatoan,
+        where his tribe dwelt, to assure them of the friendship of the
+        English, and an understanding was established. It was ascertained
+        that the men left the preceding year had been treacherously attacked
+        by hostile natives, and that two had been killed, and their
+        storehouse burned; the remainder had <a name="corr002" id="corr002"
+        class="tei tei-anchor"></a><span class=
+        "tei tei-corr">successfully</span> fought through the Indians to
+        <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page3">[pg 3]</span><a name="Pg003" id=
+        "Pg003" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>the water’s edge, and had escaped
+        in their boat, whither they knew not. Their fate was never learned.
+        Manteo’s friends entreated that a badge should be given them, as some
+        of them had been attacked and wounded the previous year by mistake.
+        Something similar occurred shortly afterwards, when the English,
+        burning to avenge Howe’s death, attacked a settlement in the night,
+        shooting one of the men through the body before they discovered that
+        the natives there were of the friendly tribe. According to Raleigh’s
+        instructions, Manteo was christened, and called lord of Roanoake.
+        About this time, the wife of Ananias Dare, one of the twelve
+        assistants, was delivered of a daughter, who, as the first English
+        child born in that country, was very naturally baptised by the name
+        of Virginia. And now the ships had unladen the planter’s stores, and
+        were preparing for departure. It was deemed advisable that two of the
+        assistants should go back to England as factors and representatives
+        of the company, but all appeared anxious to stop. At length the whole
+        party, with one voice urged White to return, <span class=
+        "tei tei-q">“for the better and sooner obtaining of supplies and
+        other necessaries for them.”</span> This he very naturally refused,
+        as it would look at home as though the Governor had deserted his
+        band, and had led so many into a country in which he never meant to
+        stay himself. But at last he yielded to them, and was furnished with
+        a testimonial setting forth the reasons. White arrived in England at
+        a period when the danger of a Spanish invasion was imminent, a most
+        unfortunate time for the colonists. When Raleigh was preparing
+        supplies for them, which Greenville was to have taken out, the order
+        was countermanded. White represented the urgency of their wants, and
+        two small pinnaces were despatched with supplies, and fifteen
+        planters on board. Instead of proceeding to America, they commenced
+        cruising for prizes, till, disabled and rifled by two men-of-war from
+        Rochelle, they were obliged to retreat to England. And now Raleigh,
+        who is said to have already expended £40,000 over these attempts at
+        colonisation, appears to have sickened of them, and to have assigned
+        his patent to a company of merchant adventurers. White did his utmost
+        for the poor settlers he represented, and learning that some English
+        ships were about to proceed to the West Indies, tried his best to
+        arrange that they should take some provisions and stores to Virginia,
+        the upshot of which was that he only obtained a passage for
+        himself.</p>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">The colony had now
+        been left to itself for two years. When the vessels anchored near the
+        spot, they observed a great smoke on the island of Roanoake, and
+        White, who had a married daughter among the colonists, hoped that it
+        might proceed from one of their camps. Two boats put off from the
+        ships, and the gunners were ordered to prepare three guns,
+        <span class="tei tei-q">“well loaded, and to shoot them off with
+        reasonable space between each shot, to the end that their reports
+        might be heard at the place where they hoped to find some of their
+        people.”</span> Their first search was vain, for though they reached
+        the spot from which the smoke came, there were no signs of life
+        there. The next day a second search was made, but one of the boats
+        was swamped, and the captain and four others were drowned. The
+        sailors averred that they would not seek further for the colonists;
+        they were, however, over-ruled, and another attempt was made. Again
+        they noted a great fire in the woods, and when the boat neared it,
+        they let their grapnel fall, and sounded a trumpet, playing tunes
+        familiar at the time; but there was no response. They landed at
+        daybreak, and proceeded to the place where the colony had been left.
+        <span class="tei tei-q">“All the way,”</span> says White,
+        <span class="tei tei-q">“we <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page4">[pg
+        4]</span><a name="Pg004" id="Pg004" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>saw in
+        the sand the print of the savages’ feet trodden that night; and as we
+        entered up the sandy bank, upon a tree at the very brow thereof were
+        curiously carved these fair Roman letters, C R O, which letters
+        presently we knew to signify the place where I should find the
+        planters seated, according to a token agreed upon at my
+        departure.”</span> He had told them in case of distress to carve over
+        the letters or name a cross; but no such sign was found. At the spot
+        itself where he expected the settlement, he found the houses taken
+        down, and the place enclosed with logs or trees. Many heavy articles,
+        bars of iron, pigs of lead, shot, and so forth, were lying about,
+        almost overgrown with grass and weeds. Five chests, of which three
+        were his own, were found at last, but they had been evidently broken
+        into by the savages. <span class="tei tei-q">“About the
+        place,”</span> says White, <span class="tei tei-q">“many of my
+        things, spoiled and broken, and my books torn from the covers, the
+        frames of some of my pictures and maps rotten and spoiled with rain,
+        and my armour almost eaten through with rust.”</span> But on one of
+        the trees or chief posts of the enclosure, the word CROATOAN was
+        carved in large letters, and he now understood that they were with
+        Manteo’s tribe. It was agreed that they should make for that place;
+        but again fortune was against them.</p>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">One disaster
+        followed another, and when at last they left Virginia, it was with
+        the intention of wintering in the West Indies, and returning the
+        following spring; but even this was not to be. Stress of weather
+        drove them to the Azores, and once there it was naturally decided to
+        return to England. No later attempt was made to succour them, and the
+        fate of ninety-one men, seventeen women, and nine children, and of
+        two infants born there, the names of which are preserved in Hakluyt,
+        was never known. Raleigh has been greatly blamed for inhumanity in
+        this connection. His excuse is that it was the busiest part of his
+        eventful life. He had just borne his part in the defeat of the
+        Armada; had been one of eleven hundred gentlemen who ventured on the
+        unfortunate Portuguese expedition; had been sent, in what was
+        regarded as an honourable banishment, but none the less an exile, to
+        Ireland; on regaining his place in the queen’s favour had taken an
+        active part in Parliamentary service; was concerned in a fresh naval
+        expedition from which he was recalled by the queen, and had his first
+        taste of that cell in the Tower, which later on he left only for the
+        scaffold.</p>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">In 1595, we find
+        Raleigh bent on a discovery which had long been a feverish dream with
+        him—the conquest of the fabled El Dorado. It was but the result of
+        the discoveries of the Spaniards in Mexico and Peru; and all over the
+        Spanish main there was a fond belief extant in something greater and
+        richer than anything yet found. One of the traditions of the day was
+        that a relative of the last reigning Inca of Peru, escaping from the
+        wreck of that empire, with a large part of its remaining forces and
+        treasure, had established himself in a new country, which was found
+        to be itself as rich in mines as that from which he had migrated.
+        <span class="tei tei-q">“The Spaniards,”</span> says Southey,
+        <span class="tei tei-q">“lost more men in seeking for this imaginary
+        kingdom than in the conquest of Mexico and Peru.”</span></p><a name=
+        "illo_014.jpg" id="illo_014.jpg" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"></p>
+
+        <div class="tei tei-figure" style="text-align: center">
+          <img src="images/illo_014.jpg" alt="RALEIGH AT TRINIDAD" title=
+          "RALEIGH AT TRINIDAD." />
+
+          <div class="tei tei-head" style=
+          "text-align: center; margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em">
+            RALEIGH AT TRINIDAD.
+          </div>
+        </div><a name="illo_016.png" id="illo_016.png" class=
+        "tei tei-anchor"></a>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"></p>
+
+        <div class="tei tei-figure" style="text-align: center">
+          <img src="images/illo_016.png" alt="SIR WALTER RALEIGH" title=
+          "SIR WALTER RALEIGH." />
+
+          <div class="tei tei-head" style=
+          "text-align: center; margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em">
+            SIR WALTER RALEIGH.
+          </div>
+        </div>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Raleigh was
+        encouraged in this enterprise by such men as Cecil, and the Lord High
+        Admiral Howard, who contributed to its cost. His idea was to enter
+        the land of gold by the Orinoco, and prior to his own voyage he
+        despatched a ship, under Captain Whiddon, to reconnoitre on that part
+        of the coast, and to seek information at the island of Trinidad. When
+        Raleigh and his squadron had arrived at one of its ports he found a
+        company of Spaniards <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page5">[pg
+        5]</span><a name="Pg005" id="Pg005" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>from
+        whom he cautiously extracted all they knew or believed concerning
+        Guiana. <span class="tei tei-q">“For these poor soldiers,”</span>
+        says he, <span class="tei tei-q">“having been many years without
+        wine, a few draughts made them merry; in which mood they vaunted of
+        Guiana, and of the riches thereof, and all what they knew of the bays
+        and passages, myself seeming to purpose nothing less than the
+        entrance or discovery thereof, but bred in them an opinion that I was
+        bound only for the relief of those English whom I had planted in
+        Virginia, whereof the bruit was come among them, which I had
+        performed in my return if extremity of weather had not forced me from
+        the said coast.”</span> Raleigh stopped some time here, not merely to
+        extract all the information possible, but also to be revenged on the
+        Governor, who the year before had behaved treacherously, entrapping
+        eight of Captain Whiddon’s men. This he accomplished by taking and
+        burning one of their new towns, and detaining the Governor, Berrio,
+        at his pleasure on board. The same day two more of his ships arrived,
+        and they prepared for the purposed discovery. <span class=
+        "tei tei-q">“And first,”</span> says Raleigh, <span class=
+        "tei tei-q">“I called all the captains (<span class=
+        "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">i.e.</span></span>,
+        caciques or native chiefs) of the island together that were enemies
+        to the Spaniards; * * * and by my Indian interpreter, which I carried
+        out of England, I made them understand that I was the servant of the
+        queen, who was the great cacique of the north, and a virgin, and had
+        more caciqui under her than there were trees on that island; that she
+        was an enemy to the Castellani (<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style=
+        "font-style: italic">i.e.</span></span>, Spanish from Castille) in
+        respect of their tyranny and oppression, <span class="tei tei-pb" id=
+        "page6">[pg 6]</span><a name="Pg006" id="Pg006" class=
+        "tei tei-anchor"></a>and that she delivered all such nations about
+        her as were by them oppressed; and having freed all the coast of the
+        northern world from their servitude, had sent me to free them also,
+        and withal to defend the country of Guiana from their invasion and
+        conquest. I showed them her Majesty’s picture, which they so admired
+        and honoured as it had been easy to have brought them idolatrous
+        thereof.”</span> Raleigh used the Governor with courtesy and
+        hospitality, and sounded him well concerning Guiana; and Berrio
+        conversed with him readily, having no suspicion of Raleigh’s
+        intentions. But when Sir Walter told him that he had resolved to see
+        that country, the Governor <span class="tei tei-q">“was stricken into
+        a great melancholy,”</span> and tried all he could to dissuade him.
+        He described the rivers as full of sandbanks, and so shallow that no
+        bark or pinnace could ascend them, and scarcely a ship’s boat; that
+        they could not carry provisions for half the journey, and that the
+        <span class="tei tei-q">“kings and lords of all the borders of Guiana
+        had decreed that none of them should trade with any Christians for
+        gold, because the same would be their own overthrow, and that for the
+        love of gold the Christians meant to conquer and dispossess them
+        altogether.”</span> The golden country was 600 miles farther from the
+        coast than he had been informed, which piece of news Raleigh
+        carefully concealed from his company, for he was resolved
+        <span class="tei tei-q">“to make trial of all, whatsoever
+        happened.”</span> After many explorations, on the part of his
+        captains, of the rivers, the mouths of which were found to be as
+        shallow as he had been told, he, with 100 men divided in a galley,
+        four boats and barges, and carrying provisions for a month, resolved
+        to see for himself.</p>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">From the spot
+        where the ships lay, they had as much sea to cross as between Dover
+        and Calais, the waves being high, and the current strong. They at
+        length entered a stream, which Raleigh called the River of the Red
+        Cross, and where they noted Indians in a canoe and on the banks.
+        Their interpreters, Ferdinando and his brother, went ashore to fetch
+        fruit, and drink with the natives, when they were seized by the chief
+        with the intention of putting them to death, because <span class=
+        "tei tei-q">“they had brought a strange nation into their territory
+        to spoil and destroy them.”</span> Ferdinando and his brother managed
+        to escape, the former running into the woods, and the latter reaching
+        the mouth of the creek where the barge was staying, when he cried out
+        that his brother was slain. On hearing this, <span class=
+        "tei tei-q">“we set hands,”</span> says Raleigh, <span class=
+        "tei tei-q">“on one of them that was next us, a very old man, and
+        brought him into the barge, assuring him that if we had not our pilot
+        again we would presently cut off his head.”</span> The old man called
+        to his tribe to save Ferdinando, but they hunted him through the
+        forest, with shouts that made the whole neighbourhood resound. At
+        length he reached the water, and climbing out on an overhanging tree,
+        dropped down and swam to the barge, half dead with fear. The old
+        Indian was retained as pilot.</p>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Ascending with the
+        flood, and anchoring during ebb tide, they went on, till on the third
+        day their galley grounded, and stuck so fast that it was a question
+        whether their discoveries must not end there; but at last, by
+        lightening her of all her ballast, and hauling and tugging, she was
+        once more afloat. Next day they reached a fine river, where there was
+        no flood tide from the sea, and they had to contend against a strong
+        current; <span class="tei tei-q">“and had then,”</span> says Raleigh,
+        <span class="tei tei-q">“no shift but to persuade the company that it
+        was but two or three days’ work”</span> to reach their destination.
+        <span class="tei tei-q">“When three days were overgone, our companies
+        began to despair, the weather being extreme hot, the river bordered
+        with very high trees that kept away the air, and the current against
+        us every day stronger than the other; but we once <span class=
+        "tei tei-pb" id="page7">[pg 7]</span><a name="Pg007" id="Pg007"
+        class="tei tei-anchor"></a>more commanded our pilots to promise to
+        end the next day, and used it so long as we were driven to assure
+        them from four reaches of the river to three, and so to two, and so
+        to the next reach; but so long we laboured that many days were spent,
+        and we driven to draw ourselves to harder allowance, our bread even
+        at the last and no drink at all; and ourselves so wearied and
+        scorched, and doubtful withal whether we should ever perform it or
+        no, the heat increasing as we drew towards the line, for we were now
+        in five degrees. The farther we went on (our victuals decreasing and
+        the air breeding great faintness) we grew weaker and weaker, when we
+        had most need of strength and ability, for hourly the river ran more
+        violently than other against us; and the barge, wherries, and ship’s
+        boat had spent all their provisions, so as we were brought into
+        despair and discomfort, had we not persuaded all the company that it
+        was but one day’s work more to attain the land, where we should be
+        relieved of all we wanted; and if we returned that we should be sure
+        to starve by the way, and that the world would also laugh us to
+        scorn.”</span> The old Indian now offered to take them to a town at a
+        short distance, where they could get bread, hams, fish, and wine, but
+        to reach it they must leave the galley, and proceed up a smaller
+        stream with the barge and wherries. Raleigh, with two of his captains
+        and sixteen musketeers started, but when, after hard rowing, it grew
+        night, and there were no signs of the place, they feared treachery.
+        The old native still assured them that it was but a little further,
+        and they rowed on past reach after reach, and still no town or
+        settlement could be discovered. At last they decided to hang the
+        pilot, and Raleigh states distinctly that <span class="tei tei-q">“if
+        we had well known the way back again by night, he had surely gone,
+        but our own necessities pleaded sufficiently for his safety, for it
+        was now as dark as pitch, and the river began so to narrow itself,
+        and the trees to hang from side, so as we were driven with arming
+        swords to cut a passage through those branches that covered the
+        water.”</span> At last, an hour after midnight, a light was seen, and
+        the welcome noise of the village dogs heard, as they rowed towards
+        it. There were few natives there at the time, but some quantity of
+        provisions was obtained, with which they returned to the galley next
+        day. The natives called this stream the river of alligators, and a
+        negro, who was one of the galley’s crew, venturing to swim in it, was
+        devoured by one of those animals. Raleigh says of the country through
+        which it passed, <span class="tei tei-q">“whereas all that we had
+        seen before was nothing but woods, prickly bushes, and thorns, here
+        we beheld plains of twenty miles in length, the grass short and
+        green, and in divers parts groves of trees by themselves, as if they
+        had with all the art and labour in the world been so made of purpose;
+        and still as we rowed, the deer came down feeding by the water’s
+        side, as if they had been used to a keeper’s call.”</span></p>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Still proceeding
+        up the great river, their provisions almost exhausted, they observed
+        four canoes coming down the stream, to which they gave chase. The
+        people in two of the larger escaped into the woods, and left behind a
+        large stock of bread, which was very welcome. Searching the woods,
+        Raleigh came across an Indian basket, which proved to be that of a
+        refiner, as it contained quicksilver, saltpetre, and other things for
+        gathering and testing metals, and also the dust of such as he had
+        discovered. Raleigh offered £500 to the soldier who should take one
+        of three Spaniards known to have been with this party, but they
+        escaped. He was more fortunate with the Indians who had accompanied
+        them, and one of them was taken for pilot, from whom he learned that
+        the richest mines were <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page8">[pg
+        8]</span><a name="Pg008" id="Pg008" class=
+        "tei tei-anchor"></a><span class="tei tei-q">“defended with rocks of
+        hard stones, which we call white spar”</span> (presumably quartz). He
+        states that in the canoes which escaped there was a good quantity of
+        ore and gold.</p>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Still proceeding,
+        on the fifteenth day, to their great joy, the distant mountains of
+        Guiana came into view, and the same day brought them in sight of the
+        great Orinoco, about the branches of which river thousands of
+        tortoise eggs were found, which proved to be <span class=
+        "tei tei-q">“very wholesome meat, and greatly restoring.”</span> The
+        natives, too, were friendly, and to Raleigh’s credit, be it said, he
+        appears in all cases to have treated them fairly and well. With the
+        cacique he made merry, treating the natives to a small quantity of
+        Spanish wine, they in return bringing in fruits, bread, fish, and
+        flesh. The chief conducted them to his own town, <span class=
+        "tei tei-q">“where,”</span> says Raleigh, <span class=
+        "tei tei-q">“some of our captains caroused of his wine till they were
+        reasonably pleasant; for it is very strong with pepper, and the juice
+        of divers herbs digested and purged; they keep it in great earthen
+        pots of ten or twelve gallons, very clear and sweet; and are
+        themselves at their meetings and feasts the greatest carousers and
+        drunkards in the world.”</span> The settlement stood on a low hill,
+        <span class="tei tei-q">“with goodly gardens a mile compass round
+        about it.”</span> And so they proceeded, meeting friendliness
+        everywhere among the natives, till the rivers commenced fast rising,
+        and they could not row against the stream. Small parties were then
+        detailed ashore to look for mineral stones. Raleigh describes the
+        country as lovely; <span class="tei tei-q">“the deer crossing in
+        every path; the birds towards the evening singing on every tree with
+        a thousand several tunes; cranes and herons, of white, crimson, and
+        carnation, perching on the river’s side; the air fresh with a gentle
+        easterly wind; <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style=
+        "font-style: italic">and every stone that we stooped to take up
+        promised either gold or silver by its complexion</span></span>. * * *
+        I hope some of them cannot be bettered under the sun; and yet we had
+        no means but with our daggers and fingers to tear them out here and
+        there, the rocks being most hard, of that mineral spar aforesaid,
+        which is like a flint, and is altogether as hard, or harder; and
+        besides, the veins lie a fathom or two deep in the rocks. But we
+        wanted all things requisite, save only our desires and good will, to
+        have performed more, if it had pleased God.”</span> Some of the
+        others brought glistening stones, and among them, apparently pyrites,
+        which very commonly accompanies gold, but of the precious metal
+        itself Raleigh could hardly boast a speck in truth. His account of
+        these discoveries is mixed up with the strangest fables, as for
+        example of the Ewaipanoma, a people of that country whose eyes were
+        in their shoulders, and their mouths in the middle of their
+        breasts!</p><a name="illo_020.png" id="illo_020.png" class=
+        "tei tei-anchor"></a>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"></p>
+
+        <div class="tei tei-figure" style="text-align: center">
+          <img src="images/illo_020.png" alt="RALEIGH ON THE RIVER" title=
+          "RALEIGH ON THE RIVER." />
+
+          <div class="tei tei-head" style=
+          "text-align: center; margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em">
+            RALEIGH ON THE RIVER.
+          </div>
+        </div>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">The ships were
+        regained, and the expedition sailed for England, where Raleigh, in
+        spite of the work which he published under the boastful title of
+        <span class="tei tei-q">“The Discovery of the Large, Rich, and
+        Beautiful Empire of Guiana, with a Relation of the Great and Golden
+        City of Manoa (which the Spaniards call El Dorado),”</span> &amp;c.,
+        lost both popular and queenly favour, having brought home no booty.
+        In fact the narrative given to the world rather did him harm than
+        good, for it is full of excuses, admits that the voyage had been most
+        unprofitable, and is undoubtedly not veracious in many particulars.
+        His arguments for immediately attempting the conquest of Guiana were
+        not regarded. Yet still he had means and friends. Two expeditions to
+        Guiana were afterwards organised, neither of which resulted in any
+        discovery or profit.</p>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">But others besides
+        Raleigh and his followers had been inflamed with the accounts
+        floating about concerning El Dorado. Berrio, the Spanish Governor
+        before mentioned, <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page9">[pg
+        9]</span><a name="Pg009" id="Pg009" class=
+        "tei tei-anchor"></a>despatched his camp master to Spain to levy men,
+        sending with him some golden carvings and <span class=
+        "tei tei-q">“images, as well of men as beasts, birds, and
+        fishes,”</span> in order to obtain further aid from the king and his
+        subjects. This agent, Domingo de Vera, was a man of ability, and
+        thoroughly unscrupulous; he courted notoriety by appearing always in
+        a singular dress, adorned with golden trinkets and jewels, and being
+        of great stature, and riding always a great horse, attracted much
+        attention, being known popularly as the Indian El Dorado. He was
+        successful in raising seventy thousand ducats at Madrid, and a large
+        additional sum at Seville: obtained authority for raising a band of
+        adventurers, and five good ships to carry them out. Men of good birth
+        left their estates, respectable middle-class men gave up their
+        incomes and employments, sold everything, and embarked with their
+        wives and children; even a prebendary, and many priests, gave up sure
+        prospects of advancement to join the expedition, which at last
+        aggregated two thousand persons. Berrio had only asked for 300, and
+        when the expedition reached Trinidad, they had to be apportioned to
+        various other settlements; the women and children being serious
+        encumbrances at the time, and enduring great misery. The savage
+        Caribs attacked their canoes when proceeding to St. Thomas and
+        elsewhere. One detachment of three hundred were reduced to thirty
+        souls by the crafty Indians, who, after very partially supplying them
+        with provisions, watched them sink with weakness and disease till
+        they became an <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page10">[pg
+        10]</span><a name="Pg010" id="Pg010" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>easy
+        prey. In some places they set fire to the grass, and the wretched
+        travellers, unable to fly before it, were burned to death. Those who
+        reached the Orinoco, not merely found no gold, but little of that
+        abundance so glowingly described by Raleigh. Vera himself soon died
+        in <a name="corr010" id="corr010" class=
+        "tei tei-anchor"></a><span class="tei tei-corr">Trinidad</span>, and
+        Berrio did not long survive him. Of the original two thousand who
+        left Spain, it is doubtful whether a tithe survived the first year.
+        Had Raleigh been a favourite with the people, or had his character
+        been above suspicion, it is more than likely that some similar
+        disaster might have had to be recorded on the pages of English
+        history.</p>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Sir Walter Raleigh
+        has enlightened us,<a id="noteref_1" name="noteref_1" href=
+        "#note_1"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style=
+        "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">1</span></span></a> as
+        regards the condition of commerce and of the English mercantile
+        marine shortly before the union of the crown of England and Scotland,
+        in a remarkable paper, <span class="tei tei-q">“which
+        contains,”</span> says a competent authority, <span class=
+        "tei tei-q">“many remarkable commercial principles far in advance of
+        the age in which the author lived.”</span> He states that the ships
+        of England were not to be compared with those of the Dutch, and that
+        while an English ship of one hundred tons required a crew of thirty
+        men, the Dutch would sail such a vessel with one-third that number.
+        Holland became the depôt of numerous articles, <span class=
+        "tei tei-q">“not one hundredth part of which were consumed by the
+        Dutch,”</span> while she gave <span class="tei tei-q">“free custom
+        inwards and outwards for the better maintenance of navigation and
+        encouragement of the people to that business.”</span> Sir Walter
+        tells us that France offered to the vessels of all nations free
+        customs twice and sometimes three times each year when she laid in
+        her annual stock of provisions, and also in such raw materials as
+        were not possessed by herself in equal abundance. Denmark granted
+        free customs the year through, excepting only one month. The Dutch
+        were the great carriers by sea, in consequence of the facilities
+        granted them at home, <span class="tei tei-q">“and yet the situation
+        of England lieth far better for a storehouse to serve the south-east
+        and the north-east kingdoms than theirs do; and we have far the
+        better means to do it if we apply ourselves to do it.”</span> He
+        complained that although the greatest fishery in the world is on the
+        coasts of England, Scotland, and Ireland, Holland despatched to the
+        Baltic and up the Rhine more than a million pounds sterling worth of
+        herrings, where we did not export one. He states that Holland
+        trafficked in <span class="tei tei-q">“every city and port of Britain
+        with five or six hundred ships yearly, and we chiefly to three towns
+        in their country and with forty ships; the Dutch trade to every port
+        and town in France, and we only to five or six,”</span> and that the
+        Dutch were even ruining our Russian trade. In spite of probable
+        exaggerations in Raleigh’s statements as laid before the King, it is
+        evident that with the laws as they stood, the Dutch must have had, as
+        regards their commercial marine, very much the best of it.</p>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">While there was
+        much depression among the shipowners, they did not overlook the
+        advantages to be derived from intercourse with the newly-discovered
+        world of North America. Though the expeditions promoted by Raleigh
+        and his associates had been unfortunate, profitable ventures were
+        soon after made, beads, trinkets, and articles of little value being
+        exchanged for skins and furs obtained by the Indians; and Captain
+        Gosnold made in 1602 the first <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style=
+        "font-style: italic">direct</span></span> voyage across the Atlantic
+        to America—all other English sailors at least having sailed by way of
+        the Canaries and West Indies. <span class="tei tei-q">“Steering in a
+        small bark, directly across the Atlantic, in seven weeks he reached
+        Cape Elizabeth on the coast of Maine. <span class="tei tei-pb" id=
+        "page11">[pg 11]</span><a name="Pg011" id="Pg011" class=
+        "tei tei-anchor"></a>Following the coast to the south-west, he
+        skirted <span class="tei tei-q">‘an outpoint of wooded land;’</span>
+        and about noon of the 14th of May he anchored <span class=
+        "tei tei-q">‘near Savage Rock,’</span> to the east of York
+        Harbour.... Not finding his <span class="tei tei-q">‘purposed
+        place’</span> he stood to the south, and on the morning of the 15th
+        discovered the promontory which he named Cape Cod. He and four of his
+        men went on shore. Cape Cod was the first spot in New England ever
+        trod by Englishman.”</span> He traded with the natives in peltries,
+        sassafras, and cedar-wood, and was probably the first to sow English
+        corn on the Island of Martha’s Vineyard. In 1606 two maritime
+        companies, the <span class="tei tei-q">“Plymouth Adventurers,”</span>
+        and the South Virginia Company, were authorised to colonise and form
+        plantations; the first having right to the territory which now
+        embraces Pennsylvania, New Jersey, and New York; and the second, to
+        that which now includes Maryland, Virginia, and North and South
+        Carolina. A single steamer of these days has often landed more
+        emigrants at New York than did a dozen of these early expeditions at
+        other points, for their progress at first was painfully slow.</p>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">The great East
+        India Company was formed in England more than a century after the
+        discovery, by Vasco de Gama, of the route to India <span class=
+        "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">viâ</span></span> the
+        Cape. The first voyage of Thomas Cavendish is worthy of more note
+        than it has received, inasmuch as it contributed more than anything
+        else to awakening the merchants of London to the importance of the
+        trade prospects there. Starting in July, 1586, he circumnavigated the
+        globe, passing through the Straits of Magellan westward, in eight
+        months less than Drake. He was the first English navigator to discern
+        the value of the position of St. Helena, to describe with accuracy
+        the Philippine Islands, and to bring home a map and description of
+        China; and what is more remarkable is the fact that he was scarcely
+        more than twenty-two years of age when he took command in this first
+        most adventurous voyage. He was shipwrecked five or six years later
+        on the coast of Brazil, and lost his life there. Through Mr. Thorne,
+        an English merchant, often mentioned in connection with these early
+        voyages, the London merchants gained a considerable amount of
+        knowledge relating to the important trade with the Indies enjoyed by
+        the Spanish and Portuguese; and at length, in the year 1600, more
+        than 200 shipowners, traders, and citizens associated, and formed a
+        body corporate, having received many special privileges from the
+        Crown, <span class="tei tei-q">“including,”</span> says
+        Lindsay,<a id="noteref_2" name="noteref_2" href=
+        "#note_2"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style=
+        "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">2</span></span></a>
+        <span class="tei tei-q">“that of punishing offenders either in body
+        or purse, provided the mode of punishment was not repugnant to the
+        laws of England. Its exports were not subjected to any duties for the
+        four first voyages, important indulgences were granted in paying the
+        duties on imports, and liberty was given to export £30,000 each
+        voyage in coin or bullion, provided £6,000 of this sum passed through
+        the Mint. But not exceeding six ships, and an equal number of
+        pinnaces, with 500 seamen, were allowed to be despatched annually to
+        whatever station might be formed in India, with the additional
+        provisoes that the seamen were not at the time required for the
+        service of the Royal Navy, and that all gold and silver exported by
+        the Company should be shipped at either London, Dartmouth, or
+        Plymouth.”</span> The Company started with a capital of £72,000, and
+        equipped five vessels for the first venture, the largest of which was
+        the <span class="tei tei-name"><span style=
+        "font-style: italic">Dragon</span></span> of 600 tons; her commander,
+        according to the practice of the day, receiving the title of
+        <span class="tei tei-q">“Admiral of the Squadron.”</span> The first
+        voyage was very successful; important commercial <span class=
+        "tei tei-pb" id="page13">[pg 13]</span><a name="Pg013" id="Pg013"
+        class="tei tei-anchor"></a>relations were formed with the King of
+        Achin, in Sumatra; and a factory established at Bantam, after which
+        the ships returned to England richly laden.</p>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">A serious rival
+        was, however, in the field. The separation of the Dutch provinces
+        from the crown of Spain had caused their merchants to be sent abroad
+        to seek new fields of commerce, and as they had gained an intimate
+        knowledge of Spanish and Portuguese affairs, they were then the
+        predominant naval power in the Indian Seas, and were quite ready to
+        contend against any supremacy on the part of England’s traders.
+        English merchants were, however, ready for them, the profits on the
+        first expedition having incited them to grander efforts. They
+        obtained a new Charter in 1609, and the Company constructed a vessel
+        of larger size than any hitherto employed in the English merchant
+        service, which they named the <span class="tei tei-name"><span style=
+        "font-style: italic">Trades’ Increase</span></span>. She was 1,200
+        tons, and even her pinnace was 250 tons. At her launch, the Company
+        gave a great banquet, at which the dishes were of china ware, then a
+        great novelty in England. With these and two other vessels Sir Henry
+        Middleton set sail, touching at Mocha, on the Red Sea, where,
+        entrapped ashore by the Mohammedans, eighty of his crew were
+        massacred, sixteen others disabled, and he himself severely wounded.
+        Proceeding to Bantam, the <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style=
+        "font-style: italic">Trades’ Increase</span></span> was unfortunately
+        shipwrecked, and poor Middleton died heartbroken at the failure of
+        the expedition. But other voyages followed, which were enormously
+        profitable to the Company. One expedition is mentioned which,
+        <span class="tei tei-q">“though absent only twenty months, earned in
+        that time a profit of no less than 340 per cent.”</span> <span class=
+        "tei tei-q">“Factories”</span>—trading posts or forts—were
+        established, and the Company obtained the favour of the Moghul
+        Emperor, Jehangir, more especially after they had been fortunate
+        enough to repel some of the Portuguese who were attacking his posts.
+        They even contrived to obtain a footing in Japan, through the
+        influence of William Adams, a Kentish man, who had been pilot on one
+        of the earliest Dutch expeditions, and who stood high in the
+        Emperor’s favour. The intercourse then opened was allowed to die out,
+        and has only been re-established late in our own time. In seventeen
+        years after the first establishment of the Company its affairs had
+        become so prosperous that its stock reached a premium of 203 per
+        cent., and the Dutch East India Company suggested an amalgamation of
+        the two corporations with a view to exclude and crush their common
+        enemy, the Portuguese. This was never carried into effect, but in
+        1619 a treaty of trade and friendship was established. They were to
+        <span class="tei tei-q">“cease from rivalry, and apportion the
+        profits of the different branches of commerce between them.”</span>
+        Alas! all this amicable billing and cooing were to speedily end; such
+        self-abnegation was found hardly practicable between business rivals.
+        A series of hostilities ensued in the following year; a number of
+        Englishmen were massacred by the Dutch at Amboyna, and sea-fights
+        occurred between the vessels; the result being that the Dutch had it
+        all their own way in a few years afterwards. The directors of the
+        English Company even meditated winding up its affairs. Something
+        similar happened more than once afterwards before they became a grand
+        company and the real governors of India. The rise of British power
+        there is one of those surprising revolutions which never before
+        occurred in history. The managers of a trading company in London
+        first became the lords of a manor a dozen times the size of England,
+        and controlled the destinies of kings and princes, engaging in war or
+        peace as occasion seemed to demand. Think of the affairs of a great
+        country settled in a counting-house! But at length the anomaly had to
+        cease, and, as most readers will remember, the East India Company
+        lost its powers and privileges in 1858, <span class="tei tei-pb" id=
+        "page14">[pg 14]</span><a name="Pg014" id="Pg014" class=
+        "tei tei-anchor"></a>and ceased to exist as a governing body.
+        Retiring allowances were made to commanders and officers. It may be
+        interesting to note that up to 1814 trade with India, so long a
+        jealously-guarded monopoly with the Company, was thrown open to
+        private competition, but that they retained the exclusive trade with
+        China for a long period after that date.</p>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">A trifling
+        digression may be allowed here, as it really bears on our subject.
+        The East India Company was long a synonym for everything that was
+        rich and powerful, and many of its civil servants visited or retired
+        to England as opulent and independent men. The maritime branch of the
+        service received a goodly slice of the pie; and some facts relating
+        thereto recorded by Lindsay, the authority before quoted, himself
+        long a great shipowner, will astonish and interest the reader. A
+        commander’s position in the H. E. I. Co.’s service was most assuredly
+        worth having, for his salary was a very small part indeed of his
+        receipts. The Company granted a number of <span class=
+        "tei tei-q">“indulgences”</span> to their naval officers, of which
+        the following are only part. Ninety-seven tons of space were reserved
+        for the commander and officers, of which the former of course took
+        the lion’s share, 56½ tons. They were permitted to import on the
+        homeward voyage tea to the following extent:—9,336 lbs. for the
+        commander, 1,228 lbs. for first mate, and the lower grades were each
+        privileged in the same way, but to a smaller extent. The officers
+        might bring in China-ware as a flooring for the tea-chests, the
+        quantity of which might range from 20 to 40 tons, according to the
+        size of the vessel. They were even allowed surplus tonnage, when it
+        could be safely and conveniently carried. The commander received as
+        his perquisite the passage-money paid by <span class=
+        "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">all</span></span>
+        private passengers, the cost of their provisions and wine being alone
+        deducted. His table was luxuriously supplied, and he was allowed to
+        import for his own use two butts of Madeira wine. The first mate had,
+        among his extra allowances, and quite apart from the regular supply
+        of provisions on board, 24 dozen of wine or beer, 2 firkins of
+        butter, 1 cwt. of cheese, 1 <a name="corr014" id="corr014" class=
+        "tei tei-anchor"></a><span class="tei tei-corr">cwt.</span> of
+        groceries, and 4 quarter casks of pickles for the voyage. Lindsay
+        says, <span class="tei tei-q">“So many were their privileges, and so
+        numerous their perquisites, that during five India or China voyages a
+        captain of one of the Company’s ships ought to have realised
+        sufficient capital to be independent for the rest of his
+        life.”</span> He was, in effect, a merchant, doing business for
+        himself while in the employ of a large mercantile concern, and his
+        officers were the same on a smaller scale. The above writer considers
+        that the direct and inevitable remuneration to a commander was from
+        £3,000 to £5,000 per round voyage, out and home, but that with his
+        privileges and perquisites it might and often did reach £8,000 to
+        £10,000, or more. He mentions one instance which came within his own
+        knowledge, where <span class="tei tei-q">“the commander of one of the
+        ships employed on the <span class="tei tei-q">‘double
+        voyage’</span>—that is from London to India, thence to China, and
+        thence back to London, where he had a large interest in the freight
+        on cotton or other produce conveyed from India to China—realised no
+        less than £30,000.”</span> And yet some of them were not satisfied,
+        and the Company had to make laws and investigations concerning
+        illicit trading and smuggling with the connivance of the Custom House
+        officers. Some of the commanders had even put into ports for which
+        they had no orders, to carry out their own purposes.</p>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">The internal
+        economy of an East Indiaman was, as regards discipline and order,
+        modelled for the most part upon that of a man-of-war, and carried
+        more men, twice over, than does many a modern steamer double her
+        tonnage. Thus, one of the finest vessels of <span class="tei tei-pb"
+        id="page15">[pg 15]</span><a name="Pg015" id="Pg015" class=
+        "tei tei-anchor"></a>the Company, mentioned by Lindsay, was for a
+        considerable period the <span class="tei tei-name"><span style=
+        "font-style: italic">Earl of Balcarras</span></span>. She was of
+        1,417 tons, and had 130 souls on board. After the commander came six
+        mates, a surgeon and assistant, six midshipmen, purser, boatswain,
+        gunner, carpenter, master-at-arms, armourer, butcher, baker,
+        poulterer, caulker, cooper, two stewards, two cooks, eight
+        boatswain’s, gunner’s, carpenter’s, caulker’s, and cooper’s mates;
+        six quartermasters, a sailmaker, seven servants for officers, and
+        seventy-eight seamen. But we are wandering from our
+        theme.</p><a name="illo_023.jpg" id="illo_023.jpg" class=
+        "tei tei-anchor"></a>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"></p>
+
+        <div class="tei tei-figure" style="text-align: center">
+          <img src="images/illo_023.jpg" alt="MONSON AND THE BISCAYAN SHIP"
+          title="MONSON AND THE BISCAYAN SHIP." />
+
+          <div class="tei tei-head" style=
+          "text-align: center; margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em">
+            MONSON AND THE BISCAYAN SHIP.
+          </div>
+        </div>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">The reign of
+        Elizabeth was a glorious epoch in the history of naval affairs, and
+        great names crowd upon us. It is impossible to pass by that of Sir
+        William Monson, who served his country for fifty years, through three
+        reigns, and whose <span class="tei tei-q">“Naval Tracts”</span> are
+        almost as valuable as were his services, illustrating as they do the
+        condition of the navy and maritime affairs of the period, and
+        abounding in the details of well-described exploits.</p>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Monson was of a
+        good Lincolnshire family, and at an early age entered Baliol College,
+        Oxford, where he remained a couple of years, till the excitement of
+        the war with Spain determined him to run away to sea, as he did not
+        expect to get the consent of his parents. At this date, 1585, he was
+        only sixteen years of age. <span class="tei tei-q">“I put
+        myself,”</span> says he, <span class="tei tei-q">“into an action by
+        sea, where there was in company of us two small ships, fitted for
+        men-of-war, that authorised us by commission to seize upon the
+        subjects of the King of Spain; then made I the sea my profession,
+        being led to it by the wildness of my youth.”</span> He had not long
+        to wait for adventure. <span class="tei tei-q">“A strong and
+        obstinate ship of Holland”</span> was encountered, whose captain had
+        the audacity not to strike his flag immediately, when required to do
+        so. The Dutch vessel had an English pilot on board, through whom
+        communication was held; and the master of the privateer, by a ruse of
+        navigation, ordering his helmsman in a loud voice to port his helm,
+        while in an undertone he instructed him to do just the reverse,
+        nearly fouled the Dutchman, whose men got out oars and fenders to
+        prevent the impending collision. <span class="tei tei-q">“When we saw
+        their people thus employed,”</span> says Monson,<a id="noteref_3"
+        name="noteref_3" href="#note_3"><span class=
+        "tei tei-noteref"><span style=
+        "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">3</span></span></a>
+        <span class="tei tei-q">“and not to have time to take arms, we
+        suddenly boarded, entered, and took her by this stratagem.”</span>
+        Monson, when an old man, used to chuckle over his boyish share in
+        this exploit, and includes it among <span class=
+        "tei tei-q">“stratagems to be used at sea”</span> in his <span class=
+        "tei tei-q">“Tracts.”</span></p>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">But he was to have
+        speedily a better opportunity of distinguishing himself. The
+        privateer on which he served—for she was nothing more—encountered a
+        large Biscayan ship off the Spanish coast, whose captain refused to
+        strike. A few of the English crew, including Monson, managed to board
+        her, when the sea suddenly rose, and this mere handful were left on
+        the Spaniard’s decks, while the privateer was compelled to ungrapple.
+        The storm increased, and it was not possible to succour the little
+        band, who fought for <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style=
+        "font-style: italic">eleven</span></span> hours, from eight o’clock
+        in the evening to seven the next morning. The Spaniards attempted to
+        blow up the deck which they maintained, but <span class=
+        "tei tei-q">“were prevented by fire-pikes,”</span> and at last
+        surrendered after a desperate contest. The decks were covered with
+        the dead and dying. <span class="tei tei-q">“I dare say,”</span> says
+        the narrator of the event, <span class="tei tei-q">“that in the whole
+        time of the war there was not so rare a manner of fight, or so great
+        a slaughter of men.”</span> Monson, who had now received his
+        <span class="tei tei-q">“baptism of fire”</span> with a vengeance,
+        determined that nothing <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page16">[pg
+        16]</span><a name="Pg016" id="Pg016" class=
+        "tei tei-anchor"></a>should take him from his adopted profession, and
+        it is presumable that his friends became reconciled to it, for we
+        find him suddenly raised, at one step, from the grade of a volunteer
+        to the rank of captain, although but eighteen years old! Family
+        influence, doubtless, had something to do with it. Gentlemen
+        captains, who were often brave men, but who knew little enough about
+        naval affairs, were common in those days. Raleigh distinguishes them
+        very distinctly from the <span class="tei tei-q">“tarpauling
+        captain,”</span> or mariner who had learned his profession from a
+        youth up. Monson, however, as his writings prove, soon became an
+        adept in navigation and all the arts of seamanship.</p>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Passing over a
+        voyage in which Monson was nearly shipwrecked, we come to 1589, when
+        he accompanied the Earl of Cumberland in his expedition to the
+        Azores. The crews were reduced to great distress from want of water,
+        and while cruising among the islands, a grand spout was seen issuing
+        apparently from one of their cliffs. Cumberland asked Monson to go
+        with four men and find out whether it was available for their use.
+        While they were rowing towards the land, a great whale, lying asleep
+        on the water, was noted from the ship, and was mistaken for a rock,
+        whereupon the vessel tacked about and put to sea, leaving Monson to
+        his fate. (The original narrative does not explain whether the
+        waterspout, noticed from the ship, had proceeded from the whale,
+        before it fell asleep.) <span class="tei tei-q">“I had no
+        sooner,”</span> says Monson, <span class="tei tei-q">“set my foot
+        ashore, than it began to be dark with night and fog, and to blow,
+        rain, thunder, and lighten in the cruellest manner that I have seen.
+        There was no way for me to escape death but to put myself to the
+        mercy of the sea; neither could I have any great hope of help in
+        life, for the ship was out of sight, and there only appeared a light
+        upon the shrouds to direct me.”</span> The narrative says that a
+        countryman of Monson’s on board prevailed upon his lordship (the Earl
+        of Cumberland) to forbear sailing. This was, one would think, hardly
+        necessary, as Monson was his second in command; but stress of weather
+        will probably account for the vessel being driven some distance. They
+        rowed and rowed, but lost all sight of the ship. At length, in
+        despair, they fired their last charge of powder from a musket. The
+        flash was seen through the fog, and they were saved. <span class=
+        "tei tei-q">“We were preserved,”</span> says the narrative,
+        <span class="tei tei-q">“rather by miracle than any human act; and to
+        make it the more strange we were no sooner risen from our seats, and
+        ropes in our hands to enter the ship, but the boat sunk
+        immediately.”</span> The subsequent sufferings of the crew from the
+        continued want of water have rarely been equalled. <span class=
+        "tei tei-q">“For sixteen days together,”</span> says Monson,
+        <span class="tei tei-q">“we never tasted a drop of drink, either of
+        beer, wine, or water; and though we had plenty of beef and pork of a
+        year’s salting, yet did we forbear eating it, for making us the
+        drier. Many drank salt water, and those that did died suddenly; and
+        the last words they usually spoke were <span class=
+        "tei tei-q">‘Drink, drink, drink!’</span> ”</span> There were 500 men
+        on board, and the mortality, though not expressly stated in numbers,
+        is said to have been something fearful. At last they made the coast
+        of Ireland, and obtained relief. So severely was Monson’s health
+        affected by this voyage, that he retired from the active pursuit of
+        his profession for a year afterwards.</p>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Again he joined
+        the Earl of Cumberland in 1591 on an expedition directed against
+        Spain, off the coasts of which he successfully took two caravels by
+        one of the stratagems for which he was famous. He had boarded one
+        from the ship’s boat; he manned her with a part of his boat’s crew,
+        and rowed back to his ship. The Spaniards on the other caravel far in
+        the distance thought that the first, her consort, had been dismissed,
+        and so shortened sail to meet <span class="tei tei-pb" id=
+        "page17">[pg 17]</span><a name="Pg017" id="Pg017" class=
+        "tei tei-anchor"></a>her; and was consequently taken unawares by a
+        mere handful of men. But Monson only wanted to obtain information as
+        to the enemy, and let them both off. This act turned out fortunately
+        for him; for shortly afterwards, being left in charge of a prize
+        taken from the Dutch, he was attacked by the Spaniards in six
+        galleys, the consequence being that he was taken prisoner, when he
+        found that his recent conduct towards the caravels had been reported
+        favourably, and he was treated with more courtesy than had been usual
+        before. But he was to suffer a long captivity for all that. At the
+        Tagus he would probably have escaped had not an unforeseen chance
+        prevented. While the galleys were in the harbour, a Brazilian, master
+        of a Dutch ship, chanced to come on board that on which Monson was
+        confined, and, pitying his hard fate, offered to take him off on his
+        vessel, if he could devise any plan which should not implicate
+        himself. Monson gave out to the rest of the prisoners that, tired of
+        his life, he intended to drown himself. His intention really was to
+        drop quietly into the water, and if possible swim to the friendly
+        bark. But just before he had made his arrangements, the galleys were
+        ordered to sea, and when they returned the ship had sailed. It is
+        probably fortunate for him that he did not make the attempt, as, had
+        it been frustrated, he would have probably suffered death, as did an
+        Italian a short time afterwards, who had been trying to raise a
+        general conspiracy on board. His execution was effected in the most
+        horrible <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page18">[pg 18]</span><a name=
+        "Pg018" id="Pg018" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>manner, his arms and
+        legs being severally tied to the sterns of four galleys, which were
+        rowed in four different directions, thus quartering him.</p>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Monson was
+        afterwards removed to the castle of Lisbon, from which an attempt on
+        his part to escape was frustrated by the treachery of an English
+        interpreter there, whom he had been forced to employ. Fortunately,
+        the letter which he had entrusted to a page, who was to have conveyed
+        it <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">in his
+        boots</span></span> to Lord Burleigh, became so saturated and
+        obliterated by rain, that nothing could be made of it, and the whole
+        matter was allowed to pass. Not so, however, after he had helped a
+        Portuguese to escape, who had been condemned to death. The latter,
+        aided by Monson’s skill, managed to pass the sentinels disguised as a
+        soldier, and then lowering himself by a rope, effected his plans. The
+        flight having been discovered, Monson was accused of having assisted
+        him, and was taken before the judge. <span class="tei tei-q">“But
+        neither threats nor promises of liberty could induce him to confess.
+        He pleaded that he was a prisoner of war, that he was subject to the
+        law of honour and arms, and that it was lawful for him to seek his
+        freedom: he urged the improbability of holding such intercourse as
+        was imputed to him with one whose language he did not understand; and
+        he concluded by cautioning them to be wary what violence they offered
+        him, as he had friends in England, and was of a nation that could and
+        would revenge his wrongs.”</span> The latter argument probably it was
+        that carried the day; but until released—no doubt by exchange—he was
+        closely guarded.</p>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">In 1593, Monson
+        again joined Cumberland, and considering the fidelity which he had
+        always shown to that admiral, the latter seems to have treated him
+        very badly. In the course of their voyage, a dozen Spanish hulks
+        laden with powder were taken, half of which were left to Monson to
+        haul over, while his admiral put to sea with the rest. Monson had
+        with him only about fifty men. What was his surprise towards night to
+        find that Cumberland had released the hulks which he had taken, and
+        that they were crowding on all sail to join their consorts in his
+        charge, with hostile intent, which it would be madness on his part to
+        attempt to frustrate. He barely escaped; when the enemy boarded him
+        on one side of his vessel, he leaped into the long boat on the other
+        side, receiving a wound which remained all his days. Southey
+        certainly puts it mildly when he says, <span class="tei tei-q">“The
+        conduct of the Earl of Cumberland in this affair admits of no
+        reasonable or satisfactory explanations,”</span> for it looks far
+        more like downright treachery. A couple of years afterwards, the Earl
+        very plainly declared his colours by first inducing him to join him
+        in his voyage, and then superseding him. Monson could not brook this,
+        and returned, after some adventures, to England, where we soon find
+        him with the Earl of Essex, in the expedition to Cadiz. At that most
+        remarkable siege, he was in the thick of the fight ashore with Essex,
+        where he received a shot through his scarf and breeches; another shot
+        took away the handle and pommel of his sword, while he remained
+        uninjured. But his principal services were in connection with the
+        destruction of the fleet, which meant a loss of six or seven millions
+        sterling to Spain. <span class="tei tei-q">“The King of
+        Spain,”</span> says Monson, <span class="tei tei-q">“never received
+        so great an overthrow, and so great an indignity at our hands as
+        this; for our attempt was at his own home, in his own ports, that he
+        thought as safe as his chamber, where we took and destroyed his ships
+        of war, burnt and consumed the wealth of his merchants, sacked his
+        city, ransomed his subjects, and entered his country without
+        impeachment.”</span> Monson was knighted for his conduct at this
+        siege.</p><a name="illo_028.png" id="illo_028.png" class=
+        "tei tei-anchor"></a>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"></p>
+
+        <div class="tei tei-figure" style="text-align: center">
+          <img src="images/illo_028.png" alt="MONSON AT CADIZ" title=
+          "MONSON AT CADIZ." />
+
+          <div class="tei tei-head" style=
+          "text-align: center; margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em">
+            MONSON AT CADIZ.
+          </div>
+        </div>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">The abundant
+        <span class="tei tei-q">“pluck”</span> possessed by Monson is
+        illustrated in the following example. <span class="tei tei-pb" id=
+        "page19">[pg 19]</span><a name="Pg019" id="Pg019" class=
+        "tei tei-anchor"></a>In 1597, on the island expedition, Monson’s ship
+        was separated some distance from the admiral’s squadron, when a fleet
+        of twenty-five sail was noted approaching in the dead of the night.
+        Not being able to distinguish their flag, he determined to
+        reconnoitre for himself, before signalling to the English ships. He
+        approached them in his boat, hailing them in Spanish, and they,
+        replying that they were of that nationality, asked whence he came. He
+        replied that he was of England, and told them that his ship, then in
+        sight, was a royal galleon, and could be easily taken, his object
+        being to make them pursue him, so that he might gradually lead them
+        into the wake of the squadron. All he got for this impudently gallant
+        attempt was a volley of bad language and another of shot.</p>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">But all Monson’s
+        exploits pale before an action which occurred in Cerimbra roads, in
+        which a great treasure-ship was cut out, in sight of a fortress and
+        eleven galleys, and within hearing of the guns of Lisbon. He was then
+        associated with Admiral Sir Richard Lewson, but the principal part of
+        the service was performed by himself. When the carrack and galleys
+        were discovered lying at anchor, a council was held on board the
+        admiral’s vessel, which occupied the better part of a day, as many of
+        the captains thought it folly to attempt to capture a great ship
+        defended by a fortress and eleven galleys. Monson thought
+        differently, and it was at length agreed that he and the admiral
+        should anchor as near the carrack as they could, while the other and
+        smaller vessels should ply up and down, holding themselves in
+        readiness for any emergency. It is likely, as Southey remarks, that
+        <span class="tei tei-q">“the sight of these galleys reminded Sir
+        William of the slavery he had endured at Lisbon in similar vessels,
+        if not indeed in some of these identical craft, and he longed to take
+        revenge upon them.”</span> Monson says that in order to show contempt
+        of them, he separated from the rest of the fleet, by way of
+        challenging and defying them. <span class="tei tei-q">“The Marquis of
+        St. Cruz, General of the Portuguese, and Frederick Spinola, General
+        of the galleys, accepted the invitation, and put out with the
+        intention of fighting him; but they were diverted from their purpose
+        by a renegade Englishman, who knew the force of the vice-admiral’s
+        ship, and that she was commanded by Monson.”</span></p>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">The town of
+        Cerimbra lies at the bottom of a roadstead, which usually affords
+        protection for shipping. It had at that time a strong fortress close
+        to the beach, and a fortified castle, while there was a troop of
+        soldiers ashore, whose numerous tents lined the coast. The galleys
+        were partly covered or flanked by a neck of rock, and the batteries
+        could play over them, thus affording them great protection, while
+        they could themselves keep up a continuous fire at any approaching
+        vessel. Again, Monson tells us, <span class="tei tei-q">“there was no
+        man but imagined that most of the carrack’s lading was ashore, and
+        that they would hale her aground under the castle where no ship of
+        ours would be able to come at her—all which objections, with many
+        more, were alleged, yet they little prevailed. Procrastination was
+        perilous, and therefore, with all expedition, they thought convenient
+        to charge the town, the fort, the galleys, and carrack, all at one
+        instant.”</span> This was done next morning, although a gale sprung
+        up about the time of the attack. The admiral weighed, fired the
+        signal gun, hoisted his flag, and was the first at the attack;
+        <span class="tei tei-q">“after him followed the rest of the ships,
+        showing great valour, and gaining great honour. The last of all was
+        Monson himself, who, entering into the fight, still strove to get up
+        as near the shore as he could, where he came to an anchor,
+        continually fighting with the town, the fort, the galleys, and the
+        carrack <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page20">[pg 20]</span><a name=
+        "Pg020" id="Pg020" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>all together; for he
+        brought them betwixt him, that he might play both his broadsides upon
+        them. The galleys still kept their prows towards him. The slaves
+        offered to forsake them ... and everything was in confusion amongst
+        them; and thus they fought till five of the clock in the
+        afternoon.”</span> Monson’s stratagems and rapidity of action
+        paralysed the commanders of the galleys, and the men rowed about
+        wildly to avoid him, not knowing what to do. The admiral came on
+        board his ship, and, embracing him in the presence of the ship’s
+        company, declared that <span class="tei tei-q">“he had won his heart
+        for ever.”</span></p>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">And so the battle
+        raged till the enemy showed such evident signs of weakness, that it
+        was proposed to board the carrack. Here, however, the admiral
+        interposed, as he wished to preserve the treasure on board. The ships
+        were ordered to cease firing, and one Captain Sewell, who had been
+        four years a prisoner on the galleys, from one of which he had only
+        just escaped by swimming, was selected to parley with them. He was to
+        promise honourable conditions, but insist that as the English held
+        the roadstead, as several of the galleys were <span class=
+        "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">hors de
+        combat</span></span>, and the castle powerless, they must expect the
+        worst in a case of refusal. The captain of the carrack would not
+        treat with an officer who had so recently been a slave in their
+        power, but sent a deputation of Portuguese gentlemen of quality,
+        desiring that they should be met by those of similar rank in the
+        English service. They were, of course, properly received, but having
+        delivered their message, evinced a great desire to hasten back; they
+        revealed the real state of affairs by admitting that it was a moot
+        question on the carrack whether the parley ought to be entertained,
+        or the vessel set on fire. Monson’s promptitude once more saved the
+        situation. Not waiting to hear any more, or receiving any instruction
+        from Admiral Lewson, he ordered his men to row him to the carrack.
+        Several officers on board recognised him, and the commander, Don
+        Diego Lobo, a young man of family, motioning his men apart, received
+        him courteously. After some little palaver, Monson informing Don
+        Diego of the rank he held in the expedition, and assuring him of his
+        high regard for the Portuguese nation, the real business of their
+        interview was approached. Diego asked that he, his officers and men,
+        should be put on shore that night; that the ship and its ordnance
+        should be respected, and its flags remain suspended; the treasure he
+        would concede to the victors. Monson agreed to the first proposition,
+        excepting only that he required a certain number of hostages whom he
+        would detain three days, but laughed at the idea of separating the
+        ship and its contents; and stated that <span class="tei tei-q">“he
+        was resolved never to permit a Spanish flag to be worn in the
+        presence of the Queen’s ships, unless it were disgracefully over the
+        poop.”</span> A long discussion followed, and Monson, who was
+        determined to have his way, made a show of descending to his boat.
+        His firmness won the day, and all his demands were eventually
+        conceded, after which he conducted Don Diego and eight gentlemen on
+        board his ship, <span class="tei tei-q">“when they supped, had a
+        variety of music, and spent the night in great jollity.”</span> This
+        is Monson’s account; it is doubtful whether the Portuguese were
+        thoroughly enjoying themselves under the circumstances! When next day
+        Sir William accompanied them on shore, he found the Count de
+        Vidigueira at the head of a force numbering 20,000 men, whose
+        services were not of much account now. The disgust ashore at the
+        comparatively easy victory attained by the English may be imagined.
+        Besides the capture of the carrack, two of the galleys were burnt and
+        sunk; the captain of another was taken prisoner, and the others fled
+        during the engagement, although they were afterwards shamed into
+        returning by <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page21">[pg
+        21]</span><a name="Pg021" id="Pg021" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>the
+        heroic behaviour of Spinola, who defended the carrack against
+        desperate odds. The total loss of life in the town, castle, and
+        vessels, although never accurately known, must have been immense,
+        while the victory was purchased by the English with the loss of only
+        six men, scarcely a larger number being wounded.</p><a name=
+        "illo_032.jpg" id="illo_032.jpg" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"></p>
+
+        <div class="tei tei-figure" style="text-align: center">
+          <img src="images/illo_032.jpg" alt="ACTION IN CERIMBRA ROADS"
+          title="ACTION IN CERIMBRA ROADS." />
+
+          <div class="tei tei-head" style=
+          "text-align: center; margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em">
+            ACTION IN CERIMBRA ROADS.
+          </div>
+        </div>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">The carrack, named
+        the <span class="tei tei-name"><span style="font-style: italic">St.
+        Valentine</span></span>, was a vessel of 1,700 tons burthen; she had
+        wintered at Mozambique on her return from the Indies, where a fatal
+        malady killed the bulk of her crew; indeed, it is stated that out of
+        more than 600 men scarce twenty survived the whole voyage. The
+        Viceroy of Portugal sent the galleys before named to protect her, and
+        put on board 400 volunteers. The value of this prize was close on
+        £200,000. It is just to Monson to state that he offered Diego
+        <span class="tei tei-q">“permission to take out of her whatever
+        portion of the freight he could conscientiously claim as his
+        own.”</span> This proposal the proud young commander <span class=
+        "tei tei-pb" id="page22">[pg 22]</span><a name="Pg022" id="Pg022"
+        class="tei tei-anchor"></a>declined. His life afterwards was a series
+        of misfortunes. He was thrown into prison for losing the carrack;
+        escaped from captivity only to languish an exile in Italy; and at
+        last died just as fortune once more seemed to smile upon him by
+        offering him a chance in his own king’s service.</p>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">On the accession
+        of James I. a general peace ensued so far as England was concerned.
+        All in all, the rest was beneficial to the navy, and many defects
+        were remedied and reforms inaugurated. In one of the earliest reports
+        presented to the king on the condition of the navy, after enumerating
+        certain pressing needs, we find the estimate for its <span class=
+        "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">annual</span></span>
+        expenditure placed at rather less than £21,000—an amount which a
+        single ironclad would have swallowed up entirely, and got
+        considerably into debt. James caused one fine vessel to be
+        constructed, in 1610, in which every improvement known at the time
+        was introduced. She was christened the <span class=
+        "tei tei-name"><span style="font-style: italic">Prince
+        Royal</span></span>. Stow describes her as follows:—<span class=
+        "tei tei-q">“This year the king builded a most goodly ship for warre,
+        the keel whereof was 114 feet in length, and the cross beam was
+        forty-four feet in length; she will carry sixty-four pieces of
+        ordnance, and is of the burthen of 1,400 tons. This royal ship is
+        double built, and is most sumptuously adorned, within and without,
+        with all manner of curious carving, painting, and rich gilding, being
+        in all respects the greatest and goodliest ship that ever was builded
+        in England; and this glorious ship the king gave to his son Henry,
+        Prince of Wales; and the 24th September, the king, the queen, the
+        Prince of Wales, the Duke of York, and the Lady Elizabeth, with many
+        great lords, went unto Woolwich to see it launched; but because of
+        the narrowness of the dock it could not then be launched; whereupon
+        the prince came the next morning by three o’clock, and then at the
+        launching thereof the prince named it after his own dignity, and
+        called it the <span class="tei tei-name"><span style=
+        "font-style: italic">Prince</span></span>.”</span> Phineas Pett, one
+        of a family of leading naval constructors of those days, was its
+        builder. A well-known authority<a id="noteref_4" name="noteref_4"
+        href="#note_4"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style=
+        "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">4</span></span></a> says,
+        <span class="tei tei-q">“Were the absurd profusion of ornament with
+        which the <span class="tei tei-name"><span style=
+        "font-style: italic">Royal Prince</span></span> is decorated removed,
+        its contour or general appearance would not so materially differ from
+        the modern vessel of the same size as to render it an uncommon sight,
+        or a ship in which mariners would hesitate at proceeding to sea in,
+        on account of any glaring defects in its form, that in their opinion
+        might render it unsafe to undertake a common voyage in.”</span> A
+        very large number of superior vessels were added to the royal navy
+        during this epoch, but the commercial marine was in a bad way until
+        late in James’s reign. What its conviction was at this time may be
+        gathered from the fact that in 1615, half way in the reign, there
+        were not more than ten vessels of 200 tons burthen each in the port
+        of London. Less than seven years afterwards, such was the
+        improvement, that Newcastle alone could boast more than a hundred,
+        each of which exceeded that tonnage.</p>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">During this
+        peaceful epoch Monson had to fulfil an unthankful office as guardian
+        of the narrow seas, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style=
+        "font-style: italic">i.e.</span></span>, the English and Irish
+        Channels, and adjacent waters. He had to transport princes and
+        ambassadors while war was going on, and as it would seem from a paper
+        included in his <span class="tei tei-q">“Tracts,”</span> at his own
+        expense. This document runs at a first glimpse very curiously. Take
+        one entry, <span class="tei tei-q">“1604, August 4. The constable of
+        Castile at his coming over, 200 (followers) 3 (meals).”</span> An
+        unconscionable number of followers and very <span class="tei tei-pb"
+        id="page23">[pg 23]</span><a name="Pg023" id="Pg023" class=
+        "tei tei-anchor"></a>few meals, it would seem, for so many; but it
+        doubtless means three meals apiece on the passage from Calais or
+        Dunkirk to Dover. The retinue of <span class=
+        "tei tei-q">“followers”</span> sometimes aggregated as many as 300.
+        During this period, however, Monson made some careful notes on the
+        Dutch fisheries, then a most important source of revenue to that
+        nation, while ours were almost entirely overlooked. Nine thousand
+        Dutch vessels were kept in constant employment by these fisheries, a
+        considerable proportion of which were on our own coasts, and
+        conducted under our very noses. He was employed at intervals for two
+        years in combating similar encroachments on the part of French
+        fishermen. <span class="tei tei-q">“The adventurous spirit of the
+        age,”</span> says Southey, <span class="tei tei-q">“was averse to an
+        employment so tranquil and so near home.”</span> Men would rather
+        seek the uttermost parts of the earth in a vain search for wealth
+        than settle down to a certain, safe, and profitable employment.
+        Monson waxes eloquently indignant on the subject in one of his
+        chapters. <span class="tei tei-q">“My meaning is,”</span> he says,
+        <span class="tei tei-q">“not to leave our fruitful soil untilled, our
+        seas unfrequented, our islands unpeopled, or to seek remote and
+        strange countries disinhabited, and uncivil Indians untamed, where
+        nothing appears to us but earth, wood, and water, at our first
+        arrival; for all other hope must depend on our labour and costly
+        expenses, on the adventures of the sea, on the honesty of
+        undertakers; and all these at last produce nothing but tobacco<a id=
+        "noteref_5" name="noteref_5" href="#note_5"><span class=
+        "tei tei-noteref"><span style=
+        "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">5</span></span></a>—a
+        new-invented useless weed, as too much use and custom make it
+        apparent. * * * * You shall be made to know, that though you be born
+        on an island seated in the ocean, frequented by invisible fish,
+        swimming from one shore to the other, yet your experience has not
+        taught you the benefits and blessings arising from that fish. I doubt
+        not but to give you that light therein, that you shall confess
+        yourselves blinded, and be willing to blow from you the foul mist
+        that has been an impediment to your sight; you shall be awakened from
+        your drowsy sleep, and rouse yourselves to follow this best business
+        that ever was presented to England, or king thereof; nay, I will be
+        bold to say, to any state in the world. I will not except the
+        discoveries of the West Indies by Columbus; an act of greatest
+        renown, of greatest profit, and that has been of greatest consequence
+        to the Spanish nation.”</span> Exaggerated as all this may appear,
+        Monson was right in his estimation of the profitable nature of the
+        business. At that time the Dutch used to vend their fish in every
+        European market, and obtain in exchange the productions of all
+        countries. Monson also remarks on the carelessness of the English at
+        that time in regard to lobsters, oysters, and lampreys, all of which
+        the Dutch obtained from our coasts. In order to encourage the
+        fisheries an Act had been passed prohibiting butchers from killing
+        meat in Lent, and Monson wished it to be made compulsory on the rural
+        population to consume fish. <span class="tei tei-q">“Neither,”</span>
+        says he, <span class="tei tei-q">“will it seem a thing unreasonable
+        to enjoin every yeoman and farmer within the kingdom to take a barrel
+        of fish for their own spending, considering they save the value
+        thereof in other victuals; and that it is no more than the fisherman
+        will do to them to take off their wheat, malt, butter, and cheese for
+        their food to sea.”</span> This agitation did good in calling
+        attention to a neglected industry. The great enemies of the fishermen
+        then were the pirates who infested the coasts, and who, if they ran
+        short of provisions, looked upon them as their natural providers,
+        rarely, <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page24">[pg 24]</span><a name=
+        "Pg024" id="Pg024" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>if ever, paying for
+        what they took. And before passing to other subjects, let us
+        accompany Monson—on paper—on a little expedition he took against some
+        of the said pirates.</p>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">So considerable an
+        amount of alarm had been caused by piratical adventurers on the
+        coasts of Scotland, that King James was in 1614 urgently requested to
+        send some royal ships there. Sir William Monson and Sir Francis
+        Howard were despatched at once, and after calling at Leith to obtain
+        information and also the service of pilots, proceeded to the Orkney
+        Islands. Touching at Sinclair Castle, the residence of the Earl of
+        Caithness, situate on <span class="tei tei-q">“the utmost
+        promontory”</span> of Britain, they learned that the accounts had
+        been much exaggerated. There were only two known to the Earl, and
+        indeed one of them whom Monson took could hardly be deemed such at
+        all; he was a common sailor, and when he had found out the nature of
+        the service to which he had been engaged, he had abandoned it as soon
+        as possible. Clarke, the other adventurer, to whom the title of
+        pirate more fairly belonged, had been ashore to the castle a day
+        previously, and had been entertained in a friendly way, the fact
+        being that the Earl and his tenants were a little afraid of him as an
+        ugly customer. Hearing that Sir William was on the coast, he had
+        fled: Monson, therefore, finding it useless and needless to remain at
+        Caithness, sailed for Orkney, where he left Sir Francis Howard while
+        he proceeded to explore the coasts in detail, putting into every
+        inlet where it was likely Clarke or other pirates might be hidden. He
+        was unsuccessful in his search, and at length decided to make for
+        Broad Haven—a noted rendezvous for pirates—partly on account of its
+        remoteness and inaccessibility, and partly because one Cormat dwelt
+        there, who, with his daughters, entertained these thieving
+        adventurers with great cordiality. On the voyage he encountered a
+        terrible gale, <span class="tei tei-q">“that it were fit only for a
+        poet to describe.”</span> One of his vessels was engulfed in the
+        seas, and no traces of it or of its crew remained, while the others
+        were dispersed and did not see each other again till all met in
+        England. Monson had now alone to beard the lion in his
+        den.</p><a name="illo_036.jpg" id="illo_036.jpg" class=
+        "tei tei-anchor"></a>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"></p>
+
+        <div class="tei tei-figure" style="text-align: center">
+          <img src="images/illo_036.jpg" alt="MONSON AT BROAD HAVEN" title=
+          "MONSON AT BROAD HAVEN." />
+
+          <div class="tei tei-head" style=
+          "text-align: center; margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em">
+            MONSON AT BROAD HAVEN.
+          </div>
+        </div>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Arrived at Broad
+        Haven, which he describes as <span class="tei tei-q">“the well-head
+        of all pirates,”</span> he made good use of the half-pirate he had
+        secured, the only person on board who knew anything of that den of
+        sea-thieves. This man, with some others of the crew who had had some
+        experience in piratical pursuits before, were sent to Cormat,
+        <span class="tei tei-q">“the gentleman of the place,”</span> with a
+        well concocted story. Monson was described, for the nonce, as one
+        Captain Manwaring, a grand sea-rover, liberal to all he liked, and
+        whose ship was full of wealth. <span class="tei tei-q">“To give a
+        greater appearance of truth to all this, the crafty messenger used
+        the names of several pirates of his acquaintance, and feigned
+        messages to the women from their sweethearts, making them believe
+        that he had tokens from them on board. The hope of wealth and reward
+        set the hearts of the whole family on fire; and the women were so
+        overjoyed by the love tales and presents, that no suspicion of deceit
+        entered into their minds.”</span> Cormat proffered his services, and
+        recounted how many pirates he had assisted, at great peril to
+        himself; he further volunteered to send two <span class=
+        "tei tei-q">“gentlemen of trust”</span> on board next day, as
+        hostages for his sincerity. He recommended that some of them should
+        come ashore next day, armed, and kill some of the neighbours’ cattle;
+        this was intended doubtless to frighten the poor settlers round, so
+        that he himself might derive all the benefit of Manwaring’s visit.
+        Next morning the farce began, the first part of the programme being
+        followed as Cormat had directed; Captain Chester, with fifty men, was
+        despatched ashore by <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page26">[pg
+        26]</span><a name="Pg026" id="Pg026" class=
+        "tei tei-anchor"></a>Monson; some cattle were killed, and the
+        pseudo-pirates, swaggering and rollicking, were invited to Cormat’s
+        house, where they received a riotous welcome. Cormat’s two
+        ambassadors went on board Monson’s vessel, and delivered a friendly
+        message. When they had delivered it, Sir William desired them to
+        observe everything around them carefully, and to tell him whether
+        they thought that ship and company were pirates. It was idle to
+        dissemble any longer, especially as these men could not, if they
+        would, betray Sir William’s design. He accordingly reproached them
+        for their transgressions, told them to prepare for death, and ordered
+        them to be put in irons, taking care that neither boat nor man should
+        be allowed to go on shore until he was ready to land. When he at
+        length went ashore to visit Cormat, four or five hundred people had
+        assembled on the beach to receive the famous <span class=
+        "tei tei-q">“Captain Manwaring.”</span> He pretended to be doubtful
+        of their intentions, when they redoubled their protestations of
+        friendship, three of the principal men running into the water up to
+        their arm-pits, striving who should have the honour of carrying him
+        ashore. One of these was an Irish merchant, who did a thriving trade
+        with the pirates; another was a schoolmaster; and the third was an
+        Englishman, who had formerly been a tradesman in London. These gentry
+        conducted Sir William to Cormat’s house amidst huzzas and shouts of
+        welcome, everybody seeking to ingratiate himself with the supposed
+        pirate. <span class="tei tei-q">“ <span class="tei tei-q">‘Happy was
+        he,’</span> says Monson, <span class="tei tei-q">‘to whom he would
+        lend his ear.’</span> Falling into discourse, one told him they knew
+        his friends, and though his name had not discovered it, yet his face
+        did show him to be a Manwaring.”</span> In short, they made him
+        believe he might command them and their country, and that no man ever
+        was so welcome as Captain Manwaring. At the house a scene of revelry
+        ensued; the harper played merrily for the company, who danced on the
+        floor, which had been newly strewed with rushes for the occasion. The
+        women made endless inquiries for their distant lovers, and no
+        suspicion seems to have crossed the minds of any in regard to the
+        fate of the two ambassadors, who were supposed to be enjoying
+        themselves with the sailors on board. In the height of the
+        festivities, the Englishman was particularly communicative; showed
+        Sir William a pass for the interior which he had obtained by false
+        pretences from the sheriff, authorising him to travel from Clare to
+        make inquisition for goods supposed to have been lost at sea, and
+        which enabled him to journey and sell his plunder without suspicion.
+        He even proffered the services of ten mariners who were hiding in the
+        neighbourhood, and Monson, of course, pretended heartily to accept
+        their services, promising a reward. He asked the man to write them a
+        letter, which at once he did as follows:—<span class=
+        "tei tei-q">“Honest brother Dick and the rest, we are all made men,
+        for valiant Captain Manwaring and all his gallant crew are arrived in
+        this place. Make haste, for he flourisheth in wealth, and is most
+        kind to all men. Farewell, and once again make haste.”</span> Monson
+        took charge of the letter, and would, doubtless, have used it, had
+        not the approach of night obliged him to bring about the <span class=
+        "tei tei-hi"><span style=
+        "font-style: italic">denouement</span></span> of this play. The
+        comedy was all at once to change into a tragedy.</p>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">In the midst of
+        their riotous mirth, he suddenly desired the harper to cease, and in
+        serious and solemn tones commanded silence. He told them that,
+        hitherto, <span class="tei tei-q">“they had played their part, and he
+        had no share in the comedy; but though his was last, and might be
+        termed the epilogue, yet it would prove more tragical than
+        theirs.”</span> He undeceived them as to his being a pirate, and
+        declared his real business was to punish and suppress all such, whom
+        his <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page27">[pg 27]</span><a name=
+        "Pg027" id="Pg027" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>Majesty did not think
+        worthy the name of subjects. <span class="tei tei-q">“There now
+        remained nothing but to proceed to their executions, by virtue of his
+        commission; for which purpose he had brought a gallows ready framed,
+        which he caused to be set up, intending to begin the mournful dance
+        with the two men they thought had been merry-making aboard the ship.
+        As to the Englishman, he should come next, because being an
+        Englishman his offence did surpass the rest. He told the schoolmaster
+        he was a fit tutor for the children of the devil, and that as members
+        are governed by the head, the way to make his members sound was to
+        shorten him by the head, and therefore willed him to admonish his
+        scholars from the top of the gallows, which should be a pulpit
+        prepared for him. He condemned the merchant as a receiver of stolen
+        goods, and worse than the thief himself; reminding him that his time
+        was not long, and hoping that he might make his account with God, and
+        that he might be found a good merchant and factor to Him, though he
+        had been a malefactor to the law.”</span> One can imagine the change
+        which came over the assembly; all their high spirits were quenched in
+        a minute, while the principals abandoned themselves to despair,
+        believing that their hour was at hand. When Sir William left them to
+        go aboard, the carpenter was still hammering away at the gallows.</p>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Next morning the
+        prisoners were brought out to meet their doom, and were kept waiting
+        in an agony of terror, while the people generally were sueing for
+        their lives, and promising that they would never assist or connive at
+        pirates again. Sir William had never really the intention to hang any
+        of them, and <span class="tei tei-q">“after four-and-twenty hours’
+        fright in irons he pardoned them;”</span> the Englishman being the
+        only one who suffered any actual punishment. He was banished from the
+        coast, and the sheriff was admonished to be more careful in granting
+        passes for the future.</p>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">The very next day,
+        while still at Broad Haven, Sir William nearly captured a pirate who
+        was entering the harbour, when the latter took alarm at seeing a
+        strange vessel, and stood off to sea, where he remained six days in
+        foul weather. A day later the pirate anchored at an island near Broad
+        Haven, and contrived to forward a letter to Cormat, who having just
+        escaped one danger, did not desire to risk his neck again; he
+        accordingly showed the letter to Monson. It ran as
+        follows:—<span class="tei tei-q">“Dear Friend, I was bearing into
+        Broad Haven to give you corn for ballast, but I was frightened by the
+        king’s ship I supposed to be there. I pray you send me word what ship
+        it is, for we stand in great fear. I pray you, provide me two kine,
+        for we are in great want of victuals; whensoever you shall make a
+        fire on shore, I will send my boat to you.”</span> This just suited
+        Monson, who had a particular aptitude for stratagem. He directed
+        Cormat to answer his request in the affirmative. <span class=
+        "tei tei-q">“He bid him be confident this ship could not endanger
+        him; for she was not the king’s, as he imagined, but one of London
+        that came from the Indies with her men sick, and many dead. He
+        promised him two oxen and a calf; to observe his directions by making
+        a fire; and gave him hope to see him within two nights.”</span> A few
+        of the ship’s company, disguised in Irish costumes of the period,
+        were sent to accompany the messenger, with instructions to remain in
+        ambush. The hungry pirates were keeping a sharp look out for the
+        beacon fire, and it was no sooner lighted, than they hastily rowed
+        ashore, and received the letter, which gave them great satisfaction.
+        Sir William meanwhile was quietly laying plans for their capture.
+        Guided by the Irish peasantry, he took a number of his company a
+        roundabout trip by land <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page28">[pg
+        28]</span><a name="Pg028" id="Pg028" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>and
+        water till he brought them suddenly upon the place where the fire was
+        made, and the pirates were taken so unawares that they yielded
+        without an effort to escape. The whole gang was seized and taken to
+        Broad Haven, where the captain was hanged as an example to the rest.
+        Monson so completely cleared the coast of pirates, and frightened
+        those who had aided them, that on his way home, <span class=
+        "tei tei-q">“groping along the coast,”</span> he could not obtain a
+        pilot. Monson’s active career, although it extended to the reign of
+        Charles I., was now nearly over.</p>
+      </div>
+
+      <div class="tei tei-div" style=
+      "margin-bottom: 5.00em; margin-top: 5.00em">
+        <a name="chap02" id="chap02" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> <a name=
+        "toc7" id="toc7"></a> <a name="pdf8" id="pdf8"></a>
+
+        <h2 class="tei tei-head" style=
+        "text-align: center; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em">
+        <span style="font-size: 144%">CHAPTER II.</span></h2>
+
+        <h2 class="tei tei-head" style=
+        "text-align: center; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em">
+        <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: center"><span style=
+        "font-size: 144%; font-variant: small-caps">The History of Ships and
+        Shipping Interests</span></span> <span style=
+        "font-size: 144%">(</span><span class="tei tei-hi" style=
+        "text-align: center"><span style=
+        "font-size: 144%; font-style: italic">continued</span></span><span style="font-size: 144%">).</span></h2>
+
+        <div class="tei tei-argument" style=
+        "text-align: center; margin-bottom: 1.80em; margin-left: 3.60em; margin-top: 1.80em; margin-right: 3.60em">
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style=
+        "text-align: center; margin-bottom: 0.90em"><span style=
+        "font-size: 90%">Charles I. and Ship Money—Improvements made by him
+        in the Navy—His great Ship, the</span> <span class="tei tei-name"
+        style="text-align: center"><span style=
+        "font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Royal
+        Sovereign</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%">—The Navigation
+        Laws of Cromwell—Consequent War with the Dutch—Capture of Grand
+        Spanish Prizes—Charles II. seizes 130 Dutch Ships—Van Tromp and the
+        Action at Harwich—De Ruyter in the Medway and Thames—Peace—War with
+        France—La Hogue—Peter the Great and his Naval Studies—Visit to
+        Sardam—Difficulty of remaining</span> <span class="tei tei-hi"
+          style="text-align: center"><span style=
+          "font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">incognito</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%">—Cooks
+          his own Food—His Assiduity and Earnestness—A kind-hearted
+          Barbarian—Gives a Grand Banquet and</span> <span class="tei tei-hi"
+          style="text-align: center"><span style=
+          "font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Fête</span></span><span style=
+          "font-size: 90%">—Conveyed to England—His Stay at Evelyn’s
+          Place—Studies at Deptford—Visits Palaces and Public Houses—His
+          Intemperance—Presents the King a £10,000 Ruby—Engages numbers of
+          English Mechanics—Return to Russia—Rapid increase in his
+          Navy—Determines to Build St. Petersburg—Arrivals of the First
+          Merchantmen—Splendid Treatment of their Captains—Law’s Mississippi
+          Scheme and the South Sea Bubble—Two Nations gone Mad—The</span>
+          <span class="tei tei-q" style="text-align: center"><span style=
+          "font-size: 90%">“</span><span style=
+          "font-size: 90%">Bubble</span><span style=
+          "font-size: 90%">”</span></span> <span style="font-size: 90%">to
+          Pay the National Debt—Its one Solitary Ship—Noble and Plebeian
+          Stockbrokers—Rise and Fall of the Bubble—Directors made to
+          Disgorge.</span></p>
+        </div>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Charles I., as we
+        all know, had a fatal amount of belief in the royal prerogative. One
+        of his first acts, after ascending the throne, was to assume the
+        direct government of Virginia, and not only to treat the charter of
+        the company as annulled, <span class="tei tei-q">“but broadly
+        declared that colonies founded by adventurers, or occupied by British
+        subjects, were essentially part and parcel of the dominion of the
+        mother country.”</span> The Virginia Company vainly complained that
+        they had expended a fifth of a million sterling over the undertaking;
+        their territory was appropriated to the Crown, as were shortly
+        afterwards North and South Carolina, Georgia, Tennessee, and part of
+        Louisiana. But these arbitrary acts were as nothing to the ship-money
+        tax. There was some precedent for it. <span class="tei tei-q">“The
+        ancient princes of England, as they called on the inhabitants of the
+        counties near Scotland to arm and array themselves for the defence of
+        the border, had sometimes called on the maritime counties to furnish
+        ships for the defence of the coast. In the room of ships, money had
+        sometimes been accepted. This old practice it was now determined,
+        after a long interval, not only to revive but to extend. Former
+        princes had raised ship-money only in time of war; it was now exacted
+        in a time of profound peace. Former princes, even in the most
+        perilous wars, had raised ship-money only along the coasts; it was
+        now exacted from the inland shires. Former princes had raised
+        ship-money only for the maritime defence of the country; it was now
+        exacted, by the admission of the Royalists themselves, with the
+        object, not of maintaining a navy, but of furnishing the king with
+        supplies which might be increased at his discretion to any amount,
+        and expended at his discretion for any purpose.”</span><a id=
+        "noteref_6" name="noteref_6" href="#note_6"><span class=
+        "tei tei-noteref"><span style=
+        "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">6</span></span></a> The
+        resistance which followed, and which <span class="tei tei-pb" id=
+        "page29">[pg 29]</span><a name="Pg029" id="Pg029" class=
+        "tei tei-anchor"></a>assisted the unfortunate monarch to his
+        downfall, is too well known to need recapitulation here. Worthy
+        Monson, who, although bluff and hearty enough as a sailor, was
+        something of a courtier, defended the levy of the obnoxious tax. But
+        then he believed that Charles really wanted the money for the navy
+        alone, and for retaliation upon the Dutch, while the nation at large
+        had not much faith in their king, or in the alleged purposes for
+        which the tax was to be levied. This is not the place for any
+        defence, partial or otherwise, of Charles’s policy. He did, however,
+        show a considerable amount of energy in his attempts to improve the
+        navy, and constructed one vessel, the <span class=
+        "tei tei-name"><span style="font-style: italic">Sovereign of the
+        Seas</span></span>, or <span class="tei tei-name"><span style=
+        "font-style: italic">Royal Sovereign</span></span>, which was in
+        every respect an advance on anything built before it. One Thomas
+        Heywood wrote a very learned and flowery tract concerning it.
+        <span class="tei tei-q">“There is one thing”</span> says he,
+        <span class="tei tei-q">“above all things for the world to take
+        speciall notice of, that shee is beside tonnage so many tons in
+        burden, as their have beene yeares since our blessed Saviour’s
+        incarnation, namely, 1637, and not one under or over; a most happy
+        omen, which, though it was not the first projected or intended, is
+        now by true computation found so to happen.”</span> A description of
+        her ornamentation would occupy several pages of this work; gold and
+        black were the colours alone employed. She was 232 feet long, had
+        three flush decks, besides quarter-deck and raised forecastle.
+        <span class="tei tei-q">“Her lower tyre”</span> had thirty ports; her
+        middle tier the same; and the third, twenty-six ports for guns. Her
+        forecastle, half-deck, stern, and bows were all pierced for heavy
+        guns—that is, heavy for those days. On the stern was painted a Latin
+        inscription, thus <span class="tei tei-q">“Englisht,”</span> as
+        Heywood puts it:—</p>
+
+        <div class="tei tei-lg" style=
+        "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-left: 2.00em; margin-top: 1.00em">
+          <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">
+            <span class="tei tei-q" style="text-align: left">“He who seas,
+            windes, and navies doth protect,</span>
+          </div>
+
+          <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">
+            <span class="tei tei-q" style="text-align: left">Great Charles,
+            thy great ship in her course direct!”</span>
+          </div>
+        </div>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">She was built of
+        the best oak, and no more seaworthy ship had ever been turned out
+        from Woolwich previously. <span class="tei tei-name"><span style=
+        "font-style: italic">The Royal Prince</span></span>, built only
+        nineteen years before, seems to have been a mere holiday ship, and
+        was at the above-mentioned date laid up; the <span class=
+        "tei tei-name"><span style="font-style: italic">Royal
+        Sovereign</span></span> was in active service for nearly sixty years,
+        and would have been rebuilt but for an untoward accident. The history
+        and fate of this fine ship are thus briefly described by a descendant
+        of the architect, Phineas Pett, writing in January, 1696:—</p>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class=
+        "tei tei-q">“The <span class="tei tei-name"><span style=
+        "font-style: italic">Royal Sovereign</span></span> was the first
+        great ship that was ever built in England; she was then designed only
+        for splendour and magnificence, and was in some measure the occasion
+        of those loud complaints against ship-money in the reign of Charles
+        I.; but being taken down a deck lower, she became one of the best
+        men-of-war in the world, and so formidable to her enemies that none
+        of the most daring among them would willingly lie by her side. She
+        had been in almost all the great engagements that had been fought
+        between France and Holland; and in the last fight between the English
+        and the French, encountering the <span class=
+        "tei tei-name"><span style="font-style: italic">Wonder of the
+        World</span></span>, she so warmly plied the French Admiral, that she
+        forced him out of his three-decked wooden castle, and chasing the
+        <span class="tei tei-name"><span style="font-style: italic">Royal
+        Sun</span></span> before her, forced her to fly for shelter among the
+        rocks, where she became a prey to lesser vessels, that reduced her to
+        ashes. At length, leaky and defective herself with age, she was laid
+        up at Chatham to be rebuilt; but being set on fire by negligence, she
+        was, on the 27th of this month, devoured by the element which so long
+        and so often before she had imperiously made use of as the instrument
+        of destruction to others.”</span></p><span class="tei tei-pb" id=
+        "page30">[pg 30]</span><a name="Pg030" id="Pg030" class=
+        "tei tei-anchor"></a>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Charles, in spite
+        of his troubles, either rebuilt or added eighteen vessels to the
+        Royal Navy, leaving it not merely numerically stronger, but improved
+        in all other particulars. The immense square sterns and full bows
+        originally copied from the Dutch (who built their ships apparently on
+        their own model) gave place to more shapely sterns and sharper bows.
+        Extremely high poops and forecastles—copied, one would think, from
+        the Chinese—were abandoned as increasing the dangers of seamanship.
+        Tonnage and number of guns were largely increased. A <span class=
+        "tei tei-q">“first rate”</span> advanced from fifty to sixty, and
+        afterwards to a hundred guns.</p>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Holland, during
+        the reigns of James I. and Charles I., had been carrying off all the
+        commercial honours from England, and it was becoming evident that
+        prohibitory laws were needed to stop their triumphant progress on the
+        sea. In 1646, and again in 1650, two Acts were passed, both having
+        the same tendency, to prevent foreign ships trading with England’s
+        new plantations in Virginia, Bermuda, Barbadoes, <span class=
+        "tei tei-q">“and other places in America.”</span><a id="noteref_7"
+        name="noteref_7" href="#note_7"><span class=
+        "tei tei-noteref"><span style=
+        "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">7</span></span></a> On the
+        9th of October, 1651, the celebrated Navigation Act of Cromwell came
+        into operation. There were no half measures in that Act. It declared
+        that no goods or commodities whatever of the growth, production, or
+        manufacture of Asia, Africa, or America, should be imported either
+        into Great Britain or Ireland, or any of the colonies, except in
+        <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style=
+        "font-style: italic">British-built ships, owned by British subjects,
+        and of which the master and three-fourths of the crew belonged to
+        that country</span></span>. This, literally translated, meant that
+        England wanted the carrying trade of everything that concerned her
+        own well being. The next enactment went further. It provided that no
+        goods of the growth, production, or manufacture of any country in
+        Europe should be imported into Great Britain except in British ships,
+        owned and navigated by British subjects, <span class=
+        "tei tei-q">“<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style=
+        "font-style: italic">or in such ships as were the real property of
+        the people of the country or place in which the goods were produced,
+        or from which they could only be, or most usually were,
+        exported</span></span>.”</span> This provision was aimed at the
+        Dutch; they had little to export. But unless one can understand the
+        long-stifled animosity and jealousy felt in England regarding their
+        commercial supremacy on the seas, and as regards the carrying trade,
+        he can hardly understand why laws, which would nowadays be considered
+        ridiculous and unjust, were so popular then. So strong had these
+        feelings become, that when the Dutch despatched an embassy to England
+        for the purpose of obtaining a revocation of the navigation laws, its
+        members had to be guarded from the violence of the mob.</p>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">England had now
+        unmistakably asserted her right to carry on her own over-sea trade in
+        her own ships, and to enter the lists with any other nation as
+        regards foreign trade. This action was a defiance hurled at Holland,
+        and after a little manœuvring ended inevitably in war. A few facts
+        only regarding that war may be permitted here. The Dutch were at
+        first, and indeed for the most part, the sufferers. Within a month of
+        its declaration, Blake captured 100 of their herring boats, and
+        twelve of their frigates, sinking a thirteenth. In 1652-3 there were
+        five actions. In the first Blake was successful; in the second he was
+        thoroughly beaten by Martin Tromp (father of the Tromp best known in
+        history). The third, early in 1653, resulted in a victory for the
+        English, the Dutch losing 300 merchantmen they had captured not long
+        before; the fourth was a decided victory for England, and the
+        <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page31">[pg 31]</span><a name="Pg031"
+        id="Pg031" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>fifth was an indecisive action.
+        The English, however, took possession of the Channel, and scarcely a
+        day passed without Dutch prizes being brought into English ports.
+        Many of the Dutch ships, returning from distant parts of the world,
+        rounded Scotland, rather than pass up the Channel. On the fifth of
+        April, 1654, a treaty of peace was concluded; Cromwell requiring,
+        before it was signed, an admission of the English sovereignty of the
+        seas, and the Dutch consenting to strike their flag to the ships of
+        the Commonwealth.</p>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">One of the
+        greatest maritime successes of the Protector’s time was the capture
+        of Spanish galleons worth, with their freight, £600,000. The fleet
+        had been lying idly off Cadiz endeavouring to provoke the Spanish
+        squadron to an engagement, or trusting to intercept their returning
+        treasure ships. Captain Stayner in the <span class=
+        "tei tei-name"><span style=
+        "font-style: italic">Speaker</span></span>, accompanied by the
+        <span class="tei tei-name"><span style=
+        "font-style: italic">Bridgewater</span></span> and <span class=
+        "tei tei-name"><span style=
+        "font-style: italic">Plymouth</span></span>, left the English fleet
+        temporarily with the intention of taking water on board in a
+        neighbouring bay. On his course he luckily fell in with eight
+        galleons from America. Such an opportunity warmed up the hitherto
+        drooping spirits of the English sailors, and they fought with fury.
+        In a few hours one of the galleons was sunk, a second burned, two
+        ashore, and four taken prizes. They were loaded with plate, ore, and
+        money. When the treasure reached London it was placed in open carts
+        and ammunition wagons, and carried in triumph through the streets to
+        the Tower, with a guard of only <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style=
+        "font-style: italic">ten</span></span> soldiers. This rather
+        ostentatious display of confidence in the people proved an excellent
+        move for Cromwell; nothing added more to his popularity among the
+        lower classes. The Earl of Montague, who convoyed it home, but who in
+        reality had nothing to do with its capture, was the subject of
+        universal panegyrics and parliamentary thanks.</p>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">If Charles II.
+        could have reversed any of Cromwell’s legislative measures, he and
+        his court would most assuredly have done so. But they were simply
+        modified, and not to the advantage of the Dutch, who were very much
+        irritated, but attempted to gain time. Charles, however, without
+        waiting for a formal declaration of hostilities, seized 130 of their
+        ships laden with wine and brandy, homeward bound from Bordeaux, which
+        were taken into English ports, and condemned as lawful prizes,
+        although such an act could not be justified by any law of nations.
+        War was again declared in 1665, and an action occurred off Harwich,
+        in which the celebrated Van Tromp was engaged. The Dutch lost
+        nineteen ships, burnt or sunk, with probably 6,000 men; the English
+        lost only four vessels, and about 1,500 men. Then came a coalition
+        between the French and Dutch, and the great battle of June 1st, 1666,
+        in which England lost two admirals, and twenty-three great ships,
+        besides smaller vessels, 6,000 men, and 2,600 prisoners; and the
+        Dutch four admirals, six ships, and 2,800 soldiers. The Dutch could
+        fairly claim the victory here, but less than eight weeks later, July
+        24th, were thoroughly beaten, De Ruyter being driven into port, and a
+        large number of merchant ships and two men-of-war being taken
+        immediately afterwards. While negotiations were going on for peace
+        next year, the Dutch, believing Charles to be trifling, despatched De
+        Ruyter to the Thames. All London was in a panic. A strong chain had
+        been thrown across the Medway, but the Dutch, with favourable wind
+        and strong tide, broke through it, destroyed the fortifications of
+        Sheerness, burnt royal and merchant ships, and pushed up the river as
+        far as Upnor Castle, near Chatham. It was even feared that the fleet
+        would sail up to London Bridge, and to prevent it, thirteen ships
+        were sunk in the river at Woolwich, and four at Blackwall. Numerous
+        platforms furnished with artillery were <span class="tei tei-pb" id=
+        "page32">[pg 32]</span><a name="Pg032" id="Pg032" class=
+        "tei tei-anchor"></a>hastily prepared at various points. After
+        committing all the damage that he could in the Thames, De Ruyter
+        sailed for Portsmouth, intending to cause similar havoc, but finding
+        the fleet well prepared, he passed down the Channel and captured
+        several vessels at Torbay. Thence turning back, he hovered about
+        hither and thither, keeping the coast in continual alarm until the
+        treaty of peace was signed in the following summer. By its provisions
+        each nation retained the goods and prizes it had captured, while all
+        ships of war and merchant vessels belonging to the United Provinces
+        meeting our men-of-war in British waters, were required to
+        <span class="tei tei-q">“strike the flag and lower the sail as had
+        been formerly practised.”</span> From this date the merchant navy of
+        England steadily increased, and London became that which Amsterdam
+        had been, the mart of nations, the chief emporium of the commercial
+        world. In spite of De Ruyter, England had therefore greatly gained by
+        this war.</p><a name="illo_043.png" id="illo_043.png" class=
+        "tei tei-anchor"></a>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"></p>
+
+        <div class="tei tei-figure" style="text-align: center">
+          <img src="images/illo_043.png" alt="DE RUYTER ON THE MEDWAY" title=
+          "DE RUYTER ON THE MEDWAY." />
+
+          <div class="tei tei-head" style=
+          "text-align: center; margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em">
+            DE RUYTER ON THE MEDWAY.
+          </div>
+        </div>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">And now France
+        sought to pluck from England the laurels she had won from the Dutch.
+        Her naval force had become formidable, and augmented by privateers,
+        played havoc with our merchant vessels. By the destruction or capture
+        of nearly the whole of our Smyrna fleet, with two English ships of
+        war convoying them, and other captures, it was estimated that the
+        loss to England was a million sterling. But May 12th, 1692, brought
+        its revenge. On that day the memorable battle of La Hogue was fought,
+        and the French lost nearly the whole of their navy to
+        us.</p><span class="tei tei-pb" id="page33">[pg 33]</span><a name=
+        "Pg033" id="Pg033" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">From 1688 to the
+        death of Queen Anne, the trade of the American plantations had
+        steadily and rapidly increased, till at the latter date it employed
+        500 vessels, a large proportion of which were engaged in the slave
+        trade from Africa. It started as a monopoly in the hands of the
+        African Company, incorporated at first under Act of Parliament as
+        traders in gold and ivory, but soon developing into traffickers in
+        human flesh. In 1698 an Act of Parliament gave permission to all the
+        king’s subjects, whether of England or America, to trade to Africa on
+        payment of a certain percentage to the company on all goods exported
+        or imported, negro slaves being, nevertheless, exempted from this
+        tax. How great this inhuman and nefarious trade had developed may be
+        gathered from the fact that the French, <span class=
+        "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">in one
+        year</span></span>, and to supply <span class=
+        "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">one</span></span>
+        island, that of St. Domingo, transported 20,000 slaves from
+        Africa.</p><a name="illo_044.png" id="illo_044.png" class=
+        "tei tei-anchor"></a>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"></p>
+
+        <div class="tei tei-figure" style="text-align: center">
+          <img src="images/illo_044.png" alt="PETER THE GREAT" title=
+          "PETER THE GREAT." />
+
+          <div class="tei tei-head" style=
+          "text-align: center; margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em">
+            PETER THE GREAT.
+          </div>
+        </div>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Passing rapidly
+        over the pages of history, we come to an important epoch in the
+        progress of merchant shipping, when the trade to Russia was
+        practically thrown open to our merchants by an Act <span class=
+        "tei tei-q">“entitling any person to admission to the Russia Company
+        upon payment of an entrance fee of five pounds.”</span> It was about
+        this time that the Czar abdicated temporarily, and made a voyage to
+        Holland and England, travelling <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style=
+        "font-style: italic">incognito</span></span>, or as much so as he
+        could. Many popular accounts of Peter the Great’s stay in these two
+        countries are so full of errors that the present writer may be
+        permitted to give, moderately in <span class="tei tei-pb" id=
+        "page34">[pg 34]</span><a name="Pg034" id="Pg034" class=
+        "tei tei-anchor"></a>detail, some account of them, derived from the
+        best authorities.<a id="noteref_8" name="noteref_8" href=
+        "#note_8"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style=
+        "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">8</span></span></a> They have
+        a distinct bearing on our subject, not merely because one of Peter’s
+        leading objects was the study of ship-building and maritime affairs,
+        but because his studies led to an immense increase in Russia’s naval
+        power. Previously, in fact, she could hardly be said to have had any
+        at all.</p>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">In many published
+        accounts the Czar is represented as a mere youth at the period of his
+        visit to the dockyards of Holland and England. The fact is that he
+        was twenty-five years of age, and had already served in two
+        campaigns. Indeed, it may be said that the latter campaign, in which
+        he conquered Azoff, partly by the assistance of foreigners and ships
+        built by foreigners, was the means of opening his eyes to the
+        superiority of the Western Europeans over his own barbarous subjects.
+        Resolute, ambitious, and intelligent, he determined that his people
+        should not remain half savages. Influenced by such motives, he
+        dispatched, in 1697, sixty young Russians, selected out of the army,
+        to Venice and Leghorn, under orders to make themselves instructed in
+        everything pertaining to the arts of ship-building and navigation;
+        forty more were sent to Holland for the same purpose, and his own
+        voyage had largely the same object. <span class="tei tei-q">“It was a
+        thing,”</span> says Voltaire, <span class="tei tei-q">“<a name=
+        "corr034" id="corr034" class="tei tei-anchor"></a><span class=
+        "tei tei-corr">unparalleled</span> in history, either ancient or
+        modern, for a sovereign of five-and-twenty years of age to withdraw
+        from his kingdom for the sole purpose of learning the art of
+        government.”</span> It happened that Peter was not as yet represented
+        at any of the foreign courts, and he therefore appointed an embassy
+        extraordinary to proceed, in the first instance, to the
+        States-General of Holland, while he would accompany it simply in the
+        character of an <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style=
+        "font-style: italic">attaché</span></span>. The three ambassadors
+        were General Le Fort, a native of Geneva, who had been of immense
+        service to the Czar, and was now his confidential friend; Alexis
+        Golowin, Governor of Siberia; and Voristzin, Secretary of State for
+        Foreign Affairs. With secretaries, attachés, pages, and guards, the
+        retinue numbered 200 persons. Their passage through Germany was a
+        grand carouse, and the hard drinking for which the Russians are still
+        noted, was very much observed. At one of these bacchanalian
+        debauches, the Czar, who was a hot-headed man, took such violent
+        offence at something said by Le Fort, that he drew his sword and
+        ordered him to defend himself. <span class="tei tei-q">“Far be it
+        from me,”</span> said Le Fort; <span class="tei tei-q">“rather let me
+        perish by the hand of my master.”</span> Peter had raised his arm,
+        but one of the retinue dared to interfere, and caught hold of it.
+        Peter’s anger was of short duration; he displayed, says Voltaire,
+        <span class="tei tei-q">“<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style=
+        "font-style: italic">autant de regret de cet emportement passager
+        qu’Alexandre en eut du meurtre de Clitus</span></span>,”</span> and
+        immediately asked Le Fort’s pardon, saying, <span class=
+        "tei tei-q">“that his great desire was to reform his subjects, but he
+        was ashamed to say he had not yet been able to reform
+        himself.”</span></p>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Having reached
+        Emmerich, the impetuous and youthful monarch left the embassy, and
+        proceeded in a boat down the Rhine, not halting till he reached
+        Amsterdam, <span class="tei tei-q">“through which,”</span> says one
+        authority, <span class="tei tei-q">“he flew like lightning, and never
+        once stopped till he arrived at Zardam,<a id="noteref_9" name=
+        "noteref_9" href="#note_9"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style=
+        "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">9</span></span></a> fifteen
+        days before the embassy reached Amsterdam.”</span> One of his small
+        party <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page35">[pg 35]</span><a name=
+        "Pg035" id="Pg035" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>in the boat happened to
+        recognize a man there who was fishing in a boat, as one Kist, who had
+        worked for some time in Russia. He was called to them, and his
+        astonishment may be conceived at seeing the Czar of all the Russias
+        in a little boat, dressed like a Dutch skipper, in a red jacket and
+        white trousers. Peter told Kist that he should like to lodge with
+        him; the poor man did not know what to do, but finding the Czar in
+        earnest procured him a cottage behind his own, consisting of two
+        small rooms and a loft. Kist was instructed not to let any one know
+        who the new lodger was. A crowd collected to stare at the strangers;
+        and to the questions put to them, Peter used to answer in Dutch that
+        they were all carpenters and labourers hard up for a job. But the
+        crowd did not believe it, for the dresses of some of his companions
+        belied the statement. The Czar, shortly after arriving at Zardam,
+        paid visits to a number of the families of Dutch seamen and
+        carpenters whom he was employing at Archangel and elsewhere,
+        representing himself as a brother workman. Among others he called
+        upon a poor widow, whose deceased husband had once been a skipper in
+        his employ, and to whom he had some time before sent a present of 500
+        guilders. The poor woman begged him to tell the Czar how <span class=
+        "tei tei-q">“she never could be sufficiently thankful”</span> for his
+        great kindness, little dreaming that the rough-looking young man
+        before her was that monarch. He assured her that the Czar should most
+        certainly be acquainted with her message. Peter proceeded to purchase
+        a quantity of carpenter’s tools, and his companions were ordered to
+        clothe themselves in the common garb worn in the dockyards.</p>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Next day was
+        Sunday, and it became evident that some one had let the cat more or
+        less out of the bag, for crowds of sailors and dock-hands assembled
+        before Peter’s lodgings, which annoyed him terribly. But the fact is
+        that a Dutch resident of Archangel had written home to his friends,
+        informing them of the projected voyage, and enclosing a portrait and
+        description of the Czar. Among the crowd a garrulous barber, who
+        believed he had recognised him, shouted out, <span class=
+        "tei tei-q">“Dat is der Tzar!”</span> and all poor Peter’s little
+        stratagems could not save him from the curiosity of the populace. A
+        Hollander has left a description of him, which would indicate that he
+        was too noticeable to be mistaken by any who had once seen him. He
+        was very tall and robust, quick and nimble of foot, and dexterous and
+        rapid in all his actions; his face was plump and round, fierce in his
+        look, with brown eyebrows, and short curling hair of a brownish
+        colour. His gait was quick, and he had a habit of swinging his arms
+        violently, while he always carried a cane, which he occasionally used
+        very freely over the shoulders of those who had offended him.
+        <span class="tei tei-q">“His extraordinary rapidity of movement in
+        landing or embarking used to astonish and amuse the Dutch, who had
+        never before witnessed such <span class="tei tei-q">‘<span class=
+        "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">loopen, springen, en
+        klauteren over der
+        schepen</span></span>.’</span> ”</span></p><a name="illo_047.jpg" id=
+        "illo_047.jpg" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"></p>
+
+        <div class="tei tei-figure" style="text-align: center">
+          <img src="images/illo_047.jpg" alt=
+          "THE IMPERIAL WORKMAN RECEIVING A DEPUTATION" title=
+          "THE IMPERIAL WORKMAN RECEIVING A DEPUTATION." />
+
+          <div class="tei tei-head" style=
+          "text-align: center; margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em">
+            THE IMPERIAL WORKMAN RECEIVING A DEPUTATION.
+          </div>
+        </div>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">When the embassy
+        entered Amsterdam formally, Peter took part in the procession, but
+        only as a private gentleman in one of the last carriages, and he was
+        not recognised. But little of his time was given to the ambassadors;
+        it was almost entirely spent in the docks, among shipbuilders, and on
+        the shipping, and in sailing about the Zuyder Zee and elsewhere,
+        where he was accustomed to carry so much sail on his little boat as
+        to alarm his companions for his safety. <span class="tei tei-q">“His
+        first exploit in the dockyard of Mynheer Calf, a wealthy merchant and
+        shipbuilder, with whom he was prevailed on to lodge, after quitting
+        his first cabin, was to purchase a small yacht, and to fit her with a
+        new bowsprit, made <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page37">[pg
+        37]</span><a name="Pg037" id="Pg037" class=
+        "tei tei-anchor"></a>entirely with his own hands, to the astonishment
+        of all the shipwrights; they could not conceive how a person of his
+        high rank could submit to work till the sweat ran down his face, or
+        where he could have learned to handle the tools so
+        dexterously.”</span> While in the dockyard he was entered in the
+        books as a ship-carpenter, and conformed in every way to its
+        regulations. He was known among the workman as Pieter Zimmerman,
+        sometimes as Pieter Bass, or Master Peter. Dutch authorities speak of
+        his simple habits; he was an early riser, lighted his own fire, and
+        frequently cooked his own food while living in the cottage. When any
+        one wished to speak to him, <span class="tei tei-q">“he would go with
+        his adze in his hand, and sit down on a rough log of timber for a
+        short time, but seemed always anxious to resume and finish the work
+        on which he had been employed.”</span> An English nobleman visited
+        the yard, and asked the superintendent to point out the Czar to him
+        unnoticed. This was done, and the superintendent, seeing that the
+        Czar was resting for a moment, called out to him, <span class=
+        "tei tei-q">“Pieter Zimmerman, why don’t you assist those
+        men?”</span> Peter immediately got up and helped to shoulder the
+        heavy log they were carrying. He would lend a helping hand at
+        everything connected with ships, even rope and sail making, and
+        smith’s work. Once, at Müller’s manufactory, at Istia, he forged
+        several bars of iron, and put his own mark on them, making his
+        companions blow the bellows and fetch the coals. The Czar insisted
+        upon receiving the same payment as the other workmen, and bought a
+        pair of shoes with the money, remarking <span class="tei tei-q">“I
+        have earned them well, by the sweat of my brow, with hammer and
+        anvil.”</span> Peter finished his labours at ship-carpentering by
+        assisting to put together a yacht, which, at the suggestion of one of
+        the burgomasters, was to be presented to him as a <span class=
+        "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">souvenir</span></span>
+        of his visit to Holland. He <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page38">[pg
+        38]</span><a name="Pg038" id="Pg038" class=
+        "tei tei-anchor"></a>worked at it every day till it was finished,
+        when he christened it the <span class="tei tei-name"><span style=
+        "font-style: italic">Amsterdam</span></span>. His numerous
+        investigations into science included surgery, and he carried his
+        instruments about with him, ever ready to pull a tooth, or bleed, or
+        even tap a patient for the dropsy. In short, his desire for practical
+        knowledge was insatiable. Ten times a day, while accompanying his
+        friend Calf and others about the ships, and yards, and factories, and
+        mills, he would ask, <span class="tei tei-q">“Wat is dat?”</span> and
+        being told, would answer, <span class="tei tei-q">“Dat wil ik
+        zien,”</span>—<span class="tei tei-q">“I shall see that.”</span> His
+        companions were not half so earnest as their master, and after awhile
+        they hired a large house, kept a professed cook, and enjoyed
+        themselves in idleness.</p>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">While in Holland,
+        the news arrived of a Russian victory over the Turks and Tartars, and
+        the imperial workman received the congratulations of the Emperor of
+        Germany, the Kings of Sweden, Denmark, and other countries. He
+        celebrated the event by giving a grand entertainment to the principal
+        officials and merchants of Amsterdam, their wives and daughters.
+        <span class="tei tei-q">“The sumptuous dinner was accompanied and
+        followed by a band of music, and in the evening were plays, dancing,
+        masquerades, illuminations, and fireworks. His respectable friend,
+        Witsen, told him that he had entertained his countrymen like an
+        emperor.”</span> And now, after nine months’ hard work at Zardam, he
+        had an interview with King William at the Hague, who arranged to
+        transport him and his suite in one of the royal yachts, accompanied
+        by two men-of-war.</p><a name="illo_048.png" id="illo_048.png" class=
+        "tei tei-anchor"></a>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"></p>
+
+        <div class="tei tei-figure" style="text-align: center">
+          <img src="images/illo_048.png" alt="OLD DOCKYARD AT DEPTFORD"
+          title="OLD DOCKYARD AT DEPTFORD." />
+
+          <div class="tei tei-head" style=
+          "text-align: center; margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em">
+            OLD DOCKYARD AT DEPTFORD.
+          </div>
+        </div><a name="illo_050.png" id="illo_050.png" class=
+        "tei tei-anchor"></a>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"></p>
+
+        <div class="tei tei-figure" style="text-align: center">
+          <img src="images/illo_050.png" alt="SAYE’S COURT, DEPTFORD" title=
+          "SAYE’S COURT, DEPTFORD." />
+
+          <div class="tei tei-head" style=
+          "text-align: center; margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em">
+            SAYE’S COURT, DEPTFORD.
+          </div>
+        </div>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">No secret was made
+        of the Czar’s rank in London, although he tried to live as privately
+        as possible. He was placed under the special charge of the Marquis of
+        Carmarthen, and a great intimacy sprang up between them. A large
+        house was hired for him and his suite at the bottom of York
+        Buildings, where the marquis and he used to spend their evenings
+        together frequently in drinking <span class="tei tei-q">“hot pepper
+        and brandy.”</span> But then a pint of brandy and a bottle of sherry
+        was nothing uncommon as a morning draught for the Czar. After seeing
+        all the sights of London, he paid visits to Chatham, Portsmouth, and
+        elsewhere, but the larger part of his time was spent at Deptford,
+        where he repaired to investigate and learn the higher branches of
+        naval architecture and navigation. There is little or no evidence,
+        popular tradition to the contrary notwithstanding, that he ever
+        worked as a shipwright there,<a id="noteref_10" name="noteref_10"
+        href="#note_10"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style=
+        "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">10</span></span></a> or
+        engaged in more laborious employment than rowing, or in sailing
+        yachts and boats about the Thames. The writer has before him now one
+        of the conventional pictures of <span class="tei tei-q">“Peter at
+        Deptford.”</span> It represents a smooth-faced youth of feminine
+        appearance, and about sixteen years old at most, vigorously engaged,
+        apparently, in doing damage to a ship’s bulwarks with a gigantic
+        hammer and formidable spike. The fact is that Peter was in his
+        twenty-sixth year, had been the ruler of a great empire for several
+        years, and was beyond his years in acquirements and earnestness; a
+        man of strong passions, and sadly given to drink. Peter was glad to
+        get out of town. Crowds gave him an amount of annoyance that was
+        inexplicable to a Londoner; and he avoided, as much as he could,
+        balls and assemblies and public gatherings for the same reason. Nor
+        could he have desired a more pleasant and suitable place than that
+        which was provided for him, the <span class="tei tei-pb" id=
+        "page39">[pg 39]</span><a name="Pg039" id="Pg039" class=
+        "tei tei-anchor"></a>celebrated Saye’s Court, Evelyn’s charming house
+        and grounds<a id="noteref_11" name="noteref_11" href=
+        "#note_11"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style=
+        "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">11</span></span></a> close to
+        Deptford Dockyard, which had just become vacant by the removal of
+        Admiral Benbow, who had been its tenant. A special doorway was broken
+        through the boundary wall of the dockyard to facilitate communication
+        for the Czar. Benbow had given poor Evelyn much dissatisfaction, but
+        the new occupant was rather worse. His servant wrote to him,
+        <span class="tei tei-q">“There is a house full of people, right
+        nasty. The Tzar lies next your study, and dines in the parlour next
+        your study. He dines at ten o’clock, and six at night; is very seldom
+        at home a whole night; very often in the king’s yard, or by water,
+        dressed in several dresses. The king is expected there this day; the
+        best parlour is pretty clean for him to be entertained in. The king
+        pays for all he has.”</span> But, alas for poor Evelyn’s hedges! The
+        Czar, by way of exercise, and to prove his strength, used to trundle
+        a wheel-barrow, full tilt, through a favourite holly-hedge,
+        <span class="tei tei-q">“which,”</span> says Evelyn, <span class=
+        "tei tei-q">“I can still show in my ruined gardens at Saye’s Court
+        (thanks to the Tzar of Muscovy).”</span> The Czar employed his days
+        in acquiring information on all branches of naval architecture, and
+        in sailing about the river with <span class="tei tei-pb" id=
+        "page40">[pg 40]</span><a name="Pg040" id="Pg040" class=
+        "tei tei-anchor"></a>Carmarthen and Sir Anthony Deane, commissioner
+        of the navy. <span class="tei tei-q">“The Navy Board received
+        directions from the Admiralty to hire two vessels to be at the
+        command of the Tzar whenever he should think proper to sail on the
+        Thames,”</span> and the king made him a present of a small vessel,
+        the <span class="tei tei-name"><span style="font-style: italic">Royal
+        Transport</span></span>, giving orders to have such alterations and
+        accommodations made in her as the Czar might desire. <span class=
+        "tei tei-q">“But his great delight was to get into a small-decked
+        boat, belonging to the dockyard, and taking only Menzikoff, and three
+        or four others of his suite, to work the vessel with them, he being
+        the helmsman; by this practice he said he should be able to teach
+        them how to command ships when they got home. Having finished their
+        day’s work, they used to resort to a public house in Great Tower
+        Street, close to Tower Hill, to smoke their pipes, and drink beer and
+        brandy. The landlord had the Tzar of Muscovy’s head painted and put
+        up for his sign.”</span> The original sign remained till 1808.</p>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Greenwich Hospital
+        surprised him, and King William, having one day asked him how he
+        liked his hospital for decayed seamen, Peter answered simply,
+        <span class="tei tei-q">“If I were the adviser of your Majesty, I
+        should counsel you to remove your court to Greenwich, and convert St.
+        James’s into a hospital.”</span> In the first week of March a sham
+        naval fight was organised near Spithead, for his amusement, eleven
+        ships being engaged. The <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style=
+        "font-style: italic">Postman</span></span>, a journal of the period,
+        says, <span class="tei tei-q">“The representation of a sea engagement
+        was excellently performed before the Tzar of Muscovy, and continued a
+        considerable time, each ship having twelve pounds of powder allowed;
+        but all the bullets were locked up in the hold, for fear the soldiers
+        should mistake.”</span> The enterprising journal did not, probably,
+        send down a special representative, as would any leading paper of
+        to-day, and the small quantity of powder allowed must be a mistake.
+        The Czar was greatly pleased with the performance, and told Admiral
+        Mitchell, who arranged the performance, that <span class=
+        "tei tei-q">“he considered the condition of an English admiral
+        happier than that of a Tzar of Russia.”</span> On their way home from
+        Portsmouth, the Russian party, twenty-one in all, stopped a night at
+        Godalming. The sea air had done so much good to their appetites that
+        at dinner they managed to get through an entire sheep, three quarters
+        of lamb, five ribs of beef, weighing three stone, a shoulder and loin
+        of veal, eight fowls, eight rabbits, two dozen and a half of sack,
+        and one dozen of claret. Their light breakfast consisted of half a
+        sheep, a quarter of lamb, ten pullets, twelve chickens, seven dozen
+        eggs, salad <span class="tei tei-q">“in proportion,”</span> three
+        quarts of brandy, and six quarts of mulled wine.</p>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">When residing at
+        Deptford, he made the acquaintance of the celebrated Dr. Halley,
+        <span class="tei tei-q">“to whom he communicated his plan of building
+        a fleet, and in general of introducing the arts and sciences into his
+        country,”</span> and asked his opinions and advice on various
+        subjects. The doctor spoke German fluently, and the Tzar was so much
+        pleased with the philosopher’s conversation and remarks that he had
+        him frequently to dine with him; and in his company he visited the
+        Royal Observatory in Greenwich Park. An important concession was made
+        by him to some leading merchants, through the influence of the
+        Marquis of Carmarthen. Tobacco had been so highly taxed that none but
+        the wealthy Russians could afford it. The Czar agreed that on paying
+        him down £12,000 (some accounts say £15,000) it should go in duty
+        free. He stipulated that his friend Carmarthen should receive five
+        shillings for every hogshead so admitted. Peter stuck to his friends,
+        and <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page41">[pg 41]</span><a name=
+        "Pg041" id="Pg041" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>his kindheartedness in
+        general does much to obliterate the memory of some traits of
+        character which are not to his credit. On leaving England, he
+        <span class="tei tei-q">“gave the king’s servants, at his departure,
+        one hundred and twenty guineas, which was more than they deserved,
+        they being very rude to him,”</span> says one plain-speaking
+        historian. To the king he presented a rough ruby which the jewellers
+        of Amsterdam had valued at £10,000 sterling. Peter carried this gem
+        to King William in his waistcoat pocket, wrapped up in a piece of
+        brown paper. The king had treated him in a royal fashion, so far as
+        Peter would allow him, and before he departed induced him to sit to
+        Sir Godfrey Kneller for his portrait, which is now at Windsor. Four
+        yachts and two ships of the Royal Navy were placed at his disposal
+        when he departed once more for Holland. Peter took with him to Russia
+        three English captains who had served in the Royal Navy, twenty-five
+        captains of the merchant service, thirty pilots, thirty surgeons, two
+        hundred gunners, and a number of mechanics and smiths, making a total
+        of little less than five hundred persons, all natives of Great
+        Britain. A letter from one of them to a relative in England shows how
+        much Peter did, almost immediately on his return to Russia, in the
+        interests of his navy. He had already thirty-six ships of war:
+        twenty, ranging from thirty to sixty guns each, were to be launched
+        the following spring; eighteen galleys were being constructed by
+        Italian workmen, and one hundred smaller vessels were on the stocks.
+        The forests of masts he had seen at London and Amsterdam had fired
+        his ambition, and we now find him not merely determined to have a
+        navy, but a port of the first class. Hence St. Petersburg.</p>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Passing over
+        events in the history of Peter the Great not bearing on maritime
+        subjects, we learn that <span class="tei tei-q">“Five months had
+        scarcely elapsed from laying the first stone of St. Petersburg, when
+        a report was brought to the Tzar that a large ship, under Dutch
+        colours, was standing into the river. It may be supposed this was a
+        joyful piece of intelligence for the founder. It was nothing short of
+        realising the wish nearest his heart: to open the Baltic for the
+        nations of Europe to trade with his dominions, it constituted them
+        his neighbours; and he at once anticipated the day when his ships
+        would beat the Swedish navy, and drive them from a sea on which they
+        had long ridden triumphant with undivided sway. When Peter was
+        employed in building his fleet at Voronitz, Patrick Gordon one day
+        asked him, <span class="tei tei-q">‘Of what use do you expect all the
+        vessels you are building to be, seeing you have no seaports?’</span>
+        <span class="tei tei-q">‘My vessels shall make ports for
+        themselves,’</span> replied Peter, in a determined tone; a
+        declaration which was now on the eve of being
+        accomplished.</span></p>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class=
+        "tei tei-q">“No sooner was the communication made, than the Tzar,
+        with his usual rapidity, set off to meet this welcome stranger. The
+        skipper was invited to the house of Menzikoff: he sat down at table,
+        and to his great astonishment, found that he was placed next the
+        Tzar, and had actually been served by him. But not less astonished
+        and delighted was Peter on learning that the ship belonged to, and
+        had been freighted by his old Zaardam friend, with whom he had
+        resided, Cornelius Calf. Permission was immediately given to the
+        skipper to land his cargo, consisting of salt, wine, and other
+        articles of provisions, free of all duties. Nothing could be more
+        acceptable to the inhabitants of the new city than this cargo, the
+        whole of which was purchased by Peter, Menzikoff, and the
+        <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page42">[pg 42]</span><a name="Pg042"
+        id="Pg042" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>several officers, so that Auke
+        Wybes, the skipper, made a most profitable adventure. On his
+        departure he received a present of five hundred ducats, and each man
+        of the crew, one hundred rix-dollars, as a premium for the first ship
+        that had entered the port of St. Petersburg.”</span><a id=
+        "noteref_12" name="noteref_12" href="#note_12"><span class=
+        "tei tei-noteref"><span style=
+        "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">12</span></span></a> The
+        second ship to arrive was also Dutch; the third was an English
+        vessel; both received the same premium. The rapidity with which the
+        swampy banks of the Neva were covered with wharfs and buildings has
+        been almost unexampled in history. Peter had Amsterdam in his eye
+        when he laid out St. Petersburg, and he had secured the services of a
+        number of Dutch ship-builders and masons, architects, and surveyors
+        well versed in making solid foundations on swampy land.</p>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">And now, while
+        England was distracted by the civil war of the first Pretender, and
+        by the rupture with Charles XII. of Sweden, she had much trouble with
+        the Barbary pirates, who, in the West Indies in particular,
+        constantly harassed her shipping interests. So great a nuisance had
+        these <span class="tei tei-q">“water-rats”</span> become that £100
+        head-money was offered for every captain, £40 for any rank from a
+        lieutenant to a gunner, and £20 for every pirate seaman. Any private
+        who delivered up his commander was entitled to £200 on the conviction
+        of the latter. But there were also at that period <span class=
+        "tei tei-q">“land-rats”</span> at home, as bad as any pirate, preying
+        on the public purse. This was the epoch when Hamlet’s words
+        <span class="tei tei-q">“they’re all mad there,”</span> might almost
+        have been said of England, and with even greater truth of our
+        neighbours across the Channel. Two extraordinary schemes, one of
+        which was to make France the richest of commercial nations, and the
+        second of which was to pay the national debt of England, were
+        propounded, great companies raised, and supported by half the people,
+        from princes to petty tradesmen. As projects depending upon commerce
+        with foreign countries, they, of course, are intimately connected
+        with our subject. Need it be said that the writer refers to the two
+        extraordinary delusions known as the Mississippi Scheme and the South
+        Sea Bubble?</p>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">The first of these
+        projects was designed to develop the resources of the great country
+        lying round the Mississippi, especially Louisiana; to open up mineral
+        deposits supposed to be wonderfully rich; and to carry on a general
+        trade with that part of America. The second, which more intimately
+        concerns us, included a monopoly of trade with the South Sea, a
+        somewhat elastic title, but which meant at the time commerce with the
+        countries of Spanish America. The South Sea Company was originated by
+        Harley, Earl of Oxford, in 1711, with the distinct view of
+        <span class="tei tei-q">“providing for the discharge of the army and
+        navy debentures, and other parts of the floating debt, amounting to
+        nearly ten million sterling.”</span> A company of merchants took this
+        debt upon themselves, the Government agreeing to secure them, for a
+        certain period, six per cent. interest, and grant them the monopoly
+        of the trade to the South Seas. The most exaggerated ideas relating
+        to the mineral wealth of South America were prevalent at the time,
+        and when a report, most industriously spread, was circulated that
+        Philip V. of Spain was ready to concede four ports of Chili and Peru
+        for purposes of trade, South Sea stock rose in value with
+        extraordinary rapidity. That monarch, however, never meant to grant
+        anything like a free trade to the English. After sundry negotiations
+        had been opened the royal assent was given to a contract, conceding
+        <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page43">[pg 43]</span><a name="Pg043"
+        id="Pg043" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>the privilege of supplying the
+        colonies with negroes for thirty years, and of sending <span class=
+        "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">once a year one
+        vessel</span></span> <span class="tei tei-q">“limited both as to
+        tonnage and value of cargo”</span> to trade with Mexico, Peru, and
+        Chili, the king to enjoy one-fourth of the profits. On these hard
+        conditions and slender privileges was the great Bubble blown into
+        popular esteem. Rumours of commercial treaties between England and
+        Spain were circulated, whereby the latter was to grant free trade to
+        all her colonies; the rich produce of the Potosi mines <span class=
+        "tei tei-q">“was to be brought to England until silver should become
+        almost as plentiful as iron. For cotton and woollen goods, with which
+        we could supply them in abundance, the dwellers in Mexico were to
+        empty their golden mines. The company of merchants trading to the
+        South Seas would be the richest the world ever saw, and every hundred
+        pounds invested would produce hundreds per annum to the
+        stockholder.”</span><a id="noteref_13" name="noteref_13" href=
+        "#note_13"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style=
+        "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">13</span></span></a> These
+        and still more lying statements were spread in every direction. The
+        stock rose like a rocket. And, so far as the present writer can
+        discover, the first voyage of the one annual ship, not made till
+        1717, six years after the first establishment of the company, was
+        also its last! The following year the trade was suppressed by the
+        rupture with Spain.</p>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class=
+        "tei tei-q">“It seemed at that time as if the whole nation had turned
+        stock-jobbers. Exchange Alley was every day blocked up by crowds, and
+        Cornhill was impassable for the number of carriages. Everybody came
+        to purchase stock. <span class="tei tei-q">‘Every fool aspired to be
+        a knave.’</span> In the words of a ballad published at the time, and
+        sung about the streets—</span></p>
+
+        <div class="tei tei-lg" style=
+        "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-left: 2.00em; margin-top: 1.00em">
+          <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">
+            <span class="tei tei-q" style="text-align: left">“ <span class=
+            "tei tei-q" style="text-align: left">‘Then stars and garters did
+            appear</span></span>
+          </div>
+
+          <div class="tei tei-l" style=
+          "text-align: left; margin-left: 4.00em">
+            Among the meaner rabble;
+          </div>
+
+          <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">
+            To buy and sell, to see and hear
+          </div>
+
+          <div class="tei tei-l" style=
+          "text-align: left; margin-left: 4.00em">
+            The Jews and Gentiles squabble.
+          </div>
+        </div>
+
+        <div class="tei tei-lg" style=
+        "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-left: 2.00em; margin-top: 1.00em">
+          <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">
+            ‘The greatest ladies thither came,
+          </div>
+
+          <div class="tei tei-l" style=
+          "text-align: left; margin-left: 4.00em">
+            And plied in chariots daily;
+          </div>
+
+          <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">
+            Or pawned their jewels for a sum
+          </div>
+
+          <div class="tei tei-l" style=
+          "text-align: left; margin-left: 4.00em">
+            <span class="tei tei-q" style="text-align: left"><span class=
+            "tei tei-q" style="text-align: left">To venture in the
+            Alley.’</span> ”</span>
+          </div>
+        </div>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Not merely South
+        Sea stock, but schemes of even a wilder nature now deluged the
+        market. It would seem incredible, but it is vouched for on good
+        authority, that one adventurer started <span class=
+        "tei tei-q">“<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style=
+        "font-style: italic">A company for carrying on an undertaking of
+        great advantage, but nobody to know what it is</span></span>,”</span>
+        and in one day sold a thousand shares, the deposit on which was £2
+        per share. He thought it prudent to decamp with the £2,000, and was
+        no more heard of. Mackay publishes a list of eighty-six bubble
+        companies, which were eventually declared illegal and abolished. But
+        the South Sea Bubble was a Triton among these minnows, and the
+        directors, having once tasted the profits of their scheme by the
+        rapid rise of its shares, kept their emissaries at work. Nor indeed
+        were they much needed, for every person interested in the stock
+        endeavoured to draw a knot of listeners round him in ’Change Alley,
+        or its purlieus, to whom he expatiated on the treasures of the South
+        American Seas. Then came the rumour that Gibraltar was to be
+        exchanged for certain places on the coast of Peru. Instead of paying
+        a tribute to the King of Spain, the company would be able to trade
+        freely, and send as many ships as they liked.</p><span class=
+        "tei tei-pb" id="page44">[pg 44]</span><a name="Pg044" id="Pg044"
+        class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+
+        <div class="tei tei-lg" style=
+        "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-left: 2.00em; margin-top: 1.00em">
+          <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">
+            <span class="tei tei-q" style="text-align: left">“Visions of
+            ingots danced before their eyes,”</span>
+          </div>
+        </div>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">and the directors
+        opened their books for a subscription of a million, and then for a
+        second million, and the frantic speculators took it all. Swift
+        described ’Change Alley as a gulf in the South Seas:—</p>
+
+        <div class="tei tei-lg" style=
+        "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-left: 2.00em; margin-top: 1.00em">
+          <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">
+            <span class="tei tei-q" style="text-align: left">“Subscribers
+            here by thousands float,</span>
+          </div>
+
+          <div class="tei tei-l" style=
+          "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">
+            And jostle one another down,
+          </div>
+
+          <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">
+            Each paddling in his leaky boat,
+          </div>
+
+          <div class="tei tei-l" style=
+          "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">
+            And here they fish for gold and drown.
+          </div>
+        </div>
+
+        <div class="tei tei-lg" style=
+        "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-left: 2.00em; margin-top: 1.00em">
+          <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">
+            <span class="tei tei-q" style="text-align: left">“Now buried in
+            the depths below,</span>
+          </div>
+
+          <div class="tei tei-l" style=
+          "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">
+            Now mounted up to heaven again,
+          </div>
+
+          <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">
+            They reel and stagger to and fro,
+          </div>
+
+          <div class="tei tei-l" style=
+          "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">
+            At their wits’ end, like drunken men.
+          </div>
+        </div>
+
+        <div class="tei tei-lg" style=
+        "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-left: 2.00em; margin-top: 1.00em">
+          <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">
+            <span class="tei tei-q" style="text-align: left">“Meantime,
+            secure on Garraway cliffs,</span>
+          </div>
+
+          <div class="tei tei-l" style=
+          "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">
+            A savage race, by shipwrecks fed,
+          </div>
+
+          <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">
+            Lie waiting for the foundering skiffs,
+          </div>
+
+          <div class="tei tei-l" style=
+          "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">
+            <span class="tei tei-q" style="text-align: left">And strip the
+            bodies of the dead.”</span>
+          </div>
+        </div>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">The directors used
+        every art to keep up the price of the stock. It rose finally to
+        £1,000 per share. A few weeks afterwards it was down to £175, then to
+        £135, and the Bubble had burst.</p>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">To detail the
+        various plans tried or suggested to bolster up the company, the
+        Parliamentary inquiries, or the stringent measures adopted to punish
+        the directors, would be out of place here. Suffice it to say that a
+        bill was brought in for restraining the South Sea directors and
+        officers from leaving the kingdom for a twelvemonth. They were
+        forbidden to realise on their estates and effects, neither must they
+        will or remove them. Eventually they were obliged to disgorge their
+        gains. <span class="tei tei-q">“A sum amounting to two million and
+        fourteen thousand pounds was confiscated from their estates towards
+        repairing the mischief they had done, each man being allowed a
+        certain residue in proportion to his conduct and circumstances, with
+        which he might begin the world anew. Sir John Blunt was only allowed
+        £5,000 out of his fortune of upwards of £183,000; Sir John Fellows
+        was allowed £10,000 out of £243,000; Sir Theodore Janssen £50,000 out
+        of £243,000; Mr. Edward Gibbon £10,000 out of £106,000; Sir John
+        Lambert £5,000 out of £72,000.”</span> After every effort on the part
+        of the Committee of Investigation, a dividend of about 33 per cent.
+        was divided among the unfortunate proprietors and stock-holders. It
+        took long before public credit was restored.</p><span class=
+        "tei tei-pb" id="page45">[pg 45]</span><a name="Pg045" id="Pg045"
+        class="tei tei-anchor"></a><a name="illo_056.jpg" id="illo_056.jpg"
+        class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"></p>
+
+        <div class="tei tei-figure" style="text-align: center">
+          <img src="images/illo_056.jpg" alt="COMMODORE ANSON" title=
+          "COMMODORE ANSON." />
+
+          <div class="tei tei-head" style=
+          "text-align: center; margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em">
+            COMMODORE ANSON.
+          </div>
+        </div>
+      </div>
+
+      <div class="tei tei-div" style=
+      "margin-bottom: 5.00em; margin-top: 5.00em">
+        <a name="chap03" id="chap03" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> <a name=
+        "toc9" id="toc9"></a> <a name="pdf10" id="pdf10"></a>
+
+        <h2 class="tei tei-head" style=
+        "text-align: center; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em">
+        <span style="font-size: 144%">CHAPTER III.</span></h2>
+
+        <h2 class="tei tei-head" style=
+        "text-align: center; margin-bottom: 2.40em; margin-top: 2.40em">
+        <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: center"><span style=
+        "font-size: 120%; font-variant: small-caps">The History of Ships and
+        Shipping Interests</span></span> <span style=
+        "font-size: 120%">(</span><span class="tei tei-hi" style=
+        "text-align: center"><span style=
+        "font-size: 120%; font-style: italic">continued</span></span><span style="font-size: 120%">).</span></h2>
+
+        <div class="tei tei-argument" style=
+        "text-align: center; margin-bottom: 1.80em; margin-left: 3.60em; margin-top: 1.80em; margin-right: 3.60em">
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style=
+        "text-align: center; margin-bottom: 0.90em"><span style=
+        "font-size: 90%">A Grand Epoch of Discovery—Anson’s
+        Voyage—Difficulties of manning the Fleet—Five Hundred Invalided
+        Pensioners drafted—The Spanish Squadron under Pizarro—Its Disastrous
+        Voyage—One Vessel run ashore—Rats at Four Dollars each—A Man-of-war
+        held by eleven Indians—Anson at the Horn—Fearful Outbreak of
+        Scurvy—Ashore at Robinson Crusoe’s Island—Death of two-thirds of the
+        Crews—Beauty of Juan Fernandez—Loss of the</span> <span class=
+        "tei tei-name" style="text-align: center"><span style=
+        "font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Wager</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%">—Drunken
+          and Insubordinate Crew—Attempt to blow up the Captain—A Midshipman
+          shot—Desertion of the Ship’s Company—Prizes taken by Anson—His
+          Humanity to Prisoners—The</span> <span class="tei tei-name" style=
+          "text-align: center"><span style=
+          "font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Gloucester</span></span>
+          <span style="font-size: 90%">abandoned at Sea—Delightful Stay at
+          Tinian—The</span> <span class="tei tei-name" style=
+          "text-align: center"><span style=
+          "font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Centurion</span></span>
+          <span style="font-size: 90%">blown out to Sea—Despair of those on
+          Shore—Its Safe Return—Capture of the Manilla Galleon—A Hot
+          Fight—Prize worth a Million and a half Dollars—Return to
+          England.</span></p>
+        </div>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">The second of the
+        greatest epochs of discovery—one, indeed, hardly inferior to that of
+        Columbus and Da Gama, when Dampier, Byron, Wallis, and Carteret,
+        Cook, and Clerke may be said to have substantially completed the map
+        of the world in its most essential and leading features—would follow
+        in proper sequence here, but for a pre-arranged plan, which will
+        place <span class="tei tei-q">“The Decisive Voyages of the
+        World”</span> by themselves. One voyage of this period, that of
+        Commodore Anson, deserves mention, inasmuch as it was instigated for
+        the purpose of making reprisals on the Spaniards for their behaviour
+        in searching English ships found near any of their settlements in the
+        West Indies or Spanish Main, and not for attempts at discovery. It
+        also gives some little insight into the condition <span class=
+        "tei tei-pb" id="page46">[pg 46]</span><a name="Pg046" id="Pg046"
+        class="tei tei-anchor"></a>of the navy at the period. It was most
+        wretchedly equipped and manned, and although the ships were placed
+        under Anson’s command in November, 1739, they were not ready to sail
+        till ten months later, so great was the difficulty in obtaining men.
+        They had to be taken from all and any sources. Five hundred
+        out-pensioners from Chelsea Hospital were sent on board, many of whom
+        were sixty years of age, and some threescore and ten. Before the
+        ships sailed, 240 of them, fortunately for themselves, deserted,
+        their place being filled by a nearly equal number of raw marines,
+        recruits who were so untrained that Anson would not permit them to
+        fire off their muskets, for fear of accidents! Of the poor pensioners
+        who sailed, not one returned to tell the story of their disasters,
+        while of the whole squadron, consisting of six ships of war, mounting
+        226 guns, one alone, the <span class="tei tei-name"><span style=
+        "font-style: italic">Centurion</span></span>, commanded by Anson
+        himself, reached home, after a cruise of three years and nine months.
+        The history of this voyage, as told by the chaplain of the
+        vessel,<a id="noteref_14" name="noteref_14" href=
+        "#note_14"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style=
+        "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">14</span></span></a> is one
+        round of miseries and disasters.</p>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class=
+        "tei tei-q">“Mr. Anson,”</span> says the narrator of this eventful
+        voyage, <span class="tei tei-q">“was greatly chagrined at having such
+        a decrepit attachment allotted to him; for he was fully persuaded
+        that the greatest part of them would perish long before they arrived
+        at the scene of action, since the delays he had already encountered
+        necessarily confined his passage round Cape Horn to the most rigorous
+        season of the year. Sir Charles Wager (one of the Lords of the
+        Admiralty) too, joined in opinion with the Commodore, that the
+        invalids were no way proper for this service, and solicited
+        strenuously to have them exchanged; but he was told that persons who
+        were supposed to be better judges than he or Mr. Anson, thought them
+        the properest men that could be employed on this occasion.”</span>
+        All of the poor pensioners <span class="tei tei-q">“who had limbs and
+        strength to walk out of Portsmouth deserted, leaving behind them only
+        such as were literally invalids.... Indeed, it is difficult to
+        conceive a more moving scene than the embarkation of these unhappy
+        veterans. They were themselves extremely averse to the service they
+        were engaged on, and fully apprised of all the disasters they were
+        afterwards exposed to, the apprehensions of which were strongly
+        marked by the concern that appeared in their countenances, which were
+        mixed with no small degree of indignation.”</span> Nor can one read
+        these facts without sharing the same feeling. Brave men who had spent
+        the best of their youth and prime in the service of their country,
+        were ruthlessly sent to certain death.</p>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">On the 18th of
+        September, 1740, the squadron, consisting of five men-of-war, a
+        sloop-of-war, and two tenders, or victualling ships, made sail. The
+        vessels comprised the <span class="tei tei-name"><span style=
+        "font-style: italic">Centurion</span></span>, of sixty guns and 400
+        men, commanded by George Anson; the <span class=
+        "tei tei-name"><span style=
+        "font-style: italic">Gloucester</span></span> and <span class=
+        "tei tei-name"><span style="font-style: italic">Severn</span></span>,
+        each fifty guns and 300 men; the <span class=
+        "tei tei-name"><span style="font-style: italic">Pearl</span></span>,
+        of forty guns and 250 men; the <span class=
+        "tei tei-name"><span style="font-style: italic">Wager</span></span>,
+        of twenty-eight guns and 160 men; and the <span class=
+        "tei tei-name"><span style="font-style: italic">Tryal</span></span>
+        sloop, eight guns and 100 men. On their way down the Channel they
+        were joined by other men-of-war convoying the Turkey, Straits, and
+        American merchant fleets, so that for some distance out to sea the
+        combined fleet amounted to no less than eleven vessels of the Royal
+        Navy, and 150 sail of merchantmen. Anson called at Madeira, and
+        refreshed his crews, from thence appointing the Island of St.
+        Catherine’s, on the coast of Brazil, as the rendezvous for his fleet.
+        Arrived there <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page47">[pg
+        47]</span><a name="Pg047" id="Pg047" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>it
+        was found that a large number of the men were sickly, as many as
+        eighty being so reported on the <span class=
+        "tei tei-name"><span style=
+        "font-style: italic">Centurion</span></span> alone, and the other
+        ships in proportion. Tents were erected ashore for the invalids, and
+        the vessels were thoroughly cleaned, smoked between decks, and
+        finally washed well with vinegar. The vessels themselves required
+        many repairs to fit them for the intended voyage round the Horn. The
+        then governor of this Portuguese island, one Don Jose Sylva De Paz,
+        behaved very badly, doing all in his power to prevent Anson from
+        obtaining fresh provisions, and secretly dispatched an express to
+        Buenos Ayres, where a Spanish squadron under Don Josef Pizarro then
+        lay, with an account of the number and strength of the English ships.
+        The history and disasters of this squadron would fill a long
+        chapter.</p>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Pizarro had with
+        him six ships of war, and a very large force of men, two of the
+        vessels having seven hundred each on board. But in spite of his
+        superior strength, he avoided any engagement at this time, and seems
+        to have been extremely desirous of rounding Cape Horn before Anson,
+        for he left before his provision ships arrived. Notwithstanding this
+        haste the two squadrons were once or twice very close together on the
+        passage to Cape Horn, and the <span class="tei tei-name"><span style=
+        "font-style: italic">Pearl</span></span>, being separated from the
+        fleet, and mistaking the Spanish squadron for it, narrowly escaped
+        falling into their hands. In a terrible gale off the Horn the Spanish
+        vessels became separated, and Pizarro turned his own ship’s head, the
+        <span class="tei tei-name"><span style=
+        "font-style: italic">Asia</span></span>, for the Plata once more. One
+        of his squadron, the <span class="tei tei-name"><span style=
+        "font-style: italic">Hermiona</span></span>, of fifty-four guns and
+        500 men, is believed to have foundered at sea, for she was never
+        heard of more. Another, the <span class="tei tei-name"><span style=
+        "font-style: italic">Guipuscoa</span></span>, a still larger ship,
+        with 700 souls on board, was run ashore and sunk on the coast of
+        Brazil. Famine and mutiny were added to the horrors of these voyages.
+        On the latter-named ship 250 died from hunger and fatigue, for those
+        who were still strong enough to work at the pumps received only an
+        ounce and a half of biscuit <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style=
+        "font-style: italic">per diem</span></span>, while the incapable were
+        allowed an ounce of wheat! Men fell down dead at the pumps, and out
+        of an original crew of 700, not more than eighty or a hundred were
+        capable of duty. The captain had conceived some hopes of saving his
+        ship by taking her into St. Catherine’s. When the crew learned his
+        intention, they left off pumping, and <span class="tei tei-q">“being
+        enraged at the hardships they had suffered, and the numbers they had
+        lost (there being at that time no less than thirty dead bodies lying
+        on the deck) they all, with one voice, cried out, <span class=
+        "tei tei-q">‘On shore! on shore!’</span> and obliged the captain to
+        run the ship in directly for the land, where the fifth day after she
+        sunk with her stores and all her furniture on board her.”</span> Four
+        hundred of the crew got, however, safely to shore. On another of the
+        Spanish ships they became so reduced <span class="tei tei-q">“that
+        rats, when they could be caught, were sold for four dollars apiece;
+        and a sailor who died on board had his death concealed for some days
+        by his brother, who during that time lay in the same hammock with the
+        corpse, only to receive the dead man’s allowance of
+        provisions.”</span> The <span class="tei tei-name"><span style=
+        "font-style: italic">Asia</span></span> arrived at Monte Video with
+        only half her crew; the <span class="tei tei-name"><span style=
+        "font-style: italic">Esperanza</span></span>, a fifty-gun ship, had
+        only fifty-eight remaining out of 450 men, and the <span class=
+        "tei tei-name"><span style="font-style: italic">St.
+        Estevan</span></span> had lost about half her hands. The latter
+        vessel was condemned, and broken up in the Plata.</p>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">When Pizarro
+        determined, in 1745, to return to Spain, they managed to patch up the
+        <span class="tei tei-name"><span style=
+        "font-style: italic">Asia</span></span>, at Monte Video, but had only
+        100 of the original hands left. They pressed a number of Portuguese,
+        and put on board a number of English prisoners (not, however,
+        <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page48">[pg 48]</span><a name="Pg048"
+        id="Pg048" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>of Anson’s squadron) and some
+        Indians of the country. Among the latter was a chief named Orellana,
+        and ten of his tribe, whom the Spaniards treated with great
+        inhumanity. The Indians determined to have their revenge. They
+        managed to acquire a number of long knives, and employed their
+        leisure in cutting thongs of raw hide, and in fixing to each end of
+        the thongs the double-headed shot of the quarter-deck guns, which
+        when swung round their heads, became powerful weapons. In two or
+        three days all was ready for their scheme of vengeance.</p>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">It was about nine
+        in the evening, when the decks were comparatively clear, that
+        Orellana and his companions, having divested themselves of most of
+        their clothes, came together to the quarter-deck, approaching the
+        door of the great cabin. The boatswain ordered them away. Orellana,
+        however, paid no attention to him, placed two of his men at either
+        gangway, and raising a hideous war-cry, they commenced the massacre,
+        slashing in all directions with the knives, and brandishing the
+        double-headed shot. The six who remained with the chief on the
+        quarter-deck laid nearly forty Spaniards low in a few minutes, of
+        whom twenty were killed on the spot. Many of the officers fled into
+        the great cabin, and hastily barricaded the door. A perfect panic
+        ensued on board. Many attempting to escape to the forecastle were
+        stabbed as they passed by the four Indian sentries, and others jumped
+        into the waist, where they thought themselves fortunate to lie
+        concealed among the cattle on board; a number fled up the main
+        shrouds and kept on the tops or rigging. The fact is that those on
+        board did not know whether it was not a general mutiny among the
+        pressed hands and prisoners, and the yells of the Indians and groans
+        of the dying, and the confused clamour of the crew, were all
+        heightened in effect by the obscurity of the night. And now Orellana
+        secured the arm-chest, which had been placed on the quarter-deck for
+        security a few days before. It was of no use to him, as he only found
+        a quantity of fire-arms, which he did not understand, or for which he
+        had no ammunition; the cutlasses, for which he was in search, were
+        fortunately hidden underneath. By this time Pizarro had established
+        some communication with the gun-rooms and between decks, and
+        discovered that the English prisoners had not intermeddled in the
+        mutiny, which was confined to the Indians. They had only pistols in
+        the cabin, and no ammunition for them; at last, however, they managed
+        to obtain some by lowering a bucket out of the cabin window, into
+        which the gunner, out of one of the gun-room ports, put a quantity of
+        cartridges. After loading, they cautiously and partially opened the
+        cabin door, firing several shots, at first without effect. At last,
+        Mindinuetta, one of the captains of the original squadron, had the
+        fortune to shoot Orellana dead on the spot, on which his faithful
+        companions one and all leaped into the sea and perished. For full two
+        hours these eleven Indians had held a ship of sixty-six guns, and
+        manned by nearly 500 hands!</p>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Pizarro, having
+        escaped this peril, reached Spain in safety, <span class=
+        "tei tei-q">“after having been absent between four and five years,
+        and having,”</span> says the narrator, <span class="tei tei-q">“by
+        his attendance on our expedition, diminished the naval power of Spain
+        by above three thousand hands (the flower of their sailors), and by
+        four considerable ships of war and a patache.”</span> He had not
+        encountered Anson, nor done any of his ships damage. To the disasters
+        and adventures encountered by that commander we must now
+        return.</p><a name="illo_060.jpg" id="illo_060.jpg" class=
+        "tei tei-anchor"></a>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"></p>
+
+        <div class="tei tei-figure" style="text-align: center">
+          <img src="images/illo_060.jpg" alt="THE “CENTURION” OFF CAPE HORN"
+          title="THE “CENTURION” OFF CAPE HORN" />
+
+          <div class="tei tei-head" style=
+          "text-align: center; margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em">
+            THE <span class="tei tei-q" style=
+            "text-align: center">“CENTURION”</span> OFF CAPE HORN
+          </div>
+        </div>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Off Cape Horn the
+        weather was so terrible that it obliged the oldest mariners on board
+        <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page49">[pg 49]</span><a name="Pg049"
+        id="Pg049" class="tei tei-anchor"></a><span class="tei tei-q">“to
+        confess that what they had hitherto called storms were inconsiderable
+        gales.”</span> Short, mountainous waves pitched and tossed the
+        vessels so violently that the men were in perpetual danger of being
+        dashed to pieces. One of the best seamen on the <span class=
+        "tei tei-name"><span style=
+        "font-style: italic">Centurion</span></span> was canted overboard and
+        drowned; his manly form was long seen struggling in the water, he
+        being a good swimmer, while those on board were powerless to assist
+        him. Another man was thrown violently into the hold and broke his
+        thigh; a second dislocated his neck, and one of the boatswain’s mates
+        broke his collar-bone twice. The squalls were so sudden that they
+        were obliged to lie-to for days together, almost under bare poles,
+        and when in a lull they ventured to set a little canvas, the blasts
+        would return and carry away their sails. Squalls of rain and snow
+        constantly occurred. The <span class="tei tei-name"><span style=
+        "font-style: italic">Centurion</span></span>, labouring in the heavy
+        seas, <span class="tei tei-q">“was now grown so loose in her upper
+        works that she let in the water at every seam, so that every part
+        within board was constantly exposed to the sea-water, and scarcely
+        any of the officers ever lay in dry beds. Indeed, it was very rare
+        that two nights ever passed without many of them being driven from
+        their beds by the deluge of water that came in upon them.”</span>
+        Shrouds snapped, and yards and masts were lost on several of the
+        squadron. <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page50">[pg 50]</span><a name=
+        "Pg050" id="Pg050" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>Two of the vessels, the
+        <span class="tei tei-name"><span style=
+        "font-style: italic">Severn</span></span> and the <span class=
+        "tei tei-name"><span style="font-style: italic">Pearl</span></span>,
+        became separated from the fleet, and were no more seen by them on the
+        voyage.</p>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">But their worst
+        trouble was a terrible outbreak of that insidious disease, the
+        scurvy. In April, May, and part of June, the loss on the <span class=
+        "tei tei-name"><span style=
+        "font-style: italic">Centurion</span></span> alone was two hundred
+        men, and at length they could not muster more than six fore-mast
+        hands in a watch capable of duty. The symptoms of this horrible
+        complaint are various; but apart from the universal scorbutic
+        manifestations on the body, diseased bones, swelled legs, and putrid
+        gums, there is an extraordinary lassitude and weakness, which
+        degenerate into a proneness to swoon, and even die, on the least
+        exertion of strength, and a dejection of spirits which leads the
+        invalid to take alarm at the most trifling accident. Let the reader
+        imagine what all this meant on closely-packed ships, tempest-tossed
+        off the dreaded Horn. When at length the <span class=
+        "tei tei-name"><span style=
+        "font-style: italic">Centurion</span></span> reached the famed Crusoe
+        Island, Juan Fernandez, the lieutenant <span class="tei tei-q">“could
+        muster no more than two quartermasters, and six fore-mast hands
+        capable of working.”</span> Without the assistance of the officers,
+        servants, and boys, they might never have been able to reach the
+        island after sighting it, and with such aid they were <span class=
+        "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">two hours</span></span>
+        in trimming the sails. When their sloop, the <span class=
+        "tei tei-name"><span style="font-style: italic">Tryal</span></span>,
+        followed them to this haven of refuge, only the captain, lieutenant,
+        and three men were able to stand by the sails. When, ten days later
+        on, the <span class="tei tei-name"><span style=
+        "font-style: italic">Gloucester</span></span> was seen in the offing,
+        and Anson had sent off a boat laden with fresh water, fish, and
+        vegetables for the crew, it was found that they had already thrown
+        overboard two-thirds of their complement. It took them, with some
+        assistance sent by Anson, a month before they could fetch the bay,
+        contrary winds and currents, but more their utterly exhausted
+        condition, being the causes. They were now reduced to eighty out of
+        an original crew of three hundred men. Severe as have been the
+        sufferings from scurvy endured on many of the Arctic expeditions,
+        there is no case on record as painful as this. The three ships which
+        reached Juan Fernandez had on board when they left England 961 men;
+        before the ravages of the disease were stopped the number was reduced
+        to 335, scarcely sufficient to man the <span class=
+        "tei tei-name"><span style=
+        "font-style: italic">Centurion</span></span> alone. And it must be
+        remembered that all this time they were uncertain of the movements of
+        Pizarro and his fleet, which might appear among them at any moment.
+        The refreshment obtained at the island, fresh water, vegetables,
+        fruit, fish in abundance, a little goat’s flesh, and seal-meat,
+        proved of great value to those of the crew whose constitutions were
+        not thoroughly undermined by the fell disease; but it was as much as
+        they could do to effect the many repairs required on the vessels, to
+        the extent even of removing and replacing masts.</p>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Of the beauty of
+        many parts of Juan Fernandez the chaplain speaks in enthusiastic
+        terms. <span class="tei tei-q">“Some particular spots occurred in
+        these valleys, where the shade and fragrance of the contiguous woods,
+        the loftiness of the overhanging rocks, and the transparency and
+        frequent falls of the neighbouring streams, presented scenes of such
+        elegance and dignity, as would with difficulty be rivalled in any
+        other part of the globe.... I shall finish this article with a short
+        account of the spot where the commodore pitched his tent, and which
+        he made choice of for his own residence, though I despair of
+        conveying an adequate idea of its beauty. The piece of ground which
+        he chose was a small lawn, that lay on a little ascent, at the
+        distance of about half a mile from the sea. In the front of his tent
+        there was a large avenue cut through the woods to the seaside, which,
+        sloping to the water with a <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page51">[pg
+        51]</span><a name="Pg051" id="Pg051" class=
+        "tei tei-anchor"></a>gentle descent, opened a prospect of the bay and
+        the ships at anchor. This lawn was screened behind by a tall wood of
+        myrtle sweeping round it, in the form of a theatre; the slope on
+        which the wood stood rising with a much sharper ascent than the lawn
+        itself, though not so much but that the hills and precipices
+        within-land towered up considerably above the tops of the trees, and
+        added to the grandeur of the view. There were besides two streams of
+        crystal water, which ran on the right and left of the tent within a
+        hundred yards’ distance, and were shaded by the trees which skirted
+        the lawn on either side, and completed the symmetry of the
+        whole.”</span></p>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Meantime, the
+        other vessels of the squadron did not put in an appearance. That two
+        of them, the <span class="tei tei-name"><span style=
+        "font-style: italic">Pearl</span></span> and <span class=
+        "tei tei-name"><span style="font-style: italic">Severn</span></span>,
+        were not to be expected, we have already learned; but what had become
+        of the <span class="tei tei-name"><span style=
+        "font-style: italic">Wager</span></span>? It was learned afterwards
+        that while making the passage to the island of Socoro, one of the
+        rendezvous of the squadron, she had become entangled among the rocks
+        and grounded, soon becoming an utter wreck. The Honourable John
+        Byron, afterwards a commodore in his Majesty’s service, but then a
+        youngster on board, has left an account of the disaster in his
+        well-known work.<a id="noteref_15" name="noteref_15" href=
+        "#note_15"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style=
+        "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">15</span></span></a>
+        <span class="tei tei-q">“In the morning, about four o’clock,”</span>
+        says he, <span class="tei tei-q">“the ship struck. The shock we
+        received upon this occasion, though very great, being not unlike a
+        blow of a heavy sea, such as in the series of preceding storms we had
+        often experienced, was taken for the same; but we were soon
+        undeceived by her striking again more violently than before, which
+        laid her upon her beam-ends, the sea making a fair breach over her.
+        Every person that now could stir was presently upon the quarter-deck;
+        and many of those were alert upon this occasion that had not showed
+        their faces upon deck for above two months before; several poor
+        wretches, who were in the last stage of the scurvy, and who could not
+        get out of their hammocks, were immediately drowned.”</span> Some
+        seemed bereaved of their senses; one man was seen stalking about the
+        deck flourishing a cutlass over his head, calling himself king of the
+        country, and striking everybody he came near, till he was knocked
+        down by some of those he had assaulted. <span class=
+        "tei tei-q">“Some, reduced before by long sickness and the scurvy,
+        became on this occasion as it were petrified and bereaved of all
+        sense, like inanimate logs, and were bandied to and fro by the jerks
+        and rolls of the ship, without exerting any efforts to help
+        themselves.... The man at the helm, though both rudder and tiller
+        were gone, kept his station; and being asked by one of the officers
+        if the ship would steer or not, first took his time to make trial by
+        the wheel, and then answered with as much respect and coolness as if
+        the ship had been in the greatest safety; and immediately after
+        applied himself with his usual serenity to his duty, persuaded it did
+        not become him to desert it as long as the ship kept
+        together.”</span> The captain, who had dislocated his shoulder by a
+        fall the day before, was coolness itself, and one of the mates did
+        all in his power to inspire them with the belief that they would not
+        be lost so near land. This wrought a change in many who but a few
+        minutes before had been in despair, praying on their knees for mercy.
+        It was another illustration of—</p>
+
+        <div class="tei tei-lg" style=
+        "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-left: 2.00em; margin-top: 1.00em">
+          <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">
+            <span class="tei tei-q" style="text-align: left">“When the devil
+            was sick,”</span>
+          </div>
+        </div><span class="tei tei-pb" id="page52">[pg 52]</span><a name=
+        "Pg052" id="Pg052" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">for they commenced
+        breaking in the casks of brandy or wine as they came up the hatchway,
+        and several got so intoxicated that they were drowned on board, and
+        lay floating about the decks for several days. The boatswain and some
+        of the men would not leave the ship so long as there was any liquor
+        to be found on her; and Captain Cheap, having got off as many of the
+        crew as would come, about a hundred and forty in number, suffered
+        himself to be helped out of his bed, put into the boat, and carried
+        ashore.</p>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">After passing a
+        miserable night, almost without shelter, the calls of hunger—most of
+        them having fasted forty-eight hours—obliged them to seek for
+        sustenance. Two or three pounds of biscuit dust, one sea-gull, and
+        some wild celery, were boiled up into a kind of soup, which made all
+        very ill who partook of it. It was at first supposed that the wild
+        herb was the cause, but it was soon discovered that the biscuit dust,
+        the sweepings of the bread-room, had been gathered in a tobacco bag,
+        and that the tobacco dust mingled with it had acted as an emetic.</p>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Still a number of
+        the wretched crew remained on board, pilfering all they could find,
+        often whether it could be of use to them or not, and showing a
+        particular desire to provide themselves with arms and ammunition.
+        They averred that the authority of the officers must cease with the
+        loss of the ship; but as they came ashore, the arms were taken from
+        them. When the boatswain came ashore in laced clothes, Captain Cheap
+        knocked him down. <span class="tei tei-q">“It was scarce possible to
+        refrain from laughter at the whimsical appearance these fellows made,
+        who, having rifled the chests of the officers’ best suits, had put
+        them on over their greasy trousers and dirty checked shirts. They
+        were soon stripped of their finery, as they had before been obliged
+        to resign their arms.”</span> The cutter, turned keel upwards, was
+        now placed on props and covered, so that it made a reasonably
+        comfortable habitation. Shell-fish were found in tolerable abundance,
+        <span class="tei tei-q">“but this rummaging of the shore,”</span>
+        says Byron, <span class="tei tei-q">“was now become extremely irksome
+        to those who had any feeling, by the bodies of our drowned people
+        thrown among the rocks, some of which were hideous spectacles, from
+        the mangled condition they were in by the violent surf that drove in
+        upon the coast. These horrors were overcome by the distresses of our
+        people, who were even glad of the occasion of killing the gallinazo
+        (the carrion crow of that country) while preying on these carcases,
+        in order to make a meal of them.”</span></p>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Such stores as
+        could be landed were placed in a guarded tent, and doled out
+        carefully. A few Indians arrived, and, after some parley, proved
+        friendly, and were presented with sundry trifles. The looking-glasses
+        astonished them; <span class="tei tei-q">“the beholder could not
+        conceive it to be his own face that was represented, but that of some
+        other behind it, which he therefore went round to the back of the
+        glass to find out.”</span> They left, and in two days returned with
+        three sheep, which astonished the officers, inasmuch as they were far
+        from any of the Spanish settlements.</p>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">And now mutiny and
+        desertion ensued. One section of the men, <span class="tei tei-q">“a
+        most desperate and abandoned crew,”</span> attempted, by placing a
+        barrel of gunpowder close to the captain’s hut, with a train to be
+        lighted at a distance, to destroy their commander and his authority
+        by one fell blow, but were dissuaded by one of their number, who had
+        some conscience left. They eventually built a punt, and converted the
+        hull of one of the ship’s masts <span class="tei tei-pb" id=
+        "page53">[pg 53]</span><a name="Pg053" id="Pg053" class=
+        "tei tei-anchor"></a>into a canoe, escaping therewith to the
+        mainland. They were never heard of more. These men were a good
+        riddance, but a more unfortunate event was to follow. Mr. Cozens, a
+        midshipman, had been placed under confinement for being drunk, and
+        using abusive language to the captain, but was soon after released.
+        Subsequently he had a dispute with the surgeon, and later with the
+        purser. The latter told him that he had <span class="tei tei-q">“come
+        to mutiny,”</span> and fired his pistol at him, narrowly missing him.
+        The captain, hearing all this, rushed out, and, without asking any
+        questions, shot Cozens through the head, and then declined to allow
+        him to be removed to shelter. The wretched young man (whom Byron
+        believes to have been purposely <span class="tei tei-q">“kept warm
+        with liquor, and set on by some ill-designing persons,”</span> as he
+        had always been a good-natured, inoffensive man when sober) was
+        allowed by the captain to die like a dog, <span class=
+        "tei tei-q">“with no other covering than a bit of canvas thrown over
+        some bushes,”</span> fourteen days afterwards. This gave the men a
+        good excuse for that which they were about to execute.</p>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">It had been
+        arranged that the long-boat, rescued from the wreck, should be
+        lengthened. The captain proposed that they should proceed northwards
+        in the Pacific, hoping that they might encounter and master one of
+        the enemy’s ships, and rejoin Commodore Anson; the men, very
+        generally, were bent on making their voyage home through the Straits
+        of Magellan. While the alterations were in progress, the matter
+        rested temporarily, as they were occupied in saving portions of, or
+        stores from, the wreck, or in obtaining shell-fish and sea-fowl,
+        which seem not to have been too abundant. Byron had cherished in his
+        little hut a poor Indian dog, which had become much attached to him.
+        One day a hungry party of the men came to him, and, after a little
+        ineffectual remonstrance, took the dog away and killed it;
+        <span class="tei tei-q">“upon which,”</span> says Byron, <span class=
+        "tei tei-q">“thinking that I had at least as good a right to a share
+        as the rest, I sat down with them, and partook of their repast. Three
+        weeks after that I was glad to make a meal of his paws and skin,
+        which, upon recollecting the spot where they had killed him, I found
+        thrown aside and rotten.”</span> One of the men constructed a novel
+        craft from a large cask, to which he lashed two logs, one on either
+        side. In this he ventured out to sea, and often managed to get wild
+        fowl. One day he was upset by a heavy sea, but managed to scramble to
+        a solitary rock, where he remained two days, till accidentally
+        rescued by a boat party.</p>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">While the coast
+        was being reconnoitred, the <span class="tei tei-q">“old
+        cabal”</span> had been revived, the debates of which generally ended
+        in riot and drunkenness. The meeting of the leading mutineers was
+        held in a large tent, which had been made snug, by lining it with
+        bales of broadcloth driven from the wreck. Eighteen of the ship’s
+        company had possession of this tent, from whence committees were
+        dispatched with their resolutions, and quite as often with demands
+        for liquor. The captain seemingly acquiesced, so far as their
+        projected voyage was concerned; but when they began to stipulate that
+        his powers as commander must be restricted, he naturally insisted
+        upon the full exercise of his rights. <span class="tei tei-q">“This
+        broke all measures between them, and they were from this time
+        determined he should go with them, whether he would or no.”</span>
+        The unfortunate affair concerning Cozens was raked up, and they
+        threatened to put him under confinement, and bring him to trial in
+        England. When, however, they found that the long boat, cutter, and
+        barge were <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page54">[pg
+        54]</span><a name="Pg054" id="Pg054" class=
+        "tei tei-anchor"></a>barely large enough to carry all, they agreed to
+        leave him behind, with the surgeon, and one of the officers of
+        marines. Byron was taken on board, but, as he says, <span class=
+        "tei tei-q">“was determined, upon the first opportunity, to leave
+        them.”</span> They were in all eighty-one when they left the island.
+        Their intention was to put into some harbour, if possible, every
+        evening, as they were in no condition for long sea-trips, neither
+        would their scanty provisions have lasted many days. Their water was
+        contained in a few small powder barrels; their flour was to be
+        lengthened out by a mixture of sea-weed; and their other supplies
+        must depend upon their success in hunting or fishing. Next day they
+        considered it necessary to send back the barge for some spare canvas,
+        and Byron took the opportunity of leaving them. When they were clear
+        of the long-boat, he found that the men on board contemplated
+        deserting the deserters also. They <span class="tei tei-q">“were
+        extremely welcome to Captain Cheap.”</span> Some attempts were made
+        to get a share of the provisions from the mutineers, but they
+        absolutely refused. When they had left the captain and the two other
+        officers, they had given them six pieces of beef, the same of pork,
+        and ninety pounds of flour. For a day or two after Byron’s return
+        with a few of the men, a small allowance was doled out to them;
+        <span class="tei tei-q">“yet it was upon the foot of favour,”</span>
+        and soon ceased, after which they had to subsist on <span class=
+        "tei tei-q">“a weed called laugh,”</span> fried in the tallow of some
+        candles they had saved, and wild celery. The account of their
+        sufferings, and eventual escape to Chili, forms the bulk of the
+        volume from which this narrative is taken. What became of the
+        long-boat and its crew of mutineers? More than three months after
+        they deserted the captain, thirty of them arrived at Rio Grande, on
+        the coast of Brazil; twenty had been left at various points, and a
+        larger number had died from starvation.</p>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">But to return once
+        more to Anson. Just at the time they were straining all points to
+        make ready for leaving Juan Fernandez, a sail was espied far in the
+        offing. Whilst the vessel advanced, they fancied that she might be
+        one of their own ships; but when she hauled off, it was determined to
+        pursue her. The <span class="tei tei-name"><span style=
+        "font-style: italic">Centurion</span></span> being in the most
+        forward state, immediately got under sail; but the wind being light,
+        they soon lost sight of the stranger. Persuaded that she was an
+        enemy, they steered in the direction of Valparaiso for a couple of
+        days; then considering that she must have reached her port, were on
+        the point of abandoning the chase, when a gale blew them out of their
+        course, at the same time bringing them once more in sight of the
+        unknown vessel, which at first bore down upon them, showing Spanish
+        colours. She appeared to be a large ship which had mistaken the
+        <span class="tei tei-name"><span style=
+        "font-style: italic">Centurion</span></span> for her consort, and was
+        thought to be one of Pizarro’s squadron; this induced Anson to clear
+        the guns of all casks of water or provisions which encumbered them,
+        and prepare for action. When near enough, she was discovered to be
+        only a merchantman, the <span class="tei tei-name"><span style=
+        "font-style: italic">Carmelo</span></span>, without even as much as a
+        tier of guns. A little later, four shot were fired among her rigging,
+        on which not one of the crew would venture aloft. The ship yielded
+        immediately. When the first lieutenant went on board, he was received
+        with abject submission; and the passengers on board, twenty-five in
+        number, were terrified at the prospect of the ill-treatment they
+        should receive. But Anson was always humane and generous with a
+        fallen foe, and they were soon re-assured. His kindness was not
+        thrown away. When at length Captain Cheap and his brother-officers of
+        the wrecked <span class="tei tei-name"><span style=
+        "font-style: italic">Wager</span></span> arrived in Chili (then an
+        appanage of the Spanish Crown) <span class="tei tei-pb" id=
+        "page55">[pg 55]</span><a name="Pg055" id="Pg055" class=
+        "tei tei-anchor"></a>they were particularly well treated at Santiago.
+        <span class="tei tei-q">“We found,”</span> says Byron, <span class=
+        "tei tei-q">“many Spaniards here that had been taken by Commodore
+        Anson, and had been for some time prisoners on board the <span class=
+        "tei tei-name"><span style=
+        "font-style: italic">Centurion</span></span>. They all spoke in the
+        highest terms of the kind treatment they had received; and it is
+        natural to imagine that it was chiefly owing to that laudable example
+        of humanity our reception here was so good.”</span> They even said
+        that they should not have been sorry had he taken them to
+        England.<a id="noteref_16" name="noteref_16" href=
+        "#note_16"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style=
+        "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">16</span></span></a> Anson’s
+        prize on this occasion had on board large quantities of sugar, cloth,
+        and some little cotton and tobacco; and in addition, that which was
+        more valuable, several trunks of wrought plate, and over <span class=
+        "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">two tons</span></span>
+        of dollars (<span class="tei tei-q">“twenty-three serons of dollars,
+        each weighing upwards of 200 lbs. avoirdupois”</span>).</p>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Shortly
+        afterwards, Anson noted two sail, one of which appeared to be
+        <span class="tei tei-q">“a very stout ship,”</span> and which made
+        for them, whilst the other stood off. By evening they were within
+        pistol-shot of the nearest, <span class="tei tei-q">“and had a
+        broadside ready to pour into her, the gunners having their matches in
+        their hands, and only waiting for orders to fire.”</span> The ship
+        was hailed in Spanish, when the welcome voice of Mr. Hughes,
+        lieutenant of the <span class="tei tei-name"><span style=
+        "font-style: italic">Tryal</span></span>, answered in English that it
+        was a prize taken by him a couple of days before. She had tried to
+        escape in the night by showing no lights, but an opening or crevice
+        in one of the ports had betrayed them. She was a merchantman of about
+        600 tons, and had much the same cargo as that taken by Anson, but not
+        so much money on board. Her capture at that moment was invaluable,
+        for the <span class="tei tei-name"><span style=
+        "font-style: italic">Tryal</span></span> had sprung her mainmast, and
+        was altogether unseaworthy. She was condemned, and her crew, guns,
+        and stores, with some additions, were put on board the prize, now
+        appropriately christened <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style=
+        "font-style: italic">The Tryal’s Prize</span></span>. The sloop
+        herself was scuttled and sunk. Shortly afterwards a third prize was
+        taken, on which several Spanish lady passengers were found, who hid
+        themselves in corners, till assured of honourable and courteous
+        treatment. Anson ordered that they should retain their own cabins,
+        with all the other conveniences and privileges they had enjoyed
+        before, and ordered the Spanish pilot, the second in command, to stay
+        with them as their guardian and protector. A fourth prize, of little
+        value to the captors, as they could not dispose of much of the cargo
+        in any way, but a clear loss to the Spaniards of 400,000 dollars, was
+        taken a few days afterwards.</p>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Next followed the
+        capture of Paita, Peru, an important place in those days, though it
+        offered little or no resistance. When the sailors in search of
+        private pillage found the clothes of the Spaniards who had fled, they
+        were seized with an irresistible impulse to try them on; and soon
+        their dirty unmentionables and jackets were covered by embroidered
+        clothes and laced hats, not forgetting the bag-wig of the day. Those
+        who could not find men’s clothes put on women’s, and half the
+        <span class="tei tei-name"><span style=
+        "font-style: italic">Centurion’s</span></span> crew were transformed
+        into <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page56">[pg 56]</span><a name=
+        "Pg056" id="Pg056" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>masqueraders. The town
+        was burned to the ground, after treasure, in the shape of plate,
+        dollars, and other coin, to the amount of upwards of £30,000, had
+        been taken, besides a number of valuable jewels, and plunder
+        generally, which became the property of the immediate captors. A
+        vessel in the harbour was taken, and five others scuttled and sunk.
+        The Spaniards, in their representations sent to the Court of Madrid,
+        estimated their total loss at a million and a half of dollars. After
+        Anson left Paita, there were dissensions on board regarding the
+        miscellaneous plunder, between those who had been ordered ashore and
+        those whose duty obliged them to remain on board. The Commodore ruled
+        that it should be put into one common fund, to which he gave his
+        entire share, and then divided impartially, in proportion to each
+        man’s rank and commission. To all but a few greedy grumblers this was
+        perfectly acceptable, and the discontent, which might easily have
+        been fanned into mutiny, was quashed at once.</p><a name=
+        "illo_067.png" id="illo_067.png" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"></p>
+
+        <div class="tei tei-figure" style="text-align: center">
+          <img src="images/illo_067.png" alt="SURRENDER OF THE “CARMELO.”"
+          title="SURRENDER OF THE “CARMELO.”" />
+
+          <div class="tei tei-head" style=
+          "text-align: center; margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em">
+            SURRENDER OF THE <span class="tei tei-q" style=
+            "text-align: center">“CARMELO.”</span>
+          </div>
+        </div>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">A day or two
+        afterwards, they rejoined the <span class="tei tei-name"><span style=
+        "font-style: italic">Gloucester</span></span>, and found that its
+        captain had taken a couple of small prizes, one of them with a cargo
+        of wine, brandy, and olives in jars, and about £7,000 in specie. The
+        people on the other, which was hardly more than a large boat or
+        launch, pleaded poverty, and that their cargo was only cotton. The
+        men on the barge had surprised them at dinner upon pigeon pie served
+        on silver dishes, and suspicion was aroused, which subsided when some
+        little examination had been instituted. <span class="tei tei-pb" id=
+        "page57">[pg 57]</span><a name="Pg057" id="Pg057" class=
+        "tei tei-anchor"></a>When the packages, however, were more carefully
+        examined on board the <span class="tei tei-name"><span style=
+        "font-style: italic">Gloucester</span></span>, a considerable
+        quantity of doubloons and dollars, to the amount of near £12,000, was
+        discovered concealed among the cotton. Before leaving the South
+        American coast, Anson sent fifty-nine prisoners, in two well-equipped
+        launches taken from his prizes, to Acapulco, where they arrived
+        safely, and spoke highly of the treatment they had received.</p>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Anson was now on
+        his way to the China Seas, to intercept, if possible, the Manilla
+        galleon, of which he had received some tidings. On the voyage it
+        became necessary to abandon the <span class=
+        "tei tei-name"><span style=
+        "font-style: italic">Gloucester</span></span>. Besides the loss of
+        masts, which were literally rotted out of her, she was tumbling to
+        pieces from sheer rottenness; and when her captain reported on her
+        condition, she had seven feet of water in the hold, although his
+        officers and men had been kept constantly at the pumps for the past
+        twenty-four hours. Her crew had become greatly reduced in numbers,
+        and out of her total complement of ninety-seven, officers included,
+        only sixteen men and eleven boys were capable of keeping the deck.
+        The removal of the <span class="tei tei-name"><span style=
+        "font-style: italic">Gloucester’s</span></span> people, and such
+        stores as could most easily be taken, occupied two days. It was with
+        difficulty that the prize-money taken in the South Seas was secured;
+        the prize goods were necessarily abandoned. <span class=
+        "tei tei-q">“Their sick men, amounting to nearly seventy, were
+        conveyed into the boats with as much care as the circumstances of
+        that time would permit; but three or four of them expired as they
+        were hoisting them into the <span class="tei tei-name"><span style=
+        "font-style: italic">Centurion</span></span>.”</span> The
+        <span class="tei tei-name"><span style=
+        "font-style: italic">Gloucester</span></span> was set on fire in the
+        evening, but did not blow up till six o’clock the following
+        morning.</p>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">At Tinian, one of
+        the Ladrone Islands, Anson stopped some time, refreshing his worn-out
+        crew, and strengthening the ship. The island abounded in cattle,
+        hogs, and poultry, running wild; in oranges, limes, lemons,
+        cocoa-nuts, and bread-fruit. <span class="tei tei-q">“The country did
+        by no means resemble that of an uninhabited and uncultivated place;
+        but had much more the air of a magnificent plantation, where large
+        lawns and stately woods had been laid out together with great skill,
+        and where the whole had been so artfully combined, and so judiciously
+        adapted to the slopes of the hills and the inequalities of the
+        ground, as to produce a most striking effect, and to do honour to the
+        invention of the contriver.”</span> These compliments to Nature may
+        often be paralleled in writers of the last century. When they had
+        dropped anchor, such was the weakness of the crew that it took them
+        five hours to furl their sails. <span class="tei tei-q">“All the
+        hands we could muster capable of standing at a gun,”</span> says the
+        narrator, <span class="tei tei-q">“amounted to no more than
+        seventy-one, most of whom, too, were incapable of duty, except on the
+        greatest emergencies. This, inconsiderable as it may appear, was the
+        whole force we could collect in our present enfeebled condition from
+        the united crews of the <span class="tei tei-name"><span style=
+        "font-style: italic">Centurion</span></span>, the <span class=
+        "tei tei-name"><span style=
+        "font-style: italic">Gloucester</span></span>, and the <span class=
+        "tei tei-name"><span style="font-style: italic">Tryal</span></span>,
+        which, when we departed from England, consisted of near a thousand
+        hands.”</span> Some Indians ashore fled when they landed, leaving
+        their huts, one of which, used as a large storehouse, was converted
+        into a hospital for the sick, one hundred and twenty-eight in number.
+        Numbers of these were so helpless that they had to be carried from
+        the boats, the commodore assisting, as he had before at Juan
+        Fernandez, and the officers following suit. The poor invalids soon
+        felt the benefit of the abundant fresh fruits and water; and although
+        twenty-one were buried in the first and succeeding day, they did not
+        lose above ten more during the two months of their stay at the
+        island.</p><span class="tei tei-pb" id="page58">[pg
+        58]</span><a name="Pg058" id="Pg058" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">One of the
+        drawbacks of a stay at Tinian was the roadstead, which, with its
+        coral bottom, afforded a bad anchorage during the western monsoons.
+        This was convincingly proved to the people of the <span class=
+        "tei tei-name"><span style=
+        "font-style: italic">Centurion</span></span>. In the third week of
+        September the wind blew with such fury that all communication with
+        the shore was cut off, as no boat could live in the sea raised by it.
+        The small bower cable, and afterwards their best bower, parted. The
+        waves broke over the devoted ship, and the long-boat, at that time
+        moored astern, was on a sudden canted so high that it broke the
+        transom of the commodore’s cabin on the quarter-deck, and was itself
+        stove to pieces, the poor boat-keeper, though extremely bruised,
+        being saved almost by a miracle. The end of all this was that the
+        ship was driven to sea, leaving Anson, several officers, and a great
+        part of the crew on shore, amounting in the whole to one hundred and
+        thirteen persons. The poor wretches on the ship expected each moment
+        to be their last, as they were altogether too few and weak to work a
+        large vessel.</p>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class=
+        "tei tei-q">“The storm which drove the <span class=
+        "tei tei-name"><span style=
+        "font-style: italic">Centurion</span></span> to sea blew with too
+        much turbulence to permit either the commodore or any of the people
+        on shore to hear the guns which she fired as signals of distress; and
+        the frequent glare of the lightning had prevented the explosions from
+        being observed; so that when at daybreak it was perceived from the
+        shore that the ship was missing, there was the utmost consternation
+        amongst them, for much the greatest part of them immediately
+        concluded that she was lost.”</span> Anson, whatever he thought
+        himself, did all in his power to reason them out of the idea, and
+        immediately proposed that if she did not return in a few days they
+        should cut in half a small bark, a Spanish prize they had taken, and
+        lengthen her about twelve feet, which would enable her to carry them
+        all to China. After some days the men began to consider this their
+        only chance, and worked zealously at their allotted employments.
+        These were interrupted one day by <span class="tei tei-q">“A
+        sail!”</span> being announced. Presently a second was descried, which
+        quite destroyed the conjecture that it was the ship herself. The
+        revulsion of feeling in Anson’s bosom was so strong, that for once he
+        was quite unmanned, and retired to his tent, with the bitter feeling
+        that now he could not hope to signalise the expedition by any great
+        exploit. He was, however, soon relieved by finding that the boats
+        were Indian proas, which, after cruising off the island for a time,
+        suddenly departed, and were lost to sight. The recital of the details
+        connected with the transformation of the bark would be tedious;
+        suffice it to say, that they had to manufacture many of the necessary
+        tools, cut down trees, and saw them into planks, and dig a dry dock,
+        while others were employed in collecting provisions. They were much
+        mortified to find that all the powder ashore did not amount to more
+        than ninety charges. What if the Spaniards should appear at this
+        juncture?</p>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">However, in spite
+        of all obstacles, they had proceeded so far with their work as to
+        have fixed upon a date for their departure from the island.
+        <span class="tei tei-q">“But their project and labours were now
+        drawing to speedier and happier conclusion; for, on the 11th of
+        October, in the afternoon, one of the <span class=
+        "tei tei-name"><span style=
+        "font-style: italic">Gloucester’s</span></span> men, being upon a
+        hill in the middle of the island, perceived the <span class=
+        "tei tei-name"><span style=
+        "font-style: italic">Centurion</span></span> at a distance, and,
+        running down with his utmost speed towards the landing-place, he in
+        the way saw some of his comrades, to whom he hallooed out with great
+        ecstasy, <span class="tei tei-q">‘The ship! the
+        ship!’</span> ”</span> It was indeed the ship; and when <span class=
+        "tei tei-pb" id="page59">[pg 59]</span><a name="Pg059" id="Pg059"
+        class="tei tei-anchor"></a>Anson heard of it, we can well believe
+        that he broke through <span class="tei tei-q">“the equable and
+        unvaried character”</span> he had hitherto preserved. The men were in
+        a perfect state of frenzy. A boat with eighteen men, and fresh meats
+        and fruits, was sent off to the <span class=
+        "tei tei-name"><span style=
+        "font-style: italic">Centurion</span></span>, which came to anchor
+        next day. She had been nearly three weeks absent. The chaplain who
+        has left us the narrative of Anson’s voyage was on board at the time.
+        He describes their deplorable condition in a leaky ship, with three
+        cables hanging loose, from one of which dragged their only remaining
+        anchor; not a gun lashed or port closed; shrouds loose, and topmasts
+        unrigged, and no sails which could be set except the mizen. The pumps
+        alone gave employment for the whole of the available crew.
+        <span class="tei tei-q">“In these exigencies,”</span> says he,
+        <span class="tei tei-q">“no rank or office exempted any person from
+        the manual application and bodily labour of a common sailor. They
+        eventually raised their sheet anchor, which had been dragging at the
+        bows, got up their mainyard, and generally got the ship in something
+        like sailing trim. They were quite as rejoiced to see the island once
+        more as were their companions to see <a name="corr059" id="corr059"
+        class="tei tei-anchor"></a><span class=
+        "tei tei-corr">them.</span>”</span></p>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">After a long stay
+        at Macao, where the Chinese officials put all kinds of obstacles in
+        the way of refitting and provisioning his ship, Anson set sail for
+        the express purpose of intercepting the Manilla galleon or galleons,
+        which, indeed, had been the object of his long cruise off Mexico and
+        South America. The annual ship plying between Acapulco and Manilla,
+        and <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">vice
+        versâ</span></span>, was always richly laden with the best the
+        Spanish colonies afforded, and all on board the <span class=
+        "tei tei-name"><span style=
+        "font-style: italic">Centurion</span></span> were now eager for the
+        fray. Anson determined to lay off Cape Spiritu Santo, Samal (one of
+        the Philippine group of islands), as the galleons always made that
+        land first on the voyage to Manilla. It was a month after they had
+        gained the station that the coveted prize hove in sight. <span class=
+        "tei tei-q">“On this a general joy spread through the whole
+        ship.”</span> The Spaniards had determined to risk the fight, and it
+        is needless to say that Anson was ready for them. He picked out about
+        thirty of his choicest marksmen, whom he distributed among the tops,
+        and they eventually did great execution. <span class="tei tei-q">“As
+        he had not hands enough remaining to quarter a sufficient number to
+        each great gun in the customary manner, he therefore on his lower
+        tier fixed only two men to each gun, who were to be solely employed
+        in loading it, whilst the rest of his people were divided into
+        different gangs of ten or twelve men each, who were continually
+        moving about the decks, to run out and fire such guns as were loaded.
+        By this management he was enabled to make use of all his guns; and
+        instead of whole broadsides, with intervals between them, he kept up
+        a constant fire without intermission; whence he doubted not to
+        procure very signal advantages. For it is common with the Spaniards
+        to fall down upon the decks when they see a broadside preparing, and
+        to continue in that posture till it is given; after which they rise
+        again, and presuming the danger to be for some time over, work their
+        guns and fire with great briskness, till another broadside is ready;
+        but the firing gun by gun, in the manner directed by the commodore,
+        rendered this practice of theirs impossible.”</span> Several squalls
+        of wind and rain about noon often obscured the galleon from their
+        sight; but when the weather cleared up she was observed resolutely
+        lying to, waiting her impending doom. Towards one o’clock the
+        <span class="tei tei-name"><span style=
+        "font-style: italic">Centurion</span></span> hoisted her colours, the
+        enemy being within gunshot. Anson noted that the Spaniards had
+        neglected to clear the decks, as they were still engaged in throwing
+        overboard cattle <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page60">[pg
+        60]</span><a name="Pg060" id="Pg060" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>and
+        lumber; and as all is supposed to be fair in war, he determined to
+        worry them at once, and ordered the chase-guns to be fired into them.
+        The galleon returned the fire with two of her stern chase-guns;
+        <span class="tei tei-q">“and the <span class=
+        "tei tei-name"><span style=
+        "font-style: italic">Centurion</span></span> getting her
+        sprit-sail-yard fore and aft, that if necessary she might be ready
+        for boarding, the Spaniards, in a bravado, rigged their
+        sprit-sail-yard fore and aft likewise. Soon after, the <span class=
+        "tei tei-name"><span style=
+        "font-style: italic">Centurion</span></span> came abreast of the
+        enemy, within pistol-shot, keeping to the leeward of them, with a
+        view of preventing their putting before the wind, and gaining the
+        port of Talapay, from which they were about seven leagues distant.
+        And now the engagement began in earnest, and for the first half-hour
+        Mr. Anson over-reached the galleon, and lay on her bow, where, by the
+        great wideness of his ports, he could traverse almost all his guns
+        upon the enemy, whilst the galleon could only bring a part of hers to
+        bear. Immediately on the commencement of the action, the mats with
+        which the galleon had stuffed her netting took fire, and burnt
+        violently, blazing up half as high as the mizen-top. This accident,
+        supposed to be caused by the <span class="tei tei-name"><span style=
+        "font-style: italic">Centurion’s</span></span> wads, threw the enemy
+        into the utmost terror, and also alarmed the commodore, for he feared
+        lest the galleon should be burnt, and lest he himself might suffer by
+        her driving on board him. However, the Spaniards at last freed
+        themselves from the fire by cutting away the netting, and tumbling
+        the whole mass which was in flames into the sea. All this interval,
+        the <span class="tei tei-name"><span style=
+        "font-style: italic">Centurion</span></span> kept her first
+        advantageous position, firing her cannon with great regularity and
+        briskness; whilst at the same time the galleon’s decks lay open to
+        her top-men, who, having at their first volley driven the Spaniards
+        from their tops, made prodigious havoc with their small-arms, killing
+        or wounding every officer but one that appeared on the quarter-deck,
+        and wounding in particular the general of the galleon
+        himself.”</span></p>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Then for a little
+        the <span class="tei tei-name"><span style=
+        "font-style: italic">Centurion</span></span> lost the superiority of
+        her original position; but still her grape-shot raked the Spaniard’s
+        decks with such cruel precision that they were covered with the dead
+        and dying, encumbering the movements of those still fighting, who
+        kept up as brisk a fire as they could. But the general himself was
+        pretty nearly <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style=
+        "font-style: italic">hors de combat</span></span>, while the Spanish
+        officers were rushing hither and thither, endeavouring vainly to keep
+        the now disheartened men at their posts. They made one last effort,
+        pointed and fired five or six guns with more precision than usual,
+        and then yielded the contest. The galleon’s colours had been singed
+        off the ensign-staff in the beginning of the engagement, so she had
+        to haul down the royal standard from her main-top-gallant-mast head,
+        <span class="tei tei-q">“the person who was employed to perform this
+        office having been in imminent peril of being killed, had not the
+        commodore, who perceived what he was about, given express orders to
+        his people to desist from firing.”</span> And so the great
+        <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Nostra
+        Signora de Cabadonga</span></span> became Anson’s prize.</p><a name=
+        "illo_072.jpg" id="illo_072.jpg" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"></p>
+
+        <div class="tei tei-figure" style="text-align: center">
+          <img src="images/illo_072.jpg" alt=
+          "ANSON TAKING THE SPANISH GALLEON" title=
+          "ANSON TAKING THE SPANISH GALLEON." />
+
+          <div class="tei tei-head" style=
+          "text-align: center; margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em">
+            ANSON TAKING THE SPANISH GALLEON.
+          </div>
+        </div>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">And she was indeed
+        a prize. She had on board 35,682 ounces of virgin silver, 1,313,843
+        pieces of eight, besides some cochineal and other trifles, which
+        hardly counted in comparison with the specie. She was a much larger
+        vessel than the <span class="tei tei-name"><span style=
+        "font-style: italic">Centurion</span></span>, and had five hundred
+        and fifty men, and thirty-six large guns, besides twenty-eight
+        pedreroes each carrying four-pound balls. During the action she had
+        sixty-seven men killed, and eighty-four wounded; whilst the
+        <span class="tei tei-name"><span style=
+        "font-style: italic">Centurion</span></span> had only two killed, and
+        seventeen wounded. Shortly after the galleon had struck, an officer
+        came quietly to Anson, and told him the <span class="tei tei-pb" id=
+        "page62">[pg 62]</span><a name="Pg062" id="Pg062" class=
+        "tei tei-anchor"></a>ship was on fire near the powder-room. The
+        commodore showed no emotion, and gave orders to a few in regard to
+        extinguishing it, which was happily done, without alarming the crew
+        or informing the enemy. The galleon was constituted by Anson a
+        post-ship in his Majesty’s navy, the command being given to his first
+        lieutenant, Mr. Saumarez. All but the officers and wounded of the
+        prisoners were kept in the hold of the <span class=
+        "tei tei-name"><span style=
+        "font-style: italic">Centurion</span></span>, two guarded hatchways
+        being left open. As the Spaniards were two to one of the English,
+        every precaution was necessary, but otherwise they were treated as
+        well as possible. Unfortunately their allowance of water was
+        necessarily small, one pint per day, the crew only receiving a pint
+        and a half; and although not one died on the passage to the river of
+        Canton, they were reduced to ghastly skeletons when they were
+        discharged. Anson refitted and sold the galleon to the merchants of
+        Macao, and, with about £400,000 worth of Spanish treasure, sailed for
+        England, where he arrived in safety. The damage done by him to Spain
+        was probably three or four times that represented by the above
+        amount. The great galleon was alone, with her cargo, valued at a
+        million and a half dollars; whilst the destruction of Paita, and the
+        minor Spanish prizes, with large parts of their cargoes, were serious
+        losses to Spain.</p>
+      </div>
+
+      <div class="tei tei-div" style=
+      "margin-bottom: 5.00em; margin-top: 5.00em">
+        <a name="chap04" id="chap04" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> <a name=
+        "toc11" id="toc11"></a> <a name="pdf12" id="pdf12"></a>
+
+        <h2 class="tei tei-head" style=
+        "text-align: center; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em">
+        <span style="font-size: 144%">CHAPTER IV.</span></h2>
+
+        <h2 class="tei tei-head" style=
+        "text-align: center; margin-bottom: 2.40em; margin-top: 2.40em">
+        <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: center"><span style=
+        "font-size: 120%; font-variant: small-caps">The History of Ships and
+        Shipping Interests</span></span> <span style=
+        "font-size: 120%">(</span><span class="tei tei-hi" style=
+        "text-align: center"><span style=
+        "font-size: 120%; font-style: italic">continued</span></span><span style="font-size: 120%">).</span></h2>
+
+        <div class="tei tei-argument" style=
+        "text-align: center; margin-bottom: 1.80em; margin-left: 3.60em; margin-top: 1.80em; margin-right: 3.60em">
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style=
+        "text-align: center; margin-bottom: 0.90em"><span style=
+        "font-size: 90%">Progress of the American Colonies—Great Prevalence
+        of Piracy—Numerous Captures and Executions—A Proclamation of
+        Pardon—John Theach, or</span> <span class="tei tei-q" style=
+        "text-align: center"><span style=
+          "font-size: 90%">“</span><span style="font-size: 90%">Black
+          Beard</span><span style=
+          "font-size: 90%">”</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%">—A
+          Desperate Pirate—Hand-and-glove with the Governor of North
+          Carolina—Pretends to accept the King’s Pardon—A Blind—His Defeat
+          and Death—Unwise Legislation and consequent Irritation—The Stamp
+          Act—The Tea Tax—Enormous Excitement—Tea-chests thrown into Boston
+          Harbour—Determined Attitude of the American Colonists—The Boston
+          Port Bill—Its Effects—Sympathy of all America—The final
+          Rupture—England’s Wars to the end of the Century—Nelson and the
+          Nile—Battle of Copenhagen.</span></p>
+        </div>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">During the early
+        part of the eighteenth century, while Europe was distracted by war,
+        the American colonies were, <span class="tei tei-q">“by peaceful and
+        undisturbed pursuits, laying the foundation of that prosperity which
+        enabled them, before the close of the century, to demand and obtain
+        their severance from the mother country, and their social and
+        political independence.”</span> So early as 1729, Philadelphia had
+        6,000 tons of shipping, and received in that year 6,208 emigrants
+        from Great Britain. New York was then carrying on a large trade in
+        grain and provisions with Spain and Portugal, besides forwarding
+        considerable quantities of furs to England. New England was
+        furnishing the finest spars and masts in the world, while that part
+        of it which is now the State of Massachusetts had already 120,000
+        inhabitants, employing 40,000 tons of shipping, or about 600 vessels
+        of all sizes. The fisheries were of great value, as much as a quarter
+        of a million quintals of dried fish being annually exported to Spain,
+        Portugal, and the Mediterranean. Carolina was doing a magnificent
+        business in the export of rice, Indian corn, and provisions of all
+        kinds; in pitch, turpentine, and lumber.</p><span class="tei tei-pb"
+        id="page63">[pg 63]</span><a name="Pg063" id="Pg063" class=
+        "tei tei-anchor"></a>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">But one serious
+        evil caused the colonists great annoyance and loss—the prevalence of
+        piracy. The State last named suffered far more than the rest.
+        Commercial restrictions, unwisely imposed by Great Britain, gave rise
+        to a large amount of smuggling, and from smuggling to piracy was an
+        easy transition. <span class="tei tei-q">“These gangs of naval
+        robbers were likewise frequently recruited by British sailors, who
+        had been trained to ferocity and injustice by the legalised piracy of
+        the slave-trade.”</span><a id="noteref_17" name="noteref_17" href=
+        "#note_17"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style=
+        "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">17</span></span></a> One
+        Captain Quelch, the commander of a vessel which had committed
+        numerous piracies, ventured to take shelter, with his crew, in
+        Massachusetts in the year 1704. He was detected, tried, and hanged,
+        with six of his accomplices, in Boston. In 1717 several vessels were
+        captured on the coasts of New England by a noted pirate, Captain
+        Bellamy, a man who carried matters with a high hand, having a vessel
+        with twenty-three guns, and a crew of one hundred and thirty men. The
+        vessel was wrecked shortly afterwards on Cape Cod, the captain and
+        the whole of his crew, except six, perishing in the waves. The
+        pitiful remainder gained the shore, their fate literally realising
+        Defoe’s words—</p>
+
+        <div class="tei tei-lg" style=
+        "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-left: 2.00em; margin-top: 1.00em">
+          <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">
+            <span class="tei tei-q" style="text-align: left">“When what the
+            sea would not, the gallows may;”</span>
+          </div>
+        </div>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">for they were
+        immediately conveyed to Boston, tried, and executed. A number of
+        pirates were about the same time hanged in Virginia. In consequence
+        of the repeated complaints of British merchants regarding these
+        freebooters, George I. issued a proclamation offering a pardon to all
+        pirates who should surrender to any of the colonial governors within
+        twelve months; and in 1718 dispatched a few ships of war under
+        Captain Rogers, who, repairing to New Providence, then a perfect den
+        of sea-thieves, took possession of the place, and nearly all the
+        pirates there took the benefit of the royal proclamation. Steed
+        Bennet and Richard Worley, two pirate chiefs who had fled from New
+        Providence at the approach of Rogers, took possession of the mouth of
+        Cape Fear River. They were captured by Governor Johnson and Captain
+        Rhett; and Bennet, who was a man of good education, and had held the
+        rank of major in the British army, was executed at Charlestown, with
+        forty-one of his accomplices. North Carolina had been for a long time
+        the haunt of one of the most desperate villains of his time, John
+        Theach, generally known as <span class="tei tei-q">“Black
+        Beard,”</span> from an enormous beard he wore, and which was
+        adjusted, Grahame records, <span class="tei tei-q">“with elaborate
+        care in such an inhuman disposition as was calculated to excite both
+        disgust and terror.... In battle, he has been represented with the
+        look and demeanour of a fury; carrying three braces of pistols on
+        holsters slung over his shoulders, and lighted matches under his hat,
+        protruding over each of his ears. The authority and admiration which
+        the pirate chiefs enjoyed among their fellows was proportioned to the
+        audacity and extravagance of their outrages on humanity; and none in
+        this respect ever challenged a rivalship with Theach.... Having
+        frequently undertaken to personify a demon for the entertainment of
+        his followers, he declared at length his purpose of gratifying them
+        with an anticipated representation of hell; and in this attempt had
+        nearly stifled the whole crew with the fumes of brimstone under the
+        hatches of his vessel. In one of his ecstasies, whilst heated with
+        liquor, and sitting in his cabin, he took a pistol in each hand, and,
+        cocking them under the table, blew out the lights, and then with
+        <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page64">[pg 64]</span><a name="Pg064"
+        id="Pg064" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>crossed hands fired on each
+        side at his companions, one of whom received a shot that maimed him
+        for life.”</span> He was an early Mormon, for he had fourteen women
+        whom he called his wives. His chief security had been the fact that
+        Charles Eden, the governor, and Tobias Knight, the secretary of the
+        province, shared in his plunder and protected him. As he was rich,
+        and had been apprised of Rogers’ operations at New Providence, he
+        judged it wise to accept the benefit of the king’s proclamation, and,
+        with twenty of his men, pretended to surrender to Eden, who had been
+        a receiver of goods or gold stolen by him.</p><a name="illo_075.png"
+        id="illo_075.png" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"></p>
+
+        <div class="tei tei-figure" style="text-align: center">
+          <img src="images/illo_075.png" alt="CAPE COD" title="CAPE COD." />
+
+          <div class="tei tei-head" style=
+          "text-align: center; margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em">
+            CAPE COD.
+          </div>
+        </div>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">This was, however,
+        only a blind. He fitted out almost immediately afterwards a sloop,
+        which he entered at the Custom House as a regular trader. In a few
+        weeks he returned to North Carolina, bringing with him a French ship
+        in a state of perfect soundness, and with a valuable cargo on board,
+        which he deposed on oath that he had found deserted at sea, a
+        statement which quite satisfied Eden and Knight. Nobody else believed
+        him, and some of the Carolinians who had suffered by his hands
+        appealed to the Government of Virginia for aid in hunting down this
+        pest of humanity. Maynard, the lieutenant of a ship of war, was
+        dispatched after him, found him in Pamlico Sound, and, after a close
+        encounter, prevailed. <span class="tei tei-q">“Foreboding defeat,
+        Theach had posted one of his followers with a lighted match over his
+        powder magazine, that in the last extremity he might defraud
+        <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page65">[pg 65]</span><a name="Pg065"
+        id="Pg065" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>human justice of a part of its
+        retributive triumph. But some accident or mistake prevented the
+        execution of this act of despair. Theach himself, surrounded by
+        slaughtered foes and followers, and bleeding from numerous wounds, in
+        the act of stepping back to cock a pistol, fainted from loss of
+        blood, and expired on the spot.”</span> The few survivors threw down
+        their swords, and were spared—to die on the gallows shortly
+        afterwards. Piracy was checked, but not obliterated, by these means;
+        and about five years after this period no less than twenty-six of
+        these <span class="tei tei-q">“sea rats”</span> were executed in
+        Rhode Island.</p><a name="illo_076.png" id="illo_076.png" class=
+        "tei tei-anchor"></a>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"></p>
+
+        <div class="tei tei-figure" style="text-align: center">
+          <img src="images/illo_076.png" alt=
+          "THE “DARTMOUTH” IN BOSTON HARBOUR" title=
+          "THE “DARTMOUTH” IN BOSTON HARBOUR." />
+
+          <div class="tei tei-head" style=
+          "text-align: center; margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em">
+            THE <span class="tei tei-q" style=
+            "text-align: center">“DARTMOUTH”</span> IN BOSTON HARBOUR.
+          </div>
+        </div>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">This not being a
+        history of America, the writer is spared all allusion to events of
+        the period except so far as they bear on the sea and maritime
+        matters. One of the greatest among a long series of mistakes made at
+        the time by Great Britain was an expedient, ascribed to George
+        Grenville, intended to strike a death-blow at smuggling. All the
+        commanders and other officers of British ships of war stationed off
+        the American coasts, or cruising in the American seas, now received
+        injunctions and authority from the Crown to act as officers of the
+        customs; they were compelled to take the usual oaths of office
+        administered to the civil functionaries ashore; and, to reconcile
+        them to what they might think a service degrading to them, they were
+        to receive an ample share of contraband and confiscated cargoes. It
+        must be remembered that they were totally ignorant of the laws which
+        they were now required not merely to guard, but to administer; and
+        they had not <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page66">[pg
+        66]</span><a name="Pg066" id="Pg066" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>the
+        restraints of the ordinary Custom House officials, for whatever wrong
+        they might commit, no nearer redress was open to the sufferer than an
+        appeal to the Admiralty or Treasury of England. Many cargoes were
+        unjustly confiscated, and a number of others unreasonably detained,
+        to the great detriment of the owners; <span class="tei tei-q">“and in
+        several instances these violations of justice were ascribed rather to
+        eager cupidity and confidence of impunity than to involuntary
+        error.”</span> In other words, the legitimate merchant was often put
+        in the same box as though he had been a pirate or smuggler. A traffic
+        had long sprung up between the British and Spanish colonies of North
+        and South America, advantageous to both. The same existed, in a
+        lesser degree, between America and the French West India Islands.
+        These new auxiliaries of the Custom House now and again seized
+        indiscriminately and confiscated the ships, American or foreign,
+        engaged in this trade. Meantime, the Government at home, ill-informed
+        as it was, learned that there was much discontent in America, and
+        hastened to repair the damage by passing a special Act of Parliament,
+        declaring the legitimacy of the commerce between the American
+        colonies and those of France and Spain. Unfortunately, they at the
+        same time loaded the more valuable articles with duties which were
+        nearly prohibitive, and must encourage smuggling.</p>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Then came the
+        passage of the Stamp Act, which was to tax every paper of a
+        commercial, legal, or social nature, and which was so unpopular that
+        the merchants of New York directed their correspondents in England to
+        ship no more goods to them till it should be repealed. The people
+        very generally agreed to confine their purchases to native
+        productions. <span class="tei tei-q">“I will wear nothing but
+        homespun!”</span> exclaimed one angry citizen. <span class=
+        "tei tei-q">“I will drink no wine,”</span> echoed another, angry that
+        wine must pay a new duty. <span class="tei tei-q">“I propose,”</span>
+        cried a third, <span class="tei tei-q">“that we dress in sheepskins,
+        with the wool on.”</span><a id="noteref_18" name="noteref_18" href=
+        "#note_18"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style=
+        "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">18</span></span></a> To
+        encourage a woollen manufacture in America, it was recommended to the
+        colonists to abstain from eating the flesh of lambs, and not a
+        butcher durst afterwards expose lamb for sale. Its operations were
+        ushered in at Boston by the tolling of bells; effigies of the authors
+        and abettors were carried about the streets, and afterwards torn in
+        pieces by the populace. At Portsmouth, New Hampshire, a funeral
+        procession was organised, and a coffin bearing the inscription,
+        <span class="tei tei-q">“<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style=
+        "font-variant: small-caps">Liberty, Aged CXLV.
+        Years</span></span>,”</span> was paraded, amidst the booming of
+        minute guns, and the roll of muffled drums. An oration was made over
+        a grave prepared for its reception, at the conclusion of which some
+        remains of life were, it was pretended, discovered in the body, which
+        was thereupon snatched from the grave. The inscription was altered to
+        <span class="tei tei-q">“<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style=
+        "font-variant: small-caps">Liberty Revived</span></span>,”</span> and
+        a cheerful and hilarious procession then marched off with it. In
+        several instances the residences of the governors, officials, and
+        tax-collectors of States were burned to the ground, or greatly
+        damaged. So strong was the current of popular will that the Custom
+        House officers did not, in a large number of cases, attempt to stamp
+        the clearances of vessels sailing. The law courts remained open, and
+        ignored the want of stamps on legal documents, and marriages were
+        consummated simply after putting up the banns, and not by stamped
+        certificate. The almost total suspension of business with English
+        shippers and merchants alarmed them greatly, and they were among the
+        first to petition for its repeal. In Parliament, among many others,
+        Pitt was <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page67">[pg 67]</span><a name=
+        "Pg067" id="Pg067" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>a warm friend to the
+        American cause. In answer to a taunting speech from Grenville, he
+        replied: <span class="tei tei-q">“We are told that America is
+        obstinate—that America is almost in open rebellion. <span class=
+        "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Sir, I rejoice that
+        America has resisted.</span></span> Three millions of people so dead
+        to all the feelings of liberty as voluntarily to submit to be slaves,
+        would have been fit instruments to make slaves of all the
+        rest.”</span> The Stamp Act was repealed March 19th, 1766, and in
+        London itself was received with so much joy, that there was a general
+        illumination, amid the ringing of church bells; and in America it was
+        hailed with satisfaction, although subsequent action on the part of
+        the English Government soon obliterated all memory of the
+        concession.</p>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Passing over
+        political complications which led to the American Revolution, we must
+        allude to the Tea Tax, the resistance to which was as strong as to
+        any previous measure of our misguided Government. The Government
+        decided to enforce it, although they were aware of its unpopularity,
+        and the East India Company, which had the vast stock of 17,000,000
+        lbs. on hand, freighted several of their ships to America. Mark the
+        result.<a id="noteref_19" name="noteref_19" href=
+        "#note_19"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style=
+        "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">19</span></span></a></p>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">On the 28th
+        November, 1773, the ship <span class="tei tei-name"><span style=
+        "font-style: italic">Dartmouth</span></span> appeared in Boston
+        Harbour with one hundred and fourteen chests of the East India
+        Company’s tea. To keep the Sabbath strictly was the New England
+        usage. But hours were precious; let the tea be entered, and it would
+        be beyond the power of the consignee to send it back. The Select men
+        held one meeting by day, and another in the evening, but they sought
+        in vain for the consignees, who had taken sanctuary in the
+        castle.</p>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">The Committee of
+        Correspondence was more efficient. They met also on Sunday; and
+        obtained from the Quaker, Potch, who owned the <span class=
+        "tei tei-name"><span style=
+        "font-style: italic">Dartmouth</span></span>, a promise not to enter
+        his ship till Tuesday; and authorised Samuel Adams to invite the
+        Committees of the five surrounding towns, Dorchester, Roxbury,
+        Brookline, Cambridge, and Charlestown, with their own townsmen and
+        those of Boston, to hold a mass meeting the next morning. Faneuil
+        Hall could not contain the people that poured in on Monday. The
+        concourse was the largest ever known. Adjourning to <span class=
+        "tei tei-q">“The Old South”</span> Meeting House, on the motion of
+        Samuel Adams, the assembly, composed of five thousand persons,
+        resolved, unanimously, that <span class="tei tei-q">“the tea should
+        be sent back to the place from whence it came at all events, and that
+        no duty should be paid on it.”</span> <span class="tei tei-q">“The
+        only way to get rid of it,”</span> said Mr. Young, <span class=
+        "tei tei-q">“is to throw it overboard.”</span> The consignees asked
+        for time to prepare their answer; and, <span class="tei tei-q">“out
+        of great tenderness,”</span> the body postponed proceeding with it
+        till the next morning. Meantime the owner and master of the ship were
+        <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style=
+        "font-style: italic">convented</span></span>, and forced to promise
+        not to land the tea. A watch was also proposed. <span class=
+        "tei tei-q">“I,”</span> said Hancock, <span class="tei tei-q">“will
+        be one of it, rather than that there should be none;”</span> and a
+        party of twenty-five persons, under the orders of Edward Proctor as
+        its captain, was appointed to guard the tea-ship during the
+        night.</p>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">The next morning
+        the consignees jointly gave in their answer:—<span class=
+        "tei tei-q">“It is utterly impossible to send back the teas; but we
+        now declare to you our readiness to store them, until we shall
+        receive further directions from our constituents!”</span>—that is,
+        until they could <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page68">[pg
+        68]</span><a name="Pg068" id="Pg068" class=
+        "tei tei-anchor"></a>notify the British Government. The wrath of the
+        meeting was kindling, when the Sheriff of Suffolk entered with a
+        proclamation from the governor, warning the assembly to disperse. The
+        notice was received with hisses, derision, and a unanimous vote not
+        to disperse. In the afternoon Potch, the owner, and Hall, the master,
+        of the <span class="tei tei-name"><span style=
+        "font-style: italic">Dartmouth</span></span>, yielding to an
+        irresistible impulse, engaged that the tea should return as it came,
+        without touching land or paying duty. A similar promise was exacted
+        of the owners of the other tea-ships, whose arrival was daily
+        expected. In this way <span class="tei tei-q">“it was thought the
+        matter would have ended.”</span> Every shipowner was forbidden, on
+        pain of being deemed an enemy to the country, to import or bring as
+        freight any tea from Great Britain, till the unrighteous Act taxing
+        it should be repealed; and this vote was printed and sent to every
+        seaport in the Province, and to England. Six persons were chosen as
+        foot-riders, to give due notice to the country towns of any attempt
+        to land the tea by force; and the Committee of Correspondence, as the
+        executive organ of the meeting, took care that a military watch was
+        regularly kept up by volunteers armed with muskets and bayonets, who
+        at every half-hour in the night regularly passed the word
+        <span class="tei tei-q">“All is well!”</span> like sentinels in a
+        garrison. Had they been molested in the night, the tolling of the
+        bells would have been the signal for a general uprising.</p>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">The ships, after
+        landing the rest of their cargo, could neither be cleared in Boston
+        with the tea on board, nor be entered in England, and on the
+        twentieth day from their arrival would be liable to seizure.</p>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">The spirit of the
+        people rose with the emergency. Two more tea-ships which arrived were
+        directed to anchor by the side of the <span class=
+        "tei tei-name"><span style=
+        "font-style: italic">Dartmouth</span></span>, at Griffin’s Wharf,
+        that one guard might serve for all. In the meantime the consignees
+        conspired with the Revenue officers to throw on the owner and master
+        of the <span class="tei tei-name"><span style=
+        "font-style: italic">Dartmouth</span></span> the whole burden of
+        landing the tea, and would neither agree to receive it, nor give up
+        their bill of lading, nor pay the freight. Every movement was duly
+        reported, and the town became as furious as in the time of the Stamp
+        Act. On the 9th there was a vast gathering at Newburyport, of the
+        inhabitants of that and the neighbouring towns, and they unanimously
+        agreed to assist Boston, even at the hazard of their lives.
+        <span class="tei tei-q">“This is not a piece of parade,”</span> they
+        say, <span class="tei tei-q">“but if an occasion shall offer, a
+        goodly number from among us will hasten to join you.”</span></p>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">In this state of
+        things it was easily seen by the people of Boston that, the ships
+        lying so near, the teas would be landed by degrees, notwithstanding
+        any guard they could keep or measures taken to prevent it; and it was
+        as well known that if they were landed nothing could prevent their
+        being sold, and thereby the purpose of establishing the monopoly and
+        raising a revenue fulfilled.</p>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">The morning of
+        Thursday, the 16th of December, 1773, dawned upon Boston, a day by
+        far the most momentous in its annals. The town of Portsmouth held its
+        meeting on that morning, and, with six only protesting, its people
+        adopted the principles of Philadelphia, appointed their Committee of
+        Correspondence, and resolved to make common cause with the Colonies.
+        At ten o’clock the people of Boston, with at least two thousand men
+        from the country, assembled in the Old South. A report was made that
+        Potch (the owner of the <span class="tei tei-name"><span style=
+        "font-style: italic">Dartmouth</span></span>) had been refused a
+        clearance from the <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page69">[pg
+        69]</span><a name="Pg069" id="Pg069" class=
+        "tei tei-anchor"></a>collector. <span class=
+        "tei tei-q">“Then,”</span> said they to him, <span class=
+        "tei tei-q">“protest immediately against the Custom House, and apply
+        to the governor for his pass, so that your vessel may this very day
+        proceed on her voyage to London.”</span></p>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">The governor had
+        stolen away to his country house at Milton. Bidding Potch make all
+        haste, the meeting adjourned to three in the afternoon. At that hour
+        Potch had not returned. It was incidentally voted, as other towns had
+        already done, to abstain totally from the use of tea. Then, since the
+        governor might refuse his pass, the momentous question recurred,
+        <span class="tei tei-q">“Whether it be the sense and determination of
+        this body to abide by their former resolutions, with respect to the
+        not suffering the tea to be landed?”</span> After hearing addresses
+        from Adams, Young, the younger Quincy, and others, the whole assembly
+        of seven thousand voted unanimously, that the tea should not be
+        landed.</p>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">It had been dark
+        for more than an hour. The church in which they met was dimly
+        lighted; when, at a quarter before six, Potch appeared, and satisfied
+        the people by relating that the governor had refused him a pass,
+        because his ship was not properly cleared. As soon as he had finished
+        his report, Samuel Adams rose and gave the word: <span class=
+        "tei tei-q">“This meeting can do nothing more to save the
+        country!”</span> On the instant a shout was heard at the porch; the
+        war-whoop resounded; a body of men, forty or fifty in number,
+        disguised as Indians, passed by the door, and, encouraged by Samuel
+        Adams, Hancock, and others, repaired to Griffin’s Wharf, posted
+        guards to prevent the intrusion of spies, took possession of the
+        three tea-ships, and in about three hours three hundred and forty
+        chests of tea, being the whole quantity that had been imported, were
+        emptied into the bay, without the least injury to other property. All
+        things were conducted with great order, decency, and perfect
+        submission to Government. The people around, as they looked on, were
+        so still that the noise of breaking open the tea-chests was plainly
+        heard.</p><a name="illo_083.jpg" id="illo_083.jpg" class=
+        "tei tei-anchor"></a>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"></p>
+
+        <div class="tei tei-figure" style="text-align: center">
+          <img src="images/illo_083.jpg" alt="DESTRUCTION OF THE TEA CARGOES"
+          title="DESTRUCTION OF THE TEA CARGOES." />
+
+          <div class="tei tei-head" style=
+          "text-align: center; margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em">
+            DESTRUCTION OF THE TEA CARGOES.
+          </div>
+        </div>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">In Philadelphia,
+        when a tea-ship arrived, the captain fearing the loss of his cargo,
+        agreed to sail back again the following day.</p>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">During the whole
+        period of her controversy with Great Britain, America was deriving a
+        constant increase of strength, not merely from domestic growth, but
+        by the immense volume of emigration from Europe. No complete record
+        remains of its amount, but sufficient facts are known to show how
+        vast it had become. <span class="tei tei-q">“Within the first
+        fortnight of August, 1773, there arrived at Philadelphia 3,500
+        emigrants from Ireland; and from the same document which has recorded
+        this circumstance, it appears that vessels were arriving every month
+        freighted with emigrants from Holland, Germany, and especially from
+        Ireland and the Highlands of Scotland. About 700 Irish settlers
+        repaired to the Carolinas in the autumn of 1773; and in the course of
+        the same season no fewer than ten vessels sailed from Britain with
+        Scottish Highlanders emigrating to the American States.”</span>
+        Connecticut in ten years gained 50,000 in population, and when the
+        final rupture occurred with the mother country, the United States had
+        already reached the important number of about three and a quarter
+        millions, or say a good million over the united populations of the
+        Australasian colonies of to-day, including New Zealand. And it must
+        never be forgotten that of the new-comers a large proportion were
+        flying from grievances at home to which <span class="tei tei-pb" id=
+        "page70">[pg 70]</span><a name="Pg070" id="Pg070" class=
+        "tei tei-anchor"></a>they could no longer submit, and that they
+        therefore added to and fanned the discontent prevailing in America.
+        In view of such facts the action of the home Government is nearly
+        inexplicable.</p>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">When the
+        intelligence of the destruction of the tea reached England, although
+        it was obvious that the opposition which had been shown was common to
+        all the colonies, it was determined to make an example of Boston.
+        <span class="tei tei-q">“It was reckoned that a partial blow might be
+        dealt to America with much greater severity than could be prudently
+        exacted in more extensive punishment; and it was, doubtless, expected
+        that the Americans in general, without being provoked by personal
+        suffering, would be struck with terror by the rigour inflicted on a
+        city so long renowned as the bulwark of their liberties. Without even
+        the decent formality of requiring the inhabitants of Boston to
+        exculpate themselves, but definitely assuming their guilt in
+        conformity with the despatches of a governor who was notoriously at
+        enmity with them, the Ministers introduced into Parliament a bill for
+        suspending the trade and closing the harbour of Boston during the
+        pleasure of the king. They declared that the duration of this
+        severity would depend entirely upon the conduct of the objects of it;
+        for it would doubtless be relaxed as soon as the people of Boston
+        should make compensation for the tea that had been destroyed, and
+        otherwise satisfy the king of their sincere purpose to render due
+        submission to his Government.”</span> The bill encountered little or
+        no opposition in Parliament, a few members only contending that
+        milder measures should be tried. It is impossible to imagine such an
+        occasion to-day. Think of the ports of Sydney or Melbourne, for
+        example, being closed to all trade and commerce from outside, and
+        hundreds of vessels prevented from unloading or loading there,
+        because of irritation prevailing among the Australians, entirely
+        produced by unwise legislation, and unjust taxation on the part of
+        the mother country. Yet this is what was done with our American
+        colonies little more than a hundred years ago.</p>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Mark what
+        followed. On the arrival of the first copy of the Boston Port Bill a
+        town meeting was convened in that city, and it was recommended,
+        <span class="tei tei-q">“That all commercial intercourse whatever
+        with Britain and the West Indies should be renounced by the American
+        States till the repeal of the Act.”</span> At Philadelphia a liberal
+        subscription was made for the relief of such of the poorer
+        inhabitants of Boston whose livelihood had been ruined by this
+        arbitrary proceeding. The Virginian House of Burgesses appointed the
+        date on which the operation of the Act was to commence as a day of
+        fasting, humiliation, and prayer.</p>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">On the 1st of
+        June, 1774, the operation of the Boston Port Bill commenced. All the
+        commercial business of the capital of Massachusetts was concluded at
+        noon, and the harbour of this flourishing port was closed—till the
+        gathering storm of the Revolution was to re-open it. <span class=
+        "tei tei-q">“At Williamsburgh, in Virginia, the day was devoutly
+        consecrated to the religious exercises which had been recommended by
+        the Assembly. At Philadelphia it was solemnised by a great majority
+        of the population with every testimonial of public grief; all the
+        inhabitants, except the Quakers, shut up their houses; and after
+        divine service a deep and ominous silence reigned through the city.
+        In other parts of America it was also observed as a day of mourning;
+        and the sentiments thus widely awakened were kept alive and
+        exasperated by the distress to which the inhabitants of Boston were
+        reduced from the <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page71">[pg
+        71]</span><a name="Pg071" id="Pg071" class=
+        "tei tei-anchor"></a>continued operation of the Port Bill, and by the
+        fortitude with which they endured it. The rents of all the
+        land-holders in and around Boston now ceased, or were greatly
+        diminished; all the wealth which had been vested in warehouses and
+        wharfs was rendered unproductive; from the merchants was wrested the
+        commerce which they had reared, and the means alike of providing for
+        their families and paying their debts; all the artificers employed in
+        the numerous occupations created by an extensive trade shared the
+        general hardships; and a great majority of that class of the
+        community who earned daily bread by their daily labour were deprived
+        of the means of support.”</span> The sympathy shown by the sister
+        colonies was highly creditable, and often took the form of
+        substantial relief. The inhabitants of Marblehead offered to the
+        Boston merchants the use of their harbours, wharfs, and warehouses,
+        together with their personal services in lading and unlading goods,
+        free of all expense. The citizens of Salem (in the same State as
+        Boston) concluded a remonstrance against the British measures as
+        follows:—<span class="tei tei-q">“By shutting up the port of Boston,
+        some imagine that the course of trade might be turned hither, and to
+        our benefit.... We must be lost to every idea of justice, and dead to
+        all the feelings of humanity, could we indulge one thought of raising
+        our fortunes on the ruins of our suffering neighbours.”</span> A
+        country so thoroughly bound together surely deserved the independence
+        which a couple of years later it secured.</p>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">No better excuse
+        can be urged for England than that her hands were constantly full at
+        this period. When there was not actual war there were always rumours
+        of war. Fortunately for our country, in its greatest need its
+        greatest hero’s star was in the ascendant. How often in these pages
+        must we recur again and again to the name of Nelson? The year after
+        America had declared her independence, he was, it is true, but simply
+        a lieutenant, and scarcely over nineteen years of age. He had already
+        seen some service. He had been to the West Indies and to the Arctic
+        Ocean, where, on Captain Phipps’ expedition, occurred one of those
+        little incidents which indicated a hero in embryo. Young Nelson was
+        one day missing, and though every search was instantly made for him,
+        it seemed entirely in vain, and all imagined he was lost. Somebody at
+        length discovered him at a considerable distance off, on the ice,
+        armed with a single musket, and fighting away with some object which,
+        on nearer approach, proved to be an immense bear. Always slight in
+        frame, and comparatively feeble in body, what was the youngster
+        about? It was found that the lock of his musket proving useless, he
+        had pursued the animal with the hope of tiring him, and then intended
+        to knock him on the head. On his return he was reprimanded for
+        leaving the ship without permission, and asked why he had been so
+        rash. The young hero replied, <span class="tei tei-q">“I wished, sir,
+        to get the skin for my father;”</span> and although there is no
+        record of the fact, it may well be believed that his little escapade
+        was not very severely punished. Almost immediately after his return
+        from the frozen regions, we find him in the East Indies, where his
+        health nearly gave way. For the second time in Nelson’s career we
+        find him almost abandoning the sea. <span class="tei tei-q">“I felt
+        impressed,”</span> wrote he long afterwards, <span class=
+        "tei tei-q">“with an idea that I should never rise in my profession.
+        My mind was staggered with a view of the difficulties which I had to
+        surmount, and the little interest I possessed. I could discover no
+        means of reaching the object of my ambition. After a long and gloomy
+        reverie, in which I almost wished myself overboard, a sudden glow of
+        <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page73">[pg 73]</span><a name="Pg073"
+        id="Pg073" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>patriotism was kindled within
+        me, and hope presented my king and country as my patrons.
+        <span class="tei tei-q">‘Well then,’</span> I exclaimed, <span class=
+        "tei tei-q">‘I will be a hero, and confiding in Providence, I will
+        brave every danger.’</span> ”</span> From that moment his aspirations
+        became inspirations, and he believed fully that</p>
+
+        <div class="tei tei-lg" style=
+        "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-left: 2.00em; margin-top: 1.00em">
+          <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">
+            <span class="tei tei-q" style="text-align: left">“The light which
+            led him on,</span>
+          </div>
+
+          <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">
+            <span class="tei tei-q" style="text-align: left">Was light from
+            Heaven.”</span>
+          </div>
+        </div><a name="illo_084.png" id="illo_084.png" class=
+        "tei tei-anchor"></a>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"></p>
+
+        <div class="tei tei-figure" style="text-align: center">
+          <img src="images/illo_084.png" alt="NELSON AND THE BEAR" title=
+          "NELSON AND THE BEAR." />
+
+          <div class="tei tei-head" style=
+          "text-align: center; margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em">
+            NELSON AND THE BEAR.
+          </div>
+        </div>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">The young sailor,
+        or he who may become one, may learn very much from the earlier part
+        of Nelson’s career. Again and again was he disappointed, and although
+        momentarily irritable, he always ended by looking forward to the
+        inevitable reward due to the man who places country and duty above
+        all other considerations. After his services at Bastia and Calvi,
+        where he lost that eye which afterwards served him so well from its
+        blindness, his bravery was altogether overlooked in the despatches.
+        <span class="tei tei-q">“One hundred and ten days,”</span> said he,
+        <span class="tei tei-q">“I have been actually engaged at sea and on
+        shore against the enemy; three actions against ships, two against
+        Bastia in my own ship, four boat actions, two villages taken, and
+        twelve sail of vessels burnt. I do not know that any one has done
+        more; I have had the comfort to be always applauded by my
+        commanders-in-chief, but never to be rewarded; and, what is more
+        mortifying, for services in which I have been wounded, others have
+        been praised who, at the time, were actually in bed, far from the
+        <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page74">[pg 74]</span><a name="Pg074"
+        id="Pg074" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>scene of action. They have not
+        done me justice; but never mind—I’ll have a gazette of my
+        own!”</span></p>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">And what a gazette
+        it was! When, in 1797, Nelson received a special grant for his
+        services, a memorial had to be drawn up, when it was found that he
+        had been engaged against the enemy upwards of <span class=
+        "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">one hundred and twenty
+        times</span></span>! During the latest war up to the above date he
+        had assisted at the capture of seven sail of the line, six frigates,
+        four corvettes, and eleven privateers; he had taken or destroyed
+        nearly fifty sail of merchant vessels.</p>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Then followed the
+        great battle of the Nile. The French fleet having been discovered by
+        Captain Samuel Flood, the action commenced at sunset. The shores of
+        the Bay of Aboukir were lined with spectators, who beheld the
+        approach of the English and the terrible conflict which ensued, in
+        silent and awe-stricken astonishment. A brisk fire was opened by the
+        <span class="tei tei-name"><span style=
+        "font-style: italic">Vanguard</span></span>, which ship covered the
+        approach of those in the rear; in a few minutes every man stationed
+        at the first six guns in her fore part were all down, killed or
+        wounded. Admiral Nelson was so entirely resolved to conquer, or to
+        perish in the attempt, that he led into action with six ensigns, red,
+        white, and blue—he could not bear the idea of his colours being
+        carried away by a random shot from the enemy.</p>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Nelson—long minus
+        one eye and one arm—in this battle received a severe wound in his
+        head, the skin of the forehead hanging down over his face. Captain
+        Berry, who was standing near, caught him in his arms. It was the
+        opinion of everyone, including the sufferer, that he was shot through
+        the head. On being carried down in the cockpit, where several of his
+        gallant crew were stretched with shattered limbs and mangled wounds,
+        the surgeon immediately came with great anxiety to the admiral.
+        <span class="tei tei-q">“No,”</span> replied the hero, <span class=
+        "tei tei-q">“I will take my turn with my brave fellows!”</span> The
+        agony of his wound increasing, he became convinced that he was dying,
+        and sent for the chaplain, begging him to remember him to Lady
+        Nelson; he even went so far as to appoint Hardy post-captain for the
+        <span class="tei tei-name"><span style=
+        "font-style: italic">Vanguard</span></span>. When the surgeon came to
+        examine and dress the wound, it clearly appeared that it was not
+        mortal, and the joyful intelligence spread quickly through the ship.
+        As soon as the operation was over, Nelson sat down, and that very
+        night wrote the celebrated official letter which appeared in the
+        <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style=
+        "font-style: italic">Gazette</span></span>. He came on deck just in
+        time to witness the conflagration of <span class=
+        "tei tei-name"><span style=
+        "font-style: italic">L’Orient</span></span>. So terrible was the
+        carnage at the battle of the Nile that the Bay of Aboukir was covered
+        for a week with the floating corpses, and though men were continually
+        employed to sink them, many of the bodies, having slipped from the
+        shot, would re-appear on the surface. Alas! the accounts of these
+        horrible scenes, painful as they are, yet pale before the latest
+        horror in our own Thames—the loss of the <span class=
+        "tei tei-name"><span style="font-style: italic">Princess
+        Alice</span></span>, where more perished than in many a recorded
+        sea-fight of days gone by.</p>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">After the battle,
+        the officers vied with each other in sending various presents to the
+        admiral, to show their delight that he had, though severely wounded,
+        escaped death. Captain Hallowell, who had long been on the most
+        intimate terms with Nelson, hit on the extraordinary idea of having
+        an elegantly-furnished coffin constructed by his carpenter from the
+        wreck of <span class="tei tei-name"><span style=
+        "font-style: italic">L’Orient</span></span>, a grim present, which he
+        ordered to be made for the admiral. It was conveyed on board, and it
+        is stated that Nelson highly appreciated the present of his brave
+        officer. Nelson kept it for some months upright in his cabin, till at
+        length an old servant tearfully entreating him, he allowed it to be
+        carried below. Nelson was now at the height of glory; never had
+        before, or has since, any admiral received honours from so many
+        various nations and crowned <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page75">[pg
+        75]</span><a name="Pg075" id="Pg075" class=
+        "tei tei-anchor"></a>heads. The following is a list of presents
+        bestowed on him for his services in the Mediterranean between
+        October, 1798, and October, 1799:—</p>
+
+        <table summary="This is a list." class="tei tei-list" style=
+        "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em">
+          <tbody>
+            <tr class="tei tei-labelitem">
+              <th class="tei tei-label"></th>
+
+              <td class="tei tei-item">From his king and country, a peerage
+              of Great Britain and gold medal.</td>
+            </tr>
+
+            <tr class="tei tei-labelitem">
+              <th class="tei tei-label"></th>
+
+              <td class="tei tei-item">From Parliament, for his own life and
+              two next heirs, per annum, £2,000.</td>
+            </tr>
+
+            <tr class="tei tei-labelitem">
+              <th class="tei tei-label"></th>
+
+              <td class="tei tei-item">From the Parliament of Ireland, per
+              annum, £1,000.</td>
+            </tr>
+
+            <tr class="tei tei-labelitem">
+              <th class="tei tei-label"></th>
+
+              <td class="tei tei-item">From the East India Company,
+              £10,000.</td>
+            </tr>
+
+            <tr class="tei tei-labelitem">
+              <th class="tei tei-label"></th>
+
+              <td class="tei tei-item">From the Turkey Company, a piece of
+              plate of great value; from the City of London, a magnificent
+              sword.</td>
+            </tr>
+
+            <tr class="tei tei-labelitem">
+              <th class="tei tei-label"></th>
+
+              <td class="tei tei-item">From the Grand Signor, a diamond
+              aigrette and rich pelisse, valued at £3,000.</td>
+            </tr>
+
+            <tr class="tei tei-labelitem">
+              <th class="tei tei-label"></th>
+
+              <td class="tei tei-item">From the Grand Signor’s mother, a rose
+              set with diamonds, valued at £1,000.</td>
+            </tr>
+
+            <tr class="tei tei-labelitem">
+              <th class="tei tei-label"></th>
+
+              <td class="tei tei-item">From the Emperor of Russia, a box set
+              with diamonds, valued at £2,500.</td>
+            </tr>
+
+            <tr class="tei tei-labelitem">
+              <th class="tei tei-label"></th>
+
+              <td class="tei tei-item">From the King of the Two Sicilies, a
+              sword richly ornamented with diamonds, valued at £5,000.</td>
+            </tr>
+
+            <tr class="tei tei-labelitem">
+              <th class="tei tei-label"></th>
+
+              <td class="tei tei-item">From the King of Sardinia, a box set
+              with diamonds, valued at £1,200.</td>
+            </tr>
+          </tbody>
+        </table>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">In addition to
+        these, all accompanied by complimentary addresses or letters, he
+        received presents from the Island of Zante, the city of Palermo, and
+        private individuals. Had he not attained a <span class=
+        "tei tei-q">“<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style=
+        "font-style: italic">Gazette</span></span> of his
+        own?”</span></p><a name="illo_087.jpg" id="illo_087.jpg" class=
+        "tei tei-anchor"></a>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"></p>
+
+        <div class="tei tei-figure" style="text-align: center">
+          <img src="images/illo_087.jpg" alt="LORD NELSON" title=
+          "LORD NELSON." />
+
+          <div class="tei tei-head" style=
+          "text-align: center; margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em">
+            LORD NELSON.
+          </div>
+        </div>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">The battle of
+        Copenhagen made Nelson’s talents, in some respects, even more
+        conspicuous. The Danes were admirably prepared for defence. Upwards
+        of a hundred pieces of cannon were mounted on the Crown Batteries at
+        the entrance of the harbour, while a line of twenty-five two-deckers,
+        frigates, and floating batteries were moored across its mouth. A Dane
+        who came on board during the ineffectual negotiations which preceded
+        hostilities, having occasion to express his proposals in writing,
+        found the pen thick and blunt, and holding it up, sarcastically said,
+        <span class="tei tei-q">“If your guns are not better pointed than
+        your pens, you will make little impression on Copenhagen.”</span>
+        Nelson himself said that of all the engagements in which he had borne
+        a part, this was the most terrible. He had with him twelve ships of
+        the line, besides frigates and smaller craft, the remainder of the
+        fleet being with Sir Hyde Parker, the Commander-in-chief, four miles
+        off. Three of his squadron grounded, and, owing to the fears of the
+        masters and pilots, the anchors were let go nearly a cable’s length
+        from the enemy, whereas, had they proceeded a little further, they
+        would have reached deeper water, and the victory would have been
+        effected in half the time. The fight, which commenced at ten o’clock
+        in the morning, was by no means decided at one in the afternoon, when
+        Sir Hyde Parker signalled for the action to cease. It was reported to
+        Nelson, who took no notice of it. The signal-lieutenant meeting him
+        at the next turn, asked him if he should repeat it. <span class=
+        "tei tei-q">“No,”</span> answered Nelson, <span class=
+        "tei tei-q">“acknowledge it.”</span> Shortly afterwards he called
+        after him to know if the signal for close action was still hoisted,
+        and being answered in the affirmative, said, <span class=
+        "tei tei-q">“Mind you keep it so.”</span> He now rapidly paced the
+        deck, moving the stump of his right arm in a manner which always
+        denoted great agitation; for the Commander-in-chief still signalled
+        <span class="tei tei-q">“leave off action.”</span> At last, turning
+        to the captain, he said, <span class="tei tei-q">“You know, Foley,
+        I’ve only one eye, and I have a right to be blind sometimes,”</span>
+        and he ordered his signal for closer battle to be nailed to the mast.
+        Admiral Graves disobeyed the Commander-in-chief in similar manner,
+        but the squadron of frigates moved off. About two o’clock great part
+        of the Danish line had ceased to fire, some of their lighter ships
+        were adrift, and some had struck. It was, however, difficult to take
+        possession of them, as they were protected by the batteries of an
+        island, and they themselves fired on the English boats as they
+        approached. This irritated Nelson: <span class="tei tei-q">“We must
+        either,”</span> he said, <span class="tei tei-q">“send on shore and
+        stop these irregular proceedings, or send in fire-ships <span class=
+        "tei tei-pb" id="page76">[pg 76]</span><a name="Pg076" id="Pg076"
+        class="tei tei-anchor"></a>and burn the prizes.”</span> In this part
+        of the battle the victory was complete, but the three ships ahead
+        were still engaged, and considerably exposed. Nelson, with his usual
+        presence of mind, seized the occasion to open a negotiation, and
+        wrote to the Crown Prince as follows: <span class=
+        "tei tei-q">“Vice-Admiral Lord Nelson has directions to spare Denmark
+        when she no longer resists. The line of defence which covered her
+        shores has struck to the British flag; but if the firing is continued
+        on the part of Denmark, he must be obliged to set on fire all the
+        prizes that he has taken, without having the power of saving the
+        brave Danes who have defended them.”</span> Captain Frederick
+        Thesiger was sent in with it. During his absence the remainder of the
+        enemy’s line eastward was silenced; the Crown Batteries continued to
+        fire, till the Danish General Lindholm returned with a flag of truce,
+        when <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page77">[pg 77]</span><a name=
+        "Pg077" id="Pg077" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>the action closed. His
+        message from the prince was to inquire what was the object of
+        Nelson’s note? Nelson replied that <span class="tei tei-q">“it was
+        humanity; he consented that the wounded Danes should be taken on
+        shore, and that he on his part would take his prisoners out of the
+        vessels and burn or carry off his prizes as he thought fit. He
+        presented his humblest duty to the prince, saying that he should
+        consider this the greatest victory he ever gained if it might be the
+        cause of a happy reconciliation between the two countries.”</span>
+        This proposal was accepted in the course of the evening, and a
+        suspension of hostilities for twenty-four hours agreed upon, during
+        which it was resolved that Nelson should land and negotiate in person
+        with the prince.</p><a name="illo_088.jpg" id="illo_088.jpg" class=
+        "tei tei-anchor"></a>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"></p>
+
+        <div class="tei tei-figure" style="text-align: center">
+          <img src="images/illo_088.jpg" alt="NELSON AT COPENHAGEN" title=
+          "NELSON AT COPENHAGEN." />
+
+          <div class="tei tei-head" style=
+          "text-align: center; margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em">
+            NELSON AT COPENHAGEN.
+          </div>
+        </div>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Accordingly next
+        morning he landed, being protected by a strong guard from the
+        possible vengeance of the Danish population. <span class=
+        "tei tei-q">“The battle so dreadfully destructive to the Danes was in
+        sight of the city; the whole of the succeeding day was employed in
+        landing the wounded, and there was scarcely a house without its cause
+        for mourning. It was no new thing for Nelson to show himself
+        regardless of danger, and it is to the honour of Denmark that the
+        populace suffered themselves to be restrained. Some difficulty
+        occurred in adjusting the duration of the armistice. He required
+        sixteen weeks, giving, like a seaman, the true reason, that he might
+        have time to act against the Russian fleet and return. This not being
+        acceded to, a hint was thrown out by one of the Danish commissioners
+        of the renewal of hostilities. <span class="tei tei-q">‘Renew
+        hostilities!’</span> said he to the interpreter, <span class=
+        "tei tei-q">‘tell him we are ready at a moment; ready to bombard this
+        very night!’</span> Fourteen weeks were at length agreed upon; the
+        death of the Emperor Paul intervened, and the Northern Confederacy
+        was destroyed. Nelson was raised to the rank of viscount, and,
+        indeed, had not the Government dealt out honours to him slowly and by
+        degrees, their stock would long ere that have been exhausted.”</span>
+        The grand sea battle in which he saved his country and lost his life
+        has been already described in these pages.</p>
+      </div>
+
+      <div class="tei tei-div" style=
+      "margin-bottom: 5.00em; margin-top: 5.00em">
+        <a name="chap05" id="chap05" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> <a name=
+        "toc13" id="toc13"></a> <a name="pdf14" id="pdf14"></a>
+
+        <h2 class="tei tei-head" style=
+        "text-align: center; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em">
+        <span style="font-size: 144%">CHAPTER V.</span></h2>
+
+        <h2 class="tei tei-head" style=
+        "text-align: center; margin-bottom: 2.40em; margin-top: 2.40em">
+        <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: center"><span style=
+        "font-size: 120%; font-variant: small-caps">The History of Ships and
+        Shipping Interests</span></span> <span style=
+        "font-size: 120%">(</span><span class="tei tei-hi" style=
+        "text-align: center"><span style=
+        "font-size: 120%; font-style: italic">continued</span></span><span style="font-size: 120%">).</span></h2>
+
+        <div class="tei tei-argument" style=
+        "text-align: center; margin-bottom: 1.80em; margin-left: 3.60em; margin-top: 1.80em; margin-right: 3.60em">
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style=
+        "text-align: center; margin-bottom: 0.90em"><span style=
+        "font-size: 90%">Early Paddle-boats—Worked by Animal Power—Blasco de
+        Garay’s Experiment—Solomon de Caus—David Ramsey’s Engines—The Marquis
+        of Worcester—A Horse-boat—Boats worked by Water—By Springs—By
+        Gunpowder—Patrick Miller’s Triple Vessel—Double Vessels worked by
+        Capstans—The First Practical Steam-boat—Symington’s Engines—The
+        Second Steamer—The</span> <span class="tei tei-name" style=
+        "text-align: center"><span style=
+        "font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Charlotte
+        Dundas</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%">—American
+        Enterprise—James Rumsey’s Oar-boats worked by Steam—Poor Fitch—Before
+        his Age—Robert Fulton—His Torpedo Experiments—Wonderful Submarine
+        Boat—Experiments at Brest and Deal—His first Steam-boat—Breaks in
+        Pieces—Trip of the</span> <span class="tei tei-name" style=
+        "text-align: center"><span style=
+        "font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Clermont</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%">,
+          the first American Steamer—Opposition to his Vessels—A
+          Pendulum-boat—The first Steam War-ship—Henry Bell’s</span>
+          <span class="tei tei-name" style="text-align: center"><span style=
+          "font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Comet</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%">.</span></p>
+        </div>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">The employment of
+        animal power in the propulsion of vessels is of very ancient date,
+        and we shall see that steam-power was proposed for the same purpose
+        as soon as the steam-engine had been utilised for pumping mines,
+        although it was some time before it could be applied practically and
+        profitably. We are told that <span class="tei tei-q">“in some very
+        ancient manuscripts extant in the King of France’s library, it is
+        said that the boats by which <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page78">[pg
+        78]</span><a name="Pg078" id="Pg078" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>the
+        Roman army under Claudius Caudex was transported into Sicily, were
+        propelled by wheels moved by oxen. And in many old military treatises
+        the substitution of wheels for oars is mentioned.”</span><a id=
+        "noteref_20" name="noteref_20" href="#note_20"><span class=
+        "tei tei-noteref"><span style=
+        "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">20</span></span></a>
+        <span class="tei tei-q">“Although an old work on China,”</span> says
+        another authority,<a id="noteref_21" name="noteref_21" href=
+        "#note_21"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style=
+        "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">21</span></span></a>
+        <span class="tei tei-q">“contains a sketch of a vessel moved by four
+        paddle-wheels, and used perhaps in the seventh century, the earliest
+        distinct notice of this means of propulsion appears to be by Robertus
+        Vulturius, in <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style=
+        "font-size: 75%">A.D.</span></span> 1472, who gives several wood-cuts
+        representing paddle-wheels.”</span></p>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">The first use of
+        steam in connection with the propulsion of vessels is perhaps that
+        said to have been made by Blasco de Garay, in 1543. He had proposed
+        to the Emperor Charles V. the construction of an engine capable of
+        moving large vessels in a calm, and without the use of sails or oars.
+        <span class="tei tei-q">“In spite of the opposition this project
+        encountered, the emperor consented to witness the experiment, which
+        was accordingly made in the <span class="tei tei-name"><span style=
+        "font-style: italic">Trinity</span></span>, a vessel of 200 tons,
+        laden with corn, in the port of Barcelona, on the 17th June, 1543.
+        Garay, however, would not uncover his machinery, or exhibit it
+        publicly, but it was evident that it consisted of a cauldron of
+        boiling water (<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style=
+        "font-style: italic">una gran caldera de aqua
+        hirviendo</span></span>), and of two wheels set in motion by that
+        means, and applied externally on each side (<span class=
+        "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">banda</span></span>) of
+        the vessel.</span></p>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class=
+        "tei tei-q">“The persons commissioned by the emperor to report on the
+        invention seem to have approved it, commending especially the
+        readiness with which the vessel tacked. The Treasurer Ravago,
+        however, observed that a ship with the proposed machinery could not
+        go faster than two leagues in three hours; that the apparatus was
+        complex and expensive; and that there was danger of the boiler
+        bursting. The other commissioners maintained that such a vessel might
+        go at the rate of a league an hour, and would tack in half the time
+        required by an ordinary ship. When the exhibition was over, Garay
+        removed the apparatus from the <span class=
+        "tei tei-name"><span style="font-style: italic">Trinity</span></span>,
+        depositing the woodwork in the arsenal at Barcelona, but retaining
+        himself the rest of the machinery. Notwithstanding, however, the
+        objections urged by Ravago, the emperor was inclined to favour his
+        project, but his attention at the time was engrossed by other
+        matters. Garay was, however, promoted, and received a sum of money,
+        besides the expenses of the experiment made at Barcelona.”</span> The
+        above account is from Spanish sources, supposed to be authentic, till
+        Mr. MacGregor, in 1857, made a journey into Spain for the express
+        purpose of verifying them. The conclusions to which he came were that
+        the paddle-wheels were turned by men.</p>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">About this epoch,
+        however, frequent mention is made of means of propulsion other than
+        by sails or oars, and it is evident that men of learning in various
+        places were nearly simultaneously musing and thinking over the
+        matter. J. C. Scaliger (who died 1558) published at Frankfort a short
+        account of a vessel to be propelled without oars. Another
+        inventor<a id="noteref_22" name="noteref_22" href=
+        "#note_22"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style=
+        "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">22</span></span></a> a few
+        years later, says quaintly, <span class="tei tei-q">“And furthermore
+        you may make a boat to goe without oares or sayle, by the placing of
+        certain wheeles on the outside of the boate, in that sort, that the
+        armes of the wheeles may goe into the water, and so <span class=
+        "tei tei-pb" id="page79">[pg 79]</span><a name="Pg079" id="Pg079"
+        class="tei tei-anchor"></a>turning the wheeles by some provision, and
+        so the wheeles shall make the boate goe.”</span> Bessoni, in 1582,
+        describes a vessel consisting of two hulls decked above,—like the
+        <span class="tei tei-name"><span style=
+        "font-style: italic">Castalia</span></span> or <span class=
+        "tei tei-name"><span style=
+        "font-style: italic">Calais-Douvres</span></span>—and a wheel worked
+        by ropes and a windlass in the interval between them. Ramelli, in
+        1588, designed a paddle-wheel flat-bottomed boat, worked by men
+        turning a winch-handle. Indeed, Roger Bacon had, three centuries and
+        a half before, spoken of a <span class="tei tei-q">“vessel which,
+        being almost wholly submerged, would run through the water against
+        waves and winds with a speed greater than that attained by the
+        fastest London pinnaces.”</span></p>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">The power of steam
+        was rapidly becoming understood. In 1601, Baptista Porta (the
+        inventor of the magic-lantern) made many experiments on steam and its
+        condensation, and its relative bulk to water. Rivault shortly after
+        describes the power of steam in bursting a strong bomb-shell, partly
+        filled by water, tightly plugged, and then heated. In 1615, we find
+        Solomon de Caus proving that <span class="tei tei-q">“water will
+        mount by the help of fire higher than its level;”</span> and Branca,
+        in 1629, applying steam to the vanes of a wheel to make it revolve,
+        as in some toys to-day. In our own country we find David Ramsey, one
+        of the Pages of the King’s Bedchamber, obtaining, with a partner, a
+        patent in 1618, <span class="tei tei-q">“To exercise and put in use
+        <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">divers newe
+        apt formes or kinds of Engines</span></span>, and other pfitable
+        Invenc’ons, as well to plough grounds without horse or oxen, and to
+        make fertile as well as barren peats, salts and sea lands, as inland
+        and upland grounds within the Realmes of England, &amp;c. As, also,
+        to raise waters, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style=
+        "font-style: italic">and to make boats for carriages runnin upon the
+        water as swift in calmes, and more safe in storms, than boats fall
+        sayled in great windes</span></span>.”</span> Twelve years later we
+        find Ramsey applying alone for a patent of most comprehensive
+        character. It was designed <span class="tei tei-q">“<span class=
+        "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">To raise water from
+        lowe pitts by fire</span></span> [the steam-engine]. To make any sort
+        of Milles to go on standing Waters by continual moc’on without the
+        helpe of Windes, Weight, or Horse. To make all sortes of Tapestry
+        without any weaving loome or way even yet in use in this kingdom.
+        <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">To make
+        Boats, Ships, and Barges to goe against the Wind and Tyde,
+        &amp;c.</span></span>”</span> And so on through the century.
+        Woodcroft, in his standard work,<a id="noteref_23" name="noteref_23"
+        href="#note_23"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style=
+        "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">23</span></span></a>
+        enumerates over a dozen more patents having for their object the
+        propulsion of boats and vessels, which were granted before 1700,
+        including one to the celebrated Marquis of Worcester, which, however,
+        did not contemplate the use of steam. In the <span class=
+        "tei tei-q">“Century of Invencions”</span> Lord Worcester says:
+        <span class="tei tei-q">“By it, I can make a vessel, of as great
+        burden as the river can bear, to go against stream, <span class=
+        "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">which the more rapid it
+        is, the faster it shall advance</span></span>, and the moveable part
+        that works it, may be by one man still guided to take advantage of
+        the stream, and yet to steer the boat to any point; and this engine
+        is applicable to any vessel or boat whatsoever, without being,
+        therefore, made on purpose, and worketh these effects:—<span class=
+        "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">it roweth, it draweth,
+        it driveth</span></span>, (if needs be) to pass London Bridge against
+        the stream at low water; and a <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style=
+        "font-style: italic">boat laying at anchor, the engine may be used
+        for loading or unloading</span></span>.”</span> Woodcroft explains
+        this as follows: <span class="tei tei-q">“It is obvious that the
+        Marquis did not, by this, mean a steam-propelled paddle-wheel boat,
+        the action of which would not have been such as he describes; but a
+        rope fastened at one end up the stream, and at the other to the axis
+        of water-wheels laying <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page80">[pg
+        80]</span><a name="Pg080" id="Pg080" class=
+        "tei tei-anchor"></a>across the boat, and dipping into the water, so
+        as to be turned by the wheels, would fulfil the conditions proposed
+        of advancing the boat faster, the more rapid the stream; and when at
+        anchor such wheels might have been applied to the other
+        purposes.”</span> Floating mills, worked by large water-wheels, may
+        be seen on the Rhine to-day.</p>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Papin, the French
+        philosopher, while in England, witnessed an experiment on the Thames,
+        in which a boat, fitted with revolving oars or paddles, was worked
+        from a kind of treadmill turned round by horses. <span class=
+        "tei tei-q">“The velocity with which this horse-boat was impelled was
+        so great, that it left the king’s barge, manned with sixteen rowers,
+        far astern in the race of trial.”</span> In 1682, a horse tow vessel
+        was used at Chatham. It was <span class="tei tei-q">“constructed with
+        a wheel on each side of the vessel, connected by an axle going across
+        the boat, and the paddles were made to revolve by horses moving a
+        wheel turned by a trundle fixed on the axle. It drew but four and a
+        half feet of water, and towed the greatest ships by the help of four,
+        six, or eight horses.”</span></p>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">In 1729, Dr. John
+        Allen obtained a patent for his new invention, one which has been
+        revived with some success in later days. It was to propel a vessel by
+        forcing water through the stern, at a convenient distance under the
+        surface of the water, into the sea, by suitable engines on board.
+        <span class="tei tei-q">“Amongst,”</span> says the doctor,
+        <span class="tei tei-q">“the several and various engines I have
+        invented for this purpose, is one of a very extraordinary nature,
+        whose operation is owing to the explosion of <span class=
+        "tei tei-hi"><span style=
+        "font-style: italic">gunpowder</span></span>, I having found out a
+        method of firing gunpowder in vacuo, or in a confined space, whereby
+        I can apply the whole force of it, which is inconceivably great, so
+        as to communicate motion to a great variety of engines, which may
+        also be applied in working mines and other purposes.”</span> And
+        again, in 1760, a Swiss clergyman published a pamphlet in London, in
+        which oars worked with springs were to be used, and the expansive
+        power of gunpowder was to be used to bend the springs. He states,
+        candidly enough, that since he arrived in England he had learned that
+        thirty years before a Scotchman had proposed to make a ship proceed
+        by means of gunpowder, but that thirty barrels had scarcely forwarded
+        it ten miles. We may smile at these attempted uses of gunpowder, but
+        they were doubtless suggested by the scientific studies of the day,
+        which were particularly directed to the expansive power of vaporised
+        water. In our own day, steam has been substituted for powder in
+        discharging a cannon. Perkins’ <span class=
+        "tei tei-q">“steam-gun”</span> was long one of the curiosities of the
+        Polytechnic Institution.</p>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">On the 5th of
+        January, 1769, James Watt obtained a patent for a series of
+        improvements in the steam-engine, one of which was most important in
+        its bearing on naval engines. It was that which provided for steam
+        acting <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style=
+        "font-style: italic">above</span></span> the piston as well as below
+        it, in, of course, the same cylinder. Here was a grand move at once.
+        Previously every engine for pumping, the only practical purpose to
+        which steam was yet put, was worked by a beam engine and pair of
+        cylinders. In 1779, Matthew Wasborough, an engineer of Bristol,
+        obtained a patent, as others, indeed, had before him, for converting
+        a rectilinear into a continuous circular motion. It failed, as the
+        others had done, because they required ratchet wheels, pulleys,
+        &amp;c. The following year James Pickard invented the present
+        connecting-rod and crank, with fly-wheel, and removed the great
+        obstacle to propelling vessels by steam. The following year, again,
+        Watt invented what is now known as the <span class="tei tei-q">“sun
+        and planet motion,”</span> another step in the same
+        direction.</p><span class="tei tei-pb" id="page81">[pg
+        81]</span><a name="Pg081" id="Pg081" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">We now approach
+        the name of one of those who are most intimately connected with the
+        history of steam navigation, Patrick Miller of Dalswinton. In 1787 he
+        published a pamphlet<a id="noteref_24" name="noteref_24" href=
+        "#note_24"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style=
+        "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">24</span></span></a>
+        describing a <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style=
+        "font-style: italic">triple vessel</span></span>, propelled by
+        paddle-wheels, and worked by cranks. In it he very distinctly says:
+        <span class="tei tei-q">“I have also reason to believe that the power
+        of the <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style=
+        "font-style: italic">steam-engine</span></span> may be applied to
+        work the <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style=
+        "font-style: italic">wheels</span></span>, so as to give them a
+        quicker motion, and consequently to increase that of the ship. In the
+        course of this summer I intend to make the experiment,”</span>
+        &amp;c. A statement was presented to the Royal Society, Dec. 20th,
+        1787, regarding experiments made by Mr. Miller in the Firth of Forth,
+        the previous summer, in a <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style=
+        "font-style: italic">double</span></span> vessel, sixty feet long and
+        fourteen and a half feet broad, put in motion by a water-wheel,
+        wrought by a capstan of five bars. On the lower part of the capstan a
+        wheel was fixed, with teeth pointing upwards, to work in a trundle
+        fixed on the axis of the water-wheel. She was worked at from three
+        and a half to five miles an hour, with four or five men at the
+        capstan. Two men propelled her at the rate of two and a half
+        miles.</p>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">The vessel was
+        three-masted, and sailed well with a smart breeze, when the wheel was
+        invariably raised above the surface of the water. <span class=
+        "tei tei-q">“After making sundry tacks in the Firth,”</span> says the
+        narrator, <span class="tei tei-q">“with all the sails set, the wind
+        fell to a gentle breeze, when all the sails were taken in, and the
+        following experiments made:—</span></p>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class=
+        "tei tei-q">“The vessel being put in motion by the water-wheel,
+        wrought by five men at the capstern (<span class=
+        "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">sic</span></span>) was
+        steered so as to keep the wind right ahead, and her going was found
+        by the log to be three and a half miles in the hour.</span></p>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class=
+        "tei tei-q">“After this the wind was brought on the beam (that
+        situation being considered as the nearest to trying the effect of the
+        wheel in a calm), when five men at the capstern made the vessel to go
+        at the rate of four miles an hour.</span></p>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class=
+        "tei tei-q">“With the wind brought on the quarter, five men caused
+        her to go at the rate of four and a half miles an hour,”</span>
+        &amp;c.</p>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">And so it goes on.
+        Miller made some very distinct statements as to the distance the
+        different vessels should be placed from each other, and further
+        states that the objection that the sea would separate the different
+        bottoms is not well founded, <span class="tei tei-q">“top weight not
+        being detrimental to these ships in point of stiffness, all the beams
+        on the different decks may be of the same size; and the strength of
+        these united must be very superior to any weight or force which can
+        operate against it when the ship is afloat, however agitated or high
+        the sea may be.”</span> These early experiments are particularly
+        interesting now, when the <span class="tei tei-name"><span style=
+        "font-style: italic">Calais-Douvres</span></span>, a vessel which
+        must be described hereafter, has proved a success.</p>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Mr. James Taylor
+        may also be considered as one of the authors or inventors of the
+        present system of steam navigation. In a memorial laid before a
+        Select Committee of the House of Commons in 1824, he says:—</p>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class=
+        "tei tei-q">“Before, however, entering upon the main object, permit
+        me to introduce it by a short statement explanatory of my connection
+        with Mr. Miller. In the autumn of 1785, I went to live in Mr.
+        Miller’s house as preceptor to his two younger sons. I found him a
+        gentleman of great patriotism, generosity, and philanthropy, and at
+        the same time of a <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page82">[pg
+        82]</span><a name="Pg082" id="Pg082" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>very
+        speculative turn of mind. Before I knew him he had gone through a
+        very long and expensive course of experiments upon artillery, of
+        which the carronade was the result. When I came to know him he was
+        engaged in experiments upon shipping, and had built several (ships or
+        vessels) upon different constructions, and of various magnitudes. The
+        double vessel seemed to fix his attention most. In the summer of 1786
+        I attended him repeatedly in his experiments at Leith, which I then
+        viewed as parties of pleasure and amusement. But in the spring of
+        1787 a circumstance occurred which gave me a different opinion. Mr.
+        Miller had engaged in a sailing match with some gentlemen at Leith,
+        against a Custom House boat (a wherry), which was reckoned a
+        first-rate sailer. A day was appointed, and I attended Mr. Miller.
+        His was a double vessel, sixty feet deck, propelled by two wheels,
+        turned by two men each. * * * Being then young and stout, I took my
+        share of the labours of the wheels, which I found very severe
+        exercise, but it satisfied me that a proper power only was wanting to
+        produce much utility from the invention.”</span> This led to long and
+        interesting discussions on the subject, and Miller explained that his
+        principal object was to enable vessels to avoid or extricate
+        themselves from dangerous situations, and also give them powers of
+        motion during calms. He asked Mr. Taylor to give him the benefit of
+        his brains. At last the latter told him that he could suggest no
+        power equal to the steam-engine. The question then became how to
+        apply it. Taylor made sketches according to his ideas, and Mr. Miller
+        then said, <span class="tei tei-q">“Well, when we go to Edinburgh we
+        will apply to an operative engineer, and take an estimate for a small
+        engine, and if it is not a large sum, we will set about it; but as I
+        am a stranger to the steam-engine, you shall take charge of that part
+        of the business, and we will try what we can make of <a name=
+        "corr082" id="corr082" class="tei tei-anchor"></a><span class=
+        "tei tei-corr">it.</span>”</span></p>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class=
+        "tei tei-q">“At this time William Symington, a young man employed at
+        the lead mines at Wanlockhead, had invented a new construction of the
+        steam-engine, by throwing off the air-pump. I had seen a model work,
+        and was pleased with it, and thought it very answerable for Mr.
+        Miller’s purpose. Symington had come into Edinburgh that winter for
+        education. Being acquainted with him, I informed him of Mr. Miller’s
+        intentions and mine, and asked if he could undertake to apply his
+        engine to Mr. Miller’s vessels, and if he could I would recommend
+        him. He answered in the affirmative, and from friendship I
+        recommended both himself and engine, and afterwards introduced him to
+        Mr. Miller. After some conversation, Symington engaged to perform the
+        work, and Mr. Miller agreed to employ him. It was finally arranged
+        that the experiment should be performed on the lake at Dalswinton, in
+        the ensuing summer (1788). Accordingly in the spring, after the
+        classes of the College broke up, I remained in town to superintend
+        the castings, &amp;c., which were done in brass, by George Watt,
+        founder, back of Shakspear Square. When they were finished I sent the
+        articles to the country, and followed myself. After some interval I
+        took Symington with me to Dalswinton to put the parts together. This
+        was accomplished about the beginning of October, and the engine,
+        mounted in a frame, was placed upon the deck of a very handsome
+        double pleasure-boat, upon the lake. We then proceeded to action, and
+        a more complete, successful, and beautiful experiment was never made
+        by any man at any time, either in art or science. The vessel moved
+        delightfully, and notwithstanding the smallness of the cylinders
+        (four <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page83">[pg 83]</span><a name=
+        "Pg083" id="Pg083" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>inches diameter), at
+        the rate of five miles an hour. After amusing ourselves a few days,
+        the engine was removed, and carried into the house, where it remained
+        as a piece of ornamental furniture for a number of years.”</span> The
+        vessel was 25 feet long and 7 broad. Thus was steam navigation
+        inaugurated! How few of the readers of the <span class=
+        "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Dumfries
+        Newspaper</span></span>, the <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style=
+        "font-style: italic">Edinburgh Advertiser</span></span>, or the
+        <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Scots’
+        Magazine</span></span>, when reading the brief account printed in
+        their columns, dreamt of the revolution which this interesting and
+        successful little experiment involved. The latter could not see
+        farther than its utility in canals, and other inland navigation. The
+        <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Annual
+        Register</span></span> for the year does not even mention it.</p>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">It was now agreed
+        to repeat the experiment. A double engine with eighteen-inch cylinder
+        was constructed at Carron under Symington’s directions. In November,
+        1789, she was tried on the Forth and Clyde Canal. <span class=
+        "tei tei-q">“After passing Lock 16,”</span> says Taylor, <span class=
+        "tei tei-q">“<a name="corr083" id="corr083" class=
+        "tei tei-anchor"></a><span class="tei tei-corr">we</span> proceeded
+        cautiously and pleasantly for some time, but after giving the engine
+        full play the arms of the wheels, which had been constructed too
+        slight, began to give way, and one float after another broke off,
+        till we were satisfied no accuracy could be attained in the
+        experiment until the wheels were replaced by new ones of a stronger
+        construction. This was done with all possible speed, and upon the
+        26th December, we again proceeded to action. This day we moved freely
+        without accident, and were much gratified to find our motion nearly
+        seven miles per hour. Next day we repeated the experiment with the
+        same success and pleasure. Satisfied now that everything proposed was
+        accomplished, it was unnecessary to dwell longer upon the business;
+        for, indeed, both this and the experiment of last year were as
+        complete as any performance made by steam-boats, even to the present
+        day.”</span> Mr. Miller, who paid all the expenses of these steam
+        experiments, did not pursue them further, and it is to be regretted,
+        inasmuch as his name has not been so popularly associated with the
+        infancy of steam navigation as could be wished. He was an enthusiast
+        in many branches of practical science, and seems latterly to have
+        given his mind more particularly to improvements in agriculture. Mr.
+        Taylor’s connection with steam-boat experiments ceased with those of
+        the second boat in 1789. <span class="tei tei-q">“And it is
+        clear,”</span> says Woodcroft, <span class="tei tei-q">“from his own
+        statement and those of his friends, that he was neither the inventor
+        of the machinery by which either of those boats was driven, nor of
+        the mode of connecting the engines to the boat and wheels.”</span>
+        His widow received a small pension from Government, and in 1837 each
+        of his four daughters received a gift of £50 for their father’s
+        connection with the experiments. Miller sought no pecuniary aid or
+        reward of any kind; and, although he devoted his time and talents,
+        and expended nearly £30,000 of his own fortune in the improvement of
+        artillery and naval architecture, his services were wholly overlooked
+        by the powers that were. Mr. Woodcroft has very clearly shown that
+        Miller, in spite of the apparent success of the experiments, had not
+        great faith in Symington’s machinery, which he describes in a letter
+        <span class="tei tei-q">“as the most improper of all steam-engines
+        for giving motion to a vessel.”</span> We find him much later
+        describing, in a patent specification, a new form of flat boat, with
+        centre-boards and paddle-wheels, still worked by his favourite
+        capstans.</p><a name="illo_097.png" id="illo_097.png" class=
+        "tei tei-anchor"></a>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"></p>
+
+        <div class="tei tei-figure" style="text-align: center">
+          <img src="images/illo_097.png" alt="THE “CHARLOTTE DUNDAS.”" title=
+          "THE “CHARLOTTE DUNDAS.”" />
+
+          <div class="tei tei-head" style=
+          "text-align: center; margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em">
+            THE <span class="tei tei-q" style="text-align: center">“CHARLOTTE
+            DUNDAS.”</span>
+          </div>
+        </div>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">More than ten
+        years elapsed before Symington, the builder of Miller’s engines,
+        found another patron. In 1801, Thomas, first Lord Dundas, employed
+        him to fit up a <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page84">[pg
+        84]</span><a name="Pg084" id="Pg084" class=
+        "tei tei-anchor"></a>steam-boat for the Forth and Clyde Canal
+        Company, in which he was a large shareholder. <span class=
+        "tei tei-q">“Having,”</span> says Lindsay,<a id="noteref_25" name=
+        "noteref_25" href="#note_25"><span class=
+        "tei tei-noteref"><span style=
+        "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">25</span></span></a>
+        <span class="tei tei-q">“availed himself of the many improvements
+        made by Watt and others, Symington patented his new engine on the
+        14th of March of that year, and fitting it on board the <span class=
+        "tei tei-name"><span style="font-style: italic">Charlotte
+        Dundas</span></span>, named after his lordship’s daughter, produced,
+        in the opinion of most writers who have carefully and impartially
+        inquired into this interesting subject, <span class="tei tei-q">‘the
+        first <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style=
+        "font-style: italic">practical
+        steam-boat</span></span>.’</span> ”</span> In March, 1802, the
+        <span class="tei tei-name"><span style="font-style: italic">Charlotte
+        Dundas</span></span> made her trial trip on the canal. It was in one
+        sense a fortunate day for the experiment, for a gale of wind blew,
+        and no other vessel attempted to move to windward. The little
+        steamer, towing two barges of seventy tons burden, accomplished the
+        trip to Port Dundas, Glasgow, a distance of 19½ miles, in six hours,
+        or at the rate of 3¼ miles per hour. Lord Dundas, who was on board,
+        thought favourably of the experiment, and in a letter of introduction
+        to the Duke of Bridgewater, recommended Symington’s new engine to his
+        notice. His grace almost immediately gave him an order to construct
+        eight vessels similar to the <span class="tei tei-name"><span style=
+        "font-style: italic">Charlotte Dundas</span></span>, and the
+        struggling engineer naturally thought that his fortune was made.
+        Alas! before the arrangements could be consummated the duke died, and
+        the committee who had charge of the canal after his decease, came to
+        the conclusion that the wash from steam-boats would injure its banks.
+        Woodcroft considers that <span class="tei tei-q">“this vessel might,
+        from the simplicity of its machinery, have been at work to this day
+        with such ordinary repairs as are now occasionally required for all
+        steam-boats,”</span> and claims that to Symington belonged
+        <span class="tei tei-q">“the undoubted merit of having combined for
+        the first time those improvements which constitute the <span class=
+        "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">present system of steam
+        navigation</span></span>.”</span> The success of the engine consisted
+        in this: that, <span class="tei tei-q">“after placing in a boat a
+        double-acting reciprocating engine, he <span class=
+        "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">attached his crank to
+        the axis of the paddle-wheel</span></span>,”</span> a combination on
+        which there has been no improvement to the present day, as rotatory
+        motion is secured without the interposition of a lever or beam. So
+        much for the engine, but how about the poor engineer? This boat was
+        laid up in a creek of the canal, where she remained for many years
+        exposed as a curiosity, and perhaps also as a warning to ambitious
+        speculators. Symington’s means were nearly exhausted, and after
+        having had to fight Taylor at law in regard to some of <span class=
+        "tei tei-pb" id="page85">[pg 85]</span><a name="Pg085" id="Pg085"
+        class="tei tei-anchor"></a>the minor inventions employed, we find him
+        in 1825 receiving the miserable gift of £100 from the Privy Purse,
+        and later, a further sum of £50. What a return for labours which so
+        distinctly led to our present system of steam navigation!</p><a name=
+        "illo_098.jpg" id="illo_098.jpg" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"></p>
+
+        <div class="tei tei-figure" style="text-align: center">
+          <img src="images/illo_098.jpg" alt="SYMINGTON" title=
+          "SYMINGTON." />
+
+          <div class="tei tei-head" style=
+          "text-align: center; margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em">
+            SYMINGTON.
+          </div>
+        </div>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">In 1797, an
+        experiment which took place in the neighbourhood of Liverpool is
+        recorded in the <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style=
+        "font-style: italic">Monthly Magazine</span></span>, on oars worked
+        by steam; the engine made eighteen strokes per minute, and propelled
+        a vessel, heavily laden with copper slag, through the Sankey Canal.
+        The claims of other countries have also been put forth, but the first
+        attempts at <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style=
+        "font-style: italic">practical</span></span> steam navigation belong
+        to Scotland, and, as we shall see, were improved to such an extent in
+        America, that to that country belongs the credit of having first
+        organised a steam-boat line for continuous and paying traffic.</p>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">The Americans had
+        at an early period turned their attention to new modes of propelling
+        vessels. As early as 1784, James Rumsey proposed to General
+        Washington a project of steam navigation, but having been refused a
+        patent in Pennsylvania, came to England, and succeeded in inducing a
+        wealthy countryman of his own, then in London, and others to disburse
+        the expenses of an experiment, for which he afterwards obtained a
+        patent. In this also oars were worked by steam. A couple of years
+        later, Fitch obtained from the States of Pennsylvania and New York
+        the exclusive right to run steamers on their waters, and is said to
+        have attained with one of his vessels the rate of four or five miles
+        an hour <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page86">[pg 86]</span><a name=
+        "Pg086" id="Pg086" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>against the current of
+        the Potomac. In 1787 he built another vessel, 12 feet beam and 45
+        feet long, with a 12-inch cylinder, which progressed at the rate of
+        seven miles an hour. In 1790 he completed another and larger boat,
+        which was advertised and used for a time as a regular passenger boat
+        on the Delaware. The oars or paddles were worked from the
+        stern.</p><a name="illo_102a.png" id="illo_102a.png" class=
+        "tei tei-anchor"></a>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"></p>
+
+        <div class="tei tei-figure" style="text-align: center">
+          <img src="images/illo_102a.png" alt="OUTLINE OF FITCH’S FIRST BOAT"
+          title="OUTLINE OF FITCH’S FIRST BOAT." />
+
+          <div class="tei tei-head" style=
+          "text-align: center; margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em">
+            OUTLINE OF FITCH’S FIRST BOAT.
+          </div>
+        </div><a name="illo_102b.png" id="illo_102b.png" class=
+        "tei tei-anchor"></a>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"></p>
+
+        <div class="tei tei-figure" style="text-align: center">
+          <img src="images/illo_102b.png" alt="FITCH’S SECOND BOAT" title=
+          "FITCH’S SECOND BOAT." />
+
+          <div class="tei tei-head" style=
+          "text-align: center; margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em">
+            FITCH’S SECOND BOAT.
+          </div>
+        </div>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Poor Fitch! He, in
+        common with many others of the day who did and did not give their
+        ideas to the world, was on the right track, but could not put them
+        into practical and practicable shape. He was really a man of
+        remarkable genius. The son of a Connecticut farmer, he had been
+        apprenticed to a watch and clock maker, where doubtless he increased
+        his knowledge of the mechanical arts. During the early part of the
+        Revolutionary War, he was armourer to the State of New Jersey, and
+        later, became a land surveyor. While acting in that capacity, the
+        idea first suggested itself to him, as it did almost simultaneously
+        to Symington in Scotland, of propelling carriages by steam, but he
+        soon abandoned it on account of the roughness of the American roads.
+        After that he turned his attention almost exclusively to the
+        propulsion of vessels by steam, visiting England and France, but
+        obtaining no pecuniary advantage from the experiments he proposed or
+        consummated. In a sketch of his life, which appeared a few years
+        since,<a id="noteref_26" name="noteref_26" href=
+        "#note_26"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style=
+        "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">26</span></span></a> the
+        writer describes Fitch’s difficulties in raising the money to finish
+        his second steam-boat: <span class="tei tei-q">“In a letter to David
+        Roltenhouse, when asking an advance of £50 to finish the boat, he
+        says, <span class="tei tei-q">‘This, sir, whether I bring it to
+        perfection or not, will be the mode of crossing the Atlantic for
+        packets and armed vessels.’</span> But everything failed, and the
+        poor projector loitered about the city for some months, a despised,
+        unfortunate, heart-broken man. <span class="tei tei-q">‘Often have I
+        seen him,’</span> said Thomas P. Cope, many years afterwards,
+        <span class="tei tei-q">‘stalking about like a troubled spectre, with
+        downcast eyes and lowering countenance, his coarse soiled linen
+        peeping through the elbows of a tattered garment.’</span> Speaking of
+        a visit he once paid to John Wilson, his boat-builder, and Peter
+        Brown, his blacksmith, in which, as usual, he held forth upon his
+        hobby, Mr. Cope says: <span class="tei tei-q">‘After indulging
+        himself for some time in this never-failing topic of deep excitement,
+        he concluded with these memorable words: <span class=
+        "tei tei-q">“Well, gentlemen, although I shall not live to see the
+        time, you will, when steam-boats will be preferred to all other means
+        of conveyance, and especially for passengers; and they will be
+        particularly useful in the navigation of the river
+        Mississippi.”</span> He then retired, on which Brown, turning to
+        Wilson, exclaimed, in a tone of deep sympathy, <span class=
+        "tei tei-q">“Poor fellow! what a pity he is <a name="corr086" id=
+        "corr086" class="tei tei-anchor"></a><span class=
+        "tei tei-corr">crazy!</span>”</span> ’</span> ”</span> Fitch, reduced
+        to utter poverty and despair, threw himself into the Alleghany in
+        1798, and thus terminated his chequered life.</p>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">The experiments of
+        John Cox Stevens, of New York, were not particularly successful,
+        although made at an expense of some 20,000 dollars. His vessel was a
+        <span class="tei tei-q">“stern-wheeler,”</span> similar to those
+        common enough on many American rivers to-day. But he deserves the
+        credit, apparently, of having been the first to practically apply a
+        tubular boiler to marine engines. His boiler, only 2 feet long by 15
+        inches wide and 12 inches high, consisted of no less than 41 copper
+        tubes, each an inch in diameter. While Fitch and Stevens were
+        experimenting, another American citizen, Oliver Evans, was
+        endeavouring to mature a <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page87">[pg
+        87]</span><a name="Pg087" id="Pg087" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>plan
+        for using steam at a very high pressure, to be employed in propelling
+        road wagons, and in an account of his plans, which he published in
+        1786, he suggests a mode of propelling vessels by steam. <span class=
+        "tei tei-q">“He states,”</span> says Lindsay, <span class=
+        "tei tei-q">“that in 1785 he placed his engine, used to clean docks,
+        in a boat upon wheels, the combined weight being equal to 200 barrels
+        of flour, which he transported down to the water, and when it was
+        launched he fixed a paddle-wheel to the stern, and drove it down the
+        Schuylkill to Delaware, and up the Delaware to the city, <span class=
+        "tei tei-q">‘leaving all the vessels going up behind, one at least
+        half-way, the wind being ahead.’</span> ”</span> In 1794 and 1797 one
+        Samuel Morey, of Connecticut, is said to have built two steamers,
+        which were publicly exhibited and made passages, but which do not
+        appear to have been afterwards employed. It is to Robert Fulton, who
+        all this time was working at naval applications of many kinds, that
+        not merely America, but the whole world owes the practical and
+        continuous use of steam-vessels. He and his associates started the
+        first paying line of steam-boats.</p>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">The life of this
+        remarkable man is little known in England, and not generally even in
+        his own country. Pursuing then the plan which has guided the writer
+        throughout this work, he proposes to give it, for these very reasons,
+        in fuller detail than has been usual with better known examples of
+        patient and struggling inventors.</p>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Robert Fulton was
+        born in the year 1765, in the village of Little Britain,
+        Pennsylvania, of respectable, but not wealthy, parents. From his
+        earliest years he showed a great aptitude for the study of the
+        mechanical arts, and, indeed, for the fine arts also. So marked was
+        his progress in drawing and painting, that he was recommended to go
+        to England and study art seriously. This at length he did, and for
+        several years we find him an inmate of Benjamin West’s house. Most
+        readers will remember that West, although he spent the larger part of
+        his life in England, and made his great successes there, was by birth
+        American. Fulton afterwards lived in Devonshire and other parts of
+        England, and practised art for a time, while his brain was busy with
+        schemes for improving inland navigation by the construction of
+        canals, with new forms of bridges and aqueducts. Next we find him in
+        France living with the family of one of his countrymen, Joel Barlow;
+        during this period he painted a panorama, which was a great success.
+        In 1797 he experimented with carcases of gunpowder—practically
+        torpedoes—under water, and was engaged in perfecting a wonderful
+        submarine boat. The French and Dutch Governments gave him some little
+        encouragement, so far as fair words were concerned, and he wasted a
+        considerable amount of time in hanging about public offices, to be
+        eventually disappointed, for his plans were rejected.</p>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">But the French
+        Government changed. Bonaparte placed himself at the head of it, with
+        the title of First Consul. Mr. Fulton soon presented an address to
+        him, soliciting him to patronise the project for submarine
+        navigation, and praying him to appoint a commission with sufficient
+        funds and powers to give the necessary assistance. This request was
+        immediately granted, and the citizens Volney, La Place, and Monge
+        were named the commissioners. In the spring of the year 1801, Mr.
+        Fulton repaired to Brest, to make experiments with the plunging-boat
+        he had constructed the previous winter. This, so he says, had many
+        imperfections, natural to a first machine of such complicated
+        combinations; added to this, it had suffered much injury from rust in
+        consequence of his having been <span class="tei tei-pb" id=
+        "page88">[pg 88]</span><a name="Pg088" id="Pg088" class=
+        "tei tei-anchor"></a>obliged to use iron instead of brass or copper
+        for bolts and arbours. Notwithstanding these disadvantages, he
+        engaged in a course of experiments with the machine, which required
+        no less courage than energy and perseverance. Of his proceedings he
+        made a report to the committee appointed by the French executive,
+        from which report we learn the following interesting facts:—</p>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class=
+        "tei tei-q">“On the 3rd July, 1801, he embarked with three companions
+        on board his plunging-boat in the harbour of Brest, and descended in
+        it to the depth of five, ten, fifteen, and so to twenty-five feet;
+        but he did not attempt to go lower, because he found that his
+        imperfect machine would not bear the pressure of a greater depth. He
+        remained below the surface one hour. During this time they were in
+        utter darkness. Afterwards, he descended with candles; but, finding a
+        great disadvantage from their consumption of vital air, he caused,
+        previously to his next experiment, a small window of thick glass to
+        be made near the bow of his boat, and he again descended with her, on
+        the 24th July, 1801. He found that he received from his window, or
+        rather aperture covered with glass, for it was no more than an inch
+        and a half in diameter, sufficient light to enable him to count the
+        minutes on his watch. Having satisfied himself that he could have
+        sufficient light when under water, that he could do without a supply
+        of fresh air for a considerable time, that he could descend to any
+        depth, and rise to the surface with facility, his next object was to
+        try her movements as well on the surface as beneath it. On the 26th
+        July he weighed his anchor and hoisted his sails; his boat had one
+        mast, a mainsail, and a jib. There was only a light breeze, and,
+        therefore, she did not move on the surface at more than the rate of
+        two miles an hour, but it was found that she would tack and steer,
+        and sail on a wind or before it, as well as any common sailing-boat.
+        He then struck her mast and sails; to do which, and perfectly to
+        prepare the boat for plunging, required about two minutes. Having
+        plunged to a certain depth, he placed two men at the engine, which
+        was intended to give her progressive motion, and one at the helm,
+        while he, with a barometer before him, governed the machine which
+        kept her balanced between the upper and lower waters. He found that
+        with the exertion of one hand only, he could keep her at any depth he
+        pleased. The propelling engine was then put in motion, and he found,
+        upon coming to the surface, that he had made, in about seven minutes,
+        a progress of four hundred meters, or about five hundred yards. He
+        then again plunged, turned her round while under water, and returned
+        to near the place he began to move from. He repeated his experiments
+        several days successively, until he became familiar with the
+        operations of the machinery and the movements of the boat. He found
+        that she was as obedient to her helm under water as any boat could be
+        on the surface; and that the magnetic needle traversed as well in the
+        one situation as in the other. On the 7th August, Mr. Fulton again
+        descended with a store of atmospheric air compressed into a copper
+        globe of a cubic foot capacity, into which two hundred atmospheres
+        were forced. Thus prepared, he descended with three companions to the
+        depth of about five feet. At the expiration of an hour and forty
+        minutes, he began to take small supplies of <span class=
+        "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">pure</span></span> air
+        from his reservoir, and did so, as he found occasion, for four hours
+        and twenty minutes. At the expiration of this time he came to the
+        surface, without having experienced any inconvenience from having
+        been so long under water.”</span></p><span class="tei tei-pb" id=
+        "page89">[pg 89]</span><a name="Pg089" id="Pg089" class=
+        "tei tei-anchor"></a>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Fulton’s boat is
+        pretty evidently the original from which Jules Verne took the idea of
+        his wonderful submarine ship, the <span class=
+        "tei tei-name"><span style=
+        "font-style: italic">Nautilus</span></span>. It was utilised for an
+        important torpedo experiment, and a shallop was successfully blown up
+        at Brest in the presence of Admiral Villaret and other officials. The
+        submarine boat approached within two hundred yards of the hull which
+        was to be destroyed, and fired its torpedo under water. The French
+        Government employed him for a time to cruise about and watch our
+        vessels, but no opportunity seems to have occurred for any attack,
+        and he was evidently looked upon as a failure. In 1803, a
+        correspondence passed between the English Government and Fulton, and
+        he was induced to come to London, where he had an interview with Mr.
+        Pitt and Lord Melville. <span class="tei tei-q">“When Mr. Pitt first
+        saw a drawing of a torpedo, with a sketch of the mode of applying it,
+        and understood what would be the effects of its explosion, he said,
+        that if introduced into practice, it could not fail to annihilate all
+        military marines.”</span> Fulton accompanied an expedition sent
+        against the French flotilla in the roads of Boulogne, where his
+        torpedoes were launched, but did no damage.</p>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">On the 15th
+        October, 1805, he blew up a strongly built Danish brig, of the burden
+        of 200 tons, which had been provided for the experiment, and which
+        was anchored in Walmer roads, near Deal; within a mile of Walmer
+        Castle, the then residence of Mr. Pitt. <span class="tei tei-pb" id=
+        "page90">[pg 90]</span><a name="Pg090" id="Pg090" class=
+        "tei tei-anchor"></a>He has given an interesting account of this
+        experiment in a pamphlet which he published in this country, under
+        the title of <span class="tei tei-q">“Torpedo War.”</span> In a
+        letter to Lord Castlereagh, of the 16th October, 1805, he says,
+        <span class="tei tei-q">“Yesterday, about four o’clock, I made the
+        intended experiment on the brig, with a carcass of one hundred and
+        seventy pounds of powder; and I have the pleasure to inform you that
+        it succeeded beyond my most sanguine expectations. Exactly in fifteen
+        minutes from the time of drawing the peg and throwing the carcass
+        into the water, the explosion took place. It lifted the brig almost
+        bodily, and broke her completely in two. The ends sunk immediately,
+        and in one minute nothing was to be seen of her but floating
+        fragments. Her mainmast and pumps were thrown in the sea; her
+        foremast was broken in three pieces; her beams and knees were thrown
+        from her deck and sides, and her deck planks were rent to fibres. In
+        fact, her annihilation was complete, and the effect was most
+        extraordinary. The power, as I had calculated, passed in a right line
+        through her body, that being the line of least resistance, and
+        carried all before it. At the time of her going up she did not appear
+        to make more resistance than a bag of feathers, and went to pieces
+        like a shattered egg-shell.”</span></p>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Notwithstanding
+        the complete success of the experiment, the British ministry seem to
+        have been but little disposed to have anything further to do with Mr.
+        Fulton and his projects. Indeed, the evidence it afforded of their
+        efficiency may have been a reason for this. However Mr. Pitt and Lord
+        Melville may have thought on the subject, there had been a change in
+        the administration, and the new ministers probably agreed with the
+        Earl St. Vincent, that it was great folly in them to encourage a
+        project which, if it succeeded, would revolutionise all maritime
+        questions. Lord Grenville and his Cabinet were not only indisposed to
+        encourage Mr. Fulton, but they were unwilling to fulfil the
+        engagements which their predecessors had made, and that inventor,
+        after some further experiments, of which we have no particular
+        account, wearied with incessant applications, disappointments, and
+        neglect, at length embarked for his native country.</p>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">But Fulton’s
+        greatest fame rests on his steam-boats. In his first attempt made in
+        France, where he was aided by Mr. Robert R. Livingston, a
+        fellow-countryman, he was not successful. Their experimental boat was
+        completed early in the spring of 1803; they were on the point of
+        making an experiment with her, when one morning, as Mr. Fulton was
+        rising from a bed in which anxiety had given him but little rest, a
+        messenger from the boat, whose precipitation and apparent
+        consternation announced that he was the bearer of bad tidings,
+        presented himself to him, and exclaimed in accents of despair,
+        <span class="tei tei-q">“Oh, sir, the boat has broken to pieces and
+        gone to the bottom!”</span> Mr. Fulton, who himself related the
+        anecdote, declared that the news created a despondency which he had
+        never felt on any other occasion; but this was only a momentary
+        sensation. Upon examination, he found the boat had been too weakly
+        framed to bear the great weight of the machinery, and that, in
+        consequence of an agitation of the river by wind the preceding night,
+        what the messenger had represented had literally happened. The boat
+        had broken in two, and the weight of her machinery had carried her
+        fragments to the bottom. It appeared to him, as he said, that the
+        fruits of so many months’ labour, and so much expense, were
+        annihilated, and an opportunity of demonstrating the efficiency of
+        his plan was denied him at the moment he had promised it should be
+        displayed. His disappointment and feelings may easily be imagined,
+        but they did not check his <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page91">[pg
+        91]</span><a name="Pg091" id="Pg091" class=
+        "tei tei-anchor"></a>perseverance. On the very day that this
+        misfortune happened, he commenced repairing it. He did not sit down
+        idly to repine at misfortunes which his manly exertions might remedy,
+        or waste in fruitless lamentations a moment of that time in which the
+        accident might be repaired. Without returning to his lodgings, he
+        immediately began to labour with his own hands to raise the boat, and
+        worked for four and twenty hours incessantly, without allowing
+        himself rest or refreshment; an imprudence which, as he always
+        supposed, had a permanently bad effect on his constitution, and to
+        which he imputed much of his subsequent ill health.</p>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">The accident did
+        the machinery very little injury; but they were obliged to build the
+        boat almost entirely anew. She was completed in July; her length was
+        sixty-six feet, and she was eight feet wide. Early in August, Mr.
+        Fulton addressed a letter to the French National Institute, inviting
+        them to witness a trial of his boat, which was made in their
+        presence, and in the presence of a great multitude of the Parisians.
+        The experiment was entirely satisfactory to Mr. Fulton, though the
+        boat did not move altogether with as much speed as he expected. But
+        he imputed her moving so slowly to the extremely defective
+        fabrication of the machinery, and to imperfections which were to be
+        expected in the first experiment with so complicated a machine, but
+        which he saw might be easily remedied. Such entire confidence did he
+        acquire from this experiment, that immediately afterwards he wrote to
+        Messrs. Watt and Boulton, of Birmingham, ordering certain parts of a
+        steam-engine to be made for him and sent to America. He did not
+        disclose to them for what purpose the engine was intended, but his
+        directions were such as would produce the parts of an engine that
+        might be put together within a compass suited to a boat. Mr. Fulton
+        then designed to return to America immediately; but, as we have seen,
+        he first visited England, and it is probable that he then gave new
+        orders on this subject, as we find that the engine which was employed
+        in the first American Fulton boat was of the manufacture of Messrs.
+        Watt and Boulton, but it did not arrive in America till long after
+        the time of which we are speaking.</p>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Mr. Livingston
+        also wrote immediately after this experiment to his friends in
+        America, and through their interference, an Act was passed by the
+        Legislature of the State of New York, on the 5th of April, 1803, by
+        which the rights and exclusive privileges of navigating all the
+        waters of that State, by vessels propelled by fire or steam, granted
+        to Mr. Livingston by the Act of 1798, were extended to Mr. Livingston
+        and Mr. Fulton for the term of twenty years from the date of the new
+        Act. By this law, the time for producing proof of the practicability
+        of propelling by steam a boat of twenty tons’ capacity, at the rate
+        of four miles an hour, with wind against the ordinary current of the
+        Hudson River, was extended for a period of two years. And by a
+        subsequent law the time was enlarged to April, 1807.</p>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Very soon after
+        Mr. Fulton’s arrival in New York he commenced building the first
+        American boat. While she was constructing, he found that her expenses
+        would greatly exceed his calculation. He endeavoured to lessen the
+        pressure on his own finances by offering one-third of the exclusive
+        right which was secured to him and Mr. Livingston by the laws of New
+        York, and of his patent rights, for a proportionate contribution to
+        the expense. He made this offer to several gentlemen, and it was very
+        generally known that <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page92">[pg
+        92]</span><a name="Pg092" id="Pg092" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>he
+        had made such propositions; but no one was then willing to afford
+        this aid to his enterprise.</p>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class=
+        "tei tei-q">“In the spring of 1807, the first Fulton boat built in
+        America was launched from the ship-yards of Charles Brown, on the
+        East River. The engine from England was put on board of her; in
+        August she was completed, and was moved by her machinery from her
+        birth-place to the Jersey shore. Mr. Livingston and Mr. Fulton had
+        invited many of their friends to witness the first trial. Nothing
+        could exceed the surprise and admiration of all who witnessed the
+        experiment. The minds of the most incredulous were changed in a few
+        minutes. Before the boat had made the progress of a quarter of a
+        mile, the greatest unbeliever must have been converted. The man who,
+        while he looked on the expensive machine, thanked his stars that he
+        had more wisdom than to waste his money on such idle schemes, changed
+        the expression of his features as the boat moved from the wharf and
+        gained her speed; his complacent smile gradually stiffened into an
+        expression of wonder. The jeers of the ignorant, who had neither
+        sense nor feeling enough to suppress their contemptuous ridicule and
+        rude jokes, were silenced for a moment by a vulgar astonishment,
+        which deprived them of the power of utterance, till the triumph of
+        genius extorted from the incredulous multitude which crowded the
+        shores shouts and exclamations of congratulation and
+        applause.”</span></p>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">There can be no
+        doubt that Fulton derived his general plan from the experiments of
+        Symington. While that engineer was conducting his experiments under
+        the patronage of Lord Dundas, a stranger came to the banks of the
+        Forth and Clyde Canal and requested an interview, announcing himself
+        as Mr. Fulton, of the United States, whither he intended to return,
+        and expressing a desire to see Mr. Symington’s boat and machinery,
+        and to procure some information of the principles on which it was
+        moved, before he left Europe. He remarked that, however beneficial
+        the invention might be to Great Britain, it would be of more
+        importance to North America, considering the numerous navigable
+        rivers and lakes of that continent, and the facility for procuring
+        timber for building vessels and supplying them with fuel; that the
+        usefulness of steam-vessels in a mercantile point of view could not
+        fail to attract the attention of every observer; and that, if he were
+        allowed to carry the plan to the United States, it would be
+        advantageous to Mr. Symington, as, if his engagements would permit,
+        the constructing or superintending the construction of such vessels
+        would naturally devolve upon him. Mr. Symington, in compliance with
+        the stranger’s request, caused the engine-fire to be lighted, and the
+        machinery put in motion. Several persons entered the boat, and along
+        with Mr. Fulton were carried from where she then lay to Lock No. 16
+        on the Forth and Clyde Canal, about four miles west, and returned to
+        the starting-place in one hour and twenty minutes, being at the rate
+        of six miles an hour, to the astonishment of Mr. Fulton and the other
+        gentlemen. Mr. Fulton obtained leave to take notes and sketches
+        regarding the boat and engine, <span class="tei tei-q">“but he never
+        afterwards communicated with Mr. Symington.”</span><a id="noteref_27"
+        name="noteref_27" href="#note_27"><span class=
+        "tei tei-noteref"><span style=
+        "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">27</span></span></a> He, it
+        has been shown, almost immediately afterwards ordered a marine engine
+        from Messrs. Boulton and Watt, of Soho, near Birmingham. This engine
+        reached America before the <span class="tei tei-name"><span style=
+        "font-style: italic">Clermont</span></span>, which had <span class=
+        "tei tei-pb" id="page93">[pg 93]</span><a name="Pg093" id="Pg093"
+        class="tei tei-anchor"></a>been constructed at the instance of Fulton
+        and Livingston, had been launched from the yard of Charles Brown, on
+        the East (Hudson) River. She was decked for a short distance only, at
+        stem and stern, her engines being open to view, while a house on
+        deck, and over the boiler, accommodated passengers and crew.
+        <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">The boiler
+        was set in masonry.</span></span> Her engine was of almost identical
+        size to that of the <span class="tei tei-name"><span style=
+        "font-style: italic">Charlotte Dundas</span></span>. It is right to
+        add that Fulton claimed no patent or privilege for this engine, which
+        was so evidently founded on that of Symington. Her hull was quite as
+        distinctly his own design, and was vastly superior in build to the
+        Scotch vessel. The first trip of the <span class=
+        "tei tei-name"><span style=
+        "font-style: italic">Clermont</span></span> was from New York to
+        Clermont, the seat of Mr. Livingston, returning to Albany, and the
+        average speed was five miles per hour.</p><a name="illo_106.png" id=
+        "illo_106.png" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"></p>
+
+        <div class="tei tei-figure" style="text-align: center">
+          <img src="images/illo_106.png" alt="THE “CLERMONT.”" title=
+          "THE “CLERMONT.”" />
+
+          <div class="tei tei-head" style=
+          "text-align: center; margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em">
+            THE <span class="tei tei-q" style=
+            "text-align: center">“CLERMONT.”</span>
+          </div>
+        </div>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class=
+        "tei tei-q">“The <span class="tei tei-name"><span style=
+        "font-style: italic">Clermont</span></span>, on her first voyage,
+        arrived at her destination without any accident. She excited the
+        astonishment of the inhabitants of the shores of the Hudson, many of
+        whom had not heard even of an engine, much less of a steam-boat.
+        There were many descriptions of the effects of her first appearance
+        upon the people on the banks of the river; some of those were
+        ridiculous, but some of them were of such a character as nothing but
+        an object of real grandeur could have excited. She was described by
+        some who had indistinctly seen her passing in the night, to those who
+        had not had a view of her, as a monster moving on the waters, defying
+        the winds and tide, and breathing flames and smoke. She had the most
+        terrific appearance from other vessels which were navigating the
+        river when she was making her passage. The first steam-boats, as
+        others yet do, used dry pine-wood for fuel, which sends forth a
+        column of ignited vapour many feet above the flue, and whenever the
+        fire is stirred a galaxy of sparks fly off, and in the night have a
+        very brilliant and beautiful appearance. This uncommon light first
+        attracted the attention of the crews of other vessels.
+        Notwithstanding the wind and tide were adverse to its approach, they
+        saw with astonishment that it was rapidly coming towards them; and
+        when it came so near as that the noise of the machinery and paddles
+        was heard, the crews (if what was said in the newspapers of the time
+        be true), in some instances, <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page94">[pg
+        94]</span><a name="Pg094" id="Pg094" class=
+        "tei tei-anchor"></a>shrunk beneath their decks from the terrific
+        sight, and left their vessels to go on shore, while others prostrated
+        themselves, and besought Providence to protect them from the
+        approaches of the horrible monster which was marching on the tides
+        and lighting its path by the fires which it vomited.”</span></p>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">The <span class=
+        "tei tei-name"><span style=
+        "font-style: italic">Clermont</span></span> was soon afterwards
+        lengthened and considerably improved in appearance and usefulness.
+        Her hull was covered from stem to stern with a flush deck, beneath
+        which two cabins were formed, surrounded by double ranges of berths,
+        and fitted up with great regard to comfort. Her dimensions now
+        were—length, 130 feet; breadth, 16½ feet; diameter of paddle-wheels,
+        15 feet, the paddles dipping into the water 2 feet. Fulton afterwards
+        built a number of steam-boats, and, it will be well understood,
+        encountered a vast deal of opposition from the owners of sailing
+        craft and ferry-boats. Attempts were also made to put forward rival
+        inventions, and a company was started who proposed to navigate boats
+        on the Hudson by the following somewhat incomprehensible mode of
+        propulsion. The quotation is from the biography of Fulton<a id=
+        "noteref_28" name="noteref_28" href="#note_28"><span class=
+        "tei tei-noteref"><span style=
+        "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">28</span></span></a> by his
+        friend, C. D. Colden:—</p>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class=
+        "tei tei-q">“The opposition boats on the Hudson, which the owners had
+        built to rival the steam-boats, were at first to have been propelled
+        by a pendulum, which, according to the calculations of some ingenious
+        gentlemen, would give a greater power than steam, but when their boat
+        came to be put in the water they soon found that their wheels, which
+        were turned with great facility and velocity while their vessel was
+        on the stocks, could not be made to perform their functions without
+        the application of a great power to the pendulum. The projectors were
+        utterly at a loss to account for so extraordinary a phenomenon, and
+        could not conceive why the wheels, which had moved so much to their
+        satisfaction when they were resisted only by the air, should require
+        so much force when they turned in the water, and were to drag the
+        weight of the vessel. But having by actual experiment determined that
+        a pendulum would not supply the place of steam, and knowing no other
+        way of supplying steam than that which they saw practised in the
+        Fulton boats, they adopted all their machinery with some very
+        insignificant alterations, which were made with no other view than to
+        give those persons who had set out by professing to make a
+        pendulum-boat a pretence for claiming to be the inventors of
+        improvements in steam-boats.”</span></p>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Fulton, without
+        doubt, designed and superintended the construction of the first steam
+        war-vessel. On the 20th June, 1814, the keel was laid, and in little
+        more than four months, that is, on the 29th October, she was launched
+        from the yard of Adam and Noah Brown, her able and active architects.
+        The scene exhibited on that occasion was magnificent. It happened on
+        one of the brightest autumnal days. <span class=
+        "tei tei-q">“Spectators,”</span> says Colden, <span class=
+        "tei tei-q">“crowded the surrounding shores, and were seen upon the
+        hills which limited the beautiful prospect. The river and bay were
+        filled with vessels of war, dressed in all their variety of colours,
+        in compliment to the occasion. In the midst of these was the enormous
+        floating mass whose bulk and unwieldy form seemed to render her as
+        unfit for motion as the land batteries which were saluting her.
+        Through the fleet of vessels which occupied this part of the harbour
+        were seen gliding in every direction several of our large
+        steam-boats, of the burden of three or four hundred tons. These, with
+        bands of music, and crowds of gay and <span class="tei tei-pb" id=
+        "page95">[pg 95]</span><a name="Pg095" id="Pg095" class=
+        "tei tei-anchor"></a>joyous company, were winding through passages
+        left by the anchored vessels as if they were moved by enchantment.
+        The heart could not have been human that did not share in the general
+        enthusiasm expressed by the loud shouts of the multitude. He could
+        not have been a worthy citizen, who did not then say to himself, with
+        pride and exultation, <span class="tei tei-q">‘This is my
+        country!’</span> and when he looked on the man whose single genius
+        had created the most interesting objects of the scene, <span class=
+        "tei tei-q">‘This is my countryman!’</span> ”</span></p>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">By May, 1815, her
+        engine was put on board, and she was so far completed as to afford an
+        opportunity of trying her machinery. But, unhappily, before this
+        period the mind that had conceived and combined it was gone. Fulton,
+        almost to the last day of his life, worked incessantly at this, the
+        first steam war-vessel.</p>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">On the 4th July,
+        in the same year, the steam frigate made a passage from New York to
+        the ocean and back, and went the distance—which, going and returning,
+        is fifty-three miles—in eight hours and twenty minutes, by the mere
+        force of her engine. These trials suggested the correction of some
+        errors, and the supplying of some defects in the machinery. In
+        September she made another passage to the sea, and having at this
+        time the weight of her whole armament on board, she went at an
+        average of five and a half miles an hour, with and against tide. When
+        stemming the tide, which ran at the rate of three miles an hour, she
+        advanced at the rate of two and a half miles an hour.</p>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">We now reach the
+        period which brings us to practical steam navigation in Europe. In
+        January, 1812, Henry Bell, of Helensburgh, Scotland, completed the
+        construction of a small passenger steam vessel, the <span class=
+        "tei tei-name"><span style="font-style: italic">Comet</span></span>,
+        of thirty tons burden. She was only forty feet in length, with an
+        engine of three-horse power. The circular which announced its regular
+        trips is worth reprinting, as it is the first advertisement of the
+        kind made in all Europe. It reads as follows:—</p>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"></p>
+
+        <div class="tei tei-text" style=
+        "margin-bottom: 2.00em; margin-top: 2.00em">
+          <div class="tei tei-body" style=
+          "margin-bottom: 6.00em; margin-top: 6.00em">
+            <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class=
+            "tei tei-q">“<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style=
+            "font-variant: small-caps">Steam Passage Boat, the</span>
+            <span class="tei tei-name"><span style=
+            "font-style: italic; font-variant: small-caps">COMET</span></span><span style="font-variant: small-caps">,
+            between Glasgow, Greenock, and Helensburgh for passengers
+            only.</span></span></span></p>
+
+            <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class=
+            "tei tei-q">“The Subscriber having, at much expense, fitted up a
+            handsome vessel to ply upon the river Clyde, between Glasgow and
+            Greenock, to sail by the power of wind, air and steam, he intends
+            that the vessel shall leave the Broomielaw on Tuesdays,
+            Thursdays, and Saturdays about mid-day, or at such hour
+            thereafter as may answer from the state of the tide; and to leave
+            Greenock on Mondays, Wednesdays, and Fridays in the morning, to
+            suit the tide.</span></p>
+
+            <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class=
+            "tei tei-q">“The elegance, comfort, safety, and speed of this
+            vessel requires only to be proved to meet the approbation of the
+            public; and the proprietor is determined to do everything in his
+            power to merit public encouragement.</span></p>
+
+            <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class=
+            "tei tei-q">“The terms are for the present fixed at four
+            shillings for the best cabin, and three shillings for the second,
+            but beyond these rates nothing is to be allowed to servants or
+            any other person employed about the vessel.</span></p>
+
+            <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class=
+            "tei tei-q">“The Subscriber continues his establishment at
+            Helensburgh Baths, the same as for years past, and a vessel will
+            be in readiness to convey passengers in the <span class=
+            "tei tei-name"><span style=
+            "font-style: italic">Comet</span></span> from Greenock to
+            Helensburgh.</span></p><span class="tei tei-pb" id="page96">[pg
+            96]</span><a name="Pg096" id="Pg096" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+
+            <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class=
+            "tei tei-q">“Passengers by the <span class=
+            "tei tei-name"><span style=
+            "font-style: italic">Comet</span></span> will receive information
+            of the hour of sailing by applying at Mr. Houslem’s office,
+            Broomielaw, or Mr. Thomas Blackney’s, East Quay Head,
+            Greenock.</span></p>
+
+            <div class="tei tei-signed" style="text-align: right">
+              “(Signed), <span class="tei tei-hi" style=
+              "text-align: right"><span style=
+              "font-variant: small-caps">Henry Bell</span></span>.
+            </div>
+
+            <div class="tei tei-dateline" style="text-align: left">
+              “Helensburgh Baths, Aug. 5, 1812.”
+            </div>
+          </div>
+        </div><a name="illo_109.png" id="illo_109.png" class=
+        "tei tei-anchor"></a>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"></p>
+
+        <div class="tei tei-figure" style="text-align: center">
+          <img src="images/illo_109.png" alt="BELL’S “COMET.”" title=
+          "BELL’S “COMET.”" />
+
+          <div class="tei tei-head" style=
+          "text-align: center; margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em">
+            BELL’S <span class="tei tei-q" style=
+            "text-align: center">“COMET.”</span>
+          </div>
+        </div>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Bell’s claims to
+        recognition are very much the same as those of Fulton and Livingston
+        in the United States. He was instrumental in bringing steam
+        navigation to a practical issue, but was not its inventor or first
+        introducer. In 1816, he addressed an interesting letter to the
+        <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Caledonian
+        Mercury</span></span>, showing the intimacy which existed between
+        himself and Fulton, and proving that the leaders of the new steam
+        movement were in frequent communication. In this letter he commences
+        by recapitulating Miller’s experiments in propelling vessels or rafts
+        by paddles worked by capstans or by wind, like a windmill. These
+        ideas were communicated to all the Courts of Europe, and the French,
+        at one time, actually proposed something of the nature of rafts
+        worked by Miller’s plan, for the conveyance of troops to England.
+        Miller sent one of his capstan vessels as a present to the King of
+        Sweden. Bell makes the following statement:—</p>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class=
+        "tei tei-q">“Fulton came to the knowledge of steam-boats by employing
+        me (H. Bell) about some plans of machinery, and begged me to call on
+        Miller and see how he had succeeded in his steam-boat plan; and if it
+        answered, to send him full drawings and description along with my
+        machinery. I had a conversation with Miller, who gave me every
+        information. I (H. Bell) told him that his engineer was wrong, and
+        that I intended giving Fulton my opinion on steam-boats. I left
+        Fulton’s letter with Miller.</span></p><span class="tei tei-pb" id=
+        "page97">[pg 97]</span><a name="Pg097" id="Pg097" class=
+        "tei tei-anchor"></a>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class=
+        "tei tei-q">“Two years after, a letter from Fulton arrived, stating
+        that he had constructed a steam-boat from the drawings I had sent
+        him, but improvements were required. This letter I also sent to
+        Miller.”</span></p>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">He goes on to say
+        that he set on foot his steam-boat after making various models, and
+        when convinced they would answer, contracted with John Wood and Co.,
+        ship-builders, Port Glasgow, to build the <span class=
+        "tei tei-name"><span style="font-style: italic">Comet</span></span>,
+        so called from a comet which appeared in Scotland at that period. He
+        claims that the <span class="tei tei-name"><span style=
+        "font-style: italic">Comet</span></span> was the first steam-vessel
+        built in Europe <span class="tei tei-q">“that would work,”</span> but
+        this is unfair to the memories of Miller and Symington.</p>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Oddly enough,
+        while Bell was experimenting on the Clyde, Mr. Dawson was doing the
+        same in Ireland. He even claims that he built a fifty-ton steamer in
+        1811, and which, by a coincidence simply, as it would seem, he had
+        also named the <span class="tei tei-name"><span style=
+        "font-style: italic">Comet</span></span>. He put the first steamer
+        for public accommodation on the Thames in 1818, to run between London
+        and Gravesend. Mr. Lawrence, of Bristol, introduced a steam-boat on
+        the Severn shortly after Bell put the <span class=
+        "tei tei-name"><span style="font-style: italic">Comet</span></span>
+        on the Clyde, and brought her to London, but so great was the
+        opposition from the watermen that he took her back to Bristol. She
+        was afterwards taken to Spain, and long plied between Seville and St.
+        Lucar. These were the precursors of those grand steam-ship lines
+        which now run to every part of the habitable world. Bell’s steamer
+        was made, in the second year of its career, a pleasure-boat to many
+        parts of the coasts of England, Scotland, and Ireland, and may
+        therefore count as one of the first ocean-going as well as river
+        steamers.</p><a name="illo_110.jpg" id="illo_110.jpg" class=
+        "tei tei-anchor"></a>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"></p>
+
+        <div class="tei tei-figure" style="text-align: center">
+          <img src="images/illo_110.jpg" alt="FOUR GREAT ENGINEERS" title=
+          "FOUR GREAT ENGINEERS." />
+
+          <div class="tei tei-head" style=
+          "text-align: center; margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em">
+            FOUR GREAT ENGINEERS.
+          </div>
+        </div>
+      </div>
+
+      <div class="tei tei-div" style=
+      "margin-bottom: 5.00em; margin-top: 5.00em">
+        <a name="chap06" id="chap06" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> <a name=
+        "toc15" id="toc15"></a> <a name="pdf16" id="pdf16"></a>
+
+        <h2 class="tei tei-head" style=
+        "text-align: center; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em">
+        <span style="font-size: 144%">CHAPTER VI.</span></h2>
+
+        <h2 class="tei tei-head" style=
+        "text-align: center; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em">
+        <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: center"><span style=
+        "font-size: 144%; font-variant: small-caps">The History of Ships and
+        Shipping Interests</span></span> <span style=
+        "font-size: 144%">(</span><span class="tei tei-hi" style=
+        "text-align: center"><span style=
+        "font-size: 144%; font-style: italic">continued</span></span><span style="font-size: 144%">).</span></h2>
+
+        <div class="tei tei-argument" style=
+        "text-align: center; margin-bottom: 1.80em; margin-left: 3.60em; margin-top: 1.80em; margin-right: 3.60em">
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style=
+        "text-align: center; margin-bottom: 0.90em"><span style=
+        "font-size: 90%">The Clyde and its Ship-building Interests—From Henry
+        Bell to Modern Ship-builders—The First Royal Naval Steamer—The First
+        Regular Sea-going Steamer—The Revolution in Ship-building—The Iron
+        Age—</span><span class="tei tei-q" style=
+        "text-align: center"><span style=
+          "font-size: 90%">“</span><span style="font-size: 90%">Will Iron
+          Float?</span><span style=
+          "font-size: 90%">”</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%">—The
+          Invention of the Screw-propeller—Ericsson, Smith, and
+          Woodcroft—American ’Cuteness—Captain Stockton and his Boat—The
+          First Steamer to Cross the Atlantic—Voyages of the</span>
+          <span class="tei tei-name" style="text-align: center"><span style=
+          "font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Sirius</span></span>
+          <span style="font-size: 90%">and</span> <span class="tei tei-name"
+          style="text-align: center"><span style=
+          "font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Great
+          Western</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%">—The
+          International Struggle—The Collins and Cunard Lines—Fate of
+          the</span> <span class="tei tei-name" style=
+          "text-align: center"><span style=
+          "font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Arctic</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%">—The</span>
+          <span class="tei tei-name" style="text-align: center"><span style=
+          "font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Pacific</span></span>
+          <span style="font-size: 90%">never heard of more—Why the Cunard
+          Company has been Successful—Splendid Discipline on Board their
+          Vessels—The Fleets that Leave the Mersey.</span></p>
+        </div>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">What a contrast to
+        the days of Henry Bell does the Clyde now present! From a mere salmon
+        stream it has become, in little more than half a century, by far the
+        largest and most important ship-building river in the wide world.
+        <span class="tei tei-q">“Ancient historians have told us that when
+        the first Punic war roused the citizens of Rome to extraordinary
+        exertions in the equipment of a fleet for the destruction of the
+        maritime supremacy of Carthage, the banks of the Tiber resounded with
+        the axe and the hammer, and that the extent of the ship-building
+        operations then carried on was a matter not merely of surprise, but
+        of wonder. How insignificant, however, was that sound when compared
+        with that of the steam-hammer and the anvil, and the din of the work
+        now to be heard on the banks of the Clyde. For miles on both sides of
+        the river stupendous ship-building yards line its banks, employing
+        tens of thousands of hardy and skilled mechanics earning their daily
+        <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page98">[pg 98]</span><a name="Pg098"
+        id="Pg098" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>bread, as God has destined all
+        men to do, by <span class="tei tei-q">‘the sweat of their
+        brow.’</span>... Along those banks there is now annually constructed
+        a much larger amount of steam tonnage than in all the other ports of
+        Europe combined, those of England alone excepted.”</span> These great
+        private yards have been and will be invaluable in war times. Take
+        such a firm as that of John Elder and Co., Fairfield, Glasgow, whose
+        works cover sixty acres of ground. They have built vessels in the
+        course of a year aggregating 35,000 to 40,000 tons, and have
+        contracted for as many as six 4,000-ton steam-ships at a time. One of
+        these was delivered to her owners complete and ready for sea, with
+        steam up, within thirteen months of the time she was contracted for.
+        Bell’s <span class="tei tei-name"><span style=
+        "font-style: italic">Comet</span></span> was only of thirty tons, and
+        its engine but of four-horse power! Mr. James Deas, C.E., in a work
+        on the Clyde and its commerce, &amp;c., says:—<span class=
+        "tei tei-q">“It was no uncommon occurrence for the passengers, when
+        the little steamer was getting exhausted, to take to turning the
+        fly-wheel to assist her.”</span><a id="noteref_29" name="noteref_29"
+        href="#note_29"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style=
+        "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">29</span></span></a> Poor
+        Bell, like so many of the pioneers of grand and important
+        undertakings, did not profit much by his successful application of
+        steam to navigation, and in his declining years was chiefly supported
+        by an annuity of £50 granted by the Clyde trustees.</p>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">While the public,
+        after the successful experiments already mentioned, and others which
+        followed, were beginning to appreciate the value of steamers, the
+        Admiralty would have nothing to do with them, and it took them about
+        forty years before they reluctantly applied steam to war vessels. The
+        absolutely first steam vessel built for the Royal Navy was a tug,
+        also named the <span class="tei tei-name"><span style=
+        "font-style: italic">Comet</span></span>. She was constructed in
+        1819, after some experiments had convinced Lord Melville and Sir
+        George Cockburn of the value of steam power in towing men-of-war.
+        <span class="tei tei-q">“At this period, Mr. Ronnie, who planned the
+        breakwater at Plymouth and new London Bridge, was <span class=
+        "tei tei-q">‘advising engineer’</span> to the Admiralty, and on every
+        occasion urged the application of steam power to vessels of war. More
+        than this, he hired at his own cost the Margate steam-boat, the
+        <span class="tei tei-name"><span style=
+        "font-style: italic">Eclipse</span></span>, and successfully towed
+        the <span class="tei tei-name"><span style=
+        "font-style: italic">Eastings</span></span>, 74, against the tide
+        from Woolwich to Gravesend, June 14th, 1819. On this, the Admiralty,
+        supported by Lord Melville, gave up their objections.”</span><a id=
+        "noteref_30" name="noteref_30" href="#note_30"><span class=
+        "tei tei-noteref"><span style=
+        "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">30</span></span></a></p>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Still,
+        practically, it was not till after the Crimean war that steam became
+        the leading motive power in our war navy. The merchants were more
+        sensible. Mr. David Napier had, in 1818, launched a steamer of ninety
+        tons burden—the <span class="tei tei-name"><span style=
+        "font-style: italic">Rob Roy</span></span>—from the yard of Mr.
+        William Denny, of Dumbarton. For two years she ran between Glasgow
+        and Belfast, carrying the mails, and was the first regular
+        <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">sea-going
+        steamer</span></span> which had been built in either Europe or the
+        United States. But she also calls for particular mention for another
+        reason: she was subsequently transferred to the English Channel as a
+        packet-boat between Dover and Calais. And there are still, no doubt,
+        many travellers or residents of those towns who can remember the
+        inauguration of what is now a most important service. The same
+        Napier, whose name is very intimately connected with the history of
+        the marine engine, which he was constantly striving to improve,
+        inaugurated, with the assistance of capitalists, a line between
+        Liverpool, Greenock, and Glasgow. Next followed a line from London to
+        Leith, which commenced with two steamers, each fitted with engines of
+        fifty horse-power. Now came an immense advance, for in 1826, the
+        first of the then considered <span class=
+        "tei tei-q">“leviathan”</span> class of steamers—the <span class=
+        "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">United
+        Kingdom</span></span>—<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page99">[pg
+        99]</span><a name="Pg099" id="Pg099" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>was
+        built for the trade between London and Edinburgh. She was 160 feet
+        long, with engines of 200 horse-power. <span class=
+        "tei tei-q">“People flocked from all quarters to inspect and admire
+        her.”</span></p><a name="illo_114.png" id="illo_114.png" class=
+        "tei tei-anchor"></a>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"></p>
+
+        <div class="tei tei-figure" style="text-align: center">
+          <img src="images/illo_114.png" alt="THE “UNITED KINGDOM”" title=
+          "THE “UNITED KINGDOM”. (From a Drawing by E. W. Cooke, R.A.)" />
+
+          <div class="tei tei-head" style=
+          "text-align: center; margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em">
+            THE <span class="tei tei-q" style="text-align: center">“UNITED
+            KINGDOM”</span>.<br />
+            (<span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: center"><span style=
+            "font-style: italic">From a Drawing by E. W. Cooke,
+            R.A.</span></span>)
+          </div>
+        </div>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Although these two
+        lines of regular steam communication between Liverpool and the river
+        Clyde, and between London and Edinburgh, were now successfully
+        established and proved of considerable importance in the
+        encouragement of steam navigation elsewhere, some years elapsed
+        before those rapid strides were made in its adaptation as a
+        propelling power which have rendered it one of the wonders of the
+        present age. Indeed, this power would probably never have made such
+        an extraordinary advance had iron not been adopted instead of wood
+        for the construction of our ships.</p>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Hitherto
+        throughout all ages, timber alone had been used in ship-building. The
+        forests of Lebanon had supplied the naval architects of Tyre with
+        their materials; Italy cultivated her woods with unusual care so that
+        sufficient trees might be grown for the timber-planking and masts of
+        ships for its once powerful maritime republics; and in our own time
+        how often have we heard fears expressed that Great Britain would not
+        be able to continue the supply of sufficient oak for her royal
+        dockyards, much less for her merchant fleets? Yet, when shrewd,
+        far-seeing men, no farther back than the year 1830, talked about
+        substituting iron for the <span class="tei tei-q">“ribs”</span> of a
+        ship instead of <span class="tei tei-q">“timber,”</span> and iron
+        plates for <span class="tei tei-q">“planking”</span> instead of oak,
+        what, a howl of derision the public raised.</p>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class=
+        "tei tei-q">“ <span class="tei tei-q">‘Who ever heard of iron
+        floating?’</span> they derisively inquired,”</span> says Lindsay.
+        <span class="tei tei-q">“It is true they might have seen old tin
+        kettles float on every pool of water before their doors almost any
+        day of their lives—nay, floating even more buoyantly than their
+        discarded wooden coal-boxes, but such common-place instructors were
+        beneath their notice. Timber-built ships had from time immemorial
+        been in use in every nation and on every sea, and <span class=
+        "tei tei-pb" id="page101">[pg 101]</span><a name="Pg101" id="Pg101"
+        class="tei tei-anchor"></a>had bravely battled with the storm from
+        the days of Noah, and were these, they sneeringly asked, to be
+        supplanted by a material which in itself would naturally sink? Such
+        was the reasoning of the period; and, indeed, the best of the
+        arguments against the use of iron rested on scarcely more solid
+        foundation.”</span><a id="noteref_31" name="noteref_31" href=
+        "#note_31"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style=
+        "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">31</span></span></a></p>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">It is true that so
+        early as 1809, Richard Trevethick and Robert Dickenson had proposed
+        to build <span class="tei tei-q">“large ships with decks, beams, and
+        sides of plate iron,”</span> and had even suggested <span class=
+        "tei tei-q">“masts, yards, and spars”</span> of iron, which latter
+        are now by no means uncommon. <span class="tei tei-q">“But,”</span>
+        says Lindsay, <span class="tei tei-q">“as these inventors or
+        patentees did not put their ideas into practice, no other person (if,
+        indeed, any other person gave even a passing thought to the subject)
+        was convinced that any craft beyond a boat or a river-barge could be
+        constructed of iron, much less that if made in the form of a ship,
+        this material would oppose more effectual resistance to the storms of
+        the ocean, or, if dashed upon the strand, to the angry fury of the
+        waves, than timber, however scientifically put together. But though
+        no available substance can withstand the raging elements with less
+        chance of destruction than plates of iron <span class="tei tei-pb"
+        id="page102">[pg 102]</span><a name="Pg102" id="Pg102" class=
+        "tei tei-anchor"></a>riveted together in the form of a boiler (the
+        principle on which iron ships are now constructed), the public could
+        not then appreciate their superior value; and it was not until 1818
+        that the first <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style=
+        "font-style: italic">iron vessel</span></span> was built.”</span>
+        This vessel is in use even now. Three years afterwards a steam-engine
+        was, for the first time, fitted into a vessel built of iron—the
+        <span class="tei tei-name"><span style="font-style: italic">Aaron
+        Manby</span></span>—constructed for Mr. Manby and Captain Napier,
+        afterwards Admiral Sir Charles Napier. Gradually the suitableness of
+        these vessels was becoming apparent, and from this time dates the
+        establishment of some of the greatest ship-building yards, like those
+        of the Lairds and Fairbairns. In 1834 the first-named firm built the
+        <span class="tei tei-name"><span style="font-style: italic">Garry
+        Owen</span></span> for service between Limerick and Kilrush. Almost
+        fortunately, she was driven on shore with a number of wooden vessels,
+        all of which were wrecked or seriously damaged, while she got off
+        with scarcely any damage, and the credit of iron vessels became
+        improved. But another of the chief and more tenable objections to the
+        extended use of iron vessels was the perturbation of the compass.
+        This has been clearly shown to proceed almost entirely from the
+        proximity of iron <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style=
+        "font-style: italic">not</span></span> forming a part of the
+        <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style=
+        "font-style: italic">hull</span></span> of the ship, the magnetic
+        influence of which is comparatively even all round. A funnel, tank,
+        boilers, the machinery, the iron fastenings even of a deck-house,
+        &amp;c., may all have their influences. Still these influences are
+        now regulated and understood, and iron ships are more commonly
+        employed than those of wood, showing that it is not an objection
+        which can be urged to-day. After the early steamers came by degrees
+        iron sailing vessels, till at length we find iron applied to a grand
+        steamer, magnificent then and first-class still, the <span class=
+        "tei tei-name"><span style="font-style: italic">Great
+        Britain</span></span>. <span class="tei tei-q">“Experience by degrees
+        successfully met almost every objection; and science was again
+        triumphant over prejudice and ignorance. Iron had been made not
+        merely to float, but to ride buoyantly over the crest of the wave
+        amid the raging elements.”</span></p><a name="illo_116.png" id=
+        "illo_116.png" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"></p>
+
+        <div class="tei tei-figure" style="text-align: center">
+          <img src="images/illo_116.png" alt=
+          "SECTION AND PLAN OF THE STERN OF A SCREW STEAMER" title=
+          "SECTION AND PLAN OF THE STERN OF A SCREW STEAMER." />
+
+          <div class="tei tei-head" style=
+          "text-align: center; margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em">
+            SECTION AND PLAN OF THE STERN OF A SCREW STEAMER.
+          </div>
+        </div>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Then came the
+        introduction of the screw-propeller, which, if we are to believe some
+        authorities, is an early invention of the Chinese. There have been
+        many claims to its invention in modern times. In May, 1804, Mr. J.
+        Stevens, of the United States, put to sea with a steam-boat propelled
+        with some form of screw. Trevethick, the engineer, in 1815, patented
+        <span class="tei tei-q">“a worm or screw revolving in a cylinder at
+        the head, sides, or stern of a vessel;”</span> and the following
+        year, Robert Kinder applied for a patent for a shaft and screw almost
+        of exactly the form now in use. The French claim it, and only a few
+        years since erected at Boulogne a monument to Frédéric Sauvage, as
+        its inventor. On the front is a bronze bas-relief showing a vessel
+        with a screw-propeller. Sauvage’s life was similar to those of many
+        other inventors, in that he spent his days and fortune in perfecting
+        inventions which brought him no profit. Having lost his own money,
+        and got into great difficulties, he was thrown into a debtors’
+        prison, and subsequently ended his days in a madhouse. Lindsay
+        remarks properly that <span class="tei tei-q">“the number of
+        claimants to every important invention is remarkable. An impartial
+        student will, however, probably come to the conclusion that the
+        invention of the screw and its application was, like that of the
+        steam-engine itself, the sole property of no one man.”</span> The
+        time for its development and proper use had come, and many scientific
+        students were inquiring concerning its value.</p>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">There can be
+        little doubt that the first demonstration in our country of its value
+        on a proper scale and in convincing form, was that made by Captain
+        John Ericsson, a Swedish engineer resident in London. After a
+        successful experiment with a model, he had a boat <span class=
+        "tei tei-pb" id="page103">[pg 103]</span><a name="Pg103" id="Pg103"
+        class="tei tei-anchor"></a>built forty-five feet in length, and
+        fitted with engine and two propellers. She was named the <span class=
+        "tei tei-name"><span style="font-style: italic">Francis B.
+        Ogden</span></span>. <span class="tei tei-q">“The result of her first
+        trial went far beyond his most sanguine expectations. No sooner were
+        the engines put at full speed, than she shot ahead at the rate of
+        more than ten miles an hour.”</span> Afterwards she towed a schooner
+        of 140 tons burden at seven miles an hour. The next experiment was
+        made in the presence of the Lords of the Admiralty, and they were
+        minute in their inspection. Ericsson felt confident that they were
+        convinced, and would soon order the construction of a war-vessel on
+        the new principle. In this, however, he was disappointed, though he
+        had given them a tolerably good proof of its value by towing their
+        barge at the rate of ten miles an hour for a considerable distance.
+        Scientific theorists reported against it, and said that a ship thus
+        propelled would be unsteerable. Lindsay records how Admiral Beechey,
+        one of the old school, in 1850, stated that <span class=
+        "tei tei-q">“he did not believe that the navy of the future—the Royal
+        Navy—ever could consist of steamers! Nor could he endure iron
+        ships.”</span></p>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">While Ericsson was
+        thus employed, Mr. Thomas Pettit Smith, who, on the 31st May, 1836,
+        had taken out a patent for a <span class="tei tei-q">“sort of screw
+        or <span class="tei tei-q">‘worm,’</span> made to revolve rapidly
+        under water in a recess or open space formed in that part of the
+        after-part of the vessel commonly called the dead rising or dead wood
+        of the stern,”</span> was experimenting, and the following year
+        exhibited it in practical form in a small vessel. It appeared to
+        several gentlemen so satisfactory that a company was formed in July,
+        1839, to purchase the patent. It was now applied to a vessel called
+        the <span class="tei tei-name"><span style=
+        "font-style: italic">Archimedes</span></span>, the burden of which
+        was 237 tons, and although her speed was somewhat less than
+        Ericsson’s vessel, the trial was undeniably satisfactory, more
+        especially as it was obvious that her engine was really not large
+        enough for a propeller of the size. In her next trials against the
+        <span class="tei tei-name"><span style=
+        "font-style: italic">Widgeon</span></span>, the fastest paddle-wheel
+        steamer then running between Dover and Calais, the success of the
+        screw might be regarded as an established fact. The <span class=
+        "tei tei-name"><span style=
+        "font-style: italic">Archimedes</span></span> laboured under the
+        disadvantage of having ten horse-power less steam, while her burden
+        was seventy-five tons more; she had the advantage of carrying more
+        sail. On the first three trials the <span class=
+        "tei tei-name"><span style="font-style: italic">Widgeon</span></span>
+        had a very slight advantage, in spite of her superior steam-power and
+        smaller tonnage, while on the last two the <span class="tei tei-pb"
+        id="page104">[pg 104]</span><a name="Pg104" id="Pg104" class=
+        "tei tei-anchor"></a><span class="tei tei-name"><span style=
+        "font-style: italic">Archimedes</span></span> made the trip in less
+        time than it had ever previously been performed by any of the mail
+        packets. Captain Chappell, R.N., afterwards took her clear round
+        England and Scotland, calling at numerous ports. The Admiralty at
+        length ordered the construction of a screw vessel, and the lines of
+        the <span class="tei tei-name"><span style=
+        "font-style: italic">Rattler</span></span> were laid down on the same
+        model as the <span class="tei tei-name"><span style=
+        "font-style: italic">Alecto</span></span>, a paddle-wheel steamer
+        then building.</p>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Another claimant
+        as an inventor, who should be mentioned most honourably, is Mr.
+        Woodcroft, some of whose experiments were being patented in 1826.
+        They were not tried on a suitable scale till after the successes of
+        Ericsson and Smith. Woodcroft’s <span class="tei tei-q">“varying
+        pitch screw-propeller,”</span> patented in 1844, the title of which
+        describes itself, is to-day <span class="tei tei-q">“considered the
+        best and most useful type.”</span></p>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">In following the
+        progress of the screw, as applicable to the propulsion of merchant
+        vessels,<a id="noteref_32" name="noteref_32" href=
+        "#note_32"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style=
+        "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">32</span></span></a> and its
+        use in other countries, we must now recur to the period when Ericsson
+        was making his experiments on the Thames. At that time an intelligent
+        gentleman, Captain Robert F. Stockton, of the United States’ Navy,
+        was on a visit to London; being of an inquisitive turn of mind, like
+        most of his countrymen, he watched with great interest the trials
+        with the screw then in progress, and having obtained an introduction
+        to Ericsson, he accompanied him on one of his experimental
+        expeditions on the Thames. Unlike the Lords of the British Admiralty,
+        who allowed eight years to elapse before they built their first
+        screw-propeller, the <span class="tei tei-name"><span style=
+        "font-style: italic">Rattler</span></span>, Captain Stockton was so
+        impressed with the value and utility of the discovery, that, although
+        he had only made a single trip in the <span class=
+        "tei tei-name"><span style="font-style: italic">Francis B.
+        Ogden</span></span>, and that merely from London Bridge to Greenwich,
+        he there and then gave Ericsson a commission to build for him two
+        boats for the United States, with steam machinery and propeller as
+        proposed by him. Stockton, impressed with its practical utility for
+        war purposes, was undismayed by the recorded opinions of scientific
+        men, and formed his own judgment from what he himself witnessed. He,
+        therefore, not only ordered the two iron boats on his own account,
+        but at once brought the subject before the Government of the United
+        States, and caused various plans and models to be made at his own
+        expense, explaining the fitness of the new invention for ships of
+        war. So sanguine was he, indeed, of the great importance of this new
+        mode of propulsion, and so determined that his views should be
+        carried out, that he encouraged Ericsson to believe that the
+        Government of the United States would test his propeller on a large
+        scale; Ericsson, relying upon these promises, abandoned his
+        professional engagements in England, and took his departure for the
+        United States. But it was not until a change in the Federal
+        administration, two years afterwards, that Captain Stockton was able
+        to obtain a favourable hearing. Orders were then given to make an
+        experiment in the <span class="tei tei-name"><span style=
+        "font-style: italic">Princeton</span></span>, which was successful.
+        The propeller, as applied to this war vessel, was similar in
+        construction to that of the <span class="tei tei-name"><span style=
+        "font-style: italic">Francis B. Ogden</span></span>, as well in
+        theory as in minute practical details. One of the boats, named after
+        her owner, the <span class="tei tei-name"><span style=
+        "font-style: italic">Robert F. Stockton</span></span>, was built by
+        Messrs. Laird, of Birkenhead, and launched in 1838. She was 70 feet
+        in length, 10 feet wide, and drew 6 feet 9 inches of water. Her
+        cylinders were 16 inches diameter with 18 inches stroke, and her
+        propellers 6 feet 4 inches <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page105">[pg
+        105]</span><a name="Pg105" id="Pg105" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>in
+        length. On her trial trip on the Thames, made in January of the
+        following year, she accomplished a distance of nine miles in about
+        half an hour with the tide, proving the speed through the water to be
+        between eleven and twelve miles an hour. On her second trial, between
+        Southwark and Waterloo Bridges, she took in tow four laden barges
+        with upright sides and square ends, having a beam of fifteen feet
+        each, and drawing four feet six inches of water. One of these was
+        lashed on each side, the other two being towed astern, and though the
+        weight of the whole must have been close upon 400 tons, and a
+        considerable resistance was offered by their forms, the steamer towed
+        them at the rate of 5½ miles an hour in slack water, or in eleven
+        minutes between the two bridges, a distance of one mile.</p><a name=
+        "illo_118.png" id="illo_118.png" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"></p>
+
+        <div class="tei tei-figure" style="text-align: center">
+          <img src="images/illo_118.png" alt="THE “ROBERT F. STOCKTON.”"
+          title="THE “ROBERT F. STOCKTON.”" />
+
+          <div class="tei tei-head" style=
+          "text-align: center; margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em">
+            THE <span class="tei tei-q" style="text-align: center">“ROBERT F.
+            STOCKTON.”</span>
+          </div>
+        </div>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">These experiments
+        having been considered in every way satisfactory, the <span class=
+        "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Robert F.
+        Stockton</span></span> left England for the United States in the
+        beginning of April, 1839, under the command of Captain Cram of the
+        American merchant service. Her crew consisted of four men and a boy;
+        and having accomplished the voyage <span class=
+        "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">under
+        sail</span></span> in forty days, Captain Cram was presented with the
+        freedom of the city of New York for his daring in crossing the
+        Atlantic in so small a craft, constructed only for river
+        navigation.</p>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">The first steamer
+        to cross the Atlantic was the <span class="tei tei-name"><span style=
+        "font-style: italic">Savannah</span></span>, of 300 tons, which
+        arrived in Liverpool from Savannah, Georgia, in thirty-one days, her
+        voyage having been made partly under sail. So to America belongs the
+        credit of having shown the practicability <span class="tei tei-pb"
+        id="page106">[pg 106]</span><a name="Pg106" id="Pg106" class=
+        "tei tei-anchor"></a>of employing steam power for the most difficult
+        and dangerous voyages. The <span class="tei tei-name"><span style=
+        "font-style: italic">Savannah’s</span></span> horse-power was too
+        small for her size, and although she arrived safely, the experiment
+        was not regarded by men of science as particularly successful. Dr.
+        Lardner in particular, and other scientists, expressed their belief
+        that no vessel could carry coal enough to steam the whole distance,
+        and their discussions greatly retarded the progress of Transatlantic
+        steam navigation. The voyage of the <span class=
+        "tei tei-name"><span style=
+        "font-style: italic">Savannah</span></span> was made in 1819; ten
+        years elapsed before the Atlantic traffic was renewed, so far as
+        steam was concerned, by the dispatch of an English-built steam-ship,
+        the <span class="tei tei-name"><span style=
+        "font-style: italic">Curaçoa</span></span>, which made several trips
+        from Holland to the West Indies. In 1833 a steam-ship, named the
+        <span class="tei tei-name"><span style="font-style: italic">Royal
+        William</span></span>, sailed from Quebec, and arrived safely at
+        Gravesend. But it was not till 1838 that the practicability of
+        profitably employing steam-ships on the Atlantic was demonstrated by
+        the voyages of the <span class="tei tei-name"><span style=
+        "font-style: italic">Sirius</span></span> and <span class=
+        "tei tei-name"><span style="font-style: italic">Great
+        Western</span></span>, the latter one of the finest vessels of the
+        day. Their arrival at New York is thus described by one of the
+        journals of that city:—</p><a name="illo_115.jpg" id="illo_115.jpg"
+        class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"></p>
+
+        <div class="tei tei-figure" style="text-align: center">
+          <img src="images/illo_115.jpg" alt=
+          "ARRIVAL OF THE “GREAT WESTERN” AT NEW YORK" title=
+          "ARRIVAL OF THE “GREAT WESTERN” AT NEW YORK." />
+
+          <div class="tei tei-head" style=
+          "text-align: center; margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em">
+            ARRIVAL OF THE <span class="tei tei-q" style=
+            "text-align: center">“GREAT WESTERN”</span> AT NEW YORK.
+          </div>
+        </div>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class=
+        "tei tei-q">“At three o’clock p.m., on Sunday the 22nd of April, the
+        <span class="tei tei-name"><span style=
+        "font-style: italic">Sirius</span></span> first descried the land,
+        and early on Monday morning, the 23rd, anchored in the North River
+        immediately off the battery. The moment the intelligence was made
+        known, hundreds and thousands rushed, early in the morning, to the
+        battery. Nothing could exceed the excitement. The river was covered
+        during the whole day with row-boats, skiffs, and yawls, carrying the
+        wondering people out to get a close view of this extraordinary
+        vessel. While people were yet wondering how the <span class=
+        "tei tei-name"><span style="font-style: italic">Sirius</span></span>
+        made out to cross the rude Atlantic, it was announced, about eleven
+        a.m. on Monday, from the telegraph, that a huge steam-ship was in the
+        offing. <span class="tei tei-q">‘<span class=
+        "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">The Great Western! The
+        Great Western!</span></span>’</span> was on everybody’s tongue. About
+        two o’clock p.m., the first curl of her ascending smoke fell on the
+        eyes of the thousands of anxious spectators. A shout of enthusiasm
+        rose in the air.”</span> The movements of a great steam-ship in and
+        out of port are always watched with interest—why, even the arrival of
+        the <span class="tei tei-q">“husbands’ boat”</span> at Margate or
+        Ramsgate is an event! One can, then, well imagine and understand the
+        excitement caused in New York by the arrival of two fine vessels
+        almost simultaneously from England. It meant, in some branches of
+        commerce, a complete revolution. These first passages were made in
+        seventeen and fifteen days respectively. Almost immediately after
+        this, the great Cunard Company commenced operations, the Admiralty
+        awarding them the mail contract. Then came the great contest for the
+        maritime supremacy, commercially regarded, of the Atlantic Ocean,
+        when American enterprise came into the field, and organised a
+        formidable rival to the English company in the Collins Line. The
+        history of this contest would fill a volume.</p><a name=
+        "illo_120.png" id="illo_120.png" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"></p>
+
+        <div class="tei tei-figure" style="text-align: center">
+          <img src="images/illo_120.png" alt="THE FIRST CUNARD STEAMER"
+          title="THE FIRST CUNARD STEAMER." />
+
+          <div class="tei tei-head" style=
+          "text-align: center; margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em">
+            THE FIRST CUNARD STEAMER.
+          </div>
+        </div>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">The national pride
+        of the Americans had been touched by the commercial success of
+        British steam-ships frequenting their ports, and they determined,
+        vulgarly speaking, <span class="tei tei-q">“to have a piece of the
+        pie.”</span> American genius and enterprise had sent forth a fleet of
+        steamers to trade on their coasts, lakes, and rivers, which a leading
+        English authority considers <span class="tei tei-q">“were marvels of
+        naval architecture, unsurpassed in speed, and in the splendour of
+        their equipment.”</span> Their clipper-sailing ships <span class=
+        "tei tei-q">“were the finest the world had then produced, while their
+        perfection in the art of ship-building had even reached so high a
+        point that they constructed steamers to ascend rivers where
+        <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page107">[pg 107]</span><a name="Pg107"
+        id="Pg107" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>there was hardly depth of water
+        for an Indian canoe; indeed, it was proverbially said, in honour of
+        their skill in the art, that their vessels would traverse valleys if
+        only moistened by the morning <a name="corr107" id="corr107" class=
+        "tei tei-anchor"></a><span class="tei tei-corr">dews.</span>”</span>
+        Why should they not have a great ocean line? It was looked upon in
+        Congress and by the country generally as almost a national question,
+        and it resulted in a heavy mail subsidy to Mr. Collins and his
+        colleagues. They immediately made arrangements for the construction
+        of four large vessels. Later, the Government increased the subsidy by
+        over one-third (from $19,250 per trip to $33,000) <span class=
+        "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">but increased speed was
+        required in return</span></span>. How much this may have had to do
+        with the two terrible disasters about to be related will no doubt
+        strike the reader. The Collins Line commenced its voyages in
+        1850.</p>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class=
+        "tei tei-q">“A voyage across the Atlantic,”</span> says Lindsay,
+        <span class="tei tei-q">“must ever be attended with greater peril
+        than almost any other ocean service of similar length and duration;
+        arising, as this does, from the boisterous character and uncertainty
+        of the weather, from the icebergs which float in huge masses during
+        spring along the northern line of passage, and from the many vessels
+        of every kind to be met with either employed in the Newfoundland
+        fisheries, or in the vast and daily-increasing intercourse between
+        Europe and America.</span></p>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class=
+        "tei tei-q">“In such a navigation the utmost care requires to be
+        constantly exercised, especially by steam-ships. Nevertheless,
+        although the Collins Line of steamers performed this passage with a
+        speed hitherto unequalled, they encountered no accidents worthy of
+        notice during the first four years of their career; but terrible
+        calamities befell them soon afterwards.”</span></p>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">On the 21st of
+        September, 1854, the <span class="tei tei-name"><span style=
+        "font-style: italic">Arctic</span></span>, according to the usual
+        course, left Liverpool for New York. She had on board 233 passengers,
+        of whom 150 were first-class, together with a crew of 135 persons and
+        a valuable cargo. At mid-day on the 27th of that month, when about
+        sixty miles south-east of Cape Race, and during a dense fog, she came
+        in contact with the French steamer <span class=
+        "tei tei-name"><span style="font-style: italic">Vesta</span></span>.
+        By this collision the <span class="tei tei-name"><span style=
+        "font-style: italic">Vesta</span></span> seemed at first to be so
+        seriously injured, that in their terror and confusion, her
+        passengers, amounting to 147, and a crew of fifty men, conceived she
+        was about to sink, and that their only chance of safety lay in their
+        getting quickly into the <span class="tei tei-name"><span style=
+        "font-style: italic">Arctic</span></span>. Impressed with this idea
+        many of them rushed into the boats, of which, as too frequently
+        happens, one sank immediately, and the other, containing thirteen
+        persons, was swamped under the quarter of the ship, all on board of
+        her perishing. When, however, the captain of the <span class=
+        "tei tei-name"><span style="font-style: italic">Vesta</span></span>
+        more carefully examined his injuries, he found that though the bows
+        of his vessel were partially stove in, the foremost bulk-head had not
+        started. He therefore at once lightened his ship by the head,
+        strengthening the partition by every means in his power, and by great
+        exertions, courage, forethought, and seamanship, brought his
+        shattered vessel, without further loss, into the harbour of St.
+        John’s.</p>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">In the meantime a
+        frightful catastrophe befell the <span class=
+        "tei tei-name"><span style="font-style: italic">Arctic</span></span>,
+        and was so little anticipated that the persons on board of her
+        supposing that she had only sustained a slight injury by the
+        collision, had launched a boat for the rescue of the passengers and
+        crew of the <span class="tei tei-name"><span style=
+        "font-style: italic">Vesta</span></span>. It was soon, however,
+        discovered that their own ship had sustained fatal injuries, and the
+        sea was rushing in so fast through three holes which had been pierced
+        in the hull <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page108">[pg
+        108]</span><a name="Pg108" id="Pg108" class=
+        "tei tei-anchor"></a>below the water-line, that the engine fires
+        would soon be extinguished. The <span class=
+        "tei tei-name"><span style=
+        "font-style: italic">Arctic’s</span></span> head was therefore
+        immediately laid for Cape Race, the nearest point of land; but within
+        four hours of the collision the water reached the furnaces, and soon
+        afterwards she foundered. As it was blowing a strong gale at the
+        time, some of the boats into which the passengers and crew rushed
+        were destroyed in launching; others which got clear of the sinking
+        ship were never again heard of, and only two, with thirty-one of the
+        crew and fourteen passengers, reached Newfoundland. Among those who
+        perished were the wife of Mr. Collins, and their son and daughter;
+        but the captain, who remained on board to the last, and the first as
+        well as the second and fourth officers, were saved. Seventy-two men
+        and four females sought refuge on a raft, which the seamen, when they
+        found the ship sinking, had hastily constructed; but one by one they
+        were swept away—every wave as it washed over the raft claiming one or
+        more victims as its prey; and at eight o’clock on the following
+        morning <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style=
+        "font-style: italic">one</span></span> human being alone was left out
+        of the seventy-six persons, who only twelve or fifteen hours before
+        had hoped to save their lives on this temporary structure. The
+        solitary occupant of this fragile raft must have had a brave heart
+        and a strong nerve to have retained his place on it for a day and a
+        half after all his companions had perished, for it was not until that
+        time had elapsed that he was saved by a passing vessel. His tale of
+        how he and they parted was of the most heart-rending
+        description.<a id="noteref_33" name="noteref_33" href=
+        "#note_33"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style=
+        "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">33</span></span></a></p>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">As a large portion
+        of the first-class passengers of the <span class=
+        "tei tei-name"><span style="font-style: italic">Arctic</span></span>
+        consisted of persons of wealth and extensive commercial relations in
+        the United States, as well as in England and the colonies, and
+        besides more than one member of her aristocracy, the loss of the
+        <span class="tei tei-name"><span style=
+        "font-style: italic">Arctic</span></span>, and the terrible incidents
+        in connection with her fate, caused an unusual amount of grief and
+        consternation on both sides of the Atlantic.</p>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Within little more
+        than twelve months from this time another great calamity befell the
+        Collins Company, and the sad loss of their steamer <span class=
+        "tei tei-name"><span style=
+        "font-style: italic">Pacific</span></span>—from the mystery in which
+        it was shrouded, if not as lamentable as that of the <span class=
+        "tei tei-name"><span style="font-style: italic">Arctic</span></span>
+        (for the soul of man has never been harrowed with its details)—was
+        equally deplorable. Although the ocean in this instance has left no
+        record of its ravages, the stern fact announced in the brief words,
+        <span class="tei tei-q">“<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style=
+        "font-style: italic">she was never heard of</span></span>,”</span>
+        tells itself the sad, sad tale that a great ship, with all her living
+        inmates, in infancy, in manhood and old age, and it may be full of
+        hope and joy, had been engulfed in the blue waters of the
+        Atlantic—summoned, perhaps in a moment, to an eternity more
+        mysterious than that which surrounded their melancholy fate.</p>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">The splendid but
+        unfortunate ship left Liverpool on the 23rd of January, 1856, having
+        on board twenty-five first-class passengers, twenty second-class
+        passengers, and a crew of 141 persons, almost all of whom were
+        Americans. She carried the mails and a valuable cargo, the insurances
+        effected on her being 2,000,000 dollars. But no living soul ever
+        returned to tell where or how she was lost, nor were any articles
+        belonging to her ever found to afford a clue to her melancholy fate;
+        it can only be supposed that she sprang an overflowing leak, or more
+        probably struck suddenly when at full speed on an iceberg, and
+        instantly foundered.</p>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">The Collins Line
+        ceased to exist a few years after these serious disasters, but the
+        <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page110">[pg 110]</span><a name="Pg110"
+        id="Pg110" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>Cunard became more firmly
+        established than ever, and entered on that career of prosperity which
+        has been the most remarkable of any in the long list of steam-ship
+        lines. Its fleet consisted of forty-nine vessels in 1875, running not
+        merely on the Atlantic service, but to Mediterranean and other ports.
+        A competent authority puts the money value of the ships at about
+        seven millions sterling. In the ocean line the crews are engaged for
+        a single voyage out and home. The company shipped and discharged
+        during the year ending July 1st, 1872, 43,000 men, which means that
+        they continuously employed about 8,600 persons on their ships. About
+        1,500 men find regular employment in loading and unloading the
+        steam-ships, and from 500 to 1,500 more are engaged at the docks of
+        the company in Liverpool in fitting and refitting these vessels.
+        <span class="tei tei-q">“Hence the company, although a private
+        enterprise in the hands of only three families, is entitled to rank
+        with the great railway and other public companies as an employer of
+        labour.”</span><a id="noteref_34" name="noteref_34" href=
+        "#note_34"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style=
+        "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">34</span></span></a> The
+        Cunard Company, in 1861, enrolled a regiment of Volunteer Artillery
+        (the 11th Lancashire) 500 strong, composed entirely of their own
+        <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style=
+        "font-style: italic">employés</span></span>, and they have always
+        shown much public spirit in Liverpool in the promotion of schools,
+        asylums, and other provident and charitable institutions for the
+        seamen’s benefit. During the Crimean war, and in 1861, when the
+        friendly relations between Great Britain and America were put in
+        jeopardy by the forcible arrest of Messrs. Mason and Slidell, when on
+        board the Royal Mail steamer <span class="tei tei-name"><span style=
+        "font-style: italic">Trent</span></span>, the resources of the
+        company were put into requisition for the conveyance of troops and
+        stores. Their two largest ships, the <span class=
+        "tei tei-name"><span style="font-style: italic">Bothnia</span></span>
+        and <span class="tei tei-name"><span style=
+        "font-style: italic">Scythia</span></span>, each of 4,535 tons
+        burden, have saloons where 300 persons can dine at one time, while
+        their decks afford an unbroken promenade, for passengers, of 425
+        feet.</p><a name="illo_124a.png" id="illo_124a.png" class=
+        "tei tei-anchor"></a>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"></p>
+
+        <div class="tei tei-figure" style="text-align: center">
+          <img src="images/illo_124a.png" alt=
+          "THE CUNARD SCREW STEAM-SHIP “BOTHNIA.”" title=
+          "THE CUNARD SCREW STEAM-SHIP “BOTHNIA.”" />
+
+          <div class="tei tei-head" style=
+          "text-align: center; margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em">
+            THE CUNARD SCREW STEAM-SHIP <span class="tei tei-q" style=
+            "text-align: center">“BOTHNIA.”</span>
+          </div>
+        </div>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">The wonderful
+        exemption from shipwreck and casualties, which is the just pride of
+        this company, is due to the admirable discipline and order enforced.
+        Take the following description of life on the <span class=
+        "tei tei-name"><span style="font-style: italic">Bothnia</span></span>
+        as detailed in the columns of our leading journal:—<span class=
+        "tei tei-q">“The <span class="tei tei-name"><span style=
+        "font-style: italic">Bothnia</span></span> carries ten boats, which
+        are capable of containing her full complement of people; and she has
+        a crew of 150 officers and men, all told, divided into the three
+        classes of seamen, engineers and firemen, and stewards. It has always
+        been part of the Cunard Company’s system that every man, whatever his
+        duties on board the ship, should be a member of some particular
+        boat’s crew, and that the crew of each boat should be formed from all
+        three of the classes which have been mentioned.... As soon as all are
+        on board, each man is informed to which boat he is attached, and who
+        is the commanding officer of that boat, and each boat’s officer is
+        expected to know every member of his boat’s crew. In order to prevent
+        mistakes, each man wears a metal badge, with a brooch-fastening,
+        which bears the number of his boat,”</span> and so forth. Before the
+        passengers are on board, there is an inspection, the crew being drawn
+        up in two lines, each man being expected to answer to his name. The
+        muster-roll having been called, orders are given to prepare for boat
+        service; and the men break up into the necessary number of crews.
+        After the order <span class="tei tei-q">“Boats out!”</span> is given,
+        the men fall to work with a will, and the ten boats, each containing
+        a keg of water, oars, spars, sails, an axe, &amp;c., are in three
+        minutes properly launched into the water, the captain from his place
+        of vantage on the bridge looking <span class="tei tei-pb" id=
+        "page111">[pg 111]</span><a name="Pg111" id="Pg111" class=
+        "tei tei-anchor"></a>sharply after laziness or awkwardness. The same
+        organisation of crews is applied to fire duty. Some have charge of
+        the buckets; others fetch and join the hose, or take care of the
+        jets; others are ready with wet blankets to throw over the flames;
+        but the essential matter is that each man has his place and his duty.
+        So for manning the pumps and other essential matters. These drills
+        over, the inspecting party proceeds to make a complete tour of the
+        vessel. The store-rooms are visited, and the steward cautioned never
+        to use any other light than a closed and locked lamp. The supply of
+        rockets and other signals is examined, the steering and signalling
+        apparatus tried, and only after everything has been found in order is
+        the word given for the ship to embark her passengers and proceed on
+        her course. <span class="tei tei-q">“If the smallest defect,”</span>
+        says the <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style=
+        "font-style: italic">Times</span></span>, before quoted, <span class=
+        "tei tei-q">“is discovered in any part of a ship, no question is
+        raised whether it will bear one voyage or two voyages more, but the
+        order, <span class="tei tei-q">‘Out with it!’</span> is given at
+        once.”</span> The reign of order is as complete as on board a
+        well-regulated man-of-war. On the many other great steam-ship lines
+        more or less of the same inspection occurs, and on some, no doubt,
+        the precautions taken are nearly as careful. The Cunard Line is
+        generally admitted to be, however, pre-eminent in the care taken of
+        life and property on board, the fact being that the company has never
+        lost a ship on the Atlantic. The illustration on page 109 shows one
+        of their finest ships, the <span class="tei tei-name"><span style=
+        "font-style: italic">Scotia</span></span>.</p><a name="illo_124b.png"
+        id="illo_124b.png" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"></p>
+
+        <div class="tei tei-figure" style="text-align: center">
+          <img src="images/illo_124b.png" alt=
+          "CUNARD PADDLE STEAM-SHIP “SCOTIA.”" title=
+          "CUNARD PADDLE STEAM-SHIP “SCOTIA.”" />
+
+          <div class="tei tei-head" style=
+          "text-align: center; margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em">
+            CUNARD PADDLE STEAM-SHIP <span class="tei tei-q" style=
+            "text-align: center">“SCOTIA.”</span>
+          </div>
+        </div>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">From the Mersey
+        alone there are ten distinct fleets sailing to America, including
+        such magnificent steam-ships as those of the White Star and Inman
+        Lines. In the former the luxurious saloons are placed amidships, the
+        motion being less felt there. The Inman Line has made the quickest
+        passages across the Atlantic on record, and has carried as many as
+        50,000 steerage passengers in one year. In 1856 and 1857 this line
+        carried 85,000 passengers, of both classes, to and from the United
+        States, or about one-third of all those crossing <span class=
+        "tei tei-q">“the Great Ferry”</span> for those years. The shortness
+        of time to which the Inman steamers have reduced the passage across
+        the Atlantic was conspicuously shown by the voyage of Prince Arthur
+        in 1869, who attended service at Queenstown on the Sunday morning of
+        his departure, and was landed at Halifax in time to attend morning
+        service at that place on the Sunday following. Their ship, the
+        <span class="tei tei-name"><span style="font-style: italic">City of
+        Berlin</span></span>, of 5,500 tons, is the largest vessel afloat
+        except the <span class="tei tei-name"><span style=
+        "font-style: italic">Great Eastern</span></span>, and has
+        accommodation for 1,700 passengers. The White Star Line has two
+        vessels of 5,004 tons each, the <span class=
+        "tei tei-name"><span style=
+        "font-style: italic">Britannic</span></span> and <span class=
+        "tei tei-name"><span style=
+        "font-style: italic">Germanic</span></span>. These few facts will
+        indicate—although we may not be able to grasp them in their
+        entirety—the immense growth of the ocean steam navigation in a period
+        so short as that which has elapsed from the first steam-voyage across
+        the Atlantic.</p><a name="illo_127.png" id="illo_127.png" class=
+        "tei tei-anchor"></a> <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page112">[pg
+        112]</span><a name="Pg112" id="Pg112" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"></p>
+
+        <div class="tei tei-figure" style="text-align: center">
+          <img src="images/illo_127.png" alt="MR. PLIMSOLL" title=
+          "MR. PLIMSOLL." />
+
+          <div class="tei tei-head" style=
+          "text-align: center; margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em">
+            MR. PLIMSOLL.
+          </div>
+        </div>
+      </div>
+
+      <div class="tei tei-div" style=
+      "margin-bottom: 5.00em; margin-top: 5.00em">
+        <a name="chap07" id="chap07" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> <a name=
+        "toc17" id="toc17"></a> <a name="pdf18" id="pdf18"></a>
+
+        <h2 class="tei tei-head" style=
+        "text-align: center; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em">
+        <span style="font-size: 144%">CHAPTER VII.</span></h2>
+
+        <h2 class="tei tei-head" style=
+        "text-align: center; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em">
+        <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: center"><span style=
+        "font-size: 144%; font-variant: small-caps">The History of Ships and
+        Shipping Interests</span></span> <span style=
+        "font-size: 144%">(</span><span class="tei tei-hi" style=
+        "text-align: center"><span style=
+        "font-size: 144%; font-style: italic">continued</span></span><span style="font-size: 144%">).</span></h2>
+
+        <div class="tei tei-argument" style=
+        "text-align: center; margin-bottom: 1.80em; margin-left: 3.60em; margin-top: 1.80em; margin-right: 3.60em">
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style=
+        "text-align: center; margin-bottom: 0.90em"><span style=
+        "font-size: 90%">A Contrast—Floating Palaces and</span>
+          <span class="tei tei-q" style="text-align: center"><span style=
+          "font-size: 90%">“</span><span style=
+          "font-size: 90%">Coffin-ships</span><span style=
+          "font-size: 90%">”</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%">—Mr.
+          Plimsoll’s Appeal—His Philanthropic Efforts—Use of Old Charts—Badly
+          Constructed Ships—A Doomed Ship—Owner’s Gains by her Loss—A
+          Sensible Deserter—Overloading—The Widows and Fatherless—Other Risks
+          of the Sailor’s Life—Scurvy—Improper Cargoes—</span><span class=
+          "tei tei-q" style="text-align: center"><span style=
+          "font-size: 90%">“</span><span style="font-size: 90%">Unclassed
+          Vessels</span><span style=
+          "font-size: 90%">”</span></span><span style=
+          "font-size: 90%">—</span><span class="tei tei-q" style=
+          "text-align: center"><span style=
+          "font-size: 90%">“</span><span style=
+          "font-size: 90%">Lloyd’s,</span><span style=
+          "font-size: 90%">”</span></span> <span style="font-size: 90%">and
+          its History.</span></p>
+        </div>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Turning by way of
+        that contrast which our subject so abundantly presents, let us pass
+        from the consideration of well-regulated, well-found steam-ship
+        lines, to a different class of vessels—those <span class=
+        "tei tei-q">“coffin-ships”</span> of which we heard so much a few
+        years since. As we all know, the term has been lately used to signify
+        unseaworthy ships of all kinds—such as that mentioned by Mr.
+        Plimsoll, which was loaded at Newcastle with nearly twice her proper
+        tonnage, and dispatched to the Baltic in mid-winter, <span class=
+        "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">with her main-deck two
+        feet two inches below the level of the water</span></span>. She
+        foundered eighteen miles <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page113">[pg
+        113]</span><a name="Pg113" id="Pg113" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>from
+        the coast. We are told of one man who had in six years lost twelve
+        rotten ships, and 105 men; and of the <span class=
+        "tei tei-name"><span style=
+        "font-style: italic">Elizabeth</span></span>, a vessel so weak and
+        leaky, that <a name="corr113" id="corr113" class=
+        "tei tei-anchor"></a><span class="tei tei-corr">it</span> was
+        necessary to pump her every hour when floating empty in harbour, but
+        which was sent to sea with 180 tons of coal to founder with three out
+        of five hands. It was certainly time for legislation when the
+        statement could be made truly that a ship which had been refused a
+        class by Lloyd’s Committee, and had been declared utterly unfit to go
+        to sea by Lloyd’s surveyor, was dispatched across the Atlantic, or
+        rather to the bottom of the Atlantic, there to lie with one crew,
+        while another was safe in an English prison for refusing to proceed
+        in her.</p>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">In 1870, Mr.
+        Samuel Plimsoll first commenced, so far as Parliament is concerned,
+        those benevolent efforts for the amelioration of the sailor’s hard
+        life, which must always place him among the highest ranks of
+        philanthropists. Moved evidently by the purest motives, there are one
+        or two mistakes to be recorded against him, but they were of the
+        head, not of the heart. Government was at the time endeavouring, as
+        far as can be seen, to accomplish nearly the same ends, but was
+        hampered by the pressure of Parliamentary business. Lindsay, who was
+        somewhat opposed to the views expressed by Plimsoll, and it is rather
+        unfortunate that he was so, having been so long a ship-owner himself,
+        yet endorses the remarks of a friend—a Vice-Admiral of Her Majesty’s
+        service—who wrote to him: <span class="tei tei-q">“Should there not
+        be some more stringent provisions with respect to the inspection of
+        sailing vessels? It is an old proverb, <span class="tei tei-q">‘Who
+        ever saw a dead donkey?’</span> But who ever saw an old sailing-ship
+        broken up? I am inclined to think that it is more to the interest of
+        small owners to let an old tub go on shore than to bring her safe
+        into port. This works two evils:—1, the danger to human life; 2, the
+        greater rate of insurance on honest owners to make up an average for
+        the dishonest.”</span> The evil had become a most terrible one, and,
+        in spite of some little reform, it is to be feared, goes on to-day
+        with only partially-abated vigour.</p>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class=
+        "tei tei-q">“Imperfect charts,”</span> says Lindsay, <span class=
+        "tei tei-q">“were often made to cover, as I fear may be the case to
+        some extent now, incompetency, drunkenness, or carelessness. Indeed,
+        about that period, they frequently served as excuses when other
+        objects were in view. I remember a ludicrous example of this. When a
+        boy at school at Ayr, I used to accompany my uncle to <span class=
+        "tei tei-q">‘the meeting of owners’</span> of the brig <span class=
+        "tei tei-name"><span style=
+        "font-style: italic">Eclipse</span></span>, in which he held some
+        eight or ten 64th shares. Every spring the owners met on board to
+        discuss matters relating to her affairs, and to dispose of what I
+        recollect best, a round of salt beef, sea-biscuits, and rum and
+        water. The <span class="tei tei-name"><span style=
+        "font-style: italic">Eclipse</span></span> had hitherto been
+        invariably employed during the summer season in the conveyance of
+        timber from some one or other of the ports of New Brunswick for Ayr.
+        On one occasion, a tempting freight had been offered for her to
+        proceed to Quebec, and the owners in conclave assembled, had all but
+        unanimously decided to send her to that port. While, however, the
+        discussion was going on, her skipper, Garratt, or, <span class=
+        "tei tei-q">‘old Garratty,’</span> as he was called, seemed very
+        uneasy, and gulping down an extra tumbler of rum and water, he at
+        last said, <span class="tei tei-q">‘Weel, gentlemen, should you send
+        the <span class="tei tei-name"><span style=
+        "font-style: italic">Eclipse</span></span> to Quebec, I’ll not be
+        answerable for her safety.’</span> <span class="tei tei-q">‘How
+        so?’</span> asked one of the owners. <span class=
+        "tei tei-q">‘Ah,’</span> said Garratty, drawing his breath,
+        <span class="tei tei-q">‘<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style=
+        "font-style: italic">the charts are a’wrang in the St.
+        Lawrence</span></span>. Ye’ll ne’er see the <span class=
+        "tei tei-name"><span style="font-style: italic">Eclipse</span></span>
+        again gin ye send her to Quebec.’</span> The skipper carried the
+        day.</span></p><span class="tei tei-pb" id="page114">[pg
+        114]</span><a name="Pg114" id="Pg114" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class=
+        "tei tei-q">“It is much to be regretted that ship-owners, when they
+        leave their captains to provide their own charts (instead of
+        supplying them) do not stipulate that they are to be the best and the
+        <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style=
+        "font-style: italic">latest</span></span>. I remember a ship and
+        cargo (numerous other instances could be produced), valued at
+        £70,000, lost near Boulogne from the master mistaking the two lights
+        at Etaples for the South Foreland lights; and this, as appeared from
+        the Board of Trade inquiry, because his Channel chart, which was
+        thirty years old, had not the Etaples lights marked on it.”</span>
+        The terrible wreck of the <span class="tei tei-name"><span style=
+        "font-style: italic">Deutschland</span></span> steam-ship, on the
+        30th December, 1875, was caused, with hardly the shadow of a doubt,
+        from the use of an old chart.</p>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Mr. Plimsoll in a
+        most remarkable and vigorous book,<a id="noteref_35" name=
+        "noteref_35" href="#note_35"><span class=
+        "tei tei-noteref"><span style=
+        "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">35</span></span></a>
+        published in 1873, puts the matter of <span class=
+        "tei tei-q">“coffin-ships”</span> forcibly before his readers. He
+        says, <span class="tei tei-q">“No means are neglected by Parliament
+        to provide for the safety of life ashore; and yet, as I said before,
+        you may build a ship in any way you please, you may use timber
+        utterly unfit, you may use it in quantity utterly inadequate, but no
+        one has any authority to interfere with you.</span></p>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class=
+        "tei tei-q">“You may even buy an old ship 250 tons burden by auction
+        for £50, sold to be broken up, because extremely old and rotten; she
+        had had a narrow escape on her last voyage, and had suffered so
+        severely that she was quite unfit to go to sea again without more
+        being spent in repairs upon her than she would be worth when done.
+        Instead of breaking up this old ship, bought for 4s. per ton (the
+        cost of a new ship being from £10 to £14 per ton), as was expected,
+        you may give her a coat of paint—she is too rotten for caulking—and
+        to the dismay of her late owners, you may prepare to send her to sea.
+        You may be remonstrated with, in the strongest terms, against doing
+        so, even to being told that if you persist, and the men are lost, you
+        deserve to be tried for manslaughter.</span></p>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class=
+        "tei tei-q">“You may engage men in another port, and they, having
+        signed articles without seeing the ship, you may send them to the
+        port where the ship lies in the custody of a mariner. You may then
+        (after re-christening the ship, which ought not to be allowed), if
+        you have managed to insure her heavily, load her until the main deck
+        is within two feet of the water amidships, and send her to sea.
+        Nobody can prevent you. Nay, more, if the men become riotous, you may
+        arrest them without a magistrate’s warrant, and take them to prison,
+        and the magistrates, who have no choice (they have not to make, but
+        only to administer the law), will commit them to prison for twelve
+        weeks with hard labour, or, better still for you, you may send for a
+        policeman on board to overawe the mutineers, and induce them to do
+        their duty! And then, if the ship is lost with all hands, you will
+        gain a large sum of money and you will be asked no questions, as no
+        inquiry will ever be held over those unfortunate men, unless (which
+        has only happened once, I think) some member of the House asks for
+        inquiry.</span></p>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class=
+        "tei tei-q">“The river policeman who in one case threatened a
+        refractory crew with imprisonment, and urged them to do their duty
+        (!) told me afterwards (when they were all drowned) that he and his
+        colleagues at the river-side station had spoken to each other about
+        the ship being dreadfully overloaded as she passed their station on
+        the river, before he went <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page115">[pg
+        115]</span><a name="Pg115" id="Pg115" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>on
+        board to urge duty (!) and that he then, when he saw me, <span class=
+        "tei tei-q">‘rued badly that he had not locked ’em up without talk,
+        as then they wouldn’t have been drowned.’</span> ”</span></p>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Here Mr. Plimsoll
+        indicates another risk for the poor sailor: <span class=
+        "tei tei-q">“There is, I fear, great reason to think that ships are
+        occasionally lost from the very imperfect manner in which some of
+        them are built; in some cases, I think you will see that something
+        worse ought to be said. I do not say the cases are many; still, they
+        exist, and we have done nothing to prevent it. The first time I
+        introduced a bill to prevent overloading, I alluded (mentioning no
+        names) to the case of one ship-owner who, trading to the West Indies
+        for sugar (a good voyage, deep water, and plenty of sea room all the
+        way) had, out of a fleet of twenty-one vessels, lost no less than ten
+        of them in less than three years.</span></p>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class=
+        "tei tei-q">“After I had concluded my speech in moving the second
+        reading, a member accosted me in the lobby and said: <span class=
+        "tei tei-q">‘Mr. Plimsoll, you were mistaken in that statement of
+        yours.’</span> <span class="tei tei-q">‘What statement?’</span> I
+        answered. <span class="tei tei-q">‘Oh, that when you said a
+        ship-owner had lost ten ships in less than three years from
+        overloading.’</span> <span class="tei tei-q">‘I mentioned no
+        names,’</span> I said. <span class="tei tei-q">‘No, but I know who
+        you meant. He is one of my constituents, and a very respectable man
+        indeed. It is not his fault; it is the fault of the man who built his
+        ships, for one of them was surveyed in London and was found to be put
+        together with devils. He knew nothing about it, I assure you.’</span>
+        <span class="tei tei-q">‘Devils?’</span> I said. <span class=
+        "tei tei-q">‘Yes.’</span> <span class="tei tei-q">‘I don’t know what
+        you mean.’</span> <span class="tei tei-q">‘Oh, devils are sham bolts,
+        you know; that is, when they ought to be copper, the head and about
+        an inch of the shaft are copper, and the rest is
+        iron.’</span></span></p>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class=
+        "tei tei-q">“I have since found there are other and different sham
+        bolts used, where merely a bolthead (without any shaft at all) is
+        driven in, and only as many real bolts used as will keep the timbers
+        in their places. Now these bolts are used to go through the outside
+        planking, the upright timber, not the inner planking (ceiling) of a
+        ship, and through the vertical or drooping part of a piece of iron
+        called a knee, on the upper part of which the deck-beams rest, and to
+        which the deck-beams are also bolted from above. These bolts,
+        therefore, are from thirteen to eighteen inches in
+        length.”</span></p>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">The following
+        examples will speak for themselves. Mr. Plimsoll says:—<span class=
+        "tei tei-q">“On the occasion of one of my visits to a port in the
+        north, I was met by a gentleman who knew what my errand there was
+        likely to be, and he said, <span class="tei tei-q">‘Oh, Mr. Plimsoll,
+        you should have been here yesterday: a vessel went down the river so
+        deeply loaded, that everybody who saw her expects to hear of her
+        being lost. She was loaded under the personal directions of her
+        owner, and the captain himself said to me, <span class=
+        "tei tei-q">“Isn’t it shameful to send men with families to sea in a
+        vessel loaded like that?”</span> Poor fellow, it is much if ever he
+        reaches port.’</span> Half a dozen others confirmed this statement.
+        The captain <span class="tei tei-q">‘was greatly depressed in
+        spirits,’</span> and a friend—not the owner, mark you!—gave him some
+        rockets—<span class="tei tei-q">‘in case of the worst.’</span> Two
+        men averred that they would not go if the owner gave them the
+        ship.</span></p>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class=
+        "tei tei-q">“She was sent. The men were some of them threatened, and
+        one at least had a promise of 10s. extra per month if he would go. As
+        she went away, the police-boat left her; the police had been on board
+        to overawe the men with going. As the police-boat left her side, two
+        of the men, deciding that they would rather be taken to prison,
+        <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page116">[pg 116]</span><a name="Pg116"
+        id="Pg116" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>hailed the police, and begged
+        to be taken by them. The police said, <span class="tei tei-q">‘they
+        could not interfere,’</span> and the ship sailed. My friend was in
+        great anxiety, and told me that if the wind came on to blow, the
+        <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">ship could
+        not live</span></span>.</span></p><a name="illo_131.jpg" id=
+        "illo_131.jpg" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"></p>
+
+        <div class="tei tei-figure" style="text-align: center">
+          <img src="images/illo_131.jpg" alt=
+          "MR. PLIMSOLL SPEAKING IN THE HOUSE OF COMMONS" title=
+          "MR. PLIMSOLL SPEAKING IN THE HOUSE OF COMMONS." />
+
+          <div class="tei tei-head" style=
+          "text-align: center; margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em">
+            MR. PLIMSOLL SPEAKING IN THE HOUSE OF COMMONS.
+          </div>
+        </div>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class=
+        "tei tei-q">“It did blow a good half-gale all the day after
+        Sunday—the ship sailed on Friday. I was looking seaward from the
+        promontory on which the ruins of T—— Castle stand, with a heavy
+        heart; the wind was not above force 7—nothing to hurt a well-found
+        and properly-loaded vessel: I had often been out in much worse
+        weather; but then this vessel was not properly loaded (and her owner
+        stood to gain over £2,000 clear if she went down, by over insurance),
+        and I knew that there were many others almost as unfit as she was to
+        encounter rough weather—ships so rotten that if they struck they
+        would go to pieces at once; ships so overloaded that every sea would
+        make a clean sweep over her, sending tons and tons of water into her
+        hold every time, until the end came.</span></p>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class=
+        "tei tei-q">“On Monday we heard of a ship in distress having been
+        seen, rockets had been sent up by her; it was feared she was lost. On
+        Tuesday the nameboard of a boat was picked up, and this was all that
+        ever we heard of her.”</span></p>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Some cases seemed
+        to be looked on as matters of course, and a gentleman as he saw his
+        wife reading the newspaper, said to her, <span class=
+        "tei tei-q">“Look out, for the —— in a day or two; <span class=
+        "tei tei-pb" id="page117">[pg 117]</span><a name="Pg117" id="Pg117"
+        class="tei tei-anchor"></a>I saw her go out of the river. She is sure
+        to be lost.”</span> She was lost, and nearly twenty men returned home
+        never more.</p>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Mr. Plimsoll tells
+        another story of two gentlemen, who told him one day that they saw a
+        vessel leaving dock; she was so deep that, having a list upon her,
+        the scuppers on the bow side were half in the water and half out. (A
+        <span class="tei tei-q">“list”</span> means that she was so loaded as
+        to have one side rather deeper down than the other; the <span class=
+        "tei tei-q">“scuppers”</span> are the holes in the bulwarks that let
+        the water out that comes on deck from the rain, the washing, or the
+        seas breaking over her.) They heard a slight commotion on board, and
+        a voice said to the captain: <span class="tei tei-q">“Larry’s not on
+        board, sir.”</span> He had run for it. Nothing could be done, for
+        lack of time, to seek him, so they sailed without him. And these
+        gentlemen heard the crew say, as they slowly moved away from the
+        dockyard: <span class="tei tei-q">“Then Larry’s the only man of us’ll
+        be alive in a week.”</span> That vessel was lost.</p>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Another large ship
+        was sailing on a long voyage, from a port in Wales, with a cargo of
+        coal. A gentleman called a friend’s attention to her state. She was a
+        good ship, but terribly deep in the water. He said, <span class=
+        "tei tei-q">“Now, is it possible that vessel <span class=
+        "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">can</span></span> reach
+        her destination unless the sea is as smooth as a mill-pond the whole
+        way?”</span> The sea evidently was not as smooth as a mill-pond, for
+        that ship was never heard of again, and twenty-eight of our poor,
+        hard-working, brave fellow-subjects never more returned to gladden
+        their wives and play with their children.</p>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Mr. Plimsoll saw a
+        large ship put to sea one day. She was so deep that a friend who was
+        standing by said to him as she went: <span class="tei tei-q">“She is
+        nothing but a coffin for the poor fellows on board of her.”</span> He
+        watched and watched, almost fascinated by the deadly peril of the
+        crew, and he did not watch for nothing. Before he left his look-out
+        to go home, he saw her go down.</p>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Even more touching
+        are the records of some visits made by him to the sufferers left
+        behind to mourn the fate of their husbands, drowned in leaky ships
+        which should never have left port.</p>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class=
+        "tei tei-q">“In this house, No. 9, L——ll Street, lives Mrs. A——r
+        R——e. Look at her—she is not more than two or three and twenty, and
+        those little ones are hers. She has a mangle, you see. It was
+        subscribed for her by her poor neighbours: the poor are very kind to
+        each other. That poor little fellow has hurt his foot, and looks
+        wonderingly at the face of his young mother. She had a loving husband
+        but very lately, but the owner of the ship on which he served, the
+        <span class="tei tei-name"><span style=
+        "font-style: italic">S——n</span></span>, was a very needy man, who
+        insured her for £3,000 more than she had cost him. So if she sank he
+        would gain all this. Well, one voyage she was loaded <span class=
+        "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">under the owner’s
+        personal superintendence</span></span>; she was loaded so deeply that
+        the dockmaster pointed her out to a friend as she left the dock, and
+        said emphatically, <span class="tei tei-q">‘That ship will never
+        reach her destination.’</span> She never did, for she was lost with
+        all hands—twenty men and boys. A—— R—— complained to him before he
+        sailed that she was <span class="tei tei-q">‘so deep loaded.’</span>
+        She tried to get to the sands to see the ship off with Mrs. J——r,
+        whose husband was on board. They never saw their husbands
+        again.</span></p>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class=
+        "tei tei-q">“In this most evil-smelling room, E—— Q—— C—— Street, you
+        may see in the corner two poor women in one bed, stricken with fever
+        (one died two days after I saw them), mother and daughter. The
+        husband of the daughter, who maintained them both, had been
+        <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page118">[pg 118]</span><a name="Pg118"
+        id="Pg118" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>lost at sea a little while
+        before, in a ship so loaded that when Mr. B——l, a Custom House
+        officer who had to go on board for some reason while she was lying in
+        the river, was told, <span class="tei tei-q">‘She’s yonder; you can
+        easily find her, she is nearly over t’head in the water,’</span> Mr.
+        B——l told me, <span class="tei tei-q">‘I asked no questions, but
+        stepped on board; this description was quite
+        sufficient.’</span></span></p>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class=
+        "tei tei-q">“Mrs. R——s, H——n Place, told me her young brother was an
+        orphan with herself. She said her sister brought him up till she was
+        married. Then her husband was kind to him, and apprenticed him to the
+        sea. He had passed as second mate in a sailing ship, but (he was a
+        fine young fellow—I have his portrait) he was ambitious to
+        <span class="tei tei-q">‘pass in steam’</span> also, and engaged to
+        serve in the <span class="tei tei-name"><span style=
+        "font-style: italic">S——</span></span> ship, leaking badly, but was
+        assured on signing that she was to be repaired before loading. The
+        ship was not repaired, and was loaded, as he told his sister-mother,
+        <span class="tei tei-q">‘like a sand-barge.’</span> Was urged by his
+        sister and her husband not to go. His sister again urged him as he
+        passed her door in the morning. He promised he would not, and went to
+        the ship to get the wages due to him. Was refused payment unless he
+        went, was over-persuaded and threatened, and called a coward, which
+        greatly excited him. He went, and two days afterwards the ship went
+        down. Her husband and Mrs. R——s also told me that he and his wife
+        <span class="tei tei-q">‘had a bit crack,’</span> and decided to do
+        all they could to <span class="tei tei-q">‘persuade Johnnie not to
+        go.’</span> The young man was about twenty-two.</span></p>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class=
+        "tei tei-q">“Mr. J—— H——l told me that the captain was his friend,
+        and the captain was very down-hearted about the way in which she was
+        loaded (mind, she was loaded under the owner’s personal supervision).
+        The captain asked him (Mr. A——) to see his wife off by train after
+        the ship had sailed. She, poor soul, had travelled to that port to
+        see him off. The captain said to him, <span class="tei tei-q">‘I
+        doubt I’ll never see her more!’</span> and burst out crying. Poor
+        fellow, he never did see her more.</span></p>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class=
+        "tei tei-q">“Now come with me to 36, C——, and see Mrs. J——e R——e. She
+        is a young woman of superior intelligence, and has a trustable
+        face—very. She may be about seven-and-twenty. She lost her husband in
+        the same ship. He was thirty years of age, and, to use her own words,
+        <span class="tei tei-q">‘such a happy creature; so full of
+        jokes.’</span> He was engaged as second engineer, at £4 10s. and
+        board. <span class="tei tei-q">‘After his ship was loaded he was a
+        changed man; he got his tea without saying a word, and then sat
+        looking into the fire in a deep study, like. I asked him what ailed
+        him, and he said, more to himself than to me, <span class=
+        "tei tei-q">“She’s such a beast!”</span> I thought he meant the men’s
+        place was dirty, as he had complained before that there was no place
+        to wash. He liked to be clean, my husband, and always had a good wash
+        when he came home from the workshop, when he worked ashore. So I
+        said, <span class="tei tei-q">“Will you let me come on board to clean
+        it out for you?”</span> And he said, still looking at the fire,
+        <span class="tei tei-q">“It ain’t that.”</span> Well, he hadn’t
+        signed, only agreed, so I said, <span class="tei tei-q">“Don’t sign,
+        Jim,”</span> and he said he wouldn’t, and went and told the engineer
+        he shouldn’t go. The engineer <span class="tei tei-q">“spoke so
+        kindly to him,”</span> and offered him 10s. a month more. He had had
+        no work for a long time, and the money was tempting,’</span> she
+        said, <span class="tei tei-q">‘and so he signed. When he told me I
+        said, <span class="tei tei-q">“You won’t go, Jim, will you?”</span>
+        He said, <span class="tei tei-q">“Why, Minnie, they will put me in
+        gaol if I don’t go.”</span> I said, <span class="tei tei-q">“Never
+        mind, you can come home after that.”</span> <span class=
+        "tei tei-q">“But,”</span> said he, <span class="tei tei-q">“they
+        called me a coward, and you would not like to hear me called
+        that.”</span> ’</span></span></p><span class="tei tei-pb" id=
+        "page119">[pg 119]</span><a name="Pg119" id="Pg119" class=
+        "tei tei-anchor"></a>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class=
+        "tei tei-q">“The poor woman was crying very bitterly, so I said
+        gently, <span class="tei tei-q">‘I hope you won’t think I am asking
+        all these questions from idle curiosity;’</span> and I shall never
+        forget her quick disclaimer, for she saw that I was troubled with
+        her: <span class="tei tei-q">‘Oh no, sir; I am glad to answer you,
+        for so many homes might be kept from being desolate if it was only
+        looked into.’</span></span></p>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class=
+        "tei tei-q">“I ascertained that she is <span class=
+        "tei tei-q">‘getting a bit winning for a livelihood,’</span> as my
+        informant phrased it, by sewing for a ready-made clothes-shopkeeper.
+        She was in a small garret with a sloping roof and the most modest
+        fireplace I ever saw; just three bits of iron laid from side to side
+        of an opening in the brickwork, and two more up the front; no
+        chimney-piece, or jambs, or stone across the top, but just the bricks
+        laid nearer and nearer until the courses united. So I don’t fancy she
+        could be earning much. But with the very least money value in the
+        place, it was as beautifully clean as I ever saw a room in my
+        life.</span></p>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class=
+        "tei tei-q">“I also saw a poor woman, who had lost her son aged
+        twenty-two. She too cried bitterly, as she spoke with <span class=
+        "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">such</span></span> love
+        and pride of her son, and of the grief of his father, who was sixty
+        years of age. Her son was taken on as a stoker, and worked on the
+        ship some days before she was ready for sea. He did not want to go
+        when he saw how she was loaded. She looked like a floating wreck, but
+        they refused to pay him the money he had earned unless he went, and
+        he too was lost with the others.</span></p>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class=
+        "tei tei-q">“Just one more specimen of the good, true, and brave men
+        we sacrifice by our most cruel and manslaughtering neglect. This time
+        I went and called upon an old man I knew, and, after apologising for
+        intruding upon his grief, I asked him to tell me if he had any
+        objection to tell me if his son had had any misgiving about the ship
+        before he went. He said, <span class="tei tei-q">‘Yes, I went to see
+        the ship myself, and was horrified to see the way in which she was
+        loaded. I tried all I could to persuade him not to go, but he’d been
+        doing nothing for a long time, and he didn’t like being a burden on
+        me. He’d a fine sperret, he had, my son,’</span> said the poor old
+        man.</span></p>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class=
+        "tei tei-q">“Here a young woman I had not observed (she was in a
+        corner with her face to the wall) broke out into loud sobs and said,
+        <span class="tei tei-q">‘He was the best of us all, sir—the best of
+        the whole family. He was as fair as a flower, and vah-y
+        canny-looking.’</span> ”</span></p>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">But it is not
+        merely rotten hulks which may become coffin-ships: many superior
+        vessels are woefully deficient in accommodation for the sailor’s
+        comfort. He may, and often does, wade to his bunk through water, and
+        the forecastle is too often a miserable hole, full of dirt and filth,
+        where the men are packed like herrings. The food provided is
+        principally <span class="tei tei-q">“salt horse”</span> and
+        <span class="tei tei-q">“hard bread,”</span> <span class=
+        "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">i.e.</span></span>,
+        sailor’s biscuit of the most inferior description; and when scurvy
+        ensues, as a natural consequence of exposure to damp and cold, with
+        poor living superadded, the very lime-juice, which is nearly
+        worthless if not pure, is found to be a miserable imitation or
+        grossly adulterated with citric acid, which, strange as it may
+        appear, has no anti-scorbutic properties. In the Russian and French
+        mercantile marines there is little or no scurvy, in consequence of
+        the pretty general use of common sour wine, which in some degree
+        makes up for the lack of fresh vegetables. And in French mercantile
+        ships the sailor may at any time demand the same rations as
+        <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page120">[pg 120]</span><a name="Pg120"
+        id="Pg120" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>those served out in the navy of
+        the Republic. Owing to the carefully prepared dietary of our Royal
+        Navy, scurvy has entirely disappeared, except in extreme cases of
+        exposure and lack of precaution, as in the late Arctic
+        Expedition.<a id="noteref_36" name="noteref_36" href=
+        "#note_36"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style=
+        "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">36</span></span></a></p>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class=
+        "tei tei-q">“In the West India Docks, which contain vessels trading
+        to the West Indies, I observed a very different class of ships. Some
+        are large and well supplied with provisions, but the majority are
+        small, with wretched accommodation, badly manned, provisions
+        indifferent in quality and deficient in quantity. Even in the larger
+        vessels there is not that care taken of the men, and that amount of
+        attention paid to their quarters and to the nature of their
+        provisions, as in the ships belonging to the owners engaged in the
+        East Indian and China trade. Captain Henry Toynbee strongly advocates
+        the better ventilation and comfort of the forecastles, which he
+        thinks should be under the control of Government. He has himself seen
+        forecastles and seamen’s chests in first-class ships black from the
+        gas which rises from the cargo, and which smells like sewage, which
+        is especially the case in sugar ships. Captain Toynbee informed me a
+        day or two since that he had actually seen a place containing two
+        packs of foxhounds and three horses, which received half its
+        ventilation by a hatch which opened into the sailors’
+        forecastle!...</span></p>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class=
+        "tei tei-q">“In the Commercial Docks are to be seen both English and
+        foreign ships, varying in size and class, most of which are in the
+        timber trade, and have arrived from Norway, Sweden, or Memel, or the
+        Baltic. The number of patients taken from ships in these docks to the
+        <span class="tei tei-name"><span style=
+        "font-style: italic">Dreadnought</span></span> hospital ship usually
+        exceeds that from any other dock; but the cases are those not of
+        scurvy, but consumption, bronchitis, and other chest diseases, which
+        occur not so frequently in English sailors as in Norwegians, Swedes,
+        and Russians—a fact due more, I think, to national predispositions
+        than to hygienic conditions. In ships belonging to northern countries
+        the provisions are abundant and good, the men’s quarters are roomy,
+        and there is nearly always a house upon deck in which there is a fair
+        amount of space and good ventilation. The hygienic condition of the
+        men on board Swedish and Norwegian ships is far superior to that of
+        the ships of our own country; the chief fault is the extremely dirty
+        and lazy habit of the men themselves, who allow filth of all kinds to
+        accumulate in the deck-house and galley, without taking the slightest
+        trouble to remove it. In English ships belonging to owners in the
+        timber trade the state of things is disgraceful; a house on deck is
+        an exception, and the men live and sleep in a small, close,
+        ill-ventilated hole called a forecastle. The quality of provisions
+        varies in different ships, some owners being more liberal than
+        others; most of the men, however, live upon salt meat and biscuit,
+        and sometimes a little salt fish. Timber in itself is considered a
+        healthy cargo, but the ship is in most cases so overladen that the
+        forecastle is very much reduced in size—too much so, considering the
+        number of men that form the crew; these have either to remain on deck
+        exposed to wet and cold, or have to breathe the foul atmosphere of a
+        small forecastle, in which are stowed rusty chains, wet ropes, and
+        all kinds of animal decaying <a name="corr120" id="corr120" class=
+        "tei tei-anchor"></a><span class=
+        "tei tei-corr">matter....</span>”</span></p>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">The vessels used
+        for the coal trade are now principally screw steamers, though there
+        are <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page121">[pg 121]</span><a name=
+        "Pg121" id="Pg121" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>still many of the old
+        class, generally found lying between Blackwall and Woolwich. Our
+        authority describes them as follows:—They <span class=
+        "tei tei-q">“are of small size (varying from 150 to 600 tons), and
+        are built as sloops, schooners, or brigs. The majority are brigs; a
+        visit to two or three presents a view of a state of things which is
+        common to all. A collier brig is generally worked by a captain and a
+        mate, who live in a small dirty cabin, and by four men and a boy, who
+        live and sleep in the most miserable of forecastles. This forecastle
+        is very small, and so low that no person of ordinary stature can
+        stand upright in it. It is dark, and the only approach is by a very
+        small hatchway. It generally contains a quantity of old ropes, some
+        rusty chains, a large tub of grease, and some damp canvas. These
+        things, together with three or four dirty hammocks, take up the whole
+        space, and it is only from sickness and the most urgent necessity
+        that the sailor remains there for any length of time. So old and
+        ill-constructed are some of these colliers, that in rough weather the
+        forecastle is deluged with water. This condition of things is made
+        much worse by the negligence of the sailor himself, for it seems to
+        be a rule that the cook, instead of throwing over the side of the
+        ship the refuse of material used for food, as dirty water, potato
+        parings, &amp;c., deposits these with great care in some corner of
+        the forecastle. No attention is paid by the captain to the sanitary
+        state of the ship; during the voyage, which is often a rough one, he
+        is engaged in working the vessel, and while she is in harbour he is
+        on shore waiting upon the owners of the vessel, or transacting their
+        business in the Coal Exchange. I was informed the other day by a
+        friend, who was engaged during the recent cholera epidemic as a
+        sanitary inspector, that a patient afflicted with cholera was taken
+        to the Belleisle in the month of September, who had been lying in his
+        hammock for two days prostrate, and with much vomiting and purging,
+        and during this time the captain, although on board, was not aware of
+        the man’s absence from deck. The provisions supplied in this class of
+        ships vary both in quality and quantity; the supply, though, is very
+        deficient, and there is an almost universal complaint among the men
+        and boys that they have not sufficient to eat. Although coasting
+        voyages last not longer than three or four days, and the ship is very
+        seldom far away from land, the men scarcely ever get fresh meat; the
+        supply always consists of salt beef—the coarsest parts of the animal.
+        To this I may add that the biscuits are of the worst description,
+        very hard, and are masticated with the greatest difficulty. The
+        quality of provisions depends entirely upon the liberality of the
+        captain, who not unfrequently has a share in the ship, and whose
+        interest is consequently concerned in keeping down all expenses; the
+        comfort of the men seems to be made subservient to pecuniary
+        advantages.”</span></p>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">And now—for a
+        change—to good owners. There are many, and the present writer
+        believes fully that the average ship-owner not merely wishes to
+        preserve his ship, but all on board—crew, passengers, and cargo. The
+        proprietor of a grand vessel feels, as he should, that her loss is a
+        very great deal more than his loss. Dr. Stone, some years ago made an
+        inspection of the docks, and his remarks, published in our leading
+        journal,<a id="noteref_37" name="noteref_37" href=
+        "#note_37"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style=
+        "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">37</span></span></a> deserve
+        to be recorded. He says:—</p>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class=
+        "tei tei-q">“From conversations I had with many of the officers and
+        crews engaged in Green’s, Wigram’s, Smith’s, the Black Ball, and
+        other services, and from what I saw, I judged <span class=
+        "tei tei-pb" id="page122">[pg 122]</span><a name="Pg122" id="Pg122"
+        class="tei tei-anchor"></a>that the provisions are good and ample,
+        and I was informed that scurvy is seldom met with in the vessels
+        belonging to these owners, owing to the fact of the masters not being
+        content with simply ordering the crew to take a certain quantity of
+        lime-juice every day during the ship’s voyage, but satisfying
+        themselves by personal inspection that the juice is actually drank.
+        Outside the dock gates, and off Plaistow Wharf, may occasionally be
+        seen American vessels which have arrived with petroleum. An
+        inspection confirmed the opinion I have always entertained regarding
+        the superior accommodation met with in the vessels of the United
+        States; they are large, well manned, and supplied with good
+        provisions. The berths and sleeping quarters are better even than
+        those in large East Indiamen; every ship has a raised house on deck,
+        spacious, well ventilated, and clean, which, being furnished with a
+        stove, the men are thereby enabled in wet weather to dry their
+        clothes, which is of course a great preservation of their health. The
+        general condition of the men is far better than that of the sailor of
+        any other nation. Although the cruel treatment exercised by the
+        officers of American ships is proverbial, there is seldom any
+        difficulty in obtaining a good crew. The masters in the commercial
+        marine of America pride themselves upon the general appearance of
+        their crews, and they say that it is the best economy to give them
+        good and abundant food, and to pay rigid attention to their sleeping
+        quarters.”</span></p>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Sometimes it is
+        the cargo itself which is a fatal cause of disease or death. Ships
+        carrying large quantities of minerals, sulphur, petroleum, &amp;c.,
+        sometimes smell intolerably, but are not considered unhealthy places
+        of residence. But how of guano and other manure ships? In one of Dr.
+        Stone’s letters to the <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style=
+        "font-style: italic">Times</span></span>, published in 1867, he
+        says:—<span class="tei tei-q">“The most objectionable and unhealthy
+        cargoes brought into the Thames are those consisting of the different
+        kinds of manure. A large bone trade is carried on in the port of
+        London; barges are constantly passing up and down the Pool laden with
+        bones collected from bone-dealers and the slaughter-houses of London.
+        Many of the bones are not dry, but are covered with decomposing
+        flesh. The smell is very bad, and is not limited to the immediate
+        neighbourhood of the barge itself, but may be carried for a long
+        distance. These bone barges discharge their cargoes into some small
+        coasting ship.... The sailors and bargemen engaged in work of this
+        kind suffer very much: they are nauseated by the offensive smell;
+        their appetites fail entirely; they consume large quantities of
+        spirit; and, as a consequence, are invariably attacked by diarrhœa,
+        accompanied with vomiting. In the summer time it is a matter of
+        surprise how anyone can remain, for a short time even, in the
+        neighbourhood of the vessel; a thick offensive steam is constantly
+        rising from the bones, and the decks and rigging are covered with
+        large blue flies. When the vessel (generally a small, very old, and
+        ill-manned schooner) puts to sea, the hatchways are kept open, so as
+        to give free egress to the gaseous products of decomposition and to
+        prevent the ship from taking fire.”</span></p>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Many have been the
+        instances of ships’ decks being blown up by the gas from coal
+        becoming ignited, and loss of life has been caused thereby. Gunpowder
+        may, under certain conditions, become a most dangerous cargo. Take
+        the case of the <span class="tei tei-name"><span style=
+        "font-style: italic">Great Queensland</span></span>, which was blown
+        up entirely, leaving no survivors to tell the tale. The cause is not
+        far to seek when we learn that two tons of impure wood powder,
+        sufficient of itself to burst the ship <span class="tei tei-pb" id=
+        "page123">[pg 123]</span><a name="Pg123" id="Pg123" class=
+        "tei tei-anchor"></a>to pieces, and from its condition likely to
+        explode, were stored in the same compartment with thirty tons of
+        ordinary black gunpowder.</p>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Compulsory survey
+        and no overloading were Mr. Plimsoll’s main remedies for the
+        prevention of the terrible loss of life in the mercantile marine. He
+        cites two cases of great firms—the first engaged in the coal
+        carrying, and the second in the guano trade—who do not permit
+        overloading, and the first, in fifteen years had not, out of a large
+        fleet of steamers, lost a single vessel, although they made from
+        fifty to seventy double trips per annum. And yet the voyage from the
+        Thames to the Tyne is more dangerous than an over-sea voyage. There
+        are a whole crowd of dangerous shoals off the Essex coast alone, to
+        be avoided or steered between, as the case may be, as soon as the
+        ship leaves the Thames, followed by equal dangers on the Suffolk and
+        Norfolk coasts. The latter sands are all under water even when the
+        tide is at ebb, but there is not water enough on them to float a
+        ship; hence the losses when ill-found, overloaded, and undermanned
+        vessels get on them. Further north there are others, and then come
+        the dangerous rocky coasts of Yorkshire and Durham. The second case
+        deserves particular mention. About the year 1860, the firm of Anthony
+        Gibbs and Co., of London, took a contract from the Peruvian
+        Government to charter and load ships from the Chincha Islands with
+        guano, and as many as three or four hundred ships left those islands
+        annually for different parts of the world. At first they were allowed
+        to load and proceed to sea without inspection or surveying, and were
+        permitted to load as deeply as the masters thought fit. What was the
+        result? Accidents and losses were reported every few days, and many
+        of their ships foundered at sea, some with all hands on board. When
+        the head of the house at Lima, Peru, introduced proper surveying
+        before loading, to discover what repairs were needed, &amp;c.,
+        allowing no overloading, and not permitting the ships to go to sea
+        without full inspection of her pumps and gear, a sudden and wonderful
+        change took place, and for years after not one of these ships
+        foundered at sea.</p><a name="illo_139.jpg" id="illo_139.jpg" class=
+        "tei tei-anchor"></a>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"></p>
+
+        <div class="tei tei-figure" style="text-align: center">
+          <img src="images/illo_139.jpg" alt="EXTERIOR OF LLOYD’S" title=
+          "EXTERIOR OF LLOYD’S." />
+
+          <div class="tei tei-head" style=
+          "text-align: center; margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em">
+            EXTERIOR OF LLOYD’S.
+          </div>
+        </div>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">We often hear and
+        read of <span class="tei tei-q">“unclassed”</span> ships; does the
+        reader understand the term? Nearly all new ships are fit to take
+        valuable merchandise—silks, tea, provisions, cloth, or what not; and
+        if <span class="tei tei-q">“tight,”</span> <span class=
+        "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">i.e.</span></span>, not
+        leaky, would be classed A&nbsp;1 by Lloyd’s Committee. The letter
+        refers to the ship proper; the numeral to its equipment, rigging,
+        boats, cables, anchors, &amp;c. The term or period for which she is
+        classed varies with the quality and kind of timber employed, and the
+        quality of the workmanship is also taken into account. A ship built
+        mainly of hemlock, yellow pine, beech, or fir, will generally be
+        classed A&nbsp;1 for four or five years; of elm or ash five to seven
+        years; and so on through various grades, until, if built of English
+        oak or teak, she may be rated nine to twelve years. All are subject
+        to the <span class="tei tei-q">“half-time”</span> survey of a strict
+        character; thus a ship classed A&nbsp;1 for eight years is examined
+        by Lloyd’s surveyors at the end of four years. <span class=
+        "tei tei-q">“She may again, at the request of the owner, be examined
+        for continuation, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style=
+        "font-style: italic">i.e.</span></span>, to be continued A&nbsp;1 for
+        a further term; usually two-thirds of that originally granted. She
+        may again and again be re-examined for continuation, or, if she have
+        meantime gone into a lower class, be examined for restoration to the
+        character A, but each of these surveys is increased in thoroughness
+        and stringency as the age of the ship increases. When from age she
+        ceases to be entitled to the character A in the opinion of Lloyd’s
+        surveyor, but is still tight enough and strong enough to carry
+        valuable merchandise to any part of the world, she is classed
+        <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page124">[pg 124]</span><a name="Pg124"
+        id="Pg124" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>A red, usually for a term of
+        half or two-thirds the original term granted her in the first
+        character.... When from increasing age she is no longer fit to carry
+        valuable goods for long voyages, she falls back into class black,
+        diphthong Æ; while in this class she is deemed fit to carry the same
+        class of goods, but only on short voyages (not beyond Europe). And
+        when after survey and re-survey at intervals, as before, she is no
+        longer fit to carry valuable goods at all, she falls into class E,
+        and is deemed fit only to carry goods which sea-water won’t hurt, as
+        metallic ores, coal, coke, &amp;c.”</span> And so it goes on till she
+        is classed 1; and when she is run through her terms here she is said
+        to have run out of her classes: to be, in fact, an <span class=
+        "tei tei-q">“unclassed ship.”</span> The lettering is slightly varied
+        for iron ships. But it must be remembered that all this submitting to
+        survey is entirely optional, and that a newly-built ship may be
+        <span class="tei tei-q">“unclassed”</span> also. <span class=
+        "tei tei-pb" id="page125">[pg 125]</span><a name="Pg125" id="Pg125"
+        class="tei tei-anchor"></a>In the former case—a ship which has run
+        out of all its classes—the vessel is usually fit for nothing more
+        than a river trip, and ought really to be broken up. It is then that
+        the disreputable shipowner steps in and purchases her. Happy is it
+        for its poor crew if she does not prove their coffin!</p><a name=
+        "illo_140.jpg" id="illo_140.jpg" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"></p>
+
+        <div class="tei tei-figure" style="text-align: center">
+          <img src="images/illo_140.jpg" alt="INTERIOR OF LLOYD’S" title=
+          "INTERIOR OF LLOYD’S." />
+
+          <div class="tei tei-head" style=
+          "text-align: center; margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em">
+            INTERIOR OF LLOYD’S.
+          </div>
+        </div>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">It may be asked,
+        as Lloyd’s will now have nothing to do with such a rotten tub, How
+        does the owner get anyone to insure it? It is generally done by
+        mutual insurance clubs formed among these very owners, though not
+        exclusively. Plimsoll says: <span class="tei tei-q">“It almost seems
+        as if there was a race who should lose his ships first on the
+        formation of a new club, so great are the sums the members are called
+        upon to pay as premium;”</span> and such clubs are constantly
+        failing.</p>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">To be classed
+        A&nbsp;1 in anything is good, and, as applied to a ship at Lloyd’s,
+        means, as we all know, that the vessel is first-class in every
+        particular. But what is Lloyd’s? Many readers would find it difficult
+        to give a clear answer to this query. The secretary of that
+        institution told M. Esquiros, when that distinguished writer was
+        visiting England, that he received many business letters addressed to
+        <span class="tei tei-q">“Mr. Lloyd,”</span> and we all know there was
+        long, in fact, a celebrated Lloyd’s Coffee-house in the City, where
+        the merchants interested in maritime matters used to congregate. A
+        poem, <span class="tei tei-q">“The Wealthy Shopkeeper, or Charitable
+        Christian,”</span> published in 1700, alludes to the establishment,
+        and the writer adds, as an addendum, that the London merchant at that
+        time never missed <span class="tei tei-q">“resorting <span class=
+        "tei tei-pb" id="page126">[pg 126]</span><a name="Pg126" id="Pg126"
+        class="tei tei-anchor"></a>to Lloyd’s to read his letters and attend
+        sales.”</span> Later, Steele and Addison both spoke of it in the same
+        light. <span class="tei tei-q">“The veritable, personal
+        Lloyd,”</span> says Esquiros, <span class="tei tei-q">“as we see, has
+        made a great deal more noise in the world after his death than he
+        ever did during his lifetime.”</span> The name of the coffee-house
+        keeper has become inseparably connected with the greatest maritime
+        institution of the world.</p>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">The original Lloyd
+        was a wonderfully good example of a pushing London citizen. Little
+        was, speaking in these later days, known of Edward of that ilk till
+        Mr. Frederick Martin unearthed, in the vaults of the Royal Exchange,
+        a long-forgotten series of its archives. Then he found <span class=
+        "tei tei-q">“huge stores of manuscript papers and immense
+        leather-cased folios, partly singed in the great fire which, in 1838,
+        destroyed the Royal Exchange above them.”</span> Now we know that
+        Lloyd, early in the reign of Charles II., kept a coffee-house in
+        Tower Street, and contrived to make it the gathering point for the
+        underwriters, who had been previously scattered all over the city.
+        This house was near the Custom House, the Navy Office, and the
+        Trinity House, as well as to the Thames <span class=
+        "tei tei-q">“below bridge,”</span> and the position was obviously a
+        good one for the purpose. Having surrounded himself with a growing
+        connection in Tower Ward, Lloyd found himself in a position to
+        approach the haunts of the leading merchants and bankers, and we find
+        him in 1693 securely established at the corner of Lombard Street and
+        Abchurch Lane, near the spot where the Lombard Street post-office now
+        stands. Here he held periodical auction sales <span class=
+        "tei tei-q">“by the candle,”</span> and started a weekly paper
+        devoted to maritime affairs, the first of its kind: indeed it was,
+        saving the <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style=
+        "font-style: italic">London Gazette</span></span>, the only London
+        newspaper yet in existence. But he now met a severe blow, for, as we
+        learn from Macaulay, <span class="tei tei-q">“the judges were
+        unanimously of opinion that this liberty (of printing) did not extend
+        to gazettes,”</span> and that, by English law, no man not authorised
+        by the Crown had the right to publish political news. The said
+        political news in this case consisted of mere headings and brief
+        paragraphs, as, <span class="tei tei-q">“Yesterday the Lords passed
+        the Bill to restrain the wearing of all wrought silks from
+        India,”</span> or that they had received a <span class=
+        "tei tei-q">“petition from the Quakers.”</span> Lloyd had to succumb
+        and stop the publication, but his sales of ships and cargoes
+        increased, so that in fifteen or twenty years Lloyd’s had become the
+        recognised London centre of maritime business, including marine
+        insurance. From this comparatively small beginning has sprung the
+        all-powerful organisation whose agents are to be found in every part
+        of the habitable globe.</p>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class=
+        "tei tei-q">“When,”</span> says a writer already quoted, <span class=
+        "tei tei-q">“I landed, about three years back, upon one of the group
+        of rocks lost in the bosom of the waves, and which are called the
+        Scilly Islands, there was only one thing which brought London to my
+        mind, and that was the name <span class="tei tei-q">‘<a name=
+        "corr126" id="corr126" class="tei tei-anchor"></a><span class=
+        "tei tei-corr">Lloyd’s</span>’</span>, in letters of brass, on the
+        door of one of the least poor-looking houses. I might have gone much
+        further afield, into some of the still wilder islands of the Old or
+        New World, and there, even at the very ends of the earth—provided
+        only that there was a town or port of some sort—I should have found
+        an agent of this English society. The definition of Lloyd’s which was
+        given by a City merchant can now be better understood by us.
+        <span class="tei tei-q">‘It is,’</span> said he, <span class=
+        "tei tei-q">‘a spider planted in the centre of a web which covers the
+        whole sea, and the shipwrecked vessels are the dead
+        flies.’</span> ”</span><a id="noteref_38" name="noteref_38" href=
+        "#note_38"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style=
+        "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">38</span></span></a></p><span class="tei tei-pb"
+        id="page127">[pg 127]</span><a name="Pg127" id="Pg127" class=
+        "tei tei-anchor"></a>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class=
+        "tei tei-q">“The loose connection existing between the underwriters
+        of London,”</span> says the leading authority on the subject,<a id=
+        "noteref_39" name="noteref_39" href="#note_39"><span class=
+        "tei tei-noteref"><span style=
+        "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">39</span></span></a>
+        <span class="tei tei-q">“as frequenters of the same coffee-house,
+        where they carried on their business transactions, formed itself into
+        a final <span class="tei tei-q">‘system of membership’</span> by
+        transmigration to the Royal Exchange in 1774. The author and leading
+        spirit in this all-important movement, which had far-reaching
+        consequences for the commerce, not only of England, but for that of
+        the whole world, was Mr. John Julius Angerstein, a native of St.
+        Petersburg, but of German extraction, descended from an old and
+        highly respected family of merchants.”</span> The writer goes on to
+        show how young Angerstein, from junior clerk, had risen to be a
+        successful merchant and underwriter. He became one of the most
+        honoured of those who assembled at Lloyd’s Coffee-house, as he was a
+        most sagacious and far-seeing man, of unimpeachable integrity, and
+        when the movement for obtaining a suitable home for the underwriters
+        was mooted he was its greatest supporter. He became virtually the
+        leader in the whole matter, and seventy-nine underwriters agreed to
+        pay one hundred pounds each to start it fairly. Thus was the
+        <span class="tei tei-q">“New Lloyd’s,”</span> as it was then called,
+        first organised. It is not, nor ever has been, an insurance
+        <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style=
+        "font-style: italic">company</span></span>, but rather a fraternity
+        of merchants, shipowners, bankers, and capitalists subscribing for a
+        place where they could meet and transact business. It is a maritime
+        exchange. But each man is guided by his own intelligence, and must
+        measure the extent of business which he undertakes by the standard of
+        his personal capital.</p>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class=
+        "tei tei-q">“The English merchant especially,”</span> says Esquiros,
+        in his charming work, <span class="tei tei-q">“having so many bonds
+        of union with the ocean, can hardly expect to always have tranquil
+        sleep. Let the south-west squalls be ever so little let loose, the
+        ruin of his house and family is hoarsely muttered through his dreams.
+        Oh, if he could only see from afar the good ship in which he has
+        risked the better part of his fortune! In the morning he rushes to
+        Lloyd’s, the fountain-head of all marine news. Nothing, either in his
+        face or conduct, shows the least emotion—he has the art of veiling
+        his features with a mask of indifference; but what a tempest of
+        anxiety rages under this outward calm! He asks himself a thousand
+        questions: What does the telegraph say? What ships have touched at
+        distant ports? What are the names of those which have reached
+        England? To all these questions and many more he finds answers
+        affixed to the walls of the vestibule. There the lists and advices
+        give exactly the maritime bulletin of the day. But the critical
+        moment has yet to come; this man, whose whole fortune perhaps is on
+        the sea, has not at present consulted the <span class=
+        "tei tei-q">‘Loss Book,’</span> or, as it is also called, the
+        <span class="tei tei-q">‘Black Book.’</span> ”</span></p>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">This
+        gloom-inspiring volume is placed by itself on a high desk, and each
+        can refer to it in turn. It is, of course, written by hand, and
+        contains every day the wreck record, briefly told. Laconic as is the
+        formal record—the name of the ship, destination, nature of cargo,
+        coast on which shipwrecked, and so forth—there have been as many as
+        twelve pages blackened with the sad summary of the losses announced
+        by telegraph during one day. <span class="tei tei-q">“In each of
+        these announcements—frigid and taciturn as fate itself—the mind may
+        conjure up many a sad drama. How many human lives are there
+        <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page128">[pg 128]</span><a name="Pg128"
+        id="Pg128" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>sacrificed? This is often the
+        fact of which the <span class="tei tei-q">‘Black Book’</span> takes
+        but little notice; the matter with which it has exclusively to deal
+        is the property insured against the perfidy of the sea. Who was the
+        insurer? and who has lost? These are the great questions. It is also
+        remarkable, after a storm, to see with what anxious and fidgety hands
+        some of the insurance speculators turn over the pages of this
+        sibylline book.”</span> And no wonder: for the underwriter<a id=
+        "noteref_40" name="noteref_40" href="#note_40"><span class=
+        "tei tei-noteref"><span style=
+        "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">40</span></span></a> is a
+        speculator who is taking long odds against a terrible gambler—the
+        ocean.</p>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">The Underwriters’
+        Room at Lloyd’s to-day is a splendid hall, with Scagliola columns and
+        richly decorated ceiling, and mahogany tables placed at intervals all
+        round the room. <span class="tei tei-q">“What an animated, yet
+        demure, hubbub is here!”</span> says the French writer before quoted.
+        <span class="tei tei-q">“One might fancy that the sea, with the
+        thoughts of which every brain is occupied here, had imparted some of
+        its agitation and uproar to the business world. The current of news,
+        transactions taking place, and chat going on, runs from one end of
+        the hall to the other with a kind of deep murmuring roar.”</span>
+        Those going to and fro are of two very distinct classes—the insurers
+        of ships and the insurance brokers. The latter have become very
+        necessary, the reason being as follows:—The merchant who wishes to
+        insure a ship, or a certain kind of merchandise that he is about to
+        export, may by no means always meet the underwriter who is prepared
+        to take that particular risk. While he is trying to insure his ship
+        she may have already started—may even be at the bottom of the sea. In
+        the latter case a delay might be fatal, for the news once arrived
+        that his ship had been wrecked, he could not, of course, effect any
+        insurance. He therefore goes to a broker who knows the habits of the
+        place, and probably the very underwriter whose means or known
+        predilections for certain forms of investment will make him desirous
+        of taking the risk.</p>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">The business of
+        Lloyd’s is conducted by a committee of twelve influential members,
+        while the working staff includes a secretary, clerks, and a staff of
+        assistants technically known as <span class=
+        "tei tei-q">“waiters,”</span> which would make it seem as though the
+        odour of the original Lloyd’s Coffee-house still clung to the body.
+        The funds of Lloyd’s Association, as it might be termed, are large,
+        and are used to great advantage: partly in charity bestowed upon
+        deserving, though unfortunate seamen, and partly in rewards, in
+        various forms, to special cases of merit. It costs an underwriter £50
+        entrance fee and £12 annual subscription to belong to it; the brokers
+        are let off for about half the above rates; an ordinary subscriber
+        pays £5 per annum for the privilege of entering the rooms of the
+        Association. We have now traced the history of the greatest maritime
+        company of the world, one that could only belong to a great nation.
+        No other could devise, much less support it.</p><a name=
+        "illo_144.jpg" id="illo_144.jpg" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"></p>
+
+        <div class="tei tei-figure" style="text-align: center">
+          <img src="images/illo_144.jpg" alt=
+          "THE “GREAT EASTERN” IN A GALE OFF CAPE CLEAR." title=
+          "THE “GREAT EASTERN” IN A GALE OFF CAPE CLEAR." />
+
+          <div class="tei tei-head" style=
+          "text-align: center; margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em">
+            THE <span class="tei tei-q" style="text-align: center">“GREAT
+            EASTERN”</span> IN A GALE OFF CAPE CLEAR.
+          </div>
+        </div><span class="tei tei-pb" id="page129">[pg 129]</span><a name=
+        "Pg129" id="Pg129" class="tei tei-anchor"></a><a name="illo_146.png"
+        id="illo_146.png" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"></p>
+
+        <div class="tei tei-figure" style="text-align: center">
+          <img src="images/illo_146.png" alt=
+          "MR. I. K. BRUNEL. MR. SCOTT RUSSELL." title=
+          "MR. I. K. BRUNEL.&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;MR. SCOTT RUSSELL. (From a Photograph by Mayall, 1858.)" />
+
+          <div class="tei tei-head" style=
+          "text-align: center; margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em">
+            MR. I. K. BRUNEL.&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;MR. SCOTT RUSSELL.
+            (<span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: center"><span style=
+            "font-style: italic">From a Photograph by Mayall,
+            1858.</span></span>)
+          </div>
+        </div>
+      </div>
+
+      <div class="tei tei-div" style=
+      "margin-bottom: 5.00em; margin-top: 5.00em">
+        <a name="chap08" id="chap08" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> <a name=
+        "toc19" id="toc19"></a> <a name="pdf20" id="pdf20"></a>
+
+        <h2 class="tei tei-head" style=
+        "text-align: center; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em">
+        <span style="font-size: 144%">CHAPTER VIII.</span></h2>
+
+        <h2 class="tei tei-head" style=
+        "text-align: center; margin-bottom: 2.40em; margin-top: 2.40em">
+        <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: center"><span style=
+        "font-size: 120%; font-variant: small-caps">The History of Ships and
+        Shipping Interests</span></span> <span style=
+        "font-size: 120%">(</span><span class="tei tei-hi" style=
+        "text-align: center"><span style=
+        "font-size: 120%; font-style: italic">continued</span></span><span style="font-size: 120%">).</span></h2>
+
+        <div class="tei tei-argument" style=
+        "text-align: center; margin-bottom: 1.80em; margin-left: 3.60em; margin-top: 1.80em; margin-right: 3.60em">
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style=
+        "text-align: center; margin-bottom: 0.90em"><span style=
+        "font-size: 90%">The Largest Ship in the World—History of the</span>
+        <span class="tei tei-name" style="text-align: center"><span style=
+        "font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Great
+        Eastern</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%">—Why she was
+        Built—Brunel and Scott Russell—Story of the Launch—Powerful Machinery
+        Employed—Christened by Miss Hope—Failure to move her more than a few
+        feet—A Sad Accident—Launching by inches—Afloat at
+        last—Dimensions—Accommodations—The Grand Saloon—The Paddle-wheel and
+        Screw Engines—First Sea Trip—Speed—In her first Gale—Serious
+        Explosion on Board</span> <a name="corr129" id="corr129" class=
+        "tei tei-anchor" style="text-align: center"></a><span class=
+        "tei tei-corr" style="text-align: center"><span style=
+        "font-size: 90%">off</span></span><span style=
+        "font-size: 90%">&nbsp;Hastings—Proves a fine Sea-boat—Drowning of
+        her Captain and others—First Transatlantic Voyage—Defects in Boilers
+        and Machinery—Behaves splendidly in Mid-ocean—Grand Reception in New
+        York—Subsequent Trips—Used as a Troop-ship to Canada—Carried out
+        2,600 Soldiers—An eventful Passenger Trip—Caught in a Cyclone
+        Hurricane—Her Paddles almost wrenched away—Rudder Disabled—Boats
+        Carried Away—Shifting of Heavy Cargo—The Leviathan a Gigantic Waif on
+        the Ocean—Return to Cork.</span></p>
+        </div>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Many competent
+        authorities doubt whether the ships of the future will be so very
+        much larger than the largest now in use, but it is one of those
+        questions on which it is idle to theorise, and absurd to dogmatise.
+        The greatest ship of this or any other age has not proved a success,
+        except for some very special purposes for which no other vessel would
+        have proved available. The history of the <span class=
+        "tei tei-name"><span style="font-style: italic">Great
+        Eastern</span></span> is one of interest to all, and especially to
+        too sanguine and over-ambitious individuals and companies.</p>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">In reply to an
+        advertisement from the Admiralty in 1851 for the conveyance of the
+        East Indian and Australian mails, was an application from a new
+        organisation, the Eastern Steam Navigation Company. This offer was
+        declined, and then some of the directors, on the suggestion of Mr. I.
+        K. Brunel, the great engineer, recommended the construction of a
+        <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page130">[pg 130]</span><a name="Pg130"
+        id="Pg130" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>steam-ship of extraordinary
+        dimensions to trade with India. Having made calculations that the big
+        ship intended could maintain a speed of fifteen knots an hour, there
+        was, in their judgment, no doubt that they would attract a proportion
+        of the traffic so handsome as to afford full cargoes both outward and
+        homeward. Many of the original shareholders withdrew, but a large
+        number held firm. Brunel argued that there need be no limit to the
+        size of a ship, except what quality of material imposed. He further
+        urged from scientific theory and actual experience, that upon the
+        <span class="tei tei-q">“tubular principle,”</span> which provided
+        the greatest amount of strength of construction with any given
+        material, it was possible to construct a ship of six times the
+        capacity of the largest vessel then afloat,<a id="noteref_41" name=
+        "noteref_41" href="#note_41"><span class=
+        "tei tei-noteref"><span style=
+        "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">41</span></span></a> and one,
+        too, that would steam at a speed hitherto unattainable by smaller
+        vessels. Mr. Scott Russell, the eminent ship-builder, shared these
+        views. The idea of having two sets of engines and two
+        propellers—paddle-wheels and screw—was solely due to Mr. Brunel, as
+        was also the adoption of the cellular construction, like that at the
+        top and bottom of the Britannia Bridge. Her model in general
+        construction was like that of the ships built by Scott Russell, on
+        the principle of the <span class="tei tei-q">“wave line,”</span>
+        which he had carried out during the previous twenty years. In spite
+        of much virulent criticism, the construction of a 25,000 ton vessel
+        was commenced on May 1st, 1854, in Scott Russell’s yard, at Millwall,
+        on the north side of the Thames.</p>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Novel as was the
+        construction of the ship, the mode devised for her launch was no less
+        novel. As her immense length would render it impossible to launch her
+        in the usual manner and by the force of her own gravity, she was
+        built lengthwise to the river on cradles, which carried her upright
+        and dispensed with <span class="tei tei-q">“shores.”</span> These
+        cradles were made to travel on a double series of <span class=
+        "tei tei-q">“ways,”</span> each 120 feet in breadth, which were
+        carried to low-water mark. The ways were 300 feet in length, with an
+        incline of one in twelve. At the stem and stern were placed a
+        powerful hydraulic ram to give the first start, and when she was once
+        in motion her progress was to be kept up in the following manner. On
+        the river-side four large lighters were moored in the tideway, and
+        were to work with crabs and sheaves or pulleys upon chains, fastened
+        to the vessel amidships. Two lighters were also moored at the stem
+        and two at the stern of the vessel. The chains passing from the ship
+        to these latter were returned again on shore, so as to be worked with
+        a double purchase. Small stationary engines on land were to be used
+        to haul on these, making a force available to pull the vessel off the
+        shore. The calculations, as the event proved, were made on a false
+        notion of the amount of friction to be overcome, and the attention of
+        the engineer had been chiefly directed to prevent her dashing into
+        the water with too great a speed. For this purpose two powerful drums
+        had been constructed, to which the cradles were attached by enormous
+        sheaves of cast iron, expressly cast for this purpose, and weighing
+        five tons each. One sheave was fastened to each cradle, and
+        wrought-iron chain cables of the largest size connected these with
+        two other sheaves, each of which was screwed to the drum which was to
+        pay out the chain and, in fact, regulate the whole operation. The
+        axle of the drum was set in a frame of iron, while <span class=
+        "tei tei-pb" id="page131">[pg 131]</span><a name="Pg131" id="Pg131"
+        class="tei tei-anchor"></a>around its outer edge passed a band of
+        iron, to work in the manner of a friction-clutch, or break. This,
+        with the aid of strong iron levers twenty feet long, brought such a
+        pressure to bear upon the discs of the drum as to entirely stop them
+        in case of the chain being paid out too fast. Everything being thus
+        prepared that human ingenuity could devise (as was supposed), the
+        launch was fixed for the 3rd of November, 1857. On that day, although
+        the sight-seeing public did not congregate in large numbers, and the
+        scaffolding erected on many points was untenanted, yet there was a
+        swarm of well-laden craft of all kinds on the river, and crowds on
+        both its banks and around the yard. The engineers and men of science
+        mustered strongly, not only from all parts of England, but from
+        Germany, France, America, and Russia. The Comte de Paris, the Duke
+        d’Aumale, the Siamese Ambassadors, and some of the Lords of the
+        Admiralty, were the most conspicuous persons present.</p>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">At half-past one
+        Miss Hope, the daughter of the chairman of the company, appeared, and
+        dashing a bottle of wine on the bows, bade the Leviathan, as she was
+        originally called, <span class="tei tei-q">“God speed!”</span> amid
+        the cheers of those assembled. In a few moments afterwards the word
+        was passed to commence the launch. At the signals the lighters slowly
+        but steadily commenced to haul taut their tackle from the river. This
+        strain appeared to have no effect on the vessel. It remained
+        stationary for about ten minutes, when the peculiar hissing noise of
+        the hydraulic rams at work to push her off was heard. It should have
+        been mentioned that each of the drums was constructed so as to be
+        turned by ordinary windlasses, in order to wind up the slack chain
+        between the drums and the cradles; otherwise, if any slack were left
+        when the hydraulic rams started the vessel, it would run it rapidly
+        out, and dreadful consequences might ensue. When the <span class=
+        "tei tei-q">“rams”</span> began to work, the order was distinctly
+        given to <span class="tei tei-q">“wind up”</span> the slack between
+        the drum and the cradle. This was done at the forward drum; but,
+        unfortunately, at the stern of the vessel the men did precisely the
+        reverse, and uncoiled more slack chain. Suddenly there was a cry
+        <span class="tei tei-q">“She moves! She moves!”</span> The fore part
+        of the vessel slipped, and the stern rushed down some three or four
+        feet in the space of a couple of seconds, in consequence of the slack
+        chain from the after drum offering not the least check. In an instant
+        the strain came upon the drum, which was dragged round, and, of
+        course, as that was connected with the windlass by multiplying
+        wheels, the latter turned round some ten or fifteen times for every
+        foot the drum moved. The men at the windlass madly tried to hold it,
+        but the heavy iron handle flew round like lightning, striking them,
+        and hurling five or six high into the air as if they had been blown
+        up by some powerful explosion. A panic seemed to spread as this
+        disastrous accident took place, and the men stationed at the tackle
+        and fall of the lever next the windlass rushed away. Fortunately for
+        the lives of hundreds of the spectators, the men at the lever at the
+        other side of the drum stood firm, and, hauling on their tackle, drew
+        their lever up, and applied the break on the drum with such terrific
+        force that the ship instantly stopped, though she seemed to quiver
+        under the sudden shock as if she had received a violent blow. The
+        injured men were then carried off to a neighbouring house, where one
+        of them shortly died. When the wreck of the accident had been cleared
+        away, it was determined to make another effort to launch the vessel,
+        but without effect; for all pressure that the <span class=
+        "tei tei-q">“rams”</span> could apply was found insufficient to move
+        her. After straining for <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page132">[pg
+        132]</span><a name="Pg132" id="Pg132" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>some
+        time, the piston-rod of one of the hydraulic rams gave way, and this
+        accident put an end to the attempt to launch the great ship for this
+        day.</p>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Numerous hydraulic
+        machines were now borrowed and fixed, fresh tackle applied, and many
+        novel and ingenious expedients adopted. It was thought necessary to
+        await the next spring tides, in order that the monster when she
+        should be launched might find a sufficient depth of water. The
+        precaution was needless; many weary weeks were to pass before she was
+        afloat. On some days, when every exertion seemed vain, she would
+        capriciously slip a few inches at the stem or stern. After a long
+        interval, another small distance would be accomplished; sometimes a
+        day’s journey would be three or four feet, sometimes twenty or
+        thirty. Finally, by continued perseverance, she was brought down the
+        ways until she was immersed some eight or ten feet at high water, and
+        then, as the final launch was certain of accomplishment, it was
+        thought desirable to leave her till the high tides of January should
+        rise so far as to aid materially in her final flotation, and make it
+        practicable to tow her to a secure berth, where her last fittings
+        could be put in, and she could be made ready for a voyage.</p>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">With the spring
+        tides the water rose under the great ship nearly eighteen feet; and
+        on the 31st January she gave such signs of buoyancy that it was
+        resolved to float her on that day. The tide ran up with unusual
+        swiftness, and as the flood relieved the weight upon the launching
+        ways some of the hydraulic machines were set to work, for the last
+        time, to push the monster as far as possible towards the centre of
+        the river. She moved easily; and at half-past one the men in the
+        rowing boats stationed alongside observed that she no longer rested
+        on the cradles—that she was, in fact, afloat. The tugs fastened to
+        her began steaming ahead, and showed that at last she was fairly
+        under way. Then the cheers which arose from the yard and from the
+        decks, from the boats in the river, and the crews of the ships at
+        anchor up and down the stream, spread the great news far and wide;
+        and thus, under the most favourable circumstances, the huge vessel
+        commenced her first voyage on the Thames.</p><a name="illo_150.jpg"
+        id="illo_150.jpg" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"></p>
+
+        <div class="tei tei-figure" style="text-align: center">
+          <img src="images/illo_150.jpg" alt=
+          "THE LAUNCH OF THE “GREAT EASTERN.”" title=
+          "THE LAUNCH OF THE “GREAT EASTERN.”" />
+
+          <div class="tei tei-head" style=
+          "text-align: center; margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em">
+            THE LAUNCH OF THE <span class="tei tei-q" style=
+            "text-align: center">“GREAT EASTERN.”</span>
+          </div>
+        </div>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">And now we must
+        give some description of her internal arrangements and
+        accommodations. The hull is divided transversely into ten separate
+        compartments of 60 feet each, and rendered perfectly watertight by
+        bulkheads, through which there is no opening whatever below the
+        second deck. Two longitudinal walls of iron, 36 feet apart, traverse
+        350 feet of the ship. This mighty vessel was destined to afford
+        accommodation for 4,000 passengers, viz., 800 first class, 2,000
+        second class, and 1,200 third class, and a crew of 400. The series of
+        saloons, which were elegantly fitted and furnished, together with the
+        sleeping apartments, are situated in the middle of the ship, and
+        extend over 350 feet of her length. The lofty saloons and cabins are
+        very imposing, more resembling the drawing-rooms of Belgravia than
+        ordinary cabins. The <span class="tei tei-q">“Grand Saloon”</span> is
+        62 feet long, 36 feet wide, and 12 feet high, with a ladies’ cabin,
+        or rather boudoir, 20 feet in length. Massive looking-glasses in
+        highly ornamented gilt frames decorate its sides. The strong iron
+        beams overhead are encased in wood, the mouldings being delicately
+        painted and enriched with gilt beading. Around two of the funnels
+        which pass through this gorgeous apartment are large mirrors, with
+        alternate highly ornamented panels, and at their base are groupings
+        of velvet couches. The walls <span class="tei tei-pb" id=
+        "page134">[pg 134]</span><a name="Pg134" id="Pg134" class=
+        "tei tei-anchor"></a>are hung with rich patterns in raised gold and
+        white, and at the angles are arabesque panels, while sofas covered
+        with Utrecht velvet, buffets of richly carved walnut-wood, carpets of
+        surpassing softness, and <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style=
+        "font-style: italic">portières</span></span> of rich crimson silk to
+        all the doorways, give an elegance to the whole far surpassing the
+        gigantic toy ships of ancient monarchs. The paddle-wheel engines can
+        be made to give 5,000 horse-power, and the screw-engines 6,000
+        horse-power; making 11,000 in all.</p>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">On the 9th
+        September, 1859, the vessel, which had now been re-christened the
+        <span class="tei tei-name"><span style="font-style: italic">Great
+        Eastern</span></span>, took her first trip from the Thames under the
+        most favourable circumstances, the weather being very fine, with a
+        light breeze of wind, and blue sky overhead. Starting with four tugs,
+        two on the bow and two at the quarter, to guide her through the
+        narrow parts of the river, after some delay and a few slight mishaps,
+        she reached Purfleet, where she anchored for the night. At daylight
+        on the following morning, she started for the Nore, where she arrived
+        about noon, having attained a speed of thirteen knots an hour, though
+        going only at half-speed, her engines making not more than eight
+        revolutions a minute. From the Nore the <span class=
+        "tei tei-name"><span style="font-style: italic">Great
+        Eastern</span></span> proceeded successfully to Whitstable, where she
+        anchored, getting under weigh there at a quarter past nine on the
+        following morning, with a fresh breeze. After passing Margate she
+        encountered a stiff gale, in which she appeared quite at ease when
+        large ships were under double-reefed topsails, and small vessels were
+        obliged to lie to. But an unfortunate accident occurred to her when
+        off Hastings, through the explosion of one of her funnel-casings,
+        causing the death of six men employed in the engineering department,
+        injuring various others, and, destroying nearly all the mirrors and
+        other ornamental furniture in the grand saloon. No injury was,
+        however, done to the hull or machinery of the vessel sufficient to
+        prevent her proceeding on her voyage to Weymouth, which she reached
+        without any further misfortune, on the afternoon of Friday, within
+        the time anticipated for her arrival. On her arrival, the pilot who
+        had been in charge of her from Deptford to Portland (Weymouth Bay)
+        made an official report of her performances to the Company,
+        confirming, in some measure, the glowing accounts in many of the
+        public journals, and realising the sanguine expectations of the
+        directors, though their hopes of profit had been somewhat damped by
+        the accident which, apart from the loss of life, entailed an outlay
+        of £5,000. The necessary repairs having been completed, the
+        <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Great
+        Eastern</span></span> proceeded from Portland to Holyhead, but
+        without passengers as originally contemplated. Starting at noon of
+        the 8th of October she made the run to Holyhead in forty hours, at an
+        average speed of close upon thirteen knots, or more than fifteen
+        statute miles in the hour, having on some occasions attained a speed
+        of fifteen knots an hour. But upon the whole the expectations that
+        had been formed of her were disappointed. The paddles proved
+        defective either in power or mode of fitting; and the utmost speed
+        attained fell far short of calculation. It began to be suspected that
+        the power of her engines was not proportioned to her tonnage, and the
+        ship was found to roll considerably. It should have been mentioned
+        that, whilst lying outside Holyhead harbour for the purpose of
+        further trials, she became exposed to the full fury of the hurricane
+        of the 26th October. In this terrific storm the ship behaved nobly,
+        but was at one time in considerable danger of being driven ashore.
+        She returned to Southampton, and was berthed for the winter in
+        Southampton Water.</p><span class="tei tei-pb" id="page135">[pg
+        135]</span><a name="Pg135" id="Pg135" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">On the 21st
+        January, the captain of the <span class="tei tei-name"><span style=
+        "font-style: italic">Great Eastern</span></span>, Captain Harrison,
+        was drowned in Southampton Water by the capsizing of a small boat
+        carrying him from the ship to the town. The boat, which was fully
+        manned by six picked seamen and the captain’s coxswain, was seized in
+        a sudden squall near the dock-gates, and upset before the trysail
+        could be lowered. Boats were at once put off from the <span class=
+        "tei tei-name"><span style="font-style: italic">Indus</span></span>
+        to the rescue, but when Captain Harrison was reached, the body was
+        floating a little under water, and life was quite extinct—death being
+        apparently the result of apoplexy caused by the intense cold. The
+        coxswain was found insensible close by, and survived only till the
+        evening. A fine youth, son of the chief purser, was also drowned; the
+        chief purser himself (Mr. Lay), and Dr. Watson were amongst those
+        saved with the crew.</p>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">The <span class=
+        "tei tei-name"><span style="font-style: italic">Great
+        Eastern</span></span> made her first Transatlantic voyage to New York
+        after a very successful but by no means rapid passage of ten days and
+        a half. In many respects the vessel fully answered the expectations
+        of her builders. Her vast bulk aided the fineness of her lines in
+        cutting through the opposing waves without any apparent shock. To
+        those which rolled upon her sides she rose with a easy swing, and
+        they passed to leeward, seemingly deprived of their fury; others
+        struck her with full force, but no vibration or shock was
+        communicated to the vast mass. It was speedily discovered that there
+        were two prime defects in her appointments—it was impossible to raise
+        the steam in the boilers which animate the paddle-wheel engines to
+        the full power; and the wheels themselves were not so placed as to
+        act on the water with effect.</p>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">On the 21st, the
+        power of the ship was put to a most trying test. A strong
+        northwesterly gale had raised a rough sea. <span class=
+        "tei tei-q">“It has always been said that she never could or would
+        pitch, but the truth is this ship does just the same on a small scale
+        that ordinary vessels in a sea may do on a very large one. The
+        <span class="tei tei-name"><span style="font-style: italic">Great
+        Eastern</span></span> against a head sea makes a majestic rise and
+        fall, where a steamer of 2,000, or even 3,000, tons would be
+        labouring heavily, and perhaps taking in great seas over her bows. On
+        this Thursday she dipped down below her hawse pipes. It was a fine
+        sight to watch her motion from the bows, splitting the great waves
+        before her into two streams of water, like double fountains, and to
+        look along her immense expanse of deck as she rose and fell with a
+        motion so easy and regular that the duration of each movement could
+        be timed to the very second.”</span></p>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">On the 23rd, the
+        ship being off the banks of Newfoundland, the temperature decreased
+        so rapidly that it was feared that floating icebergs were near, and
+        the speed was slackened, and precautions taken against accident; and,
+        on the 26th, when not more than 450 miles from New York, the ship ran
+        into a dense fog, through which she had to feel her way. These
+        circumstances materially affected the duration of the voyage. The
+        most anxious part of the whole navigation was now at hand—the passage
+        over the shoals and bars which impede the passage to New York
+        harbour, and the ship was repeatedly stopped to take soundings. All
+        dangers were boldly passed, and the dawn of the 27th showed the coast
+        in a dim blue line, with the spit of Sandy Hook lying like a haze
+        across the sea. The lighthouse was passed at 7·20 a.m., and the
+        <span class="tei tei-name"><span style="font-style: italic">Great
+        Eastern</span></span> had completed her first Transatlantic voyage.
+        From Sandy Hook the vessel passed into the harbour, stirring up the
+        sand on the bar, but escaping all danger by the admirable readiness
+        with which she <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page136">[pg
+        136]</span><a name="Pg136" id="Pg136" class=
+        "tei tei-anchor"></a>answered her helm. The advent of the great ship
+        had been expected in America with an eagerness which cast into the
+        shade even the interest taken in her at home. She was a great and
+        startling <span class="tei tei-q">“fact.”</span> Therefore, no sooner
+        was her arrival telegraphed, than the bay was studded with yachts,
+        schooners, and steam-ships, whose passengers marked every portion of
+        her progress with vociferous cheers; all the ships were covered with
+        flags, the bells rang out, the cannon roared, the wharfs and houses
+        were crowded with enthusiastic welcomers. Even the Government Fort
+        Hamilton fired a salute of fourteen guns. The return voyage was
+        uneventful. In May, 1861, she again started from Milford Haven for
+        New York, on an ordinary passenger voyage, and made a very
+        successful, but not very rapid, passage of nine days thirteen and a
+        half hours, the greatest distance run in one day being 410 statute
+        miles. She commenced the return voyage on the 25th May, and arrived
+        off Liverpool in nine and a half days, running in one day 416 statute
+        miles.</p><a name="illo_153.png" id="illo_153.png" class=
+        "tei tei-anchor"></a>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"></p>
+
+        <div class="tei tei-figure" style="text-align: center">
+          <img src="images/illo_153.png" alt=
+          "ARRIVAL OF THE “GREAT EASTERN” AT NEW YORK" title=
+          "ARRIVAL OF THE “GREAT EASTERN” AT NEW YORK." />
+
+          <div class="tei tei-head" style=
+          "text-align: center; margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em">
+            ARRIVAL OF THE <span class="tei tei-q" style=
+            "text-align: center">“GREAT EASTERN”</span> AT NEW YORK.
+          </div>
+        </div>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">When civil war in
+        the United States forced on the English Government the fact of the
+        defenceless state of Canada, it was resolved to send out
+        reinforcements with the greatest speed, and the <span class=
+        "tei tei-name"><span style="font-style: italic">Great
+        Eastern</span></span> was taken up as a troop-ship to convey 2,500
+        men, 100 officers, and 122 horses. In addition to these, were about
+        350 wives and children of the soldiers. She sailed from the Mersey on
+        the 27th of June, and made her voyage with <span class="tei tei-pb"
+        id="page137">[pg 137]</span><a name="Pg137" id="Pg137" class=
+        "tei tei-anchor"></a>such speed and safety that her real use appeared
+        to have been discovered at last. This success inspired confidence,
+        and when she was next announced to sail with passengers, nearly 400
+        persons engaged first and second-class berths. Among them were
+        several parties, and an unusual proportion of ladies. A very
+        considerable cargo was also sent on freight. She left the Mersey on
+        the 10th September, and commenced her voyage with every prospect of
+        success. But, when about 250 miles westward of Cape Clear, she was
+        caught in a tremendous gale. She appears to have been in the very
+        centre of a cyclone hurricane. In the midst of this whirlwind one of
+        the forward boats broke loose. The captain ordered the helm to be put
+        down, in order to bring the ship up into the wind, that the boat
+        might clear the wheel. The ship refused to answer her helm. Some
+        hand-sails were then set with the same object, but they were
+        instantly blown to shreds. Soon a terrific noise was heard, and it
+        was clear that something had gone wrong with her machinery. The waves
+        had struck her paddles with such force that they were bent, and
+        scraped the ship’s side at every revolution, threatening to shear
+        away her iron planking. Under these circumstances it was necessary to
+        stop the paddle engines and trust to the propeller for progress.
+        This, of course, did not add to the power of steering; for, if the
+        helm was insufficient when the power was amidships, it was, of
+        course, still less effectual when the power was all astern. The ship,
+        therefore, lay exposed to the tremendous lashing of the sea, which
+        ran mountains high. One by one the floats were struck away, and at
+        daybreak the next morning nothing of the paddle-wheels was left
+        except twisted iron rods attached to the shaft. Nor was this the
+        extent of the misfortune. The stress upon the rudder, now that it had
+        to control the entire length of the ship, was tremendous, and about
+        5.45 a.m., during a terrific sea, the top of the rudder-post, a bar
+        of iron ten inches square, was wrenched away. The ship had now
+        entirely lost steerage power, and lay utterly at the mercy of the
+        waves. She rolled tremendously. The hapless passengers were dashed
+        from side to side; the cabin furniture broke loose, as well as the
+        cargo, crushing everything they touched. In the hold, tallow-casks,
+        weighing many hundredweight, and a chain cable of many tons, got
+        loose in one of the compartments, and threatened to burst out the
+        ship’s side at every roll. Many of the passengers were severely
+        injured. The decks were swept, six boats were carried away, and two
+        were broken to pieces. In this precarious condition the ship lay from
+        Thursday to Sunday evening, a waif upon the ocean. At length, on
+        Sunday afternoon, the violence of the wind abated, the sea went down,
+        and chains were got out and connected with the rudder, so that some,
+        though a very imperfect, purchase was obtained. Some apparatus was
+        constructed and got overboard, by which the ship was steadied and the
+        steering power increased. By these means her head was got round and a
+        course was made for Cork Harbour. On Tuesday she was off the Old Head
+        of Kinsale, and in the afternoon at the entrance of Cork Harbour, but
+        she was unable to enter. She therefore remained outside in great
+        peril, for she was blown out to sea again, and drifted to some
+        distance before she was enabled to enter. Her subsequent history, in
+        connection with the laying of the Atlantic cable, belongs to another
+        section of this work.</p><span class="tei tei-pb" id="page138">[pg
+        138]</span><a name="Pg138" id="Pg138" class=
+        "tei tei-anchor"></a><a name="illo_155.png" id="illo_155.png" class=
+        "tei tei-anchor"></a>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"></p>
+
+        <div class="tei tei-figure" style="text-align: center">
+          <img src="images/illo_155.png" alt=
+          "THE “MONITOR” PASSING THE VICKSBURG BATTERIES" title=
+          "THE “MONITOR” PASSING THE VICKSBURG BATTERIES." />
+
+          <div class="tei tei-head" style=
+          "text-align: center; margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em">
+            THE <span class="tei tei-q" style=
+            "text-align: center">“MONITOR”</span> PASSING THE VICKSBURG
+            BATTERIES.
+          </div>
+        </div>
+      </div>
+
+      <div class="tei tei-div" style=
+      "margin-bottom: 5.00em; margin-top: 5.00em">
+        <a name="chap09" id="chap09" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> <a name=
+        "toc21" id="toc21"></a> <a name="pdf22" id="pdf22"></a>
+
+        <h2 class="tei tei-head" style=
+        "text-align: center; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em">
+        <span style="font-size: 144%">CHAPTER IX.</span></h2>
+
+        <h2 class="tei tei-head" style=
+        "text-align: center; margin-bottom: 2.40em; margin-top: 2.40em">
+        <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: center"><span style=
+        "font-size: 120%; font-variant: small-caps">The History of Ships and
+        Shipping Interests</span></span> <span style=
+        "font-size: 120%">(</span><span class="tei tei-hi" style=
+        "text-align: center"><span style=
+        "font-size: 120%; font-style: italic">continued</span></span><span style="font-size: 120%">).</span></h2>
+
+        <div class="tei tei-argument" style=
+        "text-align: center; margin-bottom: 1.80em; margin-left: 3.60em; margin-top: 1.80em; margin-right: 3.60em">
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style=
+        "text-align: center; margin-bottom: 0.90em"><span style=
+        "font-size: 90%">The Ironclad Question—One of the Topics of the
+        Day—What is to be their Value in Warfare?—Story of the Dummy
+        Ironclad—Two Real Ironclads vanquished by it—Experience on board an
+        American Monitor—Visit of the</span> <span class="tei tei-name"
+          style="text-align: center"><span style=
+          "font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Miantonoma</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%">&nbsp;to
+          St. John’s—Her Tour round the World—Her Turrets and Interior
+          Arrangements—Firing off the Big Guns—Inside the
+          Turret—</span><span class="tei tei-q" style=
+          "text-align: center"><span style=
+          "font-size: 90%">“</span><span style=
+          "font-size: 90%">Prepare!</span><span style=
+          "font-size: 90%">”</span></span><span style=
+          "font-size: 90%">—Effects of the Firing—A Boatswain’s-mate’s
+          Opinion—The</span> <span class="tei tei-name" style=
+          "text-align: center"><span style=
+          "font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Monitor</span></span>
+          <span style="font-size: 90%">goes round the World safely—Few of the
+          Original American Ironclads left—English Ironclads—The</span>
+          <span class="tei tei-name" style="text-align: center"><span style=
+          "font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Warrior</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%">—Various
+          Types—Iron-built—Wood-built—Wood-covered—The Greatest Result yet
+          attained, the</span> <span class="tei tei-name" style=
+          "text-align: center"><span style=
+          "font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Inflexible</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%">—Circular
+          Ironclads—The</span> <span class="tei tei-q" style=
+          "text-align: center"><span style=
+          "font-size: 90%">“</span><span class="tei tei-hi" style=
+          "text-align: center"><span style=
+          "font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Garde
+          Côtes</span></span><span style=
+          "font-size: 90%">”</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%">—Cost
+          of Ironclads—The Torpedo Question—The Marquis of Worcester’s
+          Inventions—Bishop Wilkins’ Subaqueous Ark—Fulton’s Experiments—A
+          Frightened Audience—A Hulk Blown Up—Government Aid to
+          Fulton—The</span> <span class="tei tei-name" style=
+          "text-align: center"><span style=
+          "font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Argus</span></span>
+          <span style="font-size: 90%">and her</span> <span class="tei tei-q"
+          style="text-align: center"><span style=
+          "font-size: 90%">“</span><span style=
+          "font-size: 90%">Crinoline</span><span style=
+          "font-size: 90%">”</span></span><span style=
+          "font-size: 90%">—Torpedoes successfully foiled—Their use during
+          the American War—Brave Lieut. Cushing—The</span> <span class=
+          "tei tei-name" style="text-align: center"><span style=
+          "font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Albemarle</span></span>
+          <span style="font-size: 90%">Destroyed—Modern Torpedoes: the</span>
+          <span class="tei tei-q" style="text-align: center"><span style=
+          "font-size: 90%">“</span><span style=
+          "font-size: 90%">Lay;</span><span style=
+          "font-size: 90%">”</span></span> <span style=
+          "font-size: 90%">the</span> <span class="tei tei-q" style=
+          "text-align: center"><span style=
+          "font-size: 90%">“</span><span style=
+          "font-size: 90%">Whitehead</span><span style=
+          "font-size: 90%">”</span></span><span style=
+          "font-size: 90%">—Probable Manner of using in an Engagement—The Ram
+          and its Power.</span></p>
+        </div>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Early in these
+        chapters, allusion was made to one of the most important of all vital
+        topics connected with shipping interests—the ironclad question—and as
+        it concerns the well-being of the Royal Navy, it concerns that of the
+        nation itself, and no excuse can be needed for its discussion here.
+        Day by day we hear of new types of armoured vessels, single specimens
+        costing the price of a small fleet of former days. That, under
+        certain conditions, they must prove very formidable, there can be no
+        doubt. But, it must be asked, are the bulk of them seaworthy ships?
+        How far is torpedo warfare to interfere with their employment? Are
+        they worth their price to the nation?</p>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Their history so
+        far has been one as much, and indeed far more, of failure than
+        success. <span class="tei tei-q">“Our submarine fleet”</span> has
+        become a byword, while none of their exploits have excelled those of
+        the <span class="tei tei-name"><span style=
+        "font-style: italic">Merrimac</span></span> and <span class=
+        "tei tei-name"><span style=
+        "font-style: italic">Monitor</span></span>, two of the very earliest
+        examples constructed. Indeed, the writer knows no more successful
+        results attained than by an improvised <span class=
+        "tei tei-q">“dummy”</span> ironclad during the American war. The
+        ridiculous often merges into or mingles with <span class="tei tei-pb"
+        id="page139">[pg 139]</span><a name="Pg139" id="Pg139" class=
+        "tei tei-anchor"></a>the important and the sublime, and the story,
+        little known in England, is inserted here to show how much may
+        sometimes be done in warfare with insignificant means.</p><a name=
+        "illo_156.jpg" id="illo_156.jpg" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"></p>
+
+        <div class="tei tei-figure" style="text-align: center">
+          <img src="images/illo_156.jpg" alt="PEACE AND WAR" title=
+          "PEACE&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;and&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;WAR." />
+
+          <div class="tei tei-head" style=
+          "text-align: center; margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em">
+            <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: center"><span style=
+            "font-variant: small-caps">PEACE&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;and&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;WAR.</span></span>
+          </div>
+        </div>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">The incident
+        occurred in February, 1863. An old coal barge<a id="noteref_42" name=
+        "noteref_42" href="#note_42"><span class=
+        "tei tei-noteref"><span style=
+        "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">42</span></span></a> adrift
+        had been picked up in the James River, and the brilliant idea seized
+        some of Admiral Porter’s men to convert her into a <span class=
+        "tei tei-q">“monitor.”</span> The whole scheme was carried out in
+        twelve hours. In fact, her construction was hardly more solid than
+        the <span class="tei tei-q">“paper forts”</span> built of canvas and
+        boards by the Chinese during our war with them, and which collapsed
+        after a shot or two as readily as would the <span class=
+        "tei tei-q">“Rock of Gibraltar”</span> or <span class=
+        "tei tei-q">“Mount Vesuvius”</span> at a firework display. The barge
+        was built up high with boards, while funnels and turrets constructed
+        of pork-barrels reared above, and two old canoes did duty for
+        quarter-boats. A small house, taken from the back yard of a planter’s
+        dwelling, stood for the pilot-house. Her furnaces were built of mud
+        or clay; they were only intended to make smoke, not steam. Then a
+        good coat of black paint or pitch; her furnaces were filled with
+        pitch and other inflammable materials, and she was ready. As soon as
+        the <span class="tei tei-q">“dummy”</span> turned adrift on the
+        Mississippi came in range of the Vicksburg batteries, the alarmed
+        garrison opened fire upon it. The black monitor glided down the
+        stream, belching out fire and smoke, but gave not a shot in return.
+        With amazement the Vicksburg soldiers found that they could not make
+        the slightest impression on the turreted monster. They did not know
+        that it was full of water, and had not a man on board! In ominous and
+        silent disdain she seemed to be making for the Confederate ironclads;
+        one of them, the <span class="tei tei-name"><span style=
+        "font-style: italic">Queen of the West</span></span>, leaving part of
+        her crew ashore, incontinently fled, with all her steam power, making
+        the best of her way to the Red River. The <span class=
+        "tei tei-name"><span style=
+        "font-style: italic">Indianola</span></span>, a vessel previously
+        captured from the Northerners, was lying aground, and not to be taken
+        by this ruthless monster of a monitor, was ordered to be blown up,
+        which was accordingly done. Thus was this bloodless victory gained by
+        the dummy ironclad. It is not impossible that we may hear of similar
+        tricks in future warfare, as all is fair therein.</p>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">The following
+        experiences on board an American monitor are kindly sent to the
+        writer by a friend, formerly in the Royal Navy.</p>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class=
+        "tei tei-q">“Great, indeed, was the excitement caused by the deeds of
+        the <span class="tei tei-name"><span style=
+        "font-style: italic">Monitor</span></span> and <span class=
+        "tei tei-name"><span style=
+        "font-style: italic">Merrimac</span></span> amongst the officers and
+        men of Her Majesty’s North Atlantic Squadron. Whether dancing in
+        Halifax, chasing French fishermen on the Newfoundland coast, or
+        <span class="tei tei-q">‘sunning’</span><a id="noteref_43" name=
+        "noteref_43" href="#note_43"><span class=
+        "tei tei-noteref"><span style=
+        "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">43</span></span></a> in St.
+        George, there was always to be found some one, from captain to
+        loblolly boy, with a new story of the prowess of these formidable
+        monsters of the <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style=
+        "font-style: italic">shallows</span></span>! I write <span class=
+        "tei tei-q">‘shallows’</span> advisedly, for if the experience which
+        I am about to narrate proves anything, it will be that as a
+        <span class="tei tei-q">‘deep water’</span> or sea-going craft the
+        <span class="tei tei-name"><span style=
+        "font-style: italic">Monitor</span></span> is practically
+        useless.</span></p>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class=
+        "tei tei-q">“Notwithstanding a certain eagerness to behold a specimen
+        of their floating batteries, curiosity was not destined to be
+        gratified until nearly two years after the close of the American War,
+        when the United States Government determined on sending a
+        representative—the <span class="tei tei-name"><span style=
+        "font-style: italic">Miantonoma</span></span>—to make a tour of the
+        world. The object of this resolution was to prove that the American
+        invention was not a mere floating battery, but was destined to
+        revolutionise the system of armour-plated ships. The <span class=
+        "tei tei-name"><span style=
+        "font-style: italic">Miantonoma</span></span> was accompanied when
+        <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page140">[pg 140]</span><a name="Pg140"
+        id="Pg140" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>she made her appearance in the
+        harbour of St. John’s, Newfoundland, by two tenders, one a
+        second-class corvette, the other a captured blockade-runner, which
+        had been mounted with a single <span class=
+        "tei tei-q">‘Parrot’</span> pivot gun, throwing a spherical shot of
+        180 lbs. This projectile was dubbed <span class="tei tei-q">‘the
+        Devil’</span> by those on board, who were by no means anxious to hear
+        its voice, for the lightly-built blockade-runner trembled in every
+        knee at each discharge. Nevertheless, such a vessel properly built is
+        destined to play an important part in the navy of the future, when
+        our present unwieldy ironclads shall have been relegated to that
+        bourne where torpedoes cannot terrify.</span></p><a name=
+        "illo_159.jpg" id="illo_159.jpg" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"></p>
+
+        <div class="tei tei-figure" style="text-align: center">
+          <img src="images/illo_159.jpg" alt="THE “MIANTONOMA.”" title=
+          "THE “MIANTONOMA.”" />
+
+          <div class="tei tei-head" style=
+          "text-align: center; margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em">
+            THE <span class="tei tei-q" style=
+            "text-align: center">“MIANTONOMA.”</span>
+          </div>
+        </div>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class=
+        "tei tei-q">“The <span class="tei tei-name"><span style=
+        "font-style: italic">Miantonoma</span></span> was a twin-turreted
+        monitor, carrying two of Parrot’s 480 pounder smooth-bore. Her
+        spar-deck, which was flush fore and aft, was about two and a half to
+        three feet above the surface of the water in harbour. What we would
+        call the gun-deck was below the water-line some eight feet, and here
+        at sea during any sort of rough weather, the men were compelled to
+        live. Air was supplied (faugh! what an <span class="tei tei-pb" id=
+        "page141">[pg 141]</span><a name="Pg141" id="Pg141" class=
+        "tei tei-anchor"></a>atmosphere it was, even in harbour!) by means of
+        pipes which ran up to a scaffolding—I can find no better name for the
+        structure—elevated above the spar-deck fifteen feet. Here were the
+        wheel-house and a place for the look-out. But as it was apprehended
+        that the first respectable gale would take charge of the flimsy
+        structure and sweep it all away, a <span class=
+        "tei tei-q">‘preventer’</span> steering apparatus worked below, and
+        knowledge was gained of what was going on in the upper world by means
+        of reflectors. Two things struck the eye of an observant stranger on
+        gaining the side. The first was the formidable appearance of the
+        turrets—the latter, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style=
+        "font-style: italic">mirabile dictu</span></span>, the number of
+        spittoons! At once it became evident that such a craft as that which,
+        if you please, we are now aboard of, could never be taken by
+        boarding. Given the flush deck filled with an armed host; one of
+        these terrible turrets would slowly turn round, the shield protecting
+        the embrasure would fly back, a gaping volcano would belch forth, a
+        whirlwind of flame and smoke only—no need, indeed, would there be for
+        iron orbs at such quarters—and, ere its shield had once more covered
+        grinning death, the armed host would have been swept
+        away.</span></p><a name="illo_160.jpg" id="illo_160.jpg" class=
+        "tei tei-anchor"></a>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"></p>
+
+        <div class="tei tei-figure" style="text-align: center">
+          <img src="images/illo_160.jpg" alt="INTERIOR OF A TURRET SHIP"
+          title="INTERIOR OF A TURRET SHIP." />
+
+          <div class="tei tei-head" style=
+          "text-align: center; margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em">
+            INTERIOR OF A TURRET SHIP.
+          </div>
+        </div>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class=
+        "tei tei-q">“It is Her Majesty’s birthday, and the <span class=
+        "tei tei-name"><span style=
+        "font-style: italic">Miantonoma</span></span> steams away with those
+        who have been invited on board to witness the firing of the big guns.
+        The salute cannot be fired in the little harbour, else surely every
+        pane of glass from the block-house to Riverhead <span class=
+        "tei tei-pb" id="page142">[pg 142]</span><a name="Pg142" id="Pg142"
+        class="tei tei-anchor"></a>will pay the penalty. So Freshwater Bay is
+        to have the honour of hearing man’s thunder reverberating along its
+        hill-girded shores.</span></p>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class=
+        "tei tei-q">“Bang, bang—pop, pop, bang. You hear the Armstrongs and
+        old field-pieces go off from Her Majesty’s men-of-war in harbour, and
+        Her Majesty’s Fort William and water batteries. Then you descend to
+        utter silence. You ascend again through a trapdoor, and find yourself
+        in a circular room, some twelve feet in diameter, padded from top to
+        bottom like the interior of a carriage. By your side is a huge mass
+        of iron. You are inside the turret. A glimmering lamp sheds its
+        feeble light on the moving forms around you, and from below comes the
+        faint whispering of the men, until the trap is shut and you are again
+        in utter silence.</span></p>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class=
+        "tei tei-q">“ <span class="tei tei-q">‘<span class=
+        "tei tei-hi"><span style=
+        "font-style: italic">Prepare!</span></span>’</span> The gunner’s
+        mates stand you on your toes, and tell you to lean forward and thrust
+        your tongue out of your mouth. You hear the creaking of machinery. It
+        is a moment of intense suspense. Gradually a glimmer of light—an
+        inch—a flood. The shield passes from the opening—the gun runs out. A
+        flash, a roar—a mad reeling of the senses, and crimson clouds
+        flitting before your eyes—a horrible pain in your ears, a sense of
+        oppression on your chest, and the knowledge that you are not on your
+        feet—a whispering of voices blending with the concert in your ears—a
+        darkness before your eyes—and you find yourself plump up in a heap
+        against the padding, whither you have been thrown by the violence of
+        the concussion. Before you have recovered sufficiently to note the
+        effects I have endeavoured to describe, the shield is again in its
+        place and the gun ready for re-loading. They tell you that the best
+        part of the sound has escaped through the port-hole, otherwise there
+        would be no standing it, and our gunner’s mate whispers in your ear:
+        <span class="tei tei-q">‘It’s all werry well, but they busts out
+        bleeding from the chest and ears after the fourth discharge, and has
+        to be taken below.’</span> You have had enough of it too, and are
+        glad that they don’t ask you to witness another shot
+        fired.</span></p>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class=
+        "tei tei-q">“Since the <span class="tei tei-name"><span style=
+        "font-style: italic">Miantonoma’s</span></span> time vast
+        improvements have been made in the matter of turret firing. The guns
+        are now discharged by means of an electric spark, which obviates the
+        necessity for having anyone in the turret, and is certainly a great
+        blessing.</span></p>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class=
+        "tei tei-q">“ <span class="tei tei-q">‘And what do you think of
+        her?’</span> I asked a boatswain’s-mate. <span class=
+        "tei tei-q">‘Think of her, sir!’</span> he replied. <span class=
+        "tei tei-q">‘I think, sir, that she’s a floating coffin, and I would
+        as soon live in ——. Every time we’re out of harbour she goes under
+        water, and don’t come up till we get in again, as the saying is. We
+        are just cooped up here waiting for a big wave to come and swallow
+        us, for she don’t rise to the waves, she goes through ’em.’</span>
+        Then, becoming more confidential, <span class="tei tei-q">‘Tower of
+        the world be hanged, sir! None of us believe we’ll ever see
+        Queenstown, and if we only had a chance to get ashore, there ain’t a
+        man but what would desert, I guess.’</span></span></p>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class=
+        "tei tei-q">“I must draw the reader’s attention to the fact that I
+        give this sailor’s statement for what it is worth. The officers, one
+        and all, as far as my memory serves me, stated that she was a very
+        good sea boat; better, indeed, than they expected, though somewhat
+        sluggish in the water. I may add that the <span class=
+        "tei tei-name"><span style=
+        "font-style: italic">Miantonoma</span></span> not only reached
+        Queenstown, but <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style=
+        "font-style: italic">did</span></span> succeed in making a tour of
+        the world. Yet it was alleged that her crew, with the exception of
+        some twenty men, were put into the tenders, and that she was towed
+        across the <span class="tei tei-q">‘herring pond’</span> and round
+        the Horn by them. From these facts and rumours the <span class=
+        "tei tei-pb" id="page143">[pg 143]</span><a name="Pg143" id="Pg143"
+        class="tei tei-anchor"></a>reader may form his own opinion as to the
+        seaworthiness of the American monitor. My belief is, that for a
+        sea-fight, especially should one occur in a gale of wind, they are
+        practically as useless as a hay-barge, while for harbour defences
+        they have proved themselves invaluable. Of all the splendid fleet of
+        monitors possessed by America at the close of the Federal and
+        Confederate war, there are scarce any left to keep up the reputation
+        of the United States as a naval power. They were contract built, of
+        green oak. The Philadelphia and San Francisco navy yards afford ample
+        proof that a decade has sufficed to destroy what shot and shell found
+        almost invulnerable. Such splendid specimens of naval architecture as
+        the <span class="tei tei-name"><span style=
+        "font-style: italic">Brooklyn</span></span> and <span class=
+        "tei tei-name"><span style="font-style: italic">Ohio</span></span>
+        alone are left to keep up the appearance of America’s naval strength
+        on foreign stations. But let us hope that her <span class=
+        "tei tei-q">‘shoddy’</span> monitors, like her shoddy blankets or
+        wooden nutmegs, have passed away with her convalescence from
+        intestine wounds, and that the next decade may witness the Stars and
+        Stripes floating powerfully and peacefully side by side with the
+        Union Jack, omnipotent for good.”</span></p>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Any such
+        expression of feeling in regard to the safety of English ironclads,
+        in spite of the terrible loss of the <span class=
+        "tei tei-name"><span style=
+        "font-style: italic">Captain</span></span>, and that of the
+        <span class="tei tei-name"><span style=
+        "font-style: italic">Vanguard</span></span> (only less serious
+        inasmuch as no lives were sacrificed), would not be echoed by any
+        British sailor on board them. The accommodations, barring the general
+        darkness and sense of gloom inside, only partially illumined by the
+        fitful light of lamps, are generally good, and it is by no means
+        certain that when the electric light has attained that perfection at
+        which its promoters are aiming, there can be any complaint on that
+        score at all. Still, until some grand success has been attained by
+        ironclads, it is very questionable whether they can be thoroughly
+        popular, except to courageous, scientific, and ambitious officers, of
+        whom the service, the writer is certain, does not stand in need. We
+        have had a <span class="tei tei-q">“Man of iron”</span> ashore, and
+        we shall have him afloat when the occasion requires.</p>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">The first types of
+        ironclads introduced into the Royal Navy, as for example, the
+        <span class="tei tei-name"><span style=
+        "font-style: italic">Warrior</span></span> and <span class=
+        "tei tei-name"><span style="font-style: italic">Black
+        Prince</span></span>, were nearly identical in general appearance to
+        the war-ships of the day. Now <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style=
+        "font-style: italic">all</span></span> British ironclads are built
+        with sides approaching the upright or vertical above water. At first
+        they only attempted broadside fire; now bow and stern guns are
+        common. The <span class="tei tei-name"><span style=
+        "font-style: italic">Warrior</span></span>, as the earliest example
+        of an ironclad in the Royal Navy, deserves special mention. She is
+        doing duty to-day, and is by no means an effete example, but an
+        excellent and useful vessel. She is armoured at the middle only, in
+        the most exposed parts. In other words, her engines and leading guns
+        are protected, while the rest of her hull, though strong, is not
+        armour-covered. <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style=
+        "font-style: italic">Now</span></span>, whatever weight of armour
+        this central, or <span class="tei tei-q">“box-battery,”</span> as it
+        has been termed, may have, there is always a continuous belt of iron
+        extending from stem to stern, and protecting the region of the
+        water-line and steering gear, the counter of the ship being carried
+        below the water in order to screen the rudder-head. This improvement
+        is due to Sir Spencer Robinson. The <span class=
+        "tei tei-name"><span style=
+        "font-style: italic">Warrior’s</span></span> armour was uniform in
+        thickness; now it is strongest in the vital parts. The <span class=
+        "tei tei-name"><span style="font-style: italic">Warrior</span></span>
+        had only a main-deck battery armour plated; recent ships have had a
+        protected upper-deck battery given them. The <span class=
+        "tei tei-name"><span style="font-style: italic">Warrior</span></span>
+        carried a large number of guns in an outspread battery; all later
+        ships, of whatever type, have had a <span class=
+        "tei tei-hi"><span style=
+        "font-style: italic">concentrated</span></span> battery of much
+        heavier guns. This early armoured ship is long; nearly all later
+        examples are much shorter in proportion to their
+        breadth.</p><span class="tei tei-pb" id="page144">[pg
+        144]</span><a name="Pg144" id="Pg144" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">And now to the
+        armour itself, which is sometimes affixed to an iron and sometimes to
+        a wooden hull, and in a few cases has wood <span class=
+        "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">outside</span></span>
+        it. These facts, by no means generally known, must be studied, for it
+        can hardly yet be said to be determined which is the better form. It
+        may be said, in general terms, that the <span class=
+        "tei tei-q">“adoption of armour-plating was accompanied in this
+        country by the introduction of iron for the construction of the hulls
+        of ships of war, and our ironclad fleet is for the most part
+        <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style=
+        "font-style: italic">iron-built</span></span>. We have, it is true, a
+        number of wood-built ironclads, but most of these are converted
+        vessels.”</span><a id="noteref_44" name="noteref_44" href=
+        "#note_44"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style=
+        "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">44</span></span></a> Several
+        were built of wood (and then armoured) for the purpose of utilising
+        the large stocks of timber accumulated in the dockyards. In the
+        future it is probable that nearly all will be of iron, with wood
+        backing. The armour of the <span class="tei tei-name"><span style=
+        "font-style: italic">Warrior</span></span> is only 4½ inches thick,
+        with, however, a <span class="tei tei-q">“backing”</span> of 18
+        inches of timber. This type includes the <span class=
+        "tei tei-name"><span style="font-style: italic">Black
+        Prince</span></span>, <span class="tei tei-name"><span style=
+        "font-style: italic">Achilles</span></span>, <span class=
+        "tei tei-name"><span style=
+        "font-style: italic">Defence</span></span>, <span class=
+        "tei tei-name"><span style="font-style: italic">Hector</span></span>,
+        <span class="tei tei-name"><span style=
+        "font-style: italic">Valiant</span></span>, and <span class=
+        "tei tei-name"><span style="font-style: italic">Prince
+        Albert</span></span>. Then we come to another series, of which the
+        <span class="tei tei-name"><span style=
+        "font-style: italic">Bellerophon</span></span>, <span class=
+        "tei tei-name"><span style=
+        "font-style: italic">Penelope</span></span>, <span class=
+        "tei tei-name"><span style=
+        "font-style: italic">Invincible</span></span>, <span class=
+        "tei tei-name"><span style=
+        "font-style: italic">Audacious</span></span>, <span class=
+        "tei tei-name"><span style=
+        "font-style: italic">Swiftsure</span></span>, <span class=
+        "tei tei-name"><span style=
+        "font-style: italic">Triumph</span></span>, <span class=
+        "tei tei-name"><span style="font-style: italic">Iron
+        Duke</span></span>, and unfortunate <span class=
+        "tei tei-name"><span style=
+        "font-style: italic">Vanguard</span></span> furnish examples. They
+        average 6 inches of iron-plating to 10 inches of wood backing. The
+        lost <span class="tei tei-name"><span style=
+        "font-style: italic">Captain</span></span> was somewhat heavier in
+        both plating and backing. Then again we advance to a still heavier
+        type—12 inches of iron to 18 inches of wood: the <span class=
+        "tei tei-name"><span style=
+        "font-style: italic">Glatton</span></span>, <span class=
+        "tei tei-name"><span style=
+        "font-style: italic">Thunderer</span></span>, and <span class=
+        "tei tei-name"><span style=
+        "font-style: italic">Devastation</span></span> furnish examples. Then
+        there is the <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style=
+        "font-style: italic">wood-built</span></span> class, the thickness of
+        their (wooden) sides ranging from 19½ to as high as 36 inches, with
+        4½ to 6 inches of armour. The <span class="tei tei-name"><span style=
+        "font-style: italic">Royal Sovereign</span></span> (a turret ship) is
+        a leading example of this class; she has 5½ inches of armour,
+        covering 36 inches of wood.</p>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">To speak of all
+        the types of armour-clad ships would most undoubtedly weary the
+        reader. Let us examine a leading example. The <span class=
+        "tei tei-name"><span style=
+        "font-style: italic">Inflexible</span></span> (double turret ship) is
+        probably the greatest result yet attained. She is an ironclad of
+        11,400 tons, with 8,000 horse-power, her estimated first cost being
+        considerably over half a million sterling. She is 320 feet long, and
+        has armour of 16 to 24 inches thick, with a backing of 17 to 25
+        inches of wood. She has no less than 135 compartments, while her
+        engines are so completely isolated that if one breaks down the other
+        would be working. <span class="tei tei-q">“But already, as if to show
+        the impossibility of attaining the stage of finality as regards the
+        construction of our men-of-war, there is every reason to believe that
+        she has been excelled.... Designed,”</span> says our leading
+        journal,<a id="noteref_45" name="noteref_45" href=
+        "#note_45"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style=
+        "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">45</span></span></a>
+        <span class="tei tei-q">“as an improvement upon the Russian
+        <span class="tei tei-name"><span style="font-style: italic">Peter the
+        Great</span></span>, she will herself be surpassed by the two Italian
+        frigates which are building at La Spezzia and Castellamare.... While
+        the <span class="tei tei-name"><span style=
+        "font-style: italic">Inflexible’s</span></span> turrets are formed of
+        a single thickness of 18-inch armour, and her armament consists of
+        four 81-ton guns, the turrets of the <span class=
+        "tei tei-name"><span style="font-style: italic">Dandolo</span></span>
+        and the <span class="tei tei-name"><span style=
+        "font-style: italic">Duilio</span></span> are built of plates 22
+        inches thick, and are armed with four 100-ton guns.”</span> The
+        writer then enlarges on recent gunnery experiments, showing that even
+        the enormous thickness of the <span class="tei tei-name"><span style=
+        "font-style: italic">Inflexible’s</span></span> iron sides have been
+        pierced, and concludes by saying that, <span class="tei tei-q">“so
+        far as the exigencies of the navy are concerned, the limit of weight
+        seems to have already been reached, for the simple reason that the
+        buoyancy of our ironclads cannot with safety be further diminished by
+        the burden of heavier armour and armaments.”</span> The <span class=
+        "tei tei-pb" id="page145">[pg 145]</span><a name="Pg145" id="Pg145"
+        class="tei tei-anchor"></a>leading feature in this vessel is the
+        situation of the turrets. In most turret ships afloat these batteries
+        are placed on the middle line, and in consequence only one-half the
+        guns can be brought to bear on an enemy either right ahead or
+        directly astern. In the <span class="tei tei-name"><span style=
+        "font-style: italic">Inflexible</span></span> the turrets rise up on
+        either side of the ship <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style=
+        "font-style: italic">en échelon</span></span> within the citadel
+        walls, the fore turret being on the port side and the after turret on
+        the starboard side. By these means the whole of the four guns can be
+        discharged <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style=
+        "font-style: italic">simultaneously</span></span> at a ship right
+        ahead or right astern, or, in pairs, towards any point. What vessel
+        could withstand such a fire rightly directed?</p><a name=
+        "illo_166.jpg" id="illo_166.jpg" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"></p>
+
+        <div class="tei tei-figure" style="text-align: center">
+          <img src="images/illo_166.jpg" alt="THE “INFLEXIBLE.”" title=
+          "THE “INFLEXIBLE.”" />
+
+          <div class="tei tei-head" style=
+          "text-align: center; margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em">
+            THE <span class="tei tei-q" style=
+            "text-align: center">“INFLEXIBLE.”</span>
+          </div>
+        </div>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">As we have seen,
+        the forms and proportions of ironclads have undergone enormous
+        changes from the days when the success of the plated floating
+        batteries at Kinburn called the special attention of Europe to the
+        possibility of successfully protecting vessels in the same way. The
+        shot of the enemy had no effect on these batteries. A special
+        correspondent of the <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style=
+        "font-style: italic">Times</span></span> said: <span class=
+        "tei tei-q">“The balls hopped back off their sides without leaving an
+        impression, save such as a pistol-ball makes on the target of a
+        shooting gallery. The shot could be heard distinctly striking the
+        sides of the battery with a <span class="tei tei-q">‘sharp
+        smack,’</span> and then <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page146">[pg
+        146]</span><a name="Pg146" id="Pg146" class=
+        "tei tei-anchor"></a>could be seen flying back, splashing the water
+        at various angles according to the direction in which they came, till
+        they dropped exhausted.”</span></p>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">One of the
+        greatest novelties is the <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style=
+        "font-style: italic">circular</span></span> ironclad, proposed long
+        ago by Mr. John Elder, in a paper read before the United Service
+        Institution, and carried out by Admiral Popoff, of the Russian navy,
+        who designed one which was afterwards constructed and was christened
+        the <span class="tei tei-name"><span style=
+        "font-style: italic">Novgorod</span></span>. She was 100 feet in
+        diameter, with curved deck, the highest point of which was only five
+        or six feet above the water. She carried two 28-ton guns. Its model
+        might be described as a floating saucer with a comparatively flat
+        covering. It is even asserted that a good speed is attainable with
+        such vessels, and that they are steerable, if hydraulic machinery is
+        employed. Mr. Elder’s plan was as follows:—When a revolving
+        pilot-house on the vessel turned, a jet of water was ejected in a
+        backward line to the very course proposed to steer. The pilot or
+        steersman—having a complete control of the movements of the
+        pilot-house, and a clear look out a-head—only arranged to steer in a
+        particular direction, and the water jet propelled the vessel to its
+        destination. Such vessels are fit for nothing better than river or
+        harbour protection.</p>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">The <span class=
+        "tei tei-name"><span style=
+        "font-style: italic">Alexandra</span></span>, whose batteries we show
+        on the opposite page, is one of the most efficient of our English
+        armour-plated ships. She was built at Chatham, and launched in 1875.
+        She was specially built for speed, and carries the maximum weight of
+        armour consistent with sea-going qualities. She is armed with three
+        guns of twenty-five tons each and nine of eighteen tons.</p><a name=
+        "illo_168.jpg" id="illo_168.jpg" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"></p>
+
+        <div class="tei tei-figure" style="text-align: center">
+          <img src="images/illo_168.jpg" alt="SECTION OF THE “ALEXANDRA”"
+          title="SECTION OF THE “ALEXANDRA.”" />
+
+          <div class="tei tei-head" style=
+          "text-align: center; margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em">
+            SECTION OF THE <span class="tei tei-q" style=
+            "text-align: center">“<a name="corr146" id="corr146" class=
+            "tei tei-anchor" style="text-align: center"></a><span class=
+            "tei tei-corr" style=
+            "text-align: center">ALEXANDRA.</span>”</span>
+          </div>
+        </div>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">A new form of
+        ironclad, destined for coast duty, has also been introduced in
+        Holland and France. These Governments consider that for the defence
+        of a coast-line, fixed land batteries are not sufficient. They have,
+        therefore, adopted a ponderous form of turreted ironclad, which the
+        French term <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style=
+        "font-style: italic">garde-côtes</span></span>. They are not supposed
+        to be adapted for long sea voyages, as they are veritable floating
+        iron castles, carrying not merely heavy guns, but whole batteries of
+        smaller guns. They have good engine power, and can, therefore, be
+        moved to any part of the coast with ease.</p>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">The cost of
+        ironclads to this country has been very serious. Mr. Reed puts it
+        down at a million sterling a year since their inauguration.<a id=
+        "noteref_46" name="noteref_46" href="#note_46"><span class=
+        "tei tei-noteref"><span style=
+        "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">46</span></span></a> For the
+        eighteen years preceding 1876, they cost £16,738,935, and with the
+        cost of wear and tear, repair, and maintenance, not less than
+        £18,000,000. £300,000 was required for repairs and maintenance alone
+        in one year, perhaps an exceptional case. The <span class=
+        "tei tei-name"><span style=
+        "font-style: italic">Warrior</span></span>, built in the year 1860,
+        cost, to 1876, for maintenance and repair, no less than £124,245, or
+        about a third of her original cost. She is the earliest type of
+        ironclad, and of small tonnage compared with several of her
+        successors. What <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style=
+        "font-style: italic">they</span></span> may cost to maintain is a
+        still more serious problem. Single ironclads have cost the country
+        half a million sterling; the <span class="tei tei-name"><span style=
+        "font-style: italic">Inflexible</span></span>, £600,000.</p><a name=
+        "illo_162.jpg" id="illo_162.jpg" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"></p>
+
+        <div class="tei tei-figure" style="text-align: center">
+          <img src="images/illo_162.jpg" alt=
+          "PREPARING FOR TORPEDO EXPERIMENTS AT PORTSMOUTH" title=
+          "PREPARING FOR TORPEDO EXPERIMENTS AT PORTSMOUTH." />
+
+          <div class="tei tei-head" style=
+          "text-align: center; margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em">
+            PREPARING FOR TORPEDO EXPERIMENTS AT PORTSMOUTH.
+          </div>
+        </div>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Connected
+        intimately with the ironclad question is the torpedo movement. From
+        an early date schemes have been devised for injuring an enemy’s
+        vessel by submarine apparatus and otherwise than by guns. In the
+        seventeenth century, we find the celebrated Marquis of Worcester
+        describing such apparatus. The ninth of his <span class=
+        "tei tei-q">“Century of Inventions”</span> describes a small engine,
+        portable in one’s pocket, which might be carried and fastened on the
+        inside of the ship, and at any appointed time, days or weeks after,
+        at the will of the operator, it should explode and sink that
+        vessel.</p><span class="tei tei-pb" id="page148">[pg
+        148]</span><a name="Pg148" id="Pg148" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">In his tenth
+        invention, the Marquis of Worcester describes <span class=
+        "tei tei-q">“a way from a mile off to dive and fasten a like engine
+        to any ship, so as it may punctually work the same effect, either for
+        time or execution.”</span> The details of construction and working
+        are left to the reader’s imagination.</p>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Bishop Wilkins, in
+        a curious work on <span class="tei tei-q">“Mathematical
+        Magick,”</span> published in 1648, describes a possible submarine
+        vessel, or <span class="tei tei-q">“ark,”</span> as he terms it. He
+        says that it <span class="tei tei-q">“may be effected beyond all
+        question, because one Cornelius Dreble hath already experimented on
+        it here in England.”</span> Of Dreble very little is known; but it is
+        on record that he constructed a subaqueous boat, which he exhibited
+        before James I., which carried twelve rowers and some passengers, and
+        further, that that monarch was so pleased with it that he sent a
+        duplicate as a present to the grand Duke of Muscovy (Russia). The
+        bishop discusses the matter very fully. The boat is, of course, to be
+        watertight, all openings being sealed for the nonce by leather bags,
+        with two sets of fastenings. The oars were to project also through
+        leather bags, giving freedom of motion and yet excluding the water. A
+        serious difficulty—the lack of fresh air on board—is partially
+        slurred over; but he considers that the sailors, <span class=
+        "tei tei-q">“by long use and custome,”</span> will practically get
+        used to it. The raising or lowering of the vessel is to be
+        accomplished by the lifting or depression of an enormous stone hung
+        to its keel. He considered that the steering would be easier than on
+        the surface, there being no contrary winds or atmospheric
+        disturbances to interfere. The vessel is to be well manned by
+        artisans, and children are to be born in the <span class=
+        "tei tei-q">“ark:”</span> one of the points specially mentioned being
+        their inevitable astonishment when they for the first time behold the
+        light of day at the surface, and are landed on <span class=
+        "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">terra
+        firma</span></span>! The log is not merely to be written but is to be
+        printed on board. <span class="tei tei-q">“Among the many
+        conveniences of such a contrivance, it may be of very great advantage
+        against a navy of enemies, who, by this means, may be undermined in
+        the water and blown up.”</span></p>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Another old
+        writer, Schott, in a rare and curious work, entitled <span class=
+        "tei tei-q">“Mirabilia Mechanica,”</span> offers several schemes for
+        submarine vessels, and gives a drawing of one with a paddle-wheel as
+        the propelling power. The wheel, worked by men, was to work in a
+        watertight box in the centre of the vessel, the paddles projecting
+        below the keel. A Frenchman built a vessel of this description at
+        Rotterdam in 1653, and publicly exhibited it. Pepys, in his
+        <span class="tei tei-q">“Diary,”</span> writes, on the 14th of March,
+        1662: <span class="tei tei-q">“This afternoon came the German Dr.
+        Knuffler, to discourse with us about his engine to blow up ships. We
+        doubted not the matter of fact—it being tried in Cromwell’s time—but
+        the safety of carrying them in ships; but he do tell us that when he
+        comes to tell the King his secret (for none but kings successively,
+        and their heirs, must know it) it will appear of no danger at
+        all.”</span> We have before described Fulton’s submarine boat, the
+        <span class="tei tei-name"><span style=
+        "font-style: italic">Nautilus</span></span>, and his torpedo
+        experiments in France and England; let us now follow him to the New
+        World.</p>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Fulton arrived in
+        America in December, 1806, and so far from being discouraged by the
+        apathy displayed towards his inventions in Europe, inaugurated fresh
+        experiments, under Government sanction, a certain expenditure being
+        authorised. An amusing account of one of his semi-public exhibitions
+        is given by his biographer:<a id="noteref_47" name="noteref_47" href=
+        "#note_47"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style=
+        "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">47</span></span></a>—<span class="tei tei-q">“In
+        the meantime, anxious to prepossess his countrymen with a good
+        opinion of his project, he invited the <span class="tei tei-pb" id=
+        "page149">[pg 149]</span><a name="Pg149" id="Pg149" class=
+        "tei tei-anchor"></a>magistracy of New York and a number of citizens
+        to Governor’s Island, where were the torpedoes and the machinery with
+        which his experiments were to be made; these, with the manner in
+        which they were to be used and were expected to operate, he explained
+        very fully. While he was lecturing on his blank torpedoes, which were
+        large empty copper cylinders, his numerous auditors crowded round
+        him. At length he turned to a copper case of the same description,
+        which was placed under the gateway of the fort, and to which was
+        attached a clockwork lock. This, by drawing out a peg, he set in
+        motion, and then said to his attentive audience, <span class=
+        "tei tei-q">‘Gentlemen, this is a charged torpedo, with which,
+        precisely in its present state, I mean to blow up a vessel; it
+        contains one hundred and seventy pounds of gunpowder, and if I were
+        to suffer the clockwork to run fifteen minutes, I have no doubt but
+        that it would blow this fortification to atoms!’</span> The circle
+        round Mr. Fulton was very soon much enlarged, and before five of the
+        fifteen minutes were out there were but two or three persons
+        remaining under the gateway; some, indeed, lost no time in getting at
+        the greatest possible distance from the torpedo with their best
+        speed, and did not again appear on the ground till they were assured
+        it was lodged in the magazine.”</span> Fulton, of course, displayed
+        the utmost coolness, knowing that his torpedo could not explode till
+        the clockwork had run its allotted time, and of course taking care
+        that it should be stopped long before the expiration of the fifteen
+        minutes.</p>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">On the 20th of
+        July, 1807, he attempted to blow up with torpedoes, in the harbour of
+        New York, a large hulk brig which had been provided for the purpose.
+        Several unsuccessful <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page150">[pg
+        150]</span><a name="Pg150" id="Pg150" class=
+        "tei tei-anchor"></a>attempts were made at first, owing to some
+        derangements connected with the locks of the exploding apparatus. At
+        length, however, the explosion took place, and was a thorough
+        success. He has left a full account of it in his own work.<a id=
+        "noteref_48" name="noteref_48" href="#note_48"><span class=
+        "tei tei-noteref"><span style=
+        "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">48</span></span></a> Nothing
+        was left of the brig; all that was seen in her place was a high
+        column of water, smoke, and fragments. It showed, as Fulton always
+        believed, that the torpedo should, if possible, be exploded
+        <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style=
+        "font-style: italic">under</span></span> the vessel to be blown up.
+        In his cool but yet enthusiastic way he says: <span class=
+        "tei tei-q">“Should a ship of the line containing five hundred men
+        contend with ten good row-boats, each with a torpedo and ten men, she
+        would risk total annihilation, while the boats, under the cover of
+        the night and quick movements, would risk only a few men out of one
+        hundred.”</span></p>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Fulton, after
+        this, lectured frequently before the members of Congress, and so
+        favourably impressed them that a sum of 5,000 dollars was voted in
+        aid of his experiments. One of the plans he proposed was to couple by
+        a line two torpedoes, then letting them drift on the bow of the
+        vessel to be destroyed, the line would catch on the cable or bows,
+        and the torpedoes would drift towards the vessel on either side. He
+        also proposed <span class="tei tei-q">“block ships”</span> of 50 or
+        100 tons, with cannon-proof sides and musket-proof decks
+        (<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style=
+        "font-style: italic">i.e.</span></span>, virtually ironclads), to be
+        propelled by machinery, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style=
+        "font-style: italic">which was to be worked by the
+        crew</span></span>. <span class="tei tei-q">“On each quarter and bow
+        she was to be armed with a torpedo fastened to a long spar, the
+        interior end of which was to be supported and braced by ropes from
+        the yards.... By means of these spars the torpedoes were to be thrust
+        under the bottom of the vessel to be destroyed.”</span> Half the many
+        plans proposed for torpedo warfare may be traced back to Robert
+        Fulton at the end of the last and beginning of the present century.
+        Among his inventions was a <span class="tei tei-q">“cable-cutting
+        machine,”</span> a description of which would occupy an undue amount
+        of space in a popular work. Suffice it to say that by its means he
+        succeeded in cutting, several feet below the surface of the water,
+        the cable—a 14-inch one—of a vessel lying at anchor.</p>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">One of the most
+        important experiments made at this time was his attempt, under
+        sanction of Government, to blow up the sloop-of-war <span class=
+        "tei tei-name"><span style="font-style: italic">Argus</span></span>,
+        and the case demonstrates very clearly the ingenuity of the
+        <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style=
+        "font-style: italic">defence</span></span>, and the means taken to
+        foil the assailing torpedo. We have heard quite recently of
+        propositions to defend a vessel by means of a kind of <span class=
+        "tei tei-q">“crinoline,”</span> as it has been termed, a strong
+        network, &amp;c., surrounding the whole or a part of the vessel at
+        some distance from it, which should prevent the torpedo from
+        exploding near the hull. Such was actually the means devised by
+        Commodore Rodgers, of the United States Navy, in the year 1809, and
+        which proved entirely successful in foiling Fulton’s torpedo. Colden
+        says:—<span class="tei tei-q">“She had a strong netting suspended
+        from her spritsail-yard, which was anchored at the bottom; she was
+        surrounded by spars lashed together, which floated on the surface of
+        the water, so as to place her completely in a pen; she had
+        grappling-irons and heavy pieces of the same metal suspended from her
+        yards and rigging, ready to be plunged in any boat that came beneath
+        them; she had great swords, or scythes, fastened to the ends of long
+        spars, moving like sweeps, which unquestionably would have mowed off
+        as many heads as came within their reach.”</span></p><a name=
+        "illo_172.jpg" id="illo_172.jpg" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"></p>
+
+        <div class="tei tei-figure" style="text-align: center">
+          <img src="images/illo_172.jpg" alt=
+          "THE OLD STYLE AND THE NEW (A THREE-DECKER AND A TORPEDO BOAT)"
+          title=
+          "THE OLD STYLE AND THE NEW (A THREE-DECKER AND A TORPEDO BOAT)." />
+
+          <div class="tei tei-head" style=
+          "text-align: center; margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em">
+            THE OLD STYLE AND THE NEW (A THREE-DECKER AND A TORPEDO BOAT).
+          </div>
+        </div>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">By these devices
+        the torpedo-boat was unable to get near the <span class=
+        "tei tei-name"><span style="font-style: italic">Argus</span></span>,
+        while the netting, <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page151">[pg
+        151]</span><a name="Pg151" id="Pg151" class=
+        "tei tei-anchor"></a>anchored to the bottom of the harbour, prevented
+        any probability of the torpedo being fired under the vessel. The
+        Government had practically said to Fulton, <span class=
+        "tei tei-q">“Do your best, and we’ll do our best to defeat
+        you.”</span> The experiment was not one-sided, as are so many.
+        Fulton, far from complaining, thus wrote: <span class="tei tei-q">“I
+        will do justice to the talents of Commodore Rodgers. The nets, booms,
+        kentledge, and grapnels which he arranged around the <span class=
+        "tei tei-name"><span style="font-style: italic">Argus</span></span>
+        made a formidable appearance against one torpedo-boat and eight bad
+        oarsmen. I was taken unawares. I had explained to the officers of the
+        navy my means of attack; they did not inform me of their means of
+        defence. The nets were put down to the ground, otherwise I should
+        have sent the torpedoes under them. In this situation, the means with
+        which I was provided being imperfect, insignificant, and inadequate
+        to the effect to be produced, I might be compared to what the
+        inventor of gunpowder would have appeared had he lived in the time of
+        Julius Cæsar, and presented himself before the gates of Rome with a
+        four-pounder, and had endeavoured to convince the Roman people that
+        by means of such machines he could batter down their walls. They
+        would have told him that a few catapultas casting arrows and stones
+        upon his men would cause them to retreat; that a shower of rain would
+        destroy his ill-guarded powder; and the Roman centurions, who would
+        have been unable to conceive the various modes in which gunpowder has
+        since been used to destroy the then art of war, would very naturally
+        conclude that it was a useless invention; while the manufacturers of
+        catapultas, bows, arrows, and shields would be the most vehement
+        against further experiments.”</span></p><a name="illo_170.png" id=
+        "illo_170.png" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"></p>
+
+        <div class="tei tei-figure" style="text-align: center">
+          <img src="images/illo_170.png" alt=
+          "LIEUT. CUSHING’S ATTACK ON THE “ALBEMARLE.”" title=
+          "LIEUT. CUSHING’S ATTACK ON THE “ALBEMARLE.”" />
+
+          <div class="tei tei-head" style=
+          "text-align: center; margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em">
+            LIEUT. CUSHING’S ATTACK ON THE <span class="tei tei-q" style=
+            "text-align: center">“ALBEMARLE.”</span>
+          </div>
+        </div>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Torpedoes were
+        used extensively during the civil war in America, but almost entirely
+        for rivers or harbour defence. One of the most prominent examples was
+        the following:—The ironclad ram <span class=
+        "tei tei-name"><span style=
+        "font-style: italic">Albemarle</span></span><a id="noteref_49" name=
+        "noteref_49" href="#note_49"><span class=
+        "tei tei-noteref"><span style=
+        "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">49</span></span></a> had been
+        carrying all before it, till Lieutenant Cushing, a brave young
+        officer, scarcely twenty-one years of age, took a steam-launch,
+        equipped as a torpedo-boat, on the night of October, 1864, up the
+        Roanoake River. He had with him thirteen men. The launch was steered
+        directly for the ironclad, which lay at one of the wharfs of
+        Plymouth, protected by a raft of logs extending thirty feet. The
+        enemy’s fire was at once very severe, but the torpedo-boat went
+        bravely on, and succeeded in pressing in the logs a few feet.
+        Cushing, in his despatch, says—<span class="tei tei-q">“The torpedo
+        was exploded at the same time that the <span class=
+        "tei tei-name"><span style=
+        "font-style: italic">Albemarle’s</span></span> gun was fired. A shot
+        seemed to go crashing through my boat, and a dense mass of water
+        rushed in from the torpedo, filling and completely disabling her. The
+        enemy then continued to fire at fifteen feet range, and demanded our
+        surrender, which I twice refused.”</span> Cushing leaped into the
+        water and, with one of his party, made good his escape. The rest of
+        the little crew were either captured, killed, or wounded. The object
+        of the attack was, however, successful, and the <span class=
+        "tei tei-name"><span style=
+        "font-style: italic">Albemarle</span></span> was found to be a
+        complete wreck. Torpedoes were also employed with great effect by the
+        Paraguayans in their war against the Brazilians in 1866.</p><a name=
+        "illo_179.png" id="illo_179.png" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"></p>
+
+        <div class="tei tei-figure" style="text-align: center">
+          <img src="images/illo_179.png" alt=
+          "PARAGUAYAN TORPEDO BLOWING UP A BRAZILIAN IRONCLAD" title=
+          "PARAGUAYAN TORPEDO BLOWING UP A BRAZILIAN IRONCLAD." />
+
+          <div class="tei tei-head" style=
+          "text-align: center; margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em">
+            PARAGUAYAN TORPEDO BLOWING UP A BRAZILIAN IRONCLAD.
+          </div>
+        </div>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Great are the
+        varieties of torpedoes invented at various times in late years, and a
+        technical description of them, which would be wearying to the reader,
+        would fill a large volume. An ingenious kind, known as the
+        <span class="tei tei-q">“Lay”</span> torpedo, after the name of its
+        inventor, <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page152">[pg
+        152]</span><a name="Pg152" id="Pg152" class=
+        "tei tei-anchor"></a>comes from the New World. It is of cylindrical
+        form, with conical ends, the forward cone calculated to hold a
+        hundred pounds of some explosive substance—dynamite,<a id=
+        "noteref_50" name="noteref_50" href="#note_50"><span class=
+        "tei tei-noteref"><span style=
+        "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">50</span></span></a>
+        probably, being used. A forward section of the main cylinder holds a
+        powerful gas, condensed into <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style=
+        "font-style: italic">liquid</span></span> form, and used as the
+        motive power, and connected with the machinery by a valve operated by
+        electricity. The torpedo has a cable coiled as harpoon-ropes are
+        arranged in whaling-vessels, which may be of any length, the wires
+        connected with the battery following its course. This instrument of
+        destruction is entirely under the control of the operator, who may be
+        stationed with his small portable battery on the shore or on a
+        vessel. It is said that they have been sent out half a mile and
+        brought back to the starting-point at a rate of twelve miles an hour,
+        and that the rapidity and precision with which the machine obeyed the
+        operator demonstrated them to be among the most formidable weapons
+        ever invented for naval warfare.</p><a name="illo_178.png" id=
+        "illo_178.png" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"></p>
+
+        <div class="tei tei-figure" style="text-align: center">
+          <img src="images/illo_178.png" alt="DIFFERENT FORMS OF TORPEDOES"
+          title="DIFFERENT FORMS OF TORPEDOES." />
+
+          <div class="tei tei-head" style=
+          "text-align: center; margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em">
+            DIFFERENT FORMS OF TORPEDOES.
+          </div>
+        </div>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">These subaqueous
+        weapons have never been used in an engagement between fleets. In an
+        interesting essay<a id="noteref_51" name="noteref_51" href=
+        "#note_51"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style=
+        "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">51</span></span></a> on the
+        subject by Commander Noel, R.N., he recommends or proposes that four
+        torpedo vessels should accompany a fleet, and describes their
+        probable operations as follows:—</p><a name="illo_176.jpg" id=
+        "illo_176.jpg" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"></p>
+
+        <div class="tei tei-figure" style="text-align: center">
+          <img src="images/illo_176.jpg" alt=
+          "TORPEDO EXPERIMENTS AT PORTSMOUTH, WITH THE ELECTRIC LIGHT" title=
+          "TORPEDO EXPERIMENTS AT PORTSMOUTH, WITH THE ELECTRIC LIGHT." />
+
+          <div class="tei tei-head" style=
+          "text-align: center; margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em">
+            TORPEDO EXPERIMENTS AT PORTSMOUTH, WITH THE ELECTRIC LIGHT.
+          </div>
+        </div>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class=
+        "tei tei-q">“Let us imagine ourselves, then, on board a rakish little
+        craft, fitted for Harvey torpedo work; we can steam sixteen knots; we
+        tow a torpedo on each quarter; and we are so admirably fitted with
+        steel-protecting mantelets that neither officer nor man is exposed
+        either to view or to rifle fire. Our instructions are that on the
+        approach of a hostile force we and our three consorts are to hold
+        ourselves in readiness to charge the enemy’s line, passing through at
+        full speed, and doing all the damage that lies in our power: these
+        orders to be carried into effect in obedience to a preconcerted
+        signal. The enemy is observed approaching, and apparently moving at
+        about ten knots’ speed. The torpedo vessels are let loose, and,
+        choosing the centre of the enemy’s fleet, rush on, steering for a
+        flag-ship leading a column in line ahead. Heavy guns are fired at us
+        as we near, but we are so small and rapid in our movements that no
+        shot takes effect; we are reducing our distance at the rate of a mile
+        in two and a half minutes; soon comes the time of suspense; in a
+        second or two we are passing the flag-ship; the port torpedo is
+        dipped—will it strike her? Suddenly a tug on the wire towing-rope,
+        and it parts. Her bow has been protected, and our torpedo is torn
+        away harmless. However, another mine tows on the opposite quarter,
+        still in working order; we are in the midst of the enemy’s fleet,
+        rushing past one after another at half-minute intervals; our only
+        chance of using our other torpedo is in breaking through the line;
+        our commander is eminent for his skill, courage, and confidence.
+        Little choice is given us, but he <span class="tei tei-pb" id=
+        "page153">[pg 153]</span><a name="Pg153" id="Pg153" class=
+        "tei tei-anchor"></a>observes a rather great interval astern of the
+        fourth ship. <span class="tei tei-q">‘Starboard’</span> is the order,
+        and we break through under her stern; our starboard torpedo is at the
+        same time dipped, and passes under the fifth ship. Owing to a
+        combination of luck and good management, the torpedo takes effect and
+        the enemy is blown up. The other torpedo vessels have thrown the
+        enemy into considerable disorder, but none have succeeded in using
+        their torpedoes with effect. One of them has been struck by a heavy
+        shell and totally disabled, but the whole fleet has passed on without
+        finding it possible to capture or sink her without losing their
+        position in station and being left behind; the thought foremost in
+        every captain’s mind also being that the enemy’s fleet is almost in
+        contact with them, and that the moment to act has arrived.</span></p>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class=
+        "tei tei-q">“This is an example of an attack with <span class=
+        "tei tei-q">‘Harvey’</span> torpedoes from ahead and across the
+        bow.... In my opinion, it would invariably be rendered fruitless if
+        the bows of the ships attacked were protected by an iron framework of
+        the simplest description.</span></p>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class=
+        "tei tei-q">“But let us return to our little craft, in which we have
+        already run the gauntlet of the hostile fleet. Having cleared the
+        enemy with little or no damage, we look back and see our fleet of
+        ironclads breaking through their lines, which have been so shaken by
+        our assault. When through, our fleet re-forms and wheels for the next
+        charge. We must be at work again; our torpedoes are replaced, and
+        everything is in working order. This time we follow our ironclads to
+        the charge. We are, if anything, more hopeful of success. The enemy
+        will not see us till we are at them; our blood is warming to the
+        work, and we feel that we have gained experience and confidence by
+        the first charge. Pressing on, we observe the second charge of the
+        fleet, amidst smoke, confusion, and thundering of cannon.
+        <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page154">[pg 154]</span><a name="Pg154"
+        id="Pg154" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>The enemy is prepared, and it
+        is a case of <span class="tei tei-q">‘Greek meeting Greek.’</span>
+        Our vessel is put at full speed, and, with our consorts (now reduced
+        to two), we go at the enemy. However, in the charge that is made only
+        one of us succeeds in exploding a torpedo, and that without much
+        damage to the enemy; one of our consorts is run down and sunk, and we
+        pass through, only dipping one torpedo, and that too late to take
+        effect. The enemy are not in the steady line they were in before, and
+        consequently we have not such an opportunity of creating disorder,
+        and have more difficulty in manœuvring to use our weapon. Passing on,
+        fortune still favours us. We come across an enemy disabled, stern on
+        to us with her ensign flying. <span class="tei tei-q">‘At
+        her!’</span> is the order. Another moment and we are close to her,
+        our torpedo in beautiful position, and the enemy helpless. Down comes
+        her ensign, just in time; we are able to let go the torpedo so as to
+        clear her—now a lawful prize.</span></p>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class=
+        "tei tei-q">“So it is that I believe a torpedo vessel will be handled
+        in an action. It will be ticklish work; and all I can say is that the
+        men who undertake it should be gifted with coolness and courage above
+        their fellows, as well as with the utmost proficiency in handling
+        their vessels.”</span></p>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Perhaps the most
+        formidable <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style=
+        "font-style: italic">ocean-going</span></span> torpedo vessel yet
+        constructed is the American despatch-vessel <span class=
+        "tei tei-name"><span style="font-style: italic">Alarm</span></span>,
+        designed by Admiral David Porter, of the United States Navy. It is
+        172 feet long, including a ram of twenty-seven feet in length. One of
+        her special qualities is the power of launching torpedoes from almost
+        any point, from cylinders <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page155">[pg
+        155]</span><a name="Pg155" id="Pg155" class=
+        "tei tei-anchor"></a>specially constructed for the purpose, that at
+        the bow being thirty-two feet in length. A torpedo-boat, built by the
+        Messrs. Yarrow, of Poplar, for the Russian Government during the late
+        war, appears to have special merits. It is built of light steel, with
+        what is called a <span class="tei tei-q">“whale-back”</span>—a
+        semi-circular covering, which resists any ordinary shot and throws
+        off any sea whatever. The funnel is not in the centre, but towards
+        the side, in order not to interfere with the steersman’s view nor
+        with the torpedo boom. It has a boom which can be lowered in the
+        water, the torpedo being submerged ten feet before it is started off
+        on its deadly errand. And, finally, it can be projected from the
+        stern, which gives it a splendid chance of leaving before the final
+        explosion.</p>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">In the late
+        Turko-Russian war torpedoes were often attached to logs of wood or
+        clumps of brushwood, and floated into the stream of the Danube. These
+        often attracted little attention; and when they came into contact
+        with any obstacle the mine exploded by means of percussion, the blow
+        being delivered by a projecting arm or other contrivance driven back
+        upon some detonating substance within. The Harvey torpedo, one of the
+        leading types, consists of a stout wooden casing, strengthened on the
+        outside with iron straps, and containing a metal shell, which holds
+        the powder charge. The largest size of this weapon measures 4 feet 6
+        inches in length by 2 feet in depth, and 2 feet 6 inches in width,
+        and carries 100 lbs. of dynamite. The torpedo is fired by being
+        brought into hugging contact with an enemy’s ship, when one or other
+        of two projecting levers acts upon an exploding bolt causing the
+        ignition of the charge. The exploding apparatus consists of a tube
+        containing a chemical agent and a bulb holding another. The nature of
+        these chemicals is such that when they combine violent combustion
+        ensues, which explodes the charge. These torpedoes are towed at the
+        end of a long hawser, connected to a spar, so arranged that the
+        torpedo itself, instead of following immediately in the wake or trail
+        of the vessel towing it, diverges in the same manner that an otter
+        float does: from which device Captain Harvey took his idea. Attached
+        to the torpedo are two large buoys, for the purpose of supporting it
+        when the vessel is not moving through the water, or when the
+        towing-line is slackened. Another variety is fired by
+        electricity.</p>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">The Whitehead, or
+        <span class="tei tei-q">“fish”</span> torpedo, is a cigar-shaped
+        steel cylinder 14 to 19 feet in length, and from 14 to 16 inches in
+        diameter. It is sent off, requiring no crew, against the ship to be
+        destroyed; and if one torpedo fails to deal the death-blow it can be
+        followed up by another, or yet a third. It consists of three
+        compartments. The head contains the explosive—say 360 lbs. of
+        gun-cotton; the centre holds the machinery; and the tail the
+        highly-condensed air which works the engine. The engine is about
+        thirty-five pounds weight, and can be worked to forty horse power!
+        The explanation of this is simply that the working pressure of the
+        condensed air is 1,000 lbs. per square inch. The tail holds
+        compressed air sufficient to propel the torpedo 200 yards, at a rate
+        of twenty-five miles an hour, or 1,000 yards at the rate of seventeen
+        miles.</p>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">The <span class=
+        "tei tei-q">“battle of the guns”</span> has not yet been fought; but
+        how about the rams? They have been proved the deadliest weapons of
+        destruction in modern times. The lessons of Lissa have been already
+        cited in these pages; so have the lessons taught by the loss of the
+        <span class="tei tei-name"><span style=
+        "font-style: italic">Vanguard</span></span> and the <span class=
+        "tei tei-name"><span style="font-style: italic">Grosser
+        Kurfurst</span></span>. In the latter cases it was friends that
+        struck the blow. Some of our greatest authorities consider that
+        nothing can exceed the power of the ram of <span class="tei tei-pb"
+        id="page156">[pg 156]</span><a name="Pg156" id="Pg156" class=
+        "tei tei-anchor"></a>a modern ironclad, properly applied. Admiral
+        Touchard, of the French Navy, says: <span class="tei tei-q">“The
+        <span class="tei tei-q">‘beak’</span> (<span class=
+        "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">i.e.</span></span>
+        <span class="tei tei-q">‘ram’</span>) is now the principal weapon in
+        naval combats—the <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style=
+        "font-style: italic">ultima ratio</span></span> of maritime
+        war.”</span> Captain Colomb, a distinguished English authority, says:
+        <span class="tei tei-q">“Let us just recall the fact that the serious
+        part of a future naval attack does not appear to be the guns, but the
+        rams.”</span> Yet again another authority, Captain Pellew, says:
+        <span class="tei tei-q">“Rams are the arm of naval warfare to which I
+        attach the chief importance. In my opinion, the aim of all manœuvring
+        and preliminary practice with the guns should be to get a fair
+        opportunity for ramming.”</span></p>
+      </div>
+
+      <div class="tei tei-div" style=
+      "margin-bottom: 5.00em; margin-top: 5.00em">
+        <a name="chap10" id="chap10" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> <a name=
+        "toc23" id="toc23"></a> <a name="pdf24" id="pdf24"></a>
+
+        <h2 class="tei tei-head" style=
+        "text-align: center; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em">
+        <span style="font-size: 144%">CHAPTER X.</span></h2>
+
+        <h2 class="tei tei-head" style=
+        "text-align: center; margin-bottom: 2.40em; margin-top: 2.40em">
+        <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: center"><span style=
+        "font-size: 120%; font-variant: small-caps">The Lighthouse and its
+        History.</span></span></h2>
+
+        <div class="tei tei-argument" style=
+        "text-align: center; margin-bottom: 1.80em; margin-left: 3.60em; margin-top: 1.80em; margin-right: 3.60em">
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style=
+        "text-align: center; margin-bottom: 0.90em"><span style=
+        "font-size: 90%">The Lighthouse—Our most noted one in Danger—The
+        Eddystone Undermined—The Ancient History of Lighthouses—The Pharos of
+        Alexandria—Roman Light Towers at Boulogne and Dover—Fire-beacons and
+        Pitch-pots—The Tower of Cordouan—The First Eddystone
+        Lighthouse—Winstanley and his Eccentricities—Difficulties of Building
+        his Wooden Structure—Resembles a Pagoda—The Structure Swept Away with
+        its Inventor—Another Silk Mercer in the Field—Rudyerd’s
+        Lighthouse—Built of Wood—Stood for Fifty Years—Creditable Action of
+        Louis XIV.—Lighthouse Keeper alone with a Corpse—The Horrors of a
+        Month—Rudyerd’s Tower destroyed by Fire—Smeaton’s Early
+        History—Employed to Build the Present Eddystone—Resolves on a Stone
+        Tower—Employment of</span> <span class="tei tei-q" style=
+        "text-align: center"><span style=
+          "font-size: 90%">“</span><span style="font-size: 90%">Dove-tailing</span><span style="font-size: 90%">”</span></span>
+          <span style="font-size: 90%">in Masonry—Difficulties of Landing on
+          the Rock—Peril incurred by the Workmen—The First Season’s
+          Work—Smeaton always in the Post of Danger—Watching the Rock from
+          Plymouth Hoe—The Last Season—Vibrations of the Tower in a Storm—Has
+          Stood for 120 Years—Joy of the Mariner when</span> <span class=
+          "tei tei-q" style="text-align: center"><span style=
+          "font-size: 90%">“</span><span style="font-size: 90%">The
+          Eddystone’s in Sight!</span><span style=
+          "font-size: 90%">”</span></span><span style=
+          "font-size: 90%">—Lights in the English Channel.</span></p>
+        </div>
+
+        <div class="tei tei-figure" style="text-align: center"><img src=
+        "images/illo_181.png" alt="Illustration" /></div>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Round the history
+        of ships and shipping interests innumerable subjects intertwine. But
+        for the good ship, we should not need coast fortifications, grand
+        breakwaters, and artificial harbours, lighthouses, lifeboats, and
+        coast-guard organisations. Just as England stands pre-eminent on the
+        sea, so in all subsidiary points connected therewith she is fully
+        represented. To the lighthouse and its history attention is now
+        invited.</p>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Not long since
+        many an anxious eye was turned Channelwards from Plymouth Hoe towards
+        that group of rocks, on one of which the famous Eddystone Light
+        stood—and happily, still stands—for the light that should have
+        illumined the stormy waters was apparently quenched. Not till morning
+        dawn had nearly come was a re-assuring glimmer noted in the lantern
+        of that famed Pharos of our coasts. And there was good reason for
+        anxiety, although the immediate occasion was a mere temporary
+        derangement of the lighting apparatus: for the report had spread that
+        Smeaton’s greatest architectural triumph had collapsed before the
+        power of the sea. One trembles to think what that might have meant,
+        not merely to its few inhabitants, but to scores of sailors and
+        owners. <span class="tei tei-q">“Happily,”</span> said one of our
+        leading journals, <span class="tei tei-q">“the Eddystone is still
+        safe, despite the terrible effects <span class="tei tei-pb" id=
+        "page157">[pg 157]</span><a name="Pg157" id="Pg157" class=
+        "tei tei-anchor"></a>of winds and waves, and the serious weakness of
+        its own foundations, which was discovered a few years ago. For the
+        tower which lights the way of the sailor into Plymouth Sound is,
+        after all, not so secure a structure as could be desired. Built of
+        solid masonry and with immense skill, by the clever architect from
+        Hull who designed and carried out the work, it had yet to trust for
+        its foundation to the rock upon which it stood. Should that give way
+        the stone-work of the edifice might be strong enough, and yet some
+        day fall into hopeless ruin. Strange to say, this very weakness has
+        been self-revealed. The rock upon which the lighthouse stands, and
+        which, of the twenty-three that comprise the group, is most exposed
+        to the action of the sea, has been so violently attacked by what Ovid
+        calls the <span class="tei tei-q">‘insane waters’</span> as to have
+        become very seriously undermined. Gradually the waves have cut away
+        the foundations of the stone, rising now and then against the
+        lighthouse, and pressing against the structure with such force as to
+        make the building itself serve the turn of a crowbar, and so, little
+        by little, creating fissures in the foundations, and gradually
+        preparing the way to <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page158">[pg
+        158]</span><a name="Pg158" id="Pg158" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>the
+        end.”</span> Many attempts have been made to obviate these evils by
+        the removal of rock which it was supposed acted as a lever to the
+        water, and by other means: but in vain. At length the Board of
+        Trinity House finding their efforts futile, determined to erect
+        another lighthouse. Meantime, a light-ship has been provided, which,
+        in case of accident to Smeaton’s tower, will be moored in the
+        neighbourhood. A larger building is now in course of erection on an
+        adjacent rock, which affords a more durable foundation and is less
+        exposed to the merciless waves. It will be nearly double the height
+        of the older structure, which was seventy-two feet high, and is being
+        built on a principle of dovetailing, which, it is hoped and believed,
+        will secure it against the worst fury of the sea. Think what that
+        fury is sometimes, gentle reader! At the Skerryvore Rock they have an
+        apparatus for registering the power of the waves per square foot
+        surface; once recently it registered <span class=
+        "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">three
+        tons</span></span> to the foot!</p>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">The most noted
+        lighthouse in the world was undoubtedly the Pharos of Alexandria,
+        named from the island on which it stood. The French, Italians, and
+        Spaniards to-day use the term almost in its original purity: thus,
+        French for lighthouse, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style=
+        "font-style: italic">phare</span></span>; Italian and Spanish,
+        <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style=
+        "font-style: italic">faro</span></span>. It was commenced by the
+        first Ptolemy, and finished about 280 <span class=
+        "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 75%">B.C.</span></span>, the
+        workmanship, according to all accounts, being superb. This tower of
+        white stone was 400 feet high. It is stated by Josephus that the
+        light, which was always kept burning on its top at night, was visible
+        over forty miles. It is believed to have been destroyed by an
+        earthquake, though the date of its destruction is unknown.</p>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">The Romans were
+        the first to erect anything approaching a Pharos, or lighthouse, on
+        our coasts. Beacon fires may have been occasionally used before; the
+        conquerors made the matter an organised affair. On either side the
+        Channel, at Boulogne and Dover, structures of no mean altitude were
+        raised for this purpose. That at Boulogne is supposed to have been
+        erected by Caligula; all vestiges of it have passed away. It was
+        originally called <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style=
+        "font-style: italic">Turris Ardens</span></span>, afterwards
+        corrupted to the <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style=
+        "font-style: italic">Tour d’Ordre</span></span>. From a description
+        left by Claude Châtillon, engineer to Henry IV., it appears that it
+        was built about a stone’s throw from the edge of the cliff, above and
+        overlooking the high tower and the castle. Its form was octagonal,
+        with a base 192 feet in circumference. It was built of grey stone
+        with thin red bricks between. That at Dover still exists. It occupies
+        the highest point of the lofty rock on which the famous castle is
+        built. This Pharos was also octagonal in outward form, being square
+        within. It is 33 feet in diameter, and formerly about 72 feet high.
+        On the summit three holes on the three exterior sides indicate their
+        purposes, both for look-out and for exhibiting a light seawards.</p>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Long after, and
+        indeed almost down to our days, fire-beacons were far more common on
+        exposed parts of our coasts than lighthouses. <span class=
+        "tei tei-q">“The first idea of a lighthouse,”</span> said Faraday,
+        <span class="tei tei-q">“is the candle in the cottage window, guiding
+        the husband across the water or the pathless moor.”</span> Lambarde
+        says of the lights shown along the coast that, <span class=
+        "tei tei-q">“Before the time of Edward III., they were made of great
+        stacks of wood; but about the eleventh yeere of his raigne it was
+        ordained that in our shyre (Kent) they should be high standards with
+        their pitchpots.”</span> Such were long used.</p>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Lighthouses in
+        these days differ greatly in material and mode of construction.
+        Stone, brick, cast and wrought iron, and even wood, are used,
+        according to the necessities of the case, or the lacks of the special
+        locality where they are placed. In the case of some iron <span class=
+        "tei tei-pb" id="page159">[pg 159]</span><a name="Pg159" id="Pg159"
+        class="tei tei-anchor"></a>lighthouses they are literally screwed
+        into the rock or hard ground. Seventy of this class of structures now
+        exist in the United States.</p><a name="illo_182.png" id=
+        "illo_182.png" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"></p>
+
+        <div class="tei tei-figure" style="text-align: center">
+          <img src="images/illo_182.png" alt="THE TOWER OF CORDOUAN" title=
+          "THE TOWER OF CORDOUAN." />
+
+          <div class="tei tei-head" style=
+          "text-align: center; margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em">
+            THE TOWER OF CORDOUAN.
+          </div>
+        </div>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">One of the most
+        remarkable early lighthouses is the Tower of Cordouan, situated on a
+        ledge of rocks at the mouth of the Garonne, which empties into the
+        Bay of Biscay. It was commenced in 1584, and completed in 1610, by
+        Louis de Foix.</p>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">The ledge is about
+        3,000 feet long and 1,500 feet broad, and is bare at low water. It is
+        surrounded by detached rocks, upon which the sea breaks with terrific
+        violence. There is but one place of access, which is a passage 300
+        feet wide, where there are no rocks, and which leads to within 600
+        feet of the tower. The tower was a circular cone, rising from its
+        rocky base to a height of 162 feet. It is now shorter. The apartments
+        of the tower are highly ornamented, consisting of four storeys, all
+        of different orders of architecture, and adorned with busts and
+        statues of Kings of France and heathen gods. The basement, or lower
+        storey, appears to have been intended as a store-room; the second
+        storey is called the <span class="tei tei-q">“King’s
+        apartments;”</span> the third is a chapel; and the fourth consists of
+        a dome supported by columns, a kind of lower lantern; above this was
+        originally a lantern formed of a stone dome and eight columns. In the
+        upper lantern a fire of oak wood was kept burning for about a hundred
+        years, when, in 1717, the fire having weakened the stone supports by
+        calcining them, the upper lantern was taken down, and the light was
+        kept up in the lower lantern. As it did not show well there, an iron
+        lantern was erected in 1727 above this, in the place of the old stone
+        lantern, and coal was then used for fuel instead of wood.</p>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">The following
+        history of the Eddystone is largely derived from one of Mr. Samuel
+        Smiles’ graphic and learned works.<a id="noteref_52" name=
+        "noteref_52" href="#note_52"><span class=
+        "tei tei-noteref"><span style=
+        "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">52</span></span></a></p>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">In 1696, Mr. Henry
+        Winstanley (a mercer and country gentleman), of Littlebury, in the
+        county of Essex, obtained the necessary powers to erect a lighthouse
+        on the Eddystone. That gentleman seems to have possessed a curious
+        mechanical genius, which first displayed itself in devising sundry
+        practical jokes for the entertainment of his guests. Smeaton tells us
+        that in one room there lay an old slipper, which, if a kick was given
+        it, immediately raised a ghost from the floor; in another the visitor
+        sat down upon a chair, which suddenly threw out two arms and held him
+        a fast prisoner; whilst, in the garden, if he sought the shelter of
+        an arbour, and sat down upon a particular seat, he was straightway
+        set afloat in the middle of the adjoining canal. These tricks must
+        have rendered the house at Littlebury a somewhat exciting residence
+        for the uninitiated guest. The amateur inventor exercised the same
+        genius, to a certain extent, for the entertainment of the inhabitants
+        of the metropolis, and at Hyde Park Corner he erected a variety of
+        <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">jets
+        d’eau</span></span>, known by the name of Winstanley’s Waterworks,
+        which he exhibited at stated times at a shilling a head.</p>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">This whimsicality
+        of the man in some measure accounts for the oddity of the wooden
+        building erected by him on the Eddystone Rock; and it is matter of
+        surprise that it should have stood the severe weather of the English
+        Channel for several seasons. The building was begun in the year 1696,
+        and finished in four years. It must necessarily have been a work
+        attended with great difficulty as well as danger, as operations could
+        <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page160">[pg 160]</span><a name="Pg160"
+        id="Pg160" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>only be carried on during fine
+        weather, when the sea was comparatively smooth. The first summer was
+        wholly spent in making twelve holes in the rock, and fastening twelve
+        irons in them, by which to hold fast the superstructure. <span class=
+        "tei tei-q">“Even in summer,”</span> Winstanley says, <span class=
+        "tei tei-q">“the weather would at times prove so bad that for ten or
+        fourteen days together the sea would be so raging about these rocks,
+        caused by out-winds and the running of the ground seas coming from
+        the main ocean, that although the weather should seem and be most
+        calm in other places, yet here it would mount and fly more than two
+        hundred feet, as has been so found since there was lodgment on the
+        place, and therefore all our works were constantly buried at those
+        times, and exposed to the mercy of the seas.”</span></p>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">The second summer
+        was spent in making a solid pillar, twelve feet high and fourteen
+        feet in diameter, on which to build the lighthouse. In the third year
+        all the upper work was erected to the vane, which was eighty feet
+        above the foundation. In the midsummer of that year Winstanley
+        ventured to take up his lodging with the workmen in the lighthouse;
+        but a storm arose, and eleven days passed before any boats could come
+        near them. During that period the sea washed in upon Winstanley and
+        his companions, wetting all their clothing and provisions, and
+        carrying off many of their materials. By the time the boats could
+        land, the party were reduced almost to their last crust; but,
+        happily, the building stood, apparently firm. Finally, the light was
+        exhibited on the summit of the building, on the 14th of November,
+        1698.</p>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">The fourth year
+        was occupied in strengthening the building round the foundations,
+        making all solid nearly to a height of twenty feet, and also in
+        raising the upper part of the lighthouse forty feet, to keep it well
+        out of the wash of the sea. This timber erection, when finished,
+        somewhat resembled a Chinese pagoda, with open galleries and numerous
+        fantastic projections. The main gallery, under the light, was so wide
+        and open that an old gentleman who remembered both Winstanley and his
+        lighthouse, afterwards told Smeaton that it was possible for a
+        six-oared boat to be lifted up on a wave and driven clear through the
+        open gallery into the sea on the other side. In the perspective print
+        of the lighthouse, published by the architect after its erection, he
+        complacently represented himself as fishing out of the kitchen
+        window!</p><a name="illo_188.png" id="illo_188.png" class=
+        "tei tei-anchor"></a>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"></p>
+
+        <div class="tei tei-figure" style="text-align: center">
+          <img src="images/illo_188.png" alt="WINSTANLEY’S LIGHTHOUSE" title=
+          "WINSTANLEY’S LIGHTHOUSE." />
+
+          <div class="tei tei-head" style=
+          "text-align: center; margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em">
+            WINSTANLEY’S LIGHTHOUSE.
+          </div>
+        </div>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">When Winstanley
+        had brought his work to completion, he is said to have expressed
+        himself so satisfied as to its strength that he only wished he might
+        be there in the fiercest storm that ever blew. In this wish he was
+        not disappointed, though the result was the reverse entirely of the
+        builder’s anticipations. In November, 1703, Winstanley went off to
+        the lighthouse to superintend some repairs which had become
+        necessary, and he was still in the place with the light-keepers,
+        when, on the night of the 26th, a storm of unparalleled fury burst
+        along the coast. As day broke on the morning of the 27th, people on
+        shore anxiously looked in the direction of the rock to see if
+        Winstanley’s structure had withstood the fury of the gale, but not a
+        vestige of it remained. The lighthouse and its builder had been swept
+        completely away.</p>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">The building had,
+        in fact, been deficient in every element of stability, and its form
+        was such as to render it peculiarly liable to damage from the
+        violence both of wind and water. <span class=
+        "tei tei-q">“Nevertheless,”</span> as Smeaton generously observes,
+        <span class="tei tei-q">“it was no small degree of heroic merit in
+        Winstanley to undertake a piece of work which had before <span class=
+        "tei tei-pb" id="page161">[pg 161]</span><a name="Pg161" id="Pg161"
+        class="tei tei-anchor"></a>been deemed impracticable, and, by the
+        success which attended his endeavours, to show mankind that the
+        erection of such a work was not in itself a thing of that
+        kind.”</span> He may, indeed, be said to have paved the way for the
+        more successful enterprise of Smeaton himself; and its failure was
+        not without its influence in inducing that great mechanic to exercise
+        the care which he did, in devising a structure that should withstand
+        the most violent sea on the south coast. Shortly after Winstanley’s
+        lighthouse had been swept away, the <span class=
+        "tei tei-name"><span style=
+        "font-style: italic">Winchelsea</span></span>, a richly laden
+        homeward-bound Virginian, was wrecked on the Eddystone Rock, and
+        almost every soul on board perished; so that the erection of a
+        lighthouse upon the dangerous reef remained as much a necessity as
+        ever.</p><a name="illo_188b.png" id="illo_188b.png" class=
+        "tei tei-anchor"></a>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"></p>
+
+        <div class="tei tei-figure" style="text-align: center">
+          <img src="images/illo_188b.png" alt="RUDYERD’S LIGHTHOUSE" title=
+          "RUDYERD’S LIGHTHOUSE." />
+
+          <div class="tei tei-head" style=
+          "text-align: center; margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em">
+            RUDYERD’S LIGHTHOUSE.
+          </div>
+        </div>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Mr. Smiles
+        graphically describes the coming architect of the period. He did not,
+        however, come from the class of architects or builders, or even of
+        mechanics; and as for the class of engineers, it had not even yet
+        sprung into existence. The projector of the next lighthouse for the
+        Eddystone was again a London mercer, who kept a silk shop on Ludgate
+        Hill. John Rudyerd—for such was his name—was, however, a man of
+        unquestionable genius, and possessed of much force of character. He
+        was the son of a Cornish labourer, whom nobody would employ—his
+        character was so bad; and the rest of the family were no better,
+        being looked upon in their neighbourhood as <span class=
+        "tei tei-q">“a worthless set of ragged <span class="tei tei-pb" id=
+        "page162">[pg 162]</span><a name="Pg162" id="Pg162" class=
+        "tei tei-anchor"></a>beggars.”</span> John seems to have been the one
+        sound chick in the whole brood. He had a naturally clear head and
+        honest heart, and succeeded in withstanding the bad example of his
+        family. When his brothers went out pilfering, he refused to accompany
+        them, and hence they regarded him as sullen and obstinate. They
+        ill-used him, and he ran away. Fortunately he succeeded in getting
+        into the service of a gentleman at Plymouth, who saw something
+        promising in his appearance. The boy conducted himself so well in the
+        capacity of a servant, that he was allowed to learn reading, writing,
+        and accounts; and he proved so quick and intelligent, that his kind
+        master eventually placed him in a situation where his talents could
+        have better scope for exercise than in his service, and he succeeded
+        in thus laying the foundation of the young man’s success in life.</p>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">We are not
+        informed of the steps by which Rudyerd marked his way upward, until
+        we find him called from his silk-mercer’s shop to undertake the
+        rebuilding of the Eddystone Lighthouse. But it is probable that by
+        this time he had become well known for his mechanical skill in
+        design, if not in construction, as well as for his thoroughly
+        practical and reliable character as a man of business; and that for
+        these reasons, amongst others, he was selected to conduct this
+        difficult and responsible undertaking.</p>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">After the lapse of
+        about three years from the destruction of Winstanley’s fabric, the
+        Brothers of the Trinity, in 1706, obtained an Act of Parliament
+        enabling them to rebuild the lighthouse, with power to grant a lease
+        to the undertaker. It was taken by one Captain Lovet for a period of
+        ninety-nine years, and he it was that found out and employed Rudyerd.
+        His design of the new structure was simple but masterly. He selected
+        the form that offered the least possible resistance to the force of
+        the winds and the waves, avoiding the open galleries and projections
+        of his predecessor. Instead of a polygon he chose a cone for the
+        outline of his building, and he carried up the elevation in that
+        form. In the practical execution of the work he was assisted by two
+        shipwrights from the king’s yard at Woolwich, who worked with him
+        during the whole time he was occupied in the erection.</p>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">The main defect of
+        the lighthouse consisted of the faultiness of the material of which
+        it was built; for, like Winstanley’s, it was of wood. The means
+        employed to fix the work to its foundation proved quite efficient;
+        dove-tailed holes were cut out of the rock, into which strong iron
+        bolts or branches were keyed, and the interstices were afterwards
+        filled with molten pewter. To these branches were firmly fixed a
+        crown of squared oak balks, across these a set of shorter balks, and
+        so on till a basement of solid wood was raised, the whole being
+        firmly fitted and tied together with tre-nails and screw-bolts. At
+        the same time, to increase the weight and vertical pressure of the
+        building, and thereby present a greater resistance to any disturbing
+        forces, Rudyerd introduced numerous courses of Cornish moorstone, as
+        well jointed as possible, and cramped with iron. It is not necessary
+        to follow the details of the construction further than to state that
+        outside the solid timber and stone courses strong upright timbers
+        were fixed, and carried up as the work proceeded, binding the whole
+        firmly together. Within these upright timbers the rooms of the
+        lighthouse were formed, the floor of the lowest—the store-room—being
+        situated twenty-seven feet above the highest side of the rock. The
+        upper part of the building comprehended four rooms, one above
+        another, chiefly formed by the upright outside timbers, scarfed—that
+        is, the ends overlapping, and firmly fastened together. The whole
+        building was, indeed, an <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page163">[pg
+        163]</span><a name="Pg163" id="Pg163" class=
+        "tei tei-anchor"></a>admirable piece of ship-carpentry, excepting
+        only the moorstone, which was merely introduced, as it were, by way
+        of ballast. The outer timbers were tightly caulked with oakum, like a
+        ship, and the whole was payed over with pitch. Upon the roof of the
+        main column Rudyerd fixed his lantern, which was lit by candles,
+        seventy feet above the highest side of the foundation, which was of a
+        sloping form. From its lowest side to the summit of the ball fixed on
+        the top of the building was ninety-two feet, the timber column
+        resting on a base of twenty-three feet four inches. <span class=
+        "tei tei-q">“The whole building,”</span> says Smeaton, <span class=
+        "tei tei-q">“consisted of a simple figure, being an elegant frustum
+        of a cone, unbroken by any projecting ornaments, or anything whereon
+        the violence of the storm could lay hold.”</span> The structure was
+        completely finished in 1709, though the light was exhibited in the
+        lantern as early as the 28th of July, 1706.</p>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">That the building
+        erected by Rudyerd was, on the whole, well adapted for the purpose
+        for which it was intended, was proved by the fact that it served as a
+        lighthouse for ships navigating the English Channel for nearly fifty
+        years. The lighthouse was at first attended by only two men. It
+        happened, however, that one of the keepers was taken ill and died,
+        and only one man remained to do the work. He signalled for
+        assistance, but the weather prevented any boat from reaching the rock
+        for nearly a month. What, then, was the surviving man to do with the
+        dead body of his comrade? The thought struck him that if he threw it
+        into the sea, he might be charged with murder. He determined,
+        therefore, to keep the corpse in the lighthouse until a boat should
+        come off from the shore. At last a boat came off, but the weather was
+        still so rough that a landing was only effected with the greatest
+        difficulty. By this time the effluvia from the corpse was
+        overpowering; it filled the apartments of the lighthouse, and the men
+        were compelled to dispose of the body by throwing it into the sea. In
+        future three men were always employed.</p><a name="illo_186.jpg" id=
+        "illo_186.jpg" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"></p>
+
+        <div class="tei tei-figure" style="text-align: center">
+          <img src="images/illo_186.jpg" alt=
+          "DESTRUCTION OF RUDYERD’S LIGHTHOUSE" title=
+          "DESTRUCTION OF RUDYERD’S LIGHTHOUSE." />
+
+          <div class="tei tei-head" style=
+          "text-align: center; margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em">
+            DESTRUCTION OF RUDYERD’S LIGHTHOUSE.
+          </div>
+        </div>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">The chief defect
+        of Rudyerd’s building consisted of the material of which it was
+        constructed; the necessary lights and heat proceeding from them made
+        it a very dangerous structure. <span class="tei tei-q">“The immediate
+        cause of the accident by which the lighthouse was destroyed was never
+        ascertained. All that became known was, that about two o’clock in the
+        morning of the 2nd December, 1755, the light-keeper on duty, going
+        into the lantern to snuff the candles, found it full of smoke. The
+        lighthouse was on fire! In a few minutes the wooden fabric was in a
+        blaze. Water could not be brought up the tower by the men in
+        sufficient quantities to be thrown with any effect upon the flames
+        raging above their heads; the molten lead fell down upon the
+        light-keepers, into their very mouths,<a id="noteref_53" name=
+        "noteref_53" href="#note_53"><span class=
+        "tei tei-noteref"><span style=
+        "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">53</span></span></a> and they
+        fled from room to room, the fire following them down towards the sea.
+        From Cawsand and Rame Head the unusual glare of light proceeding from
+        the Eddystone was seen in the early morning, and fishing-boats, with
+        men, went off to the rock, though a fresh east wind was blowing. By
+        the time they reached it, the light-keepers had not only been driven
+        from all the rooms, but, to protect themselves from the molten lead
+        and red-hot bolts and falling timbers, they had been compelled to
+        take shelter under a ledge of the rock on its eastern side, and after
+        considerable delay the poor fellows were <span class="tei tei-pb" id=
+        "page164">[pg 164]</span><a name="Pg164" id="Pg164" class=
+        "tei tei-anchor"></a>taken off, more dead than alive. And thus was
+        Rudyerd’s lighthouse also completely destroyed.”</span> The Eddystone
+        rocks being in such an exposed place, right in the way of so much
+        shipping, it was resolved at once to rebuild the lighthouse.</p>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Previous to the
+        date of the destruction of Rudyerd’s timber building, Captain Lovet,
+        the former lessee of the lighthouse, had died, and his interest in it
+        had been acquired by Mr. Robert Weston and two others. Weston
+        immediately applied to the Earl of Macclesfield, President of the
+        Royal Society, who strongly recommended John Smeaton, then away in
+        the north. Weston immediately wrote to him, but Smeaton, thinking
+        apparently that it only referred to some repairs required in the
+        building, declined to come up, unless there was to be some degree of
+        permanency in his engagement. The answer he received was to the
+        effect that the building was no more; that it must be rebuilt; and
+        concluded with the words, <span class="tei tei-q">“thou art the man
+        to do it.”</span></p>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">The life of
+        Smeaton is one of the most interesting to be found among <span class=
+        "tei tei-q">“The Lives of the Engineers.”</span> He was born near
+        Leeds, on the 8th of June, 1724, his father being a respectable
+        attorney, and he received an excellent education. <span class=
+        "tei tei-q">“Young Smeaton,”</span> says Mr. Smiles, <span class=
+        "tei tei-q">“was not much given to boyish sports, early displaying a
+        thoughtfulness beyond his years. Most children are naturally fond of
+        building up miniature fabrics, and perhaps still more so of pulling
+        them down. But the little Smeaton seemed to have a more than ordinary
+        love of contrivance, and that mainly for its own sake. He was never
+        so happy as when put in possession of any cutting tool, by which he
+        could make his little imitations of houses, pumps, and windmills.
+        Even whilst a boy in petticoats, he was continually drawing circles
+        and squares, and the only playthings in which he seemed to take any
+        real pleasure were his models of things that would <span class=
+        "tei tei-q">‘work.’</span> When any carpenters or masons were
+        employed in the neighbourhood of his father’s house, the inquisitive
+        boy was sure to be among them, watching the men, observing how they
+        handled their tools, and frequently asking them questions. His
+        life-long friend, Mr. Holmes, who knew him in his youth, has related,
+        that having one day observed some millwrights at work, shortly after,
+        to the great alarm of his family, he was seen fixing something like a
+        windmill on the top of his father’s barn. On another occasion, when
+        watching some workmen fixing a pump in the village, he was so lucky
+        as to procure from them a piece of bored pipe, which he succeeded in
+        fashioning into a working pump that actually raised water. His odd
+        cleverness, however, does not seem to have been appreciated; and it
+        is told of him that amongst other boys he was known as <span class=
+        "tei tei-q">‘Fooly Smeaton,’</span> for though forward enough in
+        putting questions to the workpeople, amongst boys of his own age he
+        was remarkably shy, and, as they thought, stupid.”</span> He made
+        great progress at the Leeds Grammar School in geometry and
+        arithmetic, still carrying on his mechanical studies at home. It
+        happened one day that some mechanics came into the neighbourhood to
+        erect a <span class="tei tei-q">“fire-engine,”</span> as the
+        steam-engine was then called, for pumping water from the Garforth
+        coal mines. Smeaton watched their operations, and thereupon commenced
+        the erection of a miniature engine at home, provided with pumps and
+        other apparatus, which he succeeded in getting to work before the
+        colliery engine was ready. He immediately set it to work on one of
+        his father’s fish-ponds, which he succeeded in pumping completely
+        dry, killing all the fish, much to his father’s annoyance. By the
+        time he had arrived at his fifteenth year, he had contrived to make a
+        turning-lathe, on <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page165">[pg
+        165]</span><a name="Pg165" id="Pg165" class=
+        "tei tei-anchor"></a>which he turned wood and ivory, making little
+        presents of boxes and other articles for his friends. His father had
+        destined young Smeaton for the law, but at last consented to his
+        son’s wish to become a mathematical instrument maker. The son came to
+        London, and was soon enabled to earn enough for his own maintenance.
+        He did not, however, live a mere workman’s life, but frequented the
+        society of educated men, and was a regular attendant at the meetings
+        of the Royal Society. We find him at the age of twenty-six reading
+        papers before that most learned society. He had already attempted
+        improvements in the mariner’s compass; had invented a machine for
+        measuring the amount of <span class="tei tei-q">“way”</span> on a
+        ship at sea; and designed improvements in the air-pump, in ships’
+        tackle, and in water and wind-mills. He had already acquired an
+        honourable reputation as a scientific engineer when the question of
+        rebuilding the Eddystone Lighthouse arose.</p>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">This afforded
+        Smeaton a grand opening for advancement, and as soon as some
+        preliminaries were arranged, he came to town, where he studied the
+        subject in its entirety. He soon came to the conclusion that stone
+        was the only material to employ in the construction of a lighthouse,
+        contrary to the opinion of the Brethren of the Trinity House, who had
+        faith in wood, and that only. He also devised a system of
+        dovetailing, then scarcely known in masonry, though common enough in
+        carpentry. All these investigations were made before Smeaton had even
+        paid a visit to the exposed site on which the lighthouse was to be
+        built. It was not till March, 1756, that he set out from London to
+        Plymouth, a journey which occupied him six days, on account of the
+        badness of the roads. At Plymouth he met Josias Jessop, to whom he
+        had been referred for information as to the previous lighthouse.
+        Jessop was then a foreman of shipwrights in the dockyard, and a
+        first-class draughtsman, full of ingenuity and mechanical knowledge.
+        Smeaton was very anxious to go out to the rocks at once; but the sea
+        was so heavy that no opportunity occurred till the 2nd of April, when
+        they were able to reach them. The sea was breaking over the
+        landing-place with such violence that there was no possibility of
+        landing. All that the enthusiastic engineer could do was to view the
+        cone of bare rock—the mere crest of the mountain whose base was laid
+        so far in the sea-deeps beneath. Three days later another voyage was
+        made, and he was enabled to land on the site of his future triumph.
+        He stayed there more than two hours, when he was compelled by the
+        roughness of the sea to leave the rock. Several subsequent trials
+        were unsuccessful. On the 22nd of the same month, after a lapse of
+        seventeen days, Smeaton was able to effect his second landing at low
+        water. After a further inspection, the party retreated to their
+        sloop, which lay off until the tide had fallen, when Smeaton again
+        landed, and the night being perfectly still, he says, <span class=
+        "tei tei-q">“I went on with my business till nine in the evening,
+        having worked an hour by candlelight.”</span> The following day he
+        again landed, and pursued his operations until interrupted by the
+        ground-swell, which sent the surf and waves high upon the reef, and
+        the wind rising, the sloop was forced to put for Plymouth. This is,
+        as we shall see, but a sample of the difficulties attending the
+        actual construction of the tower. Lord Ellesmere said of him that
+        <span class="tei tei-q">“bloody battles had been won, and campaigns
+        conducted to a successful issue, with less of personal exposure to
+        physical danger on the part of the commander-in-chief, than was
+        constantly encountered by Smeaton during the greater part of those
+        years in which the lighthouse was in course of erection. In all works
+        of <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page166">[pg 166]</span><a name=
+        "Pg166" id="Pg166" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>danger he himself led
+        the way—was the first to spring upon the rock and the last to leave
+        it; and by his own example he inspired with courage the humble
+        workmen engaged in carrying out his plans; who, like himself, were
+        unaccustomed to the special terrors of the scene.”</span><a id=
+        "noteref_54" name="noteref_54" href="#note_54"><span class=
+        "tei tei-noteref"><span style=
+        "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">54</span></span></a></p>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">On his return to
+        town, after several other visits, when he arranged for the formation
+        of a better landing-place, he made his report to the proprietors, and
+        was fully authorised to proceed with the design. He accordingly
+        proceeded to make a careful model of the lighthouse as he intended it
+        to be built. This having been approved by the proprietors and by the
+        Lords of the Admiralty, the engineer set out for Plymouth, arranging
+        at Dorchester, on his way, for a supply of Portland stone, of which
+        it was finally determined that the lighthouse should be mainly
+        constructed. Artificers and foremen were engaged; vessels provided
+        for the transport of men and material, and Mr. Jessop was appointed
+        general assistant, or as it is now termed, Resident Engineer. Mr.
+        Smeaton fixed the centre, and laid down the lines on the afternoon of
+        the 3rd of August, 1756, and from that time the work proceeded,
+        though with many interruptions from bad weather and heavy seas. At
+        best, six hours’ work was all that could be performed at one time,
+        and when it was possible the men worked by torchlight. One principal
+        object of the first season was to get the dovetail recesses cut out
+        of the rock for the reception of the foundation-stones. The
+        <span class="tei tei-name"><span style=
+        "font-style: italic">Neptune</span></span> buss was employed as a
+        store-ship, and rode at anchor a convenient distance from the rock in
+        about twenty fathoms of water. For many days the men could not land
+        from her, and even had they been able to do so, must have been washed
+        off the rock, unless lashed to it. At such times the provisions ran
+        short, no boat being able to come off from Plymouth. Towards the end
+        of October, the yawl riding at the stern of the buss broke loose by
+        stress of weather and was lost. Smeaton was very anxious to finish
+        the boring of the foundation-holes during that season, and the men
+        still persevered when the weather gave the slightest chance, although
+        sometimes only able to labour two hours out of the twenty-four.</p>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">On the completion
+        of the work at the end of November, the party prepared to return to
+        the yard on shore. The voyage proved most dangerous. Not being able,
+        in consequence of the gale that was blowing, to make Plymouth
+        Harbour, the <span class="tei tei-name"><span style=
+        "font-style: italic">Neptune</span></span> was steered for Fowey, on
+        the coast of Cornwall. The wind rose higher and higher, until it blew
+        quite a storm; and in the night, Mr. Smeaton, hearing a sudden alarm
+        and clamour amongst the crew overhead, ran upon deck in his shirt to
+        ascertain the cause. It was raining hard, and quite a hurricane was
+        raging. <span class="tei tei-q">“It being dark,”</span> he says,
+        <span class="tei tei-q">“the first thing I saw was the horrible
+        appearance of breakers almost surrounding us; John Bowden, one of the
+        seamen, crying out, <span class="tei tei-q">‘For God’s sake, heave
+        hard at that rope if you mean to save your lives!’</span> I
+        immediately laid hold of the rope at which he himself was hauling as
+        well as the other seamen, though he was also managing the helm. I not
+        only hauled with all my strength, but called to and encouraged the
+        workmen to do the same thing.”</span> Their sails were carried away
+        or torn to ribbons, while the sea could be heard beating on the
+        rocks, though nothing of the coast could be seen. Fortunately the
+        vessel obeyed her helm, and they put to sea again. At daybreak they
+        found themselves out of sight of land, and <span class="tei tei-pb"
+        id="page167">[pg 167]</span><a name="Pg167" id="Pg167" class=
+        "tei tei-anchor"></a>driving for the Bay of Biscay. Wearing ship,
+        they stood once more for the coast, and before night sighted the
+        Land’s End. Finally, after having been blown to sea for four days,
+        they came to anchor in Plymouth Sound, much to their own joy and that
+        of their friends.</p>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Winter was very
+        fully occupied in dressing stones at the yards ashore for next
+        season’s work. Mr. Smeaton himself laid all the lines on the workshop
+        floor in chalk, in order to insure the greatest possible accuracy in
+        fitting. Nearly 450 tons of stone were thus dressed by the time the
+        weather was sufficiently favourable to continue operations on the
+        rock. During one of his visits to the quarries, a severe storm of
+        thunder and lightning occurred, by which the spire of Lostwithiel
+        Church was shattered, and this turned his attention to the necessity
+        of protecting his lighthouse in some way from the similar danger to
+        which it would be exposed. Franklin had just before published his
+        mode of protecting tall buildings by conductors, and Smeaton decided
+        to adopt his plan. The work of building fairly commenced in the
+        summer of 1757, the first stone, of two and a quarter tons weight,
+        being in its place on the morning of Sunday, the 12th of June. By the
+        evening of the following day the first course of four stones was
+        laid, these being all required from the sloping nature of the
+        Eddystone Rock. The actual diameter of the tower itself kept
+        increasing until it reached the upper level of the rock. Thus the
+        second course consisted of thirteen pieces, the third of twenty-five,
+        and so on. The workmen were sometimes interrupted by ground-swells
+        and heavy seas, which kept them off the rock for days together, but,
+        at length, on the sixth course being laid, it was found that the
+        building had been raised above the average wash of the sea, and
+        thenceforward the progress of the work was much more rapid. The
+        stones, when brought off from the vessels, were all landed in their
+        proper order, and everything was done to facilitate the rapid
+        progress of the work. Smeaton superintended the construction of
+        nearly the whole building, and was ever foremost in the post of
+        danger. Whilst working at the rock on one occasion, an accident
+        occurred which might well have proved more serious in its results.
+        <span class="tei tei-q">“The men were about to lay the centre stone
+        of the seventh course, on the evening of the 11th of August, when Mr.
+        Smeaton was enjoying the limited promenade afforded by the level
+        platform of stone which had, with so much difficulty, been raised;
+        but, making a false step into one of the cavities made for the
+        joggles, and being unable to recover his balance, he fell from the
+        brink of the work down among the rocks on the west side. The tide
+        being low at the time, he speedily got upon his feet, and at first
+        supposed himself little hurt, but shortly after he found that one of
+        his thumbs had been put out of joint. He reflected that he was
+        fourteen miles from land, far from a surgeon, and that uncertain
+        winds and waves lay between. He therefore determined to reduce the
+        dislocation at once; and, laying fast hold of the thumb with his
+        other hand, and giving it a violent pull, it snapped into its place
+        again, after which he proceeded to fix the centre stone of the
+        building.”</span> The work now proceeded steadily, occasional damage
+        being done by the heavy seas washing over the stones, tools, and
+        materials.</p><a name="illo_195.jpg" id="illo_195.jpg" class=
+        "tei tei-anchor"></a>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"></p>
+
+        <div class="tei tei-figure" style="text-align: center">
+          <img src="images/illo_195.jpg" alt="THE EDDYSTONE LIGHTHOUSE"
+          title="THE EDDYSTONE LIGHTHOUSE." />
+
+          <div class="tei tei-head" style=
+          "text-align: center; margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em">
+            THE EDDYSTONE LIGHTHOUSE.
+          </div>
+        </div>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">The following
+        winter was very tempestuous, and the floating light-ship, stationed
+        about two miles from the rock, was driven from its moorings, though
+        it eventually reached harbour in safety. It was the 12th of May
+        before Smeaton, anxious to see how his tower <span class="tei tei-pb"
+        id="page169">[pg 169]</span><a name="Pg169" id="Pg169" class=
+        "tei tei-anchor"></a>had stood the winter storms, could land on the
+        rock. He was delighted to find that the entire work remained intact,
+        as he had left it. At the end of this season, the twenty-ninth course
+        of stones had been laid, and the apartments of the lighthouse-keepers
+        commenced. While living at Plymouth, Smeaton used to come out upon
+        the Hoe<a id="noteref_55" name="noteref_55" href=
+        "#note_55"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style=
+        "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">55</span></span></a> with his
+        telescope and, from the spot where the Spanish Armada was first
+        descried making for the English coast, peer out towards the rocks on
+        one of which his lighthouse stood. <span class="tei tei-q">“There
+        were still many who persisted in asserting that no building erected
+        of stone could possibly stand upon the Eddystone; and again and again
+        the engineer, in the dim grey of the morning, would come out and peer
+        through his telescope at his deep-sea lamp-post. Sometimes he had to
+        wait long, until he could see a tall white pillar of spray shoot up
+        into the air. Thank God! it was still safe. Then, as the light grew,
+        he could discern his building, temporary house and all, standing firm
+        amidst the waters; and, thus far satisfied, he could proceed to his
+        workshops, his mind relieved for the day.”</span></p>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">The winter
+        following the third season was spent by Smeaton in London, where he
+        made the designs for the cast and wrought iron and copper works of
+        the lantern, the glass, and rails of the balcony, which were carried
+        out under his own eye. The ensuing season proved so stormy that it
+        was the 5th of July before a landing could again be made on the rock,
+        but from this point the work proceeded with such rapidity that in
+        thirteen days two entire rooms were erected, and by the 17th of
+        August the last pieces of the corona were set, and the forty-sixth
+        and last course of masonry laid, bringing the tower to its specified
+        height of seventy feet. <span class="tei tei-q">“The last mason’s
+        work done was the cutting out of the words <span class=
+        "tei tei-q">‘<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style=
+        "font-style: italic">Laus Deo</span></span>’</span> upon the last
+        stone set over the door of the lantern. Round the upper store-room
+        upon the course under the ceiling, had been cut, at an earlier
+        period, <span class="tei tei-q">‘Except the Lord build the house,
+        they labour in vain that build it.’</span> The iron-work of the
+        balcony and the lantern were next erected, and, over all, the gilt
+        ball, the screws of which Smeaton fixed with his own hands,
+        <span class="tei tei-q">‘that in case,’</span> he says, <span class=
+        "tei tei-q">‘any of them had not held quite tight and firm, the
+        circumstance might not have been slipped over without my
+        knowledge.’</span> Moreover, this piece of work was dangerous as well
+        as delicate, being performed at a height of some hundred and twenty
+        feet above the sea. Smeaton fixed the screws while standing on four
+        boards nailed together, resting on the cupola; his assistant, Roger
+        Cornthwaite, placing himself on the opposite side, so as to balance
+        his weight whilst he proceeded with the operation. Smeaton worked
+        with the men in fitting the lantern and interior arrangements. The
+        light was first exhibited on the night of the 16th of October, 1759.
+        About three years after its completion, one of the most terrible
+        storms ever known raged for days along the south-west coast; and
+        though incalculable ruin was inflicted upon harbours and shipping by
+        the hurricane, all the damage done to the lighthouse was repaired by
+        a little gallipot of putty.”</span></p>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Whatever may be
+        the truth regarding the foundations of the Eddystone, the old
+        lighthouse has done good work for considerably over a century.
+        Sometimes when the sea rolls in with more than usual fury the
+        lighthouse is enveloped in spray, and when struck by a strong wave,
+        the central portion shoots up the perpendicular shaft and leaps quite
+        over <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page170">[pg 170]</span><a name=
+        "Pg170" id="Pg170" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>the lantern, but soon
+        its brilliant light shines forth again, a warning and a guide to the
+        mariner. When a wave hurls itself upon the lighthouse, the report of
+        the shock is like a cannon, and a tremor passes through the building.
+        At first the lighthouse-keepers were afraid for their lives. The year
+        after the completion of the tower, a terrible storm raged, the sea
+        dashing over the lighthouse so that those inside dare not open the
+        lantern door, nor any other, for even an instant. A man who visited
+        the rock after some similar storm wrote to Mr. Jessop, <span class=
+        "tei tei-q">“The house did shake as if a man had been up in a great
+        tree. The old men were almost frightened out of their lives, wishing
+        they had never seen the place, and cursing those that first persuaded
+        them to go there. The fear seized them in the back, but rubbing them
+        with oil of turpentine gave them relief.”</span> The men, however,
+        soon became used to the life; and Smeaton mentions the case of one of
+        them who was even accustomed to give up to his companions his turn
+        for going on shore.</p><a name="illo_197.png" id="illo_197.png"
+        class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"></p>
+
+        <div class="tei tei-figure" style="text-align: center">
+          <img src="images/illo_197.png" alt="PORTRAIT OF SMEATON" title=
+          "PORTRAIT OF SMEATON." />
+
+          <div class="tei tei-head" style=
+          "text-align: center; margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em">
+            PORTRAIT OF SMEATON.
+          </div>
+        </div>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class=
+        "tei tei-q">“Many a heart,”</span> says Mr. Smiles, <span class=
+        "tei tei-q">“has leapt with gladness at the cry of <span class=
+        "tei tei-q">‘The Eddystone in sight!’</span> sung out from the
+        maintop. Homeward-bound ships, from far-off ports, no longer avoid
+        the dreaded rock, but eagerly run for its light as the harbinger of
+        safety. It might even seem as if Providence had placed the reef so
+        far out at sea as the foundation for a beacon such as this, leaving
+        it to man’s skill and labour to finish His work. On entering the
+        English Channel from the west and the south, the cautious navigator
+        feels <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page171">[pg 171]</span><a name=
+        "Pg171" id="Pg171" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>his way by early
+        soundings on the great bank which extends from the Channel into the
+        Atlantic, and these are repeated at fixed intervals until land is in
+        sight. Every fathom nearer shore increases a ship’s risks, especially
+        on dark nights. The men are on the look-out, peering anxiously into
+        the dark, straining the eye to catch the glimmer of a light, and when
+        it is known that <span class="tei tei-q">‘the Eddystone is in
+        sight!’</span> a thrill runs through the ship, which can only be
+        appreciated by those who have felt or witnessed it after long months
+        of weary voyaging.</span></p><a name="illo_198.jpg" id="illo_198.jpg"
+        class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"></p>
+
+        <div class="tei tei-figure" style="text-align: center">
+          <img src="images/illo_198.jpg" alt=
+          "INTERIOR OF THE LIGHT-CHAMBER OF THE EDDYSTONE" title=
+          "INTERIOR OF THE LIGHT-CHAMBER OF THE EDDYSTONE." />
+
+          <div class="tei tei-head" style=
+          "text-align: center; margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em">
+            INTERIOR OF THE LIGHT-CHAMBER OF THE EDDYSTONE.
+          </div>
+        </div>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class=
+        "tei tei-q">“By means of similar lights, of different arrangements
+        and of various colours, fixed and revolving, erected upon rocks,
+        islands, and headlands, the British Channel is now lit up along its
+        whole extent, and is as safe to navigate in the darkest night as in
+        the brightest <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page172">[pg
+        172]</span><a name="Pg172" id="Pg172" class=
+        "tei tei-anchor"></a>sunshine. The chief danger is from fogs which
+        alike hide the lights by night and the land by day. Some of the
+        homeward-bound ships entering the Channel from North American ports
+        first make the St. Agnes Light, on the Scilly Isles, revolving once a
+        minute, at a height of 138 feet above high water. But most Atlantic
+        ships keep further south in consequence of the nature of the
+        soundings about the Scilly Isles; and hence they oftener make the
+        Lizard Lights first, which are visible about twenty miles
+        off.</span></p>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class=
+        "tei tei-q">“From this point the coast retires, and in the bend lie
+        Falmouth (with a revolving light on St. Anthony’s Point), Fowey, the
+        Looes, and Plymouth Sound and Harbour; the coast line again trending
+        southward until it juts out into the sea, in the bold craggy bluffs
+        of Bolt Head and Start Point, on the last of which is another house
+        with two lights—one, revolving, for the Channel, and another, fixed,
+        to direct vessels inshore clear of the Skerries Shoal. But between
+        the Lizard and Start Point, which form the two extremities of this
+        bend in the land of Cornwall and Devonshire, there lies the Eddystone
+        Rock and Lighthouse, standing fourteen miles out from the shore,
+        almost directly in front of Plymouth Sound and in the line of
+        coasting vessels steaming or beating up Channel.</span></p>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class=
+        "tei tei-q">“On the south are seen the three Croquet Lights on the
+        Jersey side; and on the north the two fixed lights on Portland Bill.
+        The west is St. Catherine’s, a brilliant fixed light on the extreme
+        south point of the Isle of Wight. Next are the lights exhibited on
+        the Nab, and then the single fixed light exhibited on the Ower
+        vessel. Beachy Head, on the same line, exhibits a powerful revolving
+        light 285 feet above high water, its interval of greatest brilliancy
+        occurring every two minutes. Then comes Dungeness, exhibiting a fixed
+        red light of great power, situated at the extremity of the low point
+        of Dungeness beach. Next are seen Folkestone, and then Dover Harbour
+        Lights, whilst on the south are the flash light, recently stationed
+        on the Verne Bank; and further up Channel, on the French coast, is
+        seen the brilliant revolving light on Cape Grisnez. The Channel is
+        passed with the two South Foreland Lights, one higher than the other,
+        on the left; and the Downs are entered with the South Sandhead
+        floating light on the right; and when the Gull and the North Sandhead
+        floating lights have been passed on the one hand, and North Foreland
+        on the other, then the Tongue, the Prince’s Channel, and the Girdler
+        are passed.”</span> The Nore Light passed, the navigation of the
+        Thames commences.</p>
+      </div>
+
+      <div class="tei tei-div" style=
+      "margin-bottom: 5.00em; margin-top: 5.00em">
+        <a name="chap11" id="chap11" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> <a name=
+        "toc25" id="toc25"></a> <a name="pdf26" id="pdf26"></a>
+
+        <h2 class="tei tei-head" style=
+        "text-align: center; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em">
+        <span style="font-size: 144%">CHAPTER XI.</span></h2>
+
+        <h2 class="tei tei-head" style=
+        "text-align: center; margin-bottom: 2.40em; margin-top: 2.40em">
+        <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: center"><span style=
+        "font-size: 120%; font-variant: small-caps">The
+        Lighthouse</span></span> <span style=
+        "font-size: 120%">(</span><span class="tei tei-hi" style=
+        "text-align: center"><span style=
+        "font-size: 120%; font-style: italic">continued</span></span><span style="font-size: 120%">).</span></h2>
+
+        <div class="tei tei-argument" style=
+        "text-align: center; margin-bottom: 1.80em; margin-left: 3.60em; margin-top: 1.80em; margin-right: 3.60em">
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style=
+        "text-align: center; margin-bottom: 0.90em"><span style=
+        "font-size: 90%">The Bell Rock—The good Abbot of Arberbrothok—Ralph
+        the Rover—Rennie’s grand Lighthouse—Perils of the Work—Thirty-two Men
+        apparently doomed to Destruction—A New Form of Outward
+        Construction—Its successful Completion—The Skerryvore Lighthouse and
+        Alan Stevenson—Novel Barracks on the Rock—Swept Away in a Storm—The
+        Unshapely Seal and Unfortunate Cod—Half-starved Workmen—Out of
+        Tobacco—Difficulties of Landing the Stones—Visit of M. de Quatrefages
+        to Héhaux—Description of the Lighthouse Exterior—How it
+        Rocks—Practice</span> <span class="tei tei-hi" style=
+        "text-align: center"><span style=
+        "font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">versus</span></span>
+          <span style="font-size: 90%">Theory—The Interior—A Parisian
+          Apartment at Sea.</span></p>
+        </div>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Some eleven miles
+        eastward from the mainland of Scotland, near the entrances to the
+        Firths of Forth and Tay, lies an extensive ledge of very dangerous
+        rocks, nearly two miles in length. This sunken reef was a source of
+        much peril to the unfortunate sailors <span class="tei tei-pb" id=
+        "page173">[pg 173]</span><a name="Pg173" id="Pg173" class=
+        "tei tei-anchor"></a>driven too near its nearly hidden dangers, and
+        early in the fourteenth century the Abbot of Arbroath, or
+        Arberbrothok, caused a bell to be placed upon the principal rock, so
+        that—</p>
+
+        <div class="tei tei-lg" style=
+        "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-left: 2.00em; margin-top: 1.00em">
+          <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">
+            <span class="tei tei-q" style="text-align: left">“When the Rock
+            was hid by the surge’s swell,</span>
+          </div>
+
+          <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">
+            The mariners heard the warning bell;
+          </div>
+
+          <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">
+            And then they knew the perilous Rock,
+          </div>
+
+          <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">
+            <span class="tei tei-q" style="text-align: left">And blessed the
+            Abbot of Arberbrothok.”</span>
+          </div>
+        </div>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Southey has, in
+        his ballad of <span class="tei tei-q">“The Inchcape Rock,”</span>
+        immortalised the tradition<a id="noteref_56" name="noteref_56" href=
+        "#note_56"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style=
+        "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">56</span></span></a> that a
+        notorious pirate cut the bell from the rock—</p>
+
+        <div class="tei tei-lg" style=
+        "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-left: 2.00em; margin-top: 1.00em">
+          <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">
+            <span class="tei tei-q" style="text-align: left">“Down sank the
+            bell with a gurgling sound,</span>
+          </div>
+
+          <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">
+            The bubbles arose and burst around;
+          </div>
+
+          <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">
+            Quoth Sir Ralph, ‘The next who comes to the Rock,
+          </div>
+
+          <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">
+            <span class="tei tei-q" style="text-align: left">Won’t bless the
+            Abbot of <a name="corr173" id="corr173" class="tei tei-anchor"
+            style="text-align: left"></a><span class="tei tei-corr" style=
+            "text-align: left">Arberbrothok.</span>’”</span>
+          </div>
+        </div>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">And so the rover
+        sailed away, and grew rich with plundered store, till at length he
+        thought of Scotland once again, and turned his vessel’s head for
+        home. He approached her coasts in haze and fog, and knew he could not
+        be far from the rocky shore.</p>
+
+        <div class="tei tei-lg" style=
+        "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-left: 2.00em; margin-top: 1.00em">
+          <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">
+            <span class="tei tei-q" style="text-align: left">“They hear no
+            sound, the swell is strong;</span>
+          </div>
+
+          <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">
+            Though the wind hath fallen they drift along,
+          </div>
+
+          <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">
+            Till the vessel strikes with a shivering shock,—
+          </div>
+
+          <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">
+            ‘Oh, Christ! it is the Inchcape Rock!’
+          </div>
+        </div>
+
+        <div class="tei tei-lg" style=
+        "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-left: 2.00em; margin-top: 1.00em">
+          <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">
+            <span class="tei tei-q" style="text-align: left">“Sir Ralph the
+            Rover tore his hair;</span>
+          </div>
+
+          <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">
+            He curst himself in his despair;
+          </div>
+
+          <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">
+            The waves rush in on every side,
+          </div>
+
+          <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">
+            <span class="tei tei-q" style="text-align: left">The ship is
+            sinking beneath the tide.”</span>
+          </div>
+        </div>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Nothing was done
+        to replace the bell or set a beacon on the reef until the beginning
+        of the present century, when, after many plans had been discussed,
+        John Rennie was ordered by the Board of Commissioners to examine the
+        site and report on the subject generally. He recommended a
+        substantial stone lighthouse, similar to that on the Eddystone.
+        Although the Inchcape Rock was not so long uncovered by the tide as
+        the former, after a few courses had been laid, there would be no
+        greater delay in completing the building. The Commissioners obtained
+        from Parliament the requisite powers in 1806; Rennie was appointed
+        engineer, with Robert Stevenson as assistant engineer.</p>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">The whole of the
+        year 1807 was occupied in constructing the necessary vessels for
+        conveying the stones, and in erecting suitable machinery and building
+        shops at Arbroath, which was fixed upon as the most convenient point
+        on the coast for carrying on the land operations. Some progress was
+        made on the rock itself, where a smith’s forge was erected and a
+        temporary beacon raised, while a floating light, fitted up on an old
+        fishing-boat, was anchored near the reef until the lighthouse could
+        be completed. During the short <span class="tei tei-pb" id=
+        "page174">[pg 174]</span><a name="Pg174" id="Pg174" class=
+        "tei tei-anchor"></a>period in which the rocks were uncovered or
+        unexposed to the fury of the waves, some progress was made with the
+        excavations for the foundations. The dangerous nature of the
+        employment may be illustrated by the following brief account of an
+        accident which happened to the workmen on the 2nd of September,
+        before the excavation for the first course of stones had been
+        completed. An additional number of masons had that morning come off
+        from Arbroath in the tender named the <span class=
+        "tei tei-name"><span style=
+        "font-style: italic">Smeaton</span></span>, in honour of the engineer
+        of the Eddystone, and had landed them safely on the rock. The vessel
+        rode off at some distance. The wind rising, the men began to be
+        uneasy as to the security of the <span class=
+        "tei tei-name"><span style=
+        "font-style: italic">Smeaton’s</span></span> cables, and a party went
+        off in a boat to examine whether she was secure, but before they
+        could reach the vessel’s side they found she had already gone adrift,
+        leaving the greater part of the men upon the reef in the face of a
+        rising tide.</p>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">By the time the
+        <span class="tei tei-name"><span style=
+        "font-style: italic">Smeaton’s</span></span> crew had got her
+        mainsail set, and made a tack towards their companions, she had
+        drifted about three miles to leeward, with both wind and tide against
+        her, and it was clear that she could not possibly make the rock until
+        long after it had been completely covered. There were thirty-two men
+        in all on the rock, provided with but two boats, capable of carrying
+        only twenty-four persons in fine weather. Mr. Stevenson seems to have
+        behaved with great coolness and presence of mind; though he
+        afterwards confessed that of the two feelings of hope and despair the
+        latter largely predominated. Fully persuaded of the perils of the
+        situation, he kept his fears to himself, and allowed the men to
+        continue their occupations of boring and excavating.</p>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class=
+        "tei tei-q">“After working for about three hours, the water began to
+        rise along the lower parts of the foundations, and the men were
+        compelled to desist. The forge-fire became extinguished; the smith
+        ceased from hammering at the anvil, and the masons from hewing and
+        boring; and when they took up their tools to depart, and looked
+        around, their vessel was not to be seen, and the third of their boats
+        had gone after the <span class="tei tei-name"><span style=
+        "font-style: italic">Smeaton</span></span>, which was drifting away
+        in the distance! Not a word was uttered, but the danger of their
+        position was comprehended by all. They looked towards their master in
+        silence; but the anxiety which had been growing in his mind for some
+        time had now become so intense that he was speechless. When he
+        attempted to speak, he was so parched that his tongue refused
+        utterance. Turning to one of the pools on the rock, he lapped a
+        little water, which gave him relief, though it was salt; but what was
+        his happiness when, on raising his head, some one called out,
+        <span class="tei tei-q">‘A boat! a boat!’</span> and sure enough a
+        large boat was seen through the surge making for them. She proved to
+        be the Bell Rock pilot-boat, which had come off from Arbroath with
+        letters, and her timely arrival doubtless saved the lives of the
+        greater part of the workmen. They were all taken off and landed in
+        safety, though completely drenched and exhausted.”</span></p>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Rennie,
+        accompanied by one of his sons, visited the rock on the 5th of
+        October, 1807, the day before the works were suspended for the
+        winter. They came off from Arbroath, and stayed on board the
+        lighthouse-yacht all night, where Stevenson met him, and has recorded
+        the delightful conversations held on general and professional
+        matters. On the following morning Rennie landed, amidst great
+        <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style=
+        "font-style: italic">éclat</span></span> and a display of all the
+        available colours, to inspect the progress made. The whole party,
+        workmen and all, returned to shore for the season that
+        day.</p><span class="tei tei-pb" id="page175">[pg 175]</span><a name=
+        "Pg175" id="Pg175" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">The preparation of
+        the stone blocks occupied next winter, and by the spring large
+        numbers were ready and were floated off. In May, 1808, the
+        excavations on the rock were continued, and on the 10th of July the
+        first stone was laid with considerable ceremony. By the last week of
+        November three courses of masonry had been laid. By the end of 1809
+        the tower had been built to a height of thirty feet, and was almost
+        secure from the fury of the waves. <span class="tei tei-q">“In his
+        report to the commissioners he stated that he found that the form of
+        slope which he had adopted for the base of the tower, as well as the
+        curve of the building, fully answered his expectations—that they
+        presented comparatively small obstructions to the roll of the waves,
+        which played round the column with ease.”</span> The curve of this
+        tower at the base is much greater than that of the Eddystone. The
+        Bell Rock Lighthouse was completed by the end of 1810, and the light
+        was regularly exhibited after the 1st of February, 1811. Counting to
+        the top of the lantern, it is 127 feet high. It may here be remarked
+        that in many works the credit of designing and building this
+        lighthouse has been given to Robert Stevenson, the resident engineer.
+        Rennie, however, has the only rightful claim to be so considered; he
+        acted throughout as chief engineer, furnished the design down to the
+        pettiest details, settled the kind of stone and other materials to be
+        used, down even to the mortar and mode of mixing it.</p>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Another work of
+        great labour and difficulty was the erection of a lighthouse on the
+        Skerryvore Rocks, which lie twelve miles W.S.W. of the Isle of Tyree
+        in Argyllshire, and were formerly the scene of numerous wrecks. The
+        operations were commenced in 1838, the architect being Alan
+        Stevenson, son of the Robert Stevenson who was employed on the Bell
+        Rock Lighthouse. The engineer gave the world a succinct account<a id=
+        "noteref_57" name="noteref_57" href="#note_57"><span class=
+        "tei tei-noteref"><span style=
+        "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">57</span></span></a> of the
+        difficulties, dangers, and successful issue of the
+        undertaking.</p><a name="illo_203.png" id="illo_203.png" class=
+        "tei tei-anchor"></a>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"></p>
+
+        <div class="tei tei-figure" style="text-align: center">
+          <img src="images/illo_203.png" alt=
+          "LIGHTHOUSE ON THE INCHCAPE ROCK" title=
+          "LIGHTHOUSE ON THE INCHCAPE ROCK." />
+
+          <div class="tei tei-head" style=
+          "text-align: center; margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em">
+            LIGHTHOUSE ON THE INCHCAPE ROCK.
+          </div>
+        </div>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">The actual
+        construction of the lighthouse had no very remarkable points of
+        difference with the works of Smeaton or Rennie. Stevenson built a
+        rather novel structure on the rock as a temporary barrack for the
+        workmen. It consisted of a wooden tower perched upon a triangular
+        framework, under which was an open gallery, the floor of which was
+        removed at the end of each season, so as to allow free space for the
+        passage of the sea during the storms of winter, but on which, during
+        summer, they kept the stock of coals, the tool-chest, the beef and
+        beer casks, and other smaller material, which they could not, even at
+        that season of the year, leave on the rock itself. Next came the
+        kitchen and provision-store, a six-sided apartment about twelve feet
+        in diameter, and somewhat more than seven feet high, in which small
+        space—curtailed as it was by the seven beams which passed through
+        it—stood a caboose, capable of cooking for forty men, and various
+        cupboards and lockers lined with tin, for holding biscuits, meal and
+        flour, &amp;c. The next storey held two apartments: one for Mr.
+        Stevenson, in which he had his hammock, desk, chair and table, books
+        and instruments. The top storey was surmounted by a pyramidal roof,
+        and was lined with four tiers of berths, capable of accommodating
+        thirty people. The framework was erected on a part of the rock as far
+        removed as possible from the proposed foundation of the lighthouse
+        tower; but in a great gale which occurred on the 3rd of November it
+        was entirely destroyed and swept from the rock, nothing remaining to
+        point out its site but a <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page176">[pg
+        176]</span><a name="Pg176" id="Pg176" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>few
+        broken and twisted iron stanchions, and attached to one of them a
+        piece of a beam, so shaken and rent by dashing against the rock as
+        literally to resemble a bunch of laths. Thus did one night obliterate
+        the traces of a season’s toil, and blast the hopes which the workmen
+        fondly cherished of a stable dwelling on the rock, and of refuge from
+        the miseries of sea-sickness, which the experience of the season had
+        taught many of them to dread more than death itself. A more
+        successful attempt was subsequently made, and the second erection
+        braved the storm for several years after the works were finished.
+        <span class="tei tei-q">“Perched forty feet above the wave-beaten
+        rock,”</span> says Stevenson, <span class="tei tei-q">“in this
+        singular abode, the writer of this little volume<a id="noteref_58"
+        name="noteref_58" href="#note_58"><span class=
+        "tei tei-noteref"><span style=
+        "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">58</span></span></a> has
+        spent many a weary day and night at those times when the sea
+        prevented any one going down to the rock, anxiously looking for
+        supplies from the shore, and earnestly longing for a change of
+        weather favourable to the re-commencement of the works. For miles
+        around nothing could be seen but white foaming breakers, and nothing
+        heard but howling winds and lashing seas. At such seasons most of our
+        time was spent in bed; for there alone we had effectual shelter from
+        the winds and the spray, which searched every cranny in the walls of
+        the barrack. Our slumbers, too, were at times fearfully interrupted
+        by the sudden pouring of the sea over the roof, the rocking of the
+        house on its pillars, and the spirting of water through the seams of
+        the doors and windows: symptoms which, to one suddenly aroused from
+        sound sleep, recalled the appalling fate of the former barrack, which
+        had been engulfed in the foam not twenty yards from our dwelling, and
+        for a moment seemed to summon us to a similar fate. On two occasions,
+        in particular, <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page177">[pg
+        177]</span><a name="Pg177" id="Pg177" class=
+        "tei tei-anchor"></a>those sensations were so vivid as to cause
+        almost every one to spring out of bed; and some of the men flew from
+        the barrack by a temporary gangway to the more stable but less
+        comfortable shelter afforded by the bare wall of the lighthouse
+        tower, then unfinished, where they spent the remainder of the night
+        in the darkness and the cold.”</span></p>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Yet life on the
+        Skerryvore was by no means destitute of its peculiar pleasures. The
+        grandeur of the ocean’s rage, the deep murmur of the waves, the
+        hoarse cry of the sea-birds, were varied by peaceful hours, when the
+        sea was glassy and the deep blue vault of heaven was studded with a
+        thousand stars. <span class="tei tei-q">“Among the many wonders of
+        the <span class="tei tei-q">‘great deep,’</span> ”</span> says
+        Stevenson, <span class="tei tei-q">“which we witnessed at the
+        Skerryvore, not the least is the agility and power displayed by the
+        unshapely seal. I have often seen half a dozen of these animals round
+        the rock, playing on the surface or riding on the crests of curling
+        waves, come so close as to permit us to see their eyes and head, and
+        lead us to expect that they would be thrown <span class=
+        "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">high and
+        dry</span></span> at the foot of the tower; when suddenly they
+        performed a somersault within a few feet of the rock, and diving into
+        the flaky and wreathing foam, disappeared, and as suddenly
+        re-appeared a hundred yards off, uttering a strange low <a name=
+        "corr177" id="corr177" class="tei tei-anchor"></a><span class=
+        "tei tei-corr">cry.</span>”</span></p>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">On one occasion
+        the tender could not come off to the poor people on the rock for
+        seven weeks. The seamen passed a most dreary time. Their provisions
+        and fuel were short; their clothes were worn to rags; and, what was
+        to them of more importance still, they <span class=
+        "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">were out of
+        tobacco</span></span>!</p>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">One of the great
+        difficulties experienced was landing the stones on the rock from the
+        lighters, which, towed out by a steamer, were cast off as near the
+        landing-place as possible and then towed in by boats. The landing
+        service throughout the whole progress of the works was one of danger
+        and anxiety, and many narrow escapes were made. On many occasions the
+        men who steered the lighters ran great risks, and it was often found
+        necessary to lash them to the rails, to prevent them being thrown
+        overboard by the sudden bounds of the vessels, or being carried away
+        by the weight of water which swept their decks as they were towed
+        through a heavy sea. Sometimes they were forced, owing to the heavy
+        seas which threatened to throw the vessels on the top of the rock, to
+        draw out the lighters from the wharf without landing a single stone,
+        after they had been towed through a stormy passage of thirteen miles.
+        One day, during the very best part of the season, so sudden were the
+        jerks of the vessel before the sea, that eight large warps, or
+        cables, were snapped like threads, and the lighter was carried
+        violently before a crested wave which rolled unexpectedly upon her.
+        Those who stood on deck were thrown flat on their faces, and imagined
+        that the vessel had been laid high and dry on the top of the rock.
+        Yet, in spite of the short season and great difficulties of the work,
+        no less than 120 lighters were towed out and discharged in the summer
+        and autumn of 1841. During the progress of building the lighthouse,
+        cranes and other materials were swept away by the waves, and daily
+        risks were run in blasting the splintery gneiss, or by the falling of
+        heavy bodies from the tower on the narrow space below, to which so
+        many persons were necessarily confined. Yet no loss of life or limb
+        occurred; and <span class="tei tei-q">“our remarkable preservation
+        was viewed,”</span> says Stevenson, <span class="tei tei-q">“as in a
+        peculiar manner the gracious work of Him by whom <span class=
+        "tei tei-q">‘the very hairs of our head are all
+        numbered.’</span> ”</span></p>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">The light was
+        first exhibited on the 1st of February, 1844. It is a revolving
+        apparatus, <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page178">[pg
+        178]</span><a name="Pg178" id="Pg178" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>and
+        the light appears at its brightest state once in every minute. The
+        lantern is no less than 150 feet above the sea, and its flashes may
+        be seen from the deck of a vessel eighteen miles off. It is
+        frequently seen from the high land of Barra, distant thirty-eight
+        miles. The mass of stonework is double that of the Bell Rock
+        Lighthouse, and five times that of the Eddystone; it measures 58,580
+        cubic feet. The Skerryvore Light-tower was erected at a cost of
+        £86,977 17s. 7d.</p><a name="illo_205.png" id="illo_205.png" class=
+        "tei tei-anchor"></a>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"></p>
+
+        <div class="tei tei-figure" style="text-align: center">
+          <img src="images/illo_205.png" alt="THE SKERRYVORE LIGHTHOUSE"
+          title="THE SKERRYVORE LIGHTHOUSE." />
+
+          <div class="tei tei-head" style=
+          "text-align: center; margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em">
+            THE SKERRYVORE LIGHTHOUSE.
+          </div>
+        </div>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">The eminent French
+        naturalist, M. de Quatrefages, has given us an admirable
+        description<a id="noteref_59" name="noteref_59" href=
+        "#note_59"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style=
+        "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">59</span></span></a> of a
+        visit paid by him to the lighthouse of Héhaux, on a rock near the
+        Isles of Bréhat, <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page179">[pg
+        179]</span><a name="Pg179" id="Pg179" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>off
+        the coast of Brittany. He says, after some very beautiful remarks on
+        the contemplation of nature, and its alleviation of the worst
+        heart-sorrows: <span class="tei tei-q">“Twilight often surprised me
+        in the midst of my reveries, and often, too, the shades of night fell
+        around me while I lay stretched beneath the star-bespangled deep
+        azure canopy of heaven. I could then see another star shining in the
+        far distance, which had been lighted by the hand of man. From the
+        position I had chosen I could recognise the beacon-towers of Héhaux,
+        of which the seamen of the islands had spoken to me with the
+        liveliest expressions of enthusiasm, and which I had frequently
+        watched by day as it stood out like a black line drawn along the
+        whitish background of the sky. I would not leave Bréhat without
+        visiting it. A few slight services had secured me the good-will of
+        the officers of customs, who willingly consented to take me to
+        Héhaux. Accordingly, one splendid day in October we left the harbour
+        of La Corderie in a pinnace, manned by six sturdy seamen. The weather
+        was splendid; not a cloud obscured the sky, which was reflected on
+        the mirror-like surface of the ocean, whose depths it seemed to
+        double. Impelled by the combined action of a light wind, which
+        swelled out two small square sails, and of the rapid current imparted
+        to the waters of Kerpont by the force of the tide, our pinnace shot
+        across the waves as a sledge glides over the snow. Sometimes, indeed,
+        we passed through a whirling eddy, which shook every part of our
+        frail craft, and betrayed the vicinity of some submarine rock; but we
+        soon regained the unruffled sea, and without having taken cognisance
+        of the rapid rate at which we were moving, we saw Bréhat sink below
+        the distant horizon behind us, whilst rock after rock and islet after
+        islet seemed at every moment to emerge from the waves towards which
+        we were advancing.... The nearer we drew to Héhaux the taller seemed
+        the beacon-tower, which stood forth from the tower, with its lofty
+        granite column and glass lantern, protected by that magical rod which
+        is able to attract and safely conduct to earth the destructive force
+        of the thunderbolt. We landed, and at once began our inspection of
+        this colossal block, which has been upreared by the hand of man on
+        the Epées de Tréguier, which, once the dread of the seaman, have
+        become his protecting guides through the storms and darkness of
+        night.</span></p>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class=
+        "tei tei-q">“The Héhaux Lighthouse would be regarded as a most
+        remarkable monument even in our principal towns, but standing, as it
+        does, alone in the midst of the ocean, it acquires by its very
+        isolation a character of severe grandeur, which impresses the mind
+        most powerfully. Figure to yourself a wall of granite, where the
+        current and the storm do not even permit the hardiest ferns to take
+        root, with here and there a twisted and deeply wave-worn mass
+        projecting beyond the rest of the rocky ledge. It is here that the
+        architect has laid the foundation of the tower. The base, which is of
+        a conical form, is surmounted by a circular gallery. The lower
+        portion curves gracefully outwards, spreading over the ground like
+        the root of some colossal marine plant springing up from the
+        foundation stones, which have been inserted far within the rock. On
+        this base, which measures about twenty yards across, rises a column
+        twenty-six feet in diameter, surmounted by a second gallery, whose
+        supports and stone balustrades call to mind the portcullis and
+        battlements of some feudal donjon. From the summit to the base this
+        part of the edifice is composed of large blocks of whitish granite,
+        arranged in regular strata, and carefully dove-tailed into one
+        another. As far as a third of the height of the building the rows of
+        stones <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page180">[pg 180]</span><a name=
+        "Pg180" id="Pg180" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>are bound together by
+        granite joggles, which at the same time penetrate into the two
+        superposed stones. The stones have been cut and arranged with such
+        precision that there has been hardly any reason for using cement,
+        which has only been employed in filling up a few imperceptible voids:
+        and hence the lighthouse, from the base to the summit, seems to form
+        one solid block, which is more homogeneous and probably more compact
+        than the rocks which support it. The platform which crowns this
+        magnificent column, at an elevation of more than 140 feet above high
+        tide watermark, is surmounted by a stone cupola, at once solid and
+        graceful, supported by pillars which are separated by large panes of
+        glass. It is within this frame of glass that the beacon is lighted,
+        which may be distinctly seen from every direction at a distance of
+        twenty-seven miles.</span></p>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class=
+        "tei tei-q">“At low tide the sea leaves a space of several hundred
+        square yards uncovered round the base of the edifice; at high tide it
+        entirely surrounds it. It is then that the tower of Héhaux rises in
+        its solemn isolation from the midst of the waves, as if it were a
+        standard of defiance upraised by the genius of man against the demon
+        of the tempest. At times one might almost fancy that the heavens and
+        the sea, conscious of the outrage offered to them, were leagued
+        together against the enemy, which seems to brave them by its
+        imperturbability. The north-west wind roars round the tower,
+        darkening its thick glass windows with torrents of rain and drifts of
+        snow and hail. These impetuous blasts bear along with them from the
+        far-spread ocean colossal waves, whose crests not unfrequently reach
+        the first gallery, but these fluid masses slide away from the round
+        and polished surfaces of the granite, which leave them no points of
+        adhesion, and darting their long lines of foam above the cupola, they
+        break with thundering roar against the rocks of Stallio-Bras or the
+        boulders of Sillon. The tower supports these terrific assaults
+        without injury, although it bends, as if in homage, before the might
+        of its foes. I was assured by the keepers that during a violent storm
+        the oil in the lamps of the highest rooms presents a variation of
+        level exceeding an inch, which would lead us to assume that the
+        summit of the tower describes an arc of about a yard in extent. This
+        very flexibility seems, however, in itself a proof of durability. At
+        all events, we meet with similar conditions in several monuments,
+        which for ages have braved the inclemency of recurring seasons. The
+        spire of Strasburg Cathedral, in particular, bends its long ogives
+        and slender pinnacles beneath the force of the winds, while the cross
+        on its summit oscillates at an elevation of more than 450 feet above
+        the ground.</span></p>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class=
+        "tei tei-q">“To construct a monument on these rocks, which seemed the
+        very focus of all the storms which raged on that part of our coasts,
+        was like building an edifice in the open sea. Such a project must,
+        indeed, have appeared at first sight almost impracticable. After
+        their third season of labour, the workmen completed the foundations
+        of the tower and fixed the key-stone of the cupola. In vain did
+        difficulties of every kind combine with the winds and waves to oppose
+        the work; human industry has come forth victorious from the struggle,
+        and although a thousand difficulties and dangers beset the labourers,
+        no serious accident to them or their work troubled the joy of their
+        triumph. Only on one occasion was science at fault. In order to
+        facilitate the arrival of the stones, which had to be brought from a
+        distance of several leagues, and cut at Bréhat, the skilful engineer
+        who had furnished all the plans and superintended their execution
+        wished to construct <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page181">[pg
+        181]</span><a name="Pg181" id="Pg181" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>a
+        wooden pier for the disembarkation of the stones at the spot where
+        they were required. Several of the older seamen objected to the plan
+        as impracticable, but M. Reynaud, who was not familiar with the sea,
+        and who, moreover, was proud of having stemmed the current of rapid
+        rivers, trusted to the stability of his massive piles, clamped
+        together with iron and bronze. But he was soon compelled to admit his
+        mistake. The first storm sufficed to scatter over the waters the
+        whole of these ponderous and solid materials like so many pieces of
+        straw. So a crane was attached to the summit of a rock, to which
+        boats could be moored, and the materials for building were then drawn
+        up to a railway which had been thrown over the precipice that
+        separated this natural landing-place from the site of the
+        tower.</span></p>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class=
+        "tei tei-q">“Now that we have admired the exterior of the lighthouse,
+        follow me into the interior by the help of these steps, which have
+        been formed by the insertion of bars of copper into the stone. Let us
+        pause for a moment to admire the ponderous bronze doors which
+        hermetically seal the entrance, before we plunge into those vaults
+        which look as if they had been cut out of the solid rock. We are in
+        the first storey, surrounded by stores of wood and ropes and
+        workmen’s tools. Above, we perceive cases of zinc, which, we are
+        told, contain oil to feed the lamps and water for the use of the men
+        employed in the building. In the third storey is the kitchen, with
+        its pantry and larder, on a level with the first gallery. We need not
+        enter the three apartments appropriated to the use of the men, for,
+        beyond being very simple and clean, there is nothing to record
+        concerning them. But we have now reached the seventh storey, and we
+        must rest for a few moments in the little octagonal saloon, set apart
+        for the engineers, when they come to inspect the condition of the
+        lighthouse. Here, in the midst of the ocean, more than a hundred feet
+        above the level of the sea, you will find the comfort and almost the
+        elegance of a Parisian apartment.</span></p>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class=
+        "tei tei-q">“Let us now return to the spiral staircase which has
+        brought us thus far, and which will carry us at once to the portion
+        of the edifice which is more particularly destined to fulfil the
+        special purpose for which the tower is designed. The eighth storey
+        contains vessels of oil, glasses, revolving lamps, some admirable
+        instruments intended for meteorological observations, a thermometer,
+        barometer, and chronometer. Here the spiral staircase terminates in a
+        flattened arch, which supports a slender pillar, cut into steps,
+        which are the only means of communication with the watch-tower above,
+        in which the men take it by turns to keep guard every night. You will
+        be surprised on looking round to perceive that this apartment is
+        coated with different coloured marbles, which line the walls and
+        vaulted roof, and even cover the floor. But this luxury, which may
+        appear to you so much out of place, has been introduced from
+        necessity. The apparatus for lighting the building enters the room
+        through a circular aperture in the ceiling, and hence the most
+        extreme cleanliness becomes necessary, which could alone be obtained
+        by the aid of perfectly polished surfaces.”</span></p>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">The tenth and last
+        flight of steps brings one beneath the cupola, and to the machinery
+        by which a light of the first order is maintained.</p>
+      </div>
+
+      <div class="tei tei-div" style=
+      "margin-bottom: 5.00em; margin-top: 5.00em">
+        <a name="chap12" id="chap12" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> <span class=
+        "tei tei-pb" id="page182">[pg 182]</span><a name="Pg182" id="Pg182"
+        class="tei tei-anchor"></a> <a name="toc27" id="toc27"></a> <a name=
+        "pdf28" id="pdf28"></a>
+
+        <h2 class="tei tei-head" style=
+        "text-align: center; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em">
+        <span style="font-size: 144%">CHAPTER XII.</span></h2>
+
+        <h2 class="tei tei-head" style=
+        "text-align: center; margin-bottom: 2.40em; margin-top: 2.40em">
+        <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: center"><span style=
+        "font-size: 120%; font-variant: small-caps">The
+        Lighthouse</span></span> <span style=
+        "font-size: 120%">(</span><span class="tei tei-hi" style=
+        "text-align: center"><span style=
+        "font-size: 120%; font-style: italic">concluded</span></span><span style="font-size: 120%">).</span></h2>
+
+        <div class="tei tei-argument" style=
+        "text-align: center; margin-bottom: 1.80em; margin-left: 3.60em; margin-top: 1.80em; margin-right: 3.60em">
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style=
+        "text-align: center; margin-bottom: 0.90em"><span style=
+        "font-size: 90%">Lighthouses on Sand—Literally screwed down—The Light
+        on Maplin Sands—That of Port Fleetwood—Iron Lighthouses—The Lanterns
+        themselves—Eddystone long Illuminated with Tallow Candles—Coal
+        Fires—Revolution caused by the invention of the Argand
+        Burner—Improvements in Reflectors—The Electric Light at Sea—Flashing
+        and Revolving Lights—Coloured Lights—Their Advantages and
+        Disadvantages—Lanterns obscured by Moths, Bees, and Birds.</span></p>
+        </div>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">The difficulties
+        involved in constructing a lighthouse on solid rock have been shown,
+        and it was at one time thought absolutely impossible to erect—with
+        any prospect of permanent duration—one upon storm-exposed sands.
+        <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Nous avons
+        changé tout cela.</span></span> It is no longer necessary to place
+        floating lights in places of great danger, although for other reasons
+        they are constantly used. One of the greatest modern triumphs of
+        engineering is Mitchell’s screw-mooring apparatus. To describe it
+        fully would necessitate several pages of technical matter. Suffice it
+        to say that enormous cast-iron screws, having hollow cylindrical
+        centres, through which wrought-iron spindles pass, are literally
+        screwed down into the sand, or its substratum of other soil. One of
+        the earliest experiments was made on the verge of the Maplin Sand, at
+        the mouth of the Thames. Nine of the mooring-screws were inserted
+        into the sand 21½ feet, one in the centre, the rest forming an
+        octagon 42 feet in circumference, having standards or posts which
+        stood 5 feet above the surface of the sand. A raft of timber was
+        floated over the spot, and a capstan in its centre drove the screws
+        to the required depth. This raft was afterwards sunk, by covering it
+        with 200 tons of rough stone. Two years were allowed to elapse, at
+        the termination of which time the whole mass was found firmly
+        embedded, and then a lighthouse, raised on a strong open framework,
+        was erected over this sub-structure. During these long preparations a
+        very similar structure was commenced and finished at Port Fleetwood,
+        on the River Wyre, near Lancaster.</p>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">The preparatory
+        steps were similar to those already described. The foundation of the
+        lighthouse was formed of seven screw-piles, six of them <a name=
+        "corr182" id="corr182" class="tei tei-anchor"></a><span class=
+        "tei tei-corr">occupying</span> the angles of a hexagon 46 feet in
+        diameter, the seventh being in the centre. From each screw proceeds a
+        pile 15 feet in length, having at the upper end another screw for
+        securing a wooden column. These columns are of Baltic timber, the one
+        in the centre being 56 feet, the others 46 feet in length, firmly
+        secured with iron hoops and coated with pitch. The platform, upon
+        which the house stands, is 27 feet in diameter, the house itself
+        being 20 feet in diameter and 9 feet high. From the summit of the
+        house rises a twelve-sided lantern, 10 feet in diameter and 8 feet
+        high. Altogether the light is elevated about 46 feet above low-water
+        level, and ranges over an horizon of eight miles. The light is of the
+        dioptric kind—bright, steady, and uniform, and when the weather is
+        too foggy to allow it to be seen, a bell is tolled by machinery, to
+        give the needful warning.</p>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">At the period when
+        screw-pile lighthouses were being thus successfully erected, other
+        and most valuable suggestions were being made for the building of
+        bronze and cast-iron lighthouses. The great advantage of iron over
+        stone and other materials in those portions of the building not
+        actually in contact with sea-water soon became apparent. Upon a
+        <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page183">[pg 183]</span><a name="Pg183"
+        id="Pg183" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>given base a much larger
+        internal capacity could be obtained; plates could be cast in large
+        surfaces and with few joints, and a system of binding adopted which
+        should ensure the perfect combination of every part. The
+        comparatively small bulk and weight also of the component parts gave
+        great facilities for the transport and rapid construction of such
+        structures. The initial cast-iron lighthouse was designed by Mr.
+        Gordon in 1840, and was cast and put together within three months
+        from the date of the contract. It was then taken to pieces and
+        shipped for Jamaica, on which island it now lights up Morant Point, a
+        point of great danger. The Commissioners of the House of Assembly had
+        applied to Mr. Gordon to supply a suitable lighthouse at the smallest
+        possible cost, and in furnishing them with the structure of cast-iron
+        he fulfilled their wishes admirably, the expense not exceeding
+        one-third of the cost of a similar building in stone. This elegant
+        lighthouse, the outline of which resembles that of the Celtic towers
+        of Ireland, was exhibited to visitors while it stood complete in the
+        contractor’s premises. The diameter of the tower is 18 feet 6 inches
+        at the base, diminishing to 11 feet under the cap. The tower is
+        formed of nine tiers of iron plates, each tier being 10 feet high and
+        about three-quarters of an inch thick. At the base of the structure
+        eleven plates are required to form the circumference, at the top nine
+        plates; they are cast with a flange around their inner edges, and
+        when put together these flanges form the joints, which are fastened
+        together with nut-and-screw bolts and caulked with iron cement. The
+        interior of the tower, to the height of 27 feet, was to be filled up
+        with masonry and concrete of the weight of 300 tons; the remainder is
+        divided into store-rooms and berths for the attendants. The tower is
+        finished by an iron railing, within which rises the light-room, also
+        of cast-iron, with windows of plate-glass. A copper roof and a short
+        lightning-rod complete the whole. The Admiralty notice announced the
+        exhibition of this light on Morant Point November 1st, 1842, and
+        stated that the elevation of the light is 97 feet above the level of
+        the sea, and that in clear weather it is visible at a distance of
+        twenty-one miles. The light is of the revolving kind, consisting of
+        fifteen Argand lamps and reflectors, five in each side of an
+        equilateral triangle, and so placed as to produce a continuous light,
+        but with periodical flashes. The tower is painted white, and the
+        lower portion is coated with coal-tar to preserve it from rust. It
+        rests on a granite base, and is also cased with granite near the
+        foundation, the more certainly to prevent the action of the sea-water
+        on the metal.</p>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">While the engineer
+        had attained some of his greatest triumphs in the construction of
+        lighthouses, the optician had not once directed his attention to the
+        invention of a brilliant light, worthy to be placed upon the
+        structure which proudly rose high above the fierce waves with the
+        strength and solidity of a rock. During a period of forty years after
+        the completion of the Eddystone tower by Smeaton, the lantern was
+        illuminated by tallow candles stuck in hoops, just as a stand or
+        booth is lighted at a country fair, and so lately as the year 1811 it
+        was lighted with twenty-four wax candles. In 1812 the Lizard Light
+        was maintained with coal fires; and in 1816, when the Isle of May
+        Light, in the <a name="corr183" id="corr183" class=
+        "tei tei-anchor"></a><span class="tei tei-corr">Firth</span> of
+        Forth, was taken possession of by the Commissioners of the Northern
+        Lighthouses, a coal fire was exhibited in a <span class=
+        "tei tei-hi"><span style=
+        "font-style: italic">chauffer</span></span>—a description of light
+        which had been exhibited for 181 years. In 1801 the light at Harwich,
+        in addition to the coal fire, had a <span class=
+        "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">flat</span></span>
+        plate of <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page184">[pg
+        184]</span><a name="Pg184" id="Pg184" class=
+        "tei tei-anchor"></a>rough brass on the landward side, to serve as a
+        reflector. Such methods of lighting were of course very deficient in
+        power, and did not enable the mariner to distinguish one light from
+        another—a point which is often of as much importance as the
+        brilliancy of the light itself. Prior to the invention of the Argand
+        lamp (about 1784) the production of a strong and brilliant light from
+        a single source was scarcely possible, and even such a lamp, by its
+        unassisted powers, would not be of very great value in giving early
+        notice to the mariner of his approach to the coast, which ought to be
+        the primary object of a lighthouse. As the rays of a luminous body
+        proceed in all directions in straight lines, it is obvious that in
+        the case of a single lamp the mariner would derive benefit only from
+        that small portion of light which proceeded from the centre of the
+        flame to his eye. The other rays would proceed to other parts of the
+        horizon, or escape upwards to the sky, or downwards to the earth, and
+        thus be of no value to him. By increasing the number of burners a
+        small portion of light from each burner would slightly increase the
+        effective action, but by far the greater portion of the light
+        produced would escape uselessly above and below the horizon and also
+        at the back of each flame. Next, these defects were remedied, and the
+        efficiency of the light greatly increased, by placing behind each
+        lamp a reflector of such a form as to collect the rays that would
+        otherwise be lost, and throw them forward to the horizon. The
+        adoption of such a method has led to what is called the catoptric
+        system of lights.</p><a name="illo_211.png" id="illo_211.png" class=
+        "tei tei-anchor"></a>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"></p>
+
+        <div class="tei tei-figure" style="text-align: center">
+          <img src="images/illo_211.png" alt="REVOLVING LIGHT APPARATUS"
+          title=
+          "REVOLVING LIGHT APPARATUS. (From Drawings supplied by Messrs. W. Wilkins &amp; Co.)" />
+
+          <div class="tei tei-head" style=
+          "text-align: center; margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em">
+            REVOLVING LIGHT APPARATUS.<br />
+            (<span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: center"><span style=
+            "font-style: italic">From Drawings supplied by Messrs. W. Wilkins
+            &amp; Co.</span></span>)
+          </div>
+        </div><span class="tei tei-pb" id="page185">[pg 185]</span><a name=
+        "Pg185" id="Pg185" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Alan Stevenson
+        states that the earliest notice he has been able to find of the
+        application of paraboloidal mirrors to lighthouses is in a work on
+        <span class="tei tei-q">“Practical Seamanship”</span> (Liverpool,
+        1791), by Mr. William Hutchinson, who notices the erection of the
+        four lights at Bidstone and Hoylake for the entrance of the Mersey,
+        in 1763, and describes large paraboloidal moulds of wood lined with
+        mirror glass and smaller ones of polished tin-plate, as in use in
+        those lighthouses. In France M. Téulère, a Member of the Royal Corps
+        of Engineers of Bridges and Roads, is regarded as the inventor of the
+        catoptric system of lights. In a memoir dated 26th June, 1783, he is
+        said to have proposed for the Cordouan Lighthouse a combination of
+        paraboloidal reflectors with Argand lamps, arranged on a revolving
+        frame, a plan which was actually carried into execution, under the
+        direction of the Chevalier Borda.<a id="noteref_60" name="noteref_60"
+        href="#note_60"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style=
+        "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">60</span></span></a> The plan
+        was so successful that it was soon adopted in England by the Trinity
+        House of London; and in Scotland the first work of the Northern
+        Lights Board, in 1787, was to light a lantern on the Old Castle of
+        Kinnaird Head, in Aberdeenshire, by means of parabolic reflectors and
+        lamps. These reflectors were formed of facets of mirror-glass placed
+        in hollow paraboloidal moulds of plaster. The more complicated
+        arrangement of lenses placed round a centre in concentric circles is
+        due to the great Fresnel, a practical man of science, whose abilities
+        are acknowledged as fully in England as in France.</p>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">The oil used in
+        the lighthouses of the United Kingdom has generally been sperm.
+        Colza, the expressed oil of the wild cabbage (<span class=
+        "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Brassica
+        oleracea</span></span>), was very generally used in France, and
+        occasionally in Great Britain. Gas is used in a few places, where its
+        application is easy. There can hardly be any doubt now, however, that
+        the coming light will be the electric, since its steady production is
+        becoming a matter of scientific certainty. As early as 1857 Professor
+        Holmes submitted to the Trinity House a method of employing this
+        light, which was submitted to Faraday, and approved. The Board then
+        allowed a trial at the South Foreland Lighthouse. The light was first
+        displayed on the 8th of December, 1858. In June, 1862, it was
+        permanently fixed at Dungeness. In Faraday’s Report to the Trinity
+        House, published in 1862, he says: <span class=
+        "tei tei-q">“Arrangements were made on shore by which observations
+        could be made at sea, about five miles off, on the relative light of
+        the electric lamp and the metallic reflectors with their Argand
+        oil-lamps, for either could be shown alone, or both together. At the
+        given distance the eye could not separate the two lights, but by the
+        telescope they were distinguishable. The combined effect was a
+        glorious light up to five miles; then, if the electric light was
+        extinguished, there was a great falling off in the effect, though,
+        after a few moments’ rest to the eye, it was seen that the oil-lamps
+        and reflectors were in their good and proper state. On the other
+        hand, when the electric light was restored, the glory rose to its
+        first high condition.... During the day-time I compared the intensity
+        of the light with that of the sun, and both looked at through dark
+        glasses. Its light was as bright as that of the sun, but the sun was
+        not at its brightest.”</span></p>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">The number of
+        lights on a well-frequented coast being considerable, it is of the
+        utmost importance to arrange them so as to enable the mariner easily
+        to distinguish <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page186">[pg
+        186]</span><a name="Pg186" id="Pg186" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>them
+        from each other. Catoptric lights admit of nine separate
+        distinctions:—1, fixed; 2, revolving white; 3, revolving red and
+        white; 4, revolving red with two whites; 5, revolving white with two
+        reds; 6, flashing; 7, intermittent; 8, double fixed lights; 9, double
+        revolving white lights. Mr. Stevenson thus defines their distinctive
+        features:—<span class="tei tei-q">“The first exhibits a steady and
+        uniform appearance which is not subject to any change, and the
+        reflectors used for it are of smaller dimensions than those employed
+        in revolving lights. This is necessary in order to permit them to be
+        ranged round the circular frame, with their axes inclined at such an
+        angle as shall enable them to illuminate every point of the horizon.
+        The <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style=
+        "font-style: italic">revolving</span></span> light is produced by the
+        revolution of a frame with three or four sides, having reflectors of
+        a larger size grouped on each side with their axes parallel, and as
+        the revolution exhibits once in two minutes or once in a minute, as
+        may be required, a light gradually increasing to full strength and in
+        the same gradual manner decreasing to total darkness, its appearance
+        is extremely well marked. The succession of red and white lights is
+        produced by the revolution of a frame whose different sides present
+        red and white lights, and these afford three separate distinctions,
+        namely, alternate red and white, the succession of two white lights
+        after one red, and the succession of two red lights after one white
+        light. The flashing light is produced in the same manner as the
+        revolving light; but, owing to a different construction of the frame,
+        the reflectors on each of eight sides are arranged with their rims or
+        faces in one vertical plane, and their axes in a line inclined to the
+        perpendicular. A disposition of the mirrors, which, together with the
+        greater quickness of the revolutions, which shows a flash once in
+        five seconds of time, produces a very striking effect, totally
+        different from that of a revolving light, and presenting the
+        appearance of the flash alternately rising and sinking, the brightest
+        and darkest periods being but momentary; this light is further
+        characterised by a rapid succession of bright flashes, from which it
+        gets its name. The intermittent light is distinguished by bursting
+        suddenly into view and continuing steady for a short time, after
+        which it is suddenly eclipsed for half a minute. Its striking
+        appearance is produced by the perpendicular motion of circular shades
+        in front of the reflectors, by which the light is alternately hid and
+        displayed. This distinction, as well as that called the flashing
+        light, is peculiar to the Scotch coast. The double lights (which are
+        seldom used except where there is a necessity for a <span class=
+        "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">leading</span></span>
+        line, as a guide for taking some channel or avoiding some danger) are
+        generally exhibited from two towers, one of which is higher than the
+        other. At the Gulf of Man a striking variety has been introduced into
+        the character of leading lights, by substituting for two fixed lights
+        two lights which revolve in the same periods and exhibit their
+        flashes at the same instant; and these lights are of course
+        susceptible of the other variety enumerated above, that of two
+        revolving red and white lights, or flashing lights, coming into view
+        at equal intervals of time. The utility of all these distinctions is
+        to be valued with reference to their property of at once striking the
+        eye of an observer and being instantaneously obvious to strangers.
+        The introduction of colour as a source of distinction is necessary in
+        order to obtain a sufficient number of distinctions; but it is in
+        itself an evil of no small magnitude, as the effect is produced by
+        interposing coloured media between the burner and the observer’s eye,
+        and much light is thus lost by the absorption of those rays which are
+        held back in order to cause <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page187">[pg
+        187]</span><a name="Pg187" id="Pg187" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>the
+        appearance which is desired. Trial has been made of various colours,
+        but red, blue, and green alone have been found useful, and the two
+        latter only at distances so short as to render them altogether unfit
+        for sea-lights. Owing to the depth of tint which is required to
+        produce a marked effect, the red shades generally used absorb from
+        four-sevenths to five-sixths of the whole light—an enormous loss, and
+        sufficient to discourage the adoption of that mode of distinction in
+        every situation where it can possibly be avoided. The red glass used
+        in France absorbs only four-sevenths of the light, but its colour
+        produces, as might be expected, a much less marked distinction to the
+        seaman’s eye. In the lighthouses of Scotland a simple and convenient
+        arrangement exists for colouring the lights, which consists in using
+        chimneys of red glass, instead of placing large discs in front of the
+        reflectors.”</span></p>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">The construction
+        of the lantern is a point of importance; and one of the first order
+        will cost about £1,260. On the level of the top of the lower glass a
+        narrow gangway is usually built for the keeper to stand upon in order
+        to clean the panes, an operation which in snowy weather may have to
+        be frequently repeated during the night. At some of the lighthouses
+        on the Mediterranean the lantern is at certain seasons so completely
+        covered with moths as to obscure the light and to require the
+        attendance of men with brooms. Mr. Tomlinson was informed by the
+        keepers at the Eddystone that bees and other insects were much
+        attracted by the light, and collected round the lantern in great
+        numbers. Larks and other birds flew against it, and, becoming stunned
+        with the blow, were picked up on the balcony and were cooked by the
+        men for breakfast. The lantern is very liable to injury in high
+        winds, or the glass may be broken by large sea-birds coming against
+        it on a stormy night, or by small stones violently driven against it
+        by the wind. Extra plates of glass are always kept to take the place
+        of broken panes. The number of light-keepers employed varies, ranging
+        from two to four, and in the latter case one is usually allowed to
+        remain on shore, the men taking the privilege in turns. When the
+        situation admits, it is usual to have the keeper’s rooms in a
+        building outside the lighthouse to avoid dust, which is most
+        injurious to the delicate apparatus of the light-room. Great
+        cleanliness is enforced in all that belongs to a lighthouse, the
+        reflectors and lenses being constantly burnished, polished, and
+        cleansed.</p>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">And so we have
+        traced the history and progress of lighthouses, and it is hard to
+        believe that any great change can be advantageously made in their
+        construction, though their mode of illumination will doubtless be
+        greatly improved. As we have seen, the electric light was used
+        practically in a lighthouse long before it was in the streets of the
+        great metropolis, and not in a merely experimental way, but with the
+        most successful results.</p><a name="illo_215.png" id="illo_215.png"
+        class="tei tei-anchor"></a> <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page188">[pg
+        188]</span><a name="Pg188" id="Pg188" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"></p>
+
+        <div class="tei tei-figure" style="text-align: center">
+          <img src="images/illo_215.png" alt="BREAKWATER AT VENICE" title=
+          "BREAKWATER AT VENICE." />
+
+          <div class="tei tei-head" style=
+          "text-align: center; margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em">
+            BREAKWATER AT VENICE.
+          </div>
+        </div>
+      </div>
+
+      <div class="tei tei-div" style=
+      "margin-bottom: 5.00em; margin-top: 5.00em">
+        <a name="chap13" id="chap13" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> <a name=
+        "toc29" id="toc29"></a> <a name="pdf30" id="pdf30"></a>
+
+        <h2 class="tei tei-head" style=
+        "text-align: center; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em">
+        <span style="font-size: 144%">CHAPTER XIII.</span></h2>
+
+        <h2 class="tei tei-head" style=
+        "text-align: center; margin-bottom: 2.40em; margin-top: 2.40em">
+        <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: center"><span style=
+        "font-size: 120%; font-variant: small-caps">The
+        Breakwater.</span></span></h2>
+
+        <div class="tei tei-argument" style=
+        "text-align: center; margin-bottom: 1.80em; margin-left: 3.60em; margin-top: 1.80em; margin-right: 3.60em">
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style=
+        "text-align: center; margin-bottom: 0.90em"><span style=
+        "font-size: 90%">Breakwaters, Ancient and Modern—Origin and History
+        of that at Cherbourg—Stones Sunk in Wooden Cones—Partial Failure of
+        the Plan—Millions of Tons dropped to the Bottom—The Breakwater
+        Temporarily Abandoned—Completed by Napoleon III.—A Port Bristling
+        with Guns—Rennie’s Plymouth Breakwater—Ingenious Mode of Depositing
+        the Stones—Lessons of the Sea—The Waves the Best Workmen—Completion
+        of the Work—Grand Double Breakwater at Portland—The English
+        Cherbourg—A Magnificent Piece of Engineering—Utilisation of Otherwise
+        Worthless Stone—900 Convicts at Work—The Great Fortifications—The
+        Verne—Gibraltar at Home—A Gigantic Fosse—Portland almost
+        Impregnable—Breakwaters Elsewhere.</span></p>
+        </div>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">A breakwater, we
+        are told on the highest authority, is an obstruction of wood, stone,
+        or other material, as a boom or raft of wood, sunken vessels,
+        &amp;c., placed before the entrance of a port or harbour, or any
+        projection from the land into the sea, as a mole, pier, or jetty, so
+        situated as to break the force of the waves and prevent damage to
+        shipping lying at anchor within them. Thus the piers of the ancient
+        Piræus and of Rhodes; the moles of Venice, Naples, Genoa, and
+        Castellamare; the piers of Ramsgate, Margate, Folkestone, Howth, and
+        the famous wooden dike thrown across the port of Rochelle. The term,
+        of late years, has been almost exclusively applied to insulated dikes
+        of stone. Of this description of dike for creating an artificial
+        harbour on a grand scale, Cherbourg, Plymouth, and Portland present
+        leading examples. The former, already mentioned in this work, claims
+        our attention.</p>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">The French,
+        happily our good friends to-day, were not always so, and there was a
+        period when the splendid natural harbours, bays, and roadsteads of
+        this country were a source of annoyance to them. While nature had
+        been more than kind to us, their coast presented a series of sandy
+        shores, intermingled with iron-bound coasts, bristling with rocks. De
+        Vauban, the great engineer, was employed by Louis, the <span class=
+        "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Grand
+        Monarque</span></span>, to inspect the Channel shores of France, and
+        his natural sagacity and great knowledge <span class="tei tei-pb" id=
+        "page189">[pg 189]</span><a name="Pg189" id="Pg189" class=
+        "tei tei-anchor"></a>caused him at once to select Cherbourg as one of
+        the best points for forming an artificial harbour, protected by
+        suitable fortifications. Other engineers recommended the same port,
+        and one, M. de la Bretonnière, proposed that a number of old ships
+        should be loaded with stones and sunk, while a large quantity of
+        stone should be also thrown around them to form a grand breakwater,
+        which should rise fifty feet from the bottom. This idea was
+        abandoned, as it appears, partly from the fact that France had not
+        old vessels enough to spare for the purpose, and that it would cost
+        too much to purchase them from foreign nations.</p>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">In 1781 an eminent
+        French engineer proposed that, instead of one continuous breakwater,
+        a number of large masses or congregations of stones, separated from
+        each other on the surfaces but touching at the bases, should be built
+        on the sea bottom, believing that they would break the force of the
+        waves almost equally well. As a part of his plan he suggested that
+        they should be sunk in large conical <span class=
+        "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">caissons</span></span>
+        of wood, 150 feet in diameter at the base and sixty feet broad at the
+        top. These wooden cones were practically to bind and keep the stones
+        together. They were to be floated to the site with a number of empty
+        casks attached as floats, then detached, filled with stones, and
+        sunk. An experiment at Havre having been considered satisfactory, the
+        Government accepted the idea, and ordered that operations should be
+        immediately commenced at Cherbourg. A permanent council was
+        appointed, as were officers and engineers. In 1783 barracks and a
+        navy-yard were built, and at Becquet, a short distance from
+        Cherbourg, an artificial harbour, capable of holding eighty small
+        vessels for the transport of the stone, was literally dug out.</p>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">On June 6th, 1784,
+        the first cone was floated to its destination, and a month later a
+        second was similarly conveyed, in the presence of 10,000 spectators.
+        Before the latter could be filled with stones a storm, which lasted
+        five days, half demolished it. In the course of the summer and autumn
+        not less than 65,000 tons of stone were deposited in and around the
+        cones. In 1785 several more cones were completed and sunk; at the end
+        of the year the quantity of stone deposited amounted to a quarter of
+        a million tons, and at the end of 1787 a million tons. At the end of
+        1790, when the works had been seven years in progress and the
+        Government was getting very tired of the whole matter, between five
+        and six million tons of stone had been dropped into the sea. M. de
+        Cessart, the engineer, found that, in order to sink five cones per
+        annum, he had to employ 250 carpenters, 30 blacksmiths, 200
+        stone-hewers, and 200 masons.</p>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">One could hardly
+        expect much permanency from a wooden covering sunk into the sea, and
+        it is not surprising that, one by one, they burst, few lasting more
+        than a year. The outbreak of the Revolution put an end, for some
+        time, to the operations at Cherbourg.</p>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">When the
+        construction of the Cherbourg breakwater was resumed, the wooden cone
+        system was abandoned, and the stone was simply sunk from vessels of
+        peculiar construction. The breakwater was completed under Napoleon
+        III., at a cost exceeding two and a half million pounds sterling. The
+        actual breakwater itself was finished in 1853,<a id="noteref_61"
+        name="noteref_61" href="#note_61"><span class=
+        "tei tei-noteref"><span style=
+        "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">61</span></span></a> but
+        since <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page190">[pg 190]</span><a name=
+        "Pg190" id="Pg190" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>that time most
+        important fortifications have been constructed on the upper works.
+        This is the greatest breakwater in the world, its length being nearly
+        two and a half miles; it is 300 feet wide at the base and 31 at the
+        top. The water-space shut in and protected is about 2,000 acres, much
+        of this great area being, however, too shallow for very large
+        vessels.</p>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Taken in
+        connection with the fortifications, this breakwater has a value
+        greater than any other in the world. At the apex of the angle formed
+        by the junction of the two branches of the breakwater there is a
+        grand fort, and it bristles generally with batteries and forts, as
+        indeed does Cherbourg generally. Dr. W. H. Russell wrote of it, in
+        our leading journal in 1860 that, <span class="tei tei-q">“Wherever
+        you look you fancy that on the spot you occupy are specially pointed
+        dozens of the dull black eyes from their rigid lids of stone.”</span>
+        With its twenty-four regular forts and redoubts, not including those
+        on the mole, floating harbours, building slips, navy-yards, arsenals,
+        and barracks, Cherbourg is a most formidable place.</p><a name=
+        "illo_219.png" id="illo_219.png" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"></p>
+
+        <div class="tei tei-figure" style="text-align: center">
+          <img src="images/illo_219.png" alt="CHERBOURG, FROM THE SEA" title=
+          "CHERBOURG, FROM THE SEA." />
+
+          <div class="tei tei-head" style=
+          "text-align: center; margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em">
+            CHERBOURG, FROM THE SEA.
+          </div>
+        </div>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">In England
+        Rennie’s great Plymouth breakwater is the most remarkable specimen,
+        among many others. Its dimensions are not as great as that of
+        Cherbourg, but it was, nevertheless, a vast undertaking. It consists
+        of an immense number of blocks of stone thrown into the Sound, and
+        forms a barrier nearly a mile in length above the surface of the
+        water. This grand work was commenced in 1812, and by the end of the
+        second year about 800 yards of the breakwater began to appear at low
+        water, and the swell was so much broken that ships of all sizes began
+        to take shelter behind it; while the fishermen within its shelter
+        could not judge accurately of the weather outside the Sound, so great
+        was the change. Several limestone quarries near the Catwater were
+        purchased of the Duke of Bedford for £10,000, and some fifteen
+        vessels were constantly employed in removing the blocks, which ranged
+        in weight from one to ten tons. These vessels were of ingenious
+        construction; they had two railways laid along them parallel to each
+        other, with openings in the stern to admit the cars or trucks laden
+        with stones. These were wheeled from the quarry to the quay, and so
+        on to the vessels, till the lines of rails were filled with trucks.
+        The vessels then proceeded to the works, each bearing its load of
+        stone-laden trucks. On reaching the breakwater each truck was wheeled
+        to the opening, and the stones tipped into the sea. During the first
+        five years the amount of stone deposited gradually rose from 16,000
+        to 300,000 tons per annum. The large masses were first lowered, and
+        then smaller stones, quarry rubbish, &amp;c., to fill up the
+        interstices. The structure was completed in 1841, with the use of
+        3,670,444 tons of stone<a id="noteref_62" name="noteref_62" href=
+        "#note_62"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style=
+        "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">62</span></span></a> and at a
+        cost of something like a million and a half of money. A distinguished
+        French engineer, M. Dupin, who visited the works during their
+        progress, describes in glowing terms the admirable arrangements, the
+        order and regularity visible in all the proceedings. <span class=
+        "tei tei-q">“Those enormous masses of stone,”</span> he remarks,
+        <span class="tei tei-q">“which the quarrymen strike with heavy
+        strokes of their hammers; and those aerial roads of flying bridges,
+        which serve for the removal of the superstratum of earth; those lines
+        of cranes, all at work at the same moment; the trucks, all in motion;
+        the arrival, the loading, and the departure of the vessels, all this
+        forms one of the most imposing <span class="tei tei-pb" id=
+        "page191">[pg 191]</span><a name="Pg191" id="Pg191" class=
+        "tei tei-anchor"></a>sights that can strike a friend to the great
+        works of art. At fixed hours the sound of a bell is heard, in order
+        to announce the blasting of the quarry. The operations instantly
+        cease on all sides; all becomes silence and solitude. This universal
+        silence renders still more imposing the noise of the explosion, the
+        splitting of the rocks, their ponderous fall, and the prolonged sound
+        of the echoes.”</span></p>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class=
+        "tei tei-q">“The waves,”</span> said Rennie, <span class=
+        "tei tei-q">“were the best workmen”</span> in the construction of a
+        breakwater of rough stones, and on the whole his belief was
+        confirmed, for the storms by which his great work was assailed rather
+        helped than hindered it, by showing the most desirable slope on the
+        sea-side, while comparatively little damage was done. The slope of
+        the stone barrier was, however, by their force changed very greatly.
+        An inclination of three to one was altered to about five to one, and
+        Rennie had recommended that the authorities should take a lesson from
+        nature and finish the breakwater according to her teachings.
+        <span class="tei tei-q">“It would appear,”</span> says Mr.
+        Smiles,<a id="noteref_63" name="noteref_63" href=
+        "#note_63"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style=
+        "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">63</span></span></a>
+        <span class="tei tei-q">“that Mr. Whidbey, the resident engineer,
+        contrived to finish most of the exterior face at a slope of only
+        three to one, as before; and that it stood without any material
+        interruption until several years after Mr. Rennie’s death. By that
+        time nearly the whole of the intended rubble, amounting to 2,381,321
+        tons, had been deposited, and the main arm, with 200 yards of the
+        west arm, making 1,241 yards in length, had been raised to the
+        required level. The work had arrived at that stage when it had to
+        experience the full force of another terrific storm, which took place
+        on the 23rd of November, 1824. It blew at first from the
+        south-south-east and then veered round to the south-west, and the
+        effect of this concurrence of winds was to heap together the waters
+        of the Channel between Bolt Head and Lizard Point, and drive them,
+        with terrific force, into the narrow inlet of Plymouth Sound. This
+        storm was not only greatly more violent, but of much longer duration
+        than that of 1817. When the breakwater could be examined it was found
+        that out of the 1,241 yards of the upper part, which had been
+        completed with a slope of three to one, 796 yards had been altered as
+        in the previous storm, and the immense blocks of stone which formed
+        the seaface of the work had, by the force of the waves, been rolled
+        over to the landward sides thus reducing the sea-slope, as before, to
+        about five to one. The accuracy of Mr. Rennie’s view as to the proper
+        slope—which was indicated by the action of the sea itself—was thus a
+        second time confirmed;”</span> and a board of eminent engineers
+        reporting in accordance, the work was so finished. When the action of
+        the sea had formed its own slope and had wedged together and settled
+        the great mass of materials which form the breakwater, and when no
+        further movement was apparent, but the whole appeared consolidated
+        together, then the slope towards the sea was cased with regular
+        courses of masonry, dove-tailed and cramped together, the diving-bell
+        being brought into requisition for placing the lower courses. A
+        lighthouse has been erected on its western extremity, and the work
+        may be regarded as a magnificent success, worthy of a great maritime
+        nation.</p>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">A third leading
+        illustration of a magnificent breakwater is afforded at Portland, and
+        it is deserving of particular mention inasmuch as all authorities
+        agree that it was constructed with little or no waste of the public
+        money. <span class="tei tei-q">“In the mind of the inquiring
+        tax-payer,”</span> <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page192">[pg
+        192]</span><a name="Pg192" id="Pg192" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>said
+        our leading journal,<a id="noteref_64" name="noteref_64" href=
+        "#note_64"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style=
+        "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">64</span></span></a>
+        <span class="tei tei-q">“breakwaters are always associated with
+        millions of money thrown broadcast into the sea, in out-of-the-way
+        bays and inlets, which even without these obstacles to make them more
+        dangerous, the most distressed mariner would be particularly careful
+        to avoid;”</span> and the writer goes on to mention several which
+        either ought not to have been attempted, or where extravagant
+        expenditure has been incurred. <span class="tei tei-q">“In such a
+        woeful list of hideous failure and costly mismanagement, it is a
+        comfort to perceive that the long lane begins to turn at last, and
+        that from our now having one good standard to go by, we may hope for
+        better things for the future. Portland breakwater is a really grand
+        and magnificent work, and one of which the nation may well be proud
+        if it is inclined to let bygones be bygones, and forget the many
+        successive failures before it was able to attain so much.”</span>
+        Portland breakwater is the right construction in the right place, and
+        before its erection the Roads afforded doubtful shelter to vessels in
+        distress. One advantage it enjoys, that of possessing a splendid
+        anchorage of stiff blue clay, and being free from rock or shoal from
+        the island of Portland itself up to the very esplanade of Weymouth.
+        There, too, was the stone on the very spot; steep and rugged heights
+        for fortifications, a noble harbour for shipping, and rail
+        communication with all parts. But all these advantages might have
+        been ignored but for the formidable nature of the works constructed
+        at Cherbourg. The port itself is about five hours’ steaming from the
+        French Cronstadt it was designed, <span class=
+        "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">sub rosâ</span></span>,
+        to keep an eye upon. So, in 1844, the commissioners recommended that
+        it should <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page193">[pg
+        193]</span><a name="Pg193" id="Pg193" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>be
+        made a grand fortified naval station. In 1847 an Act was passed
+        authorising the construction of a breakwater, and in 1849 the
+        foundation-stone was laid by the Prince Consort.</p><a name=
+        "illo_220.png" id="illo_220.png" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"></p>
+
+        <div class="tei tei-figure" style="text-align: center">
+          <img src="images/illo_220.png" alt="PORTLAND" title="PORTLAND." />
+
+          <div class="tei tei-head" style=
+          "text-align: center; margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em">
+            PORTLAND.
+          </div>
+        </div>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Nature has
+        provided, in the mighty bank known as the Chesil Beach, practically a
+        great shingle embankment, protection to Portland Harbour on the west
+        and south-west, and the object of the breakwater was to secure, by
+        engineering art, a similar protection to the bay on the south-east
+        side. The Chesil Bank, though now and for long perfectly impregnable
+        to the tremendous rollers of the south-westerly gales, was not always
+        so, and as late as the reign of Henry VIII, great breaches had been
+        temporarily effected by the power of the sea. Still it affords a
+        splendid protection, as does now the mighty double breakwater
+        designed by Rendel, and brought to completion by Coode. The
+        breakwater leaves the shore at the north-eastern extremity of the
+        island, and runs out due east to a distance of 600 yards.
+        <span class="tei tei-q">“This inner limb alone,”</span> wrote an
+        authority in engineering,<a id="noteref_65" name="noteref_65" href=
+        "#note_65"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style=
+        "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">65</span></span></a>
+        <span class="tei tei-q">“is a splendid achievement of human labour
+        and skill. It has been top-finished by a grand superstructure of hewn
+        granite, and ends in a circular head, which has been completed as a
+        fort and mounts eight guns. The foundations of this massive bastion
+        have been most carefully planned, with especial reference to the safe
+        passage of the largest vessels through the 400 feet gap which the
+        fort flanks on one side. The masonry is continued in a perpendicular
+        line to a point 25 feet <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page194">[pg
+        194]</span><a name="Pg194" id="Pg194" class=
+        "tei tei-anchor"></a>below the lowest water-line of spring-tides. A
+        ship of the line, as is well-known, draws at the utmost 24 feet. An
+        extra foot of perpendicular masonry, therefore, having been allowed,
+        the lower masses of the fort begin to slant outwards, and continue to
+        do so till they reach the firm clay bottom. This lower portion
+        consists of a well-consolidated mass of unhewn stone. The outer, and
+        by far the longer limb, of the breakwater begins to bend away to a
+        point very near due north shortly after leaving the gap, the further
+        side of which is also flanked by a circular head.... The whole of
+        this vast outer limb, with the exception of the circular head at its
+        inner extremity and a fort at the other end, consists of nothing more
+        than a stupendous bank of rough unhewn stones of all shapes and
+        sizes, tumbled out of the wagons on the timber staging above. Divers,
+        constantly employed, have effectually prevented the chance of any
+        holes being left in the rising mass, and have been able to indicate
+        the precise spot over which a given number of loads were required to
+        be <span class="tei tei-q">‘tipped.’</span> The security of the bank
+        is further guaranteed by its enormous width at the base; and although
+        the waves have already rounded many a giant block below the
+        water-line and made it look as if its present place had been its
+        abode ever since the Creation, yet this polishing and grinding is the
+        extent of the effect which they will be able to produce upon a work
+        probably destined to hold its own as long as Portland
+        itself.”</span></p>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">The rapidity with
+        which the breakwater was constructed reflected great credit on Mr.
+        Coode. The actual routine of the construction followed, when the line
+        for the structure had been sounded and carefully marked out, was to
+        commence piling for the railway that was to carry the long trains of
+        wagons filled with the stone; and when a short piece of this was
+        completed, to go on <span class="tei tei-q">“tipping in”</span> the
+        rubble and rough stone till they made their appearance above water at
+        last; then the piling was carried forward a few yards more, and the
+        process repeated, and so on by successive stages to the completion of
+        the work. All appears very simple on paper until we learn that it had
+        to be accomplished through eleven fathoms of rough tumbling waves.
+        One night’s rough weather often swept away the timber-work that cost
+        many thousands of pounds, and many months of labour to construct and
+        fix in its position in the sea. The piling that had to resist the
+        action of a deep and heavy sea, and to carry also, at a height of 90
+        feet, a railway for the heaviest traffic, required to be something
+        more than a common framework of timber. Every log used had to be
+        first of all saturated to its very centre with creosote, and this was
+        done in a most ingenious manner. A great boiler, 100 feet long and 7
+        feet in diameter, was filled with the largest and finest logs
+        procurable; the mouth being closed with a solid air-tight cover, the
+        air was pumped out, not only from the tube, but from the very pores
+        of the wood itself. When the vacuum was as complete as possible, the
+        creosote was admitted from tanks at the bottom and forced into the
+        timber by hydraulic power of about 300 lbs. to the square inch. In
+        this the logs remained for two or three days, by which time the
+        creosote was forced into the fibre of the wood. Several of the logs
+        thus prepared were bolted and bound together, till one huge spar 90
+        feet long, and eight or nine tons in weight, was formed. Then an iron
+        <span class="tei tei-q">“Mitchell”</span> screw—as used in the
+        lighthouses built on sands, already described—was affixed at the
+        lower end, and the whole sunk till it rested on the bottom, when it
+        was worked round by a capstan till it was firmly screwed into the
+        clay. Thus secured, they were tolerably safe, though single heavy
+        waves would uproot piles and moorings together, to obviate which
+        <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page195">[pg 195]</span><a name="Pg195"
+        id="Pg195" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>two or three piles were
+        generally set at the same time, and well bound together by powerful
+        cross timbers.</p>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">The stone quarried
+        for the breakwater from the very top of Portland Island was largely
+        excavated and brought to the spot by convict labour. The stone itself
+        used was unfit for architectural purposes, but quite suitable for the
+        breakwater. The convict prison, also on the top of the island, was
+        virtually the barracks for 900 labourers, who were more profitably
+        employed than in walking a treadmill or picking oakum. The quarries
+        were some 400 or 500 feet above the level of the breakwater, and the
+        stone was conveyed to it by three inclines of broad double gauge
+        rails. The trains of trucks or wagons were worked up and down with a
+        wire rope over a drum, the weight of the loaded descending wagons
+        winding the empty ones up again to the quarries. A powerful
+        locomotive pushed the loaded trains to the end of the work, where the
+        stone was tipped into the sea, as much as 3,000 tons a day having
+        been sunk at Portland. The total amount so committed to the deep was
+        about 5,360,000 tons, and the area protected by the breakwater would
+        accommodate sixty of the very largest men-of-war, and almost any
+        number of smaller vessels.</p>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class=
+        "tei tei-q">“During the progress of the works,”</span> wrote Mr.
+        Moule, <span class="tei tei-q">“the engineer has from time to time
+        instituted some highly interesting investigations into the structure
+        of the Chesil Bank.... During a single night’s gale, between three
+        and four <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style=
+        "font-style: italic">millions of tons</span></span> weight of pebbles
+        have been found to be swept away into the gulfs of the Atlantic,
+        being gradually thrown back again in the three or four following
+        days. The size of the pebbles had long been observed to vary greatly
+        at the two opposite ends of the beach. At the western, or Abbotsbury
+        end, they are exceedingly small, more resembling gravel than shingle.
+        At the Portland end it is not uncommon to meet with them several
+        inches in diameter, and several pounds in weight. This phenomenon has
+        been explained by the very probable assumption that the pebbles are
+        driven eastward by the wind-waves, and not moved by the slow and (for
+        purposes like this) powerless tidal current. The larger pebbles,
+        presenting a broad surface to the waves, are easily rolled forward,
+        while the smaller ones are passed by, offering a less surface, and
+        becoming more easily imbedded in the sand.”</span> It is said that a
+        practised smuggler on that coast could tell his whereabouts on the
+        bank in the darkest night or thickest fog, by feeling the size of the
+        pebbles on which he stood. And smugglers and <span class=
+        "tei tei-q">“wreckers”</span> were once very numerous among the
+        Portlanders. In these better days their courage and great personal
+        strength has saved many a life and ship endangered off the bank.</p>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">An old and popular
+        song says that—</p>
+
+        <div class="tei tei-lg" style=
+        "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-left: 2.00em; margin-top: 1.00em">
+          <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">
+            <span class="tei tei-q" style="text-align: left">“Britannia needs
+            no bulwarks,</span>
+          </div>
+
+          <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">
+            <span class="tei tei-q" style="text-align: left">No towers along
+            the steep,”</span>
+          </div>
+        </div>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">but recent
+        legislators have evidently not been so thoroughly satisfied of the
+        fact, or they would not have authorised the construction of the great
+        fortifications at Portland, which make it almost the Gibraltar of the
+        Channel. The splendid breakwater there did not need protection. All
+        the battering it is ever likely to get could not injure it seriously,
+        and whatever ruins Macaulay’s New Zealander may stand upon, they are
+        not likely to be those of a great breakwater, each year of the
+        existence of which renders it generally more compact. But it was for
+        good reasons that the extensive works of Portland were undertaken.
+        <span class="tei tei-q">“We,”</span> said the <span class=
+        "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Times</span></span>,
+        <span class="tei tei-q">“of <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page196">[pg
+        196]</span><a name="Pg196" id="Pg196" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>all
+        people in the world, who so toiled and suffered, lavishing blood and
+        treasure under the walls of Sebastopol, should be the last to
+        underrate the importance of a good fortification as a check to an
+        invading army.”</span> The reader will hardly require any defence of
+        such policy, for naval arsenals contain the very germ of our power,
+        as the iron safe of the prudent man contains his valuables.</p>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">The Bill of
+        Portland greatly resembles the situation of Gibraltar. There are the
+        same bold, steep, rocky headlands; the breakwater stands in place of
+        the Mole, and Chesil Bank connects it with the mainland, as the
+        neutral ground does our great Mediterranean citadel with Spanish
+        soil. <span class="tei tei-q">“Its height, its isolation, and the
+        harbour it commands, all pointed it out as a place for an
+        impregnable—we had almost said an inaccessible—fortress. To the late
+        Prince Consort is due the credit of having seen its vast importance
+        in this respect, as it was also owing to his enlightened judgment
+        that the breakwater was begun at last, and he himself laid the
+        foundation-stone. Portland is rising, as we have said, into a
+        first-class fortress, of which the Verne is the great key or
+        citadel.”</span> So spoke the <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style=
+        "font-style: italic">Times</span></span>, in 1863; and now Portland
+        is the best fortified port and naval station in the kingdom.</p>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">The Verne is a
+        height which, like La Roche at Cherbourg, dominates over all around
+        it for miles, especially on the side which overlooks the breakwater
+        and the sea. On the north side it is protected by nearly
+        perpendicular cliffs; elsewhere it is fully protected by art. One of
+        its greatest defences is the dry ditch which completely encircles the
+        whole work, except on the north side just mentioned, where it is both
+        unnecessary and impossible. This ditch is one of the greatest ever
+        undertaken in ancient or modern days. Its depth is 80 feet, and its
+        width 100, and in some places 200 feet; its length is nearly a mile,
+        and its floor is 368 feet up the hill-side. Nearly two million tons
+        of stone had to be blasted to form it; and it would never have been
+        excavated on the colossal scale indicated, but that all the said
+        stone was utilised in building the breakwater. With this tremendous
+        artificial ravine to <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page197">[pg
+        197]</span><a name="Pg197" id="Pg197" class=
+        "tei tei-anchor"></a>cross, with fortifications and bastions fully
+        prepared with heavy Armstrong ordnance towering above, what enemy is
+        ever likely to attack the citadel of the Verne? Our leading journal
+        spoke of it as more compact than Cherbourg, Cronstadt, or Sebastopol,
+        while it is more than three times their elevation above the sea.</p>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Jutting out from
+        the main fortress are two bastionettes, one of which has eight faces,
+        mounting guns on each so as to sweep with a murderous fire two-thirds
+        of the whole length of the fosse or ditch. The other is nearly as
+        formidable, and both are pierced with loop-holes in all directions
+        for the fire of riflemen. The great barracks in the enclosure of the
+        Verne can, at a pinch, accommodate 10,000 men, the peace garrison
+        being about a third of that number. The arrangements for water supply
+        are perfect, great reserve tanks having been cut from the solid rock,
+        and covered with shot-proof roofs. These are kept full, and,
+        protected from air and light; the water is always sweet. Portland
+        bristles with batteries; but the Verne commands everything in range
+        of cannon, inside or outside the breakwater, including all parts of
+        the island, and can cross fire with other important forts. It is
+        probably the strongest fortified harbour in the world.</p><a name=
+        "illo_223.png" id="illo_223.png" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"></p>
+
+        <div class="tei tei-figure" style="text-align: center">
+          <img src="images/illo_223.png" alt="HOLYHEAD BREAKWATER" title=
+          "HOLYHEAD BREAKWATER." />
+
+          <div class="tei tei-head" style=
+          "text-align: center; margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em">
+            HOLYHEAD BREAKWATER.
+          </div>
+        </div>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Other and
+        important breakwaters, like that of Holyhead, which cost a couple of
+        million sterling, and which is generally cited as an example of much
+        money thrown into the sea; Alderney, which has swallowed up close on
+        three-fourths of the above sum; and Dover, which has a fine
+        <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style=
+        "font-style: italic">vertical</span></span> sea-wall, might be
+        mentioned. Enough has been said to show the general importance of the
+        subject to a maritime people, and that, on the whole, England has
+        been fully alive to the fact. Indeed, counting large and small
+        breakwaters and sea-walls, more has been expended in this country for
+        these works than in any two or three foreign countries possessing
+        sea-boards.</p>
+      </div>
+
+      <div class="tei tei-div" style=
+      "margin-bottom: 5.00em; margin-top: 5.00em">
+        <a name="chap14" id="chap14" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> <a name=
+        "toc31" id="toc31"></a> <a name="pdf32" id="pdf32"></a>
+
+        <h2 class="tei tei-head" style=
+        "text-align: center; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em">
+        <span style="font-size: 144%">CHAPTER XIV.</span></h2>
+
+        <h2 class="tei tei-head" style=
+        "text-align: center; margin-bottom: 2.40em; margin-top: 2.40em">
+        <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: center"><span style=
+        "font-size: 120%; font-variant: small-caps">The Greatest Storm in
+        English History.</span></span></h2>
+
+        <div class="tei tei-argument" style=
+        "text-align: center; margin-bottom: 1.80em; margin-left: 3.60em; margin-top: 1.80em; margin-right: 3.60em">
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style=
+        "text-align: center; margin-bottom: 0.90em"><span style=
+        "font-size: 90%">The Dangers of the Seas—England’s Interest in the
+        Matter—The Shipping and Docks of London and Liverpool—The Goodwin
+        Sands and their History—The</span> <span class="tei tei-q" style=
+        "text-align: center"><span style=
+          "font-size: 90%">“</span><span style="font-size: 90%">Hovellers</span><span style="font-size: 90%">”</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%">—The
+          Great Gale of 1703—Defoe’s Graphic Account—Thirteen Vessels of the
+          Royal Navy Lost—Accounts of Eye-witnesses—The Storm Universal over
+          England—Great Damage and Loss of Life at
+          Bristol—Plymouth—Portsmouth—Vessels Driven to Holland—At the Spurn
+          Light—Inhumanity of Deal Townsmen—A worthy Mayor Saves 200
+          Lives—The Damage in the Thames—Vessels Drifting in all
+          Directions—800 Boats Lost—Loss of Life on the River—On
+          Shore—Remarkable Escapes and Casualties—London in a Condition of
+          Wreck—Great Damage to Churches—A Bishop and his Lady Killed—A
+          Remarkable Water-Spout—Total Losses Fearful.</span></p>
+        </div>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class=
+        "tei tei-q">“The dangers of the seas”</span> are little enough to
+        some countries, but to England they mean much indeed. Think of the
+        maritime interests of the port of London, the docks of which cover
+        considerably over 300 acres of water-space, and to which 7,000 or
+        more vessels enter annually. Over 100 vessels, exclusive of small
+        craft, enter the port daily; its exports form nearly one-fourth of
+        the total exports of the United Kingdom. Liverpool in some maritime
+        interests excels it. This, the second largest city in Great Britain,
+        had, as late <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page198">[pg
+        198]</span><a name="Pg198" id="Pg198" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>as
+        1697, a population of only 5,000; 80 small vessels then belonged to
+        the port. In this year of grace, Liverpool, with her virtual suburbs,
+        Birkenhead and West Derby, has a population considerably over
+        700,000. In 1872, Liverpool exported, in British and Irish
+        productions, a total value of £100,066,410, which meant little short
+        of forty per cent. of the total exports, of the same kind, from the
+        United Kingdom, while its imports of many staples exceeded those of
+        London. Liverpool has nearly sixty docks and basins, extending along
+        the Mersey for five miles. She possesses nineteen miles of quays,
+        nearly the whole of which have been built since 1812, and warehouses
+        on a scale of magnificence unknown elsewhere.</p>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">But such a
+        commerce means much more. Hundreds of thousands of hardy men risk
+        their lives that we may have bread and butter, sugar with our tea,
+        and all the necessaries and luxuries of modern civilised life.
+        England has not forgotten them, and for their use has built the
+        lighthouse, the breakwater, and the harbour of refuge. But there are
+        sources of danger which nearly defy human power. Take, among all
+        dangerous shoals and sands, the Goodwin Sands as a prominent example;
+        they are replete with danger to all sailing vessels at least,
+        resorting to the Thames or to the North Sea, while even steamships
+        have been lost on their treacherous banks.</p>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">These Sands, so
+        well known to, and feared by, the mariner, are ten miles in length,
+        running in a north-east and south-west direction off the east coast
+        of Kent. They are divided into two portions by a narrow channel, and
+        parts are uncovered at low water. When the tide recedes, the sand is
+        firm and safe, but when the sea permeates it, the mass becomes pulpy,
+        treacherous, and constantly shifting. Three light-vessels (one seven
+        miles from Ramsgate) mark the most dangerous points, and these are
+        themselves exposed to a considerable amount of danger. The only
+        advantage derived from the existence of the Sands is that they form a
+        kind of breakwater, securing a safe anchorage in the roadsteads of
+        the Downs. But if the wind blows strongly off shore, let the mariner
+        beware!</p>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">The ancients
+        thought that Britain was distinguished from all the world by
+        unpassable seas and northern winds. The shores of Albion were
+        dreadful to sailors, and our island was for a time regarded as the
+        utmost bounds of the northern known land, beyond which none had ever
+        sailed.</p>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">These dangerous
+        Goodwin Sands, if we may believe the chronicles, and there seems no
+        reason why we should not, consisted at one time of about 4,000 acres
+        of low coast land, fenced from the sea by a wall. One tradition, not
+        usually credited, ascribes their present state to the erection of the
+        Tenterden Steeple, by which the funds which should have maintained
+        the sea-wall were diverted. An old authority, Lambard, says,
+        <span class="tei tei-q">“Whatsoever old wives tell of Goodwyne, Earle
+        of Kent, in tyme of Edward the Confessour, and his sandes, it
+        appeareth by Hector Boëtius, the Brittish chronicler, that theise
+        sandes weare mayne land, and some tyme of the possession of Earl
+        Goodwyne, and by a great inundation of the sea, they weare taken
+        therefroe, at which tyme also much harme was done in Scotland and
+        Flanders, by the same rage of the water.”</span> At the period of the
+        Conquest, these lands were taken from Earl Goodwin and bestowed on
+        the abbey of St. Augustine, Canterbury, and some accounts say that
+        the Abbot allowed the sea-wall to become dilapidated, and that in the
+        year 1100 the waves rushed in and overwhelmed the whole. The inroads
+        of the sea in many parts of the world would account for anything of
+        the kind.</p><span class="tei tei-pb" id="page199">[pg
+        199]</span><a name="Pg199" id="Pg199" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">In dangerous or
+        foggy weather, bells are constantly sounded from the light-ships. A
+        considerable amount of difficulty is experienced in finding proper
+        anchorage for these vessels; and all efforts to establish a fixed
+        beacon have been hitherto unsuccessful. In 1846 a lighthouse on piles
+        <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style=
+        "font-style: italic">screwed</span></span> into the sands<a id=
+        "noteref_66" name="noteref_66" href="#note_66"><span class=
+        "tei tei-noteref"><span style=
+        "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">66</span></span></a> was
+        erected, but it was carried away the following year by the force of
+        the waves. As soon as a vessel is known to have been driven on the
+        Goodwins, rockets are thrown up from the light-ships, and as soon as
+        recognised on shore a number of boatmen, known as <span class=
+        "tei tei-q">“hovellers,”</span> all over that portion of the coast,
+        immediately launch their boats, and make for the Sands, whatever may
+        be the weather. The <span class="tei tei-q">“hovellers”</span> look
+        upon the wreck itself as in part their property, and make a good deal
+        of money at times, leading, as a rule, a thoroughly reckless sailor’s
+        life ashore. But how many poor seamen have had cause to bless their
+        bravery and intrepidity!</p>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">The great gale of
+        1703, one of the most terrible, if not absolutely <span class=
+        "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">the</span></span> most
+        terrible which has ever visited our coasts, occasioned the loss of
+        thirteen vessels of the Royal Navy, four on the Goodwin Sands, one in
+        the Yarmouth Roads, one at the Nore, and the rest at various points
+        on the coasts of England and Holland. The record, as preserved by the
+        immortal author of <span class="tei tei-q">“Robinson Crusoe,”</span>
+        is terribly concise in its details. Take a part only of it. The
+        italics are our own.</p>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class=
+        "tei tei-q">“<span class="tei tei-name"><span style=
+        "font-style: italic">Reserve</span></span>, fourth-rate; 54 guns; 258
+        men. John Anderson, com. Lost in Yarmouth Roads. The captain, purser,
+        master, chyrurgeon, clerk, and 16 men were ashore; <span class=
+        "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">the rest
+        drowned</span></span>.</span></p>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class=
+        "tei tei-q">“<span class="tei tei-name"><span style=
+        "font-style: italic">Northumberland</span></span>, third-rate; 70
+        guns; 253 men. James Greenway, com. Lost on Goodwin Sands.
+        <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">All their
+        men lost.</span></span></span></p>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class=
+        "tei tei-q">“<span class="tei tei-name"><span style=
+        "font-style: italic">Restoration</span></span>, third-rate; 70 guns;
+        386 men. Fleetwood Emes, com. Lost on Goodwin Sands. <span class=
+        "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">All their men
+        lost.</span></span></span></p>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class=
+        "tei tei-q">“<span class="tei tei-name"><span style=
+        "font-style: italic">Sterling Castle</span></span>, third-rate; 70
+        guns; 349 men. John Johnson, com. Lost on Goodwin Sands. Third
+        lieutenant, chaplain, cook, chyrurgeon’s mate, four marine captains,
+        and 62 men saved.</span></p>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class=
+        "tei tei-q">“<span class="tei tei-name"><span style=
+        "font-style: italic">Mary</span></span>, fourth-rate; 64 guns; 273
+        men. Rear-Admiral Beaumont, Edward Hopson, com. Lost on Goodwin
+        Sands. <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Only
+        one man saved</span></span>, by swimming from wreck to wreck, and
+        getting to the <span class="tei tei-name"><span style=
+        "font-style: italic">Sterling Castle</span></span>; the captain
+        ashore, as also the purser.”</span> And so the sad story proceeds,
+        Defoe adding that the loss of small vessels hired into the service,
+        and tending the fleet, is not included, several such vessels, with
+        soldiers on board, being driven to sea, and never heard of
+        more.<a id="noteref_67" name="noteref_67" href=
+        "#note_67"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style=
+        "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">67</span></span></a></p><a name="illo_227.jpg"
+        id="illo_227.jpg" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"></p>
+
+        <div class="tei tei-figure" style="text-align: center">
+          <img src="images/illo_227.jpg" alt="GREAT STORM IN THE DOWNS, 1703"
+          title="GREAT STORM IN THE DOWNS, 1703." />
+
+          <div class="tei tei-head" style=
+          "text-align: center; margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em">
+            GREAT STORM IN THE DOWNS, 1703.
+          </div>
+        </div>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">A master on board
+        a vessel which was blown <span class="tei tei-q">“out of the Downs to
+        Norway,”</span> describes the sights he saw on those fatal days, the
+        25th and 26th of November, in homely but graphic language. He says:
+        <span class="tei tei-q">“By four o’clock we miss’d the <span class=
+        "tei tei-name"><span style="font-style: italic">Mary</span></span>
+        and the <span class="tei tei-name"><span style=
+        "font-style: italic">Northumberland</span></span>, who rid not far
+        from us, and found they were driven from their anchors; but what
+        became of them, God knows. And soon after, a large man-of-war came
+        driving down upon us, all her masts gone, and in a dreadful
+        condition. We were in the utmost despair at this <span class=
+        "tei tei-pb" id="page201">[pg 201]</span><a name="Pg201" id="Pg201"
+        class="tei tei-anchor"></a>sight, for we saw no avoiding her coming
+        thwart our haiser; she drove at last so near us, that I was just
+        gowing to order the mate to cut away, when it pleas’d God the ship
+        sheer’d contrary to our expectation to windward, and the man-of-war,
+        which we found to be the <span class="tei tei-name"><span style=
+        "font-style: italic">Sterling Castle</span></span>, drove clear of
+        us, not two ships’ lengths, to leeward.</span></p>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class=
+        "tei tei-q">“It was a sight full of terrible particulars to see a
+        ship of eighty guns (<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style=
+        "font-style: italic">sic</span></span>) and about six hundred
+        men<a id="noteref_68" name="noteref_68" href="#note_68"><span class=
+        "tei tei-noteref"><span style=
+        "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">68</span></span></a> in that
+        dismal case. She had cut away all her masts; the men were all in the
+        confusion of death and despair; she had neither anchor, nor cable,
+        nor boat to help her, the sea breaking over her in a terrible manner,
+        that sometimes she seem’d all under water. And they knew, as well as
+        we that saw her, that they drove by the tempest directly for the
+        Goodwin, where they could expect nothing but destruction. The cries
+        of the men, and the firing their guns, one by one, every half minute
+        for help, terrified us in such a manner, that I think we were half
+        dead with the horror of it.”</span> The same writer describes the
+        collision of two vessels, which he saw sink together, and several
+        great ships fast aground and beating to pieces. <span class=
+        "tei tei-q">“One,”</span> says he, <span class="tei tei-q">“we saw
+        founder before our eyes, and all the people perish’d.”</span></p>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class=
+        "tei tei-q">“We have,”</span> says Defoe, <span class="tei tei-q">“an
+        abundance of strange accounts from other parts, and particularly the
+        following letter from the Downs, and though every circumstance in
+        this letter is not literally true, as to the number of ships or lives
+        lost, and the style coarse and sailor-like, yet I have inserted this
+        letter, because it seems to describe the horror and consternation the
+        poor sailors were in at that time; and because this is written from
+        one who was as near an eye-witness as any could possibly be, and be
+        safe.</span></p>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"></p>
+
+        <div class="tei tei-text" style=
+        "margin-bottom: 2.00em; margin-top: 2.00em">
+          <div class="tei tei-body" style=
+          "margin-bottom: 6.00em; margin-top: 6.00em">
+            <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class=
+            "tei tei-q">“ <span class="tei tei-q">‘<span class=
+            "tei tei-hi"><span style=
+            "font-variant: small-caps">Sir</span></span>,—These lines I hope
+            in God will find you in good health. We are all left here in a
+            dismal condition, expecting every moment to be all drowned; for
+            here is a great storm, and is very likely to continue. We have
+            here the Rear-Admiral of the Blue in the ship called the
+            <span class="tei tei-name"><span style=
+            "font-style: italic">Mary</span></span>, a third-rate, the very
+            next ship to ours, sunk, with Admiral Beaumont, and above 500 men
+            drowned; the ship called the <span class=
+            "tei tei-name"><span style=
+            "font-style: italic">Northumberland</span></span>, a third-rate,
+            about 500 men, all sunk and drowned; the ship called the
+            <span class="tei tei-name"><span style=
+            "font-style: italic">Sterling Castle</span></span>, a third-rate,
+            all sunk and drowned, above 500 souls; and the ship called the
+            <span class="tei tei-name"><span style=
+            "font-style: italic">Restoration</span></span>, a third-rate, all
+            sunk and drowned. These ships were all close by us, which I saw.
+            These ships fired their guns all night and day long, poor souls,
+            for help, but the storm being so fierce and raging, could have
+            none to save them. The ship called the <span class=
+            "tei tei-name"><span style=
+            "font-style: italic">Shrewsbury</span></span>, that we are in,
+            broke two anchors, and did run mighty fierce backwards, within
+            sixty or eighty yards of the Sands, and as God Almighty would
+            have it, we flung our sheet-anchor down, which is the biggest,
+            and so stopt; here we all prayed God to forgive us our sins, and
+            to save us, or else to receive us into his heavenly Kingdom. If
+            our sheet-anchor had given way, we had been all drowned; but I
+            humbly thank God, it was his gracious mercy that saved us.
+            There’s one, Captain Fanel’s ship, three hospital ships, all
+            split, some sunk, and most of the men drowned.</span></span></p>
+
+            <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class=
+            "tei tei-q">“ <span class="tei tei-q">‘There are above forty
+            merchant ships cast away and sunk; to see Admiral Beaumont, that
+            was next us, and all the rest of his men, how they climbed up the
+            main-mast, hundreds <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page202">[pg
+            202]</span><a name="Pg202" id="Pg202" class=
+            "tei tei-anchor"></a>at a time crying out for help, and thinking
+            to save their lives, and in the twinkling of an eye were drowned;
+            I can give you no account, but of these four men-of-war
+            aforesaid, which I saw with my own eyes, and those hospital
+            ships, at present, by reason the storm hath drove us far distant
+            from one another; Captain Crow, of our ship, believes we have
+            lost several more ships of war, by reason we see so few; we lie
+            here in great danger, and waiting for a north-easterly wind to
+            bring us to Portsmouth, and it is our prayer to God for it; for
+            we know not how soon this storm may arise, and cut us all off,
+            for it is a dismal place to anchor in. I have not had my clothes
+            off, nor a wink of sleep these four nights, and have got my death
+            with cold almost.—Yours to command,</span></span></p>
+
+            <div class="tei tei-signed" style="text-align: right">
+              “‘<span class="tei tei-hi" style=
+              "text-align: right"><span style=
+              "font-variant: small-caps">Miles Norcliffe.’”</span><a id=
+              "noteref_69" name="noteref_69" href="#note_69"><span class=
+              "tei tei-noteref" style="text-align: right"><span style=
+              "font-size: 60%; font-variant: small-caps; vertical-align: super">69</span></span></a></span>
+            </div>
+          </div>
+        </div>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">The following is
+        also a characteristic letter from Captain Soanes of H.M.S.
+        <span class="tei tei-name"><span style=
+        "font-style: italic">Dolphin</span></span>, then at Milford Haven,
+        showing also how far the storm extended on our coasts:—</p>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"></p>
+
+        <div class="tei tei-text" style=
+        "margin-bottom: 2.00em; margin-top: 2.00em">
+          <div class="tei tei-body" style=
+          "margin-bottom: 6.00em; margin-top: 6.00em">
+            <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class=
+            "tei tei-q">“<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style=
+            "font-style: italic">Sir</span></span>,—Reading the advertisement
+            in the <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style=
+            "font-style: italic">Gazette</span></span> of your intending to
+            print the many sad accidents in the late dreadful storm, induced
+            me to let you know what this place felt, though a very good
+            harbour. Her Majesty’s ships the <span class=
+            "tei tei-name"><span style=
+            "font-style: italic">Cumberland</span></span>, <span class=
+            "tei tei-name"><span style=
+            "font-style: italic">Coventry</span></span>, <span class=
+            "tei tei-name"><span style=
+            "font-style: italic">Loo</span></span>, <span class=
+            "tei tei-name"><span style=
+            "font-style: italic">Hastings</span></span>, and <span class=
+            "tei tei-name"><span style=
+            "font-style: italic">Hector</span></span>, being under my
+            command, with the <span class="tei tei-name"><span style=
+            "font-style: italic">Rye</span></span>, a cruiser on this
+            station, and under our convoy, about 130 merchant ships bound
+            about land; the 26th of November, at one in the afternoon, the
+            wind came at S. by E. a hard gale, between which and N.W. by W.
+            it came to a dreadful storm; at three the next morning was the
+            violentest of the weather, when the <span class=
+            "tei tei-name"><span style=
+            "font-style: italic">Cumberland</span></span> broke her
+            sheet-anchor, the ship driving near this, and the <span class=
+            "tei tei-name"><span style="font-style: italic">Rye</span></span>
+            both narrowly escap’d carrying away; she drove very near the
+            rocks, having but one anchor left, but in a little time they
+            slung a gun, with the broken anchor fast to it, which they let
+            go, and wonderfully preserved the ship from the shore. Guns
+            firing from one ship or other all the night for help, though
+            ’twas impossible to assist each other, the sea was so high, and
+            the darkness of the night such, that we could not see where any
+            one was, but by the flashes of the guns; when daylight appeared,
+            it was a dismal sight to behold the ships driving up and down,
+            one foul of another, without masts, some sunk, and others upon
+            the rocks, the wind blowing so hard, with thunder, lightning, and
+            rain, that on the deck a man could not stand without holding.
+            Some drove from Dale, where they were sheltered under the land,
+            and split in pieces, the men all drowned; two others drove out of
+            a creek, one on the shore so high up was saved; the other on the
+            rocks in another creek, and bulged; an Irish ship that lay with a
+            rock through her, was lifted by the sea clear away to the other
+            side of the creek on a safe place; one ship forced ten miles up
+            the river before she could be stopped, and several strangely
+            blown into holes, and on banks; a ketch, of Pembroke, was drove
+            on the rocks, the two men and a boy in her had no boat to save
+            their lives, but in this great distress a boat which broke from
+            another ship drove by them, without any in her, the two men
+            leaped into her and were saved, but the boy was drowned. A prize
+            at Pembroke was lifted on the bridge, whereon is a mill, which
+            the water blew up, but the vessel got off again; another vessel
+            carried almost into the gateway which leads to the <span class=
+            "tei tei-pb" id="page203">[pg 203]</span><a name="Pg203" id=
+            "Pg203" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>bridge, and is a road, the
+            tide flowing several feet above the common course. The storm
+            continued till the 27th, about three in the afternoon; that by
+            computation nigh thirty merchant ships and vessels without masts
+            are lost, and what men are lost is not known; three ships are
+            missing, that we suppose men and all lost. None of her Majesty’s
+            ships came to any harm; but the <span class=
+            "tei tei-name"><span style=
+            "font-style: italic">Cumberland</span></span> breaking her anchor
+            in a storm which happen’d the 18th at night, lost another, which
+            renders her incapable of proceeding with us till supplied. I saw
+            several trees and houses which are blown down.—Your humble
+            servant,</span></p>
+
+            <div class="tei tei-signed" style="text-align: right">
+              “<span class="tei tei-hi" style=
+              "text-align: right"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Jos.
+              Soanes</span></span>.“
+            </div>
+          </div>
+        </div>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">The disasters
+        caused by this terrible gale extended over the English coasts. At
+        Bristol the tide filled the merchants’ cellars, spoiling 1,000
+        hogsheads of sugar, 1,500 hogsheads of tobacco, and any quantity of
+        other produce, the damage being estimated at £100,000. Eighty people
+        were drowned in the marshes and river. Among the shipping casualties,
+        the <span class="tei tei-name"><span style=
+        "font-style: italic">Canterbury</span></span> store-ship went ashore,
+        and twenty-five men were drowned from her. The Severn overflowed the
+        country, doing great damage at Gloucester; and 15,000 sheep were
+        drowned on the levels and marshes. Four merchant ships were lost in
+        Plymouth Roads, and most of the men were drowned. At Portsmouth a
+        number of vessels were blown to sea, and some of them never heard of
+        more. About a dozen ships were driven from our coasts to Holland, the
+        crews, for the most part, being saved. At Dunkirk, twenty-three or
+        more vessels were dashed to pieces against the pier-head.</p>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Mr. Peter Walls,
+        master or chief lighthouse-keeper of the Spurn Light at the mouth of
+        the Humber, was present on the 26th of November, the fatal night of
+        the storm. He thought that his lighthouse must have been blown down,
+        and the tempest made the fire in it burn so fiercely that
+        <span class="tei tei-q">“it melted down the iron bars, on which it
+        laid, like lead,”</span> so that they were obliged when the fire was
+        nearly extinguished to put in fresh bars, and re-kindle the fire,
+        keeping it up till the morning dawn, when they found that some six or
+        seven-and-twenty sail of ships were driving helplessly about the
+        Spurn Head, some having cut, and others broken their cables. These
+        were a part of two fleets then lying in the Humber, having put in
+        there by stress of weather a day or two before. Three ships were
+        driven on an island called the Don. The first no sooner touched
+        bottom than she completely capsized, turning keel up; strange to say,
+        out of six men on board, only one was drowned, the other five being
+        rescued by the boat of the second ship. They landed at the Spurn
+        Lighthouse, where Mr. Walls got them good fires and all the comforts
+        they needed. The second ship, having nobody on board, was driven to
+        sea and never seen or heard of more. The third broke up, and next
+        morning some coals that had been in her were all that was to be seen.
+        Of the whole number of vessels in the Humber, few, if any, were
+        saved.</p>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Defoe estimates
+        that 150 sea-going vessels of all sorts were lost in this terrific
+        gale; but this is, in all probability, a very low estimate. And it is
+        as nothing to the fearful loss of life, which amounted to 8,000
+        souls.</p>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">The townspeople of
+        Deal, in particular, were blamed for their inhumanity in leaving many
+        to their fate who could have been rescued. Boatmen went off to the
+        sands for booty, some of whom would not listen to poor wretches who
+        might have been saved. Many unfortunate shipwrecked persons could be
+        seen, by the aid of glasses, walking on the Goodwin <span class=
+        "tei tei-pb" id="page204">[pg 204]</span><a name="Pg204" id="Pg204"
+        class="tei tei-anchor"></a>Sands in despairing postures, knowing that
+        they would, as Defoe puts it, <span class="tei tei-q">“be washed into
+        another world”</span> at the reflux of the tide. The Mayor of Deal,
+        Mr. Thomas Powell, asked the Custom House officers to take out their
+        boats and endeavour to save the lives of some of these unfortunates,
+        but they utterly refused. The mayor then offered, from his own
+        pocket, five shillings a head for all saved, and a number of
+        fishermen and others volunteered, and succeeded in bringing 200
+        persons on shore, who would have been lost in half an hour
+        afterwards. The Queen’s agent for sick and wounded seamen would not
+        furnish a penny for their lodging or food, and the good mayor
+        supplied all of them with what they required. Several died, and he
+        was compelled to bury them at his own expense; he furnished a large
+        number with money to pay their way to London. He received no thanks
+        from the Government of the day, but some long time after was
+        re-imbursed the large sums he had expended.</p><a name="illo_231.png"
+        id="illo_231.png" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"></p>
+
+        <div class="tei tei-figure" style="text-align: center">
+          <img src="images/illo_231.png" alt=
+          "THE STORM IN THE THAMES AT WAPPING" title=
+          "THE STORM IN THE THAMES AT WAPPING." />
+
+          <div class="tei tei-head" style=
+          "text-align: center; margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em">
+            THE STORM IN THE THAMES AT WAPPING.
+          </div>
+        </div>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class=
+        "tei tei-q">“Nor,”</span> says Defoe, <span class="tei tei-q">“can
+        the damage suffered in the river of Thames be forgot. It was a
+        strange sight to see all the ships in the river blown away, the Pool
+        was so clear, that, as I remember, not above four ships were left
+        between the upper part of Wapping and Ratcliffe Cross, for the tide
+        being up at the time when the storm blew with the greatest violence,
+        no anchors or landfast, no cables or moorings, would hold them, the
+        chains which lay across the river for the mooring of ships, all gave
+        way.</span></p>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class=
+        "tei tei-q">“The ships breaking loose thus, it must be a strange
+        sight to see the hurry and confusion of it; and, as some ships had
+        nobody at all on board, and a great many had none but a man or boy
+        just to look after the vessel, there was nothing to be done but to
+        let every vessel drive whither and how she would.</span></p>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class=
+        "tei tei-q">“Those who know the reaches of the river, and how they
+        lie, know well enough that the wind being at south-west-westerly, the
+        vessels would naturally drive into the bite <span class="tei tei-pb"
+        id="page205">[pg 205]</span><a name="Pg205" id="Pg205" class=
+        "tei tei-anchor"></a>or bay from Ratcliffe Cross to Limehouse Hole,
+        for that the river winding about again from thence towards the new
+        dock at Deptford runs almost due south-west, so that the wind blew
+        down one reach and up another, and the ships must of necessity drive
+        into the bottom of the angle between both.</span></p>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class=
+        "tei tei-q">“This was the case, and as the place is not large, and
+        the number of ships very great, the force of the wind had driven them
+        so into one another, and laid them so upon one another, as it were in
+        heaps, that I think a man may safely defy all the world to do the
+        like.</span></p>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class=
+        "tei tei-q">“The author of this collection had the curiosity the next
+        day to view the place, and to observe the posture they lay in, which
+        nevertheless it is impossible to describe; there lay, by the best
+        account he could take, few less than seven hundred sail of ships,
+        some very great ones, between Shadwell and Limehouse inclusive; the
+        posture is not to be imagined but by them that saw it; some vessels
+        lay heeling off with the bow of another ship over her waist, and the
+        stern of another upon her forecastle; the boltsprits of some drove
+        into the cabin-windows of others; some lay with their sterns tossed
+        up so high that the tide flowed into their forecastles before they
+        could come to rights; some lay so leaning upon others that the
+        undermost vessels would sink before the other could float; the
+        numbers of masts, boltsprits and yards split and broke, the staving
+        the heads and sterns, <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page206">[pg
+        206]</span><a name="Pg206" id="Pg206" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>and
+        carved work, the tearing and destruction of rigging, and the
+        squeezing of boats to pieces between the ships, is not to be
+        reckoned; but there was hardly a vessel to be seen that had not
+        suffered some damage or other in one or all of these
+        articles.</span></p>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class=
+        "tei tei-q">“There were several vessels sunk in this hurricane, but
+        as they were generally light ships the damage was chiefly to the
+        vessels; but there were two ships sunk with great quantity of goods
+        on board: the <span class="tei tei-name"><span style=
+        "font-style: italic">Russell</span></span> galley was sunk at
+        Limehouse, being a great part laden with bale goods for the Straits;
+        and the <span class="tei tei-name"><span style=
+        "font-style: italic">Sarah</span></span> galley, laden for Leghorn,
+        sunk at an anchor at Blackwall, and though she was afterwards weighed
+        and brought on shore, yet her back was broken, or so otherwise
+        disabled that she was never fit for the sea. There were several men
+        drowned in these last two vessels, but we could never come to have
+        the particular number.</span></p><a name="illo_232.png" id=
+        "illo_232.png" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"></p>
+
+        <div class="tei tei-figure" style="text-align: center">
+          <img src="images/illo_232.png" alt=
+          "THE WEST-INDIAMEN DRIVEN ASHORE AT TILBURY FORT" title=
+          "THE WEST-INDIAMEN DRIVEN ASHORE AT TILBURY FORT." />
+
+          <div class="tei tei-head" style=
+          "text-align: center; margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em">
+            THE WEST-INDIAMEN DRIVEN ASHORE AT TILBURY FORT.
+          </div>
+        </div>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class=
+        "tei tei-q">“Near Gravesend several ships drove on shore below
+        Tilbury Fort, and among them five bound for the West Indies; but as
+        the shore is oozy and soft, the vessels sat upright and easy.”</span>
+        The loss of small craft in the river was enormous; not less than 300
+        ships’ boats and 500 wherries were sunk or dashed to pieces. Barges
+        and lighters were sunk and broke loose by the score, and twenty-two
+        watermen and others working on the river were drowned.</p>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">The effect of this
+        tempest was felt very severely on shore, not less than 123 persons
+        being killed by falling buildings, &amp;c. It is said that not less
+        than 800 dwellings were blown down, while barns, stacks of chimneys,
+        pinnacles, steeples, and trees, were strewed all over the
+        country.</p>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Dozens of
+        remarkable cases might be given of wonderful preservations at sea
+        during this storm, and one or two have been cited. A small vessel ran
+        on the rocks in Milford Haven and was fast breaking up, when an empty
+        boat, which had got loose, drifted past so near the wreck that two
+        men jumped into it and saved their lives. A poor boy on board could
+        not jump so far, and was drowned. A poor sailor of Brighthelmston was
+        taken off a wreck after he had hung by his hands and feet on the top
+        of a mast for eight-and-forty hours, the sea raging so high that no
+        boat durst approach him. A waterman in the river Thames, lying asleep
+        in the cabin of a barge near Blackfriars, was driven below London
+        Bridge, <span class="tei tei-q">“and the barge went of herself into
+        the Tower Dock, and lay safe on shore. The man never waked nor heard
+        the storm till it was day; and, to his great astonishment, he found
+        himself safe, as above.”</span> Two boys, lodging in the Poultry, and
+        living in a top garret, were, by the fall of chimneys, which broke
+        through the floors, carried quite to the bottom of the cellar, and
+        received no hurt at all.</p>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">It has been shown
+        how universal was the storm on the English coasts, and it extended to
+        all parts of the interior.<a id="noteref_70" name="noteref_70" href=
+        "#note_70"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style=
+        "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">70</span></span></a> In
+        Norfolk, a small town experienced the horrors <span class=
+        "tei tei-pb" id="page207">[pg 207]</span><a name="Pg207" id="Pg207"
+        class="tei tei-anchor"></a>of fire simultaneously with the gale. The
+        inhabitants were powerless to extinguish it; and the wind blew the
+        ruins, almost as much as the fire, in all directions. If the people
+        came to windward they were in danger of being blown into the flames,
+        and to leeward they dared not approach the fire, which would have
+        scorched them up. Those who escaped the conflagration ran the
+        imminent risk of being knocked on the head by bricks and tiles, which
+        flew about as though they were tinder. The storm, although most
+        severe on the Friday before-mentioned, lasted almost continuously for
+        a week.</p>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">The city of London
+        was a strange spectacle at this time. <span class="tei tei-q">“The
+        houses looked like skeletons,”</span> says Defoe, <span class=
+        "tei tei-q">“and an universal air of horror seemed to sit on the
+        countenances of the people. All business seemed to be laid aside for
+        the time, and people were generally intent upon getting help to
+        repair their habitations.”</span> The streets lay covered with tiles
+        and slates, bricks and chimney-pots. Common tiles rose from 21s. per
+        thousand to £6. Above 2,000 great stacks of chimneys were blown down
+        in and about London, besides gable-ends and roofs by the score, and
+        about twenty whole houses in the suburbs. In addition to those killed
+        by the fall of various parts of buildings, above 200 were reported as
+        wounded and maimed. And it must be remembered that these were not the
+        days of morning and evening and special editions, and copious and
+        generally correct reports. Had telegraphs and railways and steamships
+        brought in the news collected by innumerable correspondents, as they
+        would to-day, Defoe’s book would never have been compiled. And it may
+        be here observed, in honour of the memory of that immortal author,
+        that he never cites a case, or speaks of it as a positive fact,
+        without giving his authority or authorities. He says in one place,
+        <span class="tei tei-q">“Some of our printed accounts give us larger
+        and plainer accounts of the loss of lives than I will venture to
+        affirm for truth: as of several houses near Moorfields levelled with
+        the ground; fourteen people drowned in a wherry going to Gravesend
+        and five in a wherry from Chelsea. Not that it is not very probable
+        to be true, but, as I resolve not to hand anything to posterity but
+        what comes very well attested, I omit such relations as I have not
+        extraordinary assurance as to the fact.”</span> This is hardly the
+        way with all book-makers!</p>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Most of those
+        killed were buried or crushed by the broken fragments and rubbish of
+        falling stacks of chimneys or walls. The fall of brick walls made a
+        serious item in the losses. At Greenwich Park several pieces of the
+        wall were down for a hundred rods at a place; the palace of St.
+        James’s was greatly damaged; the roof of the guard-house at Whitehall
+        blown off, seriously hurting nine soldiers; the lead stripped off and
+        rolled up like parchment from scores of churches and public
+        buildings, including Westminster Abbey and Christ Church Hospital.
+        <span class="tei tei-q">“It was very remarkable,”</span> Defoe notes,
+        <span class="tei tei-q">“that the bridge over the Thames
+        [<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style=
+        "font-style: italic">i.e.</span></span>, Old London Bridge] received
+        so little damage, the buildings standing high and not sheltered by
+        other erections, as they would be in the streets. Above a hundred
+        elms, some of them said to have been planted by Wolsey, were blown
+        down in St. James’s Park. Very fortunately the storm was succeeded by
+        fine weather: for had rain or snow followed, the misery and damage to
+        hundreds and hundreds of tenants would have been fearfully <a name=
+        "corr207" id="corr207" class="tei tei-anchor"></a><span class=
+        "tei tei-corr">increased.</span>”</span></p>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">At Stowmarket, in
+        Suffolk, one of the largest spires—100 feet high above the
+        steeple—was completely carried away, with all its heavy timbers and
+        an immense quantity <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page208">[pg
+        208]</span><a name="Pg208" id="Pg208" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>of
+        lead. So in Brenchly and Great Peckham, Kent, the former doing damage
+        to the church and porch as it fell, and entailing a total loss of
+        £800 to £1,000, which would represent much more in these days.
+        <span class="tei tei-q">“The cathedral church of Ely,”</span> said
+        one of Defoe’s correspondents, <span class="tei tei-q">“by the
+        providence of God, did, contrary to all men’s expectations, stand out
+        the shock, but suffered very much in every part of it, especially
+        that which is called the body of it, the lead being torn and rent up
+        a considerable way together; about 40 lights of glass blown down and
+        shattered to pieces; one ornamental pinnacle, belonging to the north
+        aisle, demolished; and the lead in divers other parts of it blown up
+        into great heaps. Five chimneys falling down in a place called the
+        Colledge, the place where the prebendaries’ lodgings are, did no
+        other damage (prais’d be God!) than beat down some part of the houses
+        along with them. The loss which the church and college of Ely
+        sustained being, by computation, near £2,000.”</span> Accounts of
+        nearly irretrievable damage done to valuable painted church windows,
+        for one of which—at Fairford, Gloucester—£1,500 had been offered,
+        came from many points. In some cases the lead blown from roofs,
+        amounting to tons in weight, was so tightly rolled up that it took a
+        number of men to unroll it without cutting or other damage.</p>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">The Bishop of Bath
+        and Wells was killed under rather remarkable circumstances. The
+        palace was the relic of a very old castle, only one corner of it
+        being modernised for his lordship’s use. Had the bishop slept in the
+        new portion his life would have been spared; but he remained in one
+        of the older apartments. Two chimney-stacks fell and crushed in the
+        roof, driving it upon the bishop’s bed, forcing it quite through the
+        next floor into the hall, and burying both himself and lady in the
+        rubbish. The former appears to have risen, perhaps perceiving the
+        approaching danger, and was found, with his brains dashed out, near a
+        doorway.</p>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">One of the most
+        remarkable cases of the power of the wind ashore was the removal of a
+        stone of four hundredweight, which lay sheltered under a bank, to a
+        distance of seven yards. On the Kingscote estate, in Gloucester, 600
+        trees, all about eighty feet in height, were thrown down within a
+        compass of five acres. The storm was accompanied by thunder and
+        lightning and waterspouts. A clergyman, writing from Besselsleigh,
+        says:—<span class="tei tei-q">“On Friday, the 26th of November, in
+        the afternoon, about four of the clock, a country fellow came running
+        to me, in a great fright, and very earnestly entreated me to go and
+        see a pillar, as he called it, in the air in a field hard by. I went
+        with the fellow, and when I came found it to be a spout marching
+        directly with the wind; and I can think of nothing I can compare it
+        to better than the trunk of an elephant, which it resembled—only much
+        bigger. It was extended to a great length, and swept the ground as it
+        went, leaving a mark behind. It crossed a field, and, which was very
+        strange (and which I should scarce have been induced to believe had I
+        not myself seen it, besides several countrymen, who were astonished
+        at it, meeting with an oak that stood towards the middle of the
+        field, snapped the body of it asunder. Afterwards, crossing a road,
+        it sucked up the water that was in the cart-ruts. Then, coming to an
+        old barn, it tumbled it down, and the thatch that was on the top was
+        carried about by the wind, which was then very high and in great
+        confusion. After this I followed it no farther, and therefore saw no
+        more of it, but a parishioner of mine, going from hence to Hincksey,
+        in a field <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page209">[pg
+        209]</span><a name="Pg209" id="Pg209" class=
+        "tei tei-anchor"></a>about a quarter of a mile off of this place, was
+        on the sudden knocked down and lay upon the place till some people
+        came by and brought him home; and he is not yet quite
+        recovered.”</span> An earthquake is also said to have followed the
+        great storm.</p>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Enough has now
+        been written to show how universal were the effects of this terrible
+        gale. The details, as recorded by Defoe and others, would fill
+        several chapters like the present. The author of <span class=
+        "tei tei-q">“Robinson Crusoe”</span> puts, as we have seen, the loss
+        of life partly on land but principally by sea, at 8,000, but a French
+        authority places it at the enormous number of 30,000! It can well be
+        believed that a large proportion of the casualties were never
+        reported or recorded.</p><a name="illo_236.jpg" id="illo_236.jpg"
+        class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"></p>
+
+        <div class="tei tei-figure" style="text-align: center">
+          <img src="images/illo_236.jpg" alt="A LIFE-BOAT GOING OUT" title=
+          "A LIFE-BOAT GOING OUT." />
+
+          <div class="tei tei-head" style=
+          "text-align: center; margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em">
+            A LIFE-BOAT GOING OUT.
+          </div>
+        </div><a name="illo_238.png" id="illo_238.png" class=
+        "tei tei-anchor"></a>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"></p>
+
+        <div class="tei tei-figure" style="text-align: center">
+          <img src="images/illo_238.png" alt="GREATHEAD’S LIFE-BOAT" title=
+          "GREATHEAD’S LIFE-BOAT." />
+
+          <div class="tei tei-head" style=
+          "text-align: center; margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em">
+            GREATHEAD’S LIFE-BOAT.
+          </div>
+        </div>
+      </div>
+
+      <div class="tei tei-div" style=
+      "margin-bottom: 5.00em; margin-top: 5.00em">
+        <a name="chap15" id="chap15" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> <a name=
+        "toc33" id="toc33"></a> <a name="pdf34" id="pdf34"></a>
+
+        <h2 class="tei tei-head" style=
+        "text-align: center; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em">
+        <span style="font-size: 144%">CHAPTER XV.</span></h2>
+
+        <h2 class="tei tei-head" style=
+        "text-align: center; margin-bottom: 2.40em; margin-top: 2.40em">
+        <span class="tei tei-q" style="text-align: center"><span style=
+        "font-size: 120%">“</span><span class="tei tei-hi" style=
+        "text-align: center"><span style=
+        "font-size: 120%; font-variant: small-caps">Man the
+        Life-boat!</span></span><span style=
+        "font-size: 120%">”</span></span></h2>
+
+        <div class="tei tei-argument" style=
+        "text-align: center; margin-bottom: 1.80em; margin-left: 3.60em; margin-top: 1.80em; margin-right: 3.60em">
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style=
+        "text-align: center; margin-bottom: 0.90em"><span style=
+        "font-size: 90%">The Englishman’s direct interest in the Sea—The
+        History of the Life-boat and its Work—Its Origin—A Coach-builder the
+        First Inventor—Lionel Lukin’s Boat—Royal Encouragement—Wreck of
+        the</span> <span class="tei tei-name" style=
+        "text-align: center"><span style=
+        "font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Adventure</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%">—The
+          Poor Crew Drowned in Sight of Thousands—Good out of Evil—The South
+          Shields Committee and their Prize Boat—Wouldhave and Greathead—The
+          latter Rewarded by Government, &amp;c.—Slow Progress of the
+          Life-boat Movement—The Old Boat at Redcar—Organisation of the
+          National Life-boat Institution—Sir William Hillary’s Brave
+          Deeds—Terrible Losses at the Isle of Man—Loss of Three
+          Life-boats—Reorganisation of the Society—Immense Competition for a
+          Prize—Beeching’s</span> <span class="tei tei-q" style=
+          "text-align: center"><span style=
+          "font-size: 90%">“</span><span style=
+          "font-size: 90%">Self-righting</span><span style=
+          "font-size: 90%">”</span></span> <span style=
+          "font-size: 90%">Boats—Buoyancy and Ballast—Dangers of the
+          Service—A Year’s Wrecks.</span></p>
+        </div>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">The history of the
+        life-boat is one that concerns every Englishman. In this isle of the
+        sea, our own beloved Britain, our sympathies are constantly excited
+        on behalf of those who suffer from shipwreck. It would not be too
+        much to say that one-half the population of the United Kingdom have
+        some direct interest in this matter. Let us not be misunderstood.
+        Pecuniary interests in shipping are held here more largely than in
+        any other country, but <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page210">[pg
+        210]</span><a name="Pg210" id="Pg210" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>we
+        are not all shipowners or merchants. But how many of us have some
+        brother or friend a seafarer! Of the writer’s own direct relatives
+        six have travelled and voyaged to very far distant lands, and the
+        friends of whom the same might be said would aggregate several score.
+        This is no uncommon case.</p>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">The origin of the
+        life-boat, as now understood, is of very modern date. Those who would
+        study the matter in its entirety cannot do better than consult the
+        work<a id="noteref_71" name="noteref_71" href="#note_71"><span class=
+        "tei tei-noteref"><span style=
+        "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">71</span></span></a> from
+        which the larger part of the material incorporated in the present
+        chapter is derived. One of the very earliest inventors of a life-boat
+        was Mr. Lionel Lukin, a coach-builder of Long Acre, who turned his
+        attention to the subject in 1784, from purely benevolent motives. The
+        then Prince of Wales (afterwards George IV.), who knew Lukin
+        personally, not only encouraged him to test his inventions, but
+        offered to pay the expenses. Lukin purchased a Norway yawl, to the
+        outer frame of which he added a projecting gunwale of cork, tapering
+        from nine inches amidships to very little at the bows and stern.
+        Hollow water-tight enclosures gave it great buoyancy, while ballast
+        sufficient for stability was afforded by a heavy false keel of iron.
+        On this principle several boats were constructed, and found to be, as
+        the inventor describes them, <span class=
+        "tei tei-q">“unimmergible.”</span> The Rev. Dr. Shairp, of
+        Bamborough, hearing of the invention, and having charge of a charity
+        for saving life at sea, sent a boat to Lukin to be made <span class=
+        "tei tei-q">“unimmergible.”</span> This was done, and satisfactory
+        accounts were afterwards received of the altered boat, which was
+        reported to have saved several lives in the first year of its use.
+        The Admiralty and Trinity House would have nothing to do with it, in
+        spite of the Prince of Wales’ interest in the matter. It has been
+        said that a committee is a body without a conscience; it was true in
+        those good old days. Lukin retired from business in 1824, and went to
+        live at Hythe in Kent, where, ten years after, he died; the
+        inscription on his tomb in Hythe churchyard says that he was the
+        first to build a life-boat.</p>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Notwithstanding
+        Lukin’s increasing efforts to bring his life-boats into general use,
+        hardly any progress had been <a name="corr210" id="corr210" class=
+        "tei tei-anchor"></a><span class="tei tei-corr">made</span> in their
+        general adoption till 1789, when the <span class=
+        "tei tei-name"><span style=
+        "font-style: italic">Adventure</span></span>, of Newcastle, was
+        wrecked at the mouth of the Tyne. While this vessel lay stranded on a
+        dangerous sand at the entrance of the river, in the midst of
+        tremendous breakers, her crew <span class="tei tei-q">“dropped off
+        one by one from the rigging,”</span> only three hundred yards from
+        the shore, and in the presence of thousands of spectators. This
+        horrible disaster led to good results, for a committee was
+        immediately appointed at a meeting of the inhabitants of South
+        Shields, and premiums offered for the best model of a life-boat
+        <span class="tei tei-q">“calculated to brave the dangers of the sea,
+        particularly of broken water.”</span> From many plans submitted two
+        were selected, those of Mr. William Wouldhave and Mr. Henry
+        Greathead. The idea of the first is said to have been suggested by
+        the following circumstance. Wouldhave had been asked to assist a
+        woman in putting a <span class="tei tei-q">“<a name="corr210a" id=
+        "corr210a" class="tei tei-anchor"></a><span class=
+        "tei tei-corr">skeel</span>”</span> of water on her head, when he
+        noticed that she had a piece of a broken wooden dish lying in the
+        water, which floated with the points upwards, and turning it over
+        several times, he found that it always righted itself. Greathead’s
+        model had a curved instead of a straight keel, and he, as the only
+        practical boatbuilder who had competed, was awarded the premium, some
+        of Wouldhave’s ideas in regard to the use of cork being incorporated.
+        This first boat, thirty feet in length, had a cork lining twelve
+        inches thick, reaching <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page211">[pg
+        211]</span><a name="Pg211" id="Pg211" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>from
+        the deck to the thwarts, and a cork fender outside sixteen inches
+        deep, four inches wide, and twenty-one feet long, nearly 7 cwts. of
+        cork being fitted to the boat altogether. Greathead’s curved keel
+        was, however, the main point, and he is regarded as the inventor of
+        the first practicable life-boat. From 1791 to 1797 his first boat was
+        the means of saving the whole or larger part of the crews of five
+        ships. Notwithstanding all this, no other life-boat was built till
+        1798, when the then Duke of Northumberland ordered one to be built at
+        his own expense, which in two years saved the crews of three vessels.
+        Others were soon after constructed, and before the end of 1803
+        Greathead built no less than thirty-one, eight of which were for
+        foreign countries. In the beginning of 1802, when two hundred lives
+        had been saved at the entrance of the Tyne alone, Greathead applied
+        to Parliament for a national reward. Possibly it is more remarkable
+        that he obtained it. £1,200 was voted to him, to which the Trinity
+        House, Lloyd’s, and the Society of Arts added substantial presents.
+        The Emperor of Russia sent a diamond ring to the inventor.</p>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">After this, one
+        might have reasonably thought that life-boats had become a recognised
+        institution and a national necessity. Not so. For years afterwards
+        there was hardly an advance made, and there was no organised society
+        to work them. The Government was apathetic. In 1810, one of
+        Greathead’s life-boats, carried overland to Hartley on the coast of
+        Northumberland, rescued the crews of several fishing-boats. On
+        returning toward the shore, the boat got too near a fatal rock-reef,
+        and was split in halves; thirty-four poor fellows—a moment before the
+        savers and the saved—were drowned. The authority before cited says
+        that even now several of Greathead’s boats—exclusively rowing
+        boats—are to be found on the coast; the oldest one is that in the
+        possession of the boatmen at Redcar, it having been built in 1802. On
+        seeing this fine old life-boat, which had saved some scores of lives,
+        Viscount Stratford de Redcliffe composed some years ago the following
+        verses, which were set to music:—</p>
+
+        <div class="tei tei-lg" style=
+        "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-left: 2.00em; margin-top: 1.00em">
+          <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">
+            <span class="tei tei-q" style="text-align: left">“The Life-boat!
+            Oh, the Life-boat!</span>
+          </div>
+
+          <div class="tei tei-l" style=
+          "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">
+            We all have known so long,
+          </div>
+
+          <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">
+            A refuge for the feeble,
+          </div>
+
+          <div class="tei tei-l" style=
+          "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">
+            The glory of the strong.
+          </div>
+
+          <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">
+            Twice thirty years have vanished,
+          </div>
+
+          <div class="tei tei-l" style=
+          "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">
+            Since first upon the wave
+          </div>
+
+          <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">
+            She housed the drowning mariner,
+          </div>
+
+          <div class="tei tei-l" style=
+          "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">
+            And snatched him from the grave.
+          </div>
+
+          <div class="tei tei-l" style=
+          "text-align: left; margin-left: 4.00em">
+            *&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;*&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;*&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;*
+          </div>
+
+          <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">
+            The voices of the rescued,
+          </div>
+
+          <div class="tei tei-l" style=
+          "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">
+            Their numbers may be read,
+          </div>
+
+          <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">
+            The tears of speechless feeling
+          </div>
+
+          <div class="tei tei-l" style=
+          "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">
+            Our wives and children shed;
+          </div>
+
+          <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">
+            The memories of mercy
+          </div>
+
+          <div class="tei tei-l" style=
+          "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">
+            In man’s extremest need,
+          </div>
+
+          <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">
+            All for the dear old Life-boat
+          </div>
+
+          <div class="tei tei-l" style=
+          "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">
+            <span class="tei tei-q" style="text-align: left">Uniting seem to
+            plead.”</span>
+          </div>
+        </div>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">As already stated,
+        the important movement for saving life from shipwreck languished for
+        some time. To Sir William Hillary and Thomas Wilson, then one of the
+        Members of Parliament for London, is due the organisation of that
+        most excellent society which has done more in the cause of humanity
+        than, perhaps, any other whatever, and has done it on means which
+        even <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page212">[pg 212]</span><a name=
+        "Pg212" id="Pg212" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>to-day are too limited.
+        Sir William Hillary was not a talker or subscriber merely, but had
+        been personally active in saving life. When a Government cutter, the
+        <span class="tei tei-name"><span style=
+        "font-style: italic">Vigilant</span></span>, was wrecked in Douglas
+        Bay, Isle of Man, where he was then residing, he was one of the
+        foremost in rescuing a part of the crew. Listen to our authority:
+        <span class="tei tei-q">“Between the years 1821 and 1846, no fewer
+        than 144 wrecks had taken place on the island, and 172 lives were
+        lost; while the destruction of property was estimated at a quarter of
+        a million. In 1825, when the <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style=
+        "font-style: italic">City of Glasgow</span></span> steamer was
+        stranded in Douglas Bay, Sir William Hillary assisted in saving the
+        lives of sixty-two persons; and in the same year eleven men from the
+        brig Leopard, and nine from the sloop <span class=
+        "tei tei-name"><span style="font-style: italic">Fancy</span></span>,
+        which became a total wreck. In 1827-32, Sir William, accompanied by
+        his son, saved many other lives; but his greatest success was on the
+        20th of November, 1830, when he saved in the life-boat twenty-two
+        men, the whole of the crew of the mail steamer <span class=
+        "tei tei-name"><span style="font-style: italic">St.
+        George</span></span>, which became a total wreck on St. Mary’s Rock.
+        On this occasion he was washed overboard among the wreck, with other
+        three persons, and was saved with great difficulty, having had six of
+        his ribs fractured.”</span> No wonder that a genuine hero of this
+        character should have succeeded in obtaining the assistance and
+        encouragement of His Majesty King George IV., and any number of royal
+        highnesses, archbishops, bishops, noblemen, and other distinguished
+        people,<a id="noteref_72" name="noteref_72" href=
+        "#note_72"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style=
+        "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">72</span></span></a> when the
+        formation of a <span class="tei tei-q">“Royal National Institution
+        for the Preservation of Life from Shipwreck”</span> was mooted. The
+        Society was immediately organised, and the receipts for the first
+        year of its existence were £9,800 odd. The Committee, in their first
+        report, were able to state that they had built and stationed twelve
+        life-boats, while, doubtless, from their good example, thirty-nine
+        life-boats had been stationed on our shores by benevolent individuals
+        and associations not connected with the Institution. In its early
+        days, the Society assisted local bodies to place life-boats on the
+        coast, such being independent of its control. The good work done by
+        the Association in its early days is indicated in the following
+        statement. In the second annual report the Committee showed that up
+        to that period the Society had contributed to the saving of 342 lives
+        from shipwreck, either by its own life-saving apparatus or by other
+        means, for which it had granted rewards. And its total revenue for
+        the second year was only £3,392 7s. 5d.!<a id="noteref_73" name=
+        "noteref_73" href="#note_73"><span class=
+        "tei tei-noteref"><span style=
+        "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">73</span></span></a> For
+        fifteen years afterwards the annual receipts were still
+        smaller.</p><a name="illo_242.png" id="illo_242.png" class=
+        "tei tei-anchor"></a>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"></p>
+
+        <div class="tei tei-figure" style="text-align: center">
+          <img src="images/illo_242.png" alt=
+          "LIFE-BOAT SAVING THE CREW OF THE “ST. GEORGE.”" title=
+          "LIFE-BOAT SAVING THE CREW OF THE “ST. GEORGE.”" />
+
+          <div class="tei tei-head" style=
+          "text-align: center; margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em">
+            LIFE-BOAT SAVING THE CREW OF THE <span class="tei tei-q" style=
+            "text-align: center">“ST. GEORGE.”</span>
+          </div>
+        </div>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Between 1841 and
+        1850 the Institution lost three life-boats, and this was the smallest
+        part of the loss. In October, 1841, one of the boats at Blyth,
+        Northumberland, while being pulled against a strong wind, was struck
+        by a heavy sea, causing her to run stern under, and to half fill with
+        water. A second sea struck her, and she capsized. Ten men were
+        drowned. The second case occurred at Robin Hood’s Bay, on the coast
+        of Yorkshire, in February, 1843. The life-boat went off to the
+        assistance of a stranded vessel, the <span class=
+        "tei tei-name"><span style="font-style: italic">Ann</span></span>, of
+        London, during a fresh northerly gale. The life-boat had got
+        alongside the wreck, and was taking the crew off, when, as far as can
+        be understood, several men jumped into her at the moment when a great
+        wave struck her, and she capsized. Many of the crew got on her
+        bottom, while three remained underneath her, and in this state she
+        drifted towards the shore on the opposite side of the bay. On seeing
+        the accident from the shore, five gallant fellows launched a boat and
+        tried to pull off to the rescue, but had hardly encountered two seas,
+        when she was turned <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style=
+        "font-style: italic">end over end</span></span>, two of <span class=
+        "tei tei-pb" id="page213">[pg 213]</span><a name="Pg213" id="Pg213"
+        class="tei tei-anchor"></a>her crew being drowned. An officer of the
+        Coastguard service and eleven men lost their lives on this occasion;
+        a few were saved, coming to shore safely on the bottom of the
+        life-boat, and even under it, in its reversed condition.</p><a name=
+        "illo_245.jpg" id="illo_245.jpg" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"></p>
+
+        <div class="tei tei-figure" style="text-align: center">
+          <img src="images/illo_245.jpg" alt=
+          "LOSS OF A LIFE-BOAT AT THE SHIPWRECK OF THE “ANN.”" title=
+          "LOSS OF A LIFE-BOAT AT THE SHIPWRECK OF THE “ANN.”" />
+
+          <div class="tei tei-head" style=
+          "text-align: center; margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em">
+            LOSS OF A LIFE-BOAT AT THE SHIPWRECK OF THE <span class=
+            "tei tei-q" style="text-align: center">“ANN.”</span>
+          </div>
+        </div>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">A still worse
+        accident occurred, in December, 1849, to the South Shields life-boat,
+        which had gone out with twenty-four experienced pilots to the aid of
+        the <span class="tei tei-name"><span style=
+        "font-style: italic">Betsy</span></span> of Littlehampton, stranded
+        on the Herd Sand. She had reached the wreck, and was lying alongside,
+        though badly secured. The shipwrecked men were about to descend into
+        the boat, when a heavy sea, recoiling from the bows of the vessel,
+        lifted her on end, and a second sea completed the work of destruction
+        by throwing her completely over. She ultimately drifted ashore.
+        Twenty out of twenty-four on board were drowned. On seeing the
+        accident, two other life-boats immediately dashed off, and saved four
+        of the pilots and the crew of the <span class=
+        "tei tei-name"><span style=
+        "font-style: italic">Betsy</span></span>.</p>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">The year 1850
+        marked an epoch in the history of life-boats, for then the
+        Institution was thoroughly re-organised. It was arranged that the
+        boats should be periodically inspected by qualified officers, and
+        that a fixed scale of payment, both for actual service or quarterly
+        exercise, should be made to the coxswains and crews.<a id=
+        "noteref_74" name="noteref_74" href="#note_74"><span class=
+        "tei tei-noteref"><span style=
+        "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">74</span></span></a> His
+        Grace the late Duke of Northumberland offered a prize of one hundred
+        guineas for the best model of a life-boat, and a like sum towards
+        constructing a boat on that model. No less than 280 plans and models
+        were sent in, not merely from all parts of the United Kingdom, but
+        from France, Holland, Germany, and the United States. After some six
+        months’ detailed examination on the part of the committee, Mr. James
+        Beeching, of Great Yarmouth, was awarded the prize. That gentleman
+        constructed several boats shortly afterwards, embodying most or
+        <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page214">[pg 214]</span><a name="Pg214"
+        id="Pg214" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>all of the leading
+        improvements, and was the first to build a <span class=
+        "tei tei-q">“self-righting”</span> life-boat. All of the
+        Institution’s modern boats are on this principle.</p>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class=
+        "tei tei-q">“The chief peculiarity of a life-boat,”</span> says our
+        authority, <span class="tei tei-q">“which distinguishes it from all
+        ordinary boats, is its being rendered unsubmergible, by attaching to
+        it, chiefly within boards, water-tight air-cases, or fixed
+        water-tight compartments under a deck.... Especially it is essential
+        that the spare space along the sides of a life-boat, within boards,
+        should be entirely occupied by buoyant cases or compartments; as when
+        such is the case, on her shipping a sea, the water, until got rid
+        off, is confined to the midships part of the boat, where, to a great
+        extent, it serves as ballast, instead of falling over to the
+        lee-side, and destroying her equilibrium, as is the case in an
+        ordinary open boat.”</span> The Institution’s self-righting boats are
+        ballasted with <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style=
+        "font-style: italic">heavy</span></span> iron keels (up to 21 cwts.),
+        and <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style=
+        "font-style: italic">light</span></span> air-tight cases, cork,
+        &amp;c. The advantage of employing a ballast of less specific gravity
+        than water is, that in the event of the boat being stove in, the
+        buoyancy of the material itself then comes into play.</p>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class=
+        "tei tei-q">“Self-righting”</span> is, of course, a most important
+        principle in life-boats, and out of some 250 boats of the Institution
+        there are scarcely more than twenty which do not possess it. Up to
+        twenty years or so ago it was derided by many otherwise practical
+        men. Yet as early as 1792 we find the Rev. James Bremner, of Walls,
+        Orkney, proposing to make all ordinary boats capable of righting
+        themselves in the water by placing two water-tight casks, parallel to
+        each other, in the head and stern sheets, and by affixing a heavy
+        iron keel. The self-righting power of to-day is obtained by the
+        following means. The boat is built with considerably higher gunwales
+        at the bows and stern than in the centre, while four to six feet of
+        the space at either end are water-tight air-chambers. A heavy iron
+        keel is attached, and a nearly equal weight of light air-cases, and
+        cork ballast cases are stowed betwixt the boat’s floor and the deck.
+        <span class="tei tei-q">“No other measures are necessary to be taken
+        in order to effect the self-righting power. When the boat is forcibly
+        placed in the water with her keel upwards, she is floated unsteadily
+        on the two air chambers at bow and stern, while the heavy iron keel
+        and other ballast then being carried above the centre of gravity, an
+        unstable equilibrium is at once effected, in which dilemma the boat
+        cannot remain, the raised weight falls on one side or the other of
+        the centre of gravity, and drags the boat round to her ordinary
+        position, when the water shipped during the evolution quickly escapes
+        through the relieving tubes, and she is again ready for any service
+        that may be required of her.”</span></p>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Nearly all
+        life-boat stations are provided with a transporting carriage, built
+        especially for the particular boat. The use of this, in many cases,
+        is to convey the boat by land to the point nearest the wreck. On some
+        coasts the distance may be several miles. In addition to this, a
+        boat-carriage is of immense service in launching a boat from a beach
+        without her keel touching the ground; so much so, indeed, that one
+        can be readily launched from a carriage through a high surf, when
+        without one she could not be got off the beach. The carriage is often
+        backed sufficiently far into the water to enable the boat to float
+        when she is run off.</p><a name="illo_246.png" id="illo_246.png"
+        class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"></p>
+
+        <div class="tei tei-figure" style="text-align: center">
+          <img src="images/illo_246.png" alt=
+          "A LIFE-BOAT AND CARRIAGE—LATEST FORM" title=
+          "A LIFE-BOAT AND CARRIAGE—LATEST FORM." />
+
+          <div class="tei tei-head" style=
+          "text-align: center; margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em">
+            A LIFE-BOAT AND CARRIAGE—LATEST FORM.
+          </div>
+        </div>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">The foregoing will
+        give a sufficient idea of the boat itself, and now to its work.
+        Courage and ability are required to put it into action, and the
+        dangers to which the crew of a life-boat are exposed entitle those
+        who encounter them to the greatest honour. <span class=
+        "tei tei-q">“It is impossible <span class="tei tei-pb" id=
+        "page215">[pg 215]</span><a name="Pg215" id="Pg215" class=
+        "tei tei-anchor"></a>to exaggerate the awful circumstances attending
+        a shipwreck. Let us picture the time, when, after a peaceful sunset
+        and the toils of the day are over, the hero of the life-boat has
+        retired to rest, and the silence of the night is unbroken except by
+        the murmur of the winds and the noise of the sea breaking on the
+        shore. With the approach of the storm, however, the winds and waves
+        rise in fury upon the deep, and with their mingled vengeance lash the
+        cliffs and the beach. A signal of distress arouses the coxswain and
+        his men; crowds rush in curiosity to the cliffs, or line the shore,
+        heedless of the driving rain or the blinding sleet. Barrels of tar
+        are lighted on the coast, and the signal gun and the fiery rocket
+        make a fresh appeal to the brave. The boat-house is unlocked, and the
+        life-boat with her crew is dragged hurriedly to the shore. The storm
+        rages wildly, and the mountains of surf and sea appal the stoutest
+        heart. The gallant men look dubiously at the work before them, and
+        fathers and mothers and wives and children implore them to desist
+        from a hopeless enterprise. The voice of the coxswain, however,
+        prevails. The life-boat is launched among the breakers, cutting
+        bravely through the foaming mass—now buried under the swelling
+        billows, or rising on their summit—now dashed against the hapless
+        wreck still instinct with life—now driven from it by a mountain
+        wave—now embarking its living freight, and carrying them, through
+        storm and danger and darkness, to a blessed shore. Would that this
+        was the invariable issue of a life-boat service! The boat that
+        adventures to a wreck meets with disaster itself occasionally; and in
+        the war of the elements some of its gallant crew have sometimes been
+        the first of its victims.”</span> And when we consider that the
+        number of wrecks on the coasts of the United Kingdom alone, averaged
+        1,446 per annum for the twenty years between 1852 and 1871, we can
+        form an idea of the importance of life-boat work on these shores. In
+        the succeeding chapter some special instances of perilous and
+        successful rescues will be presented.</p>
+      </div>
+
+      <div class="tei tei-div" style=
+      "margin-bottom: 5.00em; margin-top: 5.00em">
+        <a name="chap16" id="chap16" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> <a name=
+        "toc35" id="toc35"></a> <a name="pdf36" id="pdf36"></a>
+
+        <h2 class="tei tei-head" style=
+        "text-align: center; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em">
+        <span style="font-size: 144%">CHAPTER XVI.</span></h2>
+
+        <h2 class="tei tei-head" style=
+        "text-align: center; margin-bottom: 2.40em; margin-top: 2.40em">
+        <span class="tei tei-q" style="text-align: center"><span style=
+        "font-size: 120%">“</span><span class="tei tei-hi" style=
+        "text-align: center"><span style=
+        "font-size: 120%; font-variant: small-caps">Man the
+        Life-boat!</span></span><span style="font-size: 120%">”</span></span>
+        <span style="font-size: 120%">(</span><span class="tei tei-hi" style=
+        "text-align: center"><span style=
+        "font-size: 120%; font-style: italic">continued</span></span><span style="font-size: 120%">).</span></h2>
+
+        <div class="tei tei-argument" style=
+        "text-align: center; margin-bottom: 1.80em; margin-left: 3.60em; margin-top: 1.80em; margin-right: 3.60em">
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style=
+        "text-align: center; margin-bottom: 0.90em"><span style=
+        "font-size: 90%">A</span> <span class="tei tei-q" style=
+        "text-align: center"><span style=
+          "font-size: 90%">“</span><span style="font-size: 90%">Dirty</span><span style="font-size: 90%">”</span></span>
+          <span style="font-size: 90%">Night on the Sands—Wreck of the</span>
+          <span class="tei tei-name" style="text-align: center"><span style=
+          "font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Samaritano</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%">—The
+          Vessel boarded by Margate and Whitstable Men—A Gale in its Fury—The
+          Vessel breaking up—Nineteen Men in the Fore-rigging—Two Margate
+          Life-boats Wrecked—Fate of a Lugger—The Scene at
+          Ramsgate—</span><span class="tei tei-q" style=
+          "text-align: center"><span style=
+          "font-size: 90%">“</span><span style="font-size: 90%">Man the
+          Life-boat!</span><span style=
+          "font-size: 90%">”</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%">—The
+          good Steamer</span> <span class="tei tei-name" style=
+          "text-align: center"><span style=
+          "font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Aid</span></span><span style=
+          "font-size: 90%">—The Life-boat Towed out—A Terrible Trip—A Grand
+          Struggle with the Elements—The Flag of Distress made out—How to
+          reach it—The Life-boat cast off—On through the Breakers—The Wreck
+          reached at last—Difficulties of Rescuing the Men—The poor little
+          Cabin Boy—The Life-boat Crowded—A Moment of great Peril—The Steamer
+          reached at last—Back to Ramsgate—The Reward of Merit—Loss of a
+          Passenger Steamer—The Three Lost Corpses—The Emigrant Ship on the
+          Sands—A Splendid Night’s Work.</span></p>
+        </div>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">The waves are
+        tearing over the fatal Goodwin Sands, but the life-boats of Ramsgate,
+        Margate, Deal, and Kingsdown are ready for their work. At Ramsgate,
+        in particular, the life-boat is ready at her moorings in the harbour,
+        while a powerful steam-tug—the <span class=
+        "tei tei-name"><span style="font-style: italic">Aid</span></span>,
+        whose interesting history would form many a chapter—is lying with
+        steam partially up, prepared to tow out the boat as near the Goodwin
+        Sands as may be with <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page217">[pg
+        217]</span><a name="Pg217" id="Pg217" class=
+        "tei tei-anchor"></a>safety. The <span class="tei tei-q">“storm
+        warriors,”</span> as the Rev. Mr. Gilmore calls them with so much
+        appropriateness, in his fascinating and powerfully-written
+        work,<a id="noteref_75" name="noteref_75" href=
+        "#note_75"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style=
+        "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">75</span></span></a>
+        <span class="tei tei-q">“are on the watch, hour after hour, through
+        the stormy night walking the pier, and giving keen glances to where
+        the Goodwin Sands are white with the churning, seething waves that
+        leap high, and plunge and foam amid the treacherous shoals and banks.
+        Look! a flash is seen; listen, in a few seconds, yes, there is the
+        throb and boom of a distant gun, a rocket cleaves the darkness; and
+        now the cry—<span class="tei tei-q">‘Man the life-boat! Man the
+        life-boat! Seaward ho! Seaward ho!’</span> Storm warriors to the
+        <a name="corr217" id="corr217" class=
+        "tei tei-anchor"></a><span class="tei tei-corr">rescue!</span>”</span></p>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">One Sunday night
+        in the month of February, a few years ago, the weather was what
+        sailors call <span class="tei tei-q">“dirty,”</span> and accompanied
+        by sudden gusts of wind and snow-squalls. Before the light broke on
+        Monday morning, the Margate lugger, <span class=
+        "tei tei-name"><span style=
+        "font-style: italic">Eclipse</span></span>, put out to sea to cruise
+        round the shoals and sands in the neighbourhood of Margate, on the
+        look-out for the victims of any disasters that might have occurred
+        during the night, and the crew soon discovered that a vessel was
+        ashore on the Margate sands. She proved to be the Spanish brig
+        <span class="tei tei-name"><span style=
+        "font-style: italic">Samaritano</span></span>, bound from Antwerp to
+        Santander, and laden with a valuable <span class="tei tei-pb" id=
+        "page218">[pg 218]</span><a name="Pg218" id="Pg218" class=
+        "tei tei-anchor"></a>cargo; she had a crew of eleven men under the
+        command of the captain, Modesto Crispo. Hoping to save the vessel,
+        the lugger, as she was running for the brig, spoke a Whitstable
+        fishing-smack, and borrowed two of her men and her boat. They boarded
+        the brig as the tide went down, and hoped to be able to get her off
+        the sands at the next high water. For this purpose, six Margate
+        boatmen and the two Whitstable men were left on board.</p>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">With the rising
+        tide the gale came on again with renewed fury, and it soon became a
+        question not of saving the vessel, but of saving their own lives. The
+        sea dashed furiously over the wreck, lifting her, and then letting
+        her fall with terrific violence on the sands. Her timbers quivered
+        and shook, and a hole was quickly knocked in her side. She filled
+        with water, and settled on one side. <span class="tei tei-q">“The
+        waves began now to break with great force over the deck; the lugger’s
+        boat was speedily knocked to pieces and swept overboard; the hatches
+        were forced up; and some of the cargo which floated on the deck was
+        at once washed away. The brig began to roll and labour fearfully, as
+        wave after wave broke against her, with a force that shook her from
+        stem to stern, and threatened to throw her bodily upon her broadside;
+        the men, fearing this, cut the weather rigging of the mainmast, and
+        the mast soon broke off short with a great crash, and went over the
+        side.”</span> All hands now had to take to the fore-rigging; nineteen
+        souls with nothing between them and death but the few shrouds of a
+        shaking mast! The waves threw up columns of foam, and the spray froze
+        upon them as it fell. The Margate and Whitstable men were caught in a
+        trap, for neither lugger nor smack would have lived five minutes in
+        the sea that surrounded the vessel. Would the life-boat come?</p>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">As soon as the
+        news of the wreck reached Margate, the smaller of the two life-boats
+        was manned and launched. By an oversight in the hurry of preparation,
+        the valves of the air-tight boxes had been left open, and she was
+        fast filling. Although she succeeded in getting within a quarter of a
+        mile of the brig, she had to be speedily turned towards shore, or she
+        would have been wrecked herself. After battling for four hours with
+        the sea and gale, she was run ashore in Westgate Bay. There the
+        coastguardmen did their best for them. Meantime, when it was learned
+        in Margate that the first boat was disabled, the larger one was
+        launched. Away they started, the brave crew doing all they could to
+        battle with the gale, but all in vain; their tiller gave way, and
+        they had to give up the attempt. They were driven ashore about one
+        mile from the town. Next, two luggers attempted to get out to the
+        wreck. The fate of the first was soon settled: a fearful squall of
+        wind struck her before she had got many hundred yards clear of the
+        pier, and swept her foremast clean out of her. The second lugger was
+        a little more fortunate; she beat out to the Sands, but only to find
+        the surf so heavy, that it was impossible to cross them, or to get
+        near the wreck. <span class="tei tei-q">“The Margate people became
+        full of despair; and many a bitter tear was shed for sympathy and for
+        personal loss as they watched the wreck, and thought of the poor
+        fellows perishing slowly before their eyes, apparently without any
+        possibility of being saved.”</span> And now let us change the scene
+        to Ramsgate.</p>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">About nine o’clock
+        the news came to Ramsgate that there was a brig ashore on the
+        Woolpack Sands, off Margate, but it was naturally concluded that the
+        life-boats of the <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page219">[pg
+        219]</span><a name="Pg219" id="Pg219" class=
+        "tei tei-anchor"></a>latter place would go to the rescue, and no one
+        supposed that the services of the Ramsgate boat would be required.
+        <span class="tei tei-q">“But shortly after twelve, a coastguard-man
+        from Margate hastened breathless to the pier and to the
+        harbour-master’s office, saying, in answer to eager inquiries, as he
+        hurried on, that the two Margate life-boats had been wrecked. The
+        order was, of course, at once given, <span class="tei tei-q">‘Man the
+        life-boat!’</span> and the boatmen rushed for it. First come, first
+        in; not a moment’s hesitation, not a thought of further clothing:
+        they will go in as they are, rather than not go at all. The news
+        rapidly spreads; each boatman as he heard it, hastily snatched up his
+        bag of waterproof overalls and south-wester cap, and rushed down to
+        the boat; and for some time, boatman after boatman was to be seen
+        racing down the pier, hoping to find a place still vacant; if the
+        race had been to save their lives, rather than to risk them, it would
+        hardly have been more hotly contested.</span></p>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class=
+        "tei tei-q">“Some of those who had won the race and were in the boat
+        were ill-prepared with clothing for the hardships they would have to
+        endure, for if they had not their waterproofs at hand, they did not
+        delay to get them, fearing that the crew might be made up before they
+        got to the boat. But these men were supplied by the generosity of
+        their disappointed friends, who had come down better prepared, but
+        too late for the enterprise; the famous cork jackets were thrown into
+        the boat and at once put on by the men.</span></p>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class=
+        "tei tei-q">“The powerful steam-tug, well-named the <span class=
+        "tei tei-name"><span style="font-style: italic">Aid</span></span>,
+        that belongs to the harbour, and has her steam up night and day ready
+        for any emergency that may arise, speedily got her steam to full
+        power, and with her brave and skilful master, Daniel Reading, in
+        command, took the boat in tow, and together they made their way out
+        of the harbour. James Hogben, who with Reading has been in many a
+        wild scene of danger, was coxswain, and steered and commanded the
+        life-boat.</span></p>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class=
+        "tei tei-q">“It was nearly low water at the time, but the force of
+        the gale was such as to send a good deal of spray dashing over the
+        pier; the snow fell in blinding squalls, and drifted and eddied in
+        every protected nook and corner. It was hard work for the excited
+        crowd of people who had assembled to see the life-boat start, to
+        battle their way through the drifts and against the wind, snow, and
+        foam, to the head of the pier; but there at last they gathered, and
+        many a one felt his heart fail as the steamer and boat cleared the
+        protection of the pier, and encountered the first rush of the wind
+        and sea outside. <span class="tei tei-q">‘She seemed to go out under
+        water,’</span> said one old fellow; <span class="tei tei-q">‘I would
+        not have gone out in her for the universe.’</span> And those who did
+        not know the heroism and determination that such scenes call forth in
+        the breasts of the boatmen, could not help wondering much at the
+        eagerness which had been displayed to get a place in the boat—and
+        this although the hardy fellows knew that the two Margate life-boats
+        had been wrecked in the attempt to get the short distance which
+        separated the wreck from Margate, while they would have to battle
+        their way through the gale for ten or twelve miles before they could
+        get even in sight of the vessel.”</span> And so the steamer with its
+        engines working full power plunged heavily along, the life-boat towed
+        astern with fifty fathoms (300 feet) of five-inch hawser out, an
+        enormously strong rope about the thickness of a man’s wrist. The
+        water flowed into and over the boat, and still, like any other good
+        life-boat, she floated, and rose in its buoyancy, almost defying the
+        great waves, while her crew were knee-deep in water.</p><span class=
+        "tei tei-pb" id="page220">[pg 220]</span><a name="Pg220" id="Pg220"
+        class="tei tei-anchor"></a><a name="illo_249.png" id="illo_249.png"
+        class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"></p>
+
+        <div class="tei tei-figure" style="text-align: center">
+          <img src="images/illo_249.png" alt="RAMSGATE—THE “AID” GOING OUT"
+          title="RAMSGATE—THE “AID” GOING OUT." />
+
+          <div class="tei tei-head" style=
+          "text-align: center; margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em">
+            RAMSGATE—THE <span class="tei tei-q" style=
+            "text-align: center">“AID”</span> GOING OUT.
+          </div>
+        </div>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">They, making their
+        way through the Cud channel, had passed between the black and white
+        buoys, so well-known to Ramsgate visitors, when a fearful sea came
+        heading towards them. It met and broke over the steamer, buried her
+        in foam and then passed on. The life-boat rose to it, and for a
+        moment hung with her bows high in air, then plunged bodily almost
+        under water. The men were nearly washed out of her, for at that
+        moment the tow rope broke, and the boat fell across the sea, which
+        swept in rapid succession over her. <span class="tei tei-q">“Oars
+        out! oars out!”</span> was the cry, but they could do nothing with
+        them. The steamer was, however, cleverly brought within a few yards
+        to windward of the boat, and a hauling line, to which was attached a
+        new hawser, was successfully passed to the boat, and they again
+        proceeded in the teeth of the blinding snow and sleet and spray which
+        swept over the boat, till the men looked, as one said at the time,
+        <span class="tei tei-q">“like a body of ice.”</span></p>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Still they
+        struggled on, till they reached the North Foreland, where the sea was
+        running mountains high, and although early in the afternoon, the air
+        was so darkened by the storm that the captain of the boat could not
+        see the steamer only a hundred yards ahead, and still less able were
+        the men on board the steamer to see the life-boat. Now they sighted
+        Margate, and could plainly see the two disabled life-boats ashore.
+        But where was the wreck? A providential break in the drift of snow
+        suddenly gave them a glimpse of it, and the master of the steamer
+        made out the flag of distress flying in the rigging of the fated
+        vessel. But she was on the other side of the sand, and to tow the
+        boat round would take a long time in the face of such a gale; while
+        for the boat to make across the sand seemed almost impossible. But
+        although it seemed a forlorn hope, it was resolved to force her
+        through the surf and sea under sail, and the hawser was cast off. Now
+        a new complication arose. The tide was found to be running so
+        furiously that they must be towed at least three miles to the
+        eastward <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page221">[pg
+        221]</span><a name="Pg221" id="Pg221" class=
+        "tei tei-anchor"></a>before they would be sufficiently far to
+        windward to make certain of fetching the wreck. The tow rope had to
+        be got on board again, and it was a bitter disappointment to all,
+        that an hour or more of their precious time must be consumed before
+        they could possibly get to the rescue of their endangered brother
+        seamen. The snow-squalls increased, and they lost sight of the wreck
+        again and again. <span class="tei tei-q">“The gale, which had been
+        increasing since the morning, came on heavier than ever, and roared
+        like thunder overhead, the sea was running so furiously and meeting
+        the life-boat with such tremendous force that the men had to cling on
+        their hardest not to be washed out of her, and at last the new tow
+        rope could no longer resist the increasing strain, and suddenly
+        parted with a tremendous jerk; there was no thought of picking up the
+        cable again—they could stand no further delay, and one and all of her
+        crew rejoiced to hear the captain of the life-boat give orders to set
+        sail.”</span></p><a name="illo_250.jpg" id="illo_250.jpg" class=
+        "tei tei-anchor"></a>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"></p>
+
+        <div class="tei tei-figure" style="text-align: center">
+          <img src="images/illo_250.jpg" alt="“CURLY” WEATHER" title=
+          "“CURLY” WEATHER." />
+
+          <div class="tei tei-head" style=
+          "text-align: center; margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em">
+            <span class="tei tei-q" style="text-align: center">“CURLY”</span>
+            WEATHER.
+          </div>
+        </div>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Straight for the
+        breakers they made in the increasing gloom; no faltering or
+        hesitation, brows knit, teeth clenched, hands ready, and hearts firm.
+        The boat, carrying the smallest amount of sail possible, was driven
+        on by the hurricane force of the wind, till she plunged through the
+        outer range of the breakers into the battling, seething, boiling sea,
+        that marked the treacherous shallows. <span class="tei tei-q">“When
+        they saw some huge breaker heading towards them like an advancing
+        wall, then the men threw themselves breast down on the thwart, curled
+        their legs under it, clasped it with all their force with both arms,
+        held their breath hard, and clung on for very life against the tear
+        and wrestle of the waves, while the rush of water poured over their
+        backs and heads, and buried them in its flood. Down, down, beneath
+        the weight of the water, the men and boat sank; but only for a
+        moment; the splendid boat rose in her buoyancy, and freed herself of
+        the seas, which for a moment had overcome her and buried her, and her
+        crew breathed again; and a struggling cry of triumph rises from them,
+        <span class="tei tei-q">‘Well done, old boat! well
+        done.’</span> ”</span></p>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">A sudden break in
+        the storm, and the wreck is revealed to them half a mile to leeward.
+        Her appearance made even these hardy men shudder. She had settled
+        down by the stern, her uplifted bow being the only part of the hull
+        that was to be seen, and the sea was making a clean breach over her.
+        <span class="tei tei-q">“The mainmast was gone, her foresail and
+        foretopsail were blown adrift, and great columns of foam were
+        mounting up, flying over her foremast and bow. They saw a Margate
+        lugger lying at anchor just clear of the Sands, and made close to
+        her. As they shot by they could just make out, amid the roar of the
+        storm, a loud hail, <span class="tei tei-q">‘Eight of our men on
+        board!’</span> and on they flew, and in a few minutes were in a sea
+        that would instantly have swamped the lugger, noble and powerful boat
+        though she was.</span></p>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class=
+        "tei tei-q">“Approaching the wreck, it was with terrible anxiety they
+        strained their sight, trying to discover if there were still any men
+        left in the tangled mass of rigging, over which the sea was breaking
+        so furiously. By degrees they made them out. <span class=
+        "tei tei-q">‘I see a man’s head. Look! one is waving his
+        arm.’</span>—<span class="tei tei-q">‘I make out two! three! why, the
+        rigging is full of the poor fellows;’</span> and with a cheer of
+        triumph, as being yet in time, the life-boat crew settled to their
+        work.”</span> Four hours they had been battling the elements, while
+        the shipwrecked crew had waited eight hours despairingly, within a
+        few miles of shore, shivering in the rigging. The sails were lowered,
+        and anchor cast overboard. <span class="tei tei-q">“No cheering! no
+        shouting in the boat now, no whisper beyond the necessary orders; the
+        risk and suspense are too terrible! Yard by yard the cable is
+        cautiously paid out, and the great rolling seas are allowed to carry
+        the <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page222">[pg 222]</span><a name=
+        "Pg222" id="Pg222" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>boat, little by little,
+        nearer to the vessel. The waves break over the boat, for the moment
+        bury it, and then as the sea rushes on, and breaks upon the wreck,
+        the spray, flying up, hides the men lashed to the rigging from the
+        boatmen’s sight. They hoist up a corner of the sail to let the boat
+        sheer in; all are ready; a huge wave lifts them. <span class=
+        "tei tei-q">‘Pay out the cable! sharp, men! sharp!’</span> the
+        coxswain shouts; <span class="tei tei-q">‘belay all!’</span> The
+        cable was let go a few yards by the run, and the boat is alongside
+        the wreck. With a cry, three men jump into the boat and are saved!
+        <span class="tei tei-q">‘All hands to the cable! haul in hand over
+        hand, for your lives, men, quick!’</span> the coxswain cries; for he
+        sees a tremendous wave rushing in swiftly upon them. They haul in the
+        cable, draw the boat a little from the wreck, the wave passes and
+        breaks over the vessel; if the life-boat had been alongside she would
+        have been dashed against the wreck, and perhaps capsized, or washed
+        over, and utterly destroyed. Again the men watch the waves, and as
+        they see a few smaller ones approaching, let the cable run again, and
+        get alongside; this time they are able to remain a little longer by
+        the vessel; and, one after another, thirteen of the shipwrecked men
+        unlash themselves from the rigging and jump into the boat, when again
+        they draw away from the vessel in all haste, and avoid threatened
+        destruction.”</span> At last three Spaniards are left in the rigging;
+        they seem nearly dead, and scarcely able to unlash themselves, and
+        crawl down the shrouds. The boat must be placed dangerously near the
+        vessel, and two of the life-boatmen must get on to the wreck and lift
+        the men on board. They do it quietly, coolly, determinedly. The last
+        one left is a poor little cabin-boy; he seems entangled in the
+        rigging, and yet he holds fast to a canvas bag of trinkets and things
+        he was taking as presents to the loved ones at home. <span class=
+        "tei tei-q">“God only knows,”</span> says Gilmore, <span class=
+        "tei tei-q">“whether the loved ones at home were thinking of and
+        praying for him, and whether it was in answer to their prayers and
+        those of many others that the life-boat then rode alongside that
+        wreck, an ark of safety amid the raging seas.</span></p>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class=
+        "tei tei-q">“They shout, the boy lingers still, his half-dead hands
+        cannot free the bag from the entangled rigging. A moment and all are
+        lost; a boatman makes a spring, seizes the lad with a strong grasp,
+        and tears him down the rigging into the boat—too late, too late; they
+        cannot get away from the vessel; a tremendous wave rushes on: hold
+        hard all, hold anchor! hold cable! give but a yard and all are lost.
+        The boat lifts, is washed into the fore-rigging, the sea passes, and
+        she settles down again upon an even keel. Thank God! If one stray
+        rope of all the torn and tangled rigging of the vessel had caught the
+        boat’s rigging, or one of her spars—if the boat’s keel or cork
+        fenders had caught in the shattered gunwale, she would have turned
+        over, and every man in her been shaken into the sea to speedy and
+        certain death. Thank God! it is not so, and once more they are
+        safe.”</span> Look at the boat now; thirteen of its own crew, eight
+        of the Margate and Whitstable men, the captain, mate, eight <a name=
+        "corr222" id="corr222" class="tei tei-anchor"></a><span class=
+        "tei tei-corr">seamen</span>, and the boy, thirty-two souls in all.
+        Will she be able to bring all this human freight safely to land?
+        Their dangers are not yet over; in fact, to the poor Spaniards, the
+        terrors of death have not yet passed away; for they know little of
+        the grand properties of a first-class English life-boat.</p>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Now come the
+        difficulties of clearing the wreck. The anchor holds, and there is no
+        thought of getting her up in such a gale and sea. The hatchet is
+        passed forward; there is a moment’s delay, a delay by which indeed
+        all their lives are saved. Already one strand out of <span class=
+        "tei tei-pb" id="page223">[pg 223]</span><a name="Pg223" id="Pg223"
+        class="tei tei-anchor"></a>the three of which the strong rope is
+        composed is severed, when a fearful gust of wind sweeps by, the boat
+        heels over almost on her side—a crash is heard, and the mast and sail
+        are blown clean out of the boat! she is carried straight for the
+        wreck; the cable is slack, they haul it in as fast as they can, but
+        on they are carried swiftly, as it would seem to certain destruction.
+        <span class="tei tei-q">“Let them hit the wreck full, and the next
+        wave must throw the boat bodily upon it, and all her crew will be
+        swept at once into the sea; let them but touch the wreck, and the
+        risk is fearful; on they are carried, the stem of the boat just
+        grazes the bow of the vessel, they must be capsized by the bowsprit
+        and entangled in the wreckage; some of the crew are ready for a
+        spring into the bowsprit to prolong their lives a few minutes, the
+        others are all steadily, eagerly, quietly, hauling in upon the cable
+        might and main, as the only chance of safety to the boat and crew;
+        one moment more and all are gone, one more haul upon the cable, a
+        fathom or so comes in by the run, and at that moment mercifully
+        taughtens and holds, all may yet be safe! another yard or two and the
+        boat would have been dashed to pieces.”</span> This danger over, they
+        have to think of the mast and sail dragging over the side of the
+        boat; it is with great difficulty that they get them on board, and
+        rig them up once more. At last they sail away from the Sands, the
+        breakers and the wreck.</p>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">And now for the
+        steamer, which at length they reach, passing on the way the lugger
+        <span class="tei tei-name"><span style=
+        "font-style: italic">Eclipse</span></span> and the Whitstable smack,
+        to the crews of which they were able to impart the good tidings. When
+        they reached the steamer the sea was raging, and the gale blowing as
+        much as ever, and it was no easy task to get the poor shipwrecked
+        fellows on board, as they were too exhausted to spring up her sides
+        as the opportunity occurred; and one poor fellow was literally hauled
+        on board with a rope. The return voyage was little less dangerous
+        than the voyage out, but at last the Ramsgate pier-head light shone
+        out with its bright welcome, and cheers broke out from the anxious
+        crowd, as it was known that nineteen men had been saved from a
+        terrible and certain death. The Spanish sailors were well cared for,
+        and their captain, in speaking of the rescue, was almost overcome by
+        his feelings of gratitude and wonder, for he had made up his mind for
+        death. He had a picture made of the rescue to take home with him to
+        show the Spanish authorities. It is gratifying to know that so much
+        bravery did not go unrewarded. The English Board of Control presented
+        each of the men with £2 and a medal, while the Spanish Government
+        gratefully acknowledged the heroic exertions put forth, by granting
+        each a medal and £3. And all the above is but one example of the work
+        of our <span class="tei tei-q">“Storm Warriors,”</span> whose
+        glorious mission is to save.</p>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">One stormy night
+        some years ago the <span class="tei tei-name"><span style=
+        "font-style: italic">Aid</span></span> and the life-boat started from
+        Ramsgate in answer to rockets fired from one of the Goodwin
+        light-vessels. They knew well what it meant, but on reaching the edge
+        of the Sands could not, after cruising about some distance, find any
+        traces of a vessel in distress. They waited till daylight, and then
+        were just able to distinguish the lower mast of a steamer standing
+        out of the water. They made towards it, but found no trace of life,
+        no signs of any floating wreck to which a human being could cling.
+        They were forced to the conclusion that almost immediately upon
+        striking, the vessel must have broken up and sunk in the quicksand.
+        Poor crew! poor passengers, maybe! a sharp, sudden death! Would that
+        the vessel could have held together a little longer!</p><span class=
+        "tei tei-pb" id="page224">[pg 224]</span><a name="Pg224" id="Pg224"
+        class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">They had not
+        proceeded much farther ahead in the hopes of assisting another vessel
+        ashore not far from Kingsgate, when the captain of the <span class=
+        "tei tei-name"><span style="font-style: italic">Aid</span></span> saw
+        a large life-buoy floating by. <span class="tei tei-q">“Ease
+        her!”</span> he cries, and the way of the steamer slackens;
+        <span class="tei tei-q">“God knows but what that life-buoy may be of
+        some use to us.”</span> The helmsman steers for it; a sailor makes a
+        hasty dart at it with a boat-hook, misses it, and starts back
+        appalled from a vision of staring eyes, and pale and agonised faces,
+        matted hair, and arms outstretched for help. The life-boat crew steer
+        for the buoy; the bowman grasps at it, but cannot lift it; his cry of
+        horror startles the whole crew. Some of them hasten to help him. To
+        that buoy three dead bodies were found lashed with ropes round their
+        waists. Slowly and reverently, one by one, the crew lifted them on
+        board, and laid them out under the sail. Those three pale corpses
+        were all that were ever found of the crew and passengers—to what
+        number is not known precisely to-day—of the steamer <span class=
+        "tei tei-name"><span style="font-style: italic">Violet</span></span>,
+        which had left Ostend late the previous evening. At two o’clock she
+        struck the Sands; a little after three there was no one left on board
+        to answer the signals of a steamboat that had come to their rescue,
+        and show their position; a little later and the <span class=
+        "tei tei-name"><span style="font-style: italic">Violet</span></span>
+        was lying a worthless wreck below the breakers and quicksands.</p>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Happily the
+        efforts of the life-boat and steamer’s men are almost invariably
+        crowned with success, where such is anything like possible. A grand
+        success was scored some years ago when the passengers and crew of a
+        large emigrant ship, and the crew of another vessel, one hundred and
+        twenty in all, were rescued and brought into Ramsgate as the result
+        of one long night’s work. The first ship, the <span class=
+        "tei tei-name"><span style=
+        "font-style: italic">Fusilier</span></span>, was found hard and fast
+        on the Sands, in a perfect boil of waters, and the life-boat alone
+        dare approach her, the <span class="tei tei-name"><span style=
+        "font-style: italic">Aid</span></span> being obliged to lay off at
+        some distance. The terrified passengers looked down upon the
+        life-boat from the high ship’s deck, which quivered with every thump
+        on the sands, wondering how many she could possibly save, and
+        despairingly crowding round the two life-boat’s men who had sprung to
+        the man-ropes when the boat had been lifted by a sea close to the
+        wreck. The lights from the ship’s lamps and the faint moonlight
+        revealed a trembling, pale, and horror-stricken crowd, nine-tenths of
+        whom had known nothing before of the terrors of the sea, and who
+        still despaired of ever seeing land again. But every one of them, and
+        the list included more than sixty women and children, were saved. The
+        women and children were taken off first, helped down by sailors slung
+        in bowlines over the vessel’s side, to the plunging, restless boat,
+        the dangers being greatly enhanced by the helplessness and frantic
+        terror of the poor creatures. Yet not even a baby was lost, although
+        many were thrown from the vessel to the outstretched arms of the
+        life-boat men. About thirty persons were conveyed at a time to the
+        steamer, where the difficulties of transference were nearly as great
+        as from the wreck, but at last all were safe on board. Then, as the
+        heavily-freighted steamer turned her head for Ramsgate, the emigrants
+        mentioned how, during the previous night, they had seen a large ship
+        drifting fast for the Sands, and how in the darkness they had lost
+        sight of her. A sharp look-out was therefore kept, and as they
+        proceeded down Prince’s Channel, and neared the lightship, their
+        search was rewarded. They noted the remnants of a wreck well over on
+        the north-east side of the Girdler Sands, and immediately put back
+        for the lifeboat, which had been left alongside the emigrant ship,
+        where the captain remained in the <span class="tei tei-pb" id=
+        "page225">[pg 225]</span><a name="Pg225" id="Pg225" class=
+        "tei tei-anchor"></a>faint hope of saving her eventually. Both put
+        back to the second wreck, the hull of which was almost torn to
+        pieces, the timbers started, rent, and twisted—a mere skeleton of a
+        ship. To the foremast—hardly held in position by a remnant of
+        shattered deck—clung sixteen of an exhausted crew, including a pilot
+        and a boy of eleven. But a rope was successfully thrown round the
+        fore-rigging, and slowly, one by one, the poor fellows dropped from
+        the mast to the boat. Then <span class="tei tei-q">“oars out,”</span>
+        lest a hole should be knocked through the boat’s bottom by some part
+        of the wreckage, and every rower strained his utmost to get clear of
+        her. This done, and the sail hoisted, the steamer was soon reached,
+        and a grand night’s work consummated. One can imagine the keen
+        interest of the emigrants watching from the steamer the rescue of men
+        from dangers similar to, but even greater than, those through which
+        they had themselves just passed, and the enthusiasm ashore, at an
+        almost unparalleled example of successful life-boat work.</p>
+      </div>
+
+      <div class="tei tei-div" style=
+      "margin-bottom: 5.00em; margin-top: 5.00em">
+        <a name="chap17" id="chap17" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> <a name=
+        "toc37" id="toc37"></a> <a name="pdf38" id="pdf38"></a>
+
+        <h2 class="tei tei-head" style=
+        "text-align: center; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em">
+        <span style="font-size: 144%">CHAPTER XVII.</span></h2>
+
+        <h2 class="tei tei-head" style=
+        "text-align: center; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em">
+        <span class="tei tei-q" style="text-align: center"><span style=
+        "font-size: 144%">“</span><span class="tei tei-hi" style=
+        "text-align: center"><span style=
+        "font-size: 144%; font-variant: small-caps">Man the
+        Life-boat!</span></span><span style="font-size: 144%">”</span></span>
+        <span style="font-size: 144%">(</span><span class="tei tei-hi" style=
+        "text-align: center"><span style=
+        "font-size: 144%; font-style: italic">continued</span></span><span style="font-size: 144%">).</span></h2>
+
+        <div class="tei tei-argument" style=
+        "text-align: center; margin-bottom: 1.80em; margin-left: 3.60em; margin-top: 1.80em; margin-right: 3.60em">
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style=
+        "text-align: center; margin-bottom: 0.90em"><span style=
+        "font-size: 90%">A Portuguese Brig on the Sands—Futile Attempts to
+        get her off—Sudden Break-up—Great Danger to the Life-boat—Great
+        Probability of being Crushed—An Old Boatman’s Feelings—The Life-boat
+        herself on the Goodwin—Safe at Last—Gratitude of the Portuguese
+        Crew—A Blaze of Light seen from Deal—Fatal Delay—Twenty-eight Lives
+        Lost—A Dark December Night—The almost-deserted Wreck of the</span>
+        <span class="tei tei-name" style="text-align: center"><span style=
+        "font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Providentia</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%">—A
+          Plucky Captain—An Awful Episode—The Mate beaten to Death—Hardly
+          saved—The poor little Cabin-boy’s Rescue—Another Wreck on the
+          Sands—Many Attempts to rescue the Crew—Determination of the
+          Boatmen—Victory or Death!—The</span> <span class="tei tei-name"
+          style="text-align: center"><span style=
+          "font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Aid</span></span> <span style=
+          "font-size: 90%">Steamer nearly wrecked—A novel and successful
+          Experiment—Anchoring on Board—The Crew Saved.</span></p>
+        </div>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">The emigrant ship
+        mentioned in the preceding chapter was eventually got off the Sands;
+        but although similar efforts are often made, they are by no means
+        usually attended by similar results. The danger of waiting by the
+        ship is very considerable. Gilmore gives us a good example of this in
+        his account of a Portuguese brig on the Sands, of which there were,
+        at first, strong hopes of saving. Her masts and rigging, as at first
+        seen by the Ramsgate men, were all right, and her clean new copper
+        was intact. <span class="tei tei-q">“A grand thing for all hands—for
+        owners, underwriters, crew, and boatmen—the men think, if they can
+        only get her safely off when the tide rises, and bring her into
+        harbour; a fine vessel and perhaps valuable cargo saved, and a pretty
+        piece of salvage, which will be well earned, and nobody should
+        grudge, for the boatmen have to live, as well as to save
+        life.”</span> The captain had at first refused to employ the services
+        offered by the crews of two Broadstairs luggers, but at last was glad
+        to avail himself of their assistance, coupled with that of the
+        life-boat men and the steam-tug <span class=
+        "tei tei-name"><span style="font-style: italic">Aid</span></span>.
+        The boatmen got an anchor out astern as quickly as possible, the
+        vessel being head on to the Sands, and used other means to assist the
+        steamer’s work. They hoped that the <span class=
+        "tei tei-name"><span style="font-style: italic">Aid</span></span>
+        would be able to back close enough to them, to get a rope on board
+        fastened to the flukes of the brig’s anchor, and to drag the anchor
+        out, and drop it about one hundred fathoms astern of the vessel. All
+        hands would then have gone to the windlass, keeping a strain upon
+        <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page226">[pg 226]</span><a name="Pg226"
+        id="Pg226" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>the cable, and, each time the
+        vessel lifted, heaved with a will—the steamer, with a hundred and
+        twenty fathoms of nine-inch cable out, towing hard all the time. By
+        these means they expected to be able gradually to work the vessel off
+        the Sands. But they soon lost hope of doing this. The gale freshened
+        about one o’clock in the morning; the heavy waves rolled in over the
+        sands, and she lifted and fell with shocks that made the masts
+        tremble and the decks gape open. The life-boat remained alongside,
+        afloat in the basin that the brig had worked in the sands, and it
+        took all the efforts of the men on board to prevent her getting under
+        the side of the vessel, and being crushed. The Portuguese captain
+        still refused to desert his vessel, while the boatmen, who knew the
+        danger, were almost ready to force the crew to leave the ship.</p>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Suddenly a loud
+        sharp crack, like a crash of thunder, pealed through the ship. One of
+        her large timbers had snapped like a pipe-stem, and now the
+        Portuguese sailors were only too anxious to leave. Even then,
+        however, they made a rush to get their things, and soon eight
+        sea-chests hampered the life-boat. The captain did not like to refuse
+        the poor fellows, although every moment was of consequence. The surf
+        flew over the brig, and boiled up all around her; the life-boat,
+        deluged with spray, had all her lights washed out. The snapping and
+        rending of the brig’s timbers was heard over the fury of the storm;
+        she was breaking up fast. The boy was handed to the boat, the sailors
+        following, and the brig was abandoned. But the danger was far from
+        over.</p>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">The steamer and
+        the luggers, exposed to the full fury of the increasing gale, were
+        outside, the former head to wind, steaming half-power. The steamer
+        endeavoured to keep in the neighbourhood of the wreck and of the
+        life-boat. One of the luggers had to cut her cable, without
+        attempting to save her anchor, and make with all speed for Ramsgate;
+        the second sprung her mast, which was fished with great difficulty,
+        and she too made the best of her way for the harbour. The crew of the
+        steamer could see nothing of the boat—Was she swamped or stove, and
+        all lost? They made signals, but to no purpose; and the <span class=
+        "tei tei-name"><span style="font-style: italic">Aid</span></span>
+        cruised up and down the edge of the dangerous sands as near as might
+        be, hoping against hope. The night was pitchy dark, and the storm
+        remained at its worst. Through the thick darkness the bright light of
+        the Goodwin light-vessel shone out like a star. With a faint hope,
+        the crew of the steamer wrestled their way through the storm, and
+        spoke the light-ship. Nothing had been seen of the life-boat. They
+        hastened to their old cruising-ground. How they longed for the light!
+        All hands were still on watch, and as the faint grey light of dawning
+        came, they sought with straining eyeballs to penetrate the twilight,
+        and find some sign of their lost comrades. It was almost broad
+        daylight before they could find the place where the wreck was lying,
+        and when they discovered it, lost all hope, for the brig was found
+        completely broken up, actually torn to pieces. They could see great
+        masses of splintered timber and tangled rigging, but not a sign of
+        life. Sadly they turned from the fatal Goodwin, and made for the
+        harbour.</p>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">To return to the
+        life-boat, afloat within the circle of the bed worked by the brig in
+        her wild careering. She could not by any possibility leave, though
+        the wreck threatened to roll over her every moment, for outside were
+        the shallow sands, and she was grounding every few moments.
+        <span class="tei tei-q">“Crash! the brig heaves, and crushes down
+        upon her bilge; again and <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page227">[pg
+        227]</span><a name="Pg227" id="Pg227" class=
+        "tei tei-anchor"></a>again,”</span> says the narrator, <span class=
+        "tei tei-q">“she half lifts upon an even keel, and rolls and lurches
+        from side to side; each time that she falls to leeward she comes more
+        and more over, and nearer to the boat.</span></p>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class=
+        "tei tei-q">“This is the danger that may well make the stoutest heart
+        quail. The boat is aground—helplessly aground; her crew can see
+        through the darkness of the night the yards and masts of the brig
+        swaying over their heads, now tossing high in the air as the brig
+        rights, and now falling nearer and nearer to them, sweeping down over
+        their heads, swaying and rending in the air, the blocks, and ropes,
+        and torn fragments of sails flying wildly in all directions. Let but
+        one of the swaying yards hit the boat, she must be crushed, and all
+        lost. The men crouch down closer and closer, clinging to the thwarts
+        as the brig falls to them, casting dread glances at the approaching
+        yards; all right once more; another pull at the cable—hard, men,
+        hard; over again comes the brig; stick to it, stick to it, my men;
+        crushed or drowned, it will be soon over if we cannot move the boat;
+        another pull, all together; again and again they make desperate
+        efforts to stir the boat, but she will not move one inch; they must
+        wait, and, if needs be, wait their doom.”</span> And so through hours
+        of fearful suspense, half dead with cold and the ceaseless rush of
+        surf over them, watching in the shadowy darkness the swaying masts
+        and flying blocks, expecting each moment to be their last.</p>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">But at length a
+        dawn of hope arrived; the boat lifted on the swell of the tide that
+        was beginning to reach her, and though she immediately grounded
+        again, the men knew that all was not lost. After desperate hauling on
+        the cable they at last were able to ride to their anchor a few yards
+        clear of the brig. But to get away from the sand in the face of the
+        fierce gale and tide was impossible, and so there was no alternative,
+        they must beat right across the sands, and this in the wild fearful
+        gale, and terrible sea, and pitch-dark night. Breaker after breaker
+        rushed furiously towards and over them; the men were nearly washed
+        out of the boat; and, worse, the anchor began to drag, and every
+        moment they drifted nearer to the wreck again. There might now be
+        water enough to take them clear; at all events, they must risk it.
+        The foresail was hoisted and the cable cut, and she leaped forward,
+        but only for a few yards, when she grounded upon the sands again with
+        a terrible shock, and again within reach of the brig. Huge breakers
+        came tearing along, and, at last, after many such experiences, they
+        were once more clear of the wreck. Then another danger arose. A small
+        life-boat belonging to the Broadstairs men had been in tow all this
+        time, and when the Ramsgate boat grounded she came crashing along
+        into her. The Ramsgate men had, in the midst of the boiling sea, to
+        fend her off with their feet, and at last cut her adrift. The
+        sea-chests of the Portuguese sailors—or at least those not already
+        washed away—were thrown overboard. Again and again she grounded on
+        the sand ridges washed up by the surf—ridges giant editions of the
+        little sand-ripples on the sea-shore so well remembered by all
+        visitors to our coasts, but two and three feet high, instead of as
+        many inches.</p>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class=
+        "tei tei-q">“One old boatman,”</span> says Gilmore, <span class=
+        "tei tei-q">“afterwards thus described his feelings:—<span class=
+        "tei tei-q">‘Well, sir, perhaps my friends were right when they said
+        I hadn’t ought to have gone out—that I was too old for that sort of
+        work’</span> (he was then about sixty years of age), <span class=
+        "tei tei-q">‘but, you see, when there is life to be saved, it makes
+        one feel young again; and I’ve <span class="tei tei-pb" id=
+        "page228">[pg 228]</span><a name="Pg228" id="Pg228" class=
+        "tei tei-anchor"></a>always felt I had a call to save life when I
+        could, and I wasn’t going to hang back then. And I stood it better
+        than some of them, after all. I did my work on board the brig, and
+        when she was so near falling over us, and when the <span class=
+        "tei tei-name"><span style=
+        "font-style: italic">Dreadnought</span></span> life-boat seemed
+        knocking our bottom out, I got on as well as any of them; but when we
+        got to beating and grubbing over the sands, swinging round and round,
+        and grounding every few yards with a jerk that bruised us sadly, and
+        almost tore our arms out from the sockets; no sooner washed off one
+        ridge, and beginning to hope that the boat was clear, than she
+        thumped upon another harder than ever, and all the time the wash of
+        the surf nearly carrying us out of the boat—it was truly almost too
+        much for any man to stand. There was a young fellow holding on next
+        to me; I saw his head begin to drop, and that he was getting faint,
+        and going to give over; and when the boat filled with water, and the
+        waves went over his head, he scarcely cared to struggle free. I tried
+        to cheer him a bit, and keep his spirits up. He just clung to the
+        thwart like a drowning man. Poor fellow! he never did a day’s work
+        after that night, and died in a few months.’</span> And then the old
+        man described how he took his life-belt off, that he might have it
+        over all the quicker; how the captain cheered them up by crying out,
+        <span class="tei tei-q">‘We’ll see Ramsgate yet again, my men, if we
+        steer clear of old wrecks;’</span> and how he was going off into a
+        kind of stupor when the clouds broke a little, and one bright star
+        shone out, a star of life and hope to him. For seven whole days after
+        the poor old man reached shore he lost his speech, and lay like a log
+        on his bed, while all the men were considerably shaken. <span class=
+        "tei tei-q">‘I cannot describe it,’</span> said he, <span class=
+        "tei tei-q">‘and you cannot, neither can any one else; but when you
+        say you’ve beat and thumped over those sands, almost yard by yard, in
+        a fearful storm on a winter’s night, and live to tell the tale, why
+        it seems to me about the next thing to saying that you’ve been dead,
+        and brought to life again.’</span> ”</span></p>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">But suddenly the
+        swinging and beating of the boat ceased: she was in a heavy sea, but
+        in deep water, and she answered her helm. The crew soon got more sail
+        on her, and she made good way before the gale. Even the Portuguese
+        sailors lifted their heads. They had been clinging together and to
+        the boat, crouching down under the lee of the foresail, utterly
+        despairing of life; now their joy knew no bounds. They were noticed
+        earnestly consulting together. They had lost their kits, and only
+        possessed the clothes they stood in and a few pounds in money (about
+        £17) between them, but the latter they determined to present to the
+        crew. <span class="tei tei-q">“I, for one, won’t touch any of
+        it,”</span> said the coxswain of the boat. <span class=
+        "tei tei-q">“Nor I!”</span> <span class="tei tei-q">“Nor I!”</span>
+        all added; <span class="tei tei-q">“put your money up.”</span> And so
+        to the harbour, where their consul took care of them. When the
+        steamer arrived later on, what was not the surprise and delight of
+        the captain and all hands to find the life-boat at her old moorings,
+        and their comrades in so many dangers all safe in port!</p>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">For by far the
+        larger proportion if not indeed nearly the whole of these life-savers
+        work <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">con
+        amore</span></span>, and a mishap or positive disaster is often to
+        them an agonising disappointment. One stormy New Year’s Eve some
+        years ago <span class="tei tei-q">“a ship was seen off Deal beach in
+        almost a blaze of light, burning tar-barrels and firing rockets, to
+        tell of her distress; an intervening fog seemed to prevent the
+        look-out on board the light-vessel seeing her, and some boatmen on
+        Deal beach, who could not possibly get their boats off the sands in
+        the face of the strong gale blowing straight on shore, put their
+        halfpence together to pay for a telegraph message—the <span class=
+        "tei tei-pb" id="page229">[pg 229]</span><a name="Pg229" id="Pg229"
+        class="tei tei-anchor"></a>messages were dearer then than they are
+        now—and sent their swiftest runner to telegraph to Ramsgate; and,
+        after all, there was some unfortunate mistake, and fatal delay, and a
+        telegram at last sent for further particulars, which was answered
+        with a demand for urgent speed, and away then flew steamer and
+        life-boat, and they neared the wreck, and rounded to, to send the
+        life-boat in, when some of the boatmen thought they heard an
+        agonising shriek, and others thought it was only the wail of the
+        storm; but they looked, and the great green seas swept over the
+        wreck, turned her right over, and she was seen no more, and
+        twenty-eight lives went to their account. A piteous New Year’s tale
+        it was that was told next morning. A boat’s crew got away from the
+        ship soon after she struck, and, battling through the broken seas,
+        made way before the wind to Dover, and they told the story that the
+        lost vessel had picked up a shipwrecked crew, who were thus a second
+        time wrecked, and at the second time lost; and that more of the crew
+        would have come away in the boat, and in other boats, but it was a
+        great risk; and there was a Deal pilot on board, who pointed out the
+        danger, and said that the Ramsgate life-boat was sure to be out to
+        their rescue, they might be sure of her; and so they stayed and
+        lighted tar-barrel after tar-barrel, and fired rocket after rocket;
+        and when the sea washed their signal-fires out and swept the decks,
+        they took to the rigging, and waited for the life-boat; and as they
+        waited, the poor Deal pilot could watch the light on the <span class=
+        "tei tei-pb" id="page230">[pg 230]</span><a name="Pg230" id="Pg230"
+        class="tei tei-anchor"></a>beach, by the house where slept his wife
+        and eight children, who were to call him husband—father—no
+        more.”</span> The life-boat men hardly like to speak of such a cruel
+        disaster—blameless though they be in the matter. In this particular
+        case a Board of Trade inquiry acquitted them and all else concerned
+        of any blame whatever.</p><a name="illo_260.png" id="illo_260.png"
+        class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"></p>
+
+        <div class="tei tei-figure" style="text-align: center">
+          <img src="images/illo_260.png" alt="A GROUP OF LIFE-BOAT MEN"
+          title="A GROUP OF LIFE-BOAT MEN." />
+
+          <div class="tei tei-head" style=
+          "text-align: center; margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em">
+            A GROUP OF LIFE-BOAT MEN.
+          </div>
+        </div>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">A dark December
+        night, and a large ship reported ashore on the Goodwins. The
+        harbour-master hurries to Ramsgate pier-head; he and all with him can
+        see nothing; they cross-question the man who asserts that he observed
+        during a lift in the fog a vessel on the sands. Although there is no
+        signal from the light-vessels, the harbour-master decides to send out
+        steamer and life-boat. The crews of both soon discover the vessel
+        looming through the mist, a complete wreck, her bow to the sea, her
+        mizen-mast down to the deck, and the wild seas running over her.
+        There are no sailors to be seen lashed in her rigging. Have all on
+        board perished?</p>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Thank God! not so.
+        After infinite difficulty, and after nearly getting entangled with
+        some of the wreckage, the life-boat crew get near the vessel, and
+        find that three men and a boy are crouching under the shelter of the
+        deck-house; they must be a small proportion of the original crew, for
+        she is a large ship, and must have had some fifteen or sixteen hands
+        aboard. The men have been crouching there for hours, and their
+        confidence in the advent of the life-boat had been so strong that
+        they had prepared for her coming by preparing a life-buoy, with a
+        long line fastened to it, ready to throw overboard.</p>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">As the long hours
+        passed, fervent hope had been dashed by wild despair. Suddenly the
+        life-boat appears, coming up to her cable just astern of the vessel;
+        it is to them as a reprieve from death, and they wake to life and
+        action. They throw the life-buoy and line to the life-boat men, and
+        after much trouble the latter get it on board. All hands lay hold on
+        the rope, and do their utmost to haul the life-boat nearer to the
+        wreck, but the heavy gale, terrific sea, and strong tide, render it
+        impossible. A tremendous sea comes rushing over the vessel, and for
+        the moment swamps the boat, knocking down five or six of the men,
+        hurting some of them severely, but she lifts again, and no one is
+        lost. But what of the poor crew? The life-boat men feel that it is
+        impossible to haul their boat nearer the ship.</p>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class=
+        "tei tei-q">“To their great surprise, they see the captain spring up
+        from the lee of the deck-house, hurriedly take off his oilskin coat,
+        throw it into the water, and then, jumping on the gunwale, grasp the
+        hawser that holds the boat, and slide down into the boiling sea. A
+        huge wave breaks over him and washes him away from the rope; he now
+        tries to swim to the boat, but the life-boat is not directly
+        astern—the sheer she has to her cable that is fastened to the anchor,
+        which was thrown over some distance to the side of the vessel,
+        prevents her dropping right astern; and although the captain has but
+        to swim a few yards out of the direction of the sweep of sea and
+        tide, it is impossible for him to manage it. He is perfectly
+        overwhelmed by the boil of sea, tossed wildly up and down, wave after
+        wave beating over him: it is all that he can do to keep his head
+        above water, and cannot guide his course in the least; the boatmen
+        try all they can to make the boat sheer towards him, so as to reach
+        him or throw him a rope, but it is impossible: they cannot get
+        sufficiently near, and in a few seconds they see him swept
+        <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page231">[pg 231]</span><a name="Pg231"
+        id="Pg231" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>rapidly by in the swift tide.
+        Jarman, the coxswain of the boat, seizes a life-buoy, and throws it
+        with all his force towards him; the wind catches it, and helps the
+        throw; it falls near him; he makes a spring forward and reaches it;
+        the men gladly see that he has got it; they see him put his two hands
+        upon one side, as if to get upon it; as he leans forward it falls
+        over his head like a hoop; he gets his arms through it, and shouting
+        to the boatmen, <span class="tei tei-q">‘All right!’</span> he waves
+        his hand as if to beckon them to follow him, and goes floating down
+        in the strong tide and among the raging, leaping seas, in a strange
+        wild dance, that threatens indeed to be a dance of death.”</span>
+        With terror and dismay they watch him in his fearful struggle, till
+        he is lost to their view, quite out of sight among the waves; they
+        could not follow him, however much they might have wished it, for it
+        might be hours before they could get back to the ship, and the two
+        men and boy still aboard.</p>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">And had they
+        thought of so doing the next episode would have obliged them to
+        desist. A tremendous crash startles them all; the mainmast has fallen
+        over the port side of the vessel. The men on board give a loud cry;
+        the chief mate springs wildly to the starboard quarter, and, making
+        the end of the mainbrace hanging there fast round his waist, drops
+        into the sea. He is a powerful swimmer; but what can he do in a tide
+        and sea so tremendous that twelve strong men cannot haul the boat one
+        foot against them? And so a fearful tragedy is worked out before
+        their very eyes. Now he is buried in a sea; now he is thrown high in
+        the air on the crest of a wave, but he never nears the boat, nor can
+        it near him. He strikes out wildly, as if to make a last effort, and
+        cries aloud in his agony and despair. They try again and again to
+        throw the lead-line over the rope which holds the poor fellow, but
+        the boat is pitching and tossing so much that their efforts are all
+        in vain. <span class="tei tei-q">“ <span class="tei tei-q">‘Now he
+        rises on a wave; now try; heave with a will, well clear of his head.
+        Ah! missed again; look out; hold on all!’</span> A wave rushes over
+        them, boat and all; another half minute, and they make another
+        attempt. No! all in vain, each time it falls short. The struggle
+        cannot last long; strong and young as the man is, his strength cannot
+        possibly endure long in such a conflict; his cries grow more feeble,
+        and soon cease; they see him try and get back to the ship, climbing
+        up the rope, but his strength fails, and he falls back; his arms and
+        legs are still tossed wildly about, but it is by the action of the
+        waves; his head drops and sinks; yes! it is all over!—all over with
+        him!”</span> Think of the second mate and cabin-boy on the wreck,
+        watching in helpless horror the death they could not avert, and which
+        may be theirs in a few moments!</p>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">The deck-house
+        under which they have been crouching is beginning to break up, and
+        the remaining man, throwing himself on the rope by which the
+        life-boat is made fast to the ship, attempts to reach the boat. The
+        breakers rush over him as he painfully struggles on, and he is again
+        and again buried in the waves. At last he reaches the high bow of the
+        life-boat, which is leaping and falling and jerking, tearing the
+        hawser up and down in the seas, as if trying to throw him from his
+        hold. His hands convulsively clutch the rope; pale, and with jaw
+        dropping, he seems about to swoon, and in another moment he will be
+        gone. <span class="tei tei-q">“The man in the bow of the boat has
+        been watching his every movement, has shuddered with dismay as he saw
+        the seas wash over <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page232">[pg
+        232]</span><a name="Pg232" id="Pg232" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>him,
+        expecting him to be carried away in the strong tide. No; he still
+        grasps the rope, and at last is within reach! In one spring, and with
+        a cry to his mates, <span class="tei tei-q">‘Hold me! hold
+        me!’</span> the boatman throws himself upon the raised fore-deck of
+        the life-boat, and, with his body half-stretched over the stern, he
+        grasps the collar of the sailor. The drowning man throws his arm
+        around the boatman’s neck, and clings to him convulsively, by his
+        weight dragging the man’s head down and burying it in the water; but
+        the brave fellow clings as hard to the half-dead sailor as the sailor
+        does to him; the seas wash bodily over them and over the bow of the
+        boat; up and down the boat plunges them both, but he still holds on;
+        three or four of the boatmen have hold of his legs, and are doing
+        their utmost to pull him back into the boat, but they cannot do so;
+        and so the struggle goes on: it is only as the boat rises on a wave
+        and throws her bow up in the air that the men can breathe.”</span>
+        And now a new horror, for right down upon them comes the wreck of one
+        of the ship’s largest boats, which has just got free of the wreckage.
+        Thank God! it just passes clear of them. The boatmen cannot get the
+        men in over the high bow of the boat, and the two poor fellows are
+        drowning fast, and so they drag them along the side of the boat,
+        still clinging together, to the waist of the boat, where the gunwale
+        is very low, and with more assistance succeed in getting them
+        aboard.</p><a name="illo_263.png" id="illo_263.png" class=
+        "tei tei-anchor"></a>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"></p>
+
+        <div class="tei tei-figure" style="text-align: center">
+          <img src="images/illo_263.png" alt="ON THE COAST AT DEAL" title=
+          "ON THE COAST AT DEAL." />
+
+          <div class="tei tei-head" style=
+          "text-align: center; margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em">
+            ON THE COAST AT DEAL.
+          </div>
+        </div>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">And now for the
+        poor boy, still clinging to the gunwale, and crying out in piteous
+        <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page233">[pg 233]</span><a name="Pg233"
+        id="Pg233" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>tones. Each moment, as the
+        waves dash over the vessel, the boatmen expect to see him washed
+        overboard like a cork. What can be done? No one can mount the rope in
+        the face of the seas and tide which had really helped the poor fellow
+        now safely on the boat. There seems no hope of taking him off by any
+        means whatever, but the coxswain determines to haul the boat up to
+        the ship sharply, and attempt it. Scarcely are the orders given, when
+        some of the men give a cry, <span class="tei tei-q">“ <span class=
+        "tei tei-q">‘What’s that? look out!’</span> Yes, he is overboard,
+        washed over by that big sea. <span class="tei tei-q">‘Where is he?
+        where is he? There he is! No; only his cap! there he lifts on that
+        sea—he is coming straight for the boat!’</span> From the change and
+        eddy of the tide, the rush of the sea past the boat is not nearly so
+        rapid as it was, and the poor boy comes floating slowly from the
+        ship; once or twice he has been rolled under by the waves, now he is
+        on the surface again, and near the boat. <span class=
+        "tei tei-q">‘Here he comes! look! on that wave! Lost! No, he floats
+        again! Slacken hawsers! Now he is within reach! Carefully, quick! Now
+        you have got him! He is making no effort, and floating with his head
+        under water!’</span> A boatman manages to hook his jacket with a long
+        boat-hook, and pulls him towards the boat; gently the men lift him
+        in, sorrowfully, and tears are in the eyes of more than one as they
+        look upon the small face. <span class="tei tei-q">‘Poor little chap!
+        Too late! too late! he’s gone!’</span> ”</span> Their efforts are now
+        all needed to get clear of the wreck, cut the cable, and raise the
+        sail, all which being done successfully, they go off smartly before
+        the wind, and have time to look to the poor boy again. Kind hands
+        chafe his hands and rub his back and limbs, and put a little rum to
+        his lips, and after about half an hour they have the joy of seeing
+        him show signs of life, and their efforts are redoubled. Some of the
+        men take the dryest of their jackets and wrap him up tenderly, lying
+        him under the mizen-sail. He eventually recovers.</p>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">But, strangest
+        part of all this eventful story, the captain, who had been two hours
+        in the seething waters, is picked up alive, although, it may well be
+        believed, in a terrible state of exhaustion. At first he seems to be
+        dying, but at length, after the men have done their best in chafing
+        and rubbing, he gets a little better, and is able to tell them that
+        his vessel, the <span class="tei tei-name"><span style=
+        "font-style: italic">Providentia</span></span>, was a full-rigged
+        ship from Finland, and that he himself is a Russian Fin, which
+        accounts for his miraculous preservation in the water, as the Fins
+        are the hardiest of sailors. Eleven of his men had left the ship in
+        their best boat, and were, it was eventually found, blown over to
+        Boulogne.</p>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">The waves are
+        rolling along in all their fury, and beat down upon the sands with
+        tremendous force, and among them, and settled down somewhat, is a
+        large barque. The life-boat men look at the awful rage of sea, and
+        say to each other, <span class="tei tei-q">“We have indeed our work
+        cut out for us.”</span> There are no signs of life on board the
+        wreck, but the flag of distress is still flying, and the steamer tows
+        the boat nearer to her. Then the crew is discovered crouching in the
+        shelter of the deck-house, while the huge waves make a complete
+        breach over the vessel, threatening to wash away both house and crew.
+        The steamer takes the boat to windward and lets her go. The boat’s
+        sail is hoisted, and she makes for the wreck. A minute more and they
+        are in the broken water, the seas falling in tangled volumes over the
+        boat, and she is tossed in all directions by the wild broken waves.
+        She fills again and again, and the men have to cling with all their
+        strength to the thwarts; but still the wind drives the boat on, and
+        they get within about sixty yards <span class="tei tei-pb" id=
+        "page234">[pg 234]</span><a name="Pg234" id="Pg234" class=
+        "tei tei-anchor"></a>of the wreck, when the anchor is thrown out and
+        the cable paid out swiftly. The men shout out, to encourage the poor
+        trembling wretches on board, and, just as they expect to make a first
+        successful rescue of a part of them, are nearly swamped by a fearful
+        wave, which carries them a hundred yards away. They prepare for
+        another attempt, hoist the sail, and try to sheer her to the vessel,
+        but all their efforts are in vain. Wave after wave breaks over them,
+        and the boat is tossed in all directions by the broken seas.
+        Sometimes the coxswain feels as if he would be thrown bodily forward
+        on the men, as the waves almost lift the boat end on end. They must
+        give it up for this time; the very oars are blown from the row-locks
+        and out of the men’s hands. Again and again they are baulked in their
+        efforts to reach the ill-starred vessel. Yet again and again they
+        cheer, to keep up the spirits of its half-drowned and frozen
+        crew.</p>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">The ship’s hull
+        has now been under water for some time, and is breaking up fast. On
+        board the <span class="tei tei-name"><span style=
+        "font-style: italic">Aid</span></span> the mortar apparatus is got
+        ready, in the hope of getting near enough to the vessel to fire a
+        line into her rigging. <span class="tei tei-q">“Cautiously the
+        steamer approaches; the tide has been for some time rising fast; the
+        steamer does not draw much water; they are almost within firing
+        distance; the waves come rushing along and nearly overrun the
+        steamer; at last a breaker, larger than the rest, catches her, lifts
+        her high upon its crest, and letting her fall down into its trough as
+        down the side of a well, she strikes the sands heavily; the engines
+        are instantly reversed; she lifts with the next wave, and being a
+        very quick and handy boat, at once moves astern before she can thump
+        again, and they are saved from shipwreck; and thus the fifth effort
+        to save the shipwrecked crew fails.”</span> No time is lost; at once
+        the steamer heads for the life-boat, and makes ready to again tow her
+        into position for a fresh attempt. The masts of the wreck are
+        quivering, and it is evident that she is breaking up fast.</p>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">The life-boat men
+        consult together as to the plan of their next effort. At last one of
+        the men proposes a mode, most assuredly novel, and which must,
+        indeed, either prove rescue to the shipwrecked or death to all.
+        <span class="tei tei-q">“I’ll tell you what, my men, if we are going
+        to save those poor fellows, there is only one way of doing it: it
+        must be a case of save all or lose all, that is just it! We must go
+        in upon the vessel straight, hit her between the masts, and throw our
+        anchor over right upon her decks.”</span> This is, almost naturally,
+        derided by some as a hair-brained trick. Let us see the result.</p>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class=
+        "tei tei-q">“Once more the boat heads for the wreck—this time to do
+        or to die; each man knows it, each man feels it. They are crossing
+        the stern of the vessel. <span class="tei tei-q">‘Look at that
+        breaker! Look at that breaker! Hold on! hold on! It will be all over
+        with us if it catches us; we shall be thrown high into the masts of
+        the vessel, and shaken out into the sea in a moment! Hold on all,
+        hold on! Now it comes! No, thank God! it breaks ahead of us, and we
+        have escaped. Now, men, be ready, be ready!’</span> Thus shouts the
+        coxswain. Every man is at his station; some with the ropes in hand
+        ready to lower the sails, others by the anchor, prepared to throw it
+        overboard at the right moment; round, past the stern of the vessel,
+        the boat flies, round in the blast of the gale and the swell of the
+        sea; down helm; round she comes; down foresail; the ship’s lee
+        gunwale is under water; the boat shoots forward straight for the
+        wreck, and hits the lee rail with a shock that almost throws all the
+        men from their posts, and then, still forward, she literally leaps on
+        <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page235">[pg 235]</span><a name="Pg235"
+        id="Pg235" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>board the wreck. Over! over
+        with the anchor. It falls on the vessel’s deck. All the crew of the
+        vessel are in the mizen shrouds, but they cannot get to the boat: a
+        fearful rush of sea is chasing over the vessel, and between them and
+        it. Again and again the boat thumps on the wreck as on a rock, with a
+        shock that almost shakes the men from their hold.”</span> The waves
+        carry her off, but the anchor holds, and they manage to haul on board
+        another line. Again and again the boat washes away, but comes up to
+        the vessel again; and, one by one, ten poor Danes are got on board.
+        One sailor jumps from the rigging; the boat sinks in the trough of
+        the sea, and he falls between her and the wreck; a second, and he
+        would be crushed; two boatmen seize him, and are themselves seized by
+        their companions, or they would go overboard.</p><a name=
+        "illo_267.jpg" id="illo_267.jpg" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"></p>
+
+        <div class="tei tei-figure" style="text-align: center">
+          <img src="images/illo_267.jpg" alt="RESCUE OF THE DANISH VESSEL"
+          title="RESCUE OF THE DANISH VESSEL." />
+
+          <div class="tei tei-head" style=
+          "text-align: center; margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em">
+            RESCUE OF THE DANISH VESSEL.
+          </div>
+        </div>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">The long battle
+        was over; was it not one worth fighting? So thought the King of
+        Denmark, who sent two hundred rix-dollars to be divided among the
+        men, who were also rewarded by the Board of Trade. The boatmen are
+        poor men, and such presents come in very acceptably; but their
+        greatest satisfaction must ever come from the memory of their own
+        brave deeds.</p><a name="illo_268.jpg" id="illo_268.jpg" class=
+        "tei tei-anchor"></a>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"></p>
+
+        <div class="tei tei-figure" style="text-align: center">
+          <img src="images/illo_268.jpg" alt=
+          "SURVIVORS RESCUED FROM THE RIGGING OF A WRECK" title=
+          "SURVIVORS RESCUED FROM THE RIGGING OF A WRECK." />
+
+          <div class="tei tei-head" style=
+          "text-align: center; margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em">
+            SURVIVORS RESCUED FROM THE RIGGING OF A WRECK.
+          </div>
+        </div>
+      </div>
+
+      <div class="tei tei-div" style=
+      "margin-bottom: 5.00em; margin-top: 5.00em">
+        <a name="chap18" id="chap18" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> <a name=
+        "toc39" id="toc39"></a> <a name="pdf40" id="pdf40"></a>
+
+        <h2 class="tei tei-head" style=
+        "text-align: center; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em">
+        <span style="font-size: 144%">CHAPTER XVIII.</span></h2>
+
+        <h2 class="tei tei-head" style=
+        "text-align: center; margin-bottom: 2.40em; margin-top: 2.40em">
+        <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: center"><span class=
+        "tei tei-q" style="text-align: center"><span style=
+        "font-size: 120%; font-variant: small-caps">“</span><span style=
+        "font-size: 120%; font-variant: small-caps">Wrecking</span><span style="font-size: 120%; font-variant: small-caps">”</span></span>
+        <span style="font-size: 120%; font-variant: small-caps">as a
+        Profession.</span></span></h2>
+
+        <div class="tei tei-argument" style=
+        "text-align: center; margin-bottom: 1.80em; margin-left: 3.60em; margin-top: 1.80em; margin-right: 3.60em">
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style=
+        "text-align: center; margin-bottom: 0.90em"><span style=
+        "font-size: 90%">Probable Fate of a rich Vessel in the Middle
+        Ages—Maritime Laws of the Period—The King’s Privileges—Cœur de Lion
+        and his Enactments—The Rôles d’Oleron—False Pilots and Wicked
+        Lords—Stringent Laws of George II.—The Homeward-bound Vessel—Plotting
+        Wreckers—Lured Ashore—</span><span class="tei tei-q" style=
+        "text-align: center"><span style=
+          "font-size: 90%">“</span><span style="font-size: 90%">Dead Men Tell
+          no Tales</span><span style=
+          "font-size: 90%">”</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%">—A
+          Series of Facts—Brutality to a Captain and his Wife—Fate of a
+          Plunderer—Defence of a Ship against Hundreds of Wreckers—Another
+          Example—Ship Boarded by Peasantry—Police Attacked by
+          Thousands—Cavalry Charge the Wreckers—Hundreds of Drunken
+          Plunderers—A Curious Tract of the Last Century—A Professional
+          Wrecker’s Arguments—A Candid Bahama Pilot.</span></p>
+        </div>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">The great
+        historian, Hallam, says: <span class="tei tei-q">“In the thirteenth
+        and fourteenth centuries a rich vessel was never secure from attack,
+        and neither restitution nor punishment of the criminals was to be
+        obtained from Government, who sometimes feared the plunderer, and
+        sometimes connived at the offence.”</span> As we have seen before,
+        some of the greatest names of the Elizabethan and later days were
+        often not much better than legalised pirates. But the poor sailors
+        and owners were not merely the prey of these sea wolves; there were
+        then and for centuries afterwards, nearly to our own days,
+        <span class="tei tei-q">“land-rats”</span> ashore, who were to the
+        pirates what sneak-thieves were to the highwaymen of romance. Those
+        <span class="tei tei-q">“good old days,”</span> when <span class=
+        "tei tei-q">“wrecking”</span> was considered a legitimate
+        pursuit!</p>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">In preceding
+        chapters the maritime laws and customs of successive ages have been
+        briefly traced. Piracy was almost openly recognised in the thirteenth
+        and fourteenth centuries, and a foreign ship with a rich cargo was
+        too often regarded as rightful prey. There was a constant petty
+        warfare between maritime nations, and frequently even between towns
+        of the same nation. Thus, in the year 1254 some Winchelsea mariners
+        attacked a Yarmouth vessel, and killed some of her
+        crew.</p><span class="tei tei-pb" id="page237">[pg
+        237]</span><a name="Pg237" id="Pg237" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Prior to the reign
+        of Henry I. <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style=
+        "font-style: italic">all</span></span> wrecked property belonged to
+        the king. Whether it was found necessary to make the king the owner
+        of wreckage, in order to lessen the temptation to wreck vessels and
+        murder the crews—no unfrequent occurrence, even in the last
+        century—or <span class="tei tei-q">“however it was,”</span> says
+        Gilmore, <span class="tei tei-q">“the law existed, and the
+        shipwrecked merchant might come struggling ashore upon a broken spar,
+        and find the coast strewn with scattered but still valuable goods so
+        lately his, but now by law his no longer any more than they belonged
+        to the half-dozen rude fishermen who stood watching the torn wreck
+        and dispersed cargo being wave-lifted high upon the beach.”</span>
+        Henry I. decreed that neither wreck nor cargo should become the
+        property of the Crown if any man of the crew escaped with life to
+        shore. It is to be feared that this well-meant law led to many a
+        heartless murder. His successor expanded the law to the extent that
+        if even a beast came ashore alive, the wreck and goods should belong
+        to the original owners. Even the proverbial cat with nine lives might
+        thus save a vessel.</p>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Richard Cœur de
+        Lion, always truly chivalrous, would have nought to do with
+        plundering the plundered, and he decreed <span class=
+        "tei tei-q">“that all persons escaping alive from a wreck should
+        retain their goods; that wreck or wreckage should only be considered
+        the property of the king when neither an owner nor the heir of a late
+        owner could be found for it.”</span> Some authorities will not couple
+        the name of Richard with the <span class="tei tei-q">“Rôles
+        d’Oleron,”</span> but it is certain that they were first promulgated
+        in or about his time. They afford us some idea of the terrible system
+        of wrecking then prevalent; such laws would not have been promulgated
+        without good reason. Note their stringency.</p>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class=
+        "tei tei-q">“An accursed custom prevailing in some parts; inasmuch as
+        a third or fourth part of the wrecks that come ashore belong to the
+        lord of the manor where the wrecks take place, and that pilots, for
+        profit from these lords and from the wrecks, like faithless and
+        treacherous villains, do purposely run the ships under their care
+        upon the rocks,”</span> the law declares <span class=
+        "tei tei-q">“that all false pilots shall suffer a most rigorous and
+        merciless death, and be hung on high gibbets;”</span> while
+        <span class="tei tei-q">“the wicked lords are to be tied to a post in
+        the middle of their own houses, which shall be set on fire at all
+        four corners, and burnt, with all that shall be therein, the goods
+        being first confiscated for the benefit of the persons injured, and
+        the site of the houses shall be converted into places for the sale of
+        hogs and swine.”</span> And again, <span class="tei tei-q">“If
+        people, more barbarous, cruel, and inhuman than mad dogs, murdered
+        shipwrecked folk, they were to be plunged into the sea until half
+        dead, and then drawn out and stoned to death.”</span> The pilot who
+        negligently caused shipwreck was to make good the losses or lose his
+        head; but the master and sailors were, as a saving clause
+        (principally for the owners!), to be persuaded that he had not the
+        means to make good the loss <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style=
+        "font-style: italic">before they cut off his head</span></span>.</p>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">And so, without
+        much change, the laws stood till the reign of George II.; and, alas!
+        it does not seem that human nature, on our coasts at least, had
+        greatly improved, for otherwise there would hardly have been
+        necessity for a new Act, bristling with threats. The preamble
+        states:—<span class="tei tei-q">“That notwithstanding the good and
+        salutary laws now in being against plundering and destroying vessels
+        in distress, and against taking away shipwrecked, lost, and stranded
+        goods, that still many wicked enormities had been committed, to the
+        disgrace of the nation;”</span> and it was therefore enacted that
+        death should be the <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page238">[pg
+        238]</span><a name="Pg238" id="Pg238" class=
+        "tei tei-anchor"></a>punishment for hanging out false lights to lure
+        vessels to their destruction; death for those who killed shipwrecked
+        persons; and death for stealing cargo or wreckage, whether any one on
+        board remained alive or not.</p>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Every now and
+        again some fearful tragedy, reported in our ever-vigilant press,
+        opens our eyes to the possibilities of human degradation and
+        depravity; but, in spite of all, thank God! these examples are few
+        and far between. Does this not tend, at least, to show that the world
+        now-a-days <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style=
+        "font-style: italic">is</span></span> better and kinder, and, in a
+        word, more Christian-like, than in former days? Let the reader
+        think—aye, and ponder, and think again—over the preceding paragraph.
+        Could men—aye, and women too—assist not merely in robbery and
+        plunder, but in first causing the wreck, and then, to cover up all,
+        in murdering the few poor survivors? A writer from whom we have
+        already quoted says:—</p>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class=
+        "tei tei-q">“Imagine a homeward-bound vessel, some two hundred and
+        fifty years ago, clumsy in build, awkward in rig, little fitted for
+        battling with the gales of our stormy coast, but yet manned with
+        strong, stout-hearted men, who made their sturdy courage compensate
+        for deficiency of other means; think of many perils overcome, a long
+        weary voyage nearly ended, the crew rejoicing in thoughts of home, of
+        home-love and home-rest, the headlands of dear Old England—loved by
+        her sons no less then than now—lying a dark line upon the horizon,
+        the night growing apace, the breeze freshening, ever freshening,
+        adding each moment a hoarser swell to the deep murmurs of its
+        swift-following blasts, the ship scudding on, breasting the seas with
+        her bluff bows, rising and pitching with the running waves, which
+        cover her with foam!</span></p>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class=
+        "tei tei-q">“Look on land! Keen eyes have watched the signs of the
+        coming storm; men, more greedy than the foulest vulture, <span class=
+        "tei tei-q">‘more inhuman than mad dogs,’</span> have cast most cruel
+        and wistful glances seaward! Yes, their eyes light up with the very
+        light of hell as they see in the dim distance the white sail of a
+        struggling ship making towards the land!</span></p>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class=
+        "tei tei-q">“And now try to imagine the scene as the night falls and
+        the storm gathers. Two or three ill-looking fellows drop in, say, to
+        a low tavern standing in a bye-lane that leads from the cliff to the
+        beach in some village on our south-western coast. Soon muttered hints
+        take form, and in low whispers the men talk over the chances of a
+        wreck this wild night. They remember former gains; they talk over
+        disappointments, when, on similar nights of darkness, wildness, and
+        storm, vessels discovered their danger too soon for them, and managed
+        to weather the headlands of the bay.</span></p>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class=
+        "tei tei-q">“The plot takes form; with many a deep and muttered curse
+        the murderous decision is taken that if a vessel can be trapped to
+        destruction it shall be.</span></p>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class=
+        "tei tei-q">“There is an old man of the party whose brow is furrowed
+        with dread lines; he does not say much, but every now and then his
+        eyes glare, and his features work as if convulsed. His comrades look
+        at him—twice—and, as a terrific squall shakes the house, a third
+        time. Silently he rises, and leaves the inn.... Now in the pitch
+        darkness of the night, with bowed head, and faltering steps battling
+        against the storm, the old man leads a white horse along the edge of
+        the cliff. To the top of the horse’s tail a lantern is tied, and the
+        light sways with the movement of the horse, and in its movements
+        seems not unlike the masthead light of a vessel rocked by the motion
+        of the sea. A whisper has gone through the village of a chance of
+        something happening during the night, and <span class="tei tei-pb"
+        id="page239">[pg 239]</span><a name="Pg239" id="Pg239" class=
+        "tei tei-anchor"></a>most of the men and many of the women are on the
+        alert, lurking in the caves beneath the cliff, or sheltered behind
+        jutting pieces of rock.</span></p>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class=
+        "tei tei-q">“The vessel makes in steadily for the land; the captain
+        grows uneasy, and fears running into danger; he will put the vessel
+        round, and try and battle his way out to sea.</span></p>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class=
+        "tei tei-q">“The look-out man reports a dim light ahead. What kind?
+        and Whither away? He can make out that it is a ship’s light, for it
+        is in motion. Yes, she must be a vessel standing on in the same
+        course as that which they are on. It is all safe, then; the captain
+        will stand in a little longer; when suddenly, in the lull of the
+        storm, a hoarse murmur is heard—surely the sound of the sea beating
+        upon rocks! Yes! look! a white gleam upon the water! Breakers ahead!
+        breakers ahead! Oh, a very knell of doom! The cry rings through the
+        ship, <span class="tei tei-q">‘Down, down with helm—round her
+        to!’</span> Too late, too late! A crash, a shudder from stem to stern
+        of the stout ship, the shriek of many voices in their agony, green
+        seas sweeping over the vessel, and soon broken timbers, bales of
+        cargo, and lifeless bodies scattered along the beach, while the
+        shattered remnant of the hull is torn still further to pieces with
+        each insweep of the mighty seas as they roll it to and fro among the
+        rocks. Fearful and crafty the smile that darkened the dark face of
+        the willing murderer who was leading the horse with the false light
+        as he heard the crash of the vessel and the shrieks of the drowning
+        crew! Fearful the smile that darkened the faces of the men and women
+        waiting on the beach as they came out from their places, ready to
+        struggle and fight among themselves for any spoil that might come
+        ashore! A homeward-bound ship from the Indies! Great good
+        fortune—rich spoil! Bale after bale is seized upon by the wreckers,
+        and dragged high upon the beach out of the way of the surf. But, see!
+        a sailor clinging to a bit of broken mast! With his last conscious
+        effort he gains a footing on the shore, staggers forward, and falls.
+        Is he alive? Not now! Why did that fearful old woman kneel upon his
+        chest and cover his mouth with her cloak? Dead men tell no
+        tales—claim no property!”</span></p>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Alas! the above is
+        no imaginary or exaggerated statement of facts.</p>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">A few examples,
+        which have occurred for the most part within the last hundred years
+        or so, are appended. They have been culled from that most rigidly
+        correct chronicler, the <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style=
+        "font-style: italic">Annual Register</span></span>:—</p>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class=
+        "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Lent Circuit,
+        1774.</span></span>—At Shrewsbury Assizes, bills of indictment were
+        preferred by Captain Chilcot, late of the <span class=
+        "tei tei-name"><span style="font-style: italic">Charming
+        Jenny</span></span>, against three opulent inhabitants of the Isle of
+        Anglesea, one of whom is said to be possessed of a considerable
+        estate, and to have offered five thousand pounds bail in order to
+        their being tried at the next assizes on a charge of piracy, when the
+        bills were found. It appeared that on the 11th September, 1773, in
+        very bad weather, in consequence of false lights being discovered,
+        the captain bore for shore, when his vessel, whose cargo was valued
+        at £19,000, went to pieces, and all the crew, except the captain and
+        his wife, perished, the latter being brought on shore on a portion of
+        the wreck. Nearly exhausted, they lay for some time, till the savages
+        of the adjacent places rushed down upon them. The lady was just able
+        to lift a handkerchief up to her head when her husband was torn from
+        her side. They cut the buckles from his shoes, and deprived him of
+        every covering. Happy to escape with his life, he hasted to the beach
+        in search of his wife, when, horrible to relate, her half-naked
+        <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page240">[pg 240]</span><a name="Pg240"
+        id="Pg240" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>and plundered corpse presented
+        itself to his view. What to do Captain Chilcot was at a loss.
+        Providence, however, conducted him to the roof of a venerable pair,
+        who bestowed upon him every assistance. The captain’s wife, it seems,
+        at the time the ship went to pieces, had two bank bills of a
+        considerable value and seventy guineas in her pocket. At the Summer
+        Assizes at Salop, Roberts and Parry, two of the above-named, were
+        found guilty of plundering the <span class=
+        "tei tei-name"><span style="font-style: italic">Charming
+        Jenny</span></span>, but their counsel pleading an arrest of
+        judgment, sentence was suspended. Eventually one was executed, and
+        one had his sentence commuted.</p>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">On the 7th
+        September, 1782, one John Webb was executed at Hereford for having
+        plundered a Venetian vessel drawn on shore on the coast of
+        Glamorganshire by stress of weather. No mention is made of hurting or
+        molesting the crew, and it is evident that the laws were, about this
+        time, stringently carried out. <span class="tei tei-q">“This,”</span>
+        said the <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style=
+        "font-style: italic">Annual Register</span></span>, <span class=
+        "tei tei-q">“it is hoped, will put a final stop to that inhuman
+        practice of plundering ships wrecked upon the coast.”</span></p>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Next follows an
+        example in the present century:—<span class="tei tei-q">“<span class=
+        "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Jany. 8,
+        1811.</span></span>—Another daring attempt (says the <span class=
+        "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Register</span></span>)
+        was made by a party of country-people at Clonderalaw Bay to take
+        possession of the American ship <span class=
+        "tei tei-name"><span style="font-style: italic">Romulus</span></span>
+        on this day. They assembled at about ten in the evening, to the
+        amount of about two or three hundred, and commenced a firing of
+        musketry, which they kept up at intervals for three hours; when,
+        finding a steady resistance from the crew, and guard of yeomanry
+        which had been put on the vessel on her first going on shore, they
+        retired. The shot they fired appeared to be cut from square bars of
+        lead, about half an inch in diameter. One of these miscreants
+        dropped, and was carried away by his companions.”</span></p>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">The following is
+        an extract from a letter:—<span class="tei tei-q">“On Friday, the
+        27th of October, 1811, the galliot <span class=
+        "tei tei-name"><span style="font-style: italic">Anna Hulk Klas
+        Boyr</span></span>, Meinerty master, from Christian Sound, laden with
+        deals, for Killalu, was driven on shore at a place called Porturlin,
+        between Killalu and Broadhaven. The captain and crew providentially
+        saved their lives by jumping on shore on a small island or rock. At
+        this time the stern and quarter were stove in. The crew remained two
+        hours on the rock, when they were taken off by a boat and brought to
+        the mainland. Shortly after, the captain’s trunk, with all the
+        sailors’ clothes in general, came on shore, when the country-people
+        immediately began to plunder, leaving the unfortunate sufferers
+        nothing but what they had on their backs. The plunderers repaired to
+        the wreck, and cut away everything they could come at of the sails,
+        rigging, &amp;c., while hundreds were taking away the deals to all
+        parts of the country. Though the captain spoke good English, and most
+        pitifully inquired to whom he might apply for assistance, yet he
+        could not hear of any for fourteen hours, when he was told that Major
+        Denis Bingham was the nearest and only person he could apply to. With
+        much difficulty he procured a guide, and proceeded to Mr. Bingham’s,
+        a distance of twenty miles through the mountains. In the meantime,
+        after thirty-six hours’ concealment of this very melancholy
+        circumstance, Captain Morris, of the <span class=
+        "tei tei-name"><span style=
+        "font-style: italic">Townshend</span></span> cruiser, who lay at
+        Broadhaven, a distance of about ten miles from the wreck, heard of
+        it, and, approaching it, landed with twenty men, well armed. In
+        coming near the wreck he first fired in the air, in order to disperse
+        the peasantry, which had no effect; he therefore ordered his men to
+        fire close, <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page241">[pg
+        241]</span><a name="Pg241" id="Pg241" class=
+        "tei tei-anchor"></a>which had the desired effect, when he
+        immediately pursued them into the interior, from three to five miles
+        distance, dividing his party in different directions, when, by great
+        exertion and fatigue, they saved about 1,800 deals and a remnant of
+        the wreck. Captain Morris had some of the robbers taken, but his
+        party being so scattered, they were rescued by a large mob of the
+        country. The unfortunate captain and crew were taken by Captain
+        Morris on board his cutter, where they got a change of clothing, and
+        were taken every possible care of.”</span></p><a name="illo_274.jpg"
+        id="illo_274.jpg" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"></p>
+
+        <div class="tei tei-figure" style="text-align: center">
+          <img src="images/illo_274.jpg" alt="WRECKERS WAITING FOR A WRECK"
+          title="WRECKERS WAITING FOR A WRECK." />
+
+          <div class="tei tei-head" style=
+          "text-align: center; margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em">
+            WRECKERS WAITING FOR A WRECK.
+          </div>
+        </div>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">The following
+        particulars of the wreck and plunder of the <span class=
+        "tei tei-name"><span style=
+        "font-style: italic">Inverness</span></span>, in the river Shannon,
+        loaded at Limerick with a cargo of provisions, under contract for the
+        Victualling Board, and bound to London, will be found
+        interesting:—</p><span class="tei tei-pb" id="page242">[pg
+        242]</span><a name="Pg242" id="Pg242" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"></p>
+
+        <div class="tei tei-text" style=
+        "margin-bottom: 2.00em; margin-top: 2.00em">
+          <div class="tei tei-body" style=
+          "margin-bottom: 6.00em; margin-top: 6.00em">
+            <div class="tei tei-salute" style="text-align: center">
+              “From Captain Miller to Mr. Spaight, Merchant, Limerick.
+            </div>
+
+            <div class="tei tei-dateline" style="text-align: right">
+              “Kilrush, Feb. 24, 1817.
+            </div>
+
+            <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class=
+            "tei tei-q">“<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style=
+            "font-variant: small-caps">Dear Spaight</span></span>,—As I am
+            now in possession of most of the particulars of the wreck of the
+            <span class="tei tei-name"><span style=
+            "font-style: italic">Inverness</span></span>, I shall detail them
+            to you as follows:—</span></p>
+
+            <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class=
+            "tei tei-q">“She went on shore on Wednesday night, the 19th
+            instant, mistaking Rinevaha for Carrigaholt, and would have got
+            off by the next spring-tide had the peasantry not boarded her,
+            and rendered her not seaworthy by scuttling her and tearing away
+            all her rigging; they then robbed the crew of all their clothes,
+            tore their shirts, which they made bags of to carry away the
+            plunder, and then broached the tierces of pork, and distributed
+            the contents to people on shore, who assisted to convey them up
+            the country. The alarm having reached this on Thursday, a
+            sergeant and twelve of the police were sent down, with the chief
+            constable at their head, and they succeeded in re-taking some of
+            the provisions and securing them, driving the mob from the wreck.
+            The police kept possession of what they had got during the night;
+            but very early on Friday morning the people collected in some
+            thousands, and went down to the beach, where they formed into
+            three bodies, and cheered each other with hats off, advancing
+            with threats, declaring that they defied the police, and would
+            possess themselves again of what had been taken from them, and of
+            the arms of the police. The police formed into one body, and,
+            showing three fronts, endeavoured to keep them at bay, but in
+            vain; they assailed them with stones, sticks, scythes, and axes,
+            and gave some of our men some severe blows, which exasperated
+            them so much that they were under the necessity of firing in
+            self-defence, and four of the assailants fell victims, two of
+            whom were buried yesterday. During their skirmishing, which began
+            about seven o’clock, one of the men, mounted, was despatched to
+            this town for a reinforcement, when Major Warburton, in half an
+            hour, with twenty cavalry, and a few infantry mounted behind
+            them, left this, and in one hour and a half were on board the
+            wreck, and took twelve men in the act of cutting up the wreck.
+            One of them made a blow of a hatchet at Major Warburton, which he
+            warded off, and snapped a pistol at him; the fellow immediately
+            threw himself overboard, when —— Troy charged him on horseback,
+            up to the horse’s knees in water, and cut him down. The fellows
+            then flew in every direction, pursued by our men, who took many
+            of them, and wounded several. Nine tierces of pork had been
+            saved. Her bowsprit, gaff, and spars are all gone, with every
+            stitch of canvas and all the running rigging. The shrouds are
+            still left; two anchors and their cables are gone, and even the
+            ship’s pump. A more complete plunder has seldom been witnessed.
+            Yesterday the revenue wherry went down to Rinevaha, and returned
+            in the evening with the Major and a small party, with thirty-five
+            prisoners, who now are all lodged in Bridewell. The women in
+            multitudes assembled to supply the men with whisky to encourage
+            them. Nothing could exceed the coolness of —— Balfice and his
+            party, who certainly made a masterly retreat to the slated store
+            at Carrigaholt, where I found them. He and Fitzgerald were
+            wounded, but not severely. Fitzgerald had a miraculous escape,
+            and would have been murdered, but was preserved by a man he knew
+            from Kerry, who put him under his bed.</span></p>
+
+            <div class="tei tei-signed" style="text-align: right">
+              “<span class="tei tei-hi" style=
+              "text-align: right"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">J.
+              Miller.</span></span>“
+            </div>
+          </div>
+        </div><a name="illo_279.png" id="illo_279.png" class=
+        "tei tei-anchor"></a>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"></p>
+
+        <div class="tei tei-figure" style="text-align: center">
+          <img src="images/illo_279.png" alt=
+          "MAJOR WARBURTON AT THE WRECK OF THE “INVERNESS.”" title=
+          "MAJOR WARBURTON AT THE WRECK OF THE “INVERNESS.”" />
+
+          <div class="tei tei-head" style=
+          "text-align: center; margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em">
+            MAJOR WARBURTON AT THE WRECK OF THE <span class="tei tei-q"
+            style="text-align: center">“INVERNESS.”</span>
+          </div>
+        </div>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">A late case of
+        plundering on a large scale occurred the 26th September, 1817. The
+        <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page243">[pg 243]</span><a name="Pg243"
+        id="Pg243" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>Norwegian brig <span class=
+        "tei tei-name"><span style=
+        "font-style: italic">Bergetta</span></span>, Captain Peterson, was
+        wrecked on the Cefu-Sidau sands, in Carmarthen Bay. She was bound
+        from Barcelona for Stettin, with a cargo of wine, spirits, &amp;c.,
+        when the master, losing his reckoning, owing to a thick fog, fell
+        into the fatal error of taking the coast of Devon for that of France,
+        and acted under that persuasion. So circumstanced, a violent gale,
+        together with the tide, drove the vessel into the Bristol Channel,
+        and she struck upon the above sands, and in the space of two or three
+        hours went to pieces. The master and crew, with great difficulty, got
+        into the boat, and were all happily saved. Notwithstanding the
+        greatest exertions on the part of the officers of the Customs,
+        supported by several gentlemen and others, acts of plunder were
+        committed to a considerable extent. Of 266 pipes and casks of wine,
+        &amp;c., not above 100 were saved. Hundreds of men and women were
+        reduced to nearly a state of insensibility through
+        intoxication.</p><a name="illo_276.jpg" id="illo_276.jpg" class=
+        "tei tei-anchor"></a>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"></p>
+
+        <div class="tei tei-figure" style="text-align: center">
+          <img src="images/illo_276.jpg" alt="A WRECK ASHORE" title=
+          "A WRECK ASHORE." />
+
+          <div class="tei tei-head" style=
+          "text-align: center; margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em">
+            A WRECK ASHORE.
+          </div>
+        </div>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">A scarce and
+        curious tract, published in 1796, exists in the library of the
+        British Museum, and a few extracts from it will show the arguments by
+        which the wreckers of the last century salved their consciences. It
+        is supposed to be a dialogue between one Richard Sparkes, a chandler
+        by trade, but a professional wrecker also, and John Trueman,
+        <span class="tei tei-q">“an honest taylor.”</span></p>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class=
+        "tei tei-q">“ <span class="tei tei-q">‘Good news! good news,
+        neighbour!’</span> said Richard Sparkes, the chandler, as he entered
+        a shop where John Trueman, an honest taylor, was at work.
+        <span class="tei tei-q">‘The vessel which has been these three hours
+        fighting with the surge and winds for the harbour has at last bulged.
+        It is a trader from Amsterdam, they say, and faith! two thumping
+        casks were floating before I left the beach. Rare sport, Master
+        Trueman, rare sport, let me tell you! A good blustering wind and a
+        high surf is no bad thing for a seaport.’</span></span></p>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class=
+        "tei tei-q">“Honest Trueman, who had not been long an inhabitant of
+        the place, and was quite unacquainted with this language—which, to
+        the disgrace of humanity, is too often used by the unfeeling on such
+        occasions in seaport towns—suspended his work, and listened to this
+        harangue with too much surprise to interrupt it. At length, said he,
+        <span class="tei tei-q">‘Do you call this rare sport? Do you call
+        this good news?’</span></span></p>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class=
+        "tei tei-q">“<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style=
+        "font-variant: small-caps">Sparkes.</span></span> <span class=
+        "tei tei-q">‘To be sure I do. I mean to be out all night; the tide
+        will return in about three hours, and I warrant it will bring us
+        something worth looking after. But mayhap, as you are a new-comer,
+        Master Trueman, you do not know the go at these seasons, so I will
+        tell you. You must know that when a vessel strikes it is catch as
+        catch can for her lading: one has as good a right as another, and he
+        is the luckiest who can get most. We call it <span class=
+        "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">going a
+        wrecking</span></span>; and let me tell you it is no bad business.
+        There is my neighbour Perkins, the pilot, got the Lord knows what by
+        the smuggling cutter that was wrecked about three leagues from hence
+        two months ago. Ay, cask upon cask of the best French brandy, and
+        tea, and I cannot tell you what he got; but he has held his head
+        pretty high ever since, for, as good luck would have it, she struck
+        upon a shoal of rock where the Custom-house officers would not
+        venture, so Perkins and a few more knowing ones had it all to
+        themselves. As I told you before, Master Trueman, this <span class=
+        "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">going a
+        wrecking</span></span> is no bad business, so look about
+        you.’</span> ”</span></p>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Trueman upbraids
+        the first speaker with dishonesty and want of humanity.</p>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class=
+        "tei tei-q">“ <span class="tei tei-q">‘Humanity,’</span> says
+        Sparkes, <span class="tei tei-q">‘odds my life! neighbour, there’s
+        not a more tenderhearted fellow alive. Many is the life my boat, when
+        I was in the fishing trade, has saved from pure good-will; but as to
+        the matter of the <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style=
+        "font-style: italic">wrecking</span></span>, every man must take care
+        of <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page244">[pg 244]</span><a name=
+        "Pg244" id="Pg244" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>his own interest.
+        Charity, you know, Master Trueman, should begin at
+        home.’</span> ”</span> And he goes on to say that it was no fault of
+        his that the vessel bulged, or that the master or cabin-boy were
+        drowned; that it is all the chance of war, and that one vessel was
+        the same to him as another, provided it were well laden. He added
+        that he did not pretend to be better than his grandfather, and that
+        wrecking was in fashion in his days and in those of his good old
+        father before him.</p>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Mr. D. Mackinnen,
+        who made a tour through the West Indies early in the present century,
+        particularly mentions the Bahamas as the home of wreckers. He says
+        that the immense variety of banks, shallows, and unknown passages
+        between the hundreds of islands which form the group render the
+        chances of shipwreck frequent. In order to save the crews and
+        property so constantly exposed to danger, the Governor of the
+        Bahamas, about the commencement of this century, licensed a number of
+        daring adventurers to ply up and down and assist ships in peril, and
+        there could not have been collected a more skilful and hardy set of
+        men. But, unfortunately, the governor’s good intentions were baulked
+        by the larger part of them becoming wreckers. Mr. Mackinnen asking
+        one of these men what success he had lately had, was told that there
+        had been about forty sail of pilots along the Florida coast for four
+        months. He remarked that they must have rendered great service to the
+        crews wrecked in that dangerous passage. The pilot said, <span class=
+        "tei tei-q">“No; they generally <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style=
+        "font-style: italic">went on</span></span> in the night.”</span>
+        <span class="tei tei-q">“But could not you light up beacons on
+        shore?”</span> <span class="tei tei-q">“No, no,”</span> said the man,
+        laughing, <span class="tei tei-q">“we always put them out for a
+        better chance by night.”</span> <span class="tei tei-q">“But it would
+        have been more humane——”</span> <span class="tei tei-q">“I did not go
+        there for humanity; I went <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style=
+        "font-style: italic">racking</span></span>!”</span></p>
+      </div>
+
+      <div class="tei tei-div" style=
+      "margin-bottom: 5.00em; margin-top: 5.00em">
+        <a name="chap19" id="chap19" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> <span class=
+        "tei tei-pb" id="page245">[pg 245]</span><a name="Pg245" id="Pg245"
+        class="tei tei-anchor"></a> <a name="toc41" id="toc41"></a> <a name=
+        "pdf42" id="pdf42"></a>
+
+        <h2 class="tei tei-head" style=
+        "text-align: center; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em">
+        <span style="font-size: 144%">CHAPTER XIX.</span></h2>
+
+        <h2 class="tei tei-head" style=
+        "text-align: center; margin-bottom: 2.40em; margin-top: 2.40em">
+        <span class="tei tei-q" style="text-align: center"><span style=
+        "font-size: 120%">“</span><span class="tei tei-hi" style=
+        "text-align: center"><span style=
+        "font-size: 120%; font-variant: small-caps">Hovelling</span></span><span style="font-size: 120%">”</span></span>
+        <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: center"><span style=
+        "font-size: 120%; font-style: italic">v.</span></span> <span class=
+        "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: center"><span style=
+        "font-size: 120%; font-variant: small-caps">Wrecking</span></span><span style="font-size: 120%">.</span></h2>
+
+        <div class="tei tei-argument" style=
+        "text-align: center; margin-bottom: 1.80em; margin-left: 3.60em; margin-top: 1.80em; margin-right: 3.60em">
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style=
+        "text-align: center; margin-bottom: 0.90em"><span style=
+        "font-size: 90%">The Contrast—The</span> <span class="tei tei-q"
+        style="text-align: center"><span style=
+        "font-size: 90%">“</span><span style=
+        "font-size: 90%">Hovellers</span><span style=
+        "font-size: 90%">”</span></span> <span style=
+        "font-size: 90%">defended—Their Services—The Case of the</span>
+        <span class="tei tei-name" style="text-align: center"><span style=
+        "font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Albion</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%">—Anchors
+          and Cables wanted by a disabled Vessel—Lugger wrecked on the
+          Beach—Dangers of the Hoveller’s Life—Nearly swamped by the heavy
+          Seas—Loss of a baling Bowl, and what it means—Saved on an American
+          Ship—The Lost Found—A brilliant example of Life-saving at
+          Bideford—The Small Rewards of the Hoveller’s Life—The case
+          of</span> <span class="tei tei-name" style=
+          "text-align: center"><span style=
+          "font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">La
+          Marguerite</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%">—Nearly
+          wrecked in Port—Hovellers</span> <span class="tei tei-hi" style=
+          "text-align: center"><span style=
+          "font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">v.</span></span> <span style=
+          "font-size: 90%">Wreckers—</span><span class="tei tei-q" style=
+          "text-align: center"><span style=
+          "font-size: 90%">“</span><span style="font-size: 90%">Let’s all
+          start fair!</span><span style=
+          "font-size: 90%">”</span></span><span style=
+          "font-size: 90%">—Praying for Wrecks.</span></p>
+        </div>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">The wrecker was a
+        land-ghoul, a monster in human form, who preyed on human life and
+        property. The <span class="tei tei-q">“hovellers,”</span> a
+        distinctive term on many parts of the coasts of this sea-girt isle,
+        is applied to the hardy men who, in all weathers and at all risks, go
+        to the assistance of ships in distress, and occasionally benefit by a
+        wreck, but they are not wreckers. The Rev. Mr. Gilmore, who has so
+        well described the dangers, perils, and triumphs of the life-boat
+        service, very properly includes among the storm warriors the honest
+        men who perform these practical deeds of naval daring. Visitors to
+        Ramsgate and other seaside resorts of the southern coast will
+        remember the luggers in which holiday excursions are made; many of
+        these same boats are, in winter more especially, engaged in very
+        serious work. <span class="tei tei-q">“The more threatening and heavy
+        the weather,”</span> says our authority, <span class="tei tei-q">“the
+        greater the probability of disaster occurring or having occurred,
+        then the more ready are the crew to work their way out to the Goodwin
+        Sands, and to cruise round them on the look-out for vessels in
+        distress; they dare not take the lugger into the broken water—there a
+        life-boat alone can live: but still, she is a grand sea-boat, one
+        that will stagger on, with a ship’s heavy anchor and chain on board,
+        through weather bad enough for anything—a boat that is well suited
+        for the hard and dangerous service which employs her during the
+        winter months.”</span> The hovelling lugger has generally a crew of
+        ten men, and these receive no regular pay. Any salvage or reward the
+        vessel earns is commonly divided into fourteen shares; the boat takes
+        three and a half for the owners, half a share goes for the
+        provisions, and each man of the crew receives one share. Mr. Gilmore
+        says that <span class="tei tei-q">“complaints are sometimes made of
+        the amounts charged by these men for services rendered; but the cases
+        of a good hovel are few and far between; and often the luggers put
+        out to sea night after night throughout a stormy winter, hanging
+        about the sands, in wind and rain, and snow and mists, the men
+        half-frozen with the cold and half-smothered with the flying surf and
+        spray, and often week after week they thus suffer and endure, and do
+        not make a penny-piece each man; then at last, perhaps, comes a
+        chance: a big ship is on the tail of a sandbank; they render
+        assistance and get her off; they have saved thousands of pounds worth
+        of property; and the captain, and the owners, and the underwriters
+        all look aghast, and cry out with indignation when they ask perhaps a
+        sum that will give them ten or fifteen pounds a man.”</span></p>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Not uncommonly the
+        lugger speaks a vessel, and finds that an anchor or anchors, cables,
+        &amp;c., have been lost, and must be replaced. They must make in all
+        haste for shore, and obtain what is needed, and put out again to the
+        distressed vessel. What all this may mean on occasions to the owners
+        and men of the hovelling vessels is shown in the following
+        example—the case of the <span class="tei tei-name"><span style=
+        "font-style: italic">Albion</span></span> lugger.</p><span class=
+        "tei tei-pb" id="page246">[pg 246]</span><a name="Pg246" id="Pg246"
+        class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">The <span class=
+        "tei tei-name"><span style="font-style: italic">Albion</span></span>
+        meets a vessel driving before the gale, having lost both her anchors
+        and cables; receives orders to supply her from shore; and the hardy
+        crew, putting the vessel round, beat through the heavy seas, and make
+        for Deal. <span class="tei tei-q">“They have to force the boat
+        against wind and tide, and much skill is required to prevent her
+        being filled by the rising seas which sweep around her; now she
+        rushes upon the beach, the surf breaks over her and half fills her
+        with water; with a tremendous thump and shake she strikes the shore
+        with her iron keel.</span></p>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class=
+        "tei tei-q">“As the wave which bore the lugger in upon the beach
+        recedes, a man springs overboard from the bow with a rope in his
+        hand; many catch hold of the rope, and haul their hardest to keep the
+        boat straight, head on to the beach; there is a stem strap—a chain
+        running through a hole in the front part of the keel; a boatman
+        watches his opportunity, and, as a wave sweeps back, rushes down and
+        passes a rope through the loop of the strap; the other end of this
+        rope is fastened to a powerful capstan, which is placed high up on
+        the beach. <span class="tei tei-q">‘Man the capstan! Heave with a
+        will!’</span> and the strong men strain at the capstan bars until the
+        capstan creaks again. There is no starting the lugger: she is so full
+        of water from the surf breaking on the beach that she is too heavy
+        for the men at one capstan to move her; ropes are led down from two
+        other capstans, and rove through a snatch-block fastened to a boat on
+        the beach; all put out their strength, round they tramp, with a
+        <span class="tei tei-q">‘Ho! heave ho!’</span> and slowly the lugger
+        travels up the beach, and is safe from the roll of the breakers. The
+        men get the water out of her, haul her higher up on to a swivel
+        platform, turn her round head to the sea, and the leading hands hurry
+        away to inquire about an anchor and cable. The agent supplies them
+        with such as seem suitable for the size of the vessel, and which will
+        perhaps weigh together about seven tons.”</span> Then follows the
+        labour of getting them on board, but in a short time all are ready
+        for sea.</p>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class=
+        "tei tei-q">“The gale has rapidly increased in force, and a frightful
+        surf is running on the beach; the roar of the breakers on the
+        shingle, the howling of the storm, the gleam of white foam shining
+        out of the mist and gloom, all picture the wildness of the storm; but
+        the undaunted boatmen do not hesitate. All is ready; the signal
+        given; the boat rushes down the steep ways, and is launched into the
+        sea. A breaking wave rolls in swiftly, it meets the bow of the lugger
+        in its rush, fills her; for a moment the big boat runs under water,
+        and then is lifted and twisted like a toy in the grasp of the sea,
+        and is thrown, in the heave of the wave, broadside on to the beach; a
+        cry of horror from all on shore, and a rush down to aid the crew, who
+        are all—there are fifteen of them—struggling in the surf: now the men
+        are washed up by the wave, and feel the ground and stagger forward;
+        now they are caught again by a breaker and rolled over; it is for
+        each of them a terrible battle with the fierce seas; here one gets on
+        his feet and stumbles forward, he is caught by the men on shore and
+        dragged up the beach; there a man is lying struggling on the shingle,
+        trying in vain to rise, exhausted and confused, two men seize his
+        collar, and pull him forward a yard or two, then get him to his feet,
+        and he escapes the next wave, which would have washed him out to sea
+        again. Now all the men seem to be saved; names are shouted—do all
+        answer? No; there is one missing! All rush to the water’s edge and
+        gaze into the darkness, eagerly watching each shadow mid the surf.
+        <span class="tei tei-q">‘There he is! No! <span class="tei tei-pb"
+        id="page247">[pg 247]</span><a name="Pg247" id="Pg247" class=
+        "tei tei-anchor"></a>Yes it is! there—lifting on the surf! there,
+        rolling-over!’</span> <span class="tei tei-q">‘Quick! quick! form a
+        line!’</span> And the brave boatmen grasp each other’s hands with
+        iron strength, and form a chain, the lowest of the four or five men
+        at the sea end of the chain being in the water. The waves battle with
+        them, but sturdily they persevere. At last the body is within reach
+        of the seaward man; he grasps it; the men are dragged up the beach,
+        and the poor insensible man is carried ashore. Alive or dead? They
+        cannot say; and with a great fear in their hearts they carry him
+        hurriedly up the beach, and soon, to the great joy of all, he gives
+        signs of life, and gradually recovers.</span></p>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class=
+        "tei tei-q">“In the meanwhile, the poor boatmen on the beach have
+        nothing that they can do but watch their fine boat, which was worth
+        five hundred pounds, being torn and hammered to pieces in the surf.
+        Plank after plank is wrenched from her. Now, with a loud crash, she
+        is broken in half; the two halves part; the anchor and cable fall
+        through her. They can see part of the forepeak, with one side torn
+        away, floating in the breakers; soon that also is rent to pieces, and
+        nothing but fragments of the boat float in the surf or are strewn
+        about the beach; and the boatmen, heavy-hearted, but thankful that
+        they have escaped with their lives, go slowly to their homes to rest
+        for a few hours and recruit their strength, and then be ready to form
+        part of the crew of any other boat, and at the first summons to rush
+        out again to the encounter with the stormiest seas.”</span> And that
+        what the men of Deal are <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style=
+        "font-style: italic">par excellence</span></span>—hardy, brave, and
+        skilful—the men of our coasts are very generally.</p><a name=
+        "illo_283.jpg" id="illo_283.jpg" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"></p>
+
+        <div class="tei tei-figure" style="text-align: center">
+          <img src="images/illo_283.jpg" alt="LOSS OF THE “ALBION” LUGGER"
+          title="LOSS OF THE “ALBION” LUGGER." />
+
+          <div class="tei tei-head" style=
+          "text-align: center; margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em">
+            LOSS OF THE <span class="tei tei-q" style=
+            "text-align: center">“ALBION”</span> LUGGER.
+          </div>
+        </div>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Sometimes the
+        hovellers are distinctly associated with the life-boat men in their
+        efforts to save life. Gilmore cites a case where a lugger’s boat had
+        succeeded in taking a number of men off a wreck, when they themselves
+        were caught in a squall, and were only too glad to make for the
+        life-boat, to which the larger part were transferred. Then came a
+        chapter of difficulties, for neither steamer nor lugger could be
+        discovered through the fog, which obscured everything within a few
+        yards of them. When they at length reached the <span class=
+        "tei tei-name"><span style=
+        "font-style: italic">Champion</span></span> lugger, the shipwrecked
+        crew refused to leave the life-boat. They had been as nearly as
+        possible wrecked a second time in the lugger’s boat. What a story had
+        these poor men to relate!</p>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Their vessel, the
+        <span class="tei tei-name"><span style=
+        "font-style: italic">Effort</span></span>, had been beaten about for
+        days in the North Sea previous to grounding on the fatal Goodwins.
+        They hoisted lamps, and were preparing to set a tar-barrel on fire,
+        when their ship, which was very light, rolled from side to side,
+        almost yard-arms under, and then suddenly capsized altogether.
+        <span class="tei tei-q">“At once,”</span> said one of the narrators,
+        <span class="tei tei-q">“and with difficulty, we made for the weather
+        rigging, and were glad to find that not any of the crew were lost as
+        she fell over. We lashed ourselves to the rigging. We knew, to our
+        great joy, that the tide was falling; had it been rising, we must
+        have very soon been overrun by it, the vessel broken up, and every
+        man of us lost. We were in danger enough as it was, for the brig,
+        soon after she capsized, was caught by the tide, and worked round,
+        with her deck towards the seas; and as the heavy seas broke over and
+        came rushing up the deck, they fell on us with terrible weight, and
+        beat us and crushed us against the ship’s rail, so that we were
+        forced to unlash ourselves from the rigging; and what to do we did
+        not know, till one of us said, <span class="tei tei-q">‘Our only
+        chance is to lash the end of the ropes round our waists, and let go
+        the rigging as the waves <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page249">[pg
+        249]</span><a name="Pg249" id="Pg249" class=
+        "tei tei-anchor"></a>come.’</span> And so we did; and terrible work
+        it was. As the waves came we slackened the ropes and went away a
+        little with them; and as they passed, half smothered as we were,
+        hauled ourselves back to the rigging and held on a bit; and then,
+        when the next wave came, we let go, and were all adrift in the wash
+        again; our hands were almost torn to pieces with the strain on the
+        ropes and grasping at the side of the vessel.... You see, too, how
+        our clothes were nearly dragged off us: it was indeed an awful
+        time!”</span> One man grew terribly excited as they told the dismal
+        story. His limbs and features worked, and as the waves dashed over
+        the life-boat he fancied himself being washed off the wreck, and his
+        reason quite gave way for the time. He shouted out, <span class=
+        "tei tei-q">“Let me drown myself! Let me drown myself! I can stand it
+        no longer!”</span> and was with the greatest difficulty held back by
+        three men, who would not relinquish their hold till they got safe
+        into harbour.</p>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">The hoveller’s
+        life is necessarily full of danger, for his services are usually only
+        required in the very worst weather; and if he can save anything from
+        a wreck, it will generally be done under circumstances of great
+        difficulty. Gilmore cites an example where some of these men were
+        endeavouring to save the rigging of a wrecked vessel, when a squall
+        came on, with driving snow and hail. The men in the rigging were
+        somewhat interested in their work, and were at first inclined to risk
+        the weather, but the gale increased so rapidly that it became evident
+        that they must leave in their boat at once. Away for their lives the
+        men pull, the little boat seethes through the troubled waters, and
+        they soon near the edge of the sand, and are making for deep water,
+        when they suddenly hear the noise of the surf beating on the shallows
+        immediately ahead of them. They pull ahead a little, and can see the
+        huge waves rolling in out of the deep water, mounting up, curling
+        over, and breaking, meeting other breakers, foaming up against
+        them—in fact, a sea of raging waters surrounding the sands in which
+        their little boat would be swamped at once. As they mount on a wave
+        they can see the lugger riding safely just outside the surf, only a
+        quarter of a mile off, but that quarter of a mile it is impossible
+        for them to pass, and equally impossible for the lugger to get any
+        nearer to them. The seas break over them constantly, and for a while
+        they return to the dangerous shelter of the wreck.</p><a name=
+        "illo_287.png" id="illo_287.png" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"></p>
+
+        <div class="tei tei-figure" style="text-align: center">
+          <img src="images/illo_287.png" alt=
+          "MAP SHOWING COAST OF RAMSGATE AND THE GOODWIN SANDS" title=
+          "MAP SHOWING COAST OF RAMSGATE AND THE GOODWIN SANDS." />
+
+          <div class="tei tei-head" style=
+          "text-align: center; margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em">
+            MAP SHOWING COAST OF RAMSGATE AND THE GOODWIN SANDS.
+          </div>
+        </div>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class=
+        "tei tei-q">“The Goodwin Sands are about nine miles long; in the
+        middle of them there is, at low water, a large lake, which is called
+        on the chart <span class="tei tei-q">‘Trinity Bay,’</span> but which
+        is known to the boatmen as the <span class=
+        "tei tei-q">‘In-Sand.’</span> The men row in the direction of the
+        lake, and row over the sandbanks which surround it, as soon as the
+        tide has flowed sufficiently to enable them to do so. Now they find
+        themselves in completely smooth water, and are safe; but for how
+        long? a short hour or so, for the hungry waves are following them up
+        fast. Still higher and higher comes the tide, and a furious surf
+        begins to rage over the banks that for a time protect the
+        lake.”</span> Well do the men know how short must be their period of
+        rest.</p>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Soon the heavy
+        rollers come in and threaten to swamp them; the boat is nearly full
+        of water. At this juncture the steersman, who has been steering and
+        baling the boat for about four hours, suddenly lets the bowl with
+        which he is baling fly from his hand; he gives a cry of horror, and
+        the men cannot help repeating it, for may not this apparently small
+        accident be fatal to them? To keep the boat afloat without baling is
+        impossible; the surf breaks into her continually, and that bowl is
+        indispensable to their safety, <span class="tei tei-pb" id=
+        "page250">[pg 250]</span><a name="Pg250" id="Pg250" class=
+        "tei tei-anchor"></a>for the men cannot use their sou’westers for the
+        purpose when both hands are so busily employed in freeing their oars
+        from the seas and keeping the blades from being blown up into the air
+        by the force of the gale. Most happily, the bowl is a wooden one, and
+        it floats a few yards from them. The men watch it anxiously as they
+        are tossed up and down by the quick waves. Back the boat down upon
+        the bowl they cannot, and it is drifting away faster than they are
+        floating. It would seem a simple matter to pick up a bowl floating
+        within a distance so small, but the waves long render it impossible.
+        Suddenly the coxswain cries, <span class="tei tei-q">“Here is a lull;
+        round with her sharp!”</span> The men on the starboard side give a
+        mighty pull, and the others back their hardest; then a pull
+        altogether; the bowl is within reach; the coxswain grasps it with a
+        hasty snatch. <span class="tei tei-q">“Round! round with her
+        quick!”</span> and the boat is got head straight to the seas again
+        before the waves can catch her broadside and roll her over. All
+        breathe again: they have another chance of life.</p>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">They get clear of
+        the Sands, but a fierce gale is still raging. <span class=
+        "tei tei-q">“As they get into the Gull stream, they see vessel after
+        vessel running with close-reefed topsails before the gale; the
+        boatmen hail them, but they get no answer. One little sloop affords
+        them slight hope, for she is evidently altering her course, but after
+        a moment’s apparent hesitation, away she goes again before the gale,
+        and abandons them to their fate. The captain of the little vessel
+        related afterwards how, in the height of the storm, he saw some poor
+        fellows in a small boat, and had a great wish to try and save them,
+        but the sea was running so high that he felt it was impossible to
+        heave his vessel to, and so had to leave them, and that they must
+        have been driven on the Sands and lost. This sloop was about a
+        quarter of a mile from the boat, and the men do not again get as near
+        to any other ship; and as vessel after vessel passes, and the night
+        begins to grow dark, the position of the men becomes more and more
+        hopeless, and they all feel that if no vessel picks them up they must
+        soon be blown in again upon the sands, and there perish.”</span> The
+        men work on, but solemnly, very solemnly.</p>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">But one vessel, a
+        large American ship, remains at anchor in the Downs; vessel after
+        vessel had slipped their cables and run before the gale. It is their
+        last hope. <span class="tei tei-q">“As they drop slowly towards her,
+        they shout time after time, but cannot make themselves heard, and it
+        is getting too dusk for them to be seen at any distance; the seas are
+        running alongside the ship almost gunwale high, and it is impossible
+        to get nearer to her than within fifty yards. Hail after hail the men
+        give; still they get no answer. They can see a man on the poop, but
+        he evidently neither sees nor hears them, and their last chance seems
+        slipping away, for they are fast drifting past the vessel.
+        <span class="tei tei-q">‘Get on the thwart, Dick, and shout with all
+        your might!’</span> the coxswain says to the man pulling stroke oar.
+        <span class="tei tei-q">‘I’ll hold you!’</span> hauling in his oar
+        and catching it under the seat. The man springs upon the thwart, and
+        balancing himself for a second, hails with all his force.”</span></p>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class=
+        "tei tei-q">“The man is moving; he hears us, hurrah!”</span> is the
+        glad cry in the boat; and they can soon see several astonished faces
+        peering over them. The boat drifts by the ship; they give a pull or
+        two, to get her under the stern of the vessel; a coil of rope with a
+        life-buoy is thrown to them, and they manage to get it on board. The
+        captain is now on deck; he orders other ropes to be sent down, and
+        soon another life-buoy, with cord attached, comes floating by. Still
+        the boat is in great danger; their safety hitherto has been in
+        floating <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page251">[pg
+        251]</span><a name="Pg251" id="Pg251" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>with
+        the waves, yielding to them as they rolled on, but now the little
+        boat has to breast the waves, and is tossed high in the air, and
+        again plunged far down, running great risk of being overturned.
+        <span class="tei tei-q">“The difficulty now is how to get the men out
+        of the boat, for they dare not haul her up closer to the vessel, as
+        she will not ride with a shorter scope of rope. They send another
+        rope down to the boat, with a bowline knot made in it, for the men to
+        sit in, and then shout to the men, <span class="tei tei-q">‘We will
+        haul you on board one at a time!’</span> ”</span> A moment’s question
+        as to the order in which the men shall go is quickly decided, for
+        each feels that at any moment the boat may sink or upset. They leave
+        in the order in which they sit, and one after another they plunge
+        into the waves, and are hauled on board, dripping, but saved! Very
+        soon the boat fills and turns over, and hangs by the ropes till
+        morning.</p>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">The captain will
+        hardly credit their story at first. <span class=
+        "tei tei-q">“Impossible! impossible!”</span> says he. <span class=
+        "tei tei-q">“No boat could live in such a sea, and over the Sands.
+        Impossible!”</span> But he becomes convinced at last, and all on
+        board show every attention and kindness. A little brandy and some dry
+        clothes at once, a beefsteak supper and a glass of grog later on,
+        followed by warm beds made up on the captain’s cabin floor, and their
+        adventures in an open boat were but the memory of a horrid dream. The
+        coxswain, however, fell very ill soon after, and was nigh death’s
+        door; he did not recover his strength for a twelvemonth, so greatly
+        had the anxiety of that night’s work told upon him.</p>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Meantime, the
+        lugger, after cruising backwards and forwards, the crew keeping an
+        anxious and fruitless look-out for their comrades in the boat, is
+        obliged to put in for Dover, from whence they telegraph the sad news
+        that six of their men are to all appearance lost. Next morning they
+        make one more effort to find some traces of their lost companions,
+        and then steer, sad and disheartened, for Ramsgate. There the arrival
+        of the lugger is most anxiously awaited. Alas! it is as they feared,
+        and many a household is plunged in grief. While this is going on, the
+        boatmen leave the American ship and row steadily for Ramsgate, near
+        which they fall in with another lugger, on which they are taken. The
+        lugger’s flag is hoisted, in token that they are the bearers of good
+        news, and great is the curiosity of the men about the harbour. A
+        crowd hurries down the pier to watch her arrival, and as soon as the
+        men missing from the <span class="tei tei-name"><span style=
+        "font-style: italic">Princess Alice</span></span> are recognised, the
+        cheers and excitement are wild in the extreme. Men rush off to bear
+        the good news. <span class="tei tei-q">“One poor woman, in the midst
+        of her agony and mourning for her husband, and surrounded by her
+        weeping friends, is surprised by her door being burst violently open,
+        and at seeing a boatman, almost dropping with breathlessness, gasping
+        and gesticulating and nodding, but trying in vain to speak; and it is
+        some seconds before he can stammer out, <span class="tei tei-q">‘All
+        right! all right! Your husband is safe—coming
+        now!’</span> ”</span></p><a name="illo_290.jpg" id="illo_290.jpg"
+        class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"></p>
+
+        <div class="tei tei-figure" style="text-align: center">
+          <img src="images/illo_290.jpg" alt=
+          "THE LUGGER REACHING RAMSGATE HARBOUR" title=
+          "THE LUGGER REACHING RAMSGATE HARBOUR." />
+
+          <div class="tei tei-head" style=
+          "text-align: center; margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em">
+            THE LUGGER REACHING RAMSGATE HARBOUR.
+          </div>
+        </div>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">The danger
+        incurred by the hovellers is well illustrated by the following
+        example, recorded by our leading journal<a id="noteref_76" name=
+        "noteref_76" href="#note_76"><span class=
+        "tei tei-noteref"><span style=
+        "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">76</span></span></a> some
+        years since. Nine of these men endeavoured to save a sloop, the
+        <span class="tei tei-name"><span style=
+        "font-style: italic">Wool-packet</span></span>, of Dartmouth,
+        stranded on Bideford Bar, and the crew must have lost their lives but
+        for the noble service performed, under great risks, by Captain Thomas
+        Jones, master of the steam-tug <span class=
+        "tei tei-name"><span style="font-style: italic">Ely</span></span>, of
+        Cardiff. A shipowner of Bideford, who was an eye-witness of the brave
+        deed, stated that the crew of the vessel had aban<span class=
+        "tei tei-pb" id="page252">[pg 252]</span><a name="Pg252" id="Pg252"
+        class="tei tei-anchor"></a>doned her, and the two boats’ crews,
+        consisting of nine men, afterwards boarded the wreck, with the view
+        of trying to get her off the bar; but when the tide rose the sea
+        broke heavily over the vessel, and the men hoisted a flag of
+        distress. The steam-tug <span class="tei tei-name"><span style=
+        "font-style: italic">Ely</span></span> now hastened to the rescue,
+        against a strong tide and wind. Before, however, she could get near
+        the wreck, the nine men were driven to seek refuge in the rigging.
+        The sea was breaking fearfully in all directions and the vessel
+        rolling from side to side, but Captain Jones and his crew bravely
+        proceeded through the broken water, at the risk of their lives and
+        vessel, and succeeded, at the first attempt, in saving three of the
+        men. This was all that they could then accomplish, for the sea was
+        now breaking so furiously over the wreck that the steamer was driven
+        away; and the same want of success attended a second and third
+        attempt to approach the wreck. The captain then backed astern, and,
+        with consummate skill and boldness, actually placed the steamer
+        alongside the vessel’s rigging, with her bow over the deck of the
+        wreck, thus saving the six men in the rigging; and within the short
+        space of two minutes the wreck had actually disappeared, and was not
+        seen afterwards. But for this bold and successful service, nine
+        widows (for the nine rescued men were all married) and forty
+        fatherless children would to-day be lamenting the loss of husbands
+        and fathers. The <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page253">[pg
+        253]</span><a name="Pg253" id="Pg253" class=
+        "tei tei-anchor"></a>National Life-boat Institution presented a
+        medal, &amp;c., to the captain, and £1 each to the eight men forming
+        the crew.</p><a name="illo_288.jpg" id="illo_288.jpg" class=
+        "tei tei-anchor"></a>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"></p>
+
+        <div class="tei tei-figure" style="text-align: center">
+          <img src="images/illo_288.jpg" alt=
+          "WRECK OF THE “WOOL-PACKET” ON BIDEFORD BAR" title=
+          "WRECK OF THE “WOOL-PACKET” ON BIDEFORD BAR." />
+
+          <div class="tei tei-head" style=
+          "text-align: center; margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em">
+            WRECK OF THE <span class="tei tei-q" style=
+            "text-align: center">“WOOL-PACKET”</span> ON BIDEFORD BAR.
+          </div>
+        </div>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">The greatness of
+        the risk to the hoveller, and the comparative smallness of his
+        reward, are illustrated in the case of <span class=
+        "tei tei-name"><span style="font-style: italic">La
+        Marguerite</span></span>, a small French brig, rescued from the
+        Goodwin Sands and brought safely into Ramsgate Harbour. She was owned
+        by her captain, and represented to him the labours of a hardworking
+        life. She was bound from Christiania to Dieppe, with a cargo of
+        deals, and was considerably hampered on deck, the timber being piled
+        up almost to her gunwale. She lost her course in the night, and
+        grounded on the Sands. <span class="tei tei-q">“Where are they? Where
+        can they be? What horrible mistake have they made?”</span> writes Mr.
+        Gilmore in his forcible manner. <span class="tei tei-q">“They think
+        they must have run somewhere on the mainland on the Kent coast; one
+        man proposes to swim ashore with a rope, but the seas come sweeping
+        over them with a degree of violence that quite does away with any
+        thought of making such an attempt. They hurry to the long-boat, to
+        try and get it out, but it and the only other boat <span class=
+        "tei tei-pb" id="page254">[pg 254]</span><a name="Pg254" id="Pg254"
+        class="tei tei-anchor"></a>which is in the brig are speedily swept
+        overboard by the seas. The vessel is on the edge of the Sands, and
+        feels all the force of the waves as they roll in and leap and break
+        upon the bark. With every inrush of the seas she lifts high, and
+        pitches, crushing her bow down upon the Sands, each time with a thump
+        that makes her timbers groan, and almost sends the men flying from
+        the deck.”</span> For some twenty minutes she keeps thrashing on the
+        Sands, when they glide off into deep water, and after much delay get
+        their anchor overboard. The gale continues, and, after much
+        entreaty—for the captain is a poor man—the crew succeed in inducing
+        him to cut the foremast away, and the brig rides more easily when
+        this is accomplished. They wait for daylight. They are then seen from
+        Margate, and two fine luggers have a race to see which can get first
+        to the vessel. The life-boat also puts off. One of the luggers gets
+        alongside in fine shape, and the men at once recommend the captain to
+        cut away the remaining mast, but he will not be persuaded. They raise
+        the anchor, and passing a hawser on board, attempt to tow the brig
+        from the Sands, but make little progress. To their satisfaction, they
+        see the Ramsgate steam-boat and life-boat making their way round the
+        North Foreland.</p>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class=
+        "tei tei-q">“The coastguard officer at Margate, when he saw that the
+        Margate life-boat could not reach the brig, and knowing that if any
+        sea got up where the vessel was that the luggers could be of no use,
+        telegraphed to Ramsgate that the vessel was on the Knock Sands. The
+        steamer and life-boat get under weigh at once, and proceed as fast as
+        possible to the rescue. There is a nasty sea running off Ramsgate,
+        but it is not until they get to the North Foreland that they feel the
+        full force of the gale. Here the sea is tremendous, and as the
+        steamer pitches to it the waves that break upon her bows fly right
+        over her funnel—indeed, she buries herself so much in the seas that
+        they have to ease her speed considerably to prevent her being
+        completely overrun with them.”</span> The boatmen at last get on
+        board the brig; a glance shows that no time must be lost, and as
+        rapidly as possible the steamer is enabled to take the water-logged
+        vessel in tow. The French crew are utterly exhausted with fatigue and
+        excitement, and are quite ready to leave their vessel in English
+        hands. Away the brig goes, plunging and rolling, with the seas
+        washing over her decks, which are scarcely out of the water, while
+        the two boats are tossing astern, all being towed by the gallant
+        little steamer. They have nearly reached the harbour.</p>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">In spite of the
+        rough cold night, the interest in life-boat work is too great for all
+        sympathisers to be driven away from the pier-head; and there is a
+        crowd there ready to watch the boats return and to welcome the men
+        with a cheer. The steamer approaches cautiously, and the brig seems
+        well under command. A couple of minutes more and all will be safe,
+        when suddenly the rush of tide catches the wreck on the bow; she
+        overpowers the lugger, which is towing astern; round her head flies;
+        she lurches heavily forward, and strikes the east pier-head. Crash
+        goes her jib-boom first, and the steamer, towing with all its might,
+        cannot prevent her again and again crushing against the pier. Her
+        bowsprit and figure-head are broken and torn off, her stern smashed
+        in. Ropes and buoys are thrown from the pier. <span class=
+        "tei tei-q">“The poor Frenchmen are almost paralysed by the scene and
+        by excitement—they cannot make it out; the harbour-master, Captain
+        Braine, has enough to do: he sees the danger of the men on
+        <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page255">[pg 255]</span><a name="Pg255"
+        id="Pg255" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>board the brig, but he sees
+        more than this—he sees the danger of the crowd at the pier-head, for
+        the brig’s mainmast is swaying backwards and forwards, coming right
+        over the pier as the vessel rolls, and threatens to break and come
+        down upon the people as the brig strikes the pier; and if it does it
+        will certainly kill some, perhaps many.”</span> Women shriek and men
+        shout, and it looks as though the <span class=
+        "tei tei-name"><span style=
+        "font-style: italic">Marguerite</span></span> would be wrecked in
+        sight of all. Meantime the crew of the hovelling lugger are in equal,
+        if not greater, danger.</p>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class=
+        "tei tei-q">“As soon as the men on board the lugger saw the brig
+        sweep and crash against the pier, they cast off their tow-rope, but
+        before they could hoist any sail, the way they had on the boat and
+        the rush of the tide carried the lugger almost between the vessel, as
+        she swung round, and the pier. The men, however, escaped that danger,
+        and indeed death, but the boat was swept to the back of the pier, and
+        in the eddy of the tide was carried into the broken waters; then she
+        rolls in the trough of the sea; wave after wave catches and sweeps
+        her up towards the pier, as if to crush her against it, but each time
+        the rebound of the water from the pier acts as a fender and saves her
+        from destruction; but she is an open boat, and if one big wave leaps
+        on board it will fill her, and she must sink at once; and the seas
+        around her are very wild, the surf from their crests breaks into her
+        continually. The people on the pier see her extreme peril; some run
+        to the life-boat men, who are preparing to moor the boat, and shout
+        to them to hasten out—that the brig is breaking up, and that the
+        lugger will be swamped; before, however, the life-boat can get out
+        the brig is towed clear of the pier, and, the lugger having drifted
+        to the end of the pier, the men are able to get up a corner of the
+        foresail; it cants the lugger’s head round; the men get the foresail
+        well up: it fills; she draws away from the pier and away from the
+        broken water, and is clear.”</span> But now the brig, the rudder of
+        which had been wrenched out of her on the Sands, has no boat to help
+        her steer, and lurches about in all directions. A heavy sea strikes
+        her bow; the steamer’s hawser tightens, strains, and breaks! Excited
+        people on the pier crowd round the harbour-master, and beg him to
+        order the life-boat men to take the crew and the boatmen off the
+        wreck at once. That official knows, however, the boatmen too well:
+        <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style=
+        "font-style: italic">they</span></span> will not leave her while a
+        stitch holds together.</p>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">The captain of the
+        steamer knows their peril, and backs his vessel down to the wreck,
+        now not over a hundred yards from the Dyke Sand. She is rolling
+        heavily, and the seas sweep over her; her crew can hardly keep the
+        deck. The steamer gets close to the brig, and soon another cable is
+        out. Each time the brig sheers heavily to one side or the other she
+        is brought up with a jerk that makes the steamer tremble from stem to
+        stern, but that plucky little boat is not to be beaten. Five brave
+        fellows come off from the pier in a small boat, bringing a line with
+        them: with this they haul a second hawser to the wreck; a crowd of
+        people on the pier pull their hardest, and succeed in moving the
+        wreck. This cable breaks shortly afterwards, but the steamer has by
+        this time again got hold of the vessel, and tows her safely into the
+        harbour, a miserable wreck, with masts and rudder gone, her bow and
+        stern crushed, but with everybody safe on board. The <span class=
+        "tei tei-name"><span style=
+        "font-style: italic">Marguerite</span></span> was ultimately repaired
+        and sent to sea again, though she could never be the vessel she once
+        was. And the Margate and Ramsgate men got a few pounds each for work
+        that required each one to be a hero, and a very practical and
+        sea<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page256">[pg 256]</span><a name=
+        "Pg256" id="Pg256" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>manlike hero too. The
+        old wreckers made ten times the money, with an infinitesimal
+        proportion of the trouble.</p>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Yes, times
+        <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style=
+        "font-style: italic">have</span></span> changed for the better.
+        Individuals may, of course, be found capable of any amount of
+        brutality for the sake of gain, but the shipwrecked mariner of to-day
+        is morally certain that his life and remaining property are safe when
+        he reaches the shore of any part of the United Kingdom, and that for
+        every ruffian there will be twenty kindly and hospitable people ready
+        to pity and to aid him. The same could not be said of the early part
+        of this very century. It seems almost incredible, too horrible, to be
+        possible, that in 1811 the remnant of a poor crew of a frigate
+        wrecked on the Scotch coast were, after buffeting the breakers and
+        struggling ashore for dear life, absolutely murdered on the beach for
+        the sake of their wretched clothes, or, at all events, stripped and
+        left to die. When morning dawned the beach was found strewn with
+        naked corpses. The inhabitants of many fishing villages and seaside
+        hamlets were open to similar imputations late in the last, and indeed
+        early in the present, century. Whole communities have in bygone
+        times—let us trust gone for ever—turned out at the tidings of a
+        vessel in danger; solely with a view to plunder. A tolerably
+        well-known yarn, in which, probably, implicit confidence should not
+        be placed, tells us of a wreck which occurred near the village of St.
+        Anthony, Cornwall, one Sunday morning. This being the case, and the
+        parishioners assembling at the church, the clerk announced that
+        <span class="tei tei-q">“Measter would gee them a holladay,”</span>
+        for purposes on which that excellent clergyman well knew they were
+        intent. This is only one part of the story, for it is stated that as
+        the members of the congregation were hurrying pell-mell from the
+        church, they were stopped by the stentorian voice of the parson, who
+        cried out, <span class="tei tei-q">“Here! here! let’s all start
+        fair!”</span> The fact is that the contents or material of a wreck
+        scattered around a coast were, and, no doubt, are still in many
+        places, looked upon as legitimate prey by fishermen and others who
+        would scorn anything in the form of treachery, in luring the good
+        ship ashore, or in brutal treatment to the survivors of her crew.
+        <span class="tei tei-q">“Within the past five-and-twenty
+        years,”</span> said a leader-writer a short time since, <span class=
+        "tei tei-q">“it is said that a candidate for Parliamentary honours,
+        while canvassing in a district near the coast, found that his opinion
+        on the subject of wrecking was made a crucial point. Wrecking,
+        indeed—so far as the appropriation of shipwrecked property is implied
+        in the word—seems to have held very much the same position in popular
+        ethics as smuggling has done. <span class="tei tei-q">‘Such was the
+        feeling of the wreckers,’</span> writes one who was at one time
+        Commissioner of the Liverpool Police, <span class="tei tei-q">‘that
+        if a man saw a bale of goods or a barrel floating in the water, he
+        would run almost any risk of his life to touch that article, as a
+        sort of warrant for calling it his own. It is considered such fair
+        game, that if he could touch it he called out to those about him,
+        <span class="tei tei-q">“That is mine!”</span> and it would be marked
+        as his, and the others would consider he had a claim to it, and would
+        render him assistance.’</span> ”</span> We are told that the natives
+        of Sleswig-Holstein considered wrecking so legitimate that prayers
+        were offered up in their churches at one time that <span class=
+        "tei tei-q">“their coasts might be blessed.”</span> Pastor and flock
+        looked upon wrecks as much of blessings as they did a good fishing
+        season. The parson, however, it was explained, did not really pray
+        for wrecks. Certainly not! What he meant was that if there
+        <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style=
+        "font-style: italic">must</span></span> be wrecks, those wrecks might
+        happen on their coasts!</p><span class="tei tei-pb" id="page257">[pg
+        257]</span><a name="Pg257" id="Pg257" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">The question of
+        <span class="tei tei-q">“salvage”</span> is of a nature too technical
+        for these columns. In some minor matters it would seem that the
+        authorities do not offer proper encouragement to fishermen and others
+        to be decently honest or humane. At the period of the wreck of the
+        <span class="tei tei-name"><span style=
+        "font-style: italic">Schiller</span></span>, on the Scilly Islands, a
+        correspondent of our leading journal<a id="noteref_77" name=
+        "noteref_77" href="#note_77"><span class=
+        "tei tei-noteref"><span style=
+        "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">77</span></span></a> tells us
+        <span class="tei tei-q">“that many floating bodies of drowned
+        passengers and seamen were picked up by the fishing boats which
+        abound in that part of Cornwall. Upon some of them money or valuables
+        were found, and these were given up to the Customs when the body was
+        sent ashore. In such cases the valuables were retained for the
+        friends of the drowned persons, and a uniform reward of five
+        shillings was paid to the finders. Now, for the sake of taking ashore
+        such a body as I have described, the fishermen—seven or eight in
+        number—would have lost their night’s fishing, for it would not have
+        been safe, even if the crew were willing, to have done otherwise. The
+        smallness of the reward given in return for the services rendered
+        would therefore operate as a strong inducement to the more selfish
+        among them to prefer their fishing to the dictates of humanity. My
+        informants even told a story of a fishing boat which picked up a
+        floating body, and, having collected all the papers and valuables
+        from it, restored the body itself to the deep, and went on its way.
+        The papers and valuables were given up in due course, and no charge
+        of dishonesty was preferred against the crew; but the want of
+        humanity caused (and not unnaturally) a strong feeling of indignation
+        against the perpetrators of this act. The fishermen, however, argued
+        that if they brought the bodies into port (as they were <span class=
+        "tei tei-pb" id="page258">[pg 258]</span><a name="Pg258" id="Pg258"
+        class="tei tei-anchor"></a>instructed to do), they would get, at
+        most, a sum of sevenpence per man for their night’s work; and if they
+        brought merely the property to the proper authorities, they were
+        abused for their inhumanity; and that, therefore, their only
+        alternative was to pass the bodies by, and attend to their own work.
+        Should the view that I have here stated be found to be a general one,
+        I think that it will be allowed that it is an argument for either
+        paying more highly for the finding of bodies at sea, or allowing the
+        finders the same salvage upon the property found upon the bodies that
+        they would have received had the property been picked up in a
+        chest.”</span></p>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Pleasant it is to
+        turn from what we may well believe is only an occasional example of
+        want of feeling to such a case as the following—one out of thousands
+        that might be cited. It is slightly abridged from a little
+        publication<a id="noteref_78" name="noteref_78" href=
+        "#note_78"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style=
+        "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">78</span></span></a> which
+        should be in the hands of all readers of <span class="tei tei-q">“The
+        Sea”</span> interested in benevolent efforts for the seaman’s
+        welfare.</p><a name="illo_294.png" id="illo_294.png" class=
+        "tei tei-anchor"></a>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"></p>
+
+        <div class="tei tei-figure" style="text-align: center">
+          <img src="images/illo_294.png" alt="RONAYNE’S BRAVERY" title=
+          "RONAYNE’S BRAVERY." />
+
+          <div class="tei tei-head" style=
+          "text-align: center; margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em">
+            RONAYNE’S BRAVERY.
+          </div>
+        </div>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Some twelve miles
+        westward from Tramore—a favourite watering-place and summer resort
+        for the citizens of Waterford, and nearly half a mile from the
+        coast—a farm is situated which has been long occupied by John
+        Ronayne, a hardy and typical Irish farmer. The farm-house has few of
+        the necessaries and none of the luxuries of civilised life, it is a
+        true type of the poor class of farm-houses in many parts of Ireland,
+        consisting of but two rooms—one the sleeping apartment, where
+        Ronayne’s family of twelve children have been born, and the other the
+        living-room, where it is to be suspected sundry four-footed friends
+        occasionally find their way, and bask or grunt before the fire.
+        Rather less than half a mile from the farm is the rugged shore,
+        approached by a rough <span class="tei tei-q">“boreen,”</span> or
+        narrow lane, emerging on the cliff near the course of a stream, which
+        is a roaring foaming torrent in winter and spring-time. On winter
+        days and nights, brown and turbulent, this stream rushes foaming into
+        the ocean over crags and rocks and pebbly shore; but before it joins
+        its fresh water with the salt sea foam, it plunges into a crevice,
+        narrow and deep and deadly. Every coastman along the rock-bound shore
+        knows this deep, treacherous hole, and warns the traveller to beware
+        of it—for, once in it, there is no return. But this source of peril
+        is little enough to that which is beyond.</p>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">A hundred yards or
+        so from the cove into which this impetuous torrent pours frown two
+        massive ridges of rock, offering to any venturesome ships attempting
+        to run between their threatening sides destruction on either hand,
+        while only some dozen yards of foaming breakers separate the one from
+        the other. Skilful must be the steersman, and bold the skipper, who
+        would dare the narrow channel, even though the only one by which they
+        might hope to beach their sinking ship. And yet, on one fearful night
+        in January, 1875, a large vessel, the <span class=
+        "tei tei-name"><span style=
+        "font-style: italic">Gwenissa</span></span>, bound from Falmouth to
+        Glasgow, and new but a few weeks before, successfully accomplished
+        the dangerous passage. Not that any skill was shown, for none on the
+        doomed ship knew of their proximity to rocks or shore, but, driving
+        blindly on before the full fury of the gale, by chance were brought
+        safely through. But in another instant the ship struck the rocky
+        shore, and in a moment was shattered to pieces, timbers and tackle,
+        cargo and living freight, being thrown, scattered and helpless, into
+        the angry surf. Escaping, as by a miracle, the rocky dangers of
+        Charybdis, the good ship <span class="tei tei-name"><span style=
+        "font-style: italic">Gwenissa</span></span> had been hurled upon
+        Scylla, and her doom sealed.</p><span class="tei tei-pb" id=
+        "page259">[pg 259]</span><a name="Pg259" id="Pg259" class=
+        "tei tei-anchor"></a>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">The family at
+        Killeton Farm little suspected, as they went to their humble beds,
+        the tragedy which was being enacted on the shore; and even when some
+        of the boys thought they heard cries of distress, little wonder—when
+        the wind was blowing in great fitful gusts, sweeping round the homely
+        cottage, shaking windows and doors, and moaning down the
+        chimneys—that, after listening a while and hearing nothing further,
+        they thought no more of the cries, and went to bed. Ronayne had,
+        however, not been long in bed when a loud knocking awoke him, and he
+        jumped up, and on opening the door was accosted by three men in
+        sailor’s garb.</p>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">The first surprise
+        over, the instincts of hospitality asserted themselves, and he heaped
+        up the turf fire, and, as they warmed themselves, learned that they
+        alone of the crew of the <span class="tei tei-name"><span style=
+        "font-style: italic">Gwenissa</span></span>, nine in number, were
+        certainly saved. But there was a possibility that one or two might
+        yet survive; and though the wintry blast roared loud without, Ronayne
+        lingered not a moment. Hurrying on his clothes, and taking a large
+        sod of flaming turf by way of lantern, he rushed down the
+        <span class="tei tei-q">“boreen,”</span> and soon reached the cove.
+        Cautiously he made his way, and approached the edge of the stream,
+        whence he now heard the shouts of several men. He followed up the
+        cries of distress, and soon came upon a man in a most dangerous
+        position.</p>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Ronayne blew the
+        turf until it glowed brightly, and, holding it down, saw a man
+        waist-deep in the water, but so jammed between the crags that it was
+        impossible for him to move, far less climb the overhanging rocks. He
+        was bruised, stunned, and nearly insensible. Ronayne saw at a glance
+        that the only way to help him was himself to go down, extricate his
+        bruised legs from the rocks and wreck that held him like a vice, and
+        then assist him to climb from his perilous position. This, by means
+        of much pulling and hauling, he at length accomplished, and
+        ultimately had the satisfaction of leading the poor fellow to a place
+        of safety, where, for a time, he left him, sorely bruised, faint, and
+        well-nigh frozen, for the others, who had never ceased calling for
+        assistance from the moment of his arrival. They were four in number,
+        and, as far as could be judged through the increasing darkness, lay
+        in the very gorge down which rushed the swollen stream; and so it
+        proved, for one was hanging to a spar which had become fixed in the
+        rocks, while another was grasping a projecting crag, by which he
+        contrived to keep afloat. The others, more fortunate, had been thrown
+        on a ledge, which left them in comparative safety, though they were
+        waist-deep in water. But though secure upon this ledge, they were
+        quite as helpless as their companions, for the beetling face of the
+        rocks defied their utmost efforts to scale them unaided. Here
+        Ronayne’s knowledge stood him in good stead, and after much active
+        assistance in the shape of climbing, swimming, pulling, and
+        scrambling, he succeeded in rescuing one after the other, each
+        assisting afterwards to make the task easier. Five men stood beside
+        him, cold and hurt, but saved by his perseverance and bravery from a
+        watery grave.</p>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class=
+        "tei tei-q">“But,”</span> says the narrator—and here especially he
+        should tell his own tale—<span class="tei tei-q">“not without great
+        labour had this been effected, for one of the men had his leg broken,
+        and all were more or less bruised, and perishing of cold and
+        exposure. Three men were at his house and five here; but where was
+        the other? for nine men were on board the luckless vessel, and here
+        were but eight. Leaving the rescued men in the <span class=
+        "tei tei-pb" id="page260">[pg 260]</span><a name="Pg260" id="Pg260"
+        class="tei tei-anchor"></a>lane, Ronayne ran again to the cove, and
+        the dim spark expiring in the turf showed him where he had left it.
+        He scraped off the ash, and, the wind fanning it, again it burned up
+        brightly—too brightly, for now it burned down to his frozen fingers;
+        but he only grasped it the tighter, for did it not light him on his
+        errand of mercy? and if another life might be saved at the expense of
+        a few burns, would it not be great gain? So on sped he along the
+        shore, searching into every cranny and cleft and crevice lighted by
+        the turf, and, burning and shouting between his labours, at length
+        was rewarded by a faint cry as of a man in distress—more a moan than
+        a cry, and at a distance. Rapidly but carefully he had scanned the
+        beach, and partially searched every gully and cleft, and now and
+        again receiving to his cries a faint response, but always from far
+        away. No doubt the man was out on the rocks, to which he had been
+        carried by a receding wave after the ship struck, and Ronayne knew
+        that some further help must be procured before he could be reached.
+        So he hastened back to the five men he had left in the lane. They
+        then all proceeded to the farm-house—a melancholy <span class=
+        "tei tei-hi"><span style=
+        "font-style: italic">cortége</span></span>—carrying as best they
+        could the helpless between them. He then started off, wet and weary
+        as he was, to the coastguard station at Bonmahon, where he gave
+        information of the wreck, and demanded assistance for the poor fellow
+        out on the rocks.”</span> The coastguard men lost no time in turning
+        out with the rocket apparatus; but just as they were fixing it in
+        position, Ronayne, who had been <span class="tei tei-pb" id=
+        "page261">[pg 261]</span><a name="Pg261" id="Pg261" class=
+        "tei tei-anchor"></a>hunting about, came upon the very last and ninth
+        man of the crew, lying, half in the water and half out, upon the
+        beach among a quantity of wreck. His supposition had been correct in
+        regard to his position on the rocks, but while assistance was being
+        procured he had been washed ashore, with shattered limbs—bruised,
+        helpless, unconscious, but <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style=
+        "font-style: italic">alive</span></span>! The poor fellow, who
+        remained unconscious, was carried to the farm, where some old
+        whisky-jars were filled with hot water and placed to his feet. The
+        little whisky in the house was divided among the benumbed men, and
+        more solid provision set before them.</p>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">And now Ronayne’s
+        house contained over twenty inmates, most of them standing round the
+        turf fire wringing the water from their clothes and warming their
+        frozen limbs; the few beds, too, had their occupants. For Ronayne the
+        work had but barely commenced. Saddling his young mare, he started to
+        lay information of the wreck before Lloyd’s Deputy Receiver at
+        Tramore, some <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style=
+        "font-style: italic">twelve miles</span></span> distant, for eight
+        shillings were to be earned, and for this trifling reward he was
+        prepared to ride some twenty-four miles on a cold winter night.</p>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">On his road he
+        passed the doctor’s house, and sent him to attend the injured men,
+        arriving at Tramore a few minutes before the telegram from the
+        coastguard station. Two of the sailors were afterwards removed to the
+        hospital, and recovered, and they and the remainder cared for by the
+        Shipwrecked Mariners’ Society’s agents. Ronayne was indemnified for
+        any expense he had incurred by the same Society, and the Life-boat
+        Institution shortly after rewarded him.</p>
+      </div>
+
+      <div class="tei tei-div" style=
+      "margin-bottom: 5.00em; margin-top: 5.00em">
+        <a name="chap20" id="chap20" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> <a name=
+        "toc43" id="toc43"></a> <a name="pdf44" id="pdf44"></a>
+
+        <h2 class="tei tei-head" style=
+        "text-align: center; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em">
+        <span style="font-size: 144%">CHAPTER XX.</span></h2>
+
+        <h2 class="tei tei-head" style=
+        "text-align: center; margin-bottom: 2.40em; margin-top: 2.40em">
+        <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: center"><span style=
+        "font-size: 120%; font-variant: small-caps">Ships that</span>
+        <span class="tei tei-q" style="text-align: center"><span style=
+        "font-size: 120%; font-variant: small-caps">“</span><span style=
+        "font-size: 120%; font-variant: small-caps">Pass by on the other
+        Side.</span><span style=
+        "font-size: 120%; font-variant: small-caps">”</span></span></span></h2>
+
+        <div class="tei tei-argument" style=
+        "text-align: center; margin-bottom: 1.80em; margin-left: 3.60em; margin-top: 1.80em; margin-right: 3.60em">
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style=
+        "text-align: center; margin-bottom: 0.90em"><span style=
+        "font-size: 90%">Captains and Owners—Reasons for apparent
+        Inhumanity—A Case in Point—The Wreck of the</span> <span class=
+        "tei tei-name" style="text-align: center"><span style=
+        "font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Northfleet</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%">—Run
+          down by the</span> <span class="tei tei-name" style=
+          "text-align: center"><span style=
+          "font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Murillo</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%">—A
+          Noble Captain—The Vessel Lost, with a Hundred Ships near her—One
+          within Three Hundred Yards—Official Inquiry—Loss of the</span>
+          <span class="tei tei-name" style="text-align: center"><span style=
+          "font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Schiller</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%">—Two
+          Hundred Drowned in one heavy Sea—Life-saving Apparatus of little
+          use—Lessons of the Disaster—Wreck of the</span> <span class=
+          "tei tei-name" style="text-align: center"><span style=
+          "font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Deutschland</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%">—Harwich
+          blamed unjustly—The good Tug-boat</span> <span class="tei tei-name"
+          style="text-align: center"><span style=
+          "font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Liverpool</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%">&nbsp;and
+          her Work—Necessity of proper Communication with Light-houses and
+          Light-ships—The new Signal Code and old Semaphores.</span></p>
+        </div>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">From time to time
+        there appear in the public journals accounts given by sailors who
+        have been saved from imminent peril from drowning by passing ships.
+        Many and many an honourable case could be cited; but there are, alas!
+        ships that <span class="tei tei-q">“pass by on the other
+        side.”</span> An article in the journal<a id="noteref_79" name=
+        "noteref_79" href="#note_79"><span class=
+        "tei tei-noteref"><span style=
+        "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">79</span></span></a> issued
+        quarterly by that grand society the National Life-boat Institution
+        explains some of the reasons for this sad state of affairs. The
+        writer generally denies that the majority of the masters of ships who
+        would pass another vessel in distress are brutal or callous, and
+        thinks that were many of them brought face to face with an isolated
+        case of probable drowning, they would not hesitate to expose their
+        own lives to preserve the one endangered. There must be some strong
+        causes operating on the minds of the men who act in the inhuman
+        manner indicated. Among them are the following:—</p>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class=
+        "tei tei-q">“1st. That the loss of time which the most trifling
+        service of this kind causes would <span class="tei tei-pb" id=
+        "page262">[pg 262]</span><a name="Pg262" id="Pg262" class=
+        "tei tei-anchor"></a>possibly represent a very considerable money
+        loss to the owners, by the delay in the arrival in port of the ship
+        and cargo.</span></p>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class=
+        "tei tei-q">“2nd. That the cost of maintenance of the persons saved
+        is insufficiently repaid by the Government.</span></p>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class=
+        "tei tei-q">“3rd. That in all but the largest kind of ships the
+        amount of food and water habitually kept on board is rarely
+        sufficient to meet the strain of, say double, or, it may be
+        quadruple, the number of men they were intended for; and if a ship of
+        the smaller class, towards the end of her voyage, has to take on
+        board the crew of a vessel greater in number than her own, she is,
+        from shortness of provisions and water, in nine cases out of ten,
+        compelled to make for the nearest port, which may be a cause of
+        incalculable loss, unless it chances to be the one she is bound
+        for.</span></p>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class=
+        "tei tei-q">“4th. Every captain knows that all owners are more or
+        less inimical to their ships rendering either salvage service or
+        life-saving service. Not, as we suppose, that any owner deliberately
+        sets to himself the axiom that no ship of his shall save life, but
+        that they, not unnaturally, view with suspicion salvage service,
+        because they can receive nothing from it but loss in time and money;
+        and cases are not infrequent in which pretence of saving life is made
+        a source of real loss to the owners.”</span></p>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">One case among the
+        many which could be presented is here given. It appeared before the
+        magistrates of Falmouth in 1873, in consequence of the refusal of a
+        crew to proceed to sea. The ship had come from a Chinese port to
+        <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">a port in
+        Europe</span></span>: it being uncertain, from the fluctuating state
+        of the market, which it would be. The vessel fell in with a
+        distressed ship, from which she took seventeen persons. When in the
+        entrance to the English Channel, the captain found himself short of
+        provisions and water, and put into Falmouth, to land the shipwrecked
+        crew and replenish his provisions. His own crew thereupon claimed
+        their discharge, as having arrived <span class=
+        "tei tei-q">“<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style=
+        "font-style: italic">at a port in Europe</span></span>.”</span> The
+        Bench ruled the men’s claim to be just, and it took the captain a
+        fortnight to obtain a fresh crew, to whom higher wages had to be
+        paid. <span class="tei tei-q">“The actual and immediate loss to the
+        owners, by this act of humanity of their captain, was stated at £270.
+        The only reimbursement was the usual State grant for feeding so many
+        men so many days, amounting altogether to £16 and a few
+        shillings.”</span> The delay in delivering cargo entailed a heavy
+        loss, and having put into a port not named, she had, it was said,
+        vitiated her policy. How might the owners feel towards that captain
+        in future? And again, how might he feel next time, when duty called
+        him one way and interest the other? In an indirect way, this and
+        foreign Governments recognise humane services of the kind indicated
+        by presents of telescopes or binocular glasses. Such recognition is
+        undoubtedly valued by the sort of men who would do their duty under
+        any adverse circumstances, and whether they were to be thanked or no;
+        but it is to be feared that captains who were as unfortunate as the
+        one at Falmouth might think twice before they performed that which
+        their consciences could only approve as right.</p>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">The owner of the
+        relieving vessel should have the right of being recouped to the full
+        extent of the loss incurred by delay and service—though many would
+        never accept it; and a ship’s insurance should never be vitiated by
+        its calling at a port on a matter of any such necessity as landing a
+        shipwrecked crew or obtaining provisions. It is certain <span class=
+        "tei tei-pb" id="page263">[pg 263]</span><a name="Pg263" id="Pg263"
+        class="tei tei-anchor"></a>that we should do all that is possible to
+        reduce that annual list of ships whose only record is <span class=
+        "tei tei-q">“Not since heard of.”</span></p>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">A successful
+        mail-steamer passage or quick run, the first clipper from China with
+        the season’s tea, make not only a certain stir in a pretty wide
+        circle, but represent a considerable increase of actual wealth. The
+        despairing cry of those few poor seamen—who, in their sinking craft,
+        or who, perishing from hunger or thirst, see fading away on the
+        distant horizon the white royals of some lofty ship which they had
+        watched with such agonising alternation of hope and despair—is heard
+        by God alone.</p><a name="illo_297.png" id="illo_297.png" class=
+        "tei tei-anchor"></a>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"></p>
+
+        <div class="tei tei-figure" style="text-align: center">
+          <img src="images/illo_297.png" alt="THE “NORTHFLEET.”" title=
+          "THE “NORTHFLEET.”" />
+
+          <div class="tei tei-head" style=
+          "text-align: center; margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em">
+            THE <span class="tei tei-q" style=
+            "text-align: center">“NORTHFLEET.”</span>
+          </div>
+        </div>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">The wreck of the
+        <span class="tei tei-name"><span style=
+        "font-style: italic">Northfleet</span></span>, and loss of life to
+        over 300 souls, on January 22nd, 1873, will illustrate some of the
+        above remarks.<a id="noteref_80" name="noteref_80" href=
+        "#note_80"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style=
+        "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">80</span></span></a> The
+        <span class="tei tei-name"><span style=
+        "font-style: italic">Northfleet</span></span> was a fine old ship of
+        940 tons, built at Northfleet, near Gravesend, and so named. After
+        various vicissitudes in the service of Dent’s China and other lines,
+        she had become the property of Messrs. John Patton and Co., of
+        Liverpool and London, and was at the time of which we are about to
+        speak chartered by the contractors of the Tasmanian Line Railway to
+        convey 350 labourers and a few women and children to Hobart Town. The
+        vessel left the East India Docks on Friday, the 17th December, 1872,
+        with a living freight of about 400 persons. The cargo consisted
+        principally of railway material. At the very last moment of leaving
+        the docks, her commander for the previous five years, Captain Oates,
+        was subpoenaed by a Treasury warrant to attend the Tichborne trial,
+        and the command was given to his chief officer, Mr. Knowles. He was
+        allowed to take on board the lady to whom he had been married about a
+        month.</p>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">After leaving
+        Gravesend the <span class="tei tei-name"><span style=
+        "font-style: italic">Northfleet</span></span> encountered very stormy
+        weather, and Captain Knowles felt it prudent to anchor under the
+        North Foreland, where the vessel remained until the following
+        Tuesday, when, the weather having moderated, she sailed down Channel,
+        and was reported at Lloyd’s as having passed Deal, <span class=
+        "tei tei-q">“All well”</span> being the signal. On the Wednesday, at
+        sunset, she came to an anchor off Dungeness, about two miles from
+        shore, in eleven fathoms of water. She was then almost opposite the
+        coastguard station. About ten o’clock the ship was taut and
+        comfortable for the night; almost all the passengers had turned in,
+        and none but the usual officers and men of the watch were on deck.
+        Just as the bells were striking the half-hour past ten the watch
+        observed a large steamer, outward-bound, coming directly towards
+        them. She appeared to be going at full speed, and the shouts of the
+        men on watch who called upon her to alter her course roused Captain
+        Knowles, who was on the after deck. But in another moment the steamer
+        came on to the <span class="tei tei-name"><span style=
+        "font-style: italic">Northfleet</span></span>, striking her broadside
+        almost amidships, making a breach in her timbers beneath the
+        water-line, and crushing the massive timbers traversing the main
+        deck.</p>
+
+        <div class="tei tei-lg" style=
+        "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-left: 2.00em; margin-top: 1.00em">
+          <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">
+            <span class="tei tei-q" style="text-align: left">“’Midst the
+            thick darkness, Death,</span>
+          </div>
+
+          <div class="tei tei-l" style=
+          "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">
+            The dread, inexorable monarch, stalked;
+          </div>
+
+          <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">
+            And, lo! his icy breath
+          </div>
+
+          <div class="tei tei-l" style=
+          "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">
+            Encircled the devoted barque, where talked,
+          </div>
+
+          <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">
+            Or laughed, or watched, or slept,
+          </div>
+
+          <div class="tei tei-l" style=
+          "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">
+            The doomed three hundred of her living freight,
+          </div><span class="tei tei-pb" id="page264">[pg 264]</span><a name=
+          "Pg264" id="Pg264" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+
+          <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">
+            Unconscious that there crept
+          </div>
+
+          <div class="tei tei-l" style=
+          "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">
+            Through the still air the stealthy steps of Fate.
+          </div>
+        </div>
+
+        <div class="tei tei-lg" style=
+        "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-left: 2.00em; margin-top: 1.00em">
+          <div class="tei tei-lg" style=
+          "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-left: 2.00em; margin-top: 1.00em">
+            <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">
+              *&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;*&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;*&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;*&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;*&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;*&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;*&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;*&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;*&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;*&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;*
+            </div>
+          </div>
+        </div>
+
+        <div class="tei tei-lg" style=
+        "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-left: 2.00em; margin-top: 1.00em">
+          <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">
+            <span class="tei tei-q" style="text-align: left">“Oh God, that
+            fearful crash!</span>
+          </div>
+
+          <div class="tei tei-l" style=
+          "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">
+            The stout ship reels, her planks disrupted wide;
+          </div>
+
+          <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">
+            Fast through the yawning gash
+          </div>
+
+          <div class="tei tei-l" style=
+          "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">
+            The green sea pours its dark, resistless tide.
+          </div>
+
+          <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">
+            What followed then, O heart,
+          </div>
+
+          <div class="tei tei-l" style=
+          "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">
+            Thou scarce may’st realise! ’Tis well for thee:
+          </div>
+
+          <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">
+            Ne’er would that sight depart
+          </div>
+
+          <div class="tei tei-l" style=
+          "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">
+            From gentle mind that had been there to see.
+          </div>
+        </div>
+
+        <div class="tei tei-lg" style=
+        "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-left: 2.00em; margin-top: 1.00em">
+          <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">
+            <span class="tei tei-q" style="text-align: left">“For maddening
+            terror reigned;</span>
+          </div>
+
+          <div class="tei tei-l" style=
+          "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">
+            Honour, and manhood, and calm reason fled,
+          </div>
+
+          <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">
+            And brutal instincts gained
+          </div>
+
+          <div class="tei tei-l" style=
+          "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">
+            The mastery; and even shame was dead.
+          </div>
+
+          <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">
+            Each one, to save his life
+          </div>
+
+          <div class="tei tei-l" style=
+          "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">
+            Would give to death the lives of all beside;
+          </div>
+
+          <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">
+            Nor cared in that fell strife
+          </div>
+
+          <div class="tei tei-l" style=
+          "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">
+            What awful end his fellows might betide.<a id="noteref_81" name=
+            "noteref_81" href="#note_81"><span class="tei tei-noteref" style=
+            "text-align: left"><span style=
+            "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">81</span></span></a>
+          </div>
+        </div>
+
+        <div class="tei tei-lg" style=
+        "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-left: 2.00em; margin-top: 1.00em">
+          <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">
+            <span class="tei tei-q" style="text-align: left">“Yet ’mid that
+            wild despair</span>
+          </div>
+
+          <div class="tei tei-l" style=
+          "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">
+            Nobility of soul found room to stand,
+          </div>
+
+          <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">
+            And lustre bright and rare
+          </div>
+
+          <div class="tei tei-l" style=
+          "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">
+            Enfolds the memory of Knowles and Brand;
+          </div>
+
+          <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">
+            Who, face to face with death,
+          </div>
+
+          <div class="tei tei-l" style=
+          "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">
+            Save of dishonour, showed no coward dread,
+          </div>
+
+          <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">
+            Brave hearts to the last breath,
+          </div>
+
+          <div class="tei tei-l" style=
+          "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">
+            <span class="tei tei-q" style="text-align: left">They joined the
+            galaxy of Britain’s dead.”</span>
+          </div>
+        </div>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">The shock was
+        described by the survivors as like the concussion of a very powerful
+        cannon. The reader will here make his own reflections. Immediately
+        after the collision the steamer cleared the ship, and before many of
+        the terrified people below could reach the deck she was out of sight.
+        Most of the passengers were awakened by the shock, and a fearful
+        panic ensued. Captain Knowles acted with singular calmness,
+        promptitude, and decision. He caused rockets to be sent up, bells to
+        be rung, and other signals of distress; but the gun to be fired would
+        not go off, the touch-hole being clogged. Meantime he directed the
+        boats to be launched, giving orders that the safety of the women and
+        children should be first secured. There was a disposition to set
+        these orders at defiance, and, on some of the crew crowding to the
+        davits, with a view of effecting their own safety, Captain Knowles
+        drew a revolver, and declared he would shoot the first man who
+        attempted to save himself in the boats before the women were cared
+        for. Most of the crew seemed to understand that the captain was not
+        to be trifled with; but one man, Thomas Biddle, refused to obey the
+        <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page265">[pg 265]</span><a name="Pg265"
+        id="Pg265" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>order, and the captain fired at
+        him in a boat alongside the ship. The bullet entered the man’s leg
+        just above the knee.</p>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Meantime the pumps
+        were set to work, but with little or no effect, the water pouring in
+        through the opening in the ship’s side. The scene on deck was
+        frightful. Many of the passengers were in their night-dresses; others
+        had only such scanty clothing as they could secure on quitting their
+        berths. Children were screaming for their parents, and parents
+        searching in vain for their children; husbands and wives were
+        hopelessly separated. The horror was increased by the darkness of
+        night. The captain’s wife was placed with other women in the
+        long-boat, under the charge of the boatswain; but the tackle being
+        too suddenly set adrift, the boat was stove in.</p><a name=
+        "illo_302.png" id="illo_302.png" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"></p>
+
+        <div class="tei tei-figure" style="text-align: center">
+          <img src="images/illo_302.png" alt="WRECK OF THE “NORTHFLEET.”"
+          title="WRECK OF THE “NORTHFLEET.”" />
+
+          <div class="tei tei-head" style=
+          "text-align: center; margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em">
+            WRECK OF THE <span class="tei tei-q" style=
+            "text-align: center">“NORTHFLEET.”</span>
+          </div>
+        </div>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">By this time the
+        <span class="tei tei-name"><span style="font-style: italic">City of
+        London</span></span> steam-tug, having perceived the signals of
+        distress, reached the spot, and succeeded in rescuing nearly the
+        whole of the occupants of the boat, as well as several others of the
+        passengers and crew, to the number of thirty-four. She remained
+        cruising about the spot till early next morning, picking up such of
+        the passengers as could get clear of the wreck, and in the last hope,
+        which proved vain, of rendering assistance to those who might have
+        floated on fragments of the ship after she settled down. The
+        Kingsdown lugger <span class="tei tei-name"><span style=
+        "font-style: italic">Mary</span></span> was likewise attracted by the
+        signals of distress, and succeeded in rescuing thirty passengers. The
+        London pilot-cutter No. 3, and the <span class=
+        "tei tei-name"><span style=
+        "font-style: italic">Princess</span></span>, stationed at
+        <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page266">[pg 266]</span><a name="Pg266"
+        id="Pg266" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>Dover, also got to the spot,
+        and succeeded in rescuing twenty-one, ten of them from the rigging.
+        The total number thus rescued was eighty-five persons.</p>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">The ship went down
+        about three-quarters of an hour after she was struck, the captain
+        remaining at his post till she sank. One of the survivors states that
+        he was standing close to the captain when she went down. The former
+        managed to lay hold of some floating plank, and was borne to the
+        surface. The captain, however, was not again seen. The pilot and ten
+        others had taken to the mizen-mast, from which they were rescued. The
+        whole of the officers perished.</p>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">It must seem
+        remarkable that while the <span class="tei tei-name"><span style=
+        "font-style: italic">Northfleet</span></span> showed lights and other
+        signals of distress within two miles of shore during twenty minutes
+        or half an hour no notice was taken of them. When a ship is in
+        difficulties in the night, it is usual for her either to fire guns or
+        to exhibit a flare of light. But here, even the vessels close at hand
+        thought that the ship was only signalling for a pilot; and at the
+        time there were nearly a hundred vessels at anchor in the roadstead,
+        with their lights burning brilliantly. Those on board the three ships
+        nearest the wreck would have instantly sent help had they imagined
+        there was a vessel in distress, and they could have got to the ship
+        in a few minutes, for, though the night was dark and squally, it was
+        clear at intervals, and any boat could live, the sea not being rough.
+        It appears that the <span class="tei tei-name"><span style=
+        "font-style: italic">Corona</span></span>, an Australian clipper, was
+        lying at anchor within 300 yards of the <span class=
+        "tei tei-name"><span style=
+        "font-style: italic">Northfleet</span></span> when the disaster
+        occurred, but neither the terrible shock of the collision, the
+        subsequent cries for aid, nor the rockets continuously fired from the
+        deck of the sinking ship, could arouse the man who was the only watch
+        on deck to call up either his comrades or the officers of his ship.
+        Various reports were at first current as to the name of the vessel
+        which ran the <span class="tei tei-name"><span style=
+        "font-style: italic">Northfleet</span></span> down, and which passed
+        straight on her way, without taking any heed of the disaster she had
+        caused, though it must have been clearly known on board of her, if
+        not—it is to be hoped—to the full extent of the calamity. Suspicion
+        attached to the <span class="tei tei-name"><span style=
+        "font-style: italic">Murillo</span></span>, a Spanish steamer, bound
+        for Lisbon from Antwerp. The <span class="tei tei-name"><span style=
+        "font-style: italic">Murillo</span></span> arrived at Cadiz on the
+        evening of Thursday, the 30th, having stopped at Belem, the entrance
+        to the port of Lisbon, on the day before, and having then been warned
+        by a telegram to go on to Cadiz without landing her Lisbon cargo.
+        Upon her arrival at Cadiz an official inquiry was commenced, at the
+        instance of the British Consul. From the report of Mr. Macpherson,
+        Lloyd’s agent at Cadiz, it appeared that her starboard bow had been
+        newly painted black and red to the water line, and her port bow
+        showed marks of a slight indentation near the anchor davit. It was
+        stated, however, on behalf of her owners, that the painting was done
+        in London or Antwerp, before she started on her present journey, and
+        that the indentation had been made on entering the port of Havre two
+        years before. An inquiry was instituted in the Spanish Courts, and
+        the committee appointed for that purpose declared that the
+        <span class="tei tei-name"><span style=
+        "font-style: italic">Murillo</span></span> was not the vessel which
+        ran down the <span class="tei tei-name"><span style=
+        "font-style: italic">Northfleet</span></span>. The <span class=
+        "tei tei-name"><span style="font-style: italic">Murillo</span></span>
+        was therefore released. But some time afterwards justice was
+        avenged.</p>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">The official
+        report of the inquiry made—at the instigation of the English
+        Government—by Mr. Daniel Maude, stipendiary magistrate, assisted by
+        Captains Harris and Hight acting as assessors, stated that there was
+        no doubt that the ship which came into collision with the
+        <span class="tei tei-name"><span style=
+        "font-style: italic">Northfleet</span></span> was the Spanish iron
+        screw-steamer <span class="tei tei-name"><span style=
+        "font-style: italic">Murillo</span></span>, trading between London
+        <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page267">[pg 267]</span><a name="Pg267"
+        id="Pg267" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>and Cadiz, which left London on
+        the 12th of January, proceeded to Antwerp, and, after leaving that
+        port, arrived off Dungeness on the night of January 22nd. The
+        <span class="tei tei-name"><span style=
+        "font-style: italic">Northfleet</span></span> was anchored in an
+        apparently most safe position, a mile and a half or more inside the
+        usual fair course for vessels outward-bound. The <span class=
+        "tei tei-name"><span style="font-style: italic">Murillo</span></span>
+        came down inside the <span class="tei tei-name"><span style=
+        "font-style: italic">Northfleet</span></span>, and struck her nearly
+        amidships. It would appear, both from observation on board the
+        <span class="tei tei-name"><span style=
+        "font-style: italic">Northfleet</span></span> and also from the
+        evidence given by the chief engineer of the <span class=
+        "tei tei-name"><span style=
+        "font-style: italic">Murillo</span></span>, that the latter had
+        slackened her speed some little time before the collision, or
+        probably both ships would have sunk. There is no doubt the shock was
+        a slight one; but the sharp stem of the iron steamer having struck
+        the weakest part of the wooden ship will account for the mischief
+        done. The master of the <span class="tei tei-name"><span style=
+        "font-style: italic">Murillo</span></span>, in his log, stated that
+        the reason for not laying by to inquire as to the injury sustained by
+        the shock was that a boat had immediately left the ship and examined
+        the damage, and that the boat and crew having returned again, he
+        concluded nothing of moment had happened. The Court was satisfied
+        that no such incident had occurred, nor was it mentioned by the
+        witnesses who had previously been examined by the Court. The
+        survivors of the collision were unanimously of opinion that if the
+        <span class="tei tei-name"><span style=
+        "font-style: italic">Murillo</span></span> had lain by, the whole of
+        the <span class="tei tei-name"><span style=
+        "font-style: italic">Northfleet</span></span> people could have been
+        saved. They thoroughly believed that the <span class=
+        "tei tei-name"><span style="font-style: italic">Murillo</span></span>
+        steamed away, and left them to perish, in defiance of their signals,
+        rockets, blue lights, and the shouts and screams of the whole ship’s
+        company, which must have been noticed. On the other hand, it appears
+        that Captain Knowles did not apprehend immediately the damage his
+        ship had suffered, and that no rockets were fired for a quarter of an
+        hour after the collision. During this time the <span class=
+        "tei tei-name"><span style="font-style: italic">Murillo</span></span>
+        was steaming away at half-speed, and was probably two miles off. Upon
+        this evidence the Court felt they ought not to impute to the captain
+        of the <span class="tei tei-name"><span style=
+        "font-style: italic">Murillo</span></span> the full apparent
+        brutality of his offence in not staying by the injured ship. The
+        Court added a strong expression of opinion that no master of a ship
+        should be allowed to take his wife to sea with him.</p>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">On Friday, the 7th
+        of May, 1875, one of those sad events occurred which show the
+        imperfection of many of the most carefully-devised schemes for
+        life-saving at sea. Although it occurred in British waters, neither
+        the ship nor the larger part of the passengers were British subjects.
+        The <span class="tei tei-name"><span style=
+        "font-style: italic">Schiller</span></span> was a fine iron steamship
+        of 3,600 tons, belonging to the Eagle line of Hamburg; she was nearly
+        a new vessel, having been built at Glasgow in 1873. She left New York
+        on the 27th of April, having on board at the time 264 passengers,
+        while the officers and crew numbered 120 souls. All went well till
+        the 7th of May, on which day she was due at Plymouth, when, in the
+        afternoon, a fog set in; nevertheless, the vessel was kept at full
+        speed until 8.30 p.m., when the density of the fog having greatly
+        increased, she was put at half-speed, and an hour after she struck on
+        the Retarrier Rocks, off the Scilly Islands, and within two-thirds of
+        a mile of the lighthouse on the Bishop’s Rock. Although going at slow
+        speed at the time, and although the engines were immediately
+        reversed, the unyielding rocks had done their work: the ship was
+        immovable, and immediately filled. All was at once confusion, and a
+        panic ensued, cries of terror rising from every lip. Orders were
+        given by the captain to lower the boats, and until he was himself
+        washed off the bridge, at about 4 a.m., and drowned, he did his best
+        to preserve some order, even threatening the frantic crowd with his
+        pistol. <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page268">[pg 268]</span><a name=
+        "Pg268" id="Pg268" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>All the boats, however,
+        except two, were swept away by the sea before they could be lowered,
+        many perishing with them, and one was crushed by the funnel falling
+        on it. The ship held together for several hours, and had there been
+        any means of making their hopeless condition known at St. Mary’s, the
+        chief of the Scilly Islands, a steamer, and a first-class
+        lifeboat<a id="noteref_82" name="noteref_82" href=
+        "#note_82"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style=
+        "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">82</span></span></a>
+        belonging to the National Lifeboat Institution, might have arrived in
+        time to save a large number of lives. Such, however, was not to be,
+        and when the morning dawned all that remained of the crew and
+        passengers who, a few hours before, had been looking forward to happy
+        meetings in the Fatherland with fathers, <a name="corr268" id=
+        "corr268" class="tei tei-anchor"></a><span class=
+        "tei tei-corr">mothers</span>, sisters, brothers, and friends at
+        home, were those who had succeeded in mounting the rigging of the
+        fore and main masts, and a few others in the half-swamped boat, the
+        only one which had been safely lowered. The women and children who
+        had crowded the deck-houses and saloon, and the male passengers and
+        those of the crew who were on the upper deck or the bridge, had
+        perished. Alarm-guns were fired and signal lights thrown up
+        continually, until the seas breaking over the ship prevented such
+        efforts attracting attention; and some of the former were heard on
+        the islands, but as steamers from America had been in the habit of
+        firing guns to mark their arrival off the islands, they were not
+        supposed to be danger signals. It is said, however, that at St.
+        Agnes, the nearest island to the wreck, the guns were believed to be
+        from a vessel in distress, but the fog was so thick that boats were
+        afraid to venture out.</p><a name="illo_305.png" id="illo_305.png"
+        class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"></p>
+
+        <div class="tei tei-figure" style="text-align: center">
+          <img src="images/illo_305.png" alt="THE SCILLY ISLANDS" title=
+          "THE SCILLY ISLANDS." />
+
+          <div class="tei tei-head" style=
+          "text-align: center; margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em">
+            THE SCILLY ISLANDS.
+          </div>
+        </div>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">The mainmast fell
+        at about seven o’clock in the morning, and the foremast an hour
+        <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page269">[pg 269]</span><a name="Pg269"
+        id="Pg269" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>later, when most of those who
+        remained in their rigging were lost. Just before the foremast had
+        fallen, four boats from the shore arrived, and picked up several
+        persons from the water, but finding the sea too heavy to allow them
+        to go alongside the ship, one of them went to St. Mary’s, to convey
+        intelligence of the disaster and to procure the aid of the steam-tug
+        and lifeboat. As soon as possible the latter arrived in tow of the
+        steamer, but all, alas! was then over, and they only picked up
+        twenty-three bags of mail matter and a few bodies. Out of 384 souls
+        only 53 were saved.</p>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">It was about ten
+        o’clock in the evening when the ship struck. A little festive party
+        had been given in honour of the birthday of one of the officers, but
+        there is no evidence to show that the working of the ship was thereby
+        neglected. The majority of the passengers were on deck, on the
+        look-out for land, which they knew was near. Nearly all the women and
+        children and a few men were in their berths; others were sitting
+        about, talking, smoking, playing cards or dominoes, and thinking
+        little of the fate which was so soon to befall them. There was not
+        the slightest premonition of the disaster, and the shock appears to
+        have been so slight that few were at first aware that the ship had
+        struck on a rock. But in a few minutes the sea which ran over her
+        forced her on her broadside, where she lay constantly <span class=
+        "tei tei-pb" id="page270">[pg 270]</span><a name="Pg270" id="Pg270"
+        class="tei tei-anchor"></a>washed over by the breakers. Let the
+        reader imagine, if he can, the sudden change from the gaiety and
+        hopefulness on board, the anticipations of soon reaching shore and
+        home, to that scene of wild terror and dismay!</p><a name=
+        "illo_306.png" id="illo_306.png" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"></p>
+
+        <div class="tei tei-figure" style="text-align: center">
+          <img src="images/illo_306.png" alt="THE BISHOP ROCK LIGHTHOUSE"
+          title="THE BISHOP ROCK LIGHTHOUSE." />
+
+          <div class="tei tei-head" style=
+          "text-align: center; margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em">
+            THE BISHOP ROCK LIGHTHOUSE.
+          </div>
+        </div>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">About midnight the
+        funnel fell overboard and smashed two of the starboard boats. Soon
+        after the fog cleared away, and a gleam of hope arose when the bright
+        clear light of the Bishop Rock Lighthouse shone out. But it was only
+        momentary, and dense darkness soon surrounded them. When the
+        deck-house was swept away by a sea so heavy that it ran up to the top
+        of the mainmast, a heartrending cry, mingled with shrieks and groans,
+        rent the air. Nearly two hundred perished by this one catastrophe.
+        Then the captain gathered for safety some people on the bridgeway,
+        the highest place, in the vain hope of saving them. Every one,
+        including the captain, engineers, and doctor, were swept off. The
+        riggings of both masts were now crowded with people. With every lurch
+        the steamer careened over to the starboard side until the yards
+        touched the water, and the cargo began to float about on all sides.
+        Bales of wool and cotton, feathers, trunks, boxes, and woodwork of
+        all kinds, strewed the waves.</p>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">A survivor—one of
+        seven who left the ship in a boat and was afterwards instrumental in
+        picking up others—said that they cruised about the greater part of
+        the night near the vessel, and that the screaming all the time was
+        heartrending, and lasted almost from the commencement of the disaster
+        to four o’clock in the morning, when it ceased. Alas! by that time
+        nearly all had gone to their long account. The last screams he heard,
+        and which he could never forget, were from a little child. Mingled
+        with all was the cracking of the ship’s timbers as wave after wave
+        broke over her. One by one the lights disappeared, till, at three
+        o’clock, not one was left but the masthead light.</p>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">A proportion of
+        the bodies only were recovered, among them those of several ladies
+        wearing valuable jewellery; one had £200 in money upon her, which she
+        had endeavoured to save. That with 1,200 life-belts on board so few
+        should have escaped seems nearly incredible; but the panic and other
+        circumstances help to account for the sad fact. The second mate
+        stated that he had much trouble in getting the passengers to
+        understand the importance of wearing them well under the armpits, and
+        that if the belt got below the waist it would at once force the head
+        under water. From the position of some of the corpses recovered, it
+        is evident that many must have perished in this manner. In a number
+        of cases the lower strings of the life-belts had broken. The larger
+        part of the dead were buried on the various islands of the Scilly
+        group.<a id="noteref_83" name="noteref_83" href=
+        "#note_83"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style=
+        "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">83</span></span></a></p>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">The main features
+        of this disaster teach some important lessons. <span class=
+        "tei tei-q">“We find,”</span> says a writer in <span class=
+        "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">The
+        Lifeboat</span></span>, <span class="tei tei-q">“in this instance, a
+        noble ship, under full control of steam and sail; the captain<a id=
+        "noteref_84" name="noteref_84" href="#note_84"><span class=
+        "tei tei-noteref"><span style=
+        "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">84</span></span></a> an able,
+        experienced, and careful officer, whose devotion to his duty
+        <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page271">[pg 271]</span><a name="Pg271"
+        id="Pg271" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>and sense of the responsibility
+        thrown on him were shown by the fact of his not having had his
+        clothes off for five nights previous to the loss of his ship; and the
+        weather fine, with the exception of the prevalence of a dense
+        fog.</span></p>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class=
+        "tei tei-q">“If we further inquire whether the owners of the ship had
+        done their duty in providing their passengers with all available
+        means of safety, we find that she had an ample and competent crew,
+        had eight boats, six of them being life-boats, and that life-belts
+        more than sufficient for every one on board were provided, and were
+        to a large extent used, since all, or nearly all, the bodies that
+        were picked up had life-belts on them. The latter may, however, have
+        been of inferior quality—indeed, are said to have been so. With so
+        many elements of safety, what then caused them to be of no
+        avail?</span></p>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class=
+        "tei tei-q">“The immediate causes of the loss of the ship were
+        apparently the dense fog and an insufficient allowance for the set of
+        the well-known current which sets out of the Bay of Biscay to the
+        northward, across the entrance of the British Channel, which has
+        sometimes considerable strength.</span></p>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class=
+        "tei tei-q">“A secondary cause was the old offence, so general in the
+        merchant service, despite all the warnings of experience—neglect of
+        sounding, the lead not having been used during the day or night, nor
+        on the two previous days.</span></p>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class=
+        "tei tei-q">“Lastly, the chief cause of so few lives being saved,
+        there can be little doubt, was the same as that which led to such
+        fearful results in the case of the <span class=
+        "tei tei-name"><span style=
+        "font-style: italic">Northfleet</span></span>, viz., the custom of
+        making use of night signals of distress for other objects, such as to
+        call for pilots, to signify arrival, &amp;c., a folly admonished in
+        advance in the old fable of the boy raising the alarm of <span class=
+        "tei tei-q">‘Wolf, wolf!’</span> when there was no wolf, and then
+        receiving no succour from his neighbours when the wolf
+        came.</span></p>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class=
+        "tei tei-q">“It appears to be customary for the German steamers to
+        make the Scilly Islands to enable their agents there to telegraph to
+        Plymouth the approach of their steamers, in order that the necessary
+        preparations should be made for a prompt disembarkation of their
+        passengers for England on their arrival at that port.</span></p>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class=
+        "tei tei-q">“The saving of time, which, looking to the great daily
+        expense of such vessels, with their hundreds of mouths to be fed, and
+        their immense consumption of coal, is the saving of money to the
+        shareholders, and is, of course, the motive for communicating by
+        signal with Scilly, just as the maintenance of high speed in all
+        weathers, and by night as by day at all hazards, is so, and which
+        leads to so many disasters.</span></p>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class=
+        "tei tei-q">“All that we would suggest, in the interest of humanity,
+        is that such communication should be left discretionary with the
+        captain of every ship in the case of fogs, when it should be optional
+        for him to proceed directly for Plymouth, or to heave to, or to feel
+        his way at greatly diminished speed by frequent sounding, which would
+        be a certain guide to him for a distance of many miles round the
+        islands.”</span> The writer suggests that, in view of the too common
+        neglect of sounding, such neglect, when discovered, should be
+        punishable by heavy penalties. It was proved in evidence that the
+        Eagle line of steamers were expressly prohibited from firing guns, or
+        exhibiting other distress signals, to make themselves known, but that
+        other German steamers had done so, of which those on board this
+        unfortunate ship now reaped the evil consequences.</p>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">On the morning of
+        the 6th December, 1875, one of those sad disasters occurred which
+        <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page273">[pg 273]</span><a name="Pg273"
+        id="Pg273" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>ever and again remind us of the
+        dangerous nature of our shores. But a few months before the
+        <span class="tei tei-name"><span style=
+        "font-style: italic">Schiller</span></span> had been wrecked, with
+        the loss of 331 lives, and now an emigrant steamship, of the same
+        nationality, was to share the same terrible fate off the Essex coast.
+        Happily, the loss was not so serious, and led to the establishment of
+        a life-boat station where one had not existed before.</p><a name=
+        "illo_309.jpg" id="illo_309.jpg" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"></p>
+
+        <div class="tei tei-figure" style="text-align: center">
+          <img src="images/illo_309.jpg" alt="WRECK OF THE “DEUTSCHLAND.”"
+          title="WRECK OF THE “DEUTSCHLAND.”" />
+
+          <div class="tei tei-head" style=
+          "text-align: center; margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em">
+            WRECK OF THE <span class="tei tei-q" style=
+            "text-align: center">“DEUTSCHLAND.”</span>
+          </div>
+        </div>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Few maritime
+        disasters of modern times have excited more general interest than the
+        wreck of the <span class="tei tei-name"><span style=
+        "font-style: italic">Deutschland</span></span>: partly from the fact
+        that it occurred so near the mouth of the Thames, and partly because
+        a part of the German press, in a strange and reckless manner,
+        advanced serious charges against the town of Harwich and the boatmen
+        of that port, accusing them of allowing the unfortunate emigrants to
+        perish before their eyes, and refusing them succour. The
+        circumstances are as follows:—In the first place, the spot where the
+        <span class="tei tei-name"><span style=
+        "font-style: italic">Deutschland</span></span> was wrecked—on the
+        Kentish Knock—is twenty-four miles from Harwich, and, therefore, at
+        too great a distance for the vessel herself, and far less for any
+        signals of distress or national flag to be seen from that place, even
+        in clear weather. <span class="tei tei-q">“Accordingly, the only
+        modes by which intelligence of the disaster could be conveyed to
+        Harwich would have been by the different light-vessels repeating the
+        signals from one to another, and finally to that town, or by some
+        vessel or boat proceeding there. Now it so happened that all the
+        hovelling smacks belonging to that and adjacent places had themselves
+        been driven into port by the violence of the gale and the heavy sea,
+        and that the only available means of communication was, therefore, by
+        signals from the light-ships. It appears from the evidence of the
+        officers in charge of those vessels at the Board of Trade inquiry,
+        although the <span class="tei tei-name"><span style=
+        "font-style: italic">Deutschland</span></span> had been on shore
+        since five and six o’clock in the morning on Monday, the 6th of
+        December, and had immediately commenced to throw up rockets, and
+        continued to do so until daylight, none of them were seen even from
+        the nearest light-ship—the Kentish Knock—no doubt, owing to the
+        thickness of the weather and almost continuous snow-storms, the
+        master of that vessel first perceiving the unfortunate steamer at
+        9.30 a.m. He then fired guns, sounded the fog-horn, and continued to
+        do so at half-hour intervals during the day, and at 4.30 p.m.
+        commenced to throw up rockets, which were answered by the
+        steamer.</span></p>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class=
+        "tei tei-q">“At 5.20 the mate of the Sunk light-ship first saw two
+        rockets, which he supposed to be from a vessel on the Long Sand,
+        whereupon he fired guns and sent up rockets throughout the night, but
+        did not see the wrecked ship until 7.30 on the morning of Tuesday,
+        the 7th. His first rockets had, however, been seen by the look-out on
+        board the Cork light-ship, from which vessel rockets were then
+        immediately discharged; and at 7.30 these were replied to from
+        Harwich, they having given the first intimation to the good people of
+        that town that anything was amiss at sea; and even then not that a
+        German emigrant steamer was ashore on the Kentish Knock, but merely
+        that some vessel was in danger somewhere on one of the numerous
+        sandbanks which lie in all directions off that port. We have thus
+        accounted for the circumstance of these unfortunate shipwrecked
+        persons being allowed to remain for fourteen hours in their perilous
+        position without succour from the shore, from the simple cause that
+        no one knew of their danger; and we have arrived at another stage of
+        our inquiry: viz., Were the means then adopted all that could be
+        reasonably expected from humane people, who would gladly afford
+        succour, if in their power, to any one in distress, to whatever
+        country they might belong?”</span></p><span class="tei tei-pb" id=
+        "page274">[pg 274]</span><a name="Pg274" id="Pg274" class=
+        "tei tei-anchor"></a>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">The writer of the
+        critical article from which the above quotations are taken<a id=
+        "noteref_85" name="noteref_85" href="#note_85"><span class=
+        "tei tei-noteref"><span style=
+        "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">85</span></span></a> shows,
+        firstly, that there was not at that time a life-boat station at
+        Harwich. It had always been considered that the sands were too
+        distant from that port for the successful employment of such a boat,
+        and that, in the event of wrecks upon them, the numerous hovelling
+        smacks would have anticipated its services. There was, however, a
+        small but serviceable steam-tug—not, be it remembered, Government or
+        town property, but that of a private individual. It is right that
+        this should be fully understood. The circumstance of this tug, the
+        <span class="tei tei-name"><span style=
+        "font-style: italic">Liverpool</span></span>, not going off instantly
+        on perceiving the rockets thrown up by the Cork light-ship was much
+        criticised by some ignorant persons at the time. <span class=
+        "tei tei-q">“Fortunately, she was commanded by an able and
+        experienced seaman, Captain Carrington, who knew what he was about;
+        who knew the difficulties of navigating in the intricate passages
+        between the numerous shoals off the port on a dark night and gale of
+        wind, and he could only do so at great risk of losing his owner’s
+        vessel and the lives of those intrusted to him; that he might spend
+        the whole night in vainly searching for the vessel in distress, and,
+        even if he should find her, that, with the small tug’s boats, it
+        would be quite impossible for him to render any assistance to a
+        vessel surrounded by broken water, in a dark night and heavy sea;
+        and, moreover, that if any mishap should disable his own vessel, the
+        only chance of saving the wrecked persons might be destroyed.”</span>
+        He judiciously waited till shortly before daylight, and then
+        proceeded, first, to the Cork light-ship, where he ascertained that
+        the Sunk light-ship had been firing all night. He then steamed to the
+        latter, and was misinformed (unintentionally) regarding the locality
+        of the wreck. He, after searching in vain for some little time,
+        steamed for the Kentish Knock, and when half-way to it saw the
+        <span class="tei tei-name"><span style=
+        "font-style: italic">Deutschland</span></span> on that sandbank. He
+        then went to the Knock light-ship, and hailed her, inquiring whether
+        those on board knew anything about the wreck, or whether there were
+        any people remaining on board her, but could get no information. He
+        soon proceeded to the spot, and, finding there were a large number of
+        persons on board her, anchored his vessel under her lee, at about
+        sixty fathoms’ distance, and sent his boats to her. After taking off
+        three boat-loads, he weighed his anchor, placed his vessel alongside
+        the ship, and took off the remainder of the survivors—173 in all. In
+        spite of the time which had elapsed and the great dangers to which
+        the vessel had been exposed, the loss of life had not been so serious
+        as might well have been anticipated. Fifty-seven poor men and women
+        had, however, perished in the raging waves. The tug<a id="noteref_86"
+        name="noteref_86" href="#note_86"><span class=
+        "tei tei-noteref"><span style=
+        "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">86</span></span></a> had done
+        her work of saving nobly and well, and had performed it at a time
+        when the hovelling smacks could have done nothing at all. On the same
+        occasion the Broadstairs life-boat proceeded as soon as possible to
+        the scene of the wreck, twenty miles distant, but too late to be of
+        service. In these days of nearly universal telegraphy, <span class=
+        "tei tei-pb" id="page275">[pg 275]</span><a name="Pg275" id="Pg275"
+        class="tei tei-anchor"></a>it would seem strange that our light-ships
+        on dangerous sands, and our lighthouses on dangerous rocks, are
+        almost entirely without the means of proper communication with the
+        nearest shores. From the light-ship, indeed, rockets and guns are
+        constantly fired, as we have seen in many preceding examples, but
+        fogs and heavy weather often prevent either from being of service.
+        The expense of connecting <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style=
+        "font-style: italic">all</span></span> of them with the coasts by
+        means of submarine cables might be sufficient to frighten any
+        Government; but some such communication, however costly, should be
+        made with many of those exposed and dangerous spots where shipwrecks
+        are of constant occurrence.</p>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Excellent
+        authorities on maritime matters have strongly advocated the necessity
+        for the establishment of a sound system of day and night signals from
+        all outlying lighthouses, light-ships, and coastguard stations, and
+        the laying of submarine cables to many of the more prominent
+        stations. A formula of <span class="tei tei-q">“signals of
+        distress”</span> was included in the new <span class=
+        "tei tei-q">“Merchant Shipping Act of 1873,”</span> which came into
+        operation on the 1st of November of that year. Prior to that time
+        such signals were too vague and too indiscriminately used to have
+        much value, and sometimes were calculated to mislead. Thus, in the
+        case of the <span class="tei tei-name"><span style=
+        "font-style: italic">Northfleet</span></span> already cited, 400 of
+        those on board were drowned, <span class="tei tei-q">“although she
+        was surrounded by other ships, and the rockets which she discharged
+        as signals of distress were seen by the coastguard and life-boat men
+        ashore, but were unheeded, it being a common custom for
+        homeward-bound ships to discharge rockets for pilots, or as
+        <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">feux de
+        joie</span></span> on their safe return from distant lands.”</span>
+        The following signals of distress are now required. In <span class=
+        "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">the
+        daytime</span></span> the following signals, when used together or
+        separately, shall be deemed sufficient and proper. 1. A gun fired at
+        intervals of about a minute. 2. The International Code signal of
+        distress. This is a square flag with chess-board pattern, blue and
+        white, having beneath it a long triangular white pennant, with a red
+        ball in the centre. 3. The distant signal, consisting of a square
+        flag, having above or below it a ball or anything resembling a ball.
+        <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">At
+        night</span></span> the following signals:—1. A gun fired at
+        intervals of about a minute. 2. Flames on the ship, as from a burning
+        tar-barrel or oil-barrel, &amp;c. 3. Rockets or shells, of any colour
+        or description, fired, one at a time, at short intervals. And
+        <span class="tei tei-q">“any master of a vessel who uses or displays,
+        or causes or permits any person under his authority to use or
+        display, any of the said signals, except in the case of a vessel
+        being in distress, shall be liable to pay compensation for any labour
+        undertaken, risk incurred, or loss sustained, in consequence of such
+        signal having been supposed to be a signal of distress, and such
+        compensation may, without prejudice to any other remedy, be recovered
+        in the same manner in which salvage is recoverable.”</span></p>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">The signals for
+        pilots are also definitely fixed as follows:—<span class=
+        "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">By day</span></span>,
+        the <span class="tei tei-q">“Jack”</span> or other national colour
+        usually worn by merchant ships, having round it a white border, is to
+        be displayed at the fore; <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style=
+        "font-style: italic">or</span></span> the International Code pilotage
+        signal, this consists of two square flags, the upper of which is a
+        blue flag with a white square in its centre, and the lower of which
+        is a striped flag, red, white, and blue, similar to the French flag.
+        <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">At
+        night</span></span>, <span class="tei tei-q">“blue lights,”</span> or
+        bright white lights, are to be flashed at frequent intervals, just
+        above the bulwarks. If these signals are used for any purpose other
+        than that for which they are intended, a penalty, not exceeding
+        twenty pounds, is incurred. Residents at, and visitors to, seaports
+        and sea-side resorts will, from the above description, be able to
+        <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page276">[pg 276]</span><a name="Pg276"
+        id="Pg276" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>judge whether a vessel in the
+        offing is in dire distress or simply requires the ordinary services
+        of a pilot.</p>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">In the eighteenth
+        century, the requirements of a maritime country constantly at war
+        obliged the Government to establish a complete system of signals and
+        signal stations all round our coasts. At the conclusion of our wars
+        with France that system was in full force, and at that time the
+        movements of nearly every vessel, friend or foe, were telegraphed
+        from point to point with a facility which contributed in an important
+        degree to the security of the country. <span class="tei tei-q">“This
+        Government telegraph system was also available for summoning such
+        aids as then existed for the preservation of life from shipwreck.
+        Accounts of wrecks at what may be called the life-boat era all tend
+        to show that the system of coast telegraphy then in existence played
+        an important part in most notable life-boat and other rescues from
+        shipwreck. With the long peace the need for information on the part
+        of the Government as to the movements of its own or other ships
+        became less urgent, though the coast system of signals maintained a
+        precarious existence for many years, to assist the coastguard in
+        protecting the revenue. As smuggling decreased, the coastguard men
+        were reduced in number, and the chain of signallers became broken
+        into gaps, which widened year by year. The final blow was given by
+        railways and electricity to the old line of semaphores stretching
+        between Portsmouth and the Admiralty, and elsewhere, and from
+        headland to headland. But while the Government, by the help of modern
+        invention, enormously increased its facilities of communication with
+        the great dockyards and arsenals, it, conceiving itself to be in no
+        way concerned (we suppose) with the safety of merchant ships or
+        saving life, failed to supply a substitute for the old semaphore
+        system along the coast line; and year by year the evil has increased
+        from the reduction of the coastguard, and the consequent lengthening
+        of the interval on lines of coasts in which watch has ceased to be
+        kept. The result is that during the last twenty-five years, and up to
+        the present time, there has been greater difficulty in communicating
+        along the coast and summoning aid to distressed vessels at all
+        out-of-the-way parts of the coast than existed at the end of the last
+        century.</span></p>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class=
+        "tei tei-q">“The First Lord of the Admiralty or the President of the
+        Board of Trade can converse at leisure with Plymouth, Deal, Leith, or
+        Liverpool, but the Eddystone has no means of letting the authorities
+        at Plymouth know that a ship is slowly foundering before the eyes of
+        the keepers, though the two points are in sight of each other. The
+        light-keepers at the Bishop have no means of telling the people at
+        St. Mary’s that a ship full of passengers is slowly but surely
+        tearing to pieces on the Retarrier reef; and the hundreds of vessels
+        that yearly are in deadly peril on the Goodwins, the Kentish Knock,
+        the Norfolk Sands, and elsewhere, have no means of summoning prompt
+        aid from the land, though they are only a few miles distant from
+        it.”</span><a id="noteref_87" name="noteref_87" href=
+        "#note_87"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style=
+        "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">87</span></span></a> The
+        writer notes that the number of cases of shipwreck, where the vessels
+        might have been saved, which reach the National Life-boat Institution
+        is considerable. These come largely from obscure and detached parts
+        of the coasts. A foreign barque was wrecked on the Ship-wash, a
+        sandbank eight miles from land, the nearest port being Harwich, from
+        which its southern end is distant ten miles. The wreck was discovered
+        by several smacks soon after seven o’clock on the morning of January
+        7th, 1876, and the news of the disaster was in the possession of the
+        coastguards at Walton, <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page277">[pg
+        277]</span><a name="Pg277" id="Pg277" class=
+        "tei tei-anchor"></a>Harwich, and Aldborough, before ten o’clock that
+        day. Yet the crew were not taken off the wreck till the following
+        morning, after they had been more than twenty-four hours exposed to
+        all the horrors of a pitiless easterly gale, and the momentary
+        expectation of being swept into eternity. So ill-adapted was the
+        system of sending information along the coast that the news did not
+        reach Ramsgate till the next morning, and tug-boat and life-boat then
+        started on a gallant but fruitless expedition, to find that they had
+        only just been forestalled by the Harwich steamer. The Ramsgate men
+        were thus needlessly exposed for fourteen hours in a storm, with the
+        cold so intense that the salt water froze as it fell on the boat.
+        <span class="tei tei-q">“It is also significant,”</span> says a
+        writer in <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style=
+        "font-style: italic">The Lifeboat</span></span>, <span class=
+        "tei tei-q">“that the Aldborough life-boat’s crew declined to launch
+        their boat (they being fifteen miles from the wreck), mainly because
+        there were no sure grounds for concluding that the crew were still on
+        board it—information which could certainly have been conveyed by the
+        Ship-wash lightship had it had an electric wire communication with
+        the shore; or, failing that, by properly arranged <span class=
+        "tei tei-q">‘distant signals’</span> visible to the eye.”</span> The
+        writer shows that had the information been telegraphed from the point
+        which it actually did reach about 10 a.m., either to the Admiralty or
+        the Board of Trade, or any other public department, assistance could
+        with ease have been sent to the wreck, by orders from London, not the
+        day after, but on the forenoon of the same day. And what might not
+        have been the sad consequences of delay, had the vessel been carrying
+        a lot of helpless passengers instead of nine hardy seamen?</p>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">A case occurred
+        shortly after the above occurrence, illustrating the necessity for
+        prompt and suitable communication with land. The steamer <span class=
+        "tei tei-name"><span style="font-style: italic">Vesper</span></span>,
+        of Hartlepool, was lost on the Kish Bank, four miles south of the
+        Kish light-ship. The crew of this wreck, which struck the bank at 5
+        a.m., though only <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style=
+        "font-style: italic">four</span></span> miles from the light-ship,
+        six of a coastguard station on shore, and seven of another point,
+        received no assistance, nor did the light-ship pass the intelligence
+        till 10 a.m., when a boatman at Kingstown saw masts sticking out of
+        the water on the Kish Bank, with signals of distress flying from
+        them. Promptly enough then the life-boat, towed by H.M. steam-tender
+        <span class="tei tei-name"><span style=
+        "font-style: italic">Amelie</span></span>, proceeded to the wreck,
+        only to find, however, that on the steamer sinking the crew had taken
+        to their own boats, and being unburdened with passengers, had escaped
+        to land. The weather was moderate; had there been a gale, the story
+        might have been far different. What a reproach to our system! first,
+        that the light-ship had no means of signalling for assistance; and,
+        second, that it had no means afterwards of indicating that all hands
+        were happily saved.</p>
+      </div>
+
+      <div class="tei tei-div" style=
+      "margin-bottom: 5.00em; margin-top: 5.00em">
+        <a name="chap21" id="chap21" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> <span class=
+        "tei tei-pb" id="page278">[pg 278]</span><a name="Pg278" id="Pg278"
+        class="tei tei-anchor"></a> <a name="toc45" id="toc45"></a> <a name=
+        "pdf46" id="pdf46"></a>
+
+        <h2 class="tei tei-head" style=
+        "text-align: center; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em">
+        <span style="font-size: 144%">CHAPTER XXI.</span></h2>
+
+        <h2 class="tei tei-head" style=
+        "text-align: center; margin-bottom: 2.40em; margin-top: 2.40em">
+        <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: center"><span style=
+        "font-size: 120%; font-variant: small-caps">A Contrast—The Ship on
+        Fire!—Swamped at Sea.</span></span></h2>
+
+        <div class="tei tei-argument" style=
+        "text-align: center; margin-bottom: 1.80em; margin-left: 3.60em; margin-top: 1.80em; margin-right: 3.60em">
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style=
+        "text-align: center; margin-bottom: 0.90em"><span style=
+        "font-size: 90%">The Loss of the</span> <span class="tei tei-name"
+        style="text-align: center"><span style=
+        "font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Amazon</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%">—A
+          Noble Vessel—Description of her Engine-rooms—Her Boats—Heating of
+          the Machinery—The Ship on Fire—Communication Cut off—The Ominous
+          Fire-bell—The Vessel put before the Wind—A Headlong
+          Course—Impossibility of Launching the Boats—</span><span class=
+          "tei tei-q" style="text-align: center"><span style=
+          "font-size: 90%">“</span><span style="font-size: 90%">Every Man for
+          Himself!</span><span style=
+          "font-size: 90%">”</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%">—The
+          Boats on Fire—Horrible Cases of Roasting—Boats Stove in and
+          Upset—The Remnant of Survivors—</span><span class="tei tei-q"
+          style="text-align: center"><span style=
+          "font-size: 90%">“</span><span style="font-size: 90%">Passing by on
+          the Other Side</span><span style=
+          "font-size: 90%">”</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%">—Loss
+          of a distinguished Author—A Clergyman’s Experiences—A Graphic
+          Description—Without Food, Water, Oars, Helm, or Compass—Blowing-up
+          of the</span> <span class="tei tei-name" style=
+          "text-align: center"><span style=
+          "font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Amazon</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%">—</span><span class="tei tei-q"
+          style="text-align: center"><span style=
+          "font-size: 90%">“</span><span style="font-size: 90%">A
+          Sail!</span><span style=
+          "font-size: 90%">”</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%">—Saved
+          on the Dutch Galliot—Back from the Dead—Review of the Catastrophe—A
+          Contrast—Loss of the</span> <span class="tei tei-name" style=
+          "text-align: center"><span style=
+          "font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">London</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%">—Anxiety
+          to get Berths on her—The First Disaster—Terrible Weather—Swamped by
+          the Seas—The Furnaces Drowned out—Efforts to Replace a
+          Hatchway—Fourteen Feet of Water in the Hold—</span><span class=
+          "tei tei-q" style="text-align: center"><span style=
+          "font-size: 90%">“</span><span style="font-size: 90%">Boys, you may
+          say your Prayers!</span><span style=
+          "font-size: 90%">”</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%">—Scene
+          in the Saloon—The Last Prayer Meeting—Worthy Draper—Incidents—Loss
+          of an Eminent Tragedian—His Last Efforts—The Bottle Washed
+          Ashore—Nineteen Saved out of Two Hundred and Sixty-three Souls on
+          Board—Noble Captain Martin—The</span> <span class="tei tei-name"
+          style="text-align: center"><span style=
+          "font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">London’s</span></span>
+          <span style="font-size: 90%">Last Plunge—The Survivors picked up by
+          an Italian Barque.</span></p>
+        </div>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">No greater horror
+        can occur at sea than for the good ship to be on fire. At first
+        sight, indeed, it might appear that in the midst of an unbounded
+        waste of waters nothing could be easier than to extinguish a
+        conflagration on board a vessel, but examples already cited in this
+        work have shown the difficulties in the way. Steam-ships have special
+        facilities for pumping water into almost any part of their hulls, yet
+        one of the saddest examples of a ship on fire is afforded in the loss
+        of the <span class="tei tei-name"><span style=
+        "font-style: italic">Amazon</span></span>, a steam-ship of the
+        first-class.</p>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">The <span class=
+        "tei tei-name"><span style="font-style: italic">Amazon</span></span>
+        was one of a fleet of new vessels placed by the Royal Mail Steam-ship
+        Company on the West India service, and was stated to be, at the time
+        of her launching, the largest <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style=
+        "font-style: italic">timber-built</span></span> steam-ship ever
+        constructed in England. She was of 2,256 tons burden, and fitted with
+        every improvement known at the time; her entire cost was stated at
+        over £100,000. When, on the 16th of December, 1851, she arrived at
+        Southampton, she was regarded as the perfect model of a passenger
+        vessel. In due time she was ready for sea, and having received her
+        crew and engineers aboard, and a little later her passengers and the
+        Admiralty agent with mails, she left Southampton on Friday, January
+        2nd, 1852. The officers were all tried men, and her commander,
+        Captain Symons, was one of those seamen whom large steam-ship
+        companies are only too glad to employ and retain. He was not merely
+        an officer of thoroughly competent skill, but a man of unbending
+        resolution, a man fitted to be a ruler among men, as should be every
+        commander of a great vessel. Only a few weeks before he had received
+        the thanks of the American Government, accompanied by a present of a
+        silver speaking-trumpet, for interposing, at the risk of his own
+        life, in an affair at Chagres between the Americans and the natives.
+        On this occasion he not only was the means of saving much valuable
+        property, but by his energetic conduct arrested a conflict, which,
+        but for his intervention, might probably have been attended with much
+        bloodshed and slaughter. The <span class="tei tei-name"><span style=
+        "font-style: italic">Amazon</span></span>, a pioneer of the service
+        she was to inaugurate, left Southampton amidst a considerable amount
+        of <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style=
+        "font-style: italic">éclat</span></span>, and commenced her
+        voyage.</p>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class=
+        "tei tei-q">“And so,”</span> says the work<a id="noteref_88" name=
+        "noteref_88" href="#note_88"><span class=
+        "tei tei-noteref"><span style=
+        "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">88</span></span></a> from
+        which much of the following account is compiled, <span class=
+        "tei tei-q">“the gallant ship sped on. The wind was right ahead, but
+        her engines were powerful, <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page279">[pg
+        279]</span><a name="Pg279" id="Pg279" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>and
+        she passed rapidly through the water. But it is necessary, in order
+        to make clear what follows, to describe the position of her engines
+        and boats.</span></p>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class=
+        "tei tei-q">“The engine-room was about the middle of the vessel,
+        having sixteen boilers—eight in the forward and as many in the after
+        part. There were, consequently, two funnels: one about midships, the
+        other immediately behind the foremast. In those vessels which have
+        but one set of boilers and one funnel these are placed in the after
+        part of the engine-room, while the store-room, containing tallow,
+        oil, and other inflammable materials, is placed forward. But the
+        <span class="tei tei-name"><span style=
+        "font-style: italic">Amazon</span></span> having boilers at both
+        ends, it happened that the floor of the store-room rested directly on
+        the wood casing that surrounded the upper part or steam-chest of the
+        forward boilers.</span></p>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class=
+        "tei tei-q">“Then, with regard to the boats: most of the older
+        vessels have life-boats resting, bottom up, on the top of the
+        paddle-boxes, according to a plan much approved in the navy, and the
+        smaller boats swing suspended over the water, from two curved iron
+        props, or davits, as they are technically termed, by ropes that,
+        running through a pulley, enable men seated in the boats to lower
+        themselves from the ship’s side to the water, when the hooks by which
+        the tackle is attached to the boats may at once be cast off. But as
+        it would be inconvenient that the boats so hung from the davits
+        should be swinging backward and forward with every roll of the ship,
+        ropes are lashed round them and fastened to the bulwark of the
+        vessel, in order to keep them steady. Now, in order to get quit of
+        this latter somewhat clumsy contrivance, as well as to ease the
+        strain of the boat upon the tackling by which it swings, a different
+        mode of fastening was adopted in the <span class=
+        "tei tei-name"><span style="font-style: italic">Amazon</span></span>.
+        There were the davits as usual, and the common contrivance for
+        lowering the boats into the water; but instead of the undergirding
+        ropes or guys, two iron props were introduced, each of which,
+        branching out at the top into two prongs, received in its groove the
+        keel of the boat, in which she sat as in a cradle, thus taking away
+        all strain from the ordinary tackling. This change in the mode of
+        securing the boats had, however, this effect: that, whereas in the
+        former case the boat’s crew had but to lower the boat and themselves
+        into the water, by the new mode it became necessary, before they
+        could do that, to hoist the boat up a few feet till it was got clear
+        of the projecting points of the crutch on which it rested. Of what
+        fatal consequence this necessity was will become too apparent in the
+        course of the narrative.”</span></p>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">The machinery was
+        perfectly new, and, as is frequently the case on first trials, became
+        much heated in the bearings: so much so, indeed, that water had to be
+        pumped over them. Whether or not the terrible disaster about to be
+        described resulted from that fact will never be known; it much more
+        probably occurred from some light being dropped upon the waste,
+        &amp;c., of the oil-room. No neglect of duty was attributed to the
+        engineers, who seem to have been exceptionally careful.</p>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">About a quarter
+        before one o’clock, Sunday, when the ship was about entering the Bay
+        of Biscay, Mr. Treweeke, the second officer, a most promising and
+        practical sailor, being then officer of the watch, was on the bridge.
+        Just before, Dunsford, quartermaster, had gone the rounds to see that
+        the lights were all out, and had reported that all was right; Mr.
+        Treweeke then was on the bridge, and Mr. Dunsford was standing under
+        him to receive orders. Mr. Vincent, one of the midshipmen, was on the
+        quarter-deck; all was <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page280">[pg
+        280]</span><a name="Pg280" id="Pg280" class=
+        "tei tei-anchor"></a>still as the grave, save the monotonous
+        throbbing of the engines. He happened to look towards Mr. Treweeke at
+        that moment, and saw him leaning listlessly against the railing of
+        the bridge. Suddenly Treweeke started up, and looked earnestly at
+        something apparently issuing from the engine-room. That officer had
+        discovered flames issuing thence, and Dunsford was detailed to call
+        the captain: and although he should have performed his duty
+        noiselessly, he managed, rather boisterously, to disturb some of the
+        passengers. The captain immediately ran out of his cabin, half nude,
+        and after finding that the fire was serious, ran back and put on some
+        clothes, immediately returning to the scene of action. At the same
+        time, Mr. Stone, the fourth engineer, saw fire on the starboard
+        foremost boiler from the iron platform on which he was standing, and
+        instantly gave the alarm. He even attempted to stop the engines, but
+        the smoke was so dense that he was obliged to retreat. One of the
+        men, who was going to the engine-room to warm himself, observed a
+        glare of light in the fore stoke-hole, and on examination found
+        between the starboard fore-boiler and the bulkhead a flame issuing as
+        far as he could see. The firemen’s backs were turned at the time, and
+        he shouted out to them, <span class="tei tei-q">“Don’t you see the
+        fire? Why don’t you get water?”</span> They did not, however, seem to
+        notice it. He rushed aft, where the hose was kept, and tried to drag
+        it forward, shouting for assistance; but by the time the hose was
+        brought the flames of fire were rushing up through the oil, tallow,
+        and waste store-rooms. The flames were leaping upwards to the deck
+        above. Owing to the smoke, he was obliged to give up the hose, and
+        rush on deck, it being impossible to remain below any longer. The
+        chief engineer, Mr. Angus, and one of his assistants, tried to put on
+        the hose, and kept by it till they could not breathe. Hearing a cry
+        for buckets on deck, Angus ran aft as fast as he could, and the
+        passengers were then breaking open the saloon door to get on deck.
+        Several attempts to get water to the flames were unsuccessful or
+        utterly ineffective.</p>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">The second
+        engineer, Mr. William Angus, stated that when he was alarmed by the
+        cry of <span class="tei tei-q">“Fire!”</span> he was in the act of
+        <span class="tei tei-q">“blowing off”</span><a id="noteref_89" name=
+        "noteref_89" href="#note_89"><span class=
+        "tei tei-noteref"><span style=
+        "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">89</span></span></a> the
+        after-boiler, and on coming up the lower platform ladder of the
+        engine-room, ran to set the <span class="tei tei-q">“donkey”</span>
+        engine (which pumps the ship and keeps the boilers a-going). A blast
+        of smoke stopped him, and when he recovered more or less from the
+        suffocation he attempted to work her, but failed. All the lamps were
+        extinguished by the smoke. Mr. Stone, the fourth engineer, came to
+        his assistance, but was forced to retire. The stokers and others
+        found it equally impossible to remain. One of the survivors described
+        the progress of the flames in the engine-room <span class=
+        "tei tei-q">“as that of a great wave of fire, before which no man
+        could stand and live.”</span> He stated that it rushed upon his mind
+        that if the boilers were left in their then state the water would
+        soon become exhausted, and the boilers themselves explode, so he
+        turned on the water into them, and attempted to remove the weights
+        from the safety valves, so as to ease the pressure of the steam. The
+        glass above was cracking with the intensity of the heat. <span class=
+        "tei tei-q">“It was not three minutes from the time that the fire was
+        discovered till the ship was in flames.”</span></p>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Above, on deck,
+        all was horror, confusion, and despair, among the passengers and
+        crew. The flames, having broken out abaft the foremast, rapidly
+        extended across the whole breadth <span class="tei tei-pb" id=
+        "page281">[pg 281]</span><a name="Pg281" id="Pg281" class=
+        "tei tei-anchor"></a>of the ship, forming a wall of fire as high as
+        the paddle-boxes, cutting off all communication. One or two of the
+        sailors, indeed, managed to get across the paddle-boxes, cautiously
+        creeping up one side and sliding down the other, but all other means
+        of access were effectually debarred. It was the sole chance of
+        safety, for the boats were all in the after part of the ship.
+        <span class="tei tei-q">“It would be needless here to tell of the
+        screams and shrieks of the horror-stricken passengers, mixed with the
+        cries of the animals aboard; of the wild anguish with which they saw
+        before them only the choice of death almost equally dreadful—the
+        raging flame or the raging sea, and of those fearful moments when all
+        self-control, all presence of mind, appeared to be lost, and no
+        authority was recognised, no command obeyed.”</span> Meanwhile the
+        ominous fire-bell was ringing—the knell of many a poor man and woman
+        that night.</p><a name="illo_318.jpg" id="illo_318.jpg" class=
+        "tei tei-anchor"></a>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"></p>
+
+        <div class="tei tei-figure" style="text-align: center">
+          <img src="images/illo_318.jpg" alt="BURNING OF THE “AMAZON.”"
+          title="BURNING OF THE “AMAZON.”" />
+
+          <div class="tei tei-head" style=
+          "text-align: center; margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em">
+            BURNING OF THE <span class="tei tei-q" style=
+            "text-align: center">“AMAZON.”</span>
+          </div>
+        </div><a name="illo_320.png" id="illo_320.png" class=
+        "tei tei-anchor"></a>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"></p>
+
+        <div class="tei tei-figure" style="text-align: center">
+          <img src="images/illo_320.png" alt="THE “AMAZON” STEAM-SHIP" title=
+          "THE “AMAZON” STEAM-SHIP." />
+
+          <div class="tei tei-head" style=
+          "text-align: center; margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em">
+            THE <span class="tei tei-q" style=
+            "text-align: center">“AMAZON”</span> STEAM-SHIP.
+          </div>
+        </div>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">When Captain
+        Symons rushed on deck, his first order was to <span class=
+        "tei tei-q">“put up the helm,”</span> which was instantly obeyed. The
+        helmsman, assisted by Mr. Treweeke, the gallant second officer,
+        worked at the wheel till the vessel <span class="tei tei-q">“paid
+        off”</span> and turned so as to go before the wind. The effects of
+        the wind were, by this device, somewhat moderated, but it had almost
+        advanced to a gale, and the paddles were revolving rapidly, carrying
+        the doomed vessel through the water with headlong speed. The flames
+        were driven, however, forward and away from the passengers and
+        greater number of those on board. To this movement, in fact, is to be
+        attributed the preservation of the few boats which, as we shall see,
+        succeeded in leaving the ship. To extinguish the fire was now out of
+        question; while it was equally impossible to shut off the steam and
+        stop the vessel’s way. Yet, without this being done, no boat could be
+        launched into the water while the vessel was driving on at
+        <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page282">[pg 282]</span><a name="Pg282"
+        id="Pg282" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>the rate of thirteen knots an
+        hour. Buckets of water were still thrown on the burning mass; trusses
+        of lighted hay and loose spars thrown overboard. <span class=
+        "tei tei-q">“Keep fast the boats for a while, and try to save the
+        ship!”</span> cried the captain. But, alas! ship and crew were alike
+        doomed. <span class="tei tei-q">“Don’t lower the boats!”</span>
+        repeated Captain Symons again and again; and the danger—at the rate
+        of the <span class="tei tei-name"><span style=
+        "font-style: italic">Amazon’s</span></span> speed—of attempting it
+        was too obvious. Lieut. Grylls, R.N., a passenger on board, was
+        attempting to lower the tackle of one of the boats, when Symons
+        <span class="tei tei-q">“seized him by the arm, and besought him to
+        desist, as he said everybody would be drowned. Lieut. Grylls then
+        called out to the person by the foremast fall, imploring him not to
+        lower, as the ship was going so fast. The person at the foremast
+        fall, by constant and urgent request of the people in the boat, let
+        the fall go, by which means the boat turned over, and, as nearly as
+        could be seen, every one was washed out of her. Seeing this at the
+        moment, Lieut. Grylls attempted to let go the after fall so as to
+        save them, but the fall being jammed, and having fouled, and the boat
+        thus not being clear, her stern hung in the air for a moment, until
+        cut adrift by some one, when she turned over, and, seeing the people
+        washed away, Lieutenant Grylls turned away from the appalling sight
+        in horror. He then met, face to face, Captain Symons, who called out
+        for some one to help him to clear away the port life-boat, which was
+        stowed on the sponson, abaft the port paddle-box, and at the same
+        moment leaped into the boat, using every endeavour to clear her away.
+        Lieut. Grylls followed, and also exerted himself, but the flames
+        having reached the boat, and Captain Symons’s hair having caught in a
+        blaze, and one sleeve of his shirt, he was obliged to run off, and
+        Lieut. Grylls was compelled to follow him, both rushing through the
+        flames and fire.”</span></p>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">About this time it
+        was discovered that the ship was veering round, owing to the helm
+        having been lashed. A fresh order was shrieked out to keep her before
+        the wind, and two of the officers sprang forward to execute the
+        captain’s bidding. The passengers were now all on deck, with what
+        feelings we can imagine. <span class="tei tei-q">“At last the shout
+        was raised, <span class="tei tei-q">‘Every man for himself!’</span>
+        but not by the captain. The captain called out, <span class=
+        "tei tei-q">‘Lower the starboard life-boat!’</span> to which the
+        answer was, <span class="tei tei-q">‘She is on fire!’</span>
+        <span class="tei tei-q">‘Lower the larboard (port, or left-hand)
+        life-boat!’</span> <span class="tei tei-q">‘She is on fire!’</span>
+        was still the cry. The captain dropped the bucket which he idly held
+        in his hand. <span class="tei tei-q">‘It’s all over with
+        us!’</span> ”</span> But though he knew it so well, he did not relax
+        an effort; nor did Mr. Roberts, the chief officer, nor any of the
+        officers, all of whom went down with the ship. They were last seen
+        collected in a group near the helm; and to the close of that
+        appalling scene nobly did their duty. The last words the captain was
+        heard to say were, <span class="tei tei-q">“It has got too
+        far.”</span> He then turned aft, took the wheel, and that appears to
+        have been the last that was seen of Captain Symons.</p>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">When it was
+        discovered that the two life-boats were on fire, attention could only
+        be given to the other boats. All efforts must be made: better to
+        drown than to die in the midst of flames—suffocated, scorched.
+        <span class="tei tei-q">“One of the passengers, Mr. Alleyne, of the
+        West Indies, was observed pacing the deck, with his hands clasped in
+        prayer, patiently waiting that awful fate from which he knew there
+        was no escape. A gentleman and lady, in their night-dresses only—both
+        of which were on fire—came on deck, and, with their arms round each
+        other, walked over to one of the ship’s hatches, and fell together
+        into the flames. They had previously been seen standing right abaft
+        and looking perfectly collected, the gentleman before the
+        <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page283">[pg 283]</span><a name="Pg283"
+        id="Pg283" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>lady, apparently to keep the
+        heat from her. A female passenger rushed on deck, having on only her
+        night-gown, the bottom of which and her legs were much burnt. Three
+        times she was placed in one of the boats which was saved, but she
+        refused to remain. Several persons hurriedly said to her that they
+        would soon give her plenty of clothing when she got away from the
+        ship, but modesty prevailed over the love of life, and she remained
+        behind to <a name="corr283" id="corr283" class=
+        "tei tei-anchor"></a><span class=
+        "tei tei-corr">perish.</span>”</span></p>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">A horrible story
+        of one standing near the helm is given: his face and side burnt, and
+        a huge blister formed, which burst in; the skin was falling away in
+        ribbons. A little boy was also burnt black, and the skin was falling
+        from him in a similar manner. Still the vessel was dashing forward in
+        headlong speed, but still efforts were made to launch the boats; but
+        here, in consequence of the manner in which they were stowed—resting
+        on iron crutches or brackets, instead of being simply suspended, as
+        usual—unexpected difficulties presented themselves. It was necessary
+        first to raise them, put them over the bulwarks, and lower them—a
+        work of time and labour. In the hurry two of the boats were stove in;
+        and in the case of others, one end would be lowered properly, the
+        other remaining high in the air, so that the wretched passengers and
+        sailors who crowded into them were plunged violently into the water,
+        escaping the fury of one element only to be devoured by another. In
+        one single case fifteen were thus drowned, while one only escaped.
+        Not to accumulate the details of horrors, which constantly repeated
+        themselves, it may be here stated that the whole number of persons on
+        board the <span class="tei tei-name"><span style=
+        "font-style: italic">Amazon</span></span> when she left Southampton
+        was 162; of these 110 formed the crew; there were 50 passengers, and
+        the mail agent and his servant. The first boat which landed at
+        Plymouth brought in 21; the <span class="tei tei-name"><span style=
+        "font-style: italic">Gertruida</span></span>, a Dutch galliot, picked
+        up a boat containing 16 on Sunday night, and another containing 8 on
+        the following morning. Another vessel, also a Dutch galliot, picked
+        up 13 more. The total number lost amounted, therefore, to 104, and 58
+        only were saved.</p>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">A survivor stated
+        that during the time they were drifting in their boat towards the
+        ship, which was burning broadside on to the wind, her mainmast went
+        first, the foremast following; it was a considerable time before the
+        mizen-mast fell, directly after which he noted a slight explosion of
+        gunpowder. Previous to this a barque hove in sight, and passed
+        between their boat and the burning ship. They judged her to be
+        outward-bound from her being under close-reefed topsails. As she
+        passed at between three and four hundred yards they hailed her
+        several times with their united voices, strengthened by all the
+        energy of despair. She answered them, and brailed her spanker, and
+        they naturally thought she was preparing to bear up for their rescue.
+        <span class="tei tei-q">“I shall never forget,”</span> said the
+        narrator, <span class="tei tei-q">“the deep sob of hope with which I
+        noticed these preparations, or the bitterness of feeling with which I
+        saw him spread his canvas to the wind, and wear round past the stern
+        of the burning vessel, as he left us to our fate.”</span></p>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Among those who
+        perished on that terrible night was a distinguished author, whose
+        writings are, or should be, familiar to all readers. Warburton<a id=
+        "noteref_90" name="noteref_90" href="#note_90"><span class=
+        "tei tei-noteref"><span style=
+        "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">90</span></span></a> perished
+        either in the flames or, as some thought, in one of the boats which
+        was swamped. He had been sent out by the Atlantic and Pacific
+        Junction Company, specially deputed to make a friendly arrangement
+        with the Indians of the isthmus of Darien. As an old and practised
+        traveller, he had proposed <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page284">[pg
+        284]</span><a name="Pg284" id="Pg284" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>to
+        stay on the isthmus for some time, in order to study its topography,
+        scenery, climate, and resources. The Rev. Acton Warburton, his
+        brother, on receipt of the fearful news, and with the fact before him
+        that there were boats not yet accounted for which had been seen to
+        leave the ship, proceeded in a steamer from Plymouth on January 17th,
+        in the hope that, by cruising about in the Channel and entrance to
+        the Bay of Biscay, some traces might be found of his missing
+        relative. All was in vain; no further vestiges of the crew or
+        passengers were found. A few days afterwards a homeward-bound vessel
+        picked up at sea, among other fragments of the wreck, three settees,
+        or backed forms, which had stood on the deck of the <span class=
+        "tei tei-name"><span style="font-style: italic">Amazon</span></span>,
+        and which had been lashed together, doubtless for the purpose of
+        supporting some of the crew or passengers in the water. Other pieces
+        of the wreck were washed ashore on different parts of the coast, and
+        a piece of burnt timber was picked up near the Eddystone,
+        <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page285">[pg 285]</span><a name="Pg285"
+        id="Pg285" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>having attached to it a
+        fragment of a lady’s dress. One of the mail bags, containing
+        newspapers, unscorched, but very much damaged by sea-water, was
+        washed ashore near Bridport three weeks after the occurrence of the
+        wreck.</p><a name="illo_323.jpg" id="illo_323.jpg" class=
+        "tei tei-anchor"></a>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"></p>
+
+        <div class="tei tei-figure" style="text-align: center">
+          <img src="images/illo_323.jpg" alt=
+          "RESCUE OF THE SURVIVORS OF THE “AMAZON.”" title=
+          "RESCUE OF THE SURVIVORS OF THE “AMAZON.”" />
+
+          <div class="tei tei-head" style=
+          "text-align: center; margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em">
+            RESCUE OF THE SURVIVORS OF THE <span class="tei tei-q" style=
+            "text-align: center">“AMAZON.”</span>
+          </div>
+        </div>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">The Rev. William
+        Blood, who was one of the survivors, was landed at Plymouth in one of
+        the boats late on Thursday night, and was much too ill to commit his
+        thoughts to paper during the Friday and Saturday following. But on
+        the Sunday following, in presence of 4,000 people, he, in the course
+        of an extempore sermon, gave his hearers a graphic description of the
+        catastrophe and of his escape from the wreck.<a id="noteref_91" name=
+        "noteref_91" href="#note_91"><span class=
+        "tei tei-noteref"><span style=
+        "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">91</span></span></a> The
+        first evening of the voyage he sat up till between eleven and twelve
+        o’clock, enjoying the sea-breeze and the beauty of the scene. He had
+        then retired, undressing himself as at home, and had slept well. On
+        the fatal night, however, he seems to have had an indefinite
+        presentiment that something was about to occur. On that evening, says
+        he, <span class="tei tei-q">“without any cause, I was induced to
+        retire early (nine o’clock), and when going to bed it was deeply
+        impressed on my mind not to undress. I accordingly lay down upon the
+        bed with my clothes on, even my boots, and immediately fell into a
+        sound sleep. At about half-past twelve I awoke, greatly refreshed,
+        and prepared for what was to follow. No voice awoke me; no alarm had
+        been given; no bell aroused me. When I awoke, I felt surprised by a
+        peculiar indescribable sensation as of solitude, of vacancy; and on
+        opening the window of my cabin, I looked out, but saw no person;
+        still all was silent; and with the same feeling I arose, went out of
+        the cabin, without even taking my watch, which lay beneath my pillow,
+        and, as I passed along the saloon, I overheard the voice of the
+        stewardess in the distance, saying, <span class="tei tei-q">‘The ship
+        is on fire!’</span> I then hastened towards the stairs at the fore
+        part of the ship, and saw (oh, horror!) the blaze ascending right
+        across the vessel. I ascended the stairs just in time to escape the
+        flames. When on the deck, I had merely time to walk across to the
+        bulwarks, for on the deck the flames were spreading with terrific
+        rapidity.</span></p>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class=
+        "tei tei-q">“When I got on deck I saw no one, and heard no noise or
+        confusion, so that much of the disaster must have been over by that
+        time. I then saw some men endeavouring to lower one of the boats near
+        the paddle-box, and at the same moment I became fully aware of my
+        awful position, and that I had to choose between death by fire or by
+        water, unless I made some effort to save myself. With this conviction
+        on my mind, I laid hold of a rope, and swung myself over the ship’s
+        side, and was just about to precipitate myself into the boat beneath
+        me, which was then swinging with her stern in the water. In another
+        moment her human freight were in the death struggle in an element not
+        less terrible or destructive than that from which they had been
+        making such frantic efforts to escape; and even at this moment their
+        appalling shrieks, as they struggled amidst the dark and gloomy
+        waves, seem to ring in my ears. Here, again, I think Divine
+        interference was manifested on my behalf, for an apparent accident
+        saved me from that boat. Almost crippled as I was, I managed, by the
+        aid of the rope to which I clung, to regain the now blazing deck,
+        just as some of the crew were endeavouring to release one of the
+        life-boats from her very embarrassing fastenings. They succeeded. She
+        was turned over the ship’s side. I was in her then; and, while
+        suspended midway between fire and water, she turned keel up, and her
+        oars were thrown out. <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page286">[pg
+        286]</span><a name="Pg286" id="Pg286" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>She
+        righted in a few minutes after, and when she did so I was still in
+        her—by what means I know not, but that the All-seeing eye was still
+        upon me. In a minute or two more she was lowered into the sea with
+        her freight of thirteen human souls, and amidst cries of <span class=
+        "tei tei-q">‘She is leaking!’</span> <span class="tei tei-q">‘She is
+        stove in!’</span> <span class="tei tei-q">‘She will be
+        swamped!’</span> but at the same moment one of the crew in her cut
+        the rope that bound her to the blazing ship, and she at once dropped
+        astern. We now made the terrible discovery that she was really
+        leaking, and with the apparent certainty of having escaped one
+        horrible death only to perish by another, we set our wits to work to
+        staunch the leak and bale out the water. Michael Fox, one of the
+        sailors—a man who merits much honour for his coolness and bravery
+        throughout—actually thrust his arm through the leak to arrest the
+        ingress of the water; while I handed him my cap, another gave his
+        stockings; others did likewise; and then, with such means as these,
+        and with the aid of our boots and two little empty casks, we managed
+        to prevent the life-boat from being swamped. While thus occupied, and
+        being tossed about, without food, water, oars, helm, or compass,
+        totally at the mercy of the contending elements, we had dropped about
+        two miles astern of the doomed ship. She was apparently motionless,
+        while the sea continually broke over us. A barque passed between the
+        blazing pile and our ill-omened craft. Her hull, sails, and rigging
+        were reflected against that fearful blaze with a blackness of shadow
+        that appeared to render still deeper the depth of our calamity, and
+        which the morning’s light helped not to lessen, for the barque had
+        disappeared. After the barque had departed, we fancied we saw a boat,
+        somewhat like our own, close to us, and we hailed her, with all the
+        power of our united voices, for oars; but she either heeded or heard
+        us not, and quickly disappeared, and the impression was that she had
+        been swamped. Our frail tenement was still knocked about as I have
+        stated, still within sight of the burning ship; and at about five
+        o’clock on Sunday morning, when the powder on board caught light, she
+        blew up, presenting to our terror-stricken gaze a most awful and
+        sublime spectacle. Vast beams of flaming timber were hurled about in
+        the air, and seemed suspended there for a moment, and then
+        disappeared with a hissing noise in the roaring waters. A moment
+        after, and all that remained unconsumable by fire of that once noble
+        specimen of our mercantile marine vanished like a shot beneath the
+        waves. And then came upon us that intensity of darkness that lent an
+        additional horror to our truly forlorn condition. However, the
+        merciful Ruler of our destinies had not deserted us; for as the
+        Sabbath morning’s light dawned the wind abated and the sea became
+        comparatively calm, except that there was still a heavy swell; but
+        still, there we were, thirteen human beings, in a frail, leaky boat,
+        without an atom of food of any sort, the vast ocean around us, and in
+        a state of perfect ignorance as to our geographical position, while
+        our other physical wants, such as of clothes, boots, &amp;c., made
+        our case truly deplorable. By about twelve o’clock at noon, on
+        Sunday, we had drifted, as nearly as possible, to the spot where the
+        Amazon had sunk; and upon the then comparatively calm sea were strewn
+        about but too many evidences of the last night’s fearful
+        devastation—immense spars, charred timbers, barrels, bales, and boxes
+        innumerable. We drew up one of the latter, got it on board, forced it
+        open, and found that it contained only a quantity of shoes. To those
+        each helped himself to a pair, and then threw the remainder
+        overboard.</span></p>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class=
+        "tei tei-q">“As the Sabbath morning advanced towards noon-day the
+        glorious sun burst forth, and appeared as a happy harbinger of the
+        fortunate release in store for us. The weather was fine, <span class=
+        "tei tei-pb" id="page287">[pg 287]</span><a name="Pg287" id="Pg287"
+        class="tei tei-anchor"></a>though there was a heavy swell in the sea,
+        and we were all up to our middle in water. William Angus, poor
+        fellow, was of no use in the boat. When leaving the ship, he had
+        thrown himself overboard, fell upon my back, and cut his head
+        severely. He appeared in a state of despondency for the loss of his
+        brother; and another poor fellow had part of the fingers of one of
+        his hands chopped off. At two o’clock the sun shone forth in all his
+        splendour. By this time we had taken up some of the bottom boards of
+        the boat, and these we had converted into paddles, rudder, and mast.
+        Lieut. Grylls took from off his head his shirt, which he had
+        previously wrapped around it, and made a flag of it; and in lieu
+        thereof I tore off the skirts of my coat, one of which I tied around
+        his head, and with the other I made a cap for myself. The remainder
+        of that coat I still have, and will preserve as a memento; and so I
+        ought, for it served as a protection against the pouring rain, while
+        our bodies lay partially submerged in the water and the waves at
+        times dashed over us. This coat became most useful to me afterwards,
+        during the eleven days on board the galliot, for it served as a
+        pocket-handkerchief, napkin, &amp;c.</span></p>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class=
+        "tei tei-q">“There was a peculiar death-like feeling produced by
+        being obliged to sit in the water all night, while at the same time
+        the whole body was saturated with the rain and the billows poured
+        their waters over us. At one time, shivering with cold and wet, I
+        strove to keep my back pressed against another person to preserve the
+        vital heat. Such cold I never felt before. The casks which we found
+        in the boat were of essential use. How wonderful that they should
+        have remained in the boat when she capsized and threw out the oars,
+        for without them she must have swamped.</span></p>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class=
+        "tei tei-q">“Dismal were the thoughts suggested on that day as to the
+        future. Will a storm arise? If so, our little vessel cannot live; she
+        must be overwhelmed by the raging billows! How long can we remain in
+        the midst of the wide extended ocean? Shall we starve—perish with
+        hunger? Such were the gloomy forebodings, when the thrilling, joyful
+        exclamation of <span class="tei tei-q">‘A sail!’</span> burst from
+        the lips of one of the crew. Then followed the exclamation of,
+        <span class="tei tei-q">‘Oh, I hope she sees us! Does she hear us? Is
+        she coming this way?’</span> She was then on the very verge of the
+        horizon, and—disappeared! Mute despair was then plainly perceptible
+        in every face. I had made up my mind to die of starvation, but
+        thought I could exist without food for a long time, for having once
+        been ill in Paris for three weeks without even having tasted food of
+        any sort during the whole of the time, I felt now prepared to go
+        through the same ordeal. But again the joyful sound was uttered by
+        Lieut. Grylls, <span class="tei tei-q">‘I see another sail!’</span>
+        We then commenced tearing up the boards from the bottom of the boat,
+        and converting one of them into a mast, upon which we attached a
+        shirt as a signal of distress, and breaking the rest of them into
+        paddles and a helm, we determined, as our lives depended upon it, to
+        make a desperate effort to approach the welcome visitor. Hour after
+        hour was passing away—our progress through the waves was slow, and
+        the sailors were beginning to relax their efforts at the paddles in
+        utter hopelessness. The sun was fast fading away, and the horrors of
+        another night at sea in an open boat stared us in the face. I begged,
+        prayed, and entreated the men to continue their exertions, that with
+        the light of day we still had hope; an hour—perhaps a few minutes—may
+        bring us near enough to be seen. Alas! there were four out of the
+        thirteen quite helpless—viz., poor Angus, the man who had lost his
+        fingers, a boy, and a Spanish gentleman, who appeared to have become
+        quite <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page288">[pg 288]</span><a name=
+        "Pg288" id="Pg288" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>paralysed. The sun was
+        just about to shed his last ray of light upon our eyes and hope in
+        our hearts, when those on board the vessel saw us, heard us, bore
+        down upon us, and took us on board. Had not the great God sent us
+        this timely succour, no account of our fate could have ever been made
+        known, for any one of the storms which prevailed during the following
+        eight or nine days must have destroyed us. We were hauled on board by
+        means of ropes, and stowed in a little cabin, 6 feet by 4½ only; but
+        yet, what a palace compared to the horrors from which we had just
+        been rescued! This vessel was a small Dutch galliot, and had a cargo
+        of sugar from Amsterdam, consigned to Leghorn; and was, therefore,
+        desirous of landing at Gibraltar, it being on her course. However,
+        adverse winds set in; the captain of the galliot knew not his
+        position; he was unable to take an observation; and was, in
+        consequence, knocked about for nine days with this serious addition
+        to his crew. I had been visiting the house of a noble friend but a
+        few weeks before, but what was it compared to our present little
+        home?”</span> They were at length safely landed at Plymouth.</p>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Among so many
+        gloomy incidents, one of another nature may well be recorded. The
+        name of Lieutenant Grylls has been mentioned as one of the survivors.
+        But the <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style=
+        "font-style: italic">Cornwall Gazette</span></span> of January 8th
+        had the following announcement:—<span class="tei tei-q">“Lost, on
+        board the <span class="tei tei-name"><span style=
+        "font-style: italic">Amazon</span></span>, mail steam-packet, on
+        Sunday, the 4th inst., in which vessel he had taken his passage to
+        join H.M.S. <span class="tei tei-name"><span style=
+        "font-style: italic">Devastation</span></span>, to which ship he had
+        been appointed as first lieutenant, Lieutenant Charles Gerveys
+        Grylls, R.N., aged twenty-five, eldest surviving son of the Rev.
+        Henry Grylls, vicar of St. Neots.”</span> But early in the morning of
+        Friday a special messenger arrived at St. Neots, bearing a letter to
+        the good vicar from his son, stating that he was alive and safe, and
+        that he hoped to be with him in the evening. The news soon spread;
+        all the neighbouring hamlets turned out their inhabitants, the
+        village bells were rung, and a party of about 150 persons set off on
+        the road to Plymouth to draw him home by hand. This the gallant
+        lieutenant would not allow, being too anxious to return to his
+        friends. A triumphal procession was, however, formed, escorted by
+        which this witness from the dead was restored to his bereaved father.
+        One can imagine the joy in the household, and the strong revulsion of
+        feeling there!</p>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class=
+        "tei tei-q">“On taking a review of this overwhelming
+        catastrophe,”</span> says the Rev. C. A. Johns, <span class=
+        "tei tei-q">“the reader will rise from a perusal of the narrative
+        having his mind painfully impressed with the fearful loss of human
+        life; and as he endeavours to picture to himself the incidents as
+        they severally occurred, he will be more inclined to doubt that any
+        one was possessed of nerve sufficiently strong to stand the first
+        half-hour’s ordeal rather than to wonder that so few escaped. A
+        vessel, constructed of the best material employed in
+        ship-building—oak, teak, and Dantzic pine—but, nevertheless, a
+        structure of wood, bearing, in addition to cargo, crew, and
+        passengers, 1,000 tons of inflammable coal, and a framework of
+        massive iron, unceasingly grinding with the force of 800
+        horses—sixteen furnaces and as many huge boilers, all employed in
+        generating the most powerful instrument of usefulness or destruction
+        (as the case may be) which man has reduced to his will—a store-room
+        in the vicinity of the boilers, plentifully stocked with oil and
+        tallow—well might the lip quiver and the cheek blanch at the bare
+        idea of <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style=
+        "font-variant: small-caps">Fire</span></span> being allowed to creep
+        with but a flickering light beyond its prescribed limits. But,
+        besides all this, he will remember that to this concatenation of
+        perils—themselves too terrible to dwell on—must be added
+        contingencies which aggravated <span class="tei tei-pb" id=
+        "page289">[pg 289]</span><a name="Pg289" id="Pg289" class=
+        "tei tei-anchor"></a>the danger in a tenfold degree. The ship was
+        new, her timbers were dry and resinous—not, as is the case with
+        sea-worn vessels, saturated with salt, and therefore less
+        inflammable, but converted into rapid fuel by the unusual heat, which
+        from some cause, explained or unexplained, was perceptible at a great
+        distance from her boilers; the crew, though young and efficient, and
+        more than one-half of them practised servants of the Company, were
+        yet strange to the ship, not even having had their various duties
+        assigned to them, nor familiar with the persons of their officers, as
+        became evident afterwards from the discrepancies in their statements
+        of names; the wind was blowing a gale in the direction which would
+        most readily extend a conflagration from the probable source of fire
+        to the stern, where the majority of passengers were congregated; the
+        time was midnight; many of the officers, weary with their previous
+        exertions, were recruiting their strength by a brief repose; most of
+        the seamen and all the passengers were buried in sleep; the sea was
+        in a state of commotion; the place was the Bay of Biscay, the dread
+        of outward-bound mariners; the boats, though unexceptionable as to
+        number, capacity, and quality, were not stowed in the usual simple
+        way, but rested on brackets, from which it was necessary for them to
+        be lifted before they could be lowered even into that foaming ocean.
+        Suddenly the cry of Fire! is shrieked out; the bell is set
+        a-ringing—the death-knell—the knell of sudden, inevitable, agonising
+        death to many a stout heart on board that proud but perishing ship.
+        He must sleep soundly who failed to hear that piercing cry and the
+        heartrending shrieks which took it up. Some thought it of no
+        consequence: <span class="tei tei-q">‘We will dress, and hasten on
+        deck, that we may help to extinguish it.’</span> But there were some
+        who knew better; they could <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page290">[pg
+        290]</span><a name="Pg290" id="Pg290" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>look
+        a hurricane in the face, they could encounter a hailstorm of bullets
+        in the execution of their duty, but they knew that, with that enemy
+        on board, the iron beams of the <span class=
+        "tei tei-name"><span style="font-style: italic">Amazon</span></span>
+        could only be cooled by the water which rolled at the bottom of the
+        ocean. Those brave men did all they could—they gave their charge a
+        brief space to make their peace with God, if God were in their
+        thoughts, and resigned themselves to His keeping who alone could help
+        them. Before the least terrified could gain the deck the flames were
+        soaring above the funnels. A flight of fire was sweeping the deck; it
+        extended from one side of the vessel to the other; it separated those
+        in the fore-part from those in the stern; it shot forth from the
+        port-holes; it singed the hair and scorched the skin of those who
+        were furthest from its reach; and the air of heaven was one huge
+        blast-pipe, fanning it into fury! Are the fire-engines of no avail?
+        They are themselves burning. Then stop the paddle-wheels, that the
+        boats may be launched. Alas! the engineers, half suffocated, have
+        long been driven from the engine-room, and the levers are beyond
+        their reach. But the ship yet answered her helm, and was put before
+        the wind. And now the flames were borne in an opposite direction,
+        towards the bow, and the gale seemed to be diminished. Now the
+        captain cried, <span class="tei tei-q">‘Lower the larboard
+        lifeboat!’</span> <span class="tei tei-q">‘It is on fire!’</span>
+        <span class="tei tei-q">‘Lower the starboard lifeboat!’</span>
+        <span class="tei tei-q">‘It is on fire!’</span> Other boats yet
+        remain, and crew and passengers crowd into them. Fatal haste! It was
+        a work of time and difficulty to lift them from their sockets before,
+        with this addition to their weight it is next to impossible. One
+        after another they are tumbled, rather than lowered, into a sea
+        which, from the rapid motion of the vessel, appears to be rushing
+        from them. Some hang suspended, and their cargoes are swept away by
+        the boiling surge; one is swamped, another is stove in. Still the
+        fire is drawing nearer; it surrounds the boilers, and the water
+        contained in them is nearly exhausted. When that has happened they
+        will burst, perhaps, and then the engines will cease to work. Strange
+        that success in effecting an escape should be promoted by the
+        bursting of a boiler—an accident which, had it come alone, would have
+        occasioned terror and dismay. No one knows, amidst the overwhelming
+        din of air, fire, water, steam, human shrieks, and even the cries of
+        dumb animals, whether this event happened or not. It was not
+        dreaded—it was hoped for. It could not have added to the dismay, so,
+        if it happened? it was unnoticed.</span></p>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class=
+        "tei tei-q">“However that may be, the ship could not free herself
+        from her destroyer, but moderated her speed. A few boats were put
+        off—no living soul can say how many—all, probably, that were left,
+        and then, perhaps, the officers embarked on a raft, and—we dare not
+        carry our thoughts further in that direction.</span></p>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class=
+        "tei tei-q">“The vessel lay a burning log on the waters for four or
+        five hours, and then, as if an evil demon had possessed her, or as if
+        some gorgeous <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style=
+        "font-style: italic">fête</span></span> had now reached its close,
+        threw up a discharge of brilliant fireworks—and the billows of the
+        Atlantic swept unconcernedly over her hissing embers.”</span></p>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">The following
+        example—the terrible loss of the <span class=
+        "tei tei-name"><span style=
+        "font-style: italic">London</span></span>—presents a striking
+        contrast to that of the <span class="tei tei-name"><span style=
+        "font-style: italic">Amazon</span></span>. She was literally
+        <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style=
+        "font-style: italic">swamped</span></span> at sea, and there are no
+        recorded parallels to the case on such a scale. Vessels, indeed, are
+        often lost by great leakage produced by collision, but the cases are
+        rare in modern days and in well-found ships, where ordinary leakage
+        and water <span class="tei tei-q">“shipped”</span> on deck makes any
+        great difference, and in steam-ships the pumps worked by the
+        <span class="tei tei-q">“donkey”</span> engine, as a rule,
+        effectually prevent any danger from these sources.</p><span class=
+        "tei tei-pb" id="page291">[pg 291]</span><a name="Pg291" id="Pg291"
+        class="tei tei-anchor"></a><a name="illo_328.png" id="illo_328.png"
+        class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"></p>
+
+        <div class="tei tei-figure" style="text-align: center">
+          <img src="images/illo_328.png" alt="THE “LONDON.”" title=
+          "THE “LONDON.”" />
+
+          <div class="tei tei-head" style=
+          "text-align: center; margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em">
+            THE <span class="tei tei-q" style=
+            "text-align: center">“LONDON.”</span>
+          </div>
+        </div>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">The <span class=
+        "tei tei-name"><span style="font-style: italic">London</span></span>
+        was a first-class passenger steamship of her day. She was nearly new,
+        of 1,700 tons, and valued at £80,000. She belonged to a distinguished
+        firm, and had been constructed on the most approved principles. Her
+        commander, Captain Martin, was an officer of ripe experience, and
+        this was her third voyage. She had acquired a first-class reputation;
+        and for months before the time<a id="noteref_92" name="noteref_92"
+        href="#note_92"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style=
+        "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">92</span></span></a> of
+        sailing, berths were so eagerly engaged that it would have been
+        difficult to accommodate, in the roughest manner, many more, while in
+        the saloon there were no vacancies. One lady who was desirous of
+        proceeding with her family from Plymouth to Melbourne had made
+        repeated applications to the owners’ agents, and the captain had been
+        consulted, but, fortunately for the applicant, had declared that the
+        cabins were so full that he could not possibly accommodate her—a
+        result that, at the time, caused her much disappointment; afterwards
+        she had reason to thank her good fortune. A second-class male
+        passenger was so alarmed at the rough weather which the <span class=
+        "tei tei-name"><span style="font-style: italic">London</span></span>
+        encountered on her way from the Thames to Plymouth, that on arrival
+        at the latter he went ashore, resigned his passage, and returned to
+        his home, thus unwittingly saving his life. A young man, as the
+        result of some family quarrel, had left his home, and taken a passage
+        by the <span class="tei tei-name"><span style=
+        "font-style: italic">London</span></span>. He was advertised for in
+        the <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style=
+        "font-style: italic">Times</span></span>, and importuned to return,
+        his friends being at first unaware of his whereabouts. Messengers
+        were sent down to Plymouth, his friends having later acquired some
+        clue to his movements, and an influential ship-broker in the town was
+        employed to intercept his flight should he attempt to sail thence.
+        Fortunately, he was detected among the passengers of the <span class=
+        "tei tei-name"><span style="font-style: italic">London</span></span>,
+        and the fact communicated to his family by the broker, the result of
+        which was that a brother of the young man went down to Plymouth, and
+        persuaded the would-be emigrant to forego his voyage.</p>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">The <span class=
+        "tei tei-name"><span style="font-style: italic">London</span></span>
+        left the East India Docks on December 29th, and on account of the
+        severity of the weather remained at anchor at the Nore during part of
+        the 30th and the whole of the 31st. This fact alone would indicate
+        that Captain John Martin, her commander, was a careful seaman. The
+        weather remained boisterous, and after getting out into the Channel
+        the pilot decided to take the vessel for shelter to Spithead. When
+        the weather had abated she proceeded to Plymouth, arriving there on
+        the 5th of January. Here an incident occurred, ominous in its nature,
+        and particularly distressing at the commencement of a voyage, more
+        especially as many passengers at such a time are nervous and fearful.
+        The small boat from a Plymouth pilot cutter, which had on board the
+        pilot and his assistant, was swamped. The latter was rescued by a
+        boat from the <span class="tei tei-name"><span style=
+        "font-style: italic">London</span></span>, but the pilot was drowned.
+        The remainder of the day was occupied in shipping an additional
+        number of passengers and filling up with coal. She sailed the same
+        evening. The weather is described as having been then moderate.</p>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">On the 6th and 7th
+        of January the wind rose, accompanied by strong squalls and a high
+        sea, which caused the ship to roll considerably. Still the weather
+        was not so boisterous but that Divine service was held on the 7th, it
+        being the Sabbath. On Monday, the 8th, the <span class="tei tei-pb"
+        id="page292">[pg 292]</span><a name="Pg292" id="Pg292" class=
+        "tei tei-anchor"></a>wind freshened to a gale from the south-west,
+        and at 9 a.m. the captain ordered the engines to be stopped, and to
+        make sail. At 5 p.m. the weather improved, and all sails were taken
+        in, and steaming resumed. Early on Tuesday the wind increased to a
+        hard gale, with a very heavy sea, the ship going under steam only,
+        and at the reduced rate of two knots an hour. At this time she
+        pitched with terrible violence, taking whole seas over her bows. At 7
+        a.m. an unusually heavy sea broke into the life-boat stowed on the
+        port-quarter, filled her completely, and carried her overboard with
+        all her gear. At 9 a.m. the ship gave a tremendous pitch, so as to
+        bury herself forward, when the sea carried away the jib and flying
+        jibbooms, and they took with them the fore-top mast and fore-top
+        gallant, the fore-royal and main-royal masts, with all their spars,
+        sails, and rigging. The masts fell in-board, and hung suspended by
+        the rigging, but the jibbooms remained under the bows, fastened to
+        the ship by their stays, which were of wire. Every effort to get them
+        clear failed till next morning, it having blown a furious gale all
+        night from the south-west, with a sea that kept constantly washing
+        all forward. On the morning of Wednesday, the 10th, the gale
+        continued without the least abatement, and at 3 a.m. the captain gave
+        orders to Mr. Greenhill, the engineer in charge, to get up full
+        steam, as he intended to put back to Plymouth, in order to refit. The
+        ship’s course was accordingly shaped for home, the fore <span class=
+        "tei tei-pb" id="page293">[pg 293]</span><a name="Pg293" id="Pg293"
+        class="tei tei-anchor"></a>and mizen stay-sails were set, and she
+        steamed along moderately at the rate of five or six knots. In the
+        course of the morning, the masts, which up to that time had been
+        swinging about aloft, were secured, and the wreck of the jibboom
+        cleared away. Observations taken that day indicated that she was
+        about 200 miles from the Land’s End. At 6 p.m. both the fore and
+        mizen stay-sails were carried away in a furious squall; another
+        life-boat and the cutter were washed clean overboard and lost. At 9
+        p.m. the wind increased to a perfect hurricane from the north-west,
+        the squalls blowing with a degree of fury seldom paralleled. The
+        engines were stopped, and the ship put under the main top-sail only,
+        which was soon blown away in shreds. The captain once more ordered
+        the engines to be set in motion. Up to this time, notwithstanding the
+        heavy seas she encountered, it does not appear that the vessel had
+        shipped much water.</p><a name="illo_331.png" id="illo_331.png"
+        class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"></p>
+
+        <div class="tei tei-figure" style="text-align: center">
+          <img src="images/illo_331.png" alt="THE “LONDON” GOING DOWN" title=
+          "THE “LONDON” GOING DOWN." />
+
+          <div class="tei tei-head" style=
+          "text-align: center; margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em">
+            THE <span class="tei tei-q" style=
+            "text-align: center">“LONDON”</span> GOING DOWN.
+          </div>
+        </div>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">At half-past 10
+        p.m. a terrific sea broke upon the ship over the weather or port
+        gangway, and an immense mass of water, the crest of a mighty wave,
+        descended almost perpendicularly over the hatch of the engine-room,
+        smashing it right in, admitting tons upon tons of water, washing from
+        the deck into the engine-room two men, a seaman and a passenger.
+        There being nothing to obstruct the influx of sea, the engine-room
+        began to fill with water. The fires were extinguished at once, and in
+        about eight minutes the engines ceased to work. The engineers
+        remained below till the water was above their waists, and they could
+        work no more. The large bilge-pumps also proved useless, and the
+        condition of the ship became utterly helpless, often rolling into the
+        trough of the sea, rolling gunwale under, and labouring heavily. The
+        captain called on those who were baling, <span class=
+        "tei tei-q">“Men, put down your buckets, and come and try to secure
+        the engine-room hatch, for that’s our only chance of saving the ship!
+        Secure that, and we may keep her afloat yet.”</span> Every endeavour,
+        however, to replace the hatch proved unavailing. Efforts were made to
+        stop the opening with sails, mattrasses, and spars, but without
+        success; and although the donkey-engine and pumps were kept at work,
+        yet the water quickly gained upon them, and all their efforts were
+        fruitless. It was then that the captain uttered words of which he
+        knew the full meaning, and which must have thrilled through many of
+        the passengers’ bosoms who had hitherto been hoping against
+        hope—<span class="tei tei-q">“Boys, you may say your prayers!”</span>
+        All was over with them.</p>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">At 4 a.m of the
+        11th a tremendous sea struck the ship abaft, which stove in four
+        windows, or stern-ports, of the upper or poop cabin. Through the
+        breaches thus made the sea rushed into the ship in such quantities
+        that the ’tween decks were soon half full of water. The ship at this
+        time was settling fast; the captain went into the engine-room, and,
+        with the engineer, took soundings, when it was found that there was
+        fourteen feet of water in her. The captain then told Greenhill that
+        he had abandoned all hope of saving her, and shortly afterwards made
+        a similar communication to the passengers. At about 10 a.m. the
+        captain ordered the boats to be got ready, which was done, and the
+        starboard pinnace, which was of iron, was lowered into the water, but
+        was almost immediately upset by the sea, and lost. Shortly after this
+        the captain entered the saloon, and said, <span class=
+        "tei tei-q">“Ladies, there is no hope for us, I’m afraid. Nothing
+        short of a miracle can save us!”</span></p>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">During the hours
+        of agony and horror which had preceded this announcement the
+        <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page294">[pg 294]</span><a name="Pg294"
+        id="Pg294" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>Rev. Mr. Draper,<a id=
+        "noteref_93" name="noteref_93" href="#note_93"><span class=
+        "tei tei-noteref"><span style=
+        "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">93</span></span></a> a
+        Wesleyan minister on board, was incessant in administering religious
+        comfort to his fellow-sufferers; and we are told by the survivors
+        that the women (all of whom perished in the sequel) sat about him
+        reading their Bibles, with their children grouped around;
+        <span class="tei tei-q">“and occasionally some man or woman would
+        step up to him and say, <span class="tei tei-q">‘Pray with me, Mr.
+        Draper’</span>—a request that was always complied with.”</span> What
+        a scene must have been presented at that last prayer-meeting in the
+        cabin, the ship labouring and tossing the while; the waves, with
+        their ominous roar, breaking over her and dashing against her; while
+        by half-extinguished lights little groups of earnest, pale-faced
+        people huddled together, shivering and trembling, before the doomed
+        <span class="tei tei-name"><span style=
+        "font-style: italic">London</span></span> took her last leap into the
+        dark waters!</p>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">After the
+        announcement by the captain that they must prepare for the worst, Mr.
+        Draper is stated to have stood erect, and with a clear, firm voice,
+        the tears streaming from his eyes, said, <span class="tei tei-q">“The
+        captain tells us there is no hope—that we must all perish; but I tell
+        you there is hope for <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style=
+        "font-style: italic">all</span></span>!”</span> The reader will know
+        what the good old man meant. Mrs. Draper is said at the last moment
+        to have handed her rug to one of the seamen who was attempting to get
+        off in a boat, and when asked what she would do without it, she
+        replied, <span class="tei tei-q">“It will only be for a few moments
+        longer.”</span></p>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">As there were so
+        few survivors to tell the tale, the incidents which must have
+        occurred during this terrible time are necessarily somewhat meagre.
+        One passenger rushed on deck labouring with a heavy carpet-bag, which
+        he expected to save with his life. The captain could hardly forbear,
+        even at that terrible time, a melancholy smile at the absurdity of a
+        man at such a moment taking any thought about his property. When the
+        only boat which got off safely was about to leave the fated ship, a
+        lady entreated to be taken on board, offering a thousand guineas as a
+        reward. But it was impossible—millions could not have saved her. A
+        passenger who was saved, just before leaving in the boat, went into
+        the cabin to persuade a friend to join him. <span class=
+        "tei tei-q">“No,”</span> said the other; <span class="tei tei-q">“I
+        promised my wife and children to stay by them, and I will!”</span>
+        His friend helped him to remove the children to a drier part of the
+        cabin, and then, with a sad good-bye, ran up to the deck. When last
+        seen, the man was still standing with his wife and little ones.
+        Another passenger said to a friend, also one of the few saved,
+        <span class="tei tei-q">“Jack, I think we are going to go.”</span>
+        <span class="tei tei-q">“I think we are,”</span> was the answer.
+        <span class="tei tei-q">“We can’t help it,”</span> rejoined the
+        first; <span class="tei tei-q">“but there’s one thing I
+        regret:”</span> and he went on to explain how some £500 of his money
+        was in the Bank of Victoria, and he evidently feared some hitch in
+        its recovery. <span class="tei tei-q">“I should have liked my poor
+        father to have it.”</span> He was a true son to the last.</p>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">As at the wreck of
+        the <span class="tei tei-name"><span style=
+        "font-style: italic">Amazon</span></span> a distinguished author lost
+        his life, so on the <span class="tei tei-name"><span style=
+        "font-style: italic">London</span></span> a great actor, the
+        celebrated G. V. Brooke, perished, but perished nobly. The
+        <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style=
+        "font-style: italic">Times</span></span> (quoting the <span class=
+        "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Western Morning
+        News</span></span> of the date) says:—</p>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class=
+        "tei tei-q">“Down into the waves, with 269<a id="noteref_94" name=
+        "noteref_94" href="#note_94"><span class=
+        "tei tei-noteref"><span style=
+        "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">94</span></span></a> others,
+        has sunk Gustavus V. Brooke, the famed <span class="tei tei-pb" id=
+        "page295">[pg 295]</span><a name="Pg295" id="Pg295" class=
+        "tei tei-anchor"></a>tragedian, who was bound for the country which
+        had been the scene of a reverse of fortune for him, but previously of
+        many successes. He was a tall man, of powerful build, and he is
+        stated by the rescued passengers to have exerted himself to the
+        utmost in trying to keep the ship afloat. The Dutch portion of the
+        crew, twenty-one in number, refused to work, and, according to the
+        English sailors who were saved, these men went to their berths and
+        remained there, so that the passengers had to work at the pumps for
+        many hours with the English seamen. Mr. G. V. Brooke exerted himself
+        incessantly; attired only in a red Crimean shirt and trousers, with
+        no hat on, and barefooted, he went backwards and forwards to the
+        pumps, until working at them was found to be useless, and when last
+        seen, about four hours before the steamer went down, he was leaning
+        with grave composure upon one of the half-doors of the companion; his
+        chin was resting upon both hands, and his hands were on the top of
+        the door, which he gently swayed to and fro, while he calmly watched
+        the scene. One of the passengers who saw him said, <span class=
+        "tei tei-q">‘he had worked wonderfully—in fact, more than any man on
+        board the ship.’</span> To the steward, to whom Mr. Brooke made
+        himself known, he said, <span class="tei tei-q">‘If you succeed in
+        saving yourself, give my farewell to the people of
+        Melbourne.’</span> ”</span></p>
+
+        <div class="tei tei-tb">
+          &nbsp;
+        </div>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">The last trace of
+        the gifted tragedian is found in the following episode. In the
+        <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style=
+        "font-style: italic">Times</span></span> of March 20, 1866, appeared
+        the following letter from Mrs. Brooke (Avonia):—</p>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"></p>
+
+        <div class="tei tei-text" style=
+        "margin-bottom: 2.00em; margin-top: 2.00em">
+          <div class="tei tei-body" style=
+          "margin-bottom: 6.00em; margin-top: 6.00em">
+            <div class="tei tei-salute" style="text-align: center">
+              “To the Editor of the <span class="tei tei-hi" style=
+              "text-align: center"><span style=
+              "font-style: italic">Times</span></span>.
+            </div>
+
+            <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class=
+            "tei tei-q">“Sir,—On Friday night I received the last written
+            words of my dear husband. They were found in a bottle on the
+            Brighton beach, and forwarded to me by Mr. C. A. Elliott, of
+            Trinity College, Cambridge. They are written in pencil on a torn
+            envelope, and read as follows:—<span class="tei tei-q">‘11th
+            January, on board the <span class="tei tei-name"><span style=
+            "font-style: italic">London</span></span>. We are just going
+            down. No chance of safety. Please give this to Avonia Jones,
+            Surrey Theatre.—Gustavus Vaughan Brooke.’</span></span></p>
+
+            <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class=
+            "tei tei-q">“Will you be kind enough to insert this fact in your
+            valuable journal, for, sad as the message is, he has many friends
+            who will be glad once more to hear from him, even though his
+            words have come from his very grave.</span></p>
+
+            <div class="tei tei-salute" style=
+            "text-align: right; margin-right: 2.00em">
+              “With respect, &amp;c.,
+            </div>
+
+            <div class="tei tei-signed" style="text-align: right">
+              “<span class="tei tei-hi" style=
+              "text-align: right"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Avonia
+              Brooke</span></span>.”
+            </div>
+
+            <div class="tei tei-dateline" style="text-align: left">
+              “36, Albemarle Street, Piccadilly.”
+            </div>
+          </div>
+        </div>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">At 2 p.m. there
+        could not be a doubt—the vessel was sinking rapidly. The captain then
+        directed Greenhill that, as the port cutter was ready for lowering,
+        he had some chance of saving himself, and that he had better get into
+        her. The captain shook hands with him, and said, <span class=
+        "tei tei-q">“There’s not much chance for the boat; there’s none for
+        the ship. Your duty is done, mine is to remain here.”</span> The boat
+        was lowered, and four men, followed by others of the crew, got into
+        her. When asked to come into the boat, the captain answered in the
+        true spirit of a sailor-hero, <span class="tei tei-q">“No, I will go
+        down with the passengers, but I wish you God speed, and safe to
+        land!”</span> Noble John Bohun Martin!<a id="noteref_95" name=
+        "noteref_95" href="#note_95"><span class=
+        "tei tei-noteref"><span style=
+        "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">95</span></span></a> But not,
+        thank <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page296">[pg 296]</span><a name=
+        "Pg296" id="Pg296" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>God! the only one on
+        record; he was but one of the noble army of sailor martyrs of whom
+        Mrs. Hemans sung so touchingly:—</p>
+
+        <div class="tei tei-lg" style=
+        "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-left: 2.00em; margin-top: 1.00em">
+          <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">
+            <span class="tei tei-q" style="text-align: left">“Yet more! the
+            billows and the depth have more!</span>
+          </div>
+
+          <div class="tei tei-l" style=
+          "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">
+            High hearts and brave are gathered to thy breast!
+          </div>
+
+          <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">
+            They hear not now the booming waters roar;
+          </div>
+
+          <div class="tei tei-l" style=
+          "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">
+            The battle thunders will not break their rest.
+          </div>
+
+          <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">
+            Keep thy red gold and gems, thou stormy grave!
+          </div>
+
+          <div class="tei tei-l" style=
+          "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">
+            Give back the true and brave!
+          </div>
+        </div>
+
+        <div class="tei tei-lg" style=
+        "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-left: 2.00em; margin-top: 1.00em">
+          <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">
+            <span class="tei tei-q" style="text-align: left">“Give back the
+            lost and lovely! those for whom</span>
+          </div>
+
+          <div class="tei tei-l" style=
+          "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">
+            The place was kept at board and hearth so long,
+          </div>
+
+          <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">
+            The prayer went up through midnight’s breathless gloom,
+          </div>
+
+          <div class="tei tei-l" style=
+          "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">
+            And the vain yearning woke ’midst festive song!
+          </div>
+
+          <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">
+            Hold fast thy buried isles, thy towers or throne—
+          </div>
+
+          <div class="tei tei-l" style=
+          "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">
+            But all is not thine own.
+          </div>
+        </div>
+
+        <div class="tei tei-lg" style=
+        "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-left: 2.00em; margin-top: 1.00em">
+          <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">
+            <span class="tei tei-q" style="text-align: left">“To thee the
+            love of woman hath gone down;</span>
+          </div>
+
+          <div class="tei tei-l" style=
+          "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">
+            Dark flow the tides o’er manhood’s noble head,
+          </div>
+
+          <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">
+            Or youth’s bright locks, and beauty’s flowery crown:
+          </div>
+
+          <div class="tei tei-l" style=
+          "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">
+            Yet must thou hear a voice—Restore the dead!
+          </div>
+
+          <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">
+            Earth shall reclaim her precious things from thee!
+          </div>
+
+          <div class="tei tei-l" style=
+          "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">
+            <span class="tei tei-q" style="text-align: left">Restore the
+            dead, thou sea!”</span>
+          </div>
+        </div><a name="illo_335.png" id="illo_335.png" class=
+        "tei tei-anchor"></a>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"></p>
+
+        <div class="tei tei-figure" style="text-align: center">
+          <img src="images/illo_335.png" alt=
+          "GETTING OUT THE “LONDON’S” BOATS" title=
+          "GETTING OUT THE “LONDON’S” BOATS." />
+
+          <div class="tei tei-head" style=
+          "text-align: center; margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em">
+            GETTING OUT THE <span class="tei tei-q" style=
+            "text-align: center">“LONDON’S”</span> BOATS.
+          </div>
+        </div>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">The boat, into
+        which the captain had thrown a compass, and to the occupants of which
+        <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page297">[pg 297]</span><a name="Pg297"
+        id="Pg297" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>he had shouted their course,
+        <span class="tei tei-q">“NNE. to Brest!”</span> left the sinking
+        <span class="tei tei-name"><span style=
+        "font-style: italic">London</span></span> none too soon. The number
+        in the boat consisted of nineteen souls, all that were saved by any
+        means, and comprised the first, second, and third engineers, one
+        midshipman, twelve of the crew, and <span class=
+        "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">three</span></span>
+        passengers (all second class; no first class or steerage passengers
+        whatever were saved). Shortly afterwards those who went in the boat
+        pushed off from the ship, seeing that she must immediately sink, and
+        apprehending that the boat might be sucked in as she went down. They
+        had hardly got eighty yards off, when the stern of the <span class=
+        "tei tei-name"><span style="font-style: italic">London</span></span>
+        plunged beneath the waves, with crew and passengers and all. Her bows
+        stood upright for a moment or two preceding the fatal plunge,
+        exposing the keel as far as the foremast. The wind was howling so
+        fiercely that not a sound could be heard of the shrieks and groans of
+        over two hundred persons who were going, in sight of the pitiful
+        remnant in the boat, to their last doom. They saw a whole group of
+        passengers suddenly swept off the deck, and they saw that the
+        remaining boat, full of people, was drawn down into the vortex made
+        by the sinking ship. The third officer, Mr. Arthur Angel, aged 20,
+        with noble devotion to his duty, was observed still at his post by
+        the pumps as she went down. The next minute there was but a watery
+        waste over the grave of that devoted band, so full of hope and life
+        but a day before.</p>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">With but a few
+        biscuits on board, and drenched to the skin by every wave, the
+        nineteen survivors in their open boat drifted about for twenty hours.
+        They fancied that they saw a ship through the gloom, and raised their
+        voices in one united shout. They were heard, and their hail returned;
+        but they were not seen, and had no light to show. The ship tacked
+        again and again in the hopes of finding them, and when their suspense
+        was at its highest, sailed away, and they saw her dim form
+        disappearing in the darkness. When day dawned another ship was
+        sighted far in the distance. A shirt was hoisted for a signal, and
+        the oars were zealously plied. After five hours they were rescued by
+        this vessel, the Italian barque <span class=
+        "tei tei-name"><span style=
+        "font-style: italic">Marianople</span></span>, on board which they
+        received a hearty welcome from the captain and his men. They were
+        eventually landed safely at Falmouth.</p>
+      </div>
+
+      <div class="tei tei-div" style=
+      "margin-bottom: 5.00em; margin-top: 5.00em">
+        <a name="chap22" id="chap22" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> <a name=
+        "toc47" id="toc47"></a> <a name="pdf48" id="pdf48"></a>
+
+        <h2 class="tei tei-head" style=
+        "text-align: center; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em">
+        <span style="font-size: 144%">CHAPTER XXII.</span></h2>
+
+        <h2 class="tei tei-head" style=
+        "text-align: center; margin-bottom: 2.40em; margin-top: 2.40em">
+        <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: center"><span style=
+        "font-size: 120%; font-variant: small-caps">Early Steamship Wrecks
+        and their Lessons.</span></span></h2>
+
+        <div class="tei tei-argument" style=
+        "text-align: center; margin-bottom: 1.80em; margin-left: 3.60em; margin-top: 1.80em; margin-right: 3.60em">
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style=
+        "text-align: center; margin-bottom: 0.90em"><span style=
+        "font-size: 90%">The</span> <span class="tei tei-name" style=
+        "text-align: center"><span style=
+        "font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Rothsay
+        Castle</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%">—An Old Vessel,
+        unfit for Sea Service—A Gay Starting—Drifting to the Fatal Sands—The
+        Steamer Strikes—A Scene of Panic—Lost Within easy reach of
+        Assistance—An Imprudent Pilot—Statements of Survivors—A Father and
+        Son parted and re-united—Heartrending Episodes—The Other Side: Saved
+        by an Umbrella—Loss of the</span> <span class="tei tei-name" style=
+        "text-align: center"><span style=
+        "font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Killarney</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%">—Severe
+          Weather—The Engine-fires Swamped—At the Mercy of the Waves—On the
+          Rocks—The Crisis—Half the Passengers and Crew on an Isolated
+          Rock—Spolasco and his Child—Holding on for Dear Life—Hundreds
+          Ashore</span> <span class="tei tei-q" style=
+          "text-align: center"><span style=
+          "font-size: 90%">“</span><span style=
+          "font-size: 90%">Wrecking</span><span style=
+          "font-size: 90%">”</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%">—No
+          Attempts to Save the Survivors—Several Washed Off—Deaths from
+          Exhaustion—</span><span class="tei tei-q" style=
+          "text-align: center"><span style=
+          "font-size: 90%">“</span><span style="font-size: 90%">To the
+          Rescue!</span><span style=
+          "font-size: 90%">”</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%">—Noble
+          Efforts—Failure of Several Plans—A Novel Expedient adopted—Its
+          Perils—Another Dreary Night—Good Samaritans—A Noble Lady—Saved at
+          Last—The Inventor’s Description of the Rope Bridge—The Wreck
+          Register for One Year—Grand Work of the Lifeboat
+          Institution.</span></p>
+        </div>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">The <span class=
+        "tei tei-name"><span style="font-style: italic">Rothsay
+        Castle</span></span> was a steamship built in 1812, and was little
+        enough adapted for marine navigation. She was one of the first
+        vessels of the kind on the Clyde, and was perhaps constructed for the
+        ordinary wear and tear to which a river vessel is exposed,
+        <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page298">[pg 298]</span><a name="Pg298"
+        id="Pg298" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>but certainly, at her age,
+        should never have been allowed to leave Liverpool for Beaumaris in
+        weather so bad that an American vessel which had been towed out that
+        day had been compelled to return to port. She had been, it was said,
+        at one time, condemned to be broken up, but other counsels had
+        prevailed, and she had been patched up and repaired for continued
+        service.</p>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">At ten o’clock on
+        Wednesday morning, the 17th August, 1831, the vessel was appointed to
+        sail from the usual place, George’s Pier-head, Liverpool; but there
+        was a casual delay at starting, and she did not leave till an hour
+        later. She was freighted heavily, and it was computed that hardly
+        less than 150 persons (if the children carried free were counted)
+        were on board. A majority were holiday seekers; the vessel was
+        tricked out with colours, and as the vessel left a band struck up its
+        gayest music. Among the pleasure parties on board was one from Bury,
+        in Lancashire, consisting of twenty-six persons. They set out in the
+        morning, joyous with health and pleasant anticipations, and before
+        the next sun arose all of them, except two, had been swallowed up in
+        the remorseless deep!<a id="noteref_96" name="noteref_96" href=
+        "#note_96"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style=
+        "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">96</span></span></a></p>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">The vessel
+        proceeded very slowly on its course, making so little way that at
+        three o’clock in the afternoon she had not reached a floating light
+        stationed about fifteen miles from Liverpool. Arrived off the light,
+        the sea was so rough that many of the passengers were greatly
+        alarmed, and one, who had his wife, five children, and servant on
+        board, went down to the captain and begged him to put back. The
+        captain answered, with an oath, that he thought there was
+        <span class="tei tei-q">“a deal of fear on board, and very little
+        danger.”</span> The whole family was among the lost. The vessel
+        drifted out of her course, and proceeded so slowly that the alarm on
+        board became general.</p><a name="illo_336.jpg" id="illo_336.jpg"
+        class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"></p>
+
+        <div class="tei tei-figure" style="text-align: center">
+          <img src="images/illo_336.jpg" alt="WRECK OF THE “ROTHSAY CASTLE.”"
+          title="WRECK OF THE “ROTHSAY CASTLE.”" />
+
+          <div class="tei tei-head" style=
+          "text-align: center; margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em">
+            WRECK OF THE <span class="tei tei-q" style=
+            "text-align: center">“ROTHSAY CASTLE.”</span>
+          </div>
+        </div>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">One of the
+        survivors stated that the leakage was so great that the fireman found
+        it impossible to keep the fires up, two being actually extinguished,
+        while the coals were so wet that it was with difficulty the others
+        were kept in. Yet there were no attempts made to sound the well or
+        ascertain what water was in the vessel. It was near twelve o’clock
+        when they arrived at the mouth of the Menai Strait, about five miles
+        from Beaumaris, and here her steam suddenly got so low that she
+        drifted with the tide and wind towards the Dutchman’s Bank, on the
+        spit of which she struck. Now came a time of awe and consternation.
+        The crowded boat rolled in a frightful manner, and the worst fears of
+        the passengers seemed to be on the point of realisation. The seas
+        broke over her on either side. The engine had previously stopped for
+        about ten minutes, the coals being covered in water, and the pumps
+        were choked. On her striking, the captain said, <span class=
+        "tei tei-q">“It is only sand, and she will soon float.”</span> Only
+        sand! More vessels have been lost on sands than ever were on rocks.
+        In the meantime he and some of the <a name="corr298" id="corr298"
+        class="tei tei-anchor"></a><span class=
+        "tei tei-corr">passengers</span> got the jib up. No doubt he did this
+        intending to wear her round, and bring her head to the southward, but
+        it did not, it proved, make the least difference which way her head
+        was turned, as she was on a lee shore, and there was no steam to work
+        her off. The captain also ordered the passengers first to run aft, in
+        the hope, by removing the pressure from the vessel’s bow, to make her
+        float.<a id="noteref_97" name="noteref_97" href=
+        "#note_97"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style=
+        "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">97</span></span></a>
+        <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page299">[pg 299]</span><a name="Pg299"
+        id="Pg299" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>This failing to produce the
+        desired effect, he then ordered them to run forward. But all these
+        exertions were unavailing; the ill-fated vessel stuck still faster in
+        the sands, and all gave themselves up for lost. The terror of the
+        passengers became excessive. Several of them urged the captain to
+        make some signal of distress, which he is said to have refused to do,
+        telling the passengers that there was no danger, and that the packet
+        was afloat, and <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style=
+        "font-style: italic">on her way</span></span>, knowing well that she
+        was irretrievably stuck in the treacherous sands, and that she was
+        rapidly filling from her leaks. The unfortunate man was fully aware
+        of the imminent danger they were in, and we may charitably suppose
+        that he made such statements to prevent a panic. The great bell was
+        now rung, with so much violence that the tongue broke, and some of
+        the passengers continued to strike it for some time with a stone. The
+        bell was heard at Beaumaris, for the night was clear, with strong
+        wind; but it was not known from whence the sound came, and no trouble
+        appears to have been taken. The tide began to set in with great
+        strength, and a heavy sea beat over the bank on which the
+        steam-packet was firmly and immovably fixed. It was the duty of the
+        captain now to make every possible exertion, by signals, to procure
+        assistance from shore. It is said that if a light had been shown on
+        board the unlucky steamer, the boats from upwards of twenty vessels
+        lying at Bangor would undoubtedly have saved the larger part of the
+        unfortunate passengers. The masts should have been cut away, not
+        merely to ease the vessel, but to afford some chance to the poor
+        people. At Penmaen Point an establishment of pilots had been fixed by
+        Lord Bulkeley, for the express purpose of rendering assistance in
+        such cases. <span class="tei tei-q">“The world,”</span> says Lieut.
+        Morrison, <span class="tei tei-q">“will hardly credit the astonishing
+        fact that their establishment is within little more than a mile and a
+        half from the scene of wretchedness, and that, the wind being fair,
+        the boats from thence could have reached the spot in about ten
+        minutes. A single blue light burned, a single rocket fired, or even a
+        solitary musket discharged, would have ensured this happy
+        result.”</span> The evidence showed that there was nothing of the
+        kind. Probably no sea-going steamer, carrying 150 passengers, was
+        ever left so utterly unprovided with proper appliances.</p>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">The scene that now
+        presented itself baffles description. A horrible death seemed to be
+        the doom of all on board, and the females in particular uttered the
+        most piercing shrieks. Some locked themselves in each other’s arms,
+        while others, losing all self-command, tore off their bonnets, caps,
+        and other portions of clothing, in wild despair. The women and
+        children gathered in a knot together, and kept embracing each other,
+        uttering all the while the most dismal lamentations. <span class=
+        "tei tei-q">“When tired with crying,”</span> says Morrison,
+        <span class="tei tei-q">“they lay against each other, with their
+        heads reclined, like inanimate bodies. It was a few minutes before
+        that a Liverpool Branch pilot on board, William Jones, became aware
+        in all its extent of their dreadful situation. He is reported to have
+        exclaimed, <span class="tei tei-q">‘We are all lost!’</span> which
+        threw down whatever hopes any on board had till now entertained, and
+        induced them to give themselves up to bitter despair. This was sadly
+        imprudent, and little like the conduct I should have expected from
+        such a man. He ought to have set an example of preparing something in
+        the nature of a raft, to save what lives could be saved; and as
+        <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page300">[pg 300]</span><a name="Pg300"
+        id="Pg300" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>he must have known that it was
+        low water, and the whole of the Dutchman’s Bank was dry within a few
+        yards of them, and the tide just setting on to it, there can be no
+        reason to doubt that he might have been by this means instrumental in
+        saving many of the unhappy victims as well as
+        himself.”</span></p><a name="illo_341.jpg" id="illo_341.jpg" class=
+        "tei tei-anchor"></a>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"></p>
+
+        <div class="tei tei-figure" style="text-align: center">
+          <img src="images/illo_341.jpg" alt="THE MENAI STRAITS" title=
+          "THE MENAI STRAITS." />
+
+          <div class="tei tei-head" style=
+          "text-align: center; margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em">
+            THE MENAI STRAITS.
+          </div>
+        </div>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">One of the
+        survivors stated that after the vessel had struck several times his
+        wife and some friends came to him, and asked if he thought they must
+        be lost. <span class="tei tei-q">“I thought,”</span> said he,
+        <span class="tei tei-q">“we should, and they proposed going to prayer
+        for the short time we had to live. We all went to prayer, myself and
+        wife in particular, and when we got from our knees I saw four men
+        getting upon the mast, and beginning to fasten themselves to it. I
+        told my wife I would look out for a better situation for us. I took
+        her towards the windlass, and began to fasten a rope to the frame
+        where the bell hung; and when I had got the rope made fast, and
+        looked back for my wife, she had again joined our friends near to the
+        place at which we kneeled down. A great wave almost took me
+        overboard, but I held by the rope; then came a second and a third
+        wave before I could see my wife again; and when I looked—they were
+        all gone.<a id="noteref_98" name="noteref_98" href=
+        "#note_98"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style=
+        "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">98</span></span></a></span></p>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class=
+        "tei tei-q">“I then prepared to die myself in the place I was at, and
+        remained in that situation <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page301">[pg
+        301]</span><a name="Pg301" id="Pg301" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>till
+        daylight, at which time about fifty people remained on board. As the
+        waves came the people kept decreasing, until all were gone except
+        myself. I remained on the wreck until I saw a boat coming, which took
+        me on board, and also rescued those on the mast, and afterwards
+        others. We were then taken to Beaumaris, and treated with the
+        greatest hospitality and kindness.”</span></p>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Another survivor,
+        after detailing the facts preliminary to the disaster, said:
+        <span class="tei tei-q">“The waves broke heavily on the vessel; the
+        chimney became loose, and first reeled to leeward, then to windward,
+        and tumbled over with a great crash. The mainmast then went
+        overboard, and remained hanging to the vessel by the rigging. The
+        captain still assured us we should be saved, and that assistance
+        would shortly arrive. I requested him to fire a gun; he said he had
+        none on board. A small bell was then rung, but its noise would
+        probably be lost in the roar of the wind and waves. Some of the
+        passengers asked the captain to hoist a light; he said he had none;
+        but we knew he had a lantern, for one of the crew took it round when
+        he collected the checks, about half an hour before the vessel struck.
+        The confusion occasioned by the falling of the chimney and the mast,
+        together with the cries and shrieks of the women and children, defies
+        description. Men were seen taking leave of their wives; wives were
+        clinging to their husbands; and persons were running about in all
+        directions, uttering the most piteous and heartrending cries. From
+        the weight of the chimney, the vessel continued lying to windward,
+        and very soon after the mast went the weather boards gave way; and as
+        the waves then swept the deck the passengers stationed themselves on
+        those parts of the vessel which lay highest. Several climbed up the
+        mast which was left standing; others got on the poop. The weather
+        boards on the leeward side were then washed away, taking with them
+        more than thirty people, who were clinging to them. The cries were
+        now more dreadful than before, every succeeding wave sweeping numbers
+        from the wreck. I took a situation beside one of the paddle-boxes,
+        and whilst there a young man came to me with a large drum, and said
+        it would save both of us, if I held on one side and he on the other.
+        Some females came and clung round us, but the young man stuck to the
+        drum, and told them to get hold of the first piece of timber they
+        could.... Of what further happened I have but a confused
+        recollection, and it appears to me like the traces of a horrible
+        dream. It seemed as if I had been in the water many days, when I
+        heard the welcome sound of a human voice shout <span class=
+        "tei tei-q">‘Holloa!’</span> to which I also shouted <span class=
+        "tei tei-q">‘Holloa!’</span> Soon after I was lifted out of the
+        water, and placed in a boat belonging to R. Williamson, Esq., who,
+        when he was informed of the calamity which had befallen us, manned
+        two boats, and came out to pick up the sufferers. On being taken up I
+        asked my deliverers when it would be daylight, and they told me it
+        was broad day—it was about ten o’clock in the forenoon. I was stone
+        blind. Mr. Williamson and the boat’s crew were most kind to me. I was
+        kept on board until I was sufficiently restored to meet my sister and
+        the other survivors at Beaumaris. I cannot omit to express my most
+        grateful thanks to my deliverers and benefactors. Their noble
+        humanity has left an impression on my heart which will never be
+        effaced but with my existence.”</span></p>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class=
+        "tei tei-q">“Amidst these almost overwhelming distresses,”</span>
+        says the Rev. Mr. Stewart, in one of his letters to a friend,
+        <span class="tei tei-q">“involving in one general calamity men,
+        women, children, and even tender infants, it is a rest to the heart
+        to turn for a moment to some special marks <span class="tei tei-pb"
+        id="page302">[pg 302]</span><a name="Pg302" id="Pg302" class=
+        "tei tei-anchor"></a>of divine mercy. I am sure, my very dear friend,
+        the following incident, related to me by the father of the boy, will
+        deeply affect you. He was near the helm with his child, grasping his
+        hand, till the waves, rolling over the quarter-deck, and taking with
+        them several persons who were standing near them, it was no longer
+        safe to remain there. The father took his child in his hands and ran
+        towards the shrouds, but the boy could not mount with him. He cried
+        out, therefore, <span class="tei tei-q">‘Father! father! do not leave
+        me!’</span> But finding that his son could not climb with him, and
+        that his own life was in danger, he withdrew his hand. When the
+        morning came, the father was conveyed on shore with some other
+        passengers who were preserved, and as he was landing he said within
+        himself, <span class="tei tei-q">‘How can I see my wife without
+        having our boy with me?’</span> When, however, the child’s earthly
+        parent let go his hand his Heavenly Father did not leave him. He was
+        washed off the deck, but happily clung to a part of the wreck on
+        which some others of the passengers were floating. With them he was
+        almost miraculously preserved. When he was landing, not knowing of
+        his father’s safety, he said, <span class="tei tei-q">‘It is of no
+        use to take me on shore now I have lost my father.’</span> He was,
+        however, carried, much exhausted, to the same house where his father
+        had been sent, and actually placed in the same bed, unknown to
+        either, till they were clasped in each other’s arms.”</span></p>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Among the victims
+        was that of a lady entirely <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style=
+        "font-style: italic">unknown</span></span>. The body of this poor
+        creature had been picked up near Conway, and it was evident that she
+        had been one of fortune’s favourites, though destined to a death so
+        cruel. She was elegantly and fashionably attired, wearing rich
+        earrings, gold chain and locket, three valuable rings in addition to
+        her wedding-ring, and so forth. In a day or two she was buried in a
+        common deal shell, and followed to a nameless grave by strangers.</p>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">It appears, by the
+        pilot’s statement, that early in the afternoon he had been invited by
+        the steward to take some refreshment with him, and in the course of
+        conversation a very strong opinion was given by the steward that
+        Captain Atkinson never <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style=
+        "font-style: italic">intended</span></span> to reach Beaumaris, and
+        that the voyage he was now making would be his last. By the
+        expression <span class="tei tei-q">“intended”</span> he explained was
+        meant <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style=
+        "font-style: italic">expected</span></span>, and the result proved
+        the opinion to be too fatally correct. Tired by what he had gone
+        through before entering the packet, the pilot lay down in the
+        forecastle to sleep. He was aroused by a sensation beyond all others
+        most dreadful—he felt the vessel strike, and his experience told him
+        all was over. Hastily rushing upon deck, his courage and coolness
+        were for a moment quite overcome. <span class="tei tei-q">“I
+        saw,”</span> said he, <span class="tei tei-q">“the quality huddled
+        together in the waist of the vessel; and the praying and crying was
+        the most dreadful sight to witness. The waves broke over on both
+        sides, and took away numbers at once. They went like flights,
+        sometimes many, sometimes few; at last the bulwark went, and none
+        were left.”</span></p>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">The vessel had
+        scarcely struck when the two stays of the chimney broke. These, after
+        many ineffectual efforts, were again made fast; but they soon gave
+        way a second time, and the chimney fell across the deck, bringing the
+        mainmast with it. The mast, it is stated, fell aft along the lee or
+        larboard side of the quarter deck, and struck overboard some of the
+        unfortunate creatures who had there collected. The steward of the
+        vessel and his wife lashed themselves to the mast, determined to
+        spend their last moments in each other’s arms. Several husbands and
+        wives seem to have met their fate together, whilst <span class=
+        "tei tei-pb" id="page303">[pg 303]</span><a name="Pg303" id="Pg303"
+        class="tei tei-anchor"></a>parents clung to their little ones.
+        Several mothers, it is said, perished with their little ones clasped
+        in their arms. The carpenter and his wife were seen embracing each
+        other and their child in the extreme of agony. The poor woman asked a
+        young man, Henry Hammond, to pull her cloak over her shoulders, when
+        a tremendous wave came and washed off, in a moment, twelve persons,
+        and her among them.</p>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Soon after the
+        crash the captain’s voice was heard for the last time. He and the
+        mate appear to have been the very first that perished, and the
+        conclusion is that they must have been dragged overboard by the wreck
+        of the mainmast. It is true that an absurd report was spread in
+        Beaumaris that both captain and mate reached land safely in the boat,
+        part of which was found on shore early in the morning. This is
+        unlikely; but it is quite possible many lives might have been saved
+        in the boat, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style=
+        "font-style: italic">if she had been provided with
+        oars</span></span>. The absence of these, however, shows in a glaring
+        manner the utter recklessness of human life which marked the whole
+        affair. It was stated by Mr. Henry Hammond, ship-carver, of
+        Liverpool, one of the persons saved, that it was not true that a
+        party of the passengers got into the boat soon after the vessel
+        struck, and were immediately swamped. The statement he gave was that
+        the boat was hanging by the davits over the stern, nearly filled with
+        water in consequence of the spray; when the vessel struck, he and the
+        wife and child of the carpenter got into the boat, but left it again,
+        being ordered out by the mate, who told them it was of no use, as no
+        boat could live in such a sea. The boat soon after broke adrift and
+        was lost, but there was no person in her.</p>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class=
+        "tei tei-q">“For above a mile and a half to the spit-buoy in the
+        Friar’s Road,”</span> says Morrison, <span class="tei tei-q">“the
+        sand is dry at half ebb, and as the Dutchman’s Bank is dry at low
+        water, I have no hesitation in affirming that there was dry land
+        within half a mile of the wreck when she struck; and that if they had
+        <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">been
+        informed</span></span> of the fact, many of them on board might have
+        swam or been drifted over the Swash, and within two hundred yards of
+        the vessel would have found themselves in not more than three or four
+        feet of water.”</span></p>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">The Swash is very
+        few feet wide, and was easily passed by one individual, who, being a
+        resident in Bangor, knew the locality, and escaped, according to Mr.
+        Whittaker’s narrative, who states as follows:—<span class=
+        "tei tei-q">“At this time a gentleman from Bangor left the vessel,
+        with a small barrel tied beneath his chin, and an umbrella in his
+        hand, which he unfurled when he got into the water, in the hope of
+        being drifted ashore in time to send some aid to his
+        fellow-sufferers.”</span> This was Mr. Jones of Bangor. Now, if Mr.
+        Jones, the pilot, or the captain or mate, or any other person on
+        board, who knew of the vicinity of the dry sand, on which people walk
+        at low water, had explained to the persons who could swim the state
+        of the case, many others might have been saved as well as Mr.
+        Jones.</p>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">A Mr. Tarry, who
+        was exceedingly apprehensive during the passage, kept his wife and
+        children in the cabin; on the vessel striking he made immediate
+        inquiries respecting their probable fate; and Jones, the pilot,
+        having indiscreetly said that there was no hope of safety, he became
+        at once calm, and said in a tone of resignation, <span class=
+        "tei tei-q">“I brought out my family, and to return without them
+        would be worse than death; I’ll, therefore, die with them.”</span> He
+        then went down into the cabin and embraced his wife and children. It
+        would appear that they afterwards, impelled by a sense of
+        self-preservation, <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page304">[pg
+        304]</span><a name="Pg304" id="Pg304" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>came
+        on deck; one at least of his little girls was seen afterwards in a
+        state of pitiable helplessness. Mr. Duckworth, of Bury, who survived
+        the catastrophe, says that while sustaining his wife he saw her on
+        the quarter-deck. She was about ten years old. Each wave that broke
+        down on one side of the vessel hurled her along with impetuous force,
+        and dashed her against the gunwale on the other side; and then it
+        would recede, and draw her back again, a ready victim for another
+        similar shock. The poor innocent, bruised and half choked with the
+        waves, sent forth the most piteous cries for her father and mother
+        between each rush of the waters. Her shrieks were piercing beyond
+        description, and she screamed <span class="tei tei-q">“Oh! won’t you
+        come to me, father? Oh, mamma!”</span> &amp;c., till the narrator
+        says his heart yearned to save her; and though he dared not quit his
+        wife, he called to a fellow-passenger to make the effort; but he
+        believes she was washed away soon afterwards.</p><a name=
+        "illo_346.jpg" id="illo_346.jpg" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"></p>
+
+        <div class="tei tei-figure" style="text-align: center">
+          <img src="images/illo_346.jpg" alt="SAVED AT LAST" title=
+          "SAVED AT LAST." />
+
+          <div class="tei tei-head" style=
+          "text-align: center; margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em">
+            SAVED AT LAST.
+          </div>
+        </div>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class=
+        "tei tei-q">“A schooner, belonging to a nephew of Alderman Wright,
+        was lying off Beaumaris Green; the persons on board heard the bell
+        ring in the <span class="tei tei-name"><span style=
+        "font-style: italic">Rothsay Castle</span></span>, but in consequence
+        of no light being displayed, which the captain refused to allow, they
+        could not tell in what direction to go to render assistance. They
+        eventually saved several persons who had been seven hours in the
+        water. Such was the state of anxiety of the poor creatures, who had
+        been so long hanging to the wreck, that they imagined, when taken up
+        at seven o’clock in the morning, that it was
+        noon.”</span></p><a name="illo_348.png" id="illo_348.png" class=
+        "tei tei-anchor"></a>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"></p>
+
+        <div class="tei tei-figure" style="text-align: center">
+          <img src="images/illo_348.png" alt="BEAUMARIS" title=
+          "BEAUMARIS." />
+
+          <div class="tei tei-head" style=
+          "text-align: center; margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em">
+            BEAUMARIS.
+          </div>
+        </div>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Lieutenant
+        Morrison speaks highly of the humanity and honesty of the Welshmen of
+        the coast on which the unfortunate vessel was wrecked, and contrasts
+        their conduct with that of the people of certain other places. He
+        remembered, in the year 1816, witnessing the wreck of a vessel near
+        Appledore, in the Bay of Barnstaple, when the country people came
+        down in crowds to plunder the wreck, and they drove the poor seamen
+        back into the surf when they attempted to rescue a part of their
+        property. In the winter of 1827 he recalled the case of a crowd
+        surrounding the mate of a Welsh sloop wrecked on the coast of
+        Waterford, whom they knocked down and robbed of a small bundle of
+        clothes, all that he had saved from the wreck.</p>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">The wreck about to
+        be described occurred in January, 1838, and has been recorded in a
+        graphic though somewhat verbose pamphlet,<a id="noteref_99" name=
+        "noteref_99" href="#note_99"><span class=
+        "tei tei-noteref"><span style=
+        "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">99</span></span></a> which it
+        is very unlikely has reached the eyes of many of our readers. It has
+        often struck the writer that the most fascinating and interesting
+        descriptions of wrecks have not been written by sailors, and there is
+        a sufficient reason for this. Many of the episodes which strike a
+        landsman forcibly, and add greatly to the picturesque <span class=
+        "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">ensemble</span></span>
+        of his narration, are taken by the seaman as mere matters of course.
+        Several of the more detailed and interesting narratives already given
+        have been taken from accounts recorded by the members of other
+        professions, clergymen and military men more particularly. The
+        present account is compiled from the narrative furnished by a medical
+        man.</p>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">The <span class=
+        "tei tei-name"><span style=
+        "font-style: italic">Killarney</span></span> sailed from Cork on the
+        19th January of the above year, with about fifty on board, passengers
+        and crew. The weather was very severe, the wind blowing hard from the
+        east, accompanied by snow and hail squalls; and the captain, after
+        vainly endeavouring to make headway, turned the vessel round and
+        returned to Cove Harbour. The weather <span class="tei tei-pb" id=
+        "page305">[pg 305]</span><a name="Pg305" id="Pg305" class=
+        "tei tei-anchor"></a>moderating, the <span class=
+        "tei tei-name"><span style=
+        "font-style: italic">Killarney</span></span> again got under weigh
+        for her port of destination, Bristol. Again a storm rose, and the
+        mist became so dense that they could scarcely see the vessel’s length
+        ahead of them. During the night 150 pigs—about a fourth of the number
+        on the vessel—were washed overboard; the cabin was a wreck of
+        furniture and crockery; and Dr. Spolasco’s gig had been forced from
+        its lashings, broken up, and partly washed away. The engine stopped
+        for some time, and the vessel lay to, the captain not knowing his
+        position. A suspicious circumstance, showing that the men were
+        disheartened and greatly fatigued, was that they came down to the
+        cabin and asked for bottles of porter, &amp;c.—a most unusual
+        request, of course. Lieut. Nicolay, a military passenger, remarked,
+        <span class="tei tei-q">“I don’t like to see these men getting porter
+        in this way; I was once at sea in great danger, and the sailors
+        through desperation commenced to drink.”</span> If the sailors were
+        doubtful of the vessel’s safety, there can be little wonder that the
+        passengers generally were in a state of grave alarm. Baron Spolasco
+        had his boy, a helpless child of nine years of age, on board, and
+        between his care, giving advice to passengers, and setting the leg of
+        the under-steward, who had broken it in a violent fall caused by the
+        lurching of the ship, he had enough to do. At noon of Saturday it was
+        whispered that the captain intended to try for land, but no one on
+        board appeared to know whether they were twenty or fifty miles from
+        it. The weather increased in severity.</p><span class="tei tei-pb"
+        id="page306">[pg 306]</span><a name="Pg306" id="Pg306" class=
+        "tei tei-anchor"></a>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">In these trying
+        moments, the captain, mate, and crew, endeavoured to perform their
+        duties, and used every exertion in their power to weather the
+        dreadful storm; but the water gained incessantly on the pumps, and
+        the vessel continued to fill, and, being almost on her broadside, the
+        deck was nearly perpendicular. The sea broke over her continually,
+        and the passengers crawled about on hands and knees. Spolasco
+        inquired of M‘Arthur, the chief engineer, entreating him to let him
+        know how the water stood in the engine-room. He seemed much
+        exhausted, and said, <span class="tei tei-q">“We’re getting the water
+        down to the plates of the engines; the fires are re-kindled, and
+        we’ll soon have steam on.”</span> For a time this was successfully
+        done.</p>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Lieut. Nicolay was
+        the first to announce <span class="tei tei-q">“Land at last!”</span>
+        to the passengers, and all hearts beat with joy at the welcome news.
+        But they were greatly puzzled, and indeed mortified, that they were
+        unable to ascertain what land it was. Some said that it was Poor
+        Head, others that it was Kinsale, and others that it was Youghal, and
+        others again that it was Cork Harbour. But the vessel was now utterly
+        unmanageable.</p><a name="illo_351.png" id="illo_351.png" class=
+        "tei tei-anchor"></a>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"></p>
+
+        <div class="tei tei-figure" style="text-align: center">
+          <img src="images/illo_351.png" alt="ENTRANCE TO CORK HARBOUR"
+          title="ENTRANCE TO CORK HARBOUR." />
+
+          <div class="tei tei-head" style=
+          "text-align: center; margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em">
+            ENTRANCE TO CORK HARBOUR.
+          </div>
+        </div>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">The captain again
+        did his best to re-make Cork Harbour, but it was out of his power,
+        the sails having been blown to ribbons, and the fires put out owing
+        to the repeated shipping of the seas. The engines went on pretty well
+        when they commenced working a second time, but they shortly became
+        less and less powerful from the cause just assigned. About three
+        o’clock in the afternoon she had drifted near some rocks, the vessel
+        being then nearly on her beam ends. It was all that the passengers or
+        crew could do to hold on the bulwarks or ropes, and from the terror
+        depicted on every countenance it was evident that the crisis was at
+        hand. The vessel struck, and a simultaneous thrill of horror passed
+        through every breast. Two gentlemen were, it was believed, washed
+        overboard at this time.</p>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">A heavy sea then
+        struck abaft the paddle-box, carrying off all before it. The doctor
+        descried poor Nicolay on the top of a wave, like a mountain over
+        them, as it were riding on, and buffeting in vain with his gigantic
+        enemy. An awful and terrific scene was witnessed while grasping his
+        child and the companion. <span class="tei tei-q">“I believe,”</span>
+        says he, <span class="tei tei-q">“it was the same sea, or one
+        instantaneously succeeding it, that struck the companion, and carried
+        me and my dear little charge across the deck. Had it not been for the
+        remnant of the bulwarks, viz., two uprights, across which a deck-form
+        was forced, which proved the simple means of saving our lives at that
+        period—were it not for this circumstance, my child and myself must
+        have perished with Nicolay and others. Several fragments of
+        deck-rigging fell upon us—such as ropes, spars, splinters, &amp;c.;
+        and it was with the utmost difficulty that I was enabled to extricate
+        myself and child from them, in doing which I lost a shoe. It is
+        worthy of remark that I had not worn shoes for more than six months
+        before, having put them on that morning, considering that they would
+        contribute to my ease while on board. My little boy also lost a shoe
+        and cap owing to this circumstance. I now ought to remark, before I
+        proceed further with this painful narrative, that immediately, or
+        rather before, the engines stopped the second time from the vessel
+        filling with water, the engineers and firemen came upon deck, from
+        the impossibility of their remaining any longer below, the steam
+        gradually going down, and the engines consequently decreasing in
+        power till they came to a stand. All further efforts on their part
+        being unavailing, and destruction being inevitable, all rushed upon
+        deck, leaving the engines in order to save their
+        lives.”</span></p><span class="tei tei-pb" id="page307">[pg
+        307]</span><a name="Pg307" id="Pg307" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Matters for some
+        time continuing thus, the sailors and some of the deck passengers
+        exerted themselves, and were engaged in endeavouring with buckets to
+        lighten the vessel of some of the water in the hold; and, after
+        several hours’ hard work, they so far succeeded (the pumps all the
+        while kept going) as to be able early on Saturday afternoon to get up
+        steam again.</p>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">A passenger
+        pointed out a bay, which he said was Roberts’ Cove, and recommended
+        the captain to run the vessel in there, as there was a boat harbour
+        in it, and beach her. The captain said that he did not think there
+        was a harbour there—that, at all events, it would be impossible to
+        make it. The vessel was all this time drifting nearer the rock on
+        which she ultimately struck; and in about an hour after the passenger
+        had given the recommendation alluded to, the captain got the vessel
+        round, and endeavoured to make Roberts’ Cove. Just as he had got her
+        before the wind, however, she was pooped by a tremendous sea, which
+        carried away the taffrail, staunchions, the wheel (and two men who
+        worked it), the companion, the binnacle, and the breakwater. The two
+        steersmen fortunately caught part of the rigging, and were saved; but
+        the sea which did the damage carried away the bulwarks, with some of
+        the steerage passengers, who were standing near the funnel, and
+        cleared the deck of all the pigs that were on it.</p>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">In consequence of
+        all the hands having endeavoured to save themselves, the vessel was
+        left to herself, and continued to strike piecemeal on several minor
+        rocks, as she was driven before the fury of the waves over them with
+        a clap—a crash resembling thunder—carrying off at each stroke one or
+        more human beings, together with some portion of deck, deck
+        furniture, deck trimmings, rigging, &amp;c. To hear the wrenching of
+        the vessel, now between the roaring billows and the rock, together
+        with the cries of the sufferers, was soul-piercing in the
+        extreme.</p>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">It was absurd to
+        think, even for a moment, of lowering the quarter-boats, the tempest
+        raged so furiously. Previously to the vessel striking on the rock
+        which rent her asunder, and upon which she went to pieces, passengers
+        and seamen all ran up for self-preservation on the quarter-deck. A
+        terrible rush was then made for this, their last resource; and
+        catching his child, Doctor Spolasco held him in his arms, and he
+        clung close round his neck with all the strength of his little
+        embrace, looking imploringly in his face for protection, and, as if
+        foreseeing his fate, said, <span class="tei tei-q">“Papa, kiss me!
+        Papa, kiss me! We are all lost!”</span></p>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">The last moment
+        approached. The crisis was at hand. Struggling on with his beloved
+        charge, the doctor sprang forward with him, clasping him closely to
+        his breast, and, creeping on his hand and knees, dragged his child
+        along under one arm, while he held by the fragments of the bulwarks,
+        shifting his hand from splinter to splinter, until he slowly and
+        gradually reached the stern, the heavens lowering, the tempest
+        raging, and the billows washing over them, drenched to the skin, and
+        every instant gasping for breath, the waves suffocating them, the
+        billows every instant beating against them.</p>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Some time
+        previously to this both passengers and crew knew not how to act or
+        what to attempt to secure their safety, such was the distraction of
+        their minds. The direction of the vessel was no longer thought of or
+        attended to; each individual holding on by anything that he could
+        possibly grasp for temporary safety with one hand, while he was seen
+        <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page308">[pg 308]</span><a name="Pg308"
+        id="Pg308" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>pulling off his clothes with
+        the other, in readiness to be freed from the encumbrance of them,
+        that he might be enabled to make a last, a desperate effort to swim
+        ashore.</p>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">This was indeed a
+        struggle for life and death, but bordering so nearly on the latter;
+        some dressing again, and again undressing; again hesitating, frantic
+        and desperate, till not another moment was left for deliberation.
+        Crash! crash! crash! came in awful quick succession, mingled with the
+        piteous, the soul-harrowing cries, <span class="tei tei-q">“For
+        pity’s sake, help! help! help!”</span></p>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">More than half an
+        hour previously to the vessel’s striking on that Saturday, between
+        three and four in the afternoon, although instantly expecting to go
+        down, ten or twelve persons were seen on the neighbouring mountainous
+        promontory, and it afforded them some glimmering of satisfaction—some
+        faint ray of hope that they would not perish in sight of land. They
+        were observed as early as three o’clock on Saturday, but no efforts
+        were made to rescue them till long after. A part of them gained the
+        rock on which the vessel struck previously to the night’s setting in,
+        where they remained all Sunday and part of Monday, wet, cold, and
+        nearly starved.</p>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class=
+        "tei tei-q">“I desired my child,”</span> says Spolasco, <span class=
+        "tei tei-q">“as he loved me, to cling close, while I went to render
+        assistance to others, who were loudly imploring for aid. The darling
+        child, who was evidently sick and exhausted, obeyed; and I, alas!
+        trusted to his puny strength to hold on.</span></p><span class=
+        "tei tei-pb" id="page309">[pg 309]</span><a name="Pg309" id="Pg309"
+        class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class=
+        "tei tei-q">“I sat for a moment on the rock, kissing him, till I
+        looked round and reflected on the awful scene before me, and beheld
+        (with what emotion I leave you to guess) the dreadful destruction
+        which was going on.</span></p>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class=
+        "tei tei-q">“Previously to my jumping on the rock I observed Mrs.
+        Lawe on the quarter-deck on her knees, frantic, without her cap, her
+        hair dishevelled all around her shoulders, in dreadful anguish,
+        striking the deck with one hand, while she held on with the other.
+        Mr. Lawe, her husband, was at this time drowned.</span></p>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class=
+        "tei tei-q">“About this period the midships of the vessel were thrown
+        by the terrific sea and raging storm into a position favourable for
+        those yet on board to make their escape upon the rock; thus it was
+        with comparative ease the surviving remnant on board now forsook the
+        vessel.</span></p>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class=
+        "tei tei-q">“In short, if the sufferers could have anticipated and
+        waited for this opportunity, the lives of many who were lost might
+        have been saved. They would, at least, have been fortunate enough to
+        have reached the rock, and would have had the same chance of
+        existence as others, provided their constitution were sufficiently
+        strong to bear the dreadful privations that there awaited
+        them.</span></p>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class=
+        "tei tei-q">“I stretched forth my hand and assisted several as they
+        approached, taking hold of the first that presented, making, of
+        course, no distinction of persons, and continued to act thus till I
+        saw a female in the last gasp, still holding by the rock after the
+        receding of a wave—it was Mrs. Lawe. Then, with all the force I could
+        command, I dragged her forwards one or two paces. She was, indeed,
+        poor good lady! in the last stage of exhaustion, and fell on my arm,
+        and her weight caused me to slip, by which we were both precipitated
+        towards a frightful chasm; but luckily I again seized the rock ere
+        the wave retired, or we might both have been swept away, and I held
+        fast by one hand, while with the other I supported the lady, during
+        which two or three waves washed over us. Neither she nor I could
+        breathe.</span></p>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class=
+        "tei tei-q">“I collected all my remaining strength for this the last
+        effort I was equal to in order to save her, and folding her in my
+        arms, I crept up the rock quite above the surge, where the spray only
+        could reach us.</span></p>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class=
+        "tei tei-q">“She was speechless, but sufficiently sensible to
+        acknowledge my attention with looks of fervent gratitude. I then left
+        her, anxious to return to my child. But judge of my sensations—I
+        found him not! He, alas! was gone! I could not tell where, or what
+        had become of him.”</span> The poor boy had been drowned, and no
+        traces of him were ever discovered.</p>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Their sufferings
+        on the rock are well described:—<span class="tei tei-q">“To such
+        dreadful shifts were we driven that during the night I was obliged to
+        hold on with one hand, while with the other I grasped the hand of a
+        fellow-sufferer, in order that each might receive some portion of
+        vital heat; this we did alternately with right and left hand. But we
+        were all so depressed in spirits and suffering so grievously from the
+        cold and the rain as the night advanced, that we did little else than
+        turn our thoughts to the Most High, and calmly await the approach of
+        day, and with it some hope of relief. My face, nose, and particularly
+        the inside of my mouth, were dreadfully mangled, and my teeth
+        loosened, being so repeatedly forced by the billows against the rock
+        to which I was clinging. In short, I think no human endurance
+        equalled ours; for towards morning, when my fingers became so
+        benumbed from wet and cold that I lost the use of them, and I found
+        that it was impossible to hold on longer, I twice felt resigned to
+        <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page310">[pg 310]</span><a name="Pg310"
+        id="Pg310" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>commit myself to the deep, and
+        was on the point of doing so, invoking Heaven to receive my
+        spirit.</span></p>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class=
+        "tei tei-q">“The very lacerated state of my nose, mouth, and
+        feet,”</span> says the doctor, <span class="tei tei-q">“when I was
+        borne from the rock, were indicative of the sufferings I had endured.
+        Poor M‘Arthur seemed either quite regardless of, or insensible to, my
+        repeated warnings of his danger. He at last put his hands into the
+        pockets of his trousers, in spite of my remonstrances to the
+        contrary. The point of the rock on which he stood affording him a
+        better foothold, or standing, than mine, and that portion of the rock
+        immediately before him not being so perpendicular as that before me,
+        allowed him to bend forward. This last advantage, coupled with that
+        of his better footing and his being overpowered with sleep, induced
+        him to be so careless of his safety. But almost instantly a fearful
+        and tremendous sea struck the rock just below the slight shelves or
+        openings which supported our toes, and immediately rebounded over us
+        many feet in height; then breaking and falling with great force on
+        our heads, it had the effect of hurling off on the instant poor
+        M‘Arthur. O gracious God, I never can be sufficiently grateful for
+        Thy bountiful goodness and singular preservation in protecting me
+        through so many imminent perils, so many hair-breadth escapes! For of
+        all the passengers with whom I dined on Friday in the steamer
+        <span class="tei tei-name"><span style=
+        "font-style: italic">Killarney</span></span> I am the only survivor!
+        The cook who prepared the dinner, and the steward, steward’s brother,
+        and the stewardess that served it, are all in eternity!”</span></p>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">It was not till
+        about ten o’clock on the morning of Sunday that the poor sufferers on
+        the rock endeavoured to change their positions, which was a matter of
+        some difficulty. One of the passengers, during the early part of the
+        night, having been unable to attain a position as comfortable as that
+        of some of the rest, had hung on to Dr. Spolasco’s legs, in order to
+        save himself from dropping into the sea. Later a heavy wave struck
+        him; he relinquished his hold, and was swept into the sea never to
+        rise again. <span class="tei tei-q">“On gaining the summit,”</span>
+        says the doctor, <span class="tei tei-q">“I perceived with horror
+        that many had disappeared during the night, and among them the lady
+        whom I had rescued at the loss, I may indeed fairly say, of my dear
+        boy.”</span> There was a general hope among the survivors that they
+        would be rescued early that morning (Sunday), and their
+        disappointment that no effort was made to save them was great indeed.
+        They saw at an early hour hundreds of peasants on the beach and
+        cliff, some of them busily engaged at the wreckage or in bearing away
+        parts of the pigs which had formed part of the cargo, but all intent
+        upon gain. Not the slightest effort was made for the poor wretches on
+        the rock, although Spolasco at intervals waved his purse in one hand
+        and his cap in another in order to induce the peasantry to afford
+        assistance.</p>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">The doctor
+        endeavoured by signs to indicate that a raft could be easily
+        constructed from the wreckage, and that the drift of the current
+        would bring it to the rock, but he was not understood. Again their
+        hopes fell to zero. Poor M‘Arthur, the engineer, who had been nearly
+        drowned before, had managed to struggle to a higher position on the
+        rock, but he died from exhaustion early on Monday morning. Some time
+        after, two men, and a little later two boys, fell headlong into the
+        sea, being nearly dead from starvation and exposure. Of twenty-five
+        who got safely on the rock, thirteen died before they could be
+        rescued; and yet it was so near the coast that those mounting the
+        <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page311">[pg 311]</span><a name="Pg311"
+        id="Pg311" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>nearest cliff had to bend over
+        its edge to see it. Meantime the storm beat on violently, and no boat
+        could have approached the rock. Sea-weed and salt water was all the
+        food (!) they could get from dinner hour on board the steamer on
+        Friday, about five o’clock, till Monday afternoon. All this within
+        almost a stone’s throw of land!</p>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class=
+        "tei tei-q">“To return,”</span> says the narrator, <span class=
+        "tei tei-q">“to Sunday. I have in a previous page stated that during
+        the whole of the morning of that day, indeed up to the afternoon, all
+        we saw was a crowd of peasants on the beach, each carrying his or her
+        burden from the spoils of the wreck of the steamer <span class=
+        "tei tei-name"><span style=
+        "font-style: italic">Killarney</span></span>; and on the cliff above
+        us, numbers—altogether amounting to some hundreds. It was in vain we
+        looked for some respectable person among them who would be likely to
+        tender us the desired assistance, till ... we hailed the presence of
+        a respectable gentleman, by whose kind gestures we could understand
+        (for it was impossible to hear his voice) that we yet should be
+        saved. After waving his hat, and doing all in his power to cheer us,
+        he retired, and ascended the lofty cliff, and in a reasonable time
+        afterwards again returned, with several other gentlemen.</span></p>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class=
+        "tei tei-q">“Several descended with him to the edge of the
+        precipice—a dangerous declivity—bringing with them ropes, slings,
+        &amp;c., and indeed every other requisite that the short period of
+        their absence allowed them to procure, or whatever appeared to them
+        necessary for the object they had in view. Having arrived at the
+        brink of the precipice, somewhat in a direct line (though still above
+        us) with the rock upon which we were—the distance I would compute to
+        be from a hundred and fifty to two hundred feet—they commenced
+        throwing stones to which were attached small lines, several in their
+        turn; one having failed, another tried, and so on, till they were
+        sufficiently convinced that all such efforts were altogether
+        fruitless—the strongest of them not being able to pitch such stone
+        more than half way towards us.</span></p>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class=
+        "tei tei-q">“Some one then suggested the propriety of trying slings,
+        which they immediately prepared—in turn taking off their cloaks,
+        coats, &amp;c., having first tied round their waist a strong rope as
+        a prudent precaution of security for their safety in making the bold
+        attempt, viz., of slinging a stone, having attached to it a line, to
+        us unfortunate expectants upon the rock. These efforts, too, like the
+        former, were attended with want of success.</span></p>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class=
+        "tei tei-q">“Mr. John Galwey, with whom was Mr. Edward Hull and other
+        gentlemen, apparently in a most perilous position confronting us,
+        formed a footing with crowbars, &amp;c. Mr. Galwey was then observed
+        several times to try to pass a duck with a small line fastened to its
+        leg, but without effect. We also discerned him coiling a wire or line
+        into the barrel of a musquet, with the view of firing off the ball to
+        which it was connected, hoping that when the ball should have passed
+        the rock the line might fall upon it. This expedient too was
+        ingenious, but unsuccessful.</span></p>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class=
+        "tei tei-q">“The next attempt for our rescue was thought of and
+        entered upon by a brave young gentleman, Richard Knolles, Esq.—son of
+        the worthy Captain Knolles of that neighbourhood—by which he nearly
+        lost his life. He had with him a favourite dog, well trained to the
+        water, and apparently to his command, with which fine animal he
+        descended as nearly to the edge of the beach as the billows,
+        breakers, and foaming spray would allow him, and rather farther, for,
+        being young, brave, and anxious to be the means of saving us, he
+        ventured somewhat too far for his safety, being met by a tremendous
+        surf, which struck him, and dashed him above some twenty feet or more
+        with such violence, that he was not only wetted to <span class=
+        "tei tei-pb" id="page312">[pg 312]</span><a name="Pg312" id="Pg312"
+        class="tei tei-anchor"></a>the skin, but had the narrowest escape
+        that man could well have of being lashed into the furious sea and
+        yawning gulf below him.”</span></p>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">The news of their
+        cruel sufferings having ere this spread around the country—this being
+        Sunday, and rather more favourable than the previous days—thousands
+        of both sexes assembled from miles around to witness the awful scene.
+        They could clearly distinguish among the vast assemblage upon the
+        cliffs a great number of ladies by their veils, drapery, &amp;c., who
+        doubtless had been attracted to the fatal spot through sympathy for
+        their peculiar hardships. The shore appeared so near, and the day was
+        so fine, that through the greater part of it they did not think, nor
+        could bring themselves to believe it possible, that they were cruelly
+        doomed to suffer another night upon the desolate rock; and it was
+        thought by some (seeing that the distance to the cliff on the
+        mainland was not very great) that a brave plunge into the waves would
+        bear them on shore.</p><a name="illo_355.png" id="illo_355.png"
+        class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"></p>
+
+        <div class="tei tei-figure" style="text-align: center">
+          <img src="images/illo_355.png" alt="THE SURVIVORS ON THE ROCK"
+          title="THE SURVIVORS ON THE ROCK." />
+
+          <div class="tei tei-head" style=
+          "text-align: center; margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em">
+            THE SURVIVORS ON THE ROCK.
+          </div>
+        </div>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Hunger was keen
+        indeed; it was piercing; and perceiving the people upon the cliff
+        apparently unable to give them relief, one resolute but unfortunate
+        man volunteered, and attempted to swim to shore, and, creeping down
+        the rock, bade them farewell. They wished him, with all their hearts,
+        success, each meaning to follow his example, if successful, rather
+        than remain to perish on the rock. He rushed boldly into the surf;
+        they all awaited his re-appearance with breathless anxiety, but he
+        was rapidly hurried into the deep below, and they could discern him
+        no more. All such attempts, or hope of such, to gain the shore by
+        these means were then abandoned.</p>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">The second night
+        was now closing fast upon them, and having observed that some
+        preparations were being made on shore to extend ropes from promontory
+        to promontory—a distance of from half a mile to a mile—they were all
+        hovering between hope and fear. A <span class="tei tei-pb" id=
+        "page313">[pg 313]</span><a name="Pg313" id="Pg313" class=
+        "tei tei-anchor"></a>deathless silence reigned among them. Their
+        gallant captain at length exclaimed, <span class="tei tei-q">“I have
+        it! They are carrying one end of the line to yon jutting promontory
+        (east), and are running with the other end to the other promontory
+        (west); the two ends of the line being drawn tight in opposite
+        directions, the centre will overhang the rock, and be within our
+        reach.”</span> As the sequel proved, his judgment was well
+        founded.</p>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class=
+        "tei tei-q">“We now,”</span> says the narrator, <span class=
+        "tei tei-q">“placed our whole reliance on the success of the efforts
+        of those on shore with the ropes; but the apparatus employed was
+        imperfect—time passing rapidly, and the night quickly approaching.
+        Just at the commencement of dusk the rope reached us, which we were
+        enabled to seize by a small tripping line that hung pendent from it
+        when it was stretched over our heads, being drawn tight at each
+        promontory by the many assembled.”</span> The captain, or some one of
+        the men, caught the line and drew it downwards, when all seized it,
+        and there was a wild huzza! The captain had been right in his
+        conjecture. The line was extended from headland to headland.</p>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class=
+        "tei tei-q">“When the rope was conveyed to us,”</span> writes the
+        doctor, <span class="tei tei-q">“we all cheered, as if re-animated by
+        a new existence; and although it reached us too late to be of any
+        service on that night, such was our eagerness to be delivered from
+        the rock, that one man volunteered, and immediately descended to the
+        base of it, and by a triangular knot made himself fast to the hawser,
+        which had been conveyed to us by means of the small lines already
+        alluded to. The rope, or hawser, although not a new one, I think was
+        sufficiently strong to bear one at a time to shore, and, indeed, up
+        the lofty cliff, in safety; but a boy who had been in care of the
+        pigs, unfortunately, through over-anxiety to escape from the rock,
+        descended, and most imprudently attached himself also at the same
+        time to it, notwithstanding our earnest remonstrances to the
+        contrary; and when they said <span class="tei tei-q">‘all was
+        ready’</span>—meaning that they were secured to the rope—at the same
+        time directing us to shout to those on the mainland <span class=
+        "tei tei-q">‘to pull them ashore,’</span> we did so, and they
+        immediately drew them towards the cliff, upon which we heard a
+        splash, but could see nothing, it being at this time dark.</span></p>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class=
+        "tei tei-q">“During the night, when we occasionally conversed—for we
+        had but little to say, each being wrapped up in his own gloomy
+        meditations—we felt a glow of satisfaction that at last a contrivance
+        had been resorted to by which two of us at least were rescued from
+        spending another night upon the rock, we not at this time at all
+        considering that both had met a watery grave, for we could see
+        nothing—it was dark—neither could we hear anything, from the howling
+        of the storm and roaring of the tempest.</span></p>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class=
+        "tei tei-q">“In the morning, however, in consequence of the rope
+        having broken, we entertained a melancholy surmise of their unhappy
+        fate; but upon landing, in the afternoon of Monday, we ascertained
+        the piteous fact. It was rumoured, but it proved to be untrue, that
+        the peasants, during the second night (Sunday) of our dreadful
+        suspense upon the rock, had cut the rope. This arose in consequence
+        of its having been found divided early on Monday morning.”</span></p>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Next morning the
+        good Samaritans ashore repaired to the scene, and eagerly scanned the
+        rock, to see whether any still survived. Among them was Lady Roberts,
+        who came with thirty of her men, with a car laden with ropes and
+        other materials necessary for their deliverance. The first plan
+        attempted early on Monday morning was with Manby’s
+        apparatus—<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style=
+        "font-style: italic">i.e.</span></span>, firing a two-pound shot with
+        a line attached from a howitzer. After <span class="tei tei-pb" id=
+        "page314">[pg 314]</span><a name="Pg314" id="Pg314" class=
+        "tei tei-anchor"></a>many fruitless attempts this plan was
+        relinquished. Slings, &amp;c., were then tried, but with the same
+        result.</p>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Dr. Spolasco took
+        off his cap, and repeatedly waved it, in order to attract the
+        observation of those on shore. Having succeeded, he raised his voice
+        and extended his arms, pointing to either promontory, and indicating
+        that unless they had recourse to Mr. Hull’s plan, as it was
+        subsequently ascertained to be, their fate would be decided.
+        Fortunately he was understood, and the plan was prosecuted to its
+        completion, all working with a will. They again extended the lines
+        from headland to headland, with this variation only, that they now
+        attached two tripping-lines instead of one, hanging about a yard
+        apart, and a weight to the end of each, which had the desired effect
+        of causing them to fall immediately over the rock. They were
+        immediately grasped; their hope of safety was fully revived, and they
+        again cheered with hopeful exultation. They retained a secure hold of
+        the centre of the line, while those upon the two cliffs proceeded to
+        a centre point on the mainland immediately opposite to them, and
+        instantly attached the hawser to one end of the line in question.
+        Having accomplished this, they made signs to those on the rock to
+        draw towards them the hawser, to which they had fastened a small
+        basket containing a bottle of wine, a bottle of whisky, and some
+        bread, the thoughtful gift of Lady Roberts. The liquids proved
+        invaluable, but as for the bread, excepting a few crumbs, they could
+        not swallow it. They had, from cold, exposure, and exhaustion, almost
+        lost the power of mastication and deglutition.</p>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">The basket also
+        contained a written paper, instructing those on the rock that, as the
+        hawser was sufficiently long, to make it fast round the rock, that it
+        might be the more secure, and that they would pass a cot along it
+        with iron grummets. Having so fixed the cot, the signals were made to
+        draw it towards the rock by means of the small line. The awful
+        example afforded on Monday morning, when it was perceived that the
+        rope was broken, naturally made several of them nervous now, and
+        there was some hesitation as to who should enter it first to be drawn
+        on shore, seeing that it had to be hauled a distance of sixty to a
+        hundred feet above the level of the sea in order to land upon the
+        lowest accessible part of the cliff, where Mr. Hull, the inventor of
+        the plan, was stationed to receive them. On landing, they had to be
+        carried to the summit of the nearly perpendicular cliff, about 300
+        feet, upon men’s backs, supported on either side by others of their
+        deliverers, for the least false step would have hurried them headlong
+        to the depths below.</p>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">After some
+        deliberation, the first to be placed in the cot was a woman named
+        Mary Leary, who was assisted into it, and drawn through the air to
+        what seemed a frightful height, amid the cheers of all. On her being
+        landed, the cot was again lowered to the rock, and the narrator of
+        our story entered it, lying upon his back. Giving the signal that he
+        was ready, those on the mainland pulled, and in a few minutes he was
+        safe on the cliff, where he received the warm congratulations of the
+        gentlemen there assembled. The ship’s carpenter, who was evidently
+        very ill, was next placed in the cot, but the poor fellow breathed
+        his last almost immediately after landing. The others soon followed,
+        the captain, as should be, being the last. Once ashore, they were
+        treated with warm-hearted hospitality, and a liberal subscription was
+        raised for the sufferers of the crew and passengers, and the widows
+        and orphans of those who were <span class="tei tei-pb" id=
+        "page315">[pg 315]</span><a name="Pg315" id="Pg315" class=
+        "tei tei-anchor"></a>lost. Of fifty persons who left Cork on the
+        ill-fated <span class="tei tei-name"><span style=
+        "font-style: italic">Killarney</span></span>, about twenty-five
+        landed on the rock, and of these only fourteen reached land, one of
+        them, as we have seen, to expire immediately.</p>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">The mode by which
+        the few survivors were rescued was so novel that it deserves
+        particular notice, and the following, quoted from a letter written by
+        Mr. E. W. Hull to Baron Spolasco, will be found interesting.</p>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class=
+        "tei tei-q">“The first intelligence my brother and myself received of
+        the wreck was from Mr. John Galwey, at about nine or ten o’clock on
+        Sunday morning. We immediately proceeded towards the scene of the
+        dreadful catastrophe, which is about five miles from Roberts’ Cove,
+        and arrived there at eleven o’clock. My brother’s men, of course,
+        accompanied us. On our reaching the place, I descended the frightful
+        precipice, at the foot of which I discovered Mr. Galwey letting ducks
+        fly with lines attached to them. I joined him in the experiment,
+        though indeed I entertained not the least hope of its proving
+        effective. We abandoned this plan, and having taken off my coat and
+        hat, and placed a rope round my waist, to prevent my falling over the
+        lower cliff upon which we stood, I commenced using all the means I
+        could devise to convey a stone with a line attached to it to the
+        rock. I first made an effort to throw a stone from my hand; next, I,
+        with others, had recourse to slings; but all our experiments, as the
+        sequel proved, were useless. I may here, without the least
+        exaggeration, assert that the danger to which Mr. John Galwey, young
+        Mr. Knolles, and myself, were exposed was beyond the power of
+        conception. Below us appeared a hideous gulf, almost yawning to
+        receive us from the cliff upon which we stood, while from above we
+        saw large stones rolling down from a height of two hundred feet. To
+        avoid being struck by these we had not the power of moving an inch
+        from the place in which we respectively stood; so that in this, as in
+        all other circumstances connected with our dangerous undertakings on
+        the occasion, we were protected in our frightful situation by the
+        peculiar interposition of Providence. We next had recourse to the
+        plan of a person named Mills, of the Coastguard at Roberts’ Cove. It
+        was that of attaching wire to bullets, and firing them from guns.
+        This plan likewise proved unsuccessful.</span></p>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class=
+        "tei tei-q">“At this time, when all our plans had become unavailing,
+        those who had been acting with me below went to the top of the cliff.
+        Being exceedingly exhausted I was unable to follow. I lay down on the
+        brink of the precipice, nearly on a line with the top of the rock
+        upon which the sufferers were, and feeling as a human being should at
+        so heartrending a spectacle, when all hope of saving a single
+        individual was almost extinct. I exclaimed, <span class=
+        "tei tei-q">‘Good God! are there no means left to save them?’</span>
+        At this moment I took a view of the east promontory and the west. The
+        thought—the happy thought—flashed across my mind. I immediately
+        perceived that Providence favoured us with a tolerable certainty of
+        success. I ascended the precipice, and made my brother acquainted
+        with my plan. We both suggested it to others, but it was disregarded,
+        owing to the great distance between the promontories and the immense
+        height of the cliffs. However, I saw a glorious prospect before me of
+        rescuing my fellow-creatures from an awful death. Heaven inspired me
+        with confidence, and, in conjunction with my brother, I could not be
+        diverted from making a trial. My brother and the neighbouring
+        gentlemen sent in all directions for lines and ropes. On getting
+        them, we commenced putting my plan into execution. The first attempt
+        failed through want of sufficiency of rope and the setting in of
+        night. When the rope was <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page317">[pg
+        317]</span><a name="Pg317" id="Pg317" class=
+        "tei tei-anchor"></a>carried to the rock and there secured, I
+        perceived that one man got upon it. Had he alone ventured, all would
+        be right; but the eagerness of another poor fellow was so great that
+        he attached himself to it, and the weight of the two was overmuch for
+        the rope to bear, and it consequently broke. How we felt at this
+        dreadful occurrence your readers may imagine; I cannot describe the
+        fearful thrill of horror which pervaded every breast. It was now dark
+        night; we had therefore to discontinue our efforts until the next
+        morning. We left the lines during the intervening night as we had
+        adjusted them the evening before. My brother left two of his men,
+        with one of Lieutenant Charlesson’s, to preserve the rope and
+        property during the night.</span></p><a name="illo_359.jpg" id=
+        "illo_359.jpg" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"></p>
+
+        <div class="tei tei-figure" style="text-align: center">
+          <img src="images/illo_359.jpg" alt=
+          "RESCUE OF THE SURVIVORS OF THE “KILLARNEY.”" title=
+          "RESCUE OF THE SURVIVORS OF THE “KILLARNEY.”" />
+
+          <div class="tei tei-head" style=
+          "text-align: center; margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em">
+            RESCUE OF THE SURVIVORS OF THE <span class="tei tei-q" style=
+            "text-align: center">“KILLARNEY.”</span>
+          </div>
+        </div>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class=
+        "tei tei-q">“To return to the subject of my communication, I should
+        state that, on ascending the cliff I met Lady Roberts and Captain
+        Knolles. I told them of the loss of one man, not knowing at the time
+        that a second had also suffered—this information, indeed, I
+        afterwards received from yourself. I, notwithstanding this sad
+        disaster, felt persuaded that if I had a sufficient quantity of rope
+        all would be saved. I mentioned this to Lady Roberts, upon which her
+        ladyship assured me that I should be plentifully supplied with this
+        article. Though painful to our feelings to be obliged to leave you to
+        spend another night of gloom and horror, we were under the necessity
+        of doing so for want of a sufficient quantity of rope. On the
+        following morning (Monday) I arrived at the cliff, accompanied by my
+        brother and his men, an hour before daylight. The weather was
+        dreadful beyond conception, rain and snow falling incessantly. We
+        immediately proceeded to bring into operation the plan of the former
+        day. We were at this time much better enabled to do so, having
+        obtained a sufficiency of rope by the directions of Lady Roberts,
+        who, to the honour of her sex, was present at that early hour,
+        exposed to the inclemency of the weather. Lieutenant Irwin, Inspector
+        of the Coastguard at Kinsale, arrived about this time with Captain
+        Manby’s apparatus. This gentleman, having, I presume, had some
+        previous experience of the capability of similar machines, commenced
+        discharging balls from it. This suspended the operation of my plan
+        for some time, but it was found altogether ineffective; but I
+        consider it right to state that no man could have manifested a
+        greater anxiety than Mr. Irwin to do good. The lines and ropes which
+        he brought us were essentially necessary in putting the successful
+        plan into execution; he also brought the cot....</span></p>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class=
+        "tei tei-q">“In about two hours I had the satisfaction of seeing
+        fourteen persons safely landed from the rock, but one of them, I
+        regret to say, died of exhaustion a short time after having been
+        brought on shore.</span></p>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class=
+        "tei tei-q">“The hawser, as you perceived, had to be taken down a
+        precipice of nearly three hundred feet. To the end of it was joined
+        the line which you had primarily received upon the rock, also a
+        basket of refreshments. I myself took it all down to the lower cliff,
+        where I received each person on being drawn from the rock. The
+        dangers to which myself and three of the coastguard were exposed on
+        that occasion were not, I assure you, trifling.”</span></p>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">About a fortnight
+        after the wreck of the <span class="tei tei-name"><span style=
+        "font-style: italic">Killarney</span></span>, a large portion of the
+        rock upon which the remnant of the crew and passengers had suffered
+        so much was carried away in a storm. It is worthy of remark that
+        during the American War a vessel conveying a company and band of the
+        32nd Regiment of Foot was lost on the same rock, when all
+        perished.</p><span class="tei tei-pb" id="page318">[pg
+        318]</span><a name="Pg318" id="Pg318" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">There can be no
+        doubt that a life-boat, had there been one, would have rescued many
+        more of the poor unfortunates, left on the rock from Friday afternoon
+        to Monday afternoon, with considerable ease. During the year 1876-77,
+        not very far from <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style=
+        "font-style: italic">five thousand</span></span> lives were saved by
+        the fleet of 269 boats of the National Life-boat Institution. Let us
+        examine the wreck record of that period.<a id="noteref_100" name=
+        "noteref_100" href="#note_100"><span class=
+        "tei tei-noteref"><span style=
+        "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">100</span></span></a></p>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">We find that the
+        number of British vessels which entered and cleared from ports of the
+        United Kingdom during the year in question was 581,099, representing
+        the enormous tonnage of 101,799,050. Of these ships, 224,669 were
+        steamers, having a tonnage of about two-thirds of the above amount.
+        During the same period 60,000 foreign vessels entered inwards and
+        cleared outwards from British ports, representing a tonnage of nearly
+        20,000,000. These 641,099 ships, British and foreign, had probably on
+        board, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style=
+        "font-style: italic">apart from passengers</span></span>, 4,000,000
+        men and boys.</p>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">In 1876-77 the
+        number of wrecks, casualties, and collisions, from all causes, on and
+        near the coasts of the United Kingdom, was 4,164, which number
+        exceeds that of the previous year by 407. 511 cases out of this large
+        number involved total loss, 502 and 472 representing the same class
+        of calamities for the two preceding years.</p>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">During the past
+        twenty years-from 1857 to 1876-77—the number of shipwrecks on our
+        coasts alone has averaged 1,948 a year, representing in money value
+        millions upon millions sterling in the aggregate.</p>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class=
+        "tei tei-q">“In making this statement,”</span> says <span class=
+        "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">The
+        Life-boat</span></span>, <span class="tei tei-q">“we lay aside
+        entirely the thousands of precious lives, on which no money value
+        could be placed, which were sacrificed on such disastrous occasions,
+        and which would have been enormously increased in the absence of the
+        determined and gallant services of the life-boats of the National
+        Life-boat Institution.</span></p>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class=
+        "tei tei-q">“In the Abstract of the Wreck Register it is stated that,
+        between 1861 and 1876-77, the number of ships, both British and
+        foreign, wrecked on our coasts which were attended with loss of life
+        was 2,784, causing the loss of 13,098 persons. In 1876-77, loss of
+        life took place in one out of every twenty-two shipwrecks on our
+        coasts.</span></p>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class=
+        "tei tei-q">“It is hardly necessary to say that gales of wind are the
+        prime causes of most shipwrecks, and that those of 1876-77 will long
+        be remembered for their violence and destructive character. Of the
+        4,164 wrecks, casualties, and collisions, reported as having occurred
+        on and near the coasts of the United Kingdom during the year 1876-77,
+        we find that the total comprised 5,017 vessels. Thus, the number of
+        ships in 1876-77 is more than the total in 1875-76 by 463. The number
+        of ships reported is in excess of the casualties reported, because in
+        cases of collision two or more ships are involved in one casualty.
+        Thus, 847 were collisions, and 3,317 were wrecks and casualties other
+        than collisions. Of these latter casualties, 446 were wrecks,
+        &amp;c., resulting in total loss, 902 were casualties resulting in
+        serious damage, and 1,969 were minor accidents. The whole number of
+        wrecks and casualties other than collisions on and near our coasts
+        reported during the year 1875-76 was 2,982, or 335 less than the
+        number reported during the twelve months under discussion.</span></p>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class=
+        "tei tei-q">“The localities of the wrecks, still excluding
+        collisions, are thus given:—East coasts of England and Scotland,
+        1,140; south coast, 630; west coast of England and Scotland,
+        <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page319">[pg 319]</span><a name="Pg319"
+        id="Pg319" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>and coast of Ireland, 1,259;
+        north coast of Scotland, 129; and other parts, 159. Total, <a name=
+        "corr319" id="corr319" class="tei tei-anchor"></a><span class=
+        "tei tei-corr">3,317.</span>”</span> <span class="tei tei-q">“It is
+        recorded that the greatest destruction of human life happened on the
+        north and east coasts of England and Scotland.”</span></p>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">It is interesting
+        to observe the ages of the vessels which were wrecked during the
+        period under consideration. Excluding foreign ships and collision
+        cases, 221 wrecks and casualties happened to nearly new ships, and
+        396 to ships from 3 to 7 years of age. Then there are wrecks and
+        casualties to 631 ships from 7 to 14 years old, and to 907 from 15 to
+        30 years old. Then follow 459 old ships from 30 to 50 years old.
+        Having passed the service of half a century, we come to the very old
+        ships, viz., 71 between 50 and 60 years old, 33 from 60 to 70, 24
+        from 70 to 80, 9 from 80 to 90, and 5 from 90 to 100, while the ages
+        of 68 of the wrecks are unknown.</p>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">On distinguishing
+        these last named casualties near the coasts of the United Kingdom,
+        according to the force of the wind at the time at which they
+        happened, we find that 739 happened with the wind at forces 7 and 8,
+        or a moderate to fresh gale, when a ship, if properly found, manned,
+        and navigated, can keep the sea with safety; and that 1,046 happened
+        with the wind at force 9 and upwards, that is to say, from a strong
+        gale to a hurricane.</p>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class=
+        "tei tei-q">“We must say one word on the subject of casualties to our
+        ships in our rivers and harbours, as the fearful calamity to the
+        steamer <span class="tei tei-name"><span style=
+        "font-style: italic">Princess Alice</span></span> last September in
+        the Thames has directed afresh intense attention to them throughout
+        the civilised world. We find from the Wreck Register Abstract that
+        the total number during the year 1876-77 was 984, of which 17 were
+        total losses, 245 were serious casualties, and 722 minor
+        casualties.</span></p>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class=
+        "tei tei-q">“Of these casualties, collisions numbered 658,
+        founderings 13, strandings 184, and miscellaneous 129.</span></p>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class=
+        "tei tei-q">“These 984 casualties caused the loss of or damage to
+        1,725 vessels, of which 1,020 were British sailing-vessels, 560
+        British steam-vessels, 118 foreign sailing-vessels, and 27 foreign
+        steam-vessels. The lives lost in these casualties were 15.</span></p>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class=
+        "tei tei-q">“With reference to the collisions on and near our coasts
+        during the year 1876-77, 48 of the 847 collisions were between two
+        steamships both under way, irrespective of numerous other such cases
+        in our harbours and rivers, the particulars of which are not given in
+        the Abstract. No disaster at sea or in a river is often more awful in
+        its consequences than a collision, as was too strikingly illustrated
+        last year in the cases of the German ironclad <span class=
+        "tei tei-name"><span style="font-style: italic">Grosser
+        Kurfürst</span></span>, and the Thames steamer <span class=
+        "tei tei-name"><span style="font-style: italic">Princess
+        Alice</span></span>.</span></p>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class=
+        "tei tei-q">“As regards the loss of life, the Wreck Abstract shows
+        that the number was 776, and of these 92 were lost in vessels that
+        foundered, 57 through vessels in collision, 470 in vessels stranded
+        or cast ashore, and 93 in missing vessels. The remaining number of
+        lives lost (64) were lost from various causes, such as through being
+        washed overboard in heavy seas, explosions, missing vessels,
+        &amp;c.</span></p>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class=
+        "tei tei-q">“This number (776) may appear to the casual observer a
+        comparatively small one by the side of the thousands who escaped
+        disaster from the numerous shipwrecks before mentioned. We are,
+        however, of opinion that it is a very large number; and when we bear
+        in mind the inestimable value of human life, we are convinced that no
+        effort should be left untried which can in any way lessen the annual
+        loss of life from shipwreck on our coasts.</span></p><span class=
+        "tei tei-pb" id="page320">[pg 320]</span><a name="Pg320" id="Pg320"
+        class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class=
+        "tei tei-q">“On the other hand, great and noble work was accomplished
+        during the same period, 4,795 lives having been saved from the
+        various shipwrecks. In bringing about that most important service, it
+        is hardly necessary to say that the craft of the National Life-boat
+        Institution played a most important part, in conjunction with the
+        Board of Trade’s rocket apparatus, which is so efficiently worked by
+        the Coastguard and our Volunteer Brigades.</span></p>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class=
+        "tei tei-q">“Nevertheless, the aggregate loss of life is very large,
+        and so is the aggregate destruction of property. The former is a
+        species of woe inflicted on humanity; the latter is practically a tax
+        upon commerce. While the art of saving life on the coasts is
+        understood (thanks to the progress of science—the earnestness of
+        men—and the stout hearts of our coast population), the art of
+        preserving property is as yet but imperfectly known amongst us, and
+        still more imperfectly practised.</span></p>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class=
+        "tei tei-q">“On reviewing the Wreck Register Abstract of the past
+        year, we are bound to take courage from the many gratifying facts it
+        reveals in regard to saving life, which, after all, is our principal
+        object in commenting upon it. Noble work has been done, and is doing,
+        for that purpose; and is it not something, amidst all this havoc of
+        the sea, to help to save even one life, with all its hopes, and to
+        keep the otherwise desolate home unclouded?”</span></p>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Among the useful
+        works undertaken by the National Life-boat Institution is the
+        discussion in its journal of all matters connected with the art of
+        swimming, and swimming and floating apparatus. The Society also
+        issues a valuable circular on the <span class="tei tei-q">“Treatment
+        of the apparently Drowned,”</span> to which further allusion will be
+        hereafter made. The writer is so satisfied that no humane or
+        charitable institution in the wide world is better or more
+        economically managed than that under notice, that he would urge all
+        readers of <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style=
+        "font-variant: small-caps">The Sea</span></span> to contribute to its
+        funds. And although every reader may not be able to afford his guinea
+        or guineas, he can contribute his shillings or half-crowns, and his
+        influence in aiding one of the local branches, or in forming new
+        ones. A number of life-boats stationed on various parts of the coasts
+        were the gifts of other associations and bodies. The Civil Service,
+        Corn Exchange, Coal Exchange, Freemasons, Odd Fellows, Foresters,
+        Good Templars, and other orders, have contributed nobly. Several
+        boats and stations, generally named after the particular fund, were
+        contributed by London and other Sunday-schools, Jewish scholars,
+        commercial travellers, workmen, yacht, boat, and other clubs; while
+        three were the result of an appeal to the readers of the Quiver, two
+        are credited to the <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style=
+        "font-style: italic">Dundee People’s Journal</span></span>, and one
+        each to the <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style=
+        "font-style: italic">British Workman</span></span> and <span class=
+        "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">English
+        Mechanic</span></span>. And in concluding the second volume of
+        <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">The
+        Sea</span></span>, the writer considers that he has a special right
+        to urge the claims of the Society on his readers, the subject-matter
+        of its pages being taken into account.</p>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style=
+        "text-align: center; margin-bottom: 0.75em; margin-top: 2.25em">
+        <span style="font-size: 75%">END OF VOLUME II.</span></p>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style=
+        "text-align: center; margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 3.00em">
+        <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: center"><span style=
+        "font-size: 75%">CASSELL PETTER &amp; GALPIN, BELLE SAUVAGE WORKS,
+        LONDON, E.C.</span></span></p>
+      </div>
+    </div>
+
+    <div class="tei tei-back" style=
+    "margin-bottom: 2.00em; margin-top: 6.00em">
+      <div class="tei tei-div" style=
+      "margin-bottom: 5.00em; margin-top: 5.00em">
+        <hr class="doublepage" />
+
+        <div id="footnotes" class="tei tei-div" style=
+        "margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em">
+          <h1 class="tei tei-head" style=
+          "text-align: center; margin-bottom: 3.46em; margin-top: 3.46em">
+          <span style="font-size: 173%">Footnotes</span></h1>
+
+          <dl class="tei tei-list-footnotes">
+            <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_1" name="note_1" href=
+            "#noteref_1">1.</a></dt>
+
+            <dd class="tei tei-notetext"><span class="tei tei-q">“Select
+            observations of the incomparable Sir Walter Raleigh relating to
+            trade,”</span> as presented to King James.</dd>
+
+            <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_2" name="note_2" href=
+            "#noteref_2">2.</a></dt>
+
+            <dd class="tei tei-notetext"><span class="tei tei-q">“History of
+            Merchant Shipping and Ancient Commerce.”</span></dd>
+
+            <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_3" name="note_3" href=
+            "#noteref_3">3.</a></dt>
+
+            <dd class="tei tei-notetext"><a name="corr015" id="corr015"
+            class="tei tei-anchor"></a><span class=
+            "tei tei-corr">Monson’s</span> <span class="tei tei-q">“Naval
+            Tracts”</span> in Churchill’s <span class=
+            "tei tei-q">“Collection.”</span> Most of the narrative to follow
+            is taken from the same source.</dd>
+
+            <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_4" name="note_4" href=
+            "#noteref_4">4.</a></dt>
+
+            <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Charnock, <span class=
+            "tei tei-q">“History of Naval Architecture.”</span></dd>
+
+            <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_5" name="note_5" href=
+            "#noteref_5">5.</a></dt>
+
+            <dd class="tei tei-notetext">This contemptuous allusion refers of
+            course to the tobacco brought from the newly-formed plantations
+            in Virginia.</dd>
+
+            <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_6" name="note_6" href=
+            "#noteref_6">6.</a></dt>
+
+            <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Macaulay: <span class=
+            "tei tei-q">“History of England.”</span></dd>
+
+            <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_7" name="note_7" href=
+            "#noteref_7">7.</a></dt>
+
+            <dd class="tei tei-notetext">The term <span class=
+            "tei tei-q">“America”</span> often included the West Indies,
+            &amp;c., at that period.</dd>
+
+            <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_8" name="note_8" href=
+            "#noteref_8">8.</a></dt>
+
+            <dd class="tei tei-notetext">The principal authorities
+            are—<span class="tei tei-q">“The History of Peter the Great,
+            &amp;c.,”</span> by Alexander Gordon, who was several years a
+            major-general in the Russian service, and was son-in-law of the
+            General Patrick Gordon who may be said to have once saved Russia
+            to the Czar; <span class="tei tei-q">“Histoire de Pierre le
+            Grand,”</span> by Voltaire; and the <span class="tei tei-q">“Life
+            of Peter the Great,”</span> by John Barrow, F.R.S., &amp;c. A
+            modern French writer has given a catalogue of ninety-five authors
+            of some little note who have treated of Peter’s life.</dd>
+
+            <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_9" name="note_9" href=
+            "#noteref_9">9.</a></dt>
+
+            <dd class="tei tei-notetext">This name is spelled by the various
+            authorities in many ways; sometimes it is Zaardam.</dd>
+
+            <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_10" name="note_10"
+            href="#noteref_10">10.</a></dt>
+
+            <dd class="tei tei-notetext">One account says, indeed, that he
+            worked with his own hands as hard as any man in the yard.
+            <span class="tei tei-q">“If so,”</span> says Barrow, <span class=
+            "tei tei-q">“it could only have been for a very short time, and
+            probably for no other purpose than to show the builders that he
+            knew how to handle the adze as well as themselves.”</span></dd>
+
+            <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_11" name="note_11"
+            href="#noteref_11">11.</a></dt>
+
+            <dd class="tei tei-notetext">The site of Evelyn’s mansion was
+            long covered with a workhouse; the shady walks and splendidly
+            kept hedges are now replaced by a victualling yard, where oxen
+            and hogs are slaughtered for the use of the navy, and the
+            transformation of all his haunts in the neighbourhood has been
+            unpleasantly complete.</dd>
+
+            <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_12" name="note_12"
+            href="#noteref_12">12.</a></dt>
+
+            <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Scheltema, a Dutch authority cited
+            by Barrow.</dd>
+
+            <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_13" name="note_13"
+            href="#noteref_13">13.</a></dt>
+
+            <dd class="tei tei-notetext">One of the very best accounts of the
+            South Sea Bubble is to be found in Charles Mackay’s <span class=
+            "tei tei-q">“Memoirs of Extraordinary Popular Delusions,”</span>
+            frequently quoted above.</dd>
+
+            <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_14" name="note_14"
+            href="#noteref_14">14.</a></dt>
+
+            <dd class="tei tei-notetext">The Rev. Richard Walter, M.A.,
+            Chaplain of the <span class="tei tei-name"><span style=
+            "font-style: italic">Centurion</span></span>, who compiled the
+            work so well known under the title of Anson’s <span class=
+            "tei tei-q">“Voyage Round the World,”</span> from the papers and
+            material of the latter.</dd>
+
+            <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_15" name="note_15"
+            href="#noteref_15">15.</a></dt>
+
+            <dd class="tei tei-notetext"><span class="tei tei-q">“The
+            Narrative of the Honourable John Byron, containing an Account of
+            the Great Distresses suffered by himself and his Companions on
+            the Coast of Patagonia, from the year 1740 till their Arrival in
+            England, 1746,”</span> &amp;c.</dd>
+
+            <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_16" name="note_16"
+            href="#noteref_16">16.</a></dt>
+
+            <dd class="tei tei-notetext"><span class="tei tei-q">“Two or
+            three days after our arrival”</span> (at Santiago), says Byron,
+            <span class="tei tei-q">“the President sent Mr. Campbell and me
+            an invitation to dine with him, where we were to meet Admiral
+            Pizarro and all his officers. This was a cruel stroke upon us, as
+            we had not any cloaths to appear in, and dared not refuse the
+            invitation. The next day, a Spanish officer belonging to Admiral
+            Pizarro’s squadron, whose name was Don Manuel de Guiror, came and
+            made us an offer of two thousand dollars. This generous Spaniard
+            made this offer without any view of ever being repaid, but purely
+            out of a compassionate motive of relieving us in our present
+            distress.”</span> A part of the money was thankfully accepted,
+            and they got themselves decently clothed.</dd>
+
+            <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_17" name="note_17"
+            href="#noteref_17">17.</a></dt>
+
+            <dd class="tei tei-notetext">James Grahame, <span class=
+            "tei tei-q">“The History of the United States of North
+            America.”</span></dd>
+
+            <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_18" name="note_18"
+            href="#noteref_18">18.</a></dt>
+
+            <dd class="tei tei-notetext">George Bancroft, <span class=
+            "tei tei-q">“History of the United States.”</span></dd>
+
+            <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_19" name="note_19"
+            href="#noteref_19">19.</a></dt>
+
+            <dd class="tei tei-notetext">The above account is principally
+            derived from Bancroft.</dd>
+
+            <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_20" name="note_20"
+            href="#noteref_20">20.</a></dt>
+
+            <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Robert Stuart, <span class=
+            "tei tei-q">“Historical and Descriptive Anecdotes of
+            Steam-Engines.”</span></dd>
+
+            <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_21" name="note_21"
+            href="#noteref_21">21.</a></dt>
+
+            <dd class="tei tei-notetext">John MacGregor, in a paper read
+            before the Society of Arts, 14th of April, 1858.</dd>
+
+            <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_22" name="note_22"
+            href="#noteref_22">22.</a></dt>
+
+            <dd class="tei tei-notetext">William Bourne, <span class=
+            "tei tei-q">“Inventions or Devises”</span> (1578).</dd>
+
+            <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_23" name="note_23"
+            href="#noteref_23">23.</a></dt>
+
+            <dd class="tei tei-notetext"><span class="tei tei-q">“A Sketch of
+            the Origin and Progress of Steam Navigation,”</span> by Bennet
+            Woodcroft.</dd>
+
+            <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_24" name="note_24"
+            href="#noteref_24">24.</a></dt>
+
+            <dd class="tei tei-notetext">This brochure is extremely scarce.
+            The curious in such matters will find it reprinted in full in
+            Woodcroft’s <span class="tei tei-q">“Sketch of the Origin and
+            Progress of Steam Navigation.”</span></dd>
+
+            <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_25" name="note_25"
+            href="#noteref_25">25.</a></dt>
+
+            <dd class="tei tei-notetext"><span class="tei tei-q">“History of
+            Merchant Shipping,”</span> &amp;c.</dd>
+
+            <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_26" name="note_26"
+            href="#noteref_26">26.</a></dt>
+
+            <dd class="tei tei-notetext"><span class=
+            "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Philadelphia
+            Dispatch.</span></span> February 9th, 1873.</dd>
+
+            <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_27" name="note_27"
+            href="#noteref_27">27.</a></dt>
+
+            <dd class="tei tei-notetext"><span class=
+            "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Vide</span></span>
+            <span class="tei tei-q">“Bowie on Steam Navigation;”</span> and
+            the works of Lindsay and Woodcroft, already quoted.</dd>
+
+            <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_28" name="note_28"
+            href="#noteref_28">28.</a></dt>
+
+            <dd class="tei tei-notetext"><span class="tei tei-q">“The Life of
+            R. Fulton”</span> is an American work, and so little known in
+            England, that the present writer has intentionally made the above
+            copious extracts from it.</dd>
+
+            <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_29" name="note_29"
+            href="#noteref_29">29.</a></dt>
+
+            <dd class="tei tei-notetext">The engine of this vessel is to be
+            seen in the Patent Office Museum.</dd>
+
+            <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_30" name="note_30"
+            href="#noteref_30">30.</a></dt>
+
+            <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Smiles’ <span class=
+            "tei tei-q">“Lives of the Engineers.”</span></dd>
+
+            <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_31" name="note_31"
+            href="#noteref_31">31.</a></dt>
+
+            <dd class="tei tei-notetext">In an able pamphlet, <span class=
+            "tei tei-q">“The Fleet of the Future,”</span> by Mr. Scott
+            Russell, published by Longmans &amp; Co. in 1861, the author
+            remarks (p. 20):—<span class="tei tei-q">“A good many years ago,
+            I happened to converse with the chief naval architect of one of
+            our dockyards on the subject of building ships of iron. The
+            answer was characteristic, and the feeling it expressed so strong
+            and natural that I have never forgotten it. <span class=
+            "tei tei-q">‘Don’t talk to me about iron ships, <span class=
+            "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">it’s contrary to
+            nature</span></span>.’</span> There was at one time almost as
+            great a prejudice against Indian teak as a material for
+            shipbuilding, as this wood is heavier than water, and, in the
+            form of a log, will not float.”</span></dd>
+
+            <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_32" name="note_32"
+            href="#noteref_32">32.</a></dt>
+
+            <dd class="tei tei-notetext">The above account is derived from
+            Lindsay.</dd>
+
+            <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_33" name="note_33"
+            href="#noteref_33">33.</a></dt>
+
+            <dd class="tei tei-notetext">See <span class=
+            "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Annual
+            Register</span></span>, 1854, p. 162.</dd>
+
+            <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_34" name="note_34"
+            href="#noteref_34">34.</a></dt>
+
+            <dd class="tei tei-notetext">The <span class=
+            "tei tei-hi"><span style=
+            "font-style: italic">Times</span></span>, November 17th,
+            1875.</dd>
+
+            <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_35" name="note_35"
+            href="#noteref_35">35.</a></dt>
+
+            <dd class="tei tei-notetext"><span class="tei tei-q">“Our Seamen:
+            an Appeal.”</span></dd>
+
+            <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_36" name="note_36"
+            href="#noteref_36">36.</a></dt>
+
+            <dd class="tei tei-notetext">An excess of that very aliment, the
+            absence of which produces scurvy, will also induce disease. Thus,
+            the negroes of the West Indies live too exclusively on
+            vegetables, and disease follows, the remedy for which is usually
+            <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">red
+            herrings</span></span>—herrings salted and smoked till they are
+            as red as copper.</dd>
+
+            <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_37" name="note_37"
+            href="#noteref_37">37.</a></dt>
+
+            <dd class="tei tei-notetext">The <span class=
+            "tei tei-hi"><span style=
+            "font-style: italic">Times</span></span>, January 14th,
+            1867.</dd>
+
+            <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_38" name="note_38"
+            href="#noteref_38">38.</a></dt>
+
+            <dd class="tei tei-notetext"><span class="tei tei-q">“English
+            Seamen and Divers.”</span></dd>
+
+            <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_39" name="note_39"
+            href="#noteref_39">39.</a></dt>
+
+            <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Frederick Martin: <span class=
+            "tei tei-q">“The History of Lloyd’s and of Marine Insurance in
+            Great Britain.”</span></dd>
+
+            <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_40" name="note_40"
+            href="#noteref_40">40.</a></dt>
+
+            <dd class="tei tei-notetext">The term is applied exclusively to
+            maritime insurers, although, strictly speaking, anyone signing a
+            bond is an underwriter.</dd>
+
+            <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_41" name="note_41"
+            href="#noteref_41">41.</a></dt>
+
+            <dd class="tei tei-notetext">See Lindsay’s <span class=
+            "tei tei-q">“History of Merchant Shipping,”</span> Timbs’
+            <span class="tei tei-q">“Year Book of Facts in Science and
+            Art,”</span> and Irving’s <span class="tei tei-q">“Annals of Our
+            Times.”</span> She is still nearly <span class=
+            "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">five</span></span>
+            times the size of any merchant vessel afloat; as we have seen,
+            the Inman steamer, <span class="tei tei-name"><span style=
+            "font-style: italic">City of Berlin</span></span> (5,500 tons),
+            comes next to her. There are ironclads nearly half her
+            tonnage.</dd>
+
+            <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_42" name="note_42"
+            href="#noteref_42">42.</a></dt>
+
+            <dd class="tei tei-notetext">One account says a <span class=
+            "tei tei-q">“ferry-boat,”</span> meaning probably one of the
+            large steam ferry-boats common in America.</dd>
+
+            <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_43" name="note_43"
+            href="#noteref_43">43.</a></dt>
+
+            <dd class="tei tei-notetext"><span class=
+            "tei tei-q">“Sunning”</span> means, in some parts of Canada, the
+            act of promenading.</dd>
+
+            <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_44" name="note_44"
+            href="#noteref_44">44.</a></dt>
+
+            <dd class="tei tei-notetext">The larger part of the above
+            information is derived from <span class="tei tei-q">“Our Ironclad
+            Ships,”</span> by E. J. Reed, late Chief Constructor of the
+            Navy.</dd>
+
+            <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_45" name="note_45"
+            href="#noteref_45">45.</a></dt>
+
+            <dd class="tei tei-notetext">The <span class=
+            "tei tei-hi"><span style=
+            "font-style: italic">Times</span></span>, April 26th, 1876.</dd>
+
+            <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_46" name="note_46"
+            href="#noteref_46">46.</a></dt>
+
+            <dd class="tei tei-notetext"><span class=
+            "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Vide</span></span>
+            <span class="tei tei-q">“Our Ironclad Ships.”</span></dd>
+
+            <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_47" name="note_47"
+            href="#noteref_47">47.</a></dt>
+
+            <dd class="tei tei-notetext">C. D. Colden: <span class=
+            "tei tei-q">“Life of Robert Fulton.”</span></dd>
+
+            <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_48" name="note_48"
+            href="#noteref_48">48.</a></dt>
+
+            <dd class="tei tei-notetext"><span class="tei tei-q">“Torpedo
+            War, and Submarine Explosions”</span> (New York, 1810). A scarce
+            and valuable <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style=
+            "font-style: italic">brochure</span></span>.</dd>
+
+            <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_49" name="note_49"
+            href="#noteref_49">49.</a></dt>
+
+            <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Such a vessel as the <span class=
+            "tei tei-name"><span style=
+            "font-style: italic">Albemarle</span></span> would be scorned in
+            England and America now-a-days, if regarded as an ironclad. But
+            she was, of course, infinitely stronger than the wooden ships
+            with which she had to fight.</dd>
+
+            <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_50" name="note_50"
+            href="#noteref_50">50.</a></dt>
+
+            <dd class="tei tei-notetext">The explosive power of dynamite, or
+            <span class="tei tei-q">“giant powder,”</span> as it is known in
+            America, is something wonderful. The writer while in California
+            witnessed some experiments with it, which are indelibly written
+            on his brain. A mortar was set upright in the field appropriated
+            for the exhibition, and several pounds of ordinary powder having
+            been rammed down, a large cannon-ball was put in and the charge
+            fired. The ball was raised a foot or so, and then tumbled to the
+            ground. A few <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style=
+            "font-style: italic">ounces</span></span> of dynamite and the
+            same ball were placed in the mortar, and the charge exploded by
+            concussion. The cannon-ball was projected upwards in the air
+            several hundred feet. It will be imagined that the writer and his
+            friends scattered in all directions, and watched very carefully
+            the downward flight of the ball.</dd>
+
+            <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_51" name="note_51"
+            href="#noteref_51">51.</a></dt>
+
+            <dd class="tei tei-notetext"><span class="tei tei-q">“The Gun,
+            Ram, and Torpedo.”</span> (Prize Essay written for the Junior
+            Naval Professional Association, 1874.) By Commander Gerard H. U.
+            Noel, R.N.</dd>
+
+            <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_52" name="note_52"
+            href="#noteref_52">52.</a></dt>
+
+            <dd class="tei tei-notetext"><span class="tei tei-q">“The Life of
+            Smeaton,”</span> as incorporated in his <span class=
+            "tei tei-q">“Lives of the Engineers.”</span></dd>
+
+            <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_53" name="note_53"
+            href="#noteref_53">53.</a></dt>
+
+            <dd class="tei tei-notetext">It appears that a post-mortem
+            examination of one of the light-keepers who died from injuries
+            received during the fire took place some thirteen days after its
+            occurrence, and a flat oval piece of lead some seven ounces in
+            weight was taken out of his stomach, having proved the cause of
+            his death.</dd>
+
+            <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_54" name="note_54"
+            href="#noteref_54">54.</a></dt>
+
+            <dd class="tei tei-notetext"><span class="tei tei-q">“Essays on
+            Engineering.”</span></dd>
+
+            <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_55" name="note_55"
+            href="#noteref_55">55.</a></dt>
+
+            <dd class="tei tei-notetext">The Hoe is an elevated promenade,
+            forming the sea-front of Plymouth, and overlooking the
+            Sound.</dd>
+
+            <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_56" name="note_56"
+            href="#noteref_56">56.</a></dt>
+
+            <dd class="tei tei-notetext">The following is the tradition from
+            an ancient source:—<span class="tei tei-q">“By the east of the
+            Isle of May, twelve miles from all land in the German Sea, lyes a
+            great hidden rock, called Inchcape, very dangerous to the
+            navigators, because it is overflowed every tide. It is reported
+            that, in old times, there was upon the said rock a bell, fixed
+            upon a tree or timber, which rang continually, being moved by the
+            sea, giving notice to the saylors of the danger. This bell or
+            clocke was put there by the Abbot of Arberbrothok, and being
+            taken down by a sea-pirate, a year thereafter he perished upon
+            the same rock, with ship and goodes, by the righteous judgment of
+            God.”</span> (Stoddart’s <span class="tei tei-q">“Remarks on
+            Scotland.”</span>)</dd>
+
+            <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_57" name="note_57"
+            href="#noteref_57">57.</a></dt>
+
+            <dd class="tei tei-notetext"><span class="tei tei-q">“Account of
+            the Skerryvore Lighthouse, with Notes on the Illumination of
+            Lighthouses,”</span> by Alan Stevenson.</dd>
+
+            <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_58" name="note_58"
+            href="#noteref_58">58.</a></dt>
+
+            <dd class="tei tei-notetext"><span class="tei tei-q">“A
+            Rudimentary Treatise on the History, Construction, and
+            Illumination of Lighthouses.”</span> (Weale’s Series.)</dd>
+
+            <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_59" name="note_59"
+            href="#noteref_59">59.</a></dt>
+
+            <dd class="tei tei-notetext"><span class=
+            "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Vide</span></span>
+            <span class="tei tei-q">“The Rambles of a Naturalist on the
+            Coasts of France, Spain, and Sicily.”</span></dd>
+
+            <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_60" name="note_60"
+            href="#noteref_60">60.</a></dt>
+
+            <dd class="tei tei-notetext">M. Quatrefages de Bréau, the
+            distinguished French naturalist and philosopher, says that the
+            revolving apparatus was partially due to M. Lemoine, a citizen,
+            and at one time Mayor, of Calais.</dd>
+
+            <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_61" name="note_61"
+            href="#noteref_61">61.</a></dt>
+
+            <dd class="tei tei-notetext">It was exposed twice to terrific
+            storms during its construction. In 1808 the battery was
+            submerged, the parapet upset, and the barracks and garrison, with
+            sixty men, swept away. But the large blocks of stone were
+            afterwards found to be more securely stowed than they had been
+            before.</dd>
+
+            <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_62" name="note_62"
+            href="#noteref_62">62.</a></dt>
+
+            <dd class="tei tei-notetext"><span class="tei tei-q">“An amount
+            of material,”</span> says a well-known authority, <span class=
+            "tei tei-q">“at least equal to that contained in the Great
+            Pyramid.”</span></dd>
+
+            <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_63" name="note_63"
+            href="#noteref_63">63.</a></dt>
+
+            <dd class="tei tei-notetext"><span class="tei tei-q">“Lives of
+            the Engineers.”</span></dd>
+
+            <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_64" name="note_64"
+            href="#noteref_64">64.</a></dt>
+
+            <dd class="tei tei-notetext">The <span class=
+            "tei tei-hi"><span style=
+            "font-style: italic">Times</span></span>, September 14th,
+            1861.</dd>
+
+            <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_65" name="note_65"
+            href="#noteref_65">65.</a></dt>
+
+            <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Horace Moule in Weldon’s
+            <span class="tei tei-q">“Register of Facts and Occurrences
+            relating to Literature, the Sciences, and the Arts,”</span>
+            December, 1862.</dd>
+
+            <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_66" name="note_66"
+            href="#noteref_66">66.</a></dt>
+
+            <dd class="tei tei-notetext">As described in the latter chapter
+            on the lighthouse.</dd>
+
+            <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_67" name="note_67"
+            href="#noteref_67">67.</a></dt>
+
+            <dd class="tei tei-notetext">This was the same gale which
+            destroyed Winstanley’s Eddystone Lighthouse, the first erected on
+            the rock, as already described. It is to be noted that
+            Winstanley’s house, at Littlebury, in Essex, 200 miles from the
+            lighthouse, fell down and was utterly destroyed in the same
+            storm.</dd>
+
+            <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_68" name="note_68"
+            href="#noteref_68">68.</a></dt>
+
+            <dd class="tei tei-notetext">This narrative differs from the more
+            circumstantial account given by Defoe, doubtless from official
+            authorities. The vessel had seventy guns, and 349 men; the
+            latter, likely enough, may not have been her full
+            complement.</dd>
+
+            <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_69" name="note_69"
+            href="#noteref_69">69.</a></dt>
+
+            <dd class="tei tei-notetext">A large part of the information
+            incorporated above is derived from one of the least known of
+            Defoe’s works, entitled, <span class="tei tei-q">“The Storm: or,
+            a Collection of the most Remarkable Casualities and Disasters
+            which happened in the Late Dreadful Tempest, both by Sea and
+            Land.”</span></dd>
+
+            <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_70" name="note_70"
+            href="#noteref_70">70.</a></dt>
+
+            <dd class="tei tei-notetext">
+              Although so severe in England and a large part of the
+              Continent, Scotland scarce felt the fury of the gale. Defoe, in
+              his poem on the subject, says:—
+
+              <div class="tei tei-lg" style=
+              "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-left: 2.00em; margin-top: 1.00em">
+              <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">
+                  <span class="tei tei-q" style="text-align: left">“They tell
+                  us Scotland ’scaped the blast;</span>
+                </div>
+
+                <div class="tei tei-l" style=
+                "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">
+                  No nation else have been without a taste:
+                </div>
+
+                <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">
+                  All Europe sure have felt the mighty shock,
+                </div>
+
+                <div class="tei tei-l" style=
+                "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">
+                  ’T has been a universal stroke.
+                </div>
+
+                <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">
+                  But heaven has other ways to plague the Scots,
+                </div>
+
+                <div class="tei tei-l" style=
+                "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">
+                  <span class="tei tei-q" style="text-align: left">As poverty
+                  and plots.”</span>
+                </div>
+              </div>
+            </dd>
+
+            <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_71" name="note_71"
+            href="#noteref_71">71.</a></dt>
+
+            <dd class="tei tei-notetext"><span class="tei tei-q">“History of
+            the Life-boat and its Work,”</span> by Richard Lewis, of the
+            Inner Temple, Esq., Secretary of the National Life-boat
+            Institution.</dd>
+
+            <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_72" name="note_72"
+            href="#noteref_72">72.</a></dt>
+
+            <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Including the grand name of William
+            Wilberforce.</dd>
+
+            <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_73" name="note_73"
+            href="#noteref_73">73.</a></dt>
+
+            <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Its revenue is now approximately ten
+            times the above amount.</dd>
+
+            <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_74" name="note_74"
+            href="#noteref_74">74.</a></dt>
+
+            <dd class="tei tei-notetext">For the perilous nature of the
+            employment, the pay is ridiculously small. It must be, however,
+            in fairness to the Institution, remembered that it is a society
+            depending on the benevolent public for its support, and is not a
+            Government concern. Each boat has its appointed coxswain at a
+            salary of £8 per annum, and assistants at £2 per annum. On every
+            occasion of going afloat to save life, the coxswain and his men
+            receive alike, 10s. if by day, and £1 if by night.</dd>
+
+            <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_75" name="note_75"
+            href="#noteref_75">75.</a></dt>
+
+            <dd class="tei tei-notetext"><span class="tei tei-q">“Storm
+            Warriors; or, Life-boat Work on the Goodwin Sands,”</span> by the
+            Rev. John Gilmore, M.A.</dd>
+
+            <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_76" name="note_76"
+            href="#noteref_76">76.</a></dt>
+
+            <dd class="tei tei-notetext"><span class=
+            "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">The
+            Times</span></span>, November 5th, 1866.</dd>
+
+            <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_77" name="note_77"
+            href="#noteref_77">77.</a></dt>
+
+            <dd class="tei tei-notetext"><span class=
+            "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">The
+            Times</span></span>, January 6th, 1876.</dd>
+
+            <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_78" name="note_78"
+            href="#noteref_78">78.</a></dt>
+
+            <dd class="tei tei-notetext"><span class=
+            "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">The Shipwrecked
+            Mariner.</span></span> A Quarterly Maritime Journal. Vol. XXII.
+            1875. (Organ of the <span class="tei tei-q">“Shipwrecked
+            Mariner’s Society.”</span>) The article is from the pen of Lindon
+            Saunders, Esq.</dd>
+
+            <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_79" name="note_79"
+            href="#noteref_79">79.</a></dt>
+
+            <dd class="tei tei-notetext"><span class=
+            "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">The Life-boat: a
+            Journal of the Life-boat Institution.</span></span> November 2nd,
+            1874.</dd>
+
+            <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_80" name="note_80"
+            href="#noteref_80">80.</a></dt>
+
+            <dd class="tei tei-notetext">The following account is based
+            mainly on the reports published in the <span class=
+            "tei tei-hi"><span style=
+            "font-style: italic">Times</span></span>.</dd>
+
+            <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_81" name="note_81"
+            href="#noteref_81">81.</a></dt>
+
+            <dd class="tei tei-notetext">A part of the crew behaved in a most
+            cowardly manner, and thought only of saving themselves, although
+            Captain Knowles and Mr. Brand, the chief officer, who stood nobly
+            by their posts, did all in their power to shame these recreants,
+            and themselves went down with the ship. The lines quoted above
+            were written by a graduate of Pembroke College, Cambridge, whose
+            promising career was cut short by death at an early age. The
+            poem, described as <span class="tei tei-q">“A Fragment,”</span>
+            is given in full in <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style=
+            "font-style: italic">The Lifeboat</span></span> for February 1st,
+            1878.</dd>
+
+            <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_82" name="note_82"
+            href="#noteref_82">82.</a></dt>
+
+            <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Vide <span class=
+            "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">The Life-boat; or,
+            Journal of the National Life-boat Institution</span></span>.
+            August 2, 1875.</dd>
+
+            <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_83" name="note_83"
+            href="#noteref_83">83.</a></dt>
+
+            <dd class="tei tei-notetext">The Scilly Islands, thirty miles
+            from the Land’s End, are 140 in number, and range in extent from
+            one to 1,600 acres, several of the larger being fully inhabited.
+            They are flanked by the grandest rock scenery, and surrounded by
+            reefs and rocks innumerable.</dd>
+
+            <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_84" name="note_84"
+            href="#noteref_84">84.</a></dt>
+
+            <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Captain Thomas had, we were told on
+            other authority, navigated the <span class=
+            "tei tei-name"><span style=
+            "font-style: italic">Schiller</span></span> across the Atlantic
+            and past the treacherous Scillies eight times. He imagined
+            himself to be far from a point of danger; and old sea-captains
+            assert that it is not uncommon for a vessel to be in advance of
+            her commander’s calculations—in other words, she may plough
+            through the water faster than he is aware. In this case the sun
+            had been absent for three days, and the course had been kept by
+            dead reckoning.</dd>
+
+            <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_85" name="note_85"
+            href="#noteref_85">85.</a></dt>
+
+            <dd class="tei tei-notetext"><span class=
+            "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">The
+            Lifeboat</span></span>, &amp;c., February 1st, 1876.</dd>
+
+            <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_86" name="note_86"
+            href="#noteref_86">86.</a></dt>
+
+            <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Shortly after the wreck of the
+            <span class="tei tei-name"><span style=
+            "font-style: italic">Deutschland</span></span>, the same
+            tug-boat, the <span class="tei tei-name"><span style=
+            "font-style: italic">Liverpool</span></span>, rescued from
+            certain death the crew of another foreign ship, this time a
+            Norwegian vessel, wrecked on the Ship-wash sandbank; and the
+            Ramsgate life-boat, summoned by telegram from Harwich, was towed
+            by the steam-tug <span class="tei tei-name"><span style=
+            "font-style: italic">Aid</span></span> no less than forty-five
+            miles to the scene of the disaster—only to find on arrival there
+            that the shipwrecked crew had already been saved by the Harwich
+            tug—and then another forty-five miles on her return. The fifteen
+            poor fellows on board had then been fourteen hours sitting in
+            their boat, with the seas and spray breaking over them through
+            the whole of this terrible voyage in a freezing atmosphere. They
+            landed in a benumbed and half-frozen state, from the effects of
+            which some of them were sure to suffer severely afterwards.</dd>
+
+            <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_87" name="note_87"
+            href="#noteref_87">87.</a></dt>
+
+            <dd class="tei tei-notetext"><span class=
+            "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">The
+            Lifeboat</span></span>, &amp;c., Feb. 1st, 1876.</dd>
+
+            <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_88" name="note_88"
+            href="#noteref_88">88.</a></dt>
+
+            <dd class="tei tei-notetext"><span class="tei tei-q">“The Loss of
+            the <span class="tei tei-name"><span style=
+            "font-style: italic">Amazon</span></span>.”</span> By the Rev. C.
+            A. Johns, B.A., F.L.S., &amp;c.</dd>
+
+            <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_89" name="note_89"
+            href="#noteref_89">89.</a></dt>
+
+            <dd class="tei tei-notetext">In sea-going steam-vessels the salt
+            water employed in the boilers incrusts the sides with a deposit
+            of salt, and it is necessary to <span class="tei tei-q">“blow
+            off”</span> every now and again, and discharge the water from
+            them.</dd>
+
+            <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_90" name="note_90"
+            href="#noteref_90">90.</a></dt>
+
+            <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Eliot Warburton, the author of
+            <span class="tei tei-q">“The Crescent and the Cross,”</span>
+            &amp;c., &amp;c.</dd>
+
+            <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_91" name="note_91"
+            href="#noteref_91">91.</a></dt>
+
+            <dd class="tei tei-notetext"><span class="tei tei-q">“The
+            <span class="tei tei-name"><span style=
+            "font-style: italic">Amazon</span></span>:”</span> A sermon
+            preached at St. Andrew’s Church, Plymouth, January 18th, 1852, by
+            the Rev. William Blood (one of the survivors).</dd>
+
+            <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_92" name="note_92"
+            href="#noteref_92">92.</a></dt>
+
+            <dd class="tei tei-notetext">This is common enough in all the
+            great steamship lines, where certain vessels acquire a name for
+            speed and accommodation, and where the captain is known as a
+            first-class commander. Passengers who can afford to wait often
+            delay their trips for weeks for the opportunity of sailing on a
+            favourite ship.</dd>
+
+            <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_93" name="note_93"
+            href="#noteref_93">93.</a></dt>
+
+            <dd class="tei tei-notetext">The Rev. D. J. Draper, a man of
+            fifty-six years of age, was returning to Australia, where for
+            thirty years he had laboured as a missionary, and where he was
+            very generally and deservedly respected. Part of the information
+            respecting the wreck is taken from <span class="tei tei-q">“The
+            Storm and the Haven,”</span> a tribute to his memory, published
+            in Melbourne the year of the terrible occurrence.</dd>
+
+            <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_94" name="note_94"
+            href="#noteref_94">94.</a></dt>
+
+            <dd class="tei tei-notetext">The official inquiry of the Board of
+            Trade elicited the fact that the number was somewhat smaller. The
+            total number of souls on board was 263, and of these 19 were
+            saved, leaving the number who perished at 244.</dd>
+
+            <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_95" name="note_95"
+            href="#noteref_95">95.</a></dt>
+
+            <dd class="tei tei-notetext">It is a fact that Captain Martin had
+            an interest in the <span class="tei tei-name"><span style=
+            "font-style: italic">London</span></span> to the extent of
+            £5,000. Hard to lose life and property so valuable—may be, so
+            important to others at home—at one and the same time!</dd>
+
+            <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_96" name="note_96"
+            href="#noteref_96">96.</a></dt>
+
+            <dd class="tei tei-notetext">The above account is principally
+            derived from a <span class="tei tei-q">“Narrative of the Loss of
+            the <span class="tei tei-name"><span style=
+            "font-style: italic">Rothsay Castle</span></span>,”</span> by
+            Lieut. R. J. Morrison, R.N., and other sources.</dd>
+
+            <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_97" name="note_97"
+            href="#noteref_97">97.</a></dt>
+
+            <dd class="tei tei-notetext">The writer has seen nearly the same
+            thing practised on the flat-bottomed stern-wheel steamers common
+            in some parts of America, where, in shallow water, the passengers
+            have been required to walk to the other side of the vessel, and
+            literally <span class="tei tei-q">“tip”</span> her on that side.
+            On one occasion in a <span class="tei tei-q">“slough,”</span> or
+            shallow passage, he saw a number of the passengers and crew
+            literally step out into the water and push the boat along, till,
+            with their exertions and the steam-power, she was got off the
+            bank.</dd>
+
+            <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_98" name="note_98"
+            href="#noteref_98">98.</a></dt>
+
+            <dd class="tei tei-notetext"><span class=
+            "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Vide</span></span>
+            <span class="tei tei-q">“Letters, &amp;c., on the Loss of the
+            <span class="tei tei-name"><span style=
+            "font-style: italic">Rothsay Castle</span></span>.”</span> By the
+            Rev. J. H. Stewart.</dd>
+
+            <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_99" name="note_99"
+            href="#noteref_99">99.</a></dt>
+
+            <dd class="tei tei-notetext"><span class="tei tei-q">“Narrative
+            of the Wreck of the Steamer <span class=
+            "tei tei-name"><span style=
+            "font-style: italic">Killarney</span></span>,”</span> &amp;c. By
+            Baron Spolasco, M.D., &amp;c., &amp;c.</dd>
+
+            <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_100" name="note_100"
+            href="#noteref_100">100.</a></dt>
+
+            <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Our information is derived from an
+            article on the subject in <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style=
+            "font-style: italic">The Life-boat</span></span> for November
+            1st, 1878.</dd>
+          </dl>
+        </div>
+      </div>
+      <hr class="doublepage" />
+
+      <div class="boxed tei tei-div" style=
+      "margin-bottom: 5.00em; margin-top: 5.00em">
+        <a name="pdf49" id="pdf49"></a><a name="toc50" id="toc50"></a>
+
+        <h1 class="tei tei-head" style=
+        "text-align: center; margin-bottom: 3.46em; margin-top: 3.46em">
+        <span style="font-size: 173%">Transcriber’s Note</span></h1>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">The illustrations
+        have been moved so that they do not break up paragraphs and are near
+        the text they illustrate, thus the page number of the illustration
+        might not match the page number in the List of Illustrations.</p>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Pages which
+        contain only an image have been left out in the pagination on the
+        margin.</p>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Several
+        illustrations which were missing from the List of Illustrations have
+        been added to it. They can be identified by the missing page numbers
+        in the list.</p>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">The following
+        changes have been made to the text:</p>
+
+        <table summary="This is a list." class="tei tei-list" style=
+        "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em">
+          <tbody>
+            <tr class="tei tei-labelitem">
+              <th class="tei tei-label"></th>
+
+              <td class="tei tei-item"><a href="#corrvii" class=
+              "tei tei-ref">page vii</a>, <span class=
+              "tei tei-q">“Parayaguan”</span> changed to <span class=
+              "tei tei-q">“Paraguayan”</span></td>
+            </tr>
+
+            <tr class="tei tei-labelitem">
+              <th class="tei tei-label"></th>
+
+              <td class="tei tei-item"><a href="#corr002" class=
+              "tei tei-ref">page 2</a>, <span class=
+              "tei tei-q">“succesfully”</span> changed to <span class=
+              "tei tei-q">“successfully”</span></td>
+            </tr>
+
+            <tr class="tei tei-labelitem">
+              <th class="tei tei-label"></th>
+
+              <td class="tei tei-item"><a href="#corr010" class=
+              "tei tei-ref">page 10</a>, <span class=
+              "tei tei-q">“Trindad”</span> changed to <span class=
+              "tei tei-q">“Trinidad”</span></td>
+            </tr>
+
+            <tr class="tei tei-labelitem">
+              <th class="tei tei-label"></th>
+
+              <td class="tei tei-item"><a href="#corr014" class=
+              "tei tei-ref">page 14</a>, period added after <span class=
+              "tei tei-q">“cwt”</span></td>
+            </tr>
+
+            <tr class="tei tei-labelitem">
+              <th class="tei tei-label"></th>
+
+              <td class="tei tei-item"><a href="#corr015" class=
+              "tei tei-ref">page 15</a>, quote mark removed before
+              <span class="tei tei-q">“Monson’s”</span></td>
+            </tr>
+
+            <tr class="tei tei-labelitem">
+              <th class="tei tei-label"></th>
+
+              <td class="tei tei-item"><a href="#corr034" class=
+              "tei tei-ref">page 34</a>, quote mark added before <span class=
+              "tei tei-q">“unparalleled”</span></td>
+            </tr>
+
+            <tr class="tei tei-labelitem">
+              <th class="tei tei-label"></th>
+
+              <td class="tei tei-item"><a href="#corr059" class=
+              "tei tei-ref">page 59</a>, quote mark added after <span class=
+              "tei tei-q">“them.”</span></td>
+            </tr>
+
+            <tr class="tei tei-labelitem">
+              <th class="tei tei-label"></th>
+
+              <td class="tei tei-item"><a href="#corr082" class=
+              "tei tei-ref">page 82</a>, quote mark added after <span class=
+              "tei tei-q">“it.”</span></td>
+            </tr>
+
+            <tr class="tei tei-labelitem">
+              <th class="tei tei-label"></th>
+
+              <td class="tei tei-item"><a href="#corr083" class=
+              "tei tei-ref">page 83</a>, quote mark added before <span class=
+              "tei tei-q">“we”</span></td>
+            </tr>
+
+            <tr class="tei tei-labelitem">
+              <th class="tei tei-label"></th>
+
+              <td class="tei tei-item"><a href="#corr086" class=
+              "tei tei-ref">page 86</a>, quote mark added after <span class=
+              "tei tei-q">“crazy!”</span></td>
+            </tr>
+
+            <tr class="tei tei-labelitem">
+              <th class="tei tei-label"></th>
+
+              <td class="tei tei-item"><a href="#corr107" class=
+              "tei tei-ref">page 107</a>, colon changed to period after
+              <span class="tei tei-q">“dews”</span></td>
+            </tr>
+
+            <tr class="tei tei-labelitem">
+              <th class="tei tei-label"></th>
+
+              <td class="tei tei-item"><a href="#corr113" class=
+              "tei tei-ref">page 113</a>, <span class="tei tei-q">“is”</span>
+              changed to <span class="tei tei-q">“it”</span></td>
+            </tr>
+
+            <tr class="tei tei-labelitem">
+              <th class="tei tei-label"></th>
+
+              <td class="tei tei-item"><a href="#corr120" class=
+              "tei tei-ref">page 120</a>, quote mark added after <span class=
+              "tei tei-q">“matter....”</span></td>
+            </tr>
+
+            <tr class="tei tei-labelitem">
+              <th class="tei tei-label"></th>
+
+              <td class="tei tei-item"><a href="#corr126" class=
+              "tei tei-ref">page 126</a>, quote mark added after <span class=
+              "tei tei-q">“Lloyd’s”</span></td>
+            </tr>
+
+            <tr class="tei tei-labelitem">
+              <th class="tei tei-label"></th>
+
+              <td class="tei tei-item"><a href="#corr129" class=
+              "tei tei-ref">page 129</a>, <span class="tei tei-q">“o
+              f”</span> changed to <span class="tei tei-q">“off”</span></td>
+            </tr>
+
+            <tr class="tei tei-labelitem">
+              <th class="tei tei-label"></th>
+
+              <td class="tei tei-item"><a href="#corr146" class=
+              "tei tei-ref">page 146</a>, quote mark added after <span class=
+              "tei tei-q">“ALEXANDRA.”</span></td>
+            </tr>
+
+            <tr class="tei tei-labelitem">
+              <th class="tei tei-label"></th>
+
+              <td class="tei tei-item"><a href="#corr173" class=
+              "tei tei-ref">page 173</a>, single quote mark added after
+              <span class="tei tei-q">“Arberbrothok.”</span></td>
+            </tr>
+
+            <tr class="tei tei-labelitem">
+              <th class="tei tei-label"></th>
+
+              <td class="tei tei-item"><a href="#corr177" class=
+              "tei tei-ref">page 177</a>, quote mark added after <span class=
+              "tei tei-q">“cry.”</span></td>
+            </tr>
+
+            <tr class="tei tei-labelitem">
+              <th class="tei tei-label"></th>
+
+              <td class="tei tei-item"><a href="#corr182" class=
+              "tei tei-ref">page 182</a>, <span class=
+              "tei tei-q">“occuping”</span> changed to <span class=
+              "tei tei-q">“occupying”</span></td>
+            </tr>
+
+            <tr class="tei tei-labelitem">
+              <th class="tei tei-label"></th>
+
+              <td class="tei tei-item"><a href="#corr183" class=
+              "tei tei-ref">page 183</a>, <span class=
+              "tei tei-q">“Frith”</span> changed to <span class=
+              "tei tei-q">“Firth”</span></td>
+            </tr>
+
+            <tr class="tei tei-labelitem">
+              <th class="tei tei-label"></th>
+
+              <td class="tei tei-item"><a href="#corr207" class=
+              "tei tei-ref">page 207</a>, quote mark added after <span class=
+              "tei tei-q">“increased.”</span></td>
+            </tr>
+
+            <tr class="tei tei-labelitem">
+              <th class="tei tei-label"></th>
+
+              <td class="tei tei-item"><a href="#corr210" class=
+              "tei tei-ref">page 210</a>, <span class=
+              "tei tei-q">“make”</span> changed to <span class=
+              "tei tei-q">“made”</span>, quote mark added after <a href=
+              "#corr210a" class="tei tei-ref"><span class=
+              "tei tei-q">“skeel”</span></a></td>
+            </tr>
+
+            <tr class="tei tei-labelitem">
+              <th class="tei tei-label"></th>
+
+              <td class="tei tei-item"><a href="#corr217" class=
+              "tei tei-ref">page 217</a>, quote mark added after <span class=
+              "tei tei-q">“rescue!”</span></td>
+            </tr>
+
+            <tr class="tei tei-labelitem">
+              <th class="tei tei-label"></th>
+
+              <td class="tei tei-item"><a href="#corr222" class=
+              "tei tei-ref">page 222</a>, <span class=
+              "tei tei-q">“seaman”</span> changed to <span class=
+              "tei tei-q">“seamen”</span></td>
+            </tr>
+
+            <tr class="tei tei-labelitem">
+              <th class="tei tei-label"></th>
+
+              <td class="tei tei-item"><a href="#corr268" class=
+              "tei tei-ref">page 268</a>, <span class=
+              "tei tei-q">“mother”</span> changed to <span class=
+              "tei tei-q">“mothers”</span></td>
+            </tr>
+
+            <tr class="tei tei-labelitem">
+              <th class="tei tei-label"></th>
+
+              <td class="tei tei-item"><a href="#corr283" class=
+              "tei tei-ref">page 283</a>, quote mark added after <span class=
+              "tei tei-q">“perish.”</span></td>
+            </tr>
+
+            <tr class="tei tei-labelitem">
+              <th class="tei tei-label"></th>
+
+              <td class="tei tei-item"><a href="#corr298" class=
+              "tei tei-ref">page 298</a>, <span class=
+              "tei tei-q">“pasengers”</span> changed to <span class=
+              "tei tei-q">“passengers”</span></td>
+            </tr>
+
+            <tr class="tei tei-labelitem">
+              <th class="tei tei-label"></th>
+
+              <td class="tei tei-item"><a href="#corr319" class=
+              "tei tei-ref">page 319</a>, quote mark added after <span class=
+              "tei tei-q">“3,317.”</span></td>
+            </tr>
+          </tbody>
+        </table>
+
+        <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Differences
+        between the table of contents and the chapter summaries have not been
+        corrected. Neither have variations in hyphenation been
+        normalized.</p>
+      </div>
+      <hr class="doublepage" />
+
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+        <div id="pgfooter" class="tei tei-div" style=
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+          <pre class="pre tei tei-div" style=
+          "margin-bottom: 3.00em; margin-top: 3.00em">
+***END OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE SEA: ITS STIRRING STORY OF ADVENTURE, PERIL, &amp; HEROISM. VOLUME 2***
+</pre>
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author	Roger Frank <rfrank@pglaf.org>	2025-10-14 20:12:33 -0700
committer	Roger Frank <rfrank@pglaf.org>	2025-10-14 20:12:33 -0700
commit	abbbae0a4a0825d07c6c844b048bb04b4aa2d5bc (patch)
tree	12872da3a0f2d8b5e3a42aeb8418030194945e7b /39342-h