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Baird, et. al..</title> + + +<style type="text/css"> +<!-- + +body {font-size: 1em; text-align: justify; margin-left: 5%; margin-right: 5%;} + +h1 {font-size: 120%; text-align: center; margin-top: 4em; margin-bottom: 4em; line-height: 1.5em;} +h2 {font-size: 115%; text-align: center; margin-top: 4em; margin-bottom: 2em;} +h3 {font-size: 110%; text-align: center; margin-top: 2em; margin-bottom: 1em; line-height: 1.5em;} +h4 {font-size: 105%; text-align: center; margin-top: 2em; margin-bottom: 1em;} + +a:focus, a:active { outline:#ffee66 solid 2px; background-color:#ffee66;} +a:focus img, a:active img {outline: #ffee66 solid 2px; } + +sup {line-height: 0em;} + +ul.none {list-style-type: none;} + +table {border-collapse: collapse; table-layout: auto; + font-size: 90%; + margin-left: 5%; margin-top: 1em; margin-bottom: 1em;} + +table.table10 {border-collapse: collapse; table-layout: auto; + width: 80%; font-size: 90%; + margin-left: 10%; margin-top: 1em; margin-bottom: 1em;} + +table.table15 {border-collapse: collapse; table-layout: fixed; + width: 90%; font-size: 80%; + margin-left: 15%; margin-top: 1em; margin-bottom: 1em;} + +p {text-indent: 1em;} +p.tn {margin-left: 10%; width: 80%;} + + + +.p2 {margin-top: 2em; margin-bottom: 1em;} +.p4 {margin-top: 4em; margin-bottom: 1em;} + +.smcap {font-variant: small-caps; font-size: 95%;} +.smaller {font-size: 85%;} +.small {font-size: 70%;} + +.center {text-align: center; text-indent: 0em;} +.right {text-align: right;} +.right10 {text-align: right; margin-right: 10%;} +.add1em {margin-left: 1em;} +.add2em {margin-left: 2em;} +.ralign20 {position: absolute; right: 20%; top: auto;} + +.quote {margin-left: 10%; font-size: 95%;} + +.bord_right {border-style: none solid none none;} +.bord_topright {border-style: solid solid none none;} +.bord_top {border-style: solid none none none;} +.bord_left {border-style: none none none solid;} +.nobord {border-style: none none none none;} +.nobordbot {border-style: solid solid none solid;} +.nobordtopbot {border-style: none solid none solid;} +.nobordleft {border-style: solid solid solid none;} +.nobordright {border-style: solid none solid solid;} + +.box {border-style: solid; border-width: 1px; + margin: 3em 10% 1em 10%; padding: 1em;} + +.figcenter {margin: auto; text-align: center;} +.floatleft {float: left; clear: left; text-align: center; + padding: 5px; margin: 0 7px 0 0;} +.floatright {float: right; clear: right; text-align: center; + padding: 5px; margin: 0 0 0 7px;} +.caption200 {width: 200px;} +.caption300 {width: 300px;} + +.pagenum {visibility: hidden; + position: absolute; right:0; text-align: right; + font-size: 10px; + font-weight: normal; font-variant: normal; + font-style: normal; letter-spacing: normal; + color: #C0C0C0; background-color: inherit;} + +--> +</style> +</head> +<body> + + +<pre> + +The Project Gutenberg EBook of Illustrated Catalogue of Locomotives, by +Matthew Baird, George Burnham, Charles T. Parry, Edward H. Williams and William P. Henszey + +This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with +almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or +re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included +with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org/license + + +Title: Illustrated Catalogue of Locomotives + Baldwin Locomotive Works + +Author: Matthew Baird + George Burnham + Charles T. Parry + Edward H. Williams + William P. Henszey + +Release Date: April 1, 2012 [EBook #39329] + +Language: English + +Character set encoding: ISO-8859-1 + +*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK ILLUSTRATED CATALOGUE *** + + + + +Produced by Colin Bell, Christine P. Travers and the Online +Distributed Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net (This +file was produced from images generously made available +by The Internet Archive) + + + + + + +</pre> + + +<a id="img001" name="img001"></a> +<div class="figcenter"> +<img src="images/img001.jpg" width="600" height="375" alt="" title=""> +<p>BALDWIN LOCOMOTIVE WORKS.<br> +[<span class="smcap">Bird's-eye View.</span>]</p> +</div> + +<p class="p4 center smcap">Baldwin Locomotive Works.</p> + +<h1>ILLUSTRATED CATALOGUE<br> +<span class="small">OF</span><br> +<span class="smaller">LOCOMOTIVES.</span></h1> + +<p class="p2 center">M. BAIRD & Co.,</p> + +<p class="smcap center">PHILADELPHIA.</p> + +<table class="table15" border="0" cellpadding="0" summary="Authors."> +<colgroup> + <col width="50%"> + <col width="50%"> +</colgroup> +<tr> +<td>MATTHEW BAIRD,</td> +<td>EDWARD H. WILLIAMS,</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>GEORGE BURNHAM,</td> +<td>WILLIAM P. HENSZEY,</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>CHARLES T. PARRY,</td> +<td>EDWARD LONGSTRETH.</td> +</tr> +</table> + +<p class="p4 center smaller">PRESS OF<br> + J. B. LIPPINCOTT & CO.,<br> + PHILADELPHIA.</p> + +<h2><span class="pagenum"><a id="page5" name="page5"></a>(p. 5)</span> SKETCH OF THE BALDWIN LOCOMOTIVE WORKS.</h2> + +<p><span class="smcap">The Baldwin Locomotive Works</span> dates its origin from the inception of +steam railroads in America. Called into existence by the early +requirements of the railroad interests of the country, it has grown +with their growth and kept pace with their progress. It has +reflected in its career the successive stages of American railroad +practice, and has itself contributed largely to the development of +the locomotive as it exists to-day. A history of the Baldwin +Locomotive Works, therefore, is, in a great measure, a record of the +progress of locomotive engineering in this country, and as such +cannot fail to be of interest to all who are concerned in this +important element of our material progress.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Matthias W. Baldwin</span>, the founder of the establishment, learned the +trade of a jeweler, and entered the service of Fletcher & Gardiner, +Jewelers and Silversmiths, Philadelphia, in 1817. Two years later he +opened a small shop, in the same line of business, on his own +account. The demand for articles of this character falling off, +however, he formed a partnership, in 1825, with David Mason, a +machinist, in the manufacture of bookbinders' tools and cylinders +for calico-printing. Their shop was in a small alley which runs +north from Walnut Street, above Fourth. They afterwards removed to +Minor Street, below Sixth. The business was so successful that +steam-power became necessary in carrying on their manufactures, and +an engine was bought for the purpose. This proving unsatisfactory, +Mr. Baldwin decided to design and construct one which should be +specially adapted to the requirements of his shop. One of these +requirements was that it should occupy the least possible space, and +this was met by the construction of an upright engine on a novel and +ingenious plan. On a bed-plate about five feet square an upright +cylinder was placed; the piston-rod connected to a cross-bar having +two legs, turned downward, and sliding in grooves on the sides of +the cylinder, which thus formed the guides. To the sides of these +legs, at their lower ends, was connected by pivots an inverted +U-shaped frame, prolonged at the arch into a single rod, which took +hold of the crank of a fly-wheel carried by upright standards on the +bed-plate. It will be seen that the length of the ordinary separate +guide-bars was thus saved, and the whole engine was brought within +the smallest possible compass. The design of the machine was not +only unique, but its workmanship was so excellent, and its +efficiency so great, as readily to procure for Mr. Baldwin <span class="pagenum"><a id="page6" name="page6"></a>(p. 6)</span> +orders for additional stationary engines. His attention was thus +turned to steam engineering, and the way was prepared for his +grappling with the problem of the locomotive when the time should +arrive.</p> + +<p>This original stationary engine, constructed prior to 1830, has been +in almost constant service since its completion, and at this day is +still in use, furnishing all the power required to drive the +machinery in the erecting-shop of the present works. The visitor who +beholds it quietly performing its regular duty in a corner of the +shop, may justly regard it with considerable interest, as in all +probability the indirect foundation of the Baldwin Locomotive Works, +and permitted still to contribute to the operation of the mammoth +industry which it was instrumental in building up.</p> + +<p>The manufacture of stationary steam-engines thus took a prominent +place in the establishment, and Mr. Mason shortly afterward withdrew +from the business.</p> + +<p>In 1829-30 the use of steam as a motive power on railroads had begun +to engage the attention of American engineers. A few locomotives had +been imported from England, and one (which, however, was not +successful) had been constructed at the West Point Foundry, in New +York City. To gratify the public interest in the new motor, Mr. +Franklin Peale, then proprietor of the Philadelphia Museum, applied +to Mr. Baldwin to construct a miniature locomotive for exhibition in +his establishment. With the aid only of the imperfect published +descriptions and sketches of the locomotives which had taken part in +the Rainhill competition in England, Mr. Baldwin undertook the work, +and on the 25th of April, 1831, the miniature locomotive was put in +motion on a circular track made of pine boards covered with hoop +iron, in the rooms of the Museum. Two small cars, containing seats +for four passengers, were attached to it, and the novel spectacle +attracted crowds of admiring spectators. Both anthracite and +pine-knot coal were used as fuel, and the exhaust steam was +discharged into the chimney, thus utilizing it to increase the +draught.</p> + +<p>The success of the model was such that, in the same year, Mr. +Baldwin received an order for a locomotive from the Philadelphia, +Germantown and Norristown Railroad Company, whose short line of six +miles to Germantown was operated by horse-power. The Camden and +Amboy Railroad Company had shortly before imported a locomotive from +England, which was stored in a shed at Bordentown. It had not yet +been put together; but Mr. Baldwin, in company with his friend, Mr. +Peale, visited the spot, inspected the detached parts, and made a +few memoranda of some of its principal dimensions. Guided by these +figures and his experience with the Peale model, Mr. Baldwin +commenced the task. The difficulties to be overcome in filling the +order can hardly be appreciated at this day. There were few +mechanics competent to do any part of the work on a locomotive. +Suitable tools were with difficulty obtainable. Cylinders were bored +by a chisel fixed in a block of wood and turned by hand. Blacksmiths +able to weld a bar of iron exceeding one and one-quarter inches in +thickness, were few, or not to be had. It was necessary for Mr. +Baldwin to do much of the work with his own hands, to educate the +workmen who assisted him, and to improvise tools for the various +processes.</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="page7" name="page7"></a>(p. 7)</span> The work was prosecuted, nevertheless, under all these +difficulties, and the locomotive was finally completed, christened +the "Old Ironsides," and tried on the road, November 23, 1832. The +circumstances of the trial are fully preserved, and are given, +further on, in the extracts from the journals of the day. Despite +some imperfections, naturally occurring in a first effort, and which +were afterward, to a great extent, remedied, the engine was, for +that early day, a marked and gratifying success. It was put at once +into service, as appears from the Company's advertisement three days +after the trial, and did duty on the Germantown road and others for +over a score of years.</p> + +<a id="img002" name="img002"></a> +<div class="figcenter"> +<img src="images/img002.jpg" width="500" height="347" alt="" title=""> +<p>Fig. 1.—<span class="smcap">The "Old Ironsides," 1832</span>.</p> +</div> + +<p>The "Ironsides" was a four-wheeled engine, modeled essentially on +the English practice of that day, as shown in the "Planet" class, +and weighed, in running order, something over five tons. The rear or +driving-wheels were fifty-four inches in diameter on a crank-axle +placed in front of the fire-box. The cranks were thirty-nine inches +from centre to centre. The front wheels, which were simply carrying +wheels, were forty-five inches in diameter, on an axle placed just +back of the cylinders. The cylinders were nine and one-half inches +in diameter by eighteen inches stroke, and were attached +horizontally to the outside of the smoke-box, which was D-shaped, +with the sides receding inwardly, so as to bring the centre line of +each cylinder in line with the centre of the crank. The wheels were +made with heavy cast-iron hubs, wooden spokes and rims, and +wrought-iron tires. The frame was of wood, placed outside the +wheels. The boiler was thirty inches in diameter, and contained +seventy-two copper flues, one and one-half inches in diameter and +seven feet long. The tender was a four-wheeled platform, with wooden +sides and back, carrying an iron box for a water-tank, inclosed in a +wooden casing, and with a space for fuel in front. The engine had no +cab. The valve-motion was given by a single loose eccentric for each +cylinder, placed on the axle between the crank and the hub of the +wheel. On the inside of the eccentric was a half-circular slot, +running half-way around. A stop was fastened to the axle at the arm +of the crank, terminating in a pin which projected into the slot. +This pin would thus hold the eccentric at one end or the other of +the half-circular slot, and the engine was reversed by moving the +eccentric about the axle, by means of movable hand-levers set in +sockets in the rock-shafts, until it was arrested and held by the +pin at one end or the other of the slot. The rock-shafts, which were +under the footboard, had arms above and below, and the +eccentric-straps had each a forked rod, with a hook, or an upper and +lower latch or pin, at <span class="pagenum"><a id="page8" name="page8"></a>(p. 8)</span> their extremities, to engage with the +upper or lower arm of the rock-shaft. The eccentric-rods were raised +or lowered by a double treadle, so as to connect with the upper or +lower arm of the rock-shaft, according as forward or backward gear +was desired. A peculiarity in the exhaust of the "Ironsides" was +that there was only a single straight pipe running across from one +cylinder to the other, with an opening in the upper side of the +pipe, midway between the cylinders, to which was attached at right +angles the perpendicular pipe into the chimney. The cylinders, +therefore, exhausted against each other; and it was found, after the +engine had been put in use, that this was a serious objection. This +defect was afterwards remedied by turning each exhaust-pipe upward +into the chimney, substantially as is now done. The steam-joints +were made with canvas and red-lead, as was the practice in English +locomotives, and in consequence much trouble was caused, from time +to time, by leaking.</p> + +<p>The price of the engine was to have been $4000, but some difficulty +was found in procuring a settlement. The Company claimed that the +engine did not perform according to contract; and objection was also +made to some of the defects alluded to. After these had been +corrected as far as possible, however, Mr. Baldwin finally succeeded +in effecting a compromise settlement, and received from the Company +$3500 for the machine.</p> + +<p>We are indebted for the sketch of the "Ironsides" from which the +accompanying cut is produced, as well as for other valuable +particulars in regard to the engine, to Mr. H. R. Campbell, who was +the Chief Engineer of the Germantown and Norristown Railroad when +the "Ironsides" was placed in service, and who is thoroughly +familiar with all the facts in regard to the engine. Much of the +success of the machine was due to his exertions, as, while the +President of the Company was inclined to reject it as defective, Mr. +Campbell was earnest in his efforts to correct its imperfections, +and his influence contributed largely to retain the engine on the +road.</p> + +<p>The results of the trial and the impression produced by it on the +public mind may be gathered from the following extracts from the +newspapers of the day:</p> + +<p>The <i>United States Gazette</i> of Nov. 24th, 1832, remarks:</p> + +<p class="quote"> + "A most gratifying experiment was made yesterday afternoon on the + Philadelphia, Germantown and Norristown Railroad. The beautiful + locomotive engine and tender, built by Mr. Baldwin, of this city, + whose reputation as an ingenious machinist is well known, were + for the first time placed on the road. The engine traveled about + six miles, working with perfect accuracy and ease in all its + parts, and with great velocity."</p> + +<p>The <i>Chronicle</i> of the same date noticed the trial more at length, +as follows:</p> + +<p class="quote"> + "It gives us pleasure to state that the locomotive engine built + by our townsman, M. W. Baldwin, has proved highly successful. In + the presence of several gentlemen of science and information on + such subjects, the engine was yesterday placed upon the road for + the first time. All her parts had been previously highly finished + and fitted together in Mr. Baldwin's factory. She was taken apart + on Tuesday and removed to the Company's depot, and yesterday + morning she was completely together, ready for travel. After the + regular passenger cars had arrived from Germantown in the + afternoon, the tracks being clear, preparation was made for her + starting. The placing fire in the furnace and raising steam + occupied twenty minutes. The engine (with her tender) moved from + the depot in beautiful style, working with great <span class="pagenum"><a id="page9" name="page9"></a>(p. 9)</span> ease and + uniformity. She proceeded about half a mile beyond the Union + Tavern, at the township line, and returned immediately, a + distance of six miles, at a speed of about twenty-eight miles to + the hour, her speed having been slackened at all the road + crossings, and it being after dark, but a portion of her power + was used. It is needless to say that the spectators were + delighted. From this experiment there is every reason to believe + this engine will draw thirty tons gross, at an average speed of + forty miles an hour, on a level road. The principal superiority + of the engine over any of the English ones known, consists in the + light weight,—which is but between four and five tons,—her + small bulk, and the simplicity of her working machinery. We + rejoice at the result of this experiment, as it conclusively + shows that Philadelphia, always famous for the skill of her + mechanics, is enabled to produce steam-engines for railroads + combining so many superior qualities as to warrant the belief + that her mechanics will hereafter supply nearly all the public + works of this description in the country."</p> + +<p>On subsequent trials, the "Ironsides" attained a speed of thirty +miles per hour, with its usual train attached. So great were the +wonder and curiosity which attached to such a prodigy, that people +flocked to see the marvel, and eagerly bought the privilege of +riding after the strange monster. The officers of the road were not +slow to avail themselves of the public interest to increase their +passenger receipts, and the following advertisement from <i>Poulson's +American Daily Advertiser</i> of Nov. 26, 1832, will show that as yet +they regarded the new machine rather as a curiosity and a bait to +allure travel than as a practical, every-day servant:</p> + +<p class="quote"> + "<span class="smcap">Notice.</span>—The locomotive engine (built by M. W. Baldwin, of this + city) will depart daily, <i>when the weather is fair</i>, with a train + of passenger cars. <i>On rainy days horses will be attached.</i>"</p> + +<p>This announcement did not mean that in wet weather horses <i>would be +attached to the locomotive</i> to aid if in drawing the train, but that +the usual horse-cars would be employed in making the trips upon the +road without the engine.</p> + +<p>Upon making the first trip to Germantown with a passenger train with +the Ironsides, one of the drivers slipped upon the axle, causing the +wheels to track less than the gauge of the road and drop in between +the rails. It was also discovered that the valve arrangement of the +pumps was defective, and they failed to supply the boiler with +water. The shifting of the driving wheel upon the axle fastened the +eccentric, so that it would not operate in backward motion. These +mishaps caused delay, and prevented the engine from reaching its +destination, to the great disappointment of all concerned. They were +corrected in a few days, and the machine was used in experimenting +upon its efficiency, making occasional trips with trains to +Germantown. The road had an ascending grade, nearly uniform, of +thirty-two feet per mile, and for the last half-mile of forty-five +feet per mile, and it was found that the engine was too light for +the business of the road upon these grades.</p> + +<p>Such was Mr. Baldwin's first locomotive; and it is related of him +that his discouragement at the difficulties which he had undergone +in building it and in finally procuring a settlement for it was such +that he remarked to one of his friends, with much decision, "That is +our last locomotive."</p> + +<p>It was some time before he received an order for another, but +meanwhile the <span class="pagenum"><a id="page10" name="page10"></a>(p. 10)</span> subject had become singularly fascinating to +him, and occupied his mind so fully that he was eager to work out +his new ideas in a tangible form.</p> + +<a id="img003" name="img003"></a> +<div class="floatleft"> +<img src="images/img003.jpg" width="200" height="391" alt="" title=""> +<p class="caption200">Fig. 2.—<span class="smcap">Half-Crank.</span></p> +</div> + +<p>Shortly after the "Ironsides" had been placed on the Germantown +road, Mr. E. L. Miller, of Charleston, S. C, came to Philadelphia +and made a careful examination of the machine. Mr. Miller had, in +1830, contracted to furnish a locomotive to the Charleston and +Hamburg Railroad Company, and accordingly the engine "Best Friend" +had been built under his direction at the West Point Foundry, New +York. After inspecting the "Ironsides," he suggested to Mr. Baldwin +to visit the Mohawk and Hudson Railroad and examine an English +locomotive which had been placed on that road in July, 1831, by +Messrs. Robert Stephenson & Co., of Newcastle, England. It was +originally a four-wheeled engine of the "Planet" type, with +horizontal cylinders and crank-axle. The front wheels of this engine +were removed about a year after the machine was put at work, and a +four-wheeled swiveling or "bogie" truck substituted. The result of +Mr. Baldwin's investigations was the adoption of this design, but +with some important improvements. Among these was the "half-crank," +which he devised on his return from this trip, and which he patented +September 10, 1834. In this form of crank, shown in Figure 2, the +outer arm is omitted, and the wrist is fixed in a spoke of the +wheel. In other words, the wheel itself formed one arm of the crank. +The result sought and gained was that the cranks were strengthened, +and, being at the extremities of the axle, the boiler could be made +larger in diameter and placed lower. The driving axle could also be +placed back of the fire-box, the connecting rods passing by the +sides of the fire-box and taking hold inside of the wheels. This +arrangement of the crank also involved the placing of the cylinders +outside the smoke-box, as was done on the "Ironsides."</p> + +<p>By the time the order for the second locomotive was received, Mr. +Baldwin had matured this device and was prepared to embody it in +practical form. The order came from Mr. E. L. Miller in behalf of +the Charleston and Hamburg Railroad Company, and the engine bore his +name, and was completed February 18, 1834. It was on six wheels; one +pair being drivers, four and a half feet in diameter, with +half-crank axle placed back of the fire-box as above described, and +the four front wheels combined in a swiveling truck. The +driving-wheels, it should be observed, were cast in solid +bell-metal. The combined wood and iron wheels used on the +"Ironsides" had proved objectionable, and Mr. Baldwin, in his +endeavors to find a satisfactory substitute, had recourse to brass. +June 29, 1833, he took out a patent for a cast-brass wheel, his idea +being that by varying the hardness of the metal the adhesion of the +drivers on the rails could be increased or diminished at will. The +brass wheels on the "Miller," however, soon wore out, and the +experiment with this metal was not repeated. The "E. L. Miller" had +cylinders ten inches in diameter; stroke of piston, sixteen inches; +and weighed, with water in the boiler, seven tons eight +hundredweight. The <span class="pagenum"><a id="page11" name="page11"></a>(p. 11)</span> boiler had a high dome over the +fire-box, as shown in Figure 3; and this form of construction, it +may be noted, was followed, with a few exceptions, for many years.</p> + +<p>The valve-motion was given by a single fixed eccentric for each +cylinder. Each eccentric-strap had two arms attached to it, one +above and the other below, and, as the driving-axle was back of the +fire-box, these arms were prolonged backward under the footboard, +with a hook on the inner side of the end of each. The rock-shaft had +arms above and below its axis, and the hooks of the two rods of each +eccentric were moved by hand-levers so as to engage with either arm, +thus producing backward or forward gear. This form of single +eccentric, peculiar to Mr. Baldwin, was in the interest of +simplicity in the working parts, and was adhered to for some years. +It gave rise to an animated controversy among mechanics as to +whether, with its use, it was possible to get a lead on the valve in +both directions. Many maintained that this was impracticable; but +Mr. Baldwin demonstrated by actual experience that the reverse was +the case.</p> + +<p>Meanwhile the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania had given Mr. Baldwin an +order for a locomotive for the State Road, as it was then called, +from Philadelphia to Columbia, which, up to that time, had been +worked by horses. This engine, called the "Lancaster," was completed +in June, 1834. It was similar to the "Miller," and weighed seventeen +thousand pounds. After it was placed in service, the records show +that it hauled at one time nineteen loaded burden cars over the +highest grades between Philadelphia and Columbia. This was +characterized at the time by the officers of the road as an +"unprecedented performance." The success of the machine on its trial +trips was such that the Legislature decided to adopt steam-power for +working the road, and Mr. Baldwin received orders for several +additional locomotives. Two others were accordingly delivered to the +State in September and November respectively of that year, and one +was also built and delivered to the Philadelphia and Trenton +Railroad Company during the same season. This latter engine, which +was put in service October 21, 1834, averaged twenty-one thousand +miles per year to September 15, 1840.</p> + +<a id="img004" name="img004"></a> +<div class="floatright"> +<img src="images/img004.jpg" width="300" height="236" alt="" title=""> +<p class="caption300">Fig. 3.—<span class="smcap">Baldwin Engine, 1834.</span></p> +</div> + +<p>Five locomotives were thus completed in 1834, and the new business +was fairly under way. The building in Lodge Alley, to which Mr. +Baldwin had removed from Minor Street, and where these engines were +constructed, began to be found too contracted, and another removal +was decided upon. A location on Broad and Hamilton Streets (the +site, in part, of the present works) was selected, and a three-story +L-shaped brick building, fronting on both streets, erected. This was +completed and the business removed to it during the following year +(1835). The original building still stands, forming the office, +drawing-room, and principal machine-shops of the present works.</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="page12" name="page12"></a>(p. 12)</span> These early locomotives, built in 1834, were the types of +Mr. Baldwin's practice for some years. Their general design is shown +in Figure 3. All, or nearly all of them, embraced several important +devices, which were the results of his study and experiments up to +that time. The devices referred to were patented September 10, 1834, +and the same patent covered the four following inventions, viz.:</p> + +<p>1. The half-crank, and method of attaching it to the driving-wheel. +(This has already been described.)</p> + +<a id="img005" name="img005"></a> +<div class="figcenter"> +<img src="images/img005.jpg" width="400" height="423" alt="" title=""> +<p>Fig. 4.—<span class="smcap">Baldwin Compound Wood and Iron Wheels, +1834.</span></p> +</div> + +<p>2. A new mode of constructing the wheels of locomotive engines and +cars. In this the hub and spokes were of cast-iron, cast together. +The spokes were cast without a rim, and terminated in segment +flanges, each spoke having a separate flange disconnected from its +neighbors. By this means, it was claimed, the injurious effect of +the unequal expansion of the materials composing the wheels was +lessened or altogether prevented. The flanges bore against wooden +felloes, made in two thicknesses, and put together so as to break +joints. Tenons or pins projected from the flanges into openings made +in the wooden felloes, to keep them in place. Around the whole the +tire was passed and secured by bolts. The above sketch shows the +device.</p> + +<p>3. A new mode of forming the joints of steam and other tubes. This +was <span class="pagenum"><a id="page13" name="page13"></a>(p. 13)</span> Mr. Baldwin's invention of ground joints for +steam-pipes, which was a very valuable improvement over previous +methods of making joints with red-lead packing, and which rendered +it possible to carry a much higher pressure of steam.</p> + +<p>4. A new mode of forming the joints and other parts of the +supply-pump, and of locating the pump itself. This invention +consisted in making the single guide-bar hollow and using it for the +pump-barrel. The pump-plunger was attached to the piston-rod at a +socket or sleeve formed for the purpose, and the hollow guide-bar +terminated in the vertical pump-chamber. This chamber was made in +two pieces, joined about midway between the induction and +eduction-pipes. This joint was ground steam-tight, as were also the +joints of the induction-pipe with the bottom of the lower chamber, +and the flange of the eduction-pipe with the top of the upper +chamber. All these parts were held together by a stirrup with a +set-screw in its arched top, and the arrangement was such that by +simply unscrewing this set-screw the different sections of the +chamber, with all the valves, could be taken apart for cleaning or +adjusting. The cut below illustrates the device.</p> + +<a id="img006" name="img006"></a> +<div class="figcenter"> +<img src="images/img006.jpg" width="500" height="278" alt="" title=""> +<p>Fig. 5.—<span class="smcap">Pump and Stirrup.</span></p> +</div> + +<p>It is probable that the five engines built during 1834 embodied all, +or nearly all, these devices. They all had the half-crank, the +ground joints for steam-pipes (which was first made by him in 1833), +and the pump formed in the guide-bar, and all had the four-wheeled +truck in front, and a single pair of drivers back of the fire-box. +On this position of the driving-wheels, Mr. Baldwin laid great +stress, as it made a more even distribution of the weight, throwing +about one-half on the drivers and one-half on the four-wheeled +truck. It also extended the wheel-base, making the engine much +steadier and less damaging to the track. Mr. William Norris, who had +established a locomotive works in Philadelphia in 1832, was at this +time building a six-wheeled engine with a truck in front and the +driving-wheels placed in front of the fire-box. Considerable rivalry +naturally existed between the two manufacturers as to the +comparative <span class="pagenum"><a id="page14" name="page14"></a>(p. 14)</span> merits of their respective plans. In Mr. +Norris's engine, the position of the driving-axle in front of the +fire-box threw on it more of the weight of the engine, and thus +increased the adhesion and the tractive power. Mr. Baldwin, however, +maintained the superiority of his plan, as giving a better +distribution of the weight and a longer wheel-base, and consequently +rendering the machine less destructive to the track. As the iron +rails then in use were generally light, and much of the track was of +wood, this feature was of some importance.</p> + +<p>To the use of the ground joint for steam-pipes, however, much of the +success of his early engines was due. The English builders were +making locomotives with canvas and red-lead joints, permitting a +steam pressure of only sixty pounds per inch to be carried, while +Mr. Baldwin's machines were worked at one hundred and twenty pounds +with ease. Several locomotives imported from England at about this +period by the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania for the State Road (three +of which were made by Stephenson) had canvas and red-lead joints, +and their efficiency was so much less than that of the Baldwin +engines, on account of this and other features of construction, that +they were soon laid aside or sold.</p> + +<p>In June, 1834, a patent was issued to Mr. E. L. Miller, by whom Mr. +Baldwin's second engine was ordered, for a method of increasing the +adhesion of a locomotive by throwing a part of the weight of the +tender on the rear of the engine, thus increasing the weight on the +drivers. Mr. Baldwin adopted this device on an engine built for the +Philadelphia and Trenton Railroad Company, May, 1835, and thereafter +used it largely, paying one hundred dollars royalty for each engine. +Eventually (May 6, 1839) he bought the patent for nine thousand +dollars, evidently considering that the device was especially +valuable, if not indispensable, in order to render his engine as +powerful, when required, as other patterns having the driving-wheels +in front of the fire-box, and therefore utilizing more of the weight +of the engine for adhesion.</p> + +<p>In making the truck and tender wheels of these early locomotives, +the hubs were cast in three pieces and afterward banded with +wrought-iron, the interstices being filled with spelter. This method +of construction was adopted on account of the difficulty then found +in casting a chilled wheel in one solid piece.</p> + +<p>April 3, 1835, Mr. Baldwin took out a patent for certain +improvements in the wheels and tubes of locomotive engines. That +relating to the wheels provided for casting the hub and spokes +together, and having the spokes terminate in segments of a rim, as +described in his patent of September 10, 1834. Between the ends of +the spokes and the tires wood was interposed, and the tire might be +either of wrought-iron or of chilled cast-iron. The intention was +expressed of making the tire usually of cast-iron chilled. The main +object, however, was declared to be the interposition between the +spokes and the rim of a layer of wood or other substance possessing +some degree of elasticity. This method of making driving-wheels was +followed for several years.</p> + +<p>The improvement in locomotive tubes consisted in driving a copper +ferrule or thimble on the outside of the end of the tube, and +soldering it in place, instead <span class="pagenum"><a id="page15" name="page15"></a>(p. 15)</span> of driving a ferrule into +the tube, as had previously been the practice. The object of the +latter method had been to make a tight joint with the tube-sheet; +but, by putting the ferrule on the outside of the tube, not only was +the joint made as tight as before, but the tube was strengthened, +and left unobstructed throughout to the full extent of its diameter. +This method of setting flues has been generally followed in the +works from that date to the present, the only difference being that, +at this time, with iron tubes, the end is swedged down, the copper +ferrule brazed on, and the iron end turned or riveted over against +the copper thimble and the flue-sheet, to make the joint perfect.</p> + +<p>Early in 1835, the new shop on Broad Street was completed and +occupied. Mr. Baldwin's attention was thenceforward given to +locomotive building exclusively, except that a stationary engine was +occasionally constructed.</p> + +<p>In May, 1835, his eleventh locomotive, the "Black Hawk," was +delivered to the Philadelphia and Trenton Railroad Company. This was +the first outside-connected engine of his build. It was also the +first engine on which the Miller device of attaching part of the +weight of the tender to the engine was employed. On the eighteenth +engine, the "Brandywine," built for the Philadelphia and Columbia +Railroad Company, brass tires were used on the driving-wheels, for +the purpose of obtaining more adhesion; but they wore out rapidly +and were replaced with iron.</p> + +<p>Fourteen engines were constructed in 1835; forty in 1836; forty in +1837; twenty-three in 1838; twenty-six in 1839; and nine in 1840. +During all these years the general design continued the same; but, +in compliance with the demand for more power, three sizes were +furnished, as follows:</p> + +<table class="table10" border="0" cellpadding="0" summary="Engine classes."> +<colgroup> + <col width="14%"> + <col width="14%"> + <col width="14%"> + <col width="14%"> + <col width="14%"> + <col width="14%"> + <col width="14%"> +</colgroup> +<tr> +<td>First-class.</td> +<td class="center">Cylinders,</td> +<td>12½ × 16;</td> +<td class="center">weight,</td> +<td class="center">loaded,</td> +<td>26,000</td> +<td class="center">pounds.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>Second-class.</td> +<td class="center">"</td> +<td>12 × 16;</td> +<td class="center">"</td> +<td class="center">"</td> +<td>23,000</td> +<td class="center">"</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>Third-class.</td> +<td class="center">"</td> +<td>10½ × 16;</td> +<td class="center">"</td> +<td class="center">"</td> +<td>20,000</td> +<td class="center">"</td> +</tr> +</table> + +<p>The first-class engine he fully believed, in 1838, was as heavy as +would be called for, and he declared that it was as large as he +intended to make. Most of the engines were built with the +half-crank, but occasionally an outside-connected machine was turned +out. These latter, however, failed to give as complete satisfaction +as the half-crank machine. The drivers were generally four and a +half feet in diameter.</p> + +<p>A patent was issued to Mr. Baldwin, August 17, 1835, for his device +of cylindrical pedestals. In this method of construction, the +pedestal was of cast-iron, and was bored in a lathe so as to form +two concave jaws. The boxes were also turned in a lathe so that +their vertical ends were cylindrical, and they were thus fitted in +the pedestals. This method of fitting up pedestals and boxes was +cheap and effective, and was used for some years for the driving and +tender wheels.</p> + +<p>As showing the estimation in which these early engines were held, it +may not be out of place to refer to the opinions of some of the +railroad managers of that period.</p> + +<p>Mr. L. A. Sykes, engineer of the New Jersey Transportation Company, +under date of June 12, 1838, wrote that he could draw with his +engines twenty four-wheeled <span class="pagenum"><a id="page16" name="page16"></a>(p. 16)</span> cars with twenty-six passengers +each, at a speed of twenty to twenty-five miles per hour, over +grades of twenty-six feet per mile. "As to simplicity of +construction," he adds, "small liability to get out of order, +economy of repairs, and ease to the road, I fully believe Mr. +Baldwin's engines stand unrivalled. I consider the simplicity of the +engine, the arrangement of the working-parts, and the distribution +of the weight, far superior to any engine I have ever seen, either +of American or English manufacture, and I have not the least +hesitation in saying that Mr. Baldwin's engine will do the same +amount of work with much less repairs, either to the engine or the +track, than any other engine in use."</p> + +<p>L. G. Cannon, President of the Rensselaer and Saratoga Railroad +Company, writes, "Your engines will, in performance and cost of +repairs, bear comparison with any other engine made in this or any +other country."</p> + +<p>Some of Mr. Baldwin's engines on the State Road, in 1837, cost, for +repairs, only from one and two-tenths to one and six-tenths cents +per mile. It is noted that the engine "West Chester," on the same +road, weighing twenty thousand seven hundred and thirty-five pounds +(ten thousand four hundred and seventy-five on drivers), drew +fifty-one cars (four-wheeled), weighing two hundred and eighty-nine +net tons, over the road, some of the track being of wood covered +with strap-rail.</p> + +<p>The financial difficulties of 1836 and 1837, which brought ruin upon +so many, did not leave Mr. Baldwin unscathed. His embarrassments +became so great that he was unable to proceed, and was forced to +call his creditors together for a settlement. After offering to +surrender all his property, his shop, tools, house, and everything, +if they so desired,—all of which would realize only about +twenty-five per cent. of their claims,—he proposed to them that +they should permit him to go on with the business, and in three +years he would pay the full amount of all claims, principal and +interest. This was finally acceded to, and the promise was in effect +fulfilled, although not without an extension of two years beyond the +time originally proposed.</p> + +<p>In May, 1837, the number of hands employed was three hundred, but +this number was reducing weekly, owing to the falling off in the +demand for engines.</p> + +<p>These financial troubles had their effect on the demand for +locomotives, as will be seen in the decrease in the number built in +1838, 1839, and 1840; and this result was furthered by the +establishment of several other locomotive works and the introduction +of other patterns of engines.</p> + +<p>The changes and improvements in details made during these years may +be summed up as follows:</p> + +<p>The subject of burning coal had engaged much attention. In October, +1836, Mr. Baldwin secured a patent for a grate or fireplace which +could be detached from the engine at pleasure, and a new one with a +fresh coal fire substituted. The intention was to have the grate +with freshly ignited coal all ready for the engine on its arrival at +a station, and placed between the rails over suitable levers, by +which it could be attached quickly to the fire-box. It is needless +to say that this was never practiced. In January, 1838, however, Mr. +Baldwin was experimenting with the consumption of coal on the +Germantown road, and in July of <span class="pagenum"><a id="page17" name="page17"></a>(p. 17)</span> the same year the records +show that he was making a locomotive to burn coal, part of the +arrangement being to blow the fire with a fan.</p> + +<p>Up to 1838, Mr. Baldwin had made both driving and truck wheels with +wrought tires, but during that year chilled wheels for engine and +tender trucks were adopted. His tires were furnished by Messrs. S. +Vail & Son, Morristown, N. J., who made the only tires then +obtainable in America. They were very thin, being only one inch to +one and a half inches thick; and Mr. Baldwin, in importing some +tires from England at that time, insisted on their being made double +the ordinary thickness. The manufacturers at first objected and +ridiculed the idea, the practice being to use two tires when extra +thickness was wanted, but finally they consented to meet his +requirements.</p> + +<p>All his engines thus far had the single eccentric for each valve, +but at about this period double eccentrics were adopted, each +terminating in a straight hook, and reversed by hand-levers.</p> + +<p>At this early period, Mr. Baldwin had begun to feel the necessity of +making all like parts of locomotives of the same class in such +manner as to be absolutely interchangeable. Steps were taken in this +direction, but it was not until many years afterward that the system +of standard gauges was perfected, which has since grown to be a +distinguishing feature in the establishment.</p> + +<p>In March, 1839, Mr. Baldwin's records show that he was building a +number of outside-connected engines, and had succeeded in making +them strong and durable. He was also making a new chilled wheel, and +one which he thought would not break.</p> + +<p>On the one hundred and thirty-sixth locomotive, completed October +18, 1839, for the Philadelphia, Germantown and Norristown Railroad, +the old pattern of wooden frame was abandoned, and no outside frame +whatever was employed,—the machinery, as well as the truck and the +pedestals of the driving-axles, being attached directly to the naked +boiler. The wooden frame thenceforward disappeared gradually, and an +iron frame took its place. Another innovation was the adoption of +eight-wheeled tenders, the first of which was built at about this +period.</p> + +<p>April 8, 1839, Mr. Baldwin associated with himself Messrs. Vail and +Hufty, and the business was conducted under the firm name of +Baldwin, Vail & Hufty until 1841, when Mr. Hufty withdrew, and +Baldwin & Vail continued the copartnership until 1842.</p> + +<p>The time had now arrived when the increase of business on railroads +demanded more powerful locomotives. It had for some years been felt +that for freight traffic the engine with one pair of drivers was +insufficient. Mr. Baldwin's engine had the single pair of drivers +placed back of the fire-box; that made by Mr. Norris, one pair in +front of the fire-box. An engine with two pairs of drivers, one pair +in front and one pair behind the fire-box, was the next logical +step, and Mr. Henry R. Campbell, of Philadelphia, was the first to +carry this design into execution. Mr. Campbell, as has been noted, +was the Chief Engineer of the Germantown Railroad when the +"Ironsides" was placed on that line, and had since given much +attention to the subject of locomotive construction. February 5, +1836, Mr. Campbell secured a patent for an eight-wheeled engine +with four drivers connected, <span class="pagenum"><a id="page18" name="page18"></a>(p. 18)</span> and a four-wheeled truck in +front; and subsequently contracted with James Brooks, of +Philadelphia, to build for him such a machine. The work was begun +March 16, 1836, and the engine was completed May 8, 1837. This was +the first eight-wheeled engine of this type, and from it the +standard American locomotive of to-day takes its origin. The engine +lacked, however, one essential feature; there were no equalizing +beams between the drivers, and nothing but the ordinary steel +springs over each journal of the driving-axles to equalize the +weight upon them. It remained for Messrs. Eastwick & Harrison to +supply this deficiency; and in 1837 that firm constructed at their +shop in Philadelphia a locomotive on this plan, but with the +driving-axles running in a separate square frame, connected to the +main frame above it by a single central bearing on each side. This +engine had cylinders twelve by eighteen, four coupled +driving-wheels, forty-four inches in diameter, carrying eight of the +twelve tons constituting the total weight. Subsequently, Mr. Joseph +Harrison, Jr., of the same firm, substituted "equalizing beams" on +engines of this plan afterward constructed by them, substantially in +the same manner as since generally employed.</p> + +<p>In the <i>American Railroad Journal</i> of July 30, 1836, a wood-cut +showing Mr. Campbell's engine, together with an elaborate +calculation of the effective power of an engine on this plan, by +William J. Lewis, Esq., Civil Engineer, was published, with a table +showing its performance upon grades ranging from a dead level to a +rise of one hundred feet per mile. Mr. Campbell stated that his +experience at that time (1835-6) convinced him that grades of one +hundred feet rise per mile would, if roads were judiciously located, +carry railroads over any of the mountain passes in America, without +the use of planes with stationary steam power, or, as a general +rule, of costly tunnels,—an opinion very extensively verified by +the experience of the country since that date.</p> + +<p>A step had thus been taken toward a plan of locomotive having more +adhesive power. Mr. Baldwin, however, was slow to adopt the new +design. He naturally regarded innovations with distrust. He had done +much to perfect the old pattern of engine, and had built over a +hundred of them, which were in successful operation on various +railroads. Many of the details were the subjects of his several +patents, and had been greatly simplified in his practice. In fact, +simplicity in all the working parts had been so largely his aim, +that it was natural that he should distrust any plan involving +additional machinery, and he regarded the new design as only an +experiment at best. In November, 1838, he wrote to a correspondent +that he did not think there was any advantage in the eight-wheeled +engine. There being three points in contact, it could not turn a +curve, he argued, without slipping one or the other pair of wheels +sideways. Another objection was in the multiplicity of machinery and +the difficulty in maintaining four driving-wheels all of exactly the +same size. Some means, however, of getting more adhesion must be +had, and the result of his reflections upon this subject was the +project of a "geared engine." In August, 1839, he took steps to +secure a patent for such a machine, and December 31, 1840, letters +patent were granted him for the device. In this engine, an +independent shaft or axle <span class="pagenum"><a id="page19" name="page19"></a>(p. 19)</span> was placed between the two axles +of the truck, and connected by cranks and coupling-rods with cranks +on the outside of the driving-wheels. This shaft had a central +cog-wheel engaging on each side with intermediate cog-wheels, which +in turn geared into cog-wheels on each truck-axle. The intermediate +cog-wheels had wide teeth, so that the truck could pivot while the +main shaft remained parallel with the driving-axle. The diameters of +the cog-wheels were, of course, in such proportion to the driving +and truck wheels, that the latter should revolve as much oftener +than the drivers as their smaller size might require. Of the success +of this machine for freight service, Mr. Baldwin was very sanguine. +One was put in hand at once, completed in August, 1841, and +eventually sold to the Sugarloaf Coal Company. It was an +outside-connected engine, weighing thirty thousand pounds, of which +eleven thousand seven hundred and seventy-five pounds were on the +drivers, and eighteen thousand three hundred and thirty-five on the +truck. The driving-wheels were forty-four and the truck-wheels +thirty-three inches in diameter. The cylinders were thirteen inches +in diameter by sixteen inches stroke. On a trial of the engine upon +the Philadelphia and Reading Railroad, it hauled five hundred and +ninety tons from Reading to Philadelphia—a distance of fifty-four +miles—in five hours and twenty-two minutes. The Superintendent of +the road, in writing of the trial, remarked that this train was +unprecedented in length and weight both in America and Europe. The +performance was noticed in favorable terms by the Philadelphia +newspapers, and was made the subject of a report by the Committee on +Science and Arts of the Franklin Institute, who strongly recommended +this plan of engine for freight service. The success of the trial +led Mr. Baldwin at first to believe that the geared engine would be +generally adopted for freight traffic; but in this he was +disappointed. No further demand was made for such machines, and no +more of them were built.</p> + +<p>In 1840, Mr. Baldwin received an order, through August Belmont, +Esq., of New York, for a locomotive for Austria, and had nearly +completed one which was calculated to do the work required, when he +learned that only sixty pounds pressure of steam was admissible, +whereas his engine was designed to use steam at one hundred pounds +and over. He accordingly constructed another, meeting this +requirement, and shipped it in the following year. This engine, it +may be noted, had a kind of link-motion, agreeably to the +specification received, and was the first of his make upon which the +link was introduced.</p> + +<p>Mr. Baldwin's patent of December 31, 1840, already referred to as +covering his geared engine, embraced several other devices, as +follows:</p> + +<p>1. A method of operating a fan, or blowing-wheel, for the purpose of +blowing the fire. The fan was to be placed under the footboard, and +driven by the friction of a grooved pulley in contact with the +flange of the driving-wheel.</p> + +<p>2. The substitution of a metallic stuffing, consisting of wire, for +the hemp, wool, or other material which had been employed in +stuffing-boxes.</p> + +<p>3. The placing of the springs of the engine truck so as to obviate +the evil of the locking of the wheels when the truck-frame vibrates +from the centre-pin vertically. Spiral as well as semi-elliptic +springs, placed at each end of the truck-frame, <span class="pagenum"><a id="page20" name="page20"></a>(p. 20)</span> were +specified. The spiral spring is described as received in two +cups,—one above and one below. The cups were connected together at +their centres by a pin upon one and a socket in the other, so that +the cups could approach toward or recede from each other and still +preserve their parallelism.</p> + +<p>4. An improvement in the manner of constructing the iron frames of +locomotives, by making the pedestals in one piece with, and +constituting part of, the frames.</p> + +<p>5. The employment of spiral springs in connection with cylindrical +pedestals and boxes. A single spiral was at first used, but, not +proving sufficiently strong, a combination or nest of spirals +curving alternately in opposite directions was afterward employed. +Each spiral had its bearing in a spiral recess in the pedestal.</p> + +<p>In the specification of this patent a change in the method of making +cylindrical pedestals and boxes is noted. Instead of boring and +turning them in a lathe, they were cast to the required shape in +chills. This method of construction was used for a time, but +eventually a return was made to the original plan, as giving a more +accurate job.</p> + +<p>In 1842, Mr. Baldwin constructed, under an arrangement with Mr. Ross +Winans, three locomotives for the Western Railroad of Massachusetts, +on a plan which had been designed by that gentleman for freight +traffic. These machines had upright boilers, and horizontal +cylinders which worked cranks on a shaft bearing cog-wheels engaging +with other cog-wheels on an intermediate shaft. This latter shaft +had cranks coupled to four driving-wheels on each side. These +engines were constructed to burn anthracite coal. Their peculiarly +uncouth appearance earned for them the name of "crabs," and they +were but short-lived in service.</p> + +<a id="img007" name="img007"></a> +<div class="floatright"> +<img src="images/img007.jpg" width="400" height="223" alt="" title=""> +<p class="caption300">Fig. 6.—<span class="smcap">Baldwin Six-Wheels-Connected Engine, 1842.</span></p> +</div> + +<a id="img008" name="img008"></a> +<div class="floatright"> +<img src="images/img008.jpg" width="400" height="196" alt="" title=""> +<p class="caption300">Fig. 7.—<span class="smcap">Baldwin Flexible-Beam Truck, +1842.—Elevation.</span></p> +</div> + +<a id="img009" name="img009"></a> +<div class="floatright"> +<img src="images/img009.jpg" width="400" height="126" alt="" title=""> +<p class="caption300"><span class="smcap">Half Plan.</span></p> +</div> + +<p>But, to return to the progress of Mr. Baldwin's locomotive practice. +The geared engine had not proved a success. It was unsatisfactory, +as well to its designer as to the railroad community. The problem of +utilizing more or all of the weight of the engine for adhesion +remained, in Mr. Baldwin's view, yet to be solved. The plan of +coupling four or six wheels had long before been adopted in England, +but on the short curves prevalent on American railroads, he felt +that something more was necessary. The wheels must not only be +coupled, but at the same time must be free to adapt themselves to a +curve. These two conditions were apparently incompatible, and to +reconcile these inconsistencies was the task which Mr. Baldwin set +himself to accomplish. He undertook it, too, at a time when his +business had fallen off greatly and he was involved in the most +serious financial embarrassments. The problem was constantly before +him, and at length, during a sleepless night, its solution flashed +across his mind. The plan so long sought for, and which, +subsequently, more than any other of his improvements or inventions, +contributed to the foundation of his fortune, was his well-known +six-wheels-connected locomotive with the four front drivers combined +in a flexible truck. For this machine Mr. Baldwin secured a patent, +August 25, 1842. Its principal characteristic features are now +matters of history, but they deserve here a brief mention. The +engine was on six wheels, all connected as drivers. The rear wheels +were placed rigidly in the frames, usually <span class="pagenum"><a id="page21" name="page21"></a>(p. 21)</span> behind the +fire-box, with inside bearings. The cylinders were inclined, and +with outside connections. The four remaining wheels had inside +journals running in boxes held by two wide and deep wrought-iron +beams, one on each side. These beams were unconnected, and entirely +independent of each other. The pedestals formed in them were bored +out cylindrically, and into them cylindrical boxes, as patented by +him in 1835, were fitted. The engine-frame on each side was directly +over the beam, and a spherical pin, running down from the frame, +bore in a socket in the beam midway between the two axles. It will +thus be seen that each side-beam independently could turn +horizontally or vertically under the spherical pin, and the +cylindrical boxes could also turn in the pedestals. Hence, in +passing a curve, the middle pair of drivers could move laterally in +one direction—say to the right—while the front pair could move in +the opposite direction, or to the left; the two axles all the while +remaining parallel to each other and to the rear driving-axle. The +operation of these beams was, therefore, like that of the +parallel-ruler. On a straight line the two beams and the two axles +formed a rectangle; on curves, a parallelogram, the angles varying +with the degree of curvature. The coupling-rods were made with +cylindrical brasses, thus forming ball-and-socket joints, to enable +them to accommodate themselves to the lateral movements of the +wheels. Colburn, in his "Locomotive Engineering," remarks of this +arrangement of rods as follows:</p> + +<p class="quote"> + "Geometrically, no doubt, this combination of wheels could only + work properly around curves by a lengthening and shortening of + the rods which served to couple the principal pair of + driving-wheels with the hind truck-wheels. But if the + coupling-rods from the principal pair of driving-wheels be five + feet long, and if the beams of the truck-frame be four feet long + (the radius of curve described by the axle-boxes around the + spherical side bearings being two feet), then the total + corresponding lengthening of the coupling-rods, in order to allow + the hind truck-wheels to move one inch to one side, and the front + wheels of the truck one inch <span class="pagenum"><a id="page22" name="page22"></a>(p. 22)</span> to the other side of their + normal position on a straight line, would be +√60<sup>2</sup>+1<sup>2</sup> - 60 + 24 - √24<sup>2</sup>-1<sup>2</sup> = 0.0275 + inch, or less + than one thirty-second of an inch. And if only one pair of + driving-wheels were thus coupled with a four-wheeled truck, the + total wheel-base being nine feet, the motion permitted by this + slight elongation of the coupling-rods (an elongation provided + for by a trifling slackness in the brasses) would enable three + pairs of wheels to stand without binding in a curve of only one + hundred feet radius."</p> + +<p>The first engine of the new plan was finished early in December, +1842, being one of fourteen engines constructed in that year, and +was sent to the Georgia Railroad, on the order of Mr. J. Edgar +Thomson, then Chief Engineer and Superintendent of that line. It +weighed twelve tons, and drew, besides its own weight, two hundred +and fifty tons up a grade of thirty-six feet to the mile.</p> + +<p>Other orders soon followed. The new machine was received generally +with great favor. The loads hauled by it exceeded anything so far +known in American railroad practice, and sagacious managers hailed +it as a means of largely reducing operating expenses. On the Central +Railroad of Georgia, one of these twelve-ton engines drew nineteen +eight-wheeled cars, with seven hundred and fifty bales of cotton, +each bale weighing four hundred and fifty pounds, over maximum +grades of thirty feet per mile, and the manager of the road declared +that it could readily take one thousand bales. On the Philadelphia +and Reading Railroad a similar engine of eighteen tons weight drew +one hundred and fifty loaded cars (total weight of cars and lading, +one thousand one hundred and thirty tons) from Schuylkill Haven to +Philadelphia, at a speed of seven miles per hour. The regular load +was one hundred loaded cars, which were hauled at a speed of from +twelve to fifteen miles per hour on a level.</p> + +<p>The following extract from a letter, dated August 10, 1844, of Mr. +G. A. Nicolls, then Superintendent of that line, and still connected +with its management, gives the particulars of the performance of +these machines, and shows the estimation in which they were held:</p> + +<div class="quote"> + <p>"We have had two of these engines in operation for about four + weeks. Each engine weighs about forty thousand pounds with water + and fuel, equally distributed on six wheels, all of which are + coupled, thus gaining the whole adhesion of the engine's weight. + Their cylinders are fifteen by eighteen inches."</p> + + <p>"The daily allotted load of each of these engines is one hundred + coal cars, each loaded with three and six-tenths tons of coal, + and weighing two and fifteen one-hundredths tons each, empty; + making a net weight of three hundred and sixty tons of coal + carried, and a gross weight of train of five hundred and + seventy-five tons, all of two thousand two hundred and forty + pounds."</p> + + <p>"This train is hauled over the ninety-four miles of the road, + half of which is level, at the rate of twelve miles per hour; and + with it the engine is able to make fourteen to fifteen miles per + hour on a level."</p> + + <p>"Were all the cars on the road of sufficient strength, and making + the trip by daylight, nearly one-half being now performed at + night, I have no doubt of these engines being quite equal to a + load of eight hundred tons gross, as their average daily + performance on any of the levels of our road, some of which are + eight miles long."</p> + + <p>"In strength of make, quality of workmanship, finish, and + proportion of parts, I consider them equal to any, and superior + to most, freight engines I have seen. They are remarkably easy on + the rail, either in their vertical or horizontal action, from the + equalization of their <span class="pagenum"><a id="page23" name="page23"></a>(p. 23)</span> weight, and the improved truck + under the forward part of the engine. This latter adapts itself + to all the curves of the road, including some of seven hundred + and sixteen feet radius in the main track, and moves with great + ease around our turning Y curves at Richmond, of about three + hundred feet radius.</p> + + <p>"I consider these engines as near perfection, in the arrangement + of their parts, and their general efficiency, as the present + improvements in machinery and the locomotive engine will admit + of. They are saving us thirty per cent, in every trip, on the + former cost of motive or engine power."</p> +</div> + +<p>But the flexible-beam truck also enabled Mr. Baldwin to meet the +demand for an engine with four drivers connected. Other builders +were making engines with four drivers and a four-wheeled truck, of +the present American standard type. To compete with this design, Mr. +Baldwin modified his six-wheels-connected engine by connecting only +two out of the three pairs of wheels as drivers, making the forward +wheels of smaller diameter as leading wheels, but combining them +with the front drivers in a flexible-beam truck. The first engine on +this plan was sent to the Erie and Kalamazoo Railroad, in October, +1843, and gave great satisfaction. The Superintendent of the road +was enthusiastic in its praise, and wrote to Mr. Baldwin that he +doubted "if anything could be got up which would answer the business +of the road so well." One was also sent to the Utica and Schenectady +Railroad a few weeks later, of which the Superintendent remarked +that "it worked beautifully, and there were not wagons enough to +give it a full load." In this plan the leading wheels were usually +made thirty-six and the drivers fifty-four inches in diameter.</p> + +<p>This machine of course came in competition with the eight-wheeled +engine having four drivers, and Mr. Baldwin claimed for his plan a +decided superiority. In each case about two-thirds of the total +weight was carried on the four drivers, and Mr. Baldwin maintained +that his engine, having only six instead of eight wheels, was +simpler and more effective.</p> + +<p>At about this period Mr. Baldwin's attention was called by Mr. Levi +Bissell to an "Air Spring" which the latter had devised, and which +it was imagined was destined to be a cheap, effective, and perpetual +spring. The device consisted of a small cylinder placed above the +frame over the axle-box, and having a piston fitted air-tight into +it. The piston-rod was to bear on the axle-box, and the proper +quantity of air was to be pumped into the cylinder above the piston, +and the cylinder then hermetically closed. The piston had a leather +packing which was to be kept moist by some fluid (molasses was +proposed) previously introduced into the cylinder. Mr. Baldwin at +first proposed to equalize the weight between two pairs of drivers +by connecting two air-springs on each side by a pipe, the use of an +equalizing beam being covered by Messrs. Eastwick & Harrison's +patent. The air-springs were found, however, not to work +practically, and were never applied. It may be added that a model of +an equalizing air-spring was exhibited by Mr. Joseph Harrison, Jr., +at the Franklin Institute, in 1838 or 1839.</p> + +<p>With the introduction of the new machine, business began at once to +revive, and the tide of prosperity turned once more in Mr. Baldwin's +favor. Twelve <span class="pagenum"><a id="page24" name="page24"></a>(p. 24)</span> engines were constructed in 1843, all but +four of them of the new pattern; twenty-two engines in 1844, all of +the new pattern; and twenty-seven in 1845. Three of this number were +of the old type, with one pair of drivers, but from that time +forward the old pattern with the single pair of drivers disappeared +from the practice of the establishment, save occasionally for +exceptional purposes.</p> + +<p>In 1842, the partnership with Mr. Vail was dissolved, and Mr. Asa +Whitney, who had been Superintendent of the Mohawk and Hudson +Railroad, became a partner with Mr. Baldwin, and the firm continued +as Baldwin & Whitney until 1846, when the latter withdrew to engage +in the manufacture of car-wheels, in which business he is still +concerned as senior member of the firm of A. Whitney & Sons, +Philadelphia.</p> + +<p>Mr. Whitney brought to the firm a railroad experience and thorough +business talent. He introduced a system in many details of the +management of the business, which Mr. Baldwin, whose mind was +devoted more exclusively to mechanical subjects, had failed to +establish or wholly ignored. The method at present in use in the +establishment, of giving to each class of locomotives a distinctive +designation, composed of a number and a letter, originated very +shortly after Mr. Whitney's connection with the business. For the +purpose of representing the different designs, sheets with +engravings of locomotives were employed. The sheet showing the +engine with one pair of drivers was marked B; that with two pairs, +C; that with three, D; and that with four, E. Taking its rise from +this circumstance, it became customary to designate as B engines +those with one pair of drivers; as C engines, those with two pairs; +as D engines, those with three pairs; and as E engines, those with +four pairs. Shortly afterwards, a number, indicating the weight in +gross tons, was added. Thus, the 12 D engine was one with three +pairs of drivers, and weighing twelve tons; the 12 C, an engine of +same weight, but with only four wheels connected. Substantially this +system of designating the several sizes and plans has been retained +to the present time. The figures, however, are no longer used to +express the weight, but merely to designate the class.</p> + +<p>It will be observed that the classification as thus established +began with the B engines. The letter A was reserved for an engine +intended to run at very high speeds, and so designed that the +driving-wheels should make two revolutions for each reciprocation of +the pistons. This was to be accomplished by means of gearing. The +general plan of the engine was determined in Mr. Baldwin's mind, but +was never carried into execution.</p> + +<p>The adoption of the plan of six-wheels-connected engines opened the +way at once to increasing their size. The weight being almost evenly +distributed on six points, heavier machines were admissible, the +weight on any one pair of drivers being little, if any, greater than +had been the practice with the old plan of engine having a single +pair of drivers; Hence engines of eighteen and twenty tons weight +were shortly introduced, and in 1844 three of twenty tons weight, +with cylinders sixteen and one-half inches diameter by eighteen +inches stroke, were constructed for the Western Railroad of +Massachusetts, and six, of eighteen tons <span class="pagenum"><a id="page25" name="page25"></a>(p. 25)</span> weight, with +cylinders fifteen by eighteen, and drivers forty-six inches in +diameter, were built for the Philadelphia and Reading Railroad. It +should be noted that three of these latter engines had iron flues. +This was the first instance in which Mr. Baldwin had employed tubes +of this material. The advantage found to result from the use of iron +tubes, apart from their less cost, was that the tubes and +boiler-shell, being of the same material, expanded and contracted +alike, while in the case of copper tubes the expansion of the metal +by heat varied from that of the boiler-shell, and as a consequence +there was greater liability to leakage at the joints with the +tube-sheets. The opinion prevailed largely at that time that some +advantage resulted in the evaporation of water, owing to the +superiority of copper as a conductor of heat. To determine this +question, an experiment was tried with two of the six engines +referred to above, one of which, the "Ontario," had copper flues, +and another, the "New England," iron flues. In other respects they +were precisely alike. The two engines were run from Richmond to +Mount Carbon, August 27, 1844, each drawing a train of one hundred +and one empty cars, and, returning, from Mount Carbon to Richmond, +on the following day, each with one hundred loaded cars. The +quantity of water evaporated and wood consumed was noted, with the +result shown in the following table:</p> + +<table border="1" cellpadding="1" summary="Consumption."> +<colgroup> + <col width="15%"> + <col width="25%"> + <col width="15%"> + <col width="15%"> + <col width="15%"> + <col width="15%"> +</colgroup> +<tr> +<td colspan="2"> </td> +<td colspan="2" class="smcap center">Up Trip, Aug. 27, 1844.</td> +<td colspan="2" class="smcap center">Down Trip, Aug. 28, 1844.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td colspan="2"> </td> +<td class="center">"Ontario." (Copper Flues.)</td> +<td class="center">"New England." (Iron Flues.)</td> +<td class="center">"Ontario." (Copper Flues.)</td> +<td class="center">"New England." (Iron Flues.)</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="bord_top">Time,</td> +<td class="bord_topright">running</td> +<td class="center bord_topright">9h. 7m.</td> +<td class="center bord_topright">7h. 41m.</td> +<td class="center bord_topright">10h. 44m.</td> +<td class="center bord_topright">8h. 19m.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="nobord"><span class="add1em">"</span></td> +<td class="bord_right">standing at stations.</td> +<td class="center bord_right">4h. 2m.</td> +<td class="center bord_right">3h. 7m.</td> +<td class="center bord_right">2h. 12m.</td> +<td class="center bord_right">3h. 8m.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td colspan="2" class="bord_right">Cords of wood burned</td> +<td class="center bord_right">6.68</td> +<td class="center bord_right">5.50</td> +<td class="center bord_right">6.94</td> +<td class="center bord_right">6.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td colspan="2" class="bord_right">Cubic feet of water evaporated</td> +<td class="center bord_right">925.75</td> +<td class="center bord_right">757.26</td> +<td class="center bord_right">837.46</td> +<td class="center bord_right">656.39</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td colspan="2" class="bord_right">Ratio, cubic feet of water to a cord of wood</td> +<td class="center bord_right">138.57</td> +<td class="center bord_right">137.68</td> +<td class="center bord_right">120.67</td> +<td class="center bord_right">109.39</td> +</tr> +</table> + +<p>The conditions of the experiments not being absolutely the same in +each case, the results could not of course be accepted as entirely +accurate. They seemed to show, however, no considerable difference +in the evaporative efficacy of copper and iron tubes.</p> + +<p>The period under consideration was marked also by the introduction +of the French & Baird stack, which proved at once to be one of the +most successful spark-arresters thus far employed, and which was for +years used almost exclusively wherever, as on the cotton-carrying +railroads of the South, a thoroughly effective spark-arrester was +required. This stack was introduced by Mr. Baird, then a foreman in +the Works, who purchased the patent-right of what had been known as +the Grimes stack, and combined with it some of the features of the +stack made by Mr. Richard French, then Master Mechanic of the +Germantown Railroad, together with certain improvements of his own. +The cone over the straight inside pipe was made with volute flanges +on its under side, which gave a rotary motion to the sparks. Around +the cone was a casing about six inches smaller in diameter than the +outside stack. Apertures were cut in the sides of this casing, +through which the sparks in their rotary motion were discharged and +<span class="pagenum"><a id="page26" name="page26"></a>(p. 26)</span> thus fell to the bottom of the space between the straight +inside pipe and the outside stack. The opening in the top of the +stack was fitted with a series of V-shaped iron circles perforated +with numerous holes, thus presenting an enlarged area, through which +the smoke escaped. The patent-right for this stack was subsequently +sold to Messrs. Radley & Hunter, and its essential principle is +still used in the Radley & Hunter stack as at present made.</p> + +<p>In 1845, Mr. Baldwin built three locomotives for the Royal Railroad +Committee of Würtemberg. They were of fifteen tons weight, on six +wheels, four of them being sixty inches in diameter and coupled. The +front drivers were combined by the flexible beams into a truck with +the smaller leading wheels. The cylinders were inclined and outside, +and the connecting-rods took hold of a half-crank axle back of the +fire-box. It was specified that these engines should have the +link-motion which had shortly before been introduced in England by +the Stephensons. Mr. Baldwin accordingly applied a link of a +peculiar character to suit his own ideas of the device. The link was +made solid, and of a truncated V-section, and the block was grooved +so as to fit and slide on the outside of the link.</p> + +<p>During the year 1845 another important feature in locomotive +construction—the cut-off valve—was added to Mr. Baldwin's +practice. Up to that time the valve-motion had been the two +eccentrics, with the single flat hook for each cylinder. Since 1841 +Mr. Baldwin had contemplated the addition of some device allowing +the steam to be used expansively, and he now added the "half-stroke +cut-off." In this device the steam-chest was separated by a +horizontal plate into an upper and a lower compartment. In the upper +compartment, a valve, worked by a separate eccentric, and having a +single opening, admitted steam through a port in this plate to the +lower steam-chamber. The valve-rod of the upper valve terminated in +a notch or hook, which engaged with the upper arm of its rock-shaft. +When thus working, it acted as a cut-off at a fixed part of the +stroke, determined by the setting of the eccentric. This was usually +at half the stroke. When it was desired to dispense with the cut-off +and work steam for the full stroke, the hook of the valve-rod was +lifted from the pin on the upper arm of the rock-shaft by a lever +worked from the footboard, and the valve-rod was held in a notched +rest fastened to the side of the boiler. This left the opening +through the upper valve and the port in the partition plate open for +the free passage of steam throughout the whole stroke. The first +application of the half-stroke cut-off was made on the engine +"Champlain" (20 D), built for the Philadelphia and Reading Railroad +Company, in 1845. It at once became the practice to apply the +cut-off on all passenger engines, while the six- and +eight-wheels-connected freight engines were, with a few exceptions, +built for a time longer with the single valve admitting steam for +the full stroke.</p> + +<p>After building, during the years 1843, 1844, and 1845, ten +four-wheels-connected engines on the plan above described, viz., six +wheels in all, the leading wheels and the front drivers being +combined into a truck by the flexible beams, Mr. Baldwin finally +adopted the present design of four drivers and a four-wheeled truck. +Some of his customers who were favorable to the latter plan had +ordered <span class="pagenum"><a id="page27" name="page27"></a>(p. 27)</span> such machines of other builders, and Colonel +Gadsden, President of the South Carolina Railroad Company, called on +him in 1845 to build for that line some passenger engines of this +pattern. He accordingly bought the patent-right for this plan of +engine of Mr. H. R. Campbell, and for the equalizing beams used +between the drivers, of Messrs. Eastwick & Harrison, and delivered +to the South Carolina Railroad Company, in December, 1845, his first +eight-wheeled engine with four drivers and a four-wheeled truck. +This machine had cylinders thirteen and three-quarters by eighteen, +and drivers sixty inches in diameter, with the springs between them +arranged as equalizers. Its weight was fifteen tons. It had the +half-crank axle, the cylinders being inside the frame but outside +the smoke-box. The inside-connected engine, counterweighting being +as yet unknown, was admitted to be steadier in running, and hence +more suitable for passenger service. With the completion of the +first eight-wheeled "C" engine, Mr. Baldwin's feelings underwent a +revulsion in favor of this plan, and his partiality for it became as +great as had been his antipathy before. Commenting on the machine, +he recorded himself as "more pleased with its appearance and action +than any engine he had turned out." In addition to the three engines +of this description for the South Carolina Railroad Company, a +duplicate was sent to the Camden and Amboy Railroad Company, and a +similar but lighter one to the Wilmington and Baltimore Railroad +Company, shortly afterwards. The engine for the Camden and Amboy +Railroad Company, and perhaps the others, had the half-stroke +cut-off.</p> + +<p>From that time forward, all of his four-wheels-connected machines +were built on this plan, and the six-wheeled "C" engine was +abandoned, except in the case of one built for the Philadelphia, +Germantown and Norristown Railroad Company in 1846, and this was +afterwards rebuilt into a six-wheels-connected machine. Three +methods of carrying out the general design were, however, +subsequently followed. At first the half-crank was used; then +horizontal cylinders inclosed in the chimney-seat and working a +full-crank-axle, which form of construction had been practiced at +the Lowell Works; and eventually, outside cylinders with outside +connections.</p> + +<a id="img010" name="img010"></a> +<div class="floatright"> +<img src="images/img010.jpg" width="400" height="224" alt="" title=""> +<p class="caption300">Fig. 8.—<span class="smcap">Baldwin Eight-Wheels-Connected Engine, +1846.</span></p> +</div> + +<p>Meanwhile the flexible truck machine maintained its popularity for +heavy freight service. All the engines thus far built on this plan +had been six-wheeled, some with the rear driving-axle back of the +fire-box, and others with it in front. The next step, following +logically after the adoption of the eight-wheeled "C" engine, was to +increase the size of the freight machine, and distribute the weight +on eight wheels all connected, the two rear pairs being rigid in the +frame, and the two front pairs combined into the flexible-beam +<span class="pagenum"><a id="page28" name="page28"></a>(p. 28)</span> truck. This was first done in 1846, when seventeen engines +on this plan were constructed on one order for the Philadelphia and +Reading Railroad Company. Fifteen of these were of twenty tons +weight, with cylinders fifteen and a half by twenty, and wheels +forty-six inches in diameter; and two of twenty-five tons weight, +with cylinders seventeen and a quarter by eighteen, and drivers +forty-two inches in diameter. These engines were the first ones on +which Mr. Baldwin placed sand-boxes, and they were also the first +built by him with roofs. On all previous engines the footboard had +only been inclosed by a railing. On these engines for the Reading +Railroad, four iron posts were carried up, and a wooden roof +supported by them. The engine-men added curtains at the sides and +front, and Mr. Baldwin on subsequent engines added sides, with sash +and glass. The cab proper, however, was of New England origin, where +the severity of the climate demanded it, and where it had been used +previous to this period.</p> + +<a id="img011" name="img011"></a> +<div class="floatleft"> +<img src="images/img011.jpg" width="400" height="219" alt="" title=""> +<p class="caption300">Fig. 9.—<span class="smcap">Baldwin Engine for Rack-Rail, 1847.</span></p> +</div> + +<p>Forty-two engines were completed in 1846, and thirty-nine in 1847. +The only novelty to be noted among them was the engine "M. G. +Bright," built for operating the inclined plane on the Madison and +Indianapolis Railroad. The rise of this incline was one in +seventeen, from the bank of the Ohio River at Madison. The engine +had eight wheels, forty-two inches in diameter, connected, and +worked in the usual manner by outside inclined cylinders, fifteen +and one-half inches diameter by twenty inches stroke. A second pair +of cylinders, seventeen inches in diameter with eighteen inches +stroke of piston, was placed vertically over the boiler, midway +between the furnace and smoke-arch. The connecting-rods worked by +these cylinders connected with cranks on a shaft under the boiler. +This shaft carried a single cog-wheel at its centre, and this +cog-wheel engaged with another of about twice its diameter on a +second shaft adjacent to it and in the same plane. The cog-wheel on +this latter shaft worked in a rack-rail placed in the centre of the +track. The shaft itself had its bearings in the lower ends of two +vertical rods, one on each side of the boiler, and these rods were +united over the boiler by a horizontal bar which was connected by +means of a bent lever and connecting-rod to the piston worked by a +small horizontal cylinder placed on top of the boiler. By means of +this cylinder, the yoke carrying the shaft and cog-wheel could be +depressed and held down so as to engage the cogs with the rack-rail, +or raised out of the way when only the ordinary drivers were +required. This device was designed by Mr. Andrew Cathcart, Master +Mechanic of the Madison and Indianapolis Railroad. A similar +machine, the "John Brough," for the same plane, was built by Mr. +Baldwin in 1850. The incline was worked with a rack-rail and these +engines until it was finally abandoned and a line with easy +gradients substituted.</p> + +<p>The use of iron tubes in freight engines grew in favor, and in +October, 1847, <span class="pagenum"><a id="page29" name="page29"></a>(p. 29)</span> Mr. Baldwin noted that he was fitting his +flues with copper ends, "for riveting to the boiler."</p> + +<p>The subject of burning coal continued to engage much attention, but +the use of anthracite had not as yet been generally successful. In +October, 1847, the Baltimore and Ohio Railroad Company advertised +for proposals for four engines to burn Cumberland coal, and the +order was taken and filled by Mr. Baldwin with four of his +eight-wheels-connected machines.</p> + +<p>The year 1848 showed a falling off in business, and only twenty +engines were turned out. In the following year, however, there was a +rapid recovery, and the production of the works increased to thirty, +followed by thirty-seven in 1850, and fifty in 1851. These engines, +with a few exceptions, were confined to three patterns, the +eight-wheeled four-coupled engine, from twelve to nineteen tons in +weight, for passengers and freight, and the six- and +eight-wheels-connected engine, for freight exclusively, the +six-wheeled machine weighing from twelve to seventeen tons, and the +eight-wheeled, from eighteen to twenty-seven tons. The drivers of +these six- and eight-wheels-connected machines were made generally +forty-two, with occasional variations up to forty-eight, inches in +diameter.</p> + +<a id="img012" name="img012"></a> +<div class="floatright"> +<img src="images/img012.jpg" width="400" height="215" alt="" title=""> +<p class="caption300">Fig. 10.—<span class="smcap">Baldwin Fast Passenger Engine, 1848.</span></p> +</div> + +<p>The exceptions referred to in the practice of these years were the +fast passenger engines built by Mr. Baldwin during this period. +Early in 1848, the Vermont Central Railroad was approaching +completion, and Governor Paine, the President of the Company, +conceived the idea that the passenger service on the road required +locomotives capable of running at very high velocities. Henry R. +Campbell, Esq., was a contractor in building the line, and was +authorized by Governor Paine to come to Philadelphia and offer Mr. +Baldwin ten thousand dollars for a locomotive which could run with a +passenger train at a speed of sixty miles per hour. Mr. Baldwin at +once undertook to meet these conditions. The work was begun early in +1848, and in March of that year Mr. Baldwin filed a caveat for his +design. The engine was completed in 1849, and was named the +"Governor Paine." It had one pair of driving-wheels six and a half +feet in diameter, placed back of the fire-box. Another pair of +wheels, but smaller and unconnected, was placed directly in front of +the fire-box, and a four-wheeled truck carried the front of the +engine. The cylinders were seventeen and a quarter inches diameter +and twenty inches stroke, and were placed horizontally between the +frames and the boiler, at about the middle of the waist. The +connecting-rods took hold of "half-cranks" inside of the +driving-wheels. The object of placing the cylinders at the middle of +the boiler was to lessen or obviate the lateral motion of the +<span class="pagenum"><a id="page30" name="page30"></a>(p. 30)</span> engine, produced when the cylinders were attached to the +smoke-arch. The bearings on the two rear axles were so contrived +that, by means of a lever, a part of the weight of the engine +usually carried on the wheels in front of the fire-box could be +transferred to the driving-axle. The "Governor Paine" was used for +several years on the Vermont Central Railroad, and then rebuilt into +a four-coupled machine. During its career, it was stated by the +officers of the road that it could be started from a state of rest +and run a mile in forty-three seconds. Three engines on the same +plan, but with cylinders fourteen by twenty, and six-feet +driving-wheels, the "Mifflin," "Blair," and "Indiana," were also +built for the Pennsylvania Railroad Company, in 1849. They weighed +each about forty-seven thousand pounds, distributed as follows: +eighteen thousand on drivers, fourteen thousand on the pair of +wheels in front of the fire-box, and fifteen thousand on the truck. +By applying the lever, the weight on the drivers could be increased +to about twenty-four thousand pounds, the weight on the wheels in +front of the fire-box being correspondingly reduced. A speed of four +miles in three minutes is recorded for them, and upon one occasion +President Taylor was taken in a special train over the road by one +of these machines at a speed of sixty miles an hour. One other +engine of this pattern, the "Susquehanna," was built for the Hudson +River Railroad Company, in 1850. Its cylinders were fifteen inches +diameter by twenty inches stroke, and drivers six feet in diameter. +All these engines, however, were short-lived, and died young, of +insufficient adhesion.</p> + +<p>Eight engines with four drivers connected and half-crank-axles, were +built for the New York and Erie Railroad Company in 1849, with +seventeen by twenty inch cylinders; one-half of the number with +six-feet and the rest with five-feet drivers. These machines were +among the last on which the half-crank-axle was used. Thereafter, +outside-connected engines were constructed almost exclusively.</p> + +<p>In May, 1848, Mr. Baldwin filed a caveat for a four-cylinder +locomotive, but never carried the design into execution. The first +instance of the use of steel axles in the practice of the +establishment occurred during the same year,—a set being placed as +an experiment under an engine constructed for the Pennsylvania +Railroad Company. In 1850, the old form of dome boiler, which had +characterized the Baldwin engine since 1834, was abandoned, and the +wagon-top form substituted.</p> + +<p>The business in 1851 had reached the full capacity of the shop, and +the next year marked the completion of about an equal number of +engines (forty-nine). Contracts for work extended a year ahead, and, +to meet the demand, the facilities in the various departments were +increased, and resulted in the construction of sixty engines in +1853, and sixty-two in 1854.</p> + +<p>At the beginning of the latter year, Mr. Matthew Baird, who had been +connected with the works since 1836 as one of its foremen, entered +into partnership with Mr. Baldwin, and the style of the firm was +made M. W. Baldwin & Co.</p> + +<p>The only novelty in the general plan of engines during this period +was the addition of the ten-wheeled engine to the patterns of the +establishment. The success of Mr. Baldwin's engines with all six or +eight wheels connected, and the <span class="pagenum"><a id="page31" name="page31"></a>(p. 31)</span> two front pairs combined by +the parallel beams into a flexible truck, had been so marked that it +was natural that he should oppose any other plan for freight +service. The ten-wheeled engine, with six drivers connected, had, +however, now become a competitor. This plan of engine was first +patented by Septimus Norris, of Philadelphia, in 1846, and the +original design was apparently to produce an engine which should +have equal tractive power with the Baldwin six-wheels-connected +machine. This the Norris patent sought to accomplish by proposing an +engine with six drivers connected, and so disposed as to carry +substantially the whole weight, the forward drivers being in advance +of the centre of gravity of the engine, and the truck only serving +as a guide, the front of the engine being connected with it by a +pivot-pin, but without a bearing on the centre-plate. Mr. Norris's +first engine on this plan was tried in April, 1847, and was found +not to pass curves so readily as was expected. As the truck carried +little or no weight, it would not keep the track. The New York and +Erie Railroad Company, of which John Brandt was then Master +Mechanic, shortly afterwards adopted the ten-wheeled engine, +modified in plan so as to carry a part of the weight on the truck. +Mr. Baldwin filled an order for this company, in 1850, of four +eight-wheels-connected engines, and in making the contract he agreed +to substitute a truck for the front pair of wheels if desired after +trial. This, however, he was not called upon to do.</p> + +<p>In February, 1852, Mr. J. Edgar Thomson, President of the +Pennsylvania Railroad Company, invited proposals for a number of +freight locomotives of fifty-six thousand pounds weight each. They +were to be adapted to burn bituminous coal, and to have six wheels +connected and a truck in front, which might be either of two or four +wheels. Mr. Baldwin secured the contract, and built twelve engines +of the prescribed dimensions, viz., cylinders eighteen by +twenty-two; drivers forty-four inches diameter, with chilled tires. +Several of these engines were constructed with a single pair of +truck-wheels in front of the drivers, but back of the cylinders. It +was found, however, after the engines were put in service, that the +two truck-wheels carried eighteen thousand or nineteen thousand +pounds, and this was objected to by the company as too great a +weight to be carried on a single pair of wheels. On the rest of the +engines of the order, therefore, a four-wheeled truck in front was +employed.</p> + +<p>The ten wheeled engine thereafter assumed a place in the Baldwin +classification. In 1855-56, two of twenty-seven tons weight, +nineteen by twenty-two cylinders, forty-eight inches drivers, were +built for the Portage Railroad, and three for the Pennsylvania +Railroad. In 1855, '56, and '57, fourteen, of the same dimensions, +were built for the Cleveland and Pittsburg Railroad; four for the +Pittsburg, Fort Wayne and Chicago Railroad; and one for the Marietta +and Cincinnati Railroad. In 1858 and '59, one was constructed for +the South Carolina Railroad, of the same size, and six lighter +ten-wheelers, with cylinders fifteen and a half by twenty-two, and +four-feet drivers, and two with cylinders sixteen by twenty-two, and +four-feet drivers, were sent out to railroads in Cuba.</p> + +<p>It was some years—not until after 1860, however—before this +pattern of engine <span class="pagenum"><a id="page32" name="page32"></a>(p. 32)</span> wholly superseded in Mr. Baldwin's +practice the old plan of freight engine on six or eight wheels, all +connected.</p> + +<p>On three locomotives—the "Clinton," "Athens," and +"Sparta"—completed for the Central Railroad of Georgia in July, +1852, the driving-boxes were made with a slot or cavity in the line +of the vertical bearing on the journal. The object was to produce a +more uniform distribution of the wear over the entire surface of the +bearing. This was the first instance in which this device, which has +since come into general use, was employed in the Works, and the +boxes were so made by direction of Mr. Charles Whiting, then Master +Mechanic of the Central Railroad of Georgia. He subsequently +informed Mr. Baldwin that this method of fitting up driving-boxes +had been in use on the road for several years previous to his +connection with the company. As this device was subsequently made +the subject of a patent by Mr. David Matthew, these facts may not be +without interest.</p> + +<p>In 1853, Mr. Charles Ellet, Chief Engineer of the Virginia Central +Railroad, laid a temporary track across the Blue Ridge, at Rock Fish +Gap, for use during the construction of a tunnel through the +mountain. This track was twelve thousand five hundred feet in length +on the eastern slope, ascending in that distance six hundred and ten +feet, or at the average rate of one in twenty and a half feet. The +maximum grade was calculated for two hundred and ninety-six feet per +mile, and prevailed for half a mile. It was found, however, in fact, +that the grade in places exceeded three hundred feet per mile. The +shortest radius of curvature was two hundred and thirty-eight feet. +On the western slope, which was ten thousand six hundred and fifty +feet in length, the maximum grade was two hundred and eighty feet +per mile, and the ruling radius of curvature three hundred feet. +This track was worked by two of the Baldwin six-wheels-connected +flexible-beam truck locomotives constructed in 1853-54. From a +description of this track, and the mode of working it, published by +Mr. Ellet in 1856, the following is extracted:</p> + +<div class="quote"> + <p>"The locomotives mainly relied on for this severe duty were + designed and constructed by the firm of M. W. Baldwin & Company, + of Philadelphia. The slight modifications introduced at the + instance of the writer to adapt them better to the particular + service to be performed in crossing the Blue Ridge, did not touch + the working proportions or principle of the engines, the merits + of which are due to the patentee, M. W. Baldwin, Esq.</p> + + <p>"These engines are mounted on six wheels, all of which are + drivers, and coupled, and forty-two inches diameter. The wheels + are set very close, so that the distance between the extreme + points of contact of the wheels and the rail, of the front and + rear drivers, is nine feet four inches. This closeness of the + wheels, of course, greatly reduces the difficulty of turning the + short curves of the road. The diameter of the cylinders is + sixteen and a half inches, and the length of the stroke twenty + inches. To increase the adhesion, and at the same time avoid the + resistance of a tender, the engine carries its tank upon the + boiler, and the footboard is lengthened out and provided with + suspended side-boxes, where a supply of fuel may be stored. By + this means the weight of wood and water, instead of abstracting + from the effective power of the engine, contributes to its + adhesion and consequent ability to climb the mountain. The total + weight of these engines is fifty-five thousand pounds, or + twenty-seven and a half tons, when the boiler and tank are + supplied with water, and fuel enough for a trip of eight miles is + on board. The capacity of the tank is sufficient to hold one + hundred cubic feet of water, and it has storage-room on top for + one hundred cubic feet of wood, in addition to what may be + carried in the side-boxes and on the footboard.</p> + + <p><span class="pagenum"><a id="page33" name="page33"></a>(p. 33)</span> "To enable the engines better to adapt themselves to the + flexures of the road, the front and middle pairs of drivers are + held in position by wrought-iron beams, having cylindrical boxes + in each end for the journal-bearings, which beams vibrate on + spherical pins fixed in the frame of the engine on each side, and + resting on the centres of the beams. The object of this + arrangement is to form a truck, somewhat flexible, which enables + the drivers more readily to traverse the curves of the road.</p> + + <p>"The writer has never permitted the power of the engines on this + mountain road to be fully tested. The object has been to work the + line regularly, economically, and, above all, <i>safely</i>; and these + conditions are incompatible with experimental loads subjecting + the machinery to severe strains. The regular daily service of + each of the engines is to make four trips, of eight miles, over + the mountain, drawing one eight-wheel baggage car, together with + two eight-wheel passenger cars, in each direction.</p> + + <p>"In conveying freight, the regular train on the mountain is three + of the eight-wheel house-cars, fully loaded, or four of them when + empty or partly loaded.</p> + + <p>"These three cars, when full, weigh, with their loads, from forty + to forty-three tons. Sometimes, though rarely, when the business + has been unusually heavy, the loads have exceeded fifty tons.</p> + + <p>"With such trains the engines are stopped on the track, ascending + or descending, and are started again, on the steepest grades, at + the discretion of the engineer.</p> + + <p>"Water, for the supply of the engines, has been found difficult + to obtain on the mountain; and, since the road was constructed, a + tank has been established on the eastern slope, where the + ascending engines stop daily on a grade of two hundred and eighty + feet per mile, and are there held by the brakes while the tank is + being filled, and started again at the signal and without any + difficulty.</p> + + <p>"The ordinary speed of the engines, when loaded, is seven and a + half miles an hour on the ascending grades, and from five and a + half to six miles an hour on the descent.</p> + + <p>"When the road was first opened, it speedily appeared that the + difference of forty-three feet on the western side, and + fifty-eight feet on the eastern side, between the grades on + curves of three hundred feet radii and those on straight lines, + was not sufficient to compensate for the increased traction due + to such curvature. The velocity, with a constant supply of steam, + was promptly retarded on passing from a straight line to a curve, + and promptly accelerated again on passing from the curve to the + straight line. But, after a little experience in the working of + the road, it was found advisable to supply a small amount of + grease to the flange of the engine by means of a sponge, + saturated with oil, which, when needed, is kept in contact with + the wheel by a spring. Since the use of the oil was introduced, + the difficulty of turning the curves has been so far diminished, + that it is no longer possible to determine whether grades of two + hundred and thirty-seven and six-tenths feet per mile on curves + of three hundred feet radius, or grades of two hundred and + ninety-six feet per mile on straight lines, are traversed most + rapidly by the engine.</p> + + <p>"When the track is in good condition, the brakes of only two of + the cars possess sufficient power to control and regulate the + movement of the train,—that is to say, they will hold back the + two cars and the engine. When there are three or more cars in the + train, the brakes on the cars, of course, command the train so + much the more easily.</p> + + <p>"But the safety of the train is not dependent on the brakes of + the cars. There is also a valve or air-cock in the steam-chest, + under the control of the engineer. This air-cock forms an + independent brake, exclusively at the command of the engineer, + and which can always be applied when the engine itself is in + working order. The action of this power may be made ever so + gradual, either slightly relieving the duty of the brakes on the + cars, or bringing into play the entire power of the engine. The + train is thus held in complete command."</p> +</div> + +<p>The Mountain Top Track, it may be added, was worked successfully for +several years, by the engines described in the above extract, until +it was abandoned on the completion of the tunnel. The exceptionally +steep grades and short curves <span class="pagenum"><a id="page34" name="page34"></a>(p. 34)</span> which characterized the line, +afforded a complete and satisfactory test of the adaptation of these +machines to such peculiar service.</p> + +<p>But the period now under consideration was marked by another, and a +most important, step in the progress of American locomotive +practice. We refer to the introduction of the link-motion. Although +this device was first employed by William T. James, of New York, in +1832, and eleven years later by the Stephensons, in England, and was +by them applied thenceforward on their engines, it was not until +1849 that it was adopted in this country. In that year Mr. Thomas +Rogers, of the Rogers Locomotive and Machine Company, introduced it +in his practice. Other builders, however, strenuously resisted the +innovation, and none more so than Mr. Baldwin. The theoretical +objections which confessedly apply to the device, but which +practically have been proved to be unimportant, were urged from the +first by Mr. Baldwin as arguments against its use. The strong claim +of the advocates of the link-motion, that it gave a means of cutting +off steam at any point of the stroke, could not be gainsaid, and +this was admitted to be a consideration of the first importance. +This very circumstance undoubtedly turned Mr. Baldwin's attention to +the subject of methods for cutting off steam, and one of the first +results was his "Variable Cut-off," patented April 27, 1852. This +device consisted of two valves, the upper sliding upon the lower, +and worked by an eccentric and rock-shaft in the usual manner. The +lower valve fitted steam-tight to the sides of the steam-chest and +the under surface of the upper valve. When the piston reached each +end of its stroke, the full pressure of steam from the boiler was +admitted around the upper valve, and transferred the lower valve +instantaneously from one end of the steam-chest to the other. The +openings through the two valves were so arranged that steam was +admitted to the cylinder only for a part of the stroke. The effect +was, therefore, to cut off steam at a given point, and to open the +induction and exhaust ports substantially at the same instant and to +their full extent. The exhaust port, in addition, remained fully +open while the induction port was gradually closing, and after it +had entirely closed. Although this device was never put in use, it +may be noted in passing that it contained substantially the +principle of the steam-pump, as since patented and constructed.</p> + +<p>Early in 1853, Mr. Baldwin abandoned the half-stroke cut-off, +previously described, and which he had been using since 1845, and +adopted the variable cut-off, which was already employed by other +builders. One of his letters, written in January, 1853, states his +position, as follows:</p> + +<p class="quote"> + "I shall put on an improvement in the shape of a variable + cut-off, which can be operated by the engineer while the machine + is running, and which will cut off anywhere from six to twelve + inches, according to the load and amount of steam wanted, and + this without the link-motion, which I could never be entirely + satisfied with. I still have the independent cut-off, and the + additional machinery to make it variable will be simple and not + liable to be deranged."</p> + +<p>This form of cut-off was a separate valve, sliding on a partition +plate between it and the main steam-valve, and worked by an +independent eccentric and rock-shaft. The upper arm of the +rock-shaft was curved so as to form a radius-arm, <span class="pagenum"><a id="page35" name="page35"></a>(p. 35)</span> on which +a sliding-block, forming the termination of the upper valve-rod, +could be adjusted and held at varying distances from the axis, thus +producing a variable travel of the upper valve. This device did not +give an absolutely perfect cut-off, as it was not operative in +backward gear, but when running forward it would cut-off with great +accuracy at any point of the stroke, was quick in its movement, and +economical in the consumption of fuel.</p> + +<p>After a short experience with this arrangement of the cut-off, the +partition plate was omitted, and the upper valve was made to slide +directly on the lower. This was eventually found objectionable, +however, as the lower valve would soon cut a hollow in the +valve-face. Several unsuccessful attempts were made to remedy this +defect, by making the lower valve of brass, with long bearings, and +making the valve-face of the cylinder of hardened steel; finally, +however, the plan of one valve on the other was abandoned, and +recourse was again had to an interposed partition plate, as in the +original half-stroke cut-off.</p> + +<a id="img013" name="img013"></a> +<div class="floatright"> +<img src="images/img013.jpg" width="400" height="129" alt="" title=""> +<p class="caption300">Fig. 11.—<span class="smcap">Variable Cut-off Adjustment.</span></p> +</div> + +<p>Mr. Baldwin did not adopt this form of cut-off without some +modification of his own, and the modification in this instance +consisted of a peculiar device, patented September 13, 1853, for +raising and lowering the block on the radius-arm. A quadrant was +placed so that its circumference bore nearly against a curved arm +projecting down from the sliding-block, and which curved in the +reverse direction from the quadrant. Two steel straps side by side +were interposed between the quadrant and this curved arm. One of the +straps was connected to the lower end of the quadrant and the upper +end of the curved arm; the other, to the upper end of the quadrant +and the lower end of the curved arm. The effect was the same as if +the quadrant and arm geared into each other in any position by +teeth, and theoretically the block was kept steady in whatever +position placed on the radius-arm of the rock-shaft. This was the +object sought to be accomplished, and was stated in the +specification of the patent as follows:</p> + +<p class="quote"> + "The principle of varying the cut-off by means of a vibrating arm + and sliding pivot-block has long been known, but the contrivances + for changing the position of the block upon the arm have been + very defective. The radius of motion of the link by which the + sliding-block is changed on the arm, and the radius of motion of + that part of the vibrating arm on which the block is placed, + have, in this kind of valve gear, as heretofore constructed, been + different, which produced a continual rubbing of the + sliding-block upon the arm while the arm is vibrating; and as the + block for the greater part of the time occupies one position on + the arm, and only has to be moved toward either extremity + occasionally, that part of the arm on which the block is most + used soon becomes so worn that the block is loose, and jars."</p> + +<p>This method of varying the cut-off was first applied on the engine +"Belle," delivered to the Pennsylvania Railroad Company, December +6, 1854, and thereafter <span class="pagenum"><a id="page36" name="page36"></a>(p. 36)</span> was for some time employed by Mr. +Baldwin. It was found, however, in practice, that the steel straps +would stretch sufficiently to allow them to buckle and break, and +hence they were soon abandoned, and chains substituted between the +quadrant and curved arm of the sliding-block. These chains in turn +proved little better, as they lengthened, allowing lost motion, or +broke altogether, so that eventually the quadrant was wholly +abandoned, and recourse was finally had to the lever and link for +raising and lowering the sliding-block. As thus arranged, the +cut-off was substantially what was known as the "Cuyahoga cut-off," +as introduced by Mr. Ethan Rogers, of the Cuyahoga Works, Cleveland, +Ohio, except that Mr. Baldwin used a partition plate between the +upper and the lower valve.</p> + +<p>But while Mr. Baldwin, in common with many other builders, was thus +resolutely opposing the link-motion, it was nevertheless rapidly +gaining favor with railroad managers. Engineers and master mechanics +were everywhere learning to admire its simplicity, and were +manifesting an enthusiastic preference for engines so constructed. +At length, therefore, he was forced to succumb; and the link was +applied to the "Pennsylvania," one of two engines completed for the +Central Railroad of Georgia, in February, 1854. The other engine of +the order, the "New Hampshire," had the variable cut-off, and Mr. +Baldwin, while yielding to the demand in the former engine, was +undoubtedly sanguine that the working of the latter would +demonstrate the inferiority of the new device. In this, however, he +was disappointed, for in the following year the same company ordered +three more engines, on which they specified the link-motion. In +1856, seventeen engines for nine different companies had this form +of valve gear, and its use was thus incorporated in his practice. It +was not, however, until 1857 that he was induced to adopt it +exclusively. This step was forced upon him, at that time, by the +report of Mr. Parry, then Superintendent of the Works (now a member +of the present firm), who, on returning from an extended tour in the +South, brought back the intelligence that the link-motion was +everywhere preferred, and that the Baldwin engines were losing +ground rapidly, in consequence of their lack of this feature. Mr. +Baldwin's characteristic reply was, "Then they shall have +link-motion hereafter." And thenceforth the independent cut-off +gradually disappeared, and the link reigned in its stead.</p> + +<p>February 14, 1854, Mr. Baldwin and Mr. David Clark, Master Mechanic +of the Mine Hill Railroad, took out conjointly a patent for a +feed-water heater, placed at the base of a locomotive chimney, and +consisting of one large vertical flue, surrounded by a number of +smaller ones. The exhaust steam was discharged from the nozzles +through the large central flue, creating a draft of the products of +combustion through the smaller surrounding flues. The pumps forced +the feed-water into the chamber around these flues, whence it passed +to the boiler by a pipe from the back of the stack. This heater was +applied on several engines for the Mine Hill Railroad, and on a few +for other roads; but its use was exceptional, and lasted only for a +year or two.</p> + +<p>In December of the same year, Mr. Baldwin filed a caveat for a +variable exhaust, operated automatically, by the pressure of steam, +so as to close when the <span class="pagenum"><a id="page37" name="page37"></a>(p. 37)</span> pressure was lowest in the boiler, +and open with the increase of pressure. The device was never put in +service.</p> + +<p>The use of coal, both bituminous and anthracite, as a fuel for +locomotives, had by this time become a practical success. The +economical combustion of bituminous coal, however, engaged +considerable attention. It was felt that much remained to be +accomplished in consuming the smoke and deriving the maximum of +useful effect from the fuel. Mr. Baird, who was now associated with +Mr. Baldwin in the management of the business, made this matter a +subject of careful study and investigation. An experiment was +conducted under his direction, by placing a sheet-iron deflector in +the fire-box of an engine on the Germantown and Norristown Railroad. +The success of the trial was such as to show conclusively that a +more complete combustion resulted. As, however, a deflector formed +by a single plate of iron would soon be destroyed by the action of +the fire, Mr. Baird proposed to use a water-leg projecting upward +and backward from the front of the fire-box under the flues. +Drawings and a model of the device were prepared, with a view of +patenting it, but subsequently the intention was abandoned, Mr. +Baird concluding that a fire-brick arch as a deflector to accomplish +the same object was preferable. This was accordingly tried on two +locomotives built for the Pennsylvania Railroad Company in 1854, and +was found so valuable an appliance that its use was at once +established, and it was put on a number of engines built for +railroads in Cuba and elsewhere. For several years the fire-bricks +were supported on side plugs; but in 1858, in the "Media," built for +the West Chester and Philadelphia Railroad Company, water-pipes +extending from the crown obliquely downward and curving to the sides +of the fire-box at the bottom, were successfully used for the +purpose.</p> + +<p>The adoption of the link-motion may be regarded as the dividing line +between the present and the early and transitional stage of +locomotive practice. Changes since that event have been principally +in matters of detail, but it is the gradual perfection of these +details which has made the locomotive the symmetrical, efficient, +and wonderfully complete piece of mechanism it is to-day. In +perfecting these minutiæ, the Baldwin Locomotive Works has borne its +part, and it only remains to state briefly its contributions in this +direction.</p> + +<p>The production of the establishment during the six years from 1855 +to 1860, inclusive, was as follows: forty-seven engines in 1855; +fifty-nine in 1856; sixty-six in 1857; thirty-three in 1858; seventy +in 1859; and eighty-three in 1860. The greater number of these were +of the ordinary type, four drivers coupled, and a four-wheeled +truck, and varying in weight from fifteen ton engines, with +cylinders twelve by twenty-two, to twenty-seven ton engines, with +cylinders sixteen by twenty-four. A few ten-wheeled engines were +built, as has been previously noted, and the remainder were the +Baldwin flexible-truck six- and eight-wheels-connected engines. The +demand for these, however, was now rapidly falling off, the +ten-wheeled and heavy "C" engines taking their place, and by 1859 +they ceased to be built, save in exceptional cases, as for some +foreign roads, from which orders for this pattern were still +occasionally received.</p> + +<p>A few novelties characterizing the engines of this period may be +mentioned. <span class="pagenum"><a id="page38" name="page38"></a>(p. 38)</span> Several engines built in 1855 had cross-flues +placed in the fire-box, under the crown, in order to increase the +heating surface. This feature, however, was found impracticable, and +was soon abandoned. The intense heat to which the flues were exposed +converted the water contained in them into highly superheated steam, +which would force its way out through the water around the fire-box +with violent ebullitions. Four engines were built for the +Pennsylvania Railroad Company, in 1856-57, with straight boilers and +two domes. The "Delano" grate, by means of which the coal was forced +into the fire-box from below, was applied on four ten-wheeled +engines for the Cleveland and Pittsburg Railroad, in 1857. In 1859, +several engines were built with the form of boiler introduced on the +Cumberland Valley Railroad in 1851 by Mr. A. F. Smith, and which +consisted of a combustion-chamber in the waist of the boiler, next +the fire-box. This form of boiler was for some years thereafter +largely used in engines for soft coal. It was at first constructed +with the "water-leg," which was a vertical water-space, connecting +the top and bottom sheets of the combustion-chamber, but eventually +this feature was omitted, and an unobstructed combustion-chamber +employed. Several engines were built for the Philadelphia, +Wilmington and Baltimore Railroad Company in 1859, and thereafter, +with the "Dimpfel" boiler, in which the tubes contain water, and, +starting downward from the crown-sheet, are curved to the +horizontal, and terminate in a narrow water-space next the +smoke-box. The whole waist of the boiler, therefore, forms a +combustion-chamber, and the heat and gases, after passing for their +whole length along and around the tubes, emerge into the lower part +of the smoke-box.</p> + +<p>In 1860, an engine was built for the Mine Hill Railroad, with boiler +of a peculiar form. The top sheets sloped upward from both ends +toward the centre, thus making a raised part or hump in the centre. +The engine was designed to work on heavy grades, and the object +sought by Mr. Wilder, the Superintendent of the Mine Hill Railroad, +was to have the water always at the same height in the space from +which steam was drawn, whether going up or down grade.</p> + +<p>All these experiments are indicative of the interest then prevailing +upon the subject of coal-burning. The result of experience and study +had meantime satisfied Mr. Baldwin that to burn soft coal +successfully required no peculiar devices; that the ordinary form of +boiler, with plain fire-box, was right, with perhaps the addition of +a fire-brick deflector; and that the secret of the economical and +successful use of coal was in the mode of firing, rather than in a +different form of furnace.</p> + +<p>The year 1861 witnessed a marked falling off in the production. The +breaking out of the war at first unsettled business, and by many it +was thought that railroad traffic would be so largely reduced that +the demand for locomotives must cease altogether. A large number of +hands were discharged from the works, and only forty locomotives +were turned out during the year. It was even seriously contemplated +to turn the resources of the establishment to the manufacture of +shot and shell, and other munitions of war, the belief being +entertained that the building of locomotives would have to be +altogether suspended. So far, however, was this from being the case, +that, after the first excitement had subsided, <span class="pagenum"><a id="page39" name="page39"></a>(p. 39)</span> it was found +that the demand for transportation by the general government, and by +the branches of trade and production created by the war, was likely +to tax the carrying capacity of the principal Northern railroads to +the fullest extent. The government itself became a large purchaser +of locomotives, and it is noticeable, as indicating the increase of +travel and freight transportation, that heavier machines than had +ever before been built became the rule. Seventy-five engines were +sent from the works in 1862; ninety-six in 1863; one hundred and +thirty in 1864; and one hundred and fifteen in 1865. During two +years of this period, from May, 1862, to June, 1864, thirty-three +engines were built for the United States Military Railroads. The +demand from the various coal-carrying roads in Pennsylvania and +vicinity was particularly active, and large numbers of ten-wheeled +engines, and of the heaviest eight-wheeled four-coupled engines, +were built. Of the latter class, the majority were with fifteen and +sixteen inch cylinders, and of the former, seventeen and eighteen +inch cylinders.</p> + +<p>The introduction of several important features in construction marks +this period. Early in 1861, four eighteen inch cylinder freight +locomotives, with six coupled wheels, fifty-two inches in diameter, +and a Bissell pony-truck with radius-bar in front, were sent to the +Louisville and Nashville Railroad Company. This was the first +instance of the use of the Bissell truck in the Baldwin Works. These +engines, however, were not of the regular "Mogul" type, as they were +only modifications of the ten-wheeler, the drivers retaining the +same position, well back, and a pair of pony-wheels on the Bissell +plan taking the place of the ordinary four-wheeled truck. Other +engines of the same pattern, but with eighteen and one-half inch +cylinders, were built in 1862-63, for the same company, and for the +Don Pedro II. Railway of Brazil.</p> + +<p>The introduction of steel in locomotive-construction was a +distinguishing feature of the period. Steel tires were first used in +the works in 1863, on some engines for the Don Pedro II. Railway of +South America. Their general adoption on American railroads followed +slowly. No tires of this material were then made in this country, +and it was objected to their use that, as it took from sixty to +ninety days to import them, an engine, in case of a breakage of one +of its tires, might be laid up useless for several months. To +obviate this objection, M. W. Baldwin & Co. imported five hundred +steel tires, most of which were kept in stock, from which to fill +orders.</p> + +<p>Steel fire-boxes were first built for some engines for the +Pennsylvania Railroad Company in 1861. English steel, of a high +temper, was used, and at the first attempt the fire-boxes cracked in +fitting them in the boilers, and it became necessary to take them +out and substitute copper. American homogeneous cast-steel was then +tried on engines 231 and 232, completed for the Pennsylvania +Railroad in January, 1862, and it was found to work successfully. +The fire-boxes of nearly all engines thereafter built for that road +were of this material, and in 1866 its use for the purpose became +general. It may be added that while all steel sheets for fire-boxes +or boilers are required to be thoroughly annealed before delivery, +those which are flanged or worked in the process of +boiler-construction are a second time annealed before riveting.</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="page40" name="page40"></a>(p. 40)</span> Another feature of construction, gradually adopted, was the +placing of the cylinders horizontally. This was first done in the +case of an outside-connected engine, the "Ocmulgee," which was sent +to the Southwestern Railroad Company of Georgia in January, 1858. +This engine had a square smoke-box, and the cylinders were bolted +horizontally to its sides. The plan of casting the cylinder and +half-saddle in one piece and fitting it to the round smoke-box was +introduced by Mr. Baldwin, and grew naturally out of his original +method of construction. Mr. Baldwin was the first American builder +to use an outside cylinder, and he made it for his early engines +with a circular flange cast to it, by which it could be bolted to +the boiler. The cylinders were gradually brought lower, and at a +less angle, and the flanges prolonged and enlarged. In 1852, three +six-wheels-connected engines, for the Mine Hill Railroad Company, +were built with the cylinder flanges brought around under the +smoke-box until they nearly met, the space between them being filled +with a spark-box. This was practically equivalent to making the +cylinder and half-saddle in one casting. Subsequently, on other +engines on which the spark-box was not used, the half-saddles were +cast so as almost to meet under the smoke-box, and, after the +cylinders were adjusted in position, wedges were fitted in the +interstices and the saddles bolted together. It was finally +discovered that the faces of the two half-saddles might be planed +and finished so that they could be bolted together and bring the +cylinders accurately in position, thus avoiding the troublesome and +tedious job of adjusting them by chipping and fitting to the boiler +and frames. With this method of construction, the cylinders were +placed at a less and less angle, until at length the truck-wheels +were spread sufficiently, on all new or modified classes of +locomotives in the Baldwin list, to admit of the cylinders being +hung horizontally, as is the present almost universal American +practice. By the year 1865, horizontal cylinders were made in all +cases where the patterns would allow it. The advantages of this +arrangement are manifestly in the interest of simplicity and +economy, as the cylinders are thus rights or lefts, +indiscriminately, and a single pattern answers for either side.</p> + +<p>A distinguishing feature in the method of construction which +characterizes these Works, is the extensive use of a system of +standard gauges and templets, to which all work admitting of this +process is required to be made. The importance of this arrangement, +in securing absolute uniformity of essential parts in all engines of +the same class, is manifest, and with the increased production since +1861 it became a necessity as well as a decided advantage. It has +already been noted that as early as 1839 Mr. Baldwin felt the +importance of making all like parts of similar engines absolutely +uniform and interchangeable. It was not attempted to accomplish this +object, however, by means of a complete system of standard gauges, +until many years later. In 1861 a beginning was made of organizing +all the departments of manufacture upon this basis, and from it has +since grown an elaborate and perfected system, embracing all the +essential details of construction. An independent department of the +Works, having a separate foreman and an adequate force of skilled +workmen, with special tools adapted to the purpose, is organized as +the Department of Standard Gauges. <span class="pagenum"><a id="page41" name="page41"></a>(p. 41)</span> A system of standard +gauges and templets for every description of work to be done, is +made and kept by this department. The original templets are kept as +"standards," and are never used on the work itself, but from them +exact duplicates are made, which are issued to the foremen of the +various departments, and to which all work is required to conform. +The working gauges are compared with the standards at regular +intervals, and absolute uniformity is thus maintained. The system is +carried into every possible important detail. Frames are planed and +slotted to gauges, and drilled to steel bushed templets. Cylinders +are bored and planed, and steam-ports, with valves and steam-chests, +finished and fitted, to gauges. Tires are bored, centres turned, +axles finished, and crossheads, guides, guide-bearers, pistons, +connecting- and parallel-rods planed, slotted, or finished, by the +same method. Every bolt about the engine is made to a gauge, and +every hole drilled and reamed to a templet. The result of the system +is an absolute uniformity and interchangeableness of parts in +engines of the same class, insuring to the purchaser the minimum +cost of repairs, and rendering possible, by the application of this +method, the large production which these Works have accomplished.</p> + +<p>Thus had been developed and perfected the various essential details +of existing locomotive practice, when Mr. Baldwin died, September 7, +1866. He had been permitted, in a life of unusual activity and +energy, to witness the rise and wonderful increase of a material +interest which had become the distinguishing feature of the century. +He had done much, by his own mechanical skill and inventive genius, +to contribute to the development of that interest. His name was as +"familiar as household words" wherever on the American continent the +locomotive had penetrated. An ordinary ambition might well have been +satisfied with this achievement. But Mr. Baldwin's claim to the +remembrance of his fellow-men rests not alone on the results of his +mechanical labors. A merely technical history, such as this, is not +the place to do justice to his memory as a man, as a Christian, and +as a philanthropist; yet the record would be manifestly imperfect, +and would fail properly to reflect the sentiments of his business +associates who so long knew him in all relations of life, were no +reference made to his many virtues and noble traits of character. +Mr. Baldwin was a man of sterling integrity and singular +conscientiousness. To do right, absolutely and unreservedly, in all +his relations with men, was an instinctive rule of his nature. His +heroic struggle to meet every dollar of his liabilities, principal +and interest, after his failure, consequent upon the general +financial crash in 1837, constitutes a chapter of personal +self-denial and determined effort which is seldom paralleled in the +annals of commercial experience. When most men would have felt that +an equitable compromise with creditors was all that could be +demanded in view of the general financial embarrassment, Mr. Baldwin +insisted upon paying all claims in full, and succeeded in doing so +only after nearly five years of unremitting industry, close economy, +and absolute personal sacrifices. As a philanthropist and a sincere +and earnest Christian, zealous in every good work, his memory is +cherished by many to whom his contributions to locomotive +improvement are comparatively unknown. From the earliest years of +his business life the practice <span class="pagenum"><a id="page42" name="page42"></a>(p. 42)</span> of systematic benevolence was +made a duty and a pleasure. His liberality constantly increased with +his means. Indeed, he would unhesitatingly give his notes, in large +sums, for charitable purposes, when money was absolutely wanted to +carry on his business. Apart from the thousands which he expended in +private charities, and of which, of course, little can be known, +Philadelphia contains many monuments of his munificence. Early +taking a deep interest in all Christian effort, his contributions to +missionary enterprise and church extension were on the grandest +scale, and grew with increasing wealth. Numerous church edifices in +this city, of the denomination to which he belonged, owe their +existence largely to his liberality, and two at least were projected +and built by him entirely at his own cost. In his mental character, +Mr. Baldwin was a man of remarkable firmness of purpose. This trait +was strongly shown during his mechanical career, in the persistency +with which he would work at a new improvement or resist an +innovation. If he was led sometimes to assume an attitude of +antagonism to features of locomotive-construction which +after-experience showed to be valuable,—and a desire for historical +accuracy has required the mention, in previous pages, of several +instances of this kind,—it is at least certain that his opposition +was based upon a conscientious belief in the mechanical impolicy of +the proposed changes.</p> + +<p>After the death of Mr. Baldwin, the business was reorganized, in +1867, under the title of "The Baldwin Locomotive Works," M. Baird & +Co., Proprietors. Messrs. George Burnham and Charles T. Parry, who +had been connected with the establishment from an early period, the +former in charge of the finances, and the latter as General +Superintendent, were associated with Mr. Baird in the copartnership. +Three years later, Messrs. Edward H. Williams, William P. Henszey, +and Edward Longstreth became members of the firm. Mr. Williams had +been connected with railway management on various lines since 1850. +Mr. Henszey had been Mechanical Engineer, and Mr. Longstreth the +General Superintendent of the Works for several years previously.</p> + +<p>The production of the Baldwin Locomotive Works from 1866 to 1871, +both years inclusive, has been as follows:</p> + +<table border="0" cellpadding="1" summary="Production."> +<tr> +<td>1866, one hundred and eighteen</td> +<td>locomotives.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>1867, one hundred and twenty-seven</td> +<td class="center">"</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>1868, one hundred and twenty-four</td> +<td class="center">"</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>1869, two hundred and thirty-five</td> +<td class="center">"</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>1870, two hundred and eighty</td> +<td class="center">"</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>1871, three hundred and thirty-one</td> +<td class="center">"</td> +</tr> +</table> + +<p>In July, 1866, the engine "Consolidation" was built for the Lehigh +Valley Railroad, on the plan and specification furnished by Mr. +Alexander Mitchell, Master Mechanic of the Mahanoy Division of that +railroad. This engine was intended for working the Mahanoy plane, +which rises at the rate of one hundred and thirty-three feet per +mile. The "Consolidation" had cylinders twenty by twenty-four, four +pairs of drivers connected, forty-eight inches in diameter, and a +Bissell pony-truck in front, equalized with the front drivers. The +weight of the engine, in working order, was ninety thousand pounds, +of which all but about <span class="pagenum"><a id="page43" name="page43"></a>(p. 43)</span> ten thousand pounds was on the +drivers. This engine has constituted the first of a class to which +it has given its name, and over thirty "Consolidation" engines have +since been constructed.</p> + +<p>A class of engines known as "Moguls," with three pairs of drivers +connected and a swing pony-truck in front equalized with the front +drivers, took its rise in the practice of this establishment from +the "E. A. Douglas," built for the Thomas Iron Company in 1867. +These engines are fully illustrated in the Catalogue. Several sizes +of "Moguls" have been built, but principally with cylinders sixteen, +seventeen, and eighteen inches in diameter, respectively, and +twenty-two or twenty-four inches stroke, and with drivers from +forty-four to fifty-seven inches in diameter. This plan of engine +has rapidly grown in favor for freight service on heavy grades or +where maximum loads are to be moved, and has been adopted by several +leading lines. Utilizing, as it does, nearly the entire weight of +the engine for adhesion, the main and back pairs of drivers being +equalized together, as also the front drivers and the pony-wheels, +and the construction of the engine with swing-truck and one pair of +drivers without flanges allowing it to pass short curves without +difficulty, the "Mogul" is generally accepted as a type of engine +especially adapted to the economical working of heavy freight +traffic.</p> + +<p>In 1867, on a number of eight-wheeled four-coupled engines, for the +Pennsylvania Railroad, the four-wheeled swing-bolster-truck was +first applied, and thereafter nearly all the engines built in the +establishment with a two- or four-wheeled truck in front have been so +constructed. The two-wheeled or "pony" truck has been built both on +the Bissell plan, with double inclined slides, and with the ordinary +swing-bolster, and in both cases with the radius-bar pivoting from a +point about four feet back from the centre of the truck. The +four-wheeled truck has been made with swing-bolster exclusively and +without the radius-bar. Of the engines above referred to as the +first on which the swing-bolster-truck was applied, four were for +express passenger service, with drivers sixty-seven inches in +diameter, and cylinders seventeen by twenty-four. One of them, +placed on the road September 9, 1867, was in constant service until +May 14, 1871, without ever being off its wheels for repairs, making +a total mileage of one hundred and fifty-three thousand two hundred +and eighty miles. All of these engines have their driving-wheels +spread eight and one-half feet between centres, thus increasing the +adhesive weight, and with the use of the swing-truck they have been +found to work readily on the shortest curves on the road.</p> + +<p>Steel flues were put in three ten-wheeled freight engines, numbers +211, 338, and 368, completed for the Pennsylvania Railroad in +August, 1868, and up to the present time have been in constant use +without requiring renewal. Flues of the same material have also been +used in a number of engines for South American railroads. Experience +with tubes of this metal, however, has not yet been sufficiently +extended to show whether they give any advantages commensurate with +their increased cost over iron.</p> + +<p>Steel boilers have been built, to a considerable extent, for the +Pennsylvania, Lehigh Valley, Central of New Jersey, and some other +railroad companies, <span class="pagenum"><a id="page44" name="page44"></a>(p. 44)</span> since 1868, and with good results thus +far. Where this metal is used for boilers, the plates may be +somewhat thinner than if of iron, but at the same time, as shown by +careful tests, giving a greater tensile strength. The thoroughly +homogeneous character of the steel boiler-plate made in this country +recommends it strongly for the purpose.</p> + +<p>In 1854, four engines for the Pennsylvania Railroad Company, the +"Tiger," "Leopard," "Hornet," and "Wasp," were built with straight +boilers and two domes each, and in 1866 this method of construction +was revived. Since that date, the practice of the establishment has +included both the wagon-top boiler with single dome, and the +straight boiler with two domes. When the straight boiler is used, +the waist is made about two inches larger in diameter than that of +the wagon-top form. About equal space for water and steam is thus +given in either case, and, as the number of flues is the same in +both forms, more room for the circulation of water between the flues +is afforded in the straight boiler, on account of its larger +diameter, than in the wagon-top shape. The preference of many +railroad officers for the straight boiler is based on the +consideration of the greater strength which this form confessedly +gives. The top and side lines being of equal length, the expansion +is uniform throughout, and hence there is less liability to leak on +the sides, at the junction of the waist and fire-box. The +throttle-valve is placed in the forward dome, from which point drier +steam can be drawn than from over the crown-sheet, where the most +violent ebullitions in a boiler occur. For these reasons, as well as +on account of its greater symmetry, the straight boiler with two +domes is largely accepted as preferable to the wagon-top form.</p> + +<p>Early in 1870, the success of the various narrow-gauge railway +enterprises in Europe aroused a lively interest in the subject, and +numerous similar lines were projected on this side of the Atlantic. +Several classes of engines for working railroads of this character +were designed and built, and are illustrated in full in Division VII +of the Catalogue.</p> + +<p>The history of the Baldwin Locomotive Works has thus been traced +from its inception to the present time. Over twenty-six hundred +locomotives have been built in the establishment since the +completion of the "Old Ironsides," in 1832. Its capacity is now +equal to the production of over four hundred locomotives annually, +and it has attained the rank of the largest locomotive works in the +world. It owes this position not only to the character of the work +it has turned out, but largely also to the peculiar facilities for +manufacture which it possesses. Situated close to the great iron and +coal region of the country, the principal materials required for its +work are readily available. It numbers among its managers and +workmen men who have had the training of a lifetime in the various +specialties of locomotive-manufacture, and whose experience has +embraced the successive stages of American locomotive progress. Its +location, in the largest manufacturing city of the country, is an +advantage of no ordinary importance. In 1870, Philadelphia, with a +total population of nearly seven hundred thousand souls, gave +employment in its manufactures to over one hundred and twenty +thousand persons. In other words, more than one-sixth of its +population is concerned in <span class="pagenum"><a id="page45" name="page45"></a>(p. 45)</span> production. The extent of +territory covered by the city, embracing one hundred and +twenty-seven square miles, with unsurpassed facilities for ready +intercommunication by street railways, renders possible separate +comfortable homes for the working population, and thus tends to +elevate their condition and increase their efficiency. Such and so +vast a class of skilled mechanics is therefore available from which +to recruit the forces of the establishment when necessary. Under +their command are special tools, which have been created from time +to time with reference to every detail of locomotive-manufacture; +and an organized system of production, perfected by long years of +experience, governs the operation of all.</p> + +<p>With such a record for the past, and such facilities at its command +for the future, the Baldwin Locomotive Works submits the following +Catalogue of the principal classes of locomotives embraced in its +present practice.</p> + +<h2><span class="pagenum"><a id="page47" name="page47"></a>(p. 47)</span> CIRCULAR.</h2> + +<p>In the following pages we present and illustrate a system of +<span class="smcap">STANDARD LOCOMOTIVES</span>, in which, it is believed, will be found +designs suited to all the requirements of ordinary service.</p> + +<p>These patterns admit of modifications, to suit the preferences of +railroad managers, and where machines of peculiar construction for +special service are required, we are prepared to make and submit +designs, or to build to specifications furnished.</p> + +<p>All the locomotives of the system herewith presented are adapted to +the consumption of wood, coke, or bituminous or anthracite coal as +fuel.</p> + +<p>All work is accurately fitted to gauges, which are made from a +system of standards kept exclusively for the purpose. Like parts +will, therefore, fit accurately in all locomotives of the same +class.</p> + +<p>This system of manufacture, together with the large number of +locomotives at all times in progress, and embracing the principal +classes, insures unusual and especial facilities for filling at +once, or with the least possible delay, orders for duplicate parts.</p> + +<p>Full specifications of locomotives will be furnished on application.</p> + +<p class="right10">M. BAIRD & CO.</p> + +<h2><span class="pagenum"><a id="page48" name="page48"></a>(p. 48)</span> EXPLANATION OF TERMS.</h2> + +<p>The several classes of locomotives manufactured by the Baldwin +Locomotive Works have their respective distinguishing names, which +are derived and applied as follows:</p> + +<table border="0" cellpadding="1" summary="Names."> +<tr> +<td>All locomotives having one pair of driving-wheels are designated as</td> +<td>B engines.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>Those having two pairs of drivers, as</td> +<td>C engines.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>Those having three pairs of drivers, as</td> +<td>D engines.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>Those having four pairs of drivers, as</td> +<td>E engines.</td> +</tr> +</table> + +<p>One or more figures united with one of these letters, B, C, D, or E, +and preceding it, indicates the dimensions of cylinders, boiler, and +other parts, and also the general plan of the locomotive: thus, +27½ C designates the class of eight-wheeled locomotives +(illustrated on pages 56 and 60) with two pairs of drivers and a +four-wheeled truck, and with cylinders sixteen inches in diameter +and twenty-two or twenty-four inches stroke. 34 E designates another +class (illustrated on page 80), with four pairs of drivers and a +pony truck, and with cylinders twenty inches in diameter and +twenty-four inches stroke.</p> + +<p>In like manner all the other classes are designated by a combination +of certain letters and figures.</p> + +<p>All corresponding important parts of locomotives of the same class +are made interchangeable and exact duplicates.</p> + +<p>The following table gives a summary of the principal classes of +locomotives of our manufacture:</p> + +<h2><span class="pagenum"><a id="page49" name="page49"></a>(p. 49)</span> GENERAL CLASSIFICATION.</h2> + +<table border="1" cellpadding="2" summary="Classification."> +<tr> +<td class="center" rowspan="2">Designation of Class.</td> +<td class="center" rowspan="2">SERVICE.</td> +<td class="center" rowspan="2">Gauge. +<td class="center nobordright" rowspan="2">Cylinders. +<td class="nobordleft" rowspan="2"> </td> +<td class="center" colspan="2">DRIVERS.</td> +<td class="center" rowspan="2">Truck. No. Wheels.</td> +<td class="center" rowspan="2">Weight in Working Order.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="center">No.</td> +<td class="center">Diameter.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="nobordbot"> </td> +<td class="nobordbot"> </td> +<td class="nobordbot"> </td> +<td class="bord_top"> </td> +<td class="bord_topright"> </td> +<td class="nobordbot"> </td> +<td class="center nobordbot">INCHES.</td> +<td class="nobordbot"> </td> +<td class="center nobordbot">POUNDS.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="right nobordtopbot">8½ C</td> +<td class="nobordtopbot">Narrow Gauge Passenger and Freight.</td> +<td class="nobordtopbot">3 feet and over.</td> +<td class="right bord_left">9 × 16</td> +<td class="bord_right"> </td> +<td class="right nobordtopbot">4</td> +<td class="right nobordtopbot">36 to 40</td> +<td class="right nobordtopbot">2</td> +<td class="right nobordtopbot">25,000</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="right nobordtopbot">9½ C</td> +<td class="center nobordtopbot">do.</td> +<td class="center nobordtopbot">"</td> +<td class="right bord_left">10 × 16</td> +<td class="bord_right"> </td> +<td class="right nobordtopbot">4</td> +<td class="right nobordtopbot">36 to 40</td> +<td class="right nobordtopbot">2</td> +<td class="right nobordtopbot">30,000</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="right nobordtopbot">12 D</td> +<td class="nobordtopbot">Narrow Gauge Freight.</td> +<td class="center nobordtopbot">"</td> +<td class="right bord_left">11 × 16</td> +<td class="bord_right"> </td> +<td class="right nobordtopbot">6</td> +<td class="right nobordtopbot">36 to 40</td> +<td class="right nobordtopbot">2</td> +<td class="right nobordtopbot">35,000</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="right nobordtopbot">14 D</td> +<td class="center nobordtopbot">do.</td> +<td class="center nobordtopbot">"</td> +<td class="right bord_left">12 × 16</td> +<td class="bord_right"> </td> +<td class="right nobordtopbot">6</td> +<td class="right nobordtopbot">36 to 40</td> +<td class="right nobordtopbot">2</td> +<td class="right nobordtopbot">40,000</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="right nobordtopbot">8 C</td> +<td class="nobordtopbot">Tank Switching.</td> +<td class="nobordtopbot">4 ft. 8½ and over</td> +<td class="right bord_left">9 × 16</td> +<td class="bord_right"> </td> +<td class="right nobordtopbot">4</td> +<td class="right nobordtopbot">36</td> +<td class="right nobordtopbot">....</td> +<td class="right nobordtopbot">25,000</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="right nobordtopbot">10½ C</td> +<td class="center nobordtopbot">do.</td> +<td class="center nobordtopbot">"</td> +<td class="right bord_left">11 × 16</td> +<td class="bord_right"> </td> +<td class="right nobordtopbot">4</td> +<td class="right nobordtopbot">36</td> +<td class="right nobordtopbot">....</td> +<td class="right nobordtopbot">38,000</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="right nobordtopbot">11½ C</td> +<td class="center nobordtopbot">do.</td> +<td class="center nobordtopbot">"</td> +<td class="right bord_left">11 × 16</td> +<td class="bord_right"> </td> +<td class="right nobordtopbot">4</td> +<td class="right nobordtopbot">36</td> +<td class="right nobordtopbot">2</td> +<td class="right nobordtopbot">40,000</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="right nobordtopbot">12 C</td> +<td class="center nobordtopbot">do.</td> +<td class="center nobordtopbot">"</td> +<td class="right bord_left">12 × 22</td> +<td class="bord_right"> </td> +<td class="right nobordtopbot">4</td> +<td class="right nobordtopbot">44</td> +<td class="right nobordtopbot">....</td> +<td class="right nobordtopbot">43,000</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="right nobordtopbot">14 C</td> +<td class="center nobordtopbot">do.</td> +<td class="center nobordtopbot">"</td> +<td class="right bord_left">14 × 22</td> +<td class="bord_right"> </td> +<td class="right nobordtopbot">4</td> +<td class="right nobordtopbot">48</td> +<td class="right nobordtopbot">....</td> +<td class="right nobordtopbot">48,000</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="right nobordtopbot">14½ C</td> +<td class="center nobordtopbot">do.</td> +<td class="center nobordtopbot">"</td> +<td class="right bord_left">14 × 22</td> +<td class="bord_right"> </td> +<td class="right nobordtopbot">4</td> +<td class="right nobordtopbot">48</td> +<td class="right nobordtopbot">2</td> +<td class="right nobordtopbot">50,000</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="right nobordtopbot">18½ C</td> +<td class="center nobordtopbot">do.</td> +<td class="center nobordtopbot">"</td> +<td class="right bord_left">15 × 22</td> +<td class="bord_right"> </td> +<td class="right nobordtopbot">4</td> +<td class="right nobordtopbot">48 to 54</td> +<td class="right nobordtopbot">....</td> +<td class="right nobordtopbot">55,000</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="right nobordtopbot">15½ C</td> +<td class="center nobordtopbot">do.</td> +<td class="center nobordtopbot">"</td> +<td class="right bord_left">15 × 22</td> +<td class="bord_right"> </td> +<td class="right nobordtopbot">4</td> +<td class="right nobordtopbot">48 to 54</td> +<td class="right nobordtopbot">2</td> +<td class="right nobordtopbot">57,000</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="right nobordtopbot">21 D</td> +<td class="center nobordtopbot">do.</td> +<td class="center nobordtopbot">"</td> +<td class="right bord_left">15 × 22</td> +<td class="bord_right"> </td> +<td class="right nobordtopbot">6</td> +<td class="right nobordtopbot">44</td> +<td class="right nobordtopbot">....</td> +<td class="right nobordtopbot">60,000</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="right nobordtopbot">27½ D</td> +<td class="center nobordtopbot">do.</td> +<td class="center nobordtopbot">"</td> +<td class="right bord_left">16 × 22</td> +<td class="bord_right"> </td> +<td class="right nobordtopbot">6</td> +<td class="right nobordtopbot">44 to 48</td> +<td class="right nobordtopbot">....</td> +<td class="right nobordtopbot">66,000</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="right nobordtopbot">8 C</td> +<td class="nobordtopbot">Switching, with separate Tender.</td> +<td class="center nobordtopbot">"</td> +<td class="right bord_left">9 × 16</td> +<td class="bord_right"> </td> +<td class="right nobordtopbot">4</td> +<td class="right nobordtopbot">36</td> +<td class="right nobordtopbot">....</td> +<td class="right nobordtopbot">22,000</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="right nobordtopbot">10½ C</td> +<td class="center nobordtopbot">do.</td> +<td class="center nobordtopbot">"</td> +<td class="right bord_left">11 × 16</td> +<td class="bord_right"> </td> +<td class="right nobordtopbot">4</td> +<td class="right nobordtopbot">36</td> +<td class="right nobordtopbot">....</td> +<td class="right nobordtopbot">34,000</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="right nobordtopbot">11½ C</td> +<td class="center nobordtopbot">do.</td> +<td class="center nobordtopbot">"</td> +<td class="right bord_left">11 × 16</td> +<td class="bord_right"> </td> +<td class="right nobordtopbot">4</td> +<td class="right nobordtopbot">36</td> +<td class="right nobordtopbot">2</td> +<td class="right nobordtopbot">36,000</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="right nobordtopbot">12 C</td> +<td class="center nobordtopbot">do.</td> +<td class="center nobordtopbot">"</td> +<td class="right bord_left">12 × 22</td> +<td class="bord_right"> </td> +<td class="right nobordtopbot">4</td> +<td class="right nobordtopbot">44</td> +<td class="right nobordtopbot">....</td> +<td class="right nobordtopbot">38,000</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="right nobordtopbot">14 C</td> +<td class="center nobordtopbot">do.</td> +<td class="center nobordtopbot">"</td> +<td class="right bord_left">14 × 22</td> +<td class="bord_right"> </td> +<td class="right nobordtopbot">4</td> +<td class="right nobordtopbot">48</td> +<td class="right nobordtopbot">....</td> +<td class="right nobordtopbot">42,000</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="right nobordtopbot">14½ C</td> +<td class="center nobordtopbot">do.</td> +<td class="center nobordtopbot">"</td> +<td class="right bord_left">14 × 22</td> +<td class="bord_right"> </td> +<td class="right nobordtopbot">4</td> +<td class="right nobordtopbot">48</td> +<td class="right nobordtopbot">2</td> +<td class="right nobordtopbot">44,000</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="right nobordtopbot">18½ C</td> +<td class="center nobordtopbot">do.</td> +<td class="center nobordtopbot">"</td> +<td class="right bord_left">15 × 22</td> +<td class="bord_right"> </td> +<td class="right nobordtopbot">4</td> +<td class="right nobordtopbot">48 to 54</td> +<td class="right nobordtopbot">....</td> +<td class="right nobordtopbot">49,000</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="right nobordtopbot">15½ C</td> +<td class="center nobordtopbot">do.</td> +<td class="center nobordtopbot">"</td> +<td class="right bord_left">15 × 22</td> +<td class="bord_right"> </td> +<td class="right nobordtopbot">4</td> +<td class="right nobordtopbot">48 to 54</td> +<td class="right nobordtopbot">2</td> +<td class="right nobordtopbot">51,000</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="right nobordtopbot">19½ C</td> +<td class="center nobordtopbot">do.</td> +<td class="center nobordtopbot">"</td> +<td class="right bord_left">16 × 22</td> +<td class="bord_right"> </td> +<td class="right nobordtopbot">4</td> +<td class="right nobordtopbot">48 to 54</td> +<td class="right nobordtopbot">....</td> +<td class="right nobordtopbot">56,000</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="right nobordtopbot">21 D</td> +<td class="center nobordtopbot">do.</td> +<td class="center nobordtopbot">"</td> +<td class="right bord_left">15 × 22</td> +<td class="bord_right"> </td> +<td class="right nobordtopbot">6</td> +<td class="right nobordtopbot">44</td> +<td class="right nobordtopbot">....</td> +<td class="right nobordtopbot">52,000</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="right nobordtopbot" rowspan="2">27½ D</td> +<td class="center nobordtopbot" rowspan="2">do.</td> +<td class="center nobordtopbot" rowspan="2">"</td> +<td class="right bord_left">16 × 22</td> +<td class="bord_right" rowspan="2">}</td> +<td class="right nobordtopbot" rowspan="2">6</td> +<td class="right nobordtopbot" rowspan="2">44 to 48</td> +<td class="right nobordtopbot" rowspan="2">....</td> +<td class="right nobordtopbot" rowspan="2">60,000</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="right bord_left">24</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="right nobordtopbot" rowspan="2">25½ D</td> +<td class="center nobordtopbot" rowspan="2">do.</td> +<td class="center nobordtopbot" rowspan="2">"</td> +<td class="right bord_left">17 × 22</td> +<td class="bord_right" rowspan="2">}</td> +<td class="right nobordtopbot" rowspan="2">6</td> +<td class="right nobordtopbot" rowspan="2">48 to 54</td> +<td class="right nobordtopbot" rowspan="2">....</td> +<td class="right nobordtopbot" rowspan="2">66,000</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="right bord_left">24</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="right nobordtopbot">15 C</td> +<td class="nobordtopbot">Passenger and Freight.</td> +<td class="center nobordtopbot">"</td> +<td class="right bord_left">10 × 20</td> +<td class="bord_right"> </td> +<td class="right nobordtopbot">4</td> +<td class="right nobordtopbot">54</td> +<td class="right nobordtopbot">4</td> +<td class="right nobordtopbot">38,000</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="right nobordtopbot">16½ C</td> +<td class="center nobordtopbot">do.</td> +<td class="center nobordtopbot">"</td> +<td class="right bord_left">12 × 22</td> +<td class="bord_right"> </td> +<td class="right nobordtopbot">4</td> +<td class="right nobordtopbot">54 to 60</td> +<td class="right nobordtopbot">4</td> +<td class="right nobordtopbot">44,000</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="right nobordtopbot" rowspan="2">20½ C</td> +<td class="center nobordtopbot" rowspan="2">do.</td> +<td class="center nobordtopbot" rowspan="2">"</td> +<td class="right bord_left">13 × 22</td> +<td class="bord_right" rowspan="2">}</td> +<td class="right nobordtopbot" rowspan="2">4</td> +<td class="right nobordtopbot" rowspan="2">56 to 66</td> +<td class="right nobordtopbot" rowspan="2">4</td> +<td class="right nobordtopbot" rowspan="2">50,000</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="right bord_left">24</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="right nobordtopbot" rowspan="2">22½ C</td> +<td class="center nobordtopbot" rowspan="2">do.</td> +<td class="center nobordtopbot" rowspan="2">"</td> +<td class="right bord_left">14 × 22</td> +<td class="bord_right" rowspan="2">}</td> +<td class="right nobordtopbot" rowspan="2">4</td> +<td class="right nobordtopbot" rowspan="2">56 to 66</td> +<td class="right nobordtopbot" rowspan="2">4</td> +<td class="right nobordtopbot" rowspan="2">55,000</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="right bord_left">24</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="right nobordtopbot" rowspan="2">24½ C</td> +<td class="center nobordtopbot" rowspan="2">do.</td> +<td class="center nobordtopbot" rowspan="2">"</td> +<td class="right bord_left">15 × 22</td> +<td class="bord_right" rowspan="2">}</td> +<td class="right nobordtopbot" rowspan="2">4</td> +<td class="right nobordtopbot" rowspan="2">56 to 66</td> +<td class="right nobordtopbot" rowspan="2">4</td> +<td class="right nobordtopbot" rowspan="2">60,000</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="right bord_left">24</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="right nobordtopbot" rowspan="2">27½ C</td> +<td class="center nobordtopbot" rowspan="2">do.</td> +<td class="center nobordtopbot" rowspan="2">"</td> +<td class="right bord_left">16 × 22</td> +<td class="bord_right" rowspan="2">}</td> +<td class="right nobordtopbot" rowspan="2">4</td> +<td class="right nobordtopbot" rowspan="2">56 to 66</td> +<td class="right nobordtopbot" rowspan="2">4</td> +<td class="right nobordtopbot" rowspan="2">65,000</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="right bord_left">24</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="right nobordtopbot" rowspan="2">28</td> +<td class="center nobordtopbot" rowspan="2">do.</td> +<td class="center nobordtopbot" rowspan="2">"</td> +<td class="right bord_left">17 × 22</td> +<td class="bord_right" rowspan="2">}</td> +<td class="right nobordtopbot" rowspan="2">4</td> +<td class="right nobordtopbot" rowspan="2">56 to 66</td> +<td class="right nobordtopbot" rowspan="2">4</td> +<td class="right nobordtopbot" rowspan="2">70,000</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="right bord_left">24</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="right nobordtopbot" rowspan="2">24½ D</td> +<td class="nobordtopbot" rowspan="2">Freight.</td> +<td class="center nobordtopbot" rowspan="2">"</td> +<td class="right bord_left">16 × 22</td> +<td class="bord_right" rowspan="2">}</td> +<td class="right nobordtopbot" rowspan="2">6</td> +<td class="right nobordtopbot" rowspan="2">48 to 54</td> +<td class="right nobordtopbot" rowspan="2">4</td> +<td class="right nobordtopbot" rowspan="2">67,000</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="right bord_left">24</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="right nobordtopbot" rowspan="2">26½ D</td> +<td class="center nobordtopbot" rowspan="2">do.</td> +<td class="center nobordtopbot" rowspan="2">"</td> +<td class="right bord_left">17 × 22</td> +<td class="bord_right" rowspan="2">}</td> +<td class="right nobordtopbot" rowspan="2">6</td> +<td class="right nobordtopbot" rowspan="2">48 to 54</td> +<td class="right nobordtopbot" rowspan="2">4</td> +<td class="right nobordtopbot" rowspan="2">72,000</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="right bord_left">24</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="right nobordtopbot" rowspan="2">28½ D</td> +<td class="center nobordtopbot" rowspan="2">do.</td> +<td class="center nobordtopbot" rowspan="2">"</td> +<td class="right bord_left">18 × 22</td> +<td class="bord_right" rowspan="2">}</td> +<td class="right nobordtopbot" rowspan="2">6</td> +<td class="right nobordtopbot" rowspan="2">48 to 54</td> +<td class="right nobordtopbot" rowspan="2">4</td> +<td class="right nobordtopbot" rowspan="2">77,000</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="right bord_left">24</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="right nobordtopbot" rowspan="2">27½ D</td> +<td class="nobordtopbot" rowspan="2">Freight and pushing.</td> +<td class="center nobordtopbot" rowspan="2">"</td> +<td class="right bord_left">17 × 22</td> +<td class="bord_right" rowspan="2">}</td> +<td class="right nobordtopbot" rowspan="2">6</td> +<td class="right nobordtopbot" rowspan="2">48 to 54</td> +<td class="right nobordtopbot" rowspan="2">4</td> +<td class="right nobordtopbot" rowspan="2">71,000</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="right bord_left">24</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="right nobordtopbot" rowspan="2">25½ D</td> +<td class="center nobordtopbot" rowspan="2">do.</td> +<td class="center nobordtopbot" rowspan="2">"</td> +<td class="right bord_left">17 × 22</td> +<td class="bord_right" rowspan="2">}</td> +<td class="right nobordtopbot" rowspan="2">6</td> +<td class="right nobordtopbot" rowspan="2">48 to 54</td> +<td class="right nobordtopbot" rowspan="2">2</td> +<td class="right nobordtopbot" rowspan="2">71,000</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="right bord_left">24</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="right nobordtopbot" rowspan="2">30 D</td> +<td class="center nobordtopbot" rowspan="2">do.</td> +<td class="center nobordtopbot" rowspan="2">"</td> +<td class="right bord_left">18 × 22</td> +<td class="bord_right" rowspan="2">}</td> +<td class="right nobordtopbot" rowspan="2">6</td> +<td class="right nobordtopbot" rowspan="2">48 to 54</td> +<td class="right nobordtopbot" rowspan="2">2</td> +<td class="right nobordtopbot" rowspan="2">76,000</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="right bord_left">24</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="right nobordtopbot">34 E</td> +<td class="nobordtopbot">Freight and Pushing.</td> +<td class="center nobordtopbot">"</td> +<td class="right bord_left">20 × 24</td> +<td class="bord_right"> </td> +<td class="right nobordtopbot">8</td> +<td class="right nobordtopbot">48</td> +<td class="right nobordtopbot">2</td> +<td class="right nobordtopbot">96,000</td> +</tr> +</table> + +<h2><span class="pagenum"><a id="page50" name="page50"></a>(p. 50)</span> PREFATORY.</h2> + +<p>The dimensions given in the following Catalogue are for locomotives +of four feet eight and a half inches gauge, unless otherwise stated.</p> + +<p>The <i>loads</i> given under each class are invariably in gross tons of +twenty-two hundred and forty pounds, and include both cars and +lading.</p> + +<p>All the locomotives described in this Catalogue are sold with the +guarantee that they will haul, on a straight track in good +condition, the loads stated. Their actual performance under +favorable circumstances may be relied upon largely to exceed the +figures given in the guarantee.</p> + +<p>The feed-water for all locomotives specified is supplied by two +pumps, or one pump and one injector. One or more injectors can also +be supplied in addition to the two pumps, if desired.</p> + +<a id="img014" name="img014"></a> +<div class="figcenter"> +<img src="images/img014.jpg" width="600" height="373" alt="Locomotive." title=""></div> + +<div class="box"> +<h3><span class="pagenum"><a id="page53" name="page53"></a>(p. 53)</span> DIVISION I.<br> +<span class="smaller">ROAD LOCOMOTIVES FOR PASSENGER OR FREIGHT SERVICE.</span></h3> + +<p class="center">CLASS 15 C.<br> +<span class="smcap smaller">GENERAL DESIGN ILLUSTRATED BY PRINT ON PAGE <a href="#img014">52</a>.</span></p> + +<p class="p2 center smcap">CYLINDERS.</p> + +<ul class="none"> +<li>Diameter of cylinders <span class="ralign20">10 inches.</span></li> +<li>Length of stroke <span class="ralign20">20 inches.</span></li> +</ul> + +<p class="center smcap">DRIVING-WHEELS.</p> + +<ul class="none"> +<li>Diameter of drivers <span class="ralign20">54 inches.</span></li> +</ul> + +<p class="center smcap">TRUCK.<br> +<span class="smaller">FOUR-WHEELED TRUCK, WITH CENTRE-BEARING BOLSTER.</span></p> + +<ul class="none"> +<li>Diameter of wheels <span class="ralign20">24 inches.</span></li> +</ul> + +<p class="center smcap">WHEEL-BASE.</p> + +<ul class="none"> +<li>Total wheel-base <span class="ralign20">16 ft. 3¾ inches.</span></li> +</ul> + +<p class="center smcap">TENDER.<br> +<span class="smaller">ON FOUR WHEELS.</span></p> + +<ul class="none"> +<li>Capacity of tank <span class="ralign20">900 gallons.</span></li> +</ul> + +<p class="center smcap">WEIGHT OF ENGINE IN WORKING ORDER.</p> + +<table class="table10" border="0" cellpadding="1" summary="Weight on engine."> +<colgroup> + <col width="50%"> + <col width="10%"> + <col width="20%"> + <col width="20%"> +</colgroup> +<tr> +<td colspan="2">On drivers</td> +<td class="right">23,000</td> +<td>pounds.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td colspan="2">On truck</td> +<td class="right">15,000</td> +<td><span class="add1em">"</span></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td colspan="2"> </td> +<td class="right">———</td> +<td> </td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="right">Total weight of engine, about</td> +<td> </td> +<td class="right">38,000</td> +<td><span class="add1em">"</span></td> +</tr> +</table> + +<p class="center smcap">LOAD.<br> +<span class="smaller">IN ADDITION TO ENGINE AND TENDER.</span></p> + +<table class="table10" border="0" cellpadding="1" summary="Load."> +<colgroup> + <col width="10%"> + <col width="10%"> + <col width="30%"> + <col width="20%"> + <col width="30%"> +</colgroup> +<tr> +<td>On a</td> +<td class="right">level</td> +<td> </td> +<td class="right">550</td> +<td>gross tons.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><span class="add1em">"</span></td> +<td class="right">20</td> +<td>ft. grade</td> +<td class="right">250</td> +<td><span class="add1em">"</span> <span class="add2em">"</span></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><span class="add1em">"</span></td> +<td class="right">40</td> +<td><span class="add2em">"</span></td> +<td class="right">160</td> +<td><span class="add1em">"</span> <span class="add2em">"</span></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><span class="add1em">"</span></td> +<td class="right">60</td> +<td><span class="add2em">"</span></td> +<td class="right">115</td> +<td><span class="add1em">"</span> <span class="add2em">"</span></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><span class="add1em">"</span></td> +<td class="right">80</td> +<td><span class="add2em">"</span></td> +<td class="right">85</td> +<td><span class="add1em">"</span> <span class="add2em">"</span></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><span class="add1em">"</span></td> +<td class="right">100</td> +<td><span class="add2em">"</span></td> +<td class="right">65</td> +<td><span class="add1em">"</span> <span class="add2em">"</span></td> +</tr> +</table> +</div> + +<div class="box"> +<h3><span class="pagenum"><a id="page54" name="page54"></a>(p. 54)</span> DIVISION I.<br> +<span class="smaller">ROAD LOCOMOTIVES FOR PASSENGER OR FREIGHT SERVICE.</span></h3> + +<p class="center">CLASS 16½ C.<br> +<span class="smcap smaller">GENERAL DESIGN ILLUSTRATED BY PRINT ON PAGE <a href="#img014">52</a>.</span></p> + +<p class="p2 center smcap">CYLINDERS.</p> + +<ul class="none"> +<li>Diameter of cylinders <span class="ralign20">12 inches.</span></li> +<li>Length of stroke <span class="ralign20">22 inches.</span></li> +</ul> + +<p class="center smcap">DRIVING-WHEELS.</p> + +<ul class="none"> +<li>Diameter of drivers <span class="ralign20">54 to 60 inches.</span></li> +</ul> + +<p class="center smcap">TRUCK.<br> +<span class="smaller">FOUR-WHEELED TRUCK, WITH CENTRE-BEARING BOLSTER.</span></p> + +<ul class="none"> +<li>Diameter of wheels <span class="ralign20">24 to 26 inches.</span></li> +</ul> + +<p class="center smcap">WHEEL-BASE.</p> + +<ul class="none"> +<li>Total wheel-base <span class="ralign20">19 ft. 1 inch.</span></li> +</ul> + +<p class="center smcap">TENDER.<br> +<span class="smaller">ON TWO FOUR-WHEELED TRUCKS.</span></p> + +<ul class="none"> +<li>Capacity of tank <span class="ralign20">1200 gallons.</span></li> +</ul> + +<p class="center smcap">WEIGHT OF ENGINE IN WORKING ORDER.</p> + +<table class="table10" border="0" cellpadding="1" summary="Weight on engine."> +<colgroup> + <col width="50%"> + <col width="10%"> + <col width="20%"> + <col width="20%"> +</colgroup> +<tr> +<td colspan="2">On drivers</td> +<td class="right">28,000</td> +<td>pounds.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td colspan="2">On truck</td> +<td class="right">16,000</td> +<td><span class="add1em">"</span></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td colspan="2"> </td> +<td class="right">———</td> +<td> </td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="right">Total weight of engine, about</td> +<td> </td> +<td class="right">44,000</td> +<td><span class="add1em">"</span></td> +</tr> +</table> + +<p class="center smcap">LOAD.<br> +<span class="smaller">IN ADDITION TO ENGINE AND TENDER.</span></p> + +<table class="table10" border="0" cellpadding="1" summary="Load."> +<colgroup> + <col width="10%"> + <col width="10%"> + <col width="30%"> + <col width="20%"> + <col width="30%"> +</colgroup> +<tr> +<td>On a</td> +<td class="right">level</td> +<td> </td> +<td class="right">665</td> +<td>gross tons.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><span class="add1em">"</span></td> +<td class="right">20</td> +<td>ft. grade</td> +<td class="right">305</td> +<td><span class="add1em">"</span> <span class="add2em">"</span></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><span class="add1em">"</span></td> +<td class="right">40</td> +<td><span class="add2em">"</span></td> +<td class="right">190</td> +<td><span class="add1em">"</span> <span class="add2em">"</span></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><span class="add1em">"</span></td> +<td class="right">60</td> +<td><span class="add2em">"</span></td> +<td class="right">135</td> +<td><span class="add1em">"</span> <span class="add2em">"</span></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><span class="add1em">"</span></td> +<td class="right">80</td> +<td><span class="add2em">"</span></td> +<td class="right">100</td> +<td><span class="add1em">"</span> <span class="add2em">"</span></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><span class="add1em">"</span></td> +<td class="right">100</td> +<td><span class="add2em">"</span></td> +<td class="right">75</td> +<td><span class="add1em">"</span> <span class="add2em">"</span></td> +</tr> +</table> +</div> + +<a id="img015" name="img015"></a> +<div class="figcenter"> +<img src="images/img015.jpg" width="600" height="372" alt="Locomotive." title=""></div> + +<div class="box"> +<h3><span class="pagenum"><a id="page57" name="page57"></a>(p. 57)</span> DIVISION I.<br> +<span class="smaller">ROAD LOCOMOTIVES FOR PASSENGER OR FREIGHT SERVICE.</span></h3> + +<p class="center">CLASS 20½ C<br> +<span class="smcap smaller">GENERAL DESIGN ILLUSTRATED BY PRINTS ON PAGES <a href="#img014">52</a> AND <a href="#img015">56</a>.</span></p> + +<p class="p2 center smcap">CYLINDERS.</p> + +<ul class="none"> +<li>Diameter of cylinders <span class="ralign20">13 inches.</span></li> +<li>Length of stroke <span class="ralign20">22 or 24 inches.</span></li> +</ul> + +<p class="center smcap">DRIVING-WHEELS.</p> + +<ul class="none"> +<li>Diameter of drivers <span class="ralign20">56 to 66 inches.</span></li> +</ul> + +<p class="center smcap">TRUCK.<br> +<span class="smaller">FOUR-WHEELED CENTRE-BEARING TRUCK, WITH SWING BOLSTER.</span></p> + +<ul class="none"> +<li>Diameter of wheels <span class="ralign20">24 to 30 inches.</span></li> +</ul> + +<p class="center smcap">WHEEL-BASE.</p> + +<ul class="none"> +<li>Total wheel-base <span class="ralign20">20 ft. 1¾ inches.</span></li> +<li>Rigid <span class="add2em">"</span> +<br><span class="add2em">(distance between driving-wheel-centres)</span> +<span class="ralign20">6 ft. 6 inches.</span></li> +</ul> + +<p class="center smcap">TENDER.<br> +<span class="smaller">ON TWO FOUR-WHEELED TRUCKS.</span></p> + +<ul class="none"> +<li>Capacity of tank <span class="ralign20">1400 gallons.</span></li> +</ul> + +<p class="center smcap">WEIGHT OF ENGINE IN WORKING ORDER.</p> + +<table class="table10" border="0" cellpadding="1" summary="Weight on engine."> +<colgroup> + <col width="50%"> + <col width="10%"> + <col width="20%"> + <col width="20%"> +</colgroup> +<tr> +<td colspan="2">On drivers</td> +<td class="right">30,000</td> +<td>pounds.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td colspan="2">On truck</td> +<td class="right">20,000</td> +<td><span class="add1em">"</span></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td colspan="2"> </td> +<td class="right">———</td> +<td> </td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="right">Total weight of engine, about</td> +<td> </td> +<td class="right">50,000</td> +<td><span class="add1em">"</span></td> +</tr> +</table> + +<p class="center smcap">LOAD.<br> +<span class="smaller">IN ADDITION TO ENGINE AND TENDER.</span></p> + +<table class="table10" border="0" cellpadding="1" summary="Load."> +<colgroup> + <col width="10%"> + <col width="10%"> + <col width="30%"> + <col width="20%"> + <col width="30%"> +</colgroup> +<tr> +<td>On a</td> +<td class="right">level</td> +<td> </td> +<td class="right">710</td> +<td>gross tons.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><span class="add1em">"</span></td> +<td class="right">20</td> +<td>ft. grade</td> +<td class="right">325</td> +<td><span class="add1em">"</span> <span class="add2em">"</span></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><span class="add1em">"</span></td> +<td class="right">40</td> +<td><span class="add2em">"</span></td> +<td class="right">200</td> +<td><span class="add1em">"</span> <span class="add2em">"</span></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><span class="add1em">"</span></td> +<td class="right">60</td> +<td><span class="add2em">"</span></td> +<td class="right">140</td> +<td><span class="add1em">"</span> <span class="add2em">"</span></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><span class="add1em">"</span></td> +<td class="right">80</td> +<td><span class="add2em">"</span></td> +<td class="right">105</td> +<td><span class="add1em">"</span> <span class="add2em">"</span></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><span class="add1em">"</span></td> +<td class="right">100</td> +<td><span class="add2em">"</span></td> +<td class="right">80</td> +<td><span class="add1em">"</span> <span class="add2em">"</span></td> +</tr> +</table> +</div> + +<div class="box"> +<h3><span class="pagenum"><a id="page58" name="page58"></a>(p. 58)</span> DIVISION I.<br> +<span class="smaller">ROAD LOCOMOTIVES FOR PASSENGER OR FREIGHT SERVICE.</span></h3> + +<p class="center">CLASS 22½ C.<br> +<span class="smcap smaller">GENERAL DESIGN ILLUSTRATED BY PRINTS ON PAGES <a href="#img014">52</a> AND <a href="#img015">56</a>.</span></p> + +<p class="p2 center smcap">CYLINDERS.</p> + +<ul class="none"> +<li>Diameter of cylinders <span class="ralign20">14 inches.</span></li> +<li>Length of stroke <span class="ralign20">22 or 24 inches.</span></li> +</ul> + +<p class="center smcap">DRIVING-WHEELS.</p> + +<ul class="none"> +<li>Diameter of drivers <span class="ralign20">56 to 66 inches.</span></li> +</ul> + +<p class="center smcap">TRUCK.<br> +<span class="smaller">FOUR-WHEELED CENTRE-BEARING TRUCK, WITH SWING BOLSTER.</span></p> + +<ul class="none"> +<li>Diameter of wheels <span class="ralign20">24 to 30 inches.</span></li> +</ul> + +<p class="center smcap">WHEEL-BASE.</p> + +<ul class="none"> +<li>Total wheel-base <span class="ralign20">20 ft. 7¾ inches.</span></li> +<li>Rigid <span class="add2em">"</span> +<br><span class="add2em">(distance between driving-wheel-centres)</span> +<span class="ralign20">7 ft.</span></li> +</ul> + +<p class="center smcap">TENDER.<br> +<span class="smaller">ON TWO FOUR-WHEELED TRUCKS.</span></p> + +<ul class="none"> +<li>Capacity of tank <span class="ralign20">1600 gallons.</span></li> +</ul> + +<p class="center smcap">WEIGHT OF ENGINE IN WORKING ORDER.</p> + +<table class="table10" border="0" cellpadding="1" summary="Weight on engine."> +<colgroup> + <col width="50%"> + <col width="10%"> + <col width="20%"> + <col width="20%"> +</colgroup> +<tr> +<td colspan="2">On drivers</td> +<td class="right">35,000</td> +<td>pounds.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td colspan="2">On truck</td> +<td class="right">20,000</td> +<td><span class="add1em">"</span></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td colspan="2"> </td> +<td class="right">———</td> +<td> </td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="right">Total weight of engine, about</td> +<td> </td> +<td class="right">55,000</td> +<td><span class="add1em">"</span></td> +</tr> +</table> + +<p class="center smcap">LOAD.<br> +<span class="smaller">IN ADDITION TO ENGINE AND TENDER.</span></p> + +<table class="table10" border="0" cellpadding="1" summary="Load."> +<colgroup> + <col width="10%"> + <col width="10%"> + <col width="30%"> + <col width="20%"> + <col width="30%"> +</colgroup> +<tr> +<td>On a</td> +<td class="right">level</td> +<td> </td> +<td class="right">835</td> +<td>gross tons.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><span class="add1em">"</span></td> +<td class="right">20</td> +<td>ft. grade</td> +<td class="right">380</td> +<td><span class="add1em">"</span> <span class="add2em">"</span></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><span class="add1em">"</span></td> +<td class="right">40</td> +<td><span class="add2em">"</span></td> +<td class="right">240</td> +<td><span class="add1em">"</span> <span class="add2em">"</span></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><span class="add1em">"</span></td> +<td class="right">60</td> +<td><span class="add2em">"</span></td> +<td class="right">170</td> +<td><span class="add1em">"</span> <span class="add2em">"</span></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><span class="add1em">"</span></td> +<td class="right">80</td> +<td><span class="add2em">"</span></td> +<td class="right">125</td> +<td><span class="add1em">"</span> <span class="add2em">"</span></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><span class="add1em">"</span></td> +<td class="right">100</td> +<td><span class="add2em">"</span></td> +<td class="right">100</td> +<td><span class="add1em">"</span> <span class="add2em">"</span></td> +</tr> +</table> +</div> + +<a id="img016" name="img016"></a> +<div class="figcenter"> +<img src="images/img016.jpg" width="600" height="376" alt="Locomotive." title=""></div> + +<div class="box"> +<h3><span class="pagenum"><a id="page61" name="page61"></a>(p. 61)</span> DIVISION I.<br> +<span class="smaller">ROAD LOCOMOTIVES FOR PASSENGER OR FREIGHT SERVICE.</span></h3> + +<p class="center">CLASS 24½ C<br> +<span class="smcap smaller">GENERAL DESIGN ILLUSTRATED BY PRINTS ON PAGES <a href="#img015">56</a> AND <a href="#img016">60</a>.</span></p> + +<p class="p2 center smcap">CYLINDERS.</p> + +<ul class="none"> +<li>Diameter of cylinders <span class="ralign20">15 inches.</span></li> +<li>Length of stroke <span class="ralign20">22 or 24 inches.</span></li> +</ul> + +<p class="center smcap">DRIVING-WHEELS.</p> + +<ul class="none"> +<li>Diameter of drivers <span class="ralign20">56 to 66 inches.</span></li> +</ul> + +<p class="center smcap">TRUCK.<br> +<span class="smaller">FOUR-WHEELED CENTRE-BEARING TRUCK, WITH SWING BOLSTER.</span></p> + +<ul class="none"> +<li>Diameter of wheels <span class="ralign20">24 to 30 inches.</span></li> +</ul> + +<p class="center smcap">WHEEL-BASE.</p> + +<ul class="none"> +<li>Total wheel-base <span class="ralign20">21 ft. 3 inches.</span></li> +<li>Rigid <span class="add2em">"</span> +<br><span class="add2em">(distance between driving-wheel-centres)</span> +<span class="ralign20">7 ft. 8 inches.</span></li> +</ul> + +<p class="center smcap">TENDER.<br> +<span class="smaller">ON TWO FOUR-WHEELED TRUCKS.</span></p> + +<ul class="none"> +<li>Capacity of tank <span class="ralign20">1800 gallons.</span></li> +</ul> + +<p class="center smcap">WEIGHT OF ENGINE IN WORKING ORDER.</p> + +<table class="table10" border="0" cellpadding="1" summary="Weight on engine."> +<colgroup> + <col width="50%"> + <col width="10%"> + <col width="20%"> + <col width="20%"> +</colgroup> +<tr> +<td colspan="2">On drivers</td> +<td class="right">39,000</td> +<td>pounds.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td colspan="2">On truck</td> +<td class="right">21,000</td> +<td><span class="add1em">"</span></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td colspan="2"> </td> +<td class="right">———</td> +<td> </td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="right">Total weight of engine, about</td> +<td> </td> +<td class="right">60,000</td> +<td><span class="add1em">"</span></td> +</tr> +</table> + +<p class="center smcap">LOAD.<br> +<span class="smaller">IN ADDITION TO WEIGHT OF ENGINE AND TENDER.</span></p> + +<table class="table10" border="0" cellpadding="1" summary="Load."> +<colgroup> + <col width="10%"> + <col width="10%"> + <col width="30%"> + <col width="20%"> + <col width="30%"> +</colgroup> +<tr> +<td>On a</td> +<td class="right">level</td> +<td> </td> +<td class="right">930</td> +<td>gross tons.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><span class="add1em">"</span></td> +<td class="right">20</td> +<td>ft. grade</td> +<td class="right">430</td> +<td><span class="add1em">"</span> <span class="add2em">"</span></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><span class="add1em">"</span></td> +<td class="right">40</td> +<td><span class="add2em">"</span></td> +<td class="right">270</td> +<td><span class="add1em">"</span> <span class="add2em">"</span></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><span class="add1em">"</span></td> +<td class="right">60</td> +<td><span class="add2em">"</span></td> +<td class="right">190</td> +<td><span class="add1em">"</span> <span class="add2em">"</span></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><span class="add1em">"</span></td> +<td class="right">80</td> +<td><span class="add2em">"</span></td> +<td class="right">140</td> +<td><span class="add1em">"</span> <span class="add2em">"</span></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><span class="add1em">"</span></td> +<td class="right">100</td> +<td><span class="add2em">"</span></td> +<td class="right">110</td> +<td><span class="add1em">"</span> <span class="add2em">"</span></td> +</tr> +</table> +</div> + +<div class="box"> +<h3><span class="pagenum"><a id="page62" name="page62"></a>(p. 62)</span> DIVISION I.<br> +<span class="smaller">ROAD LOCOMOTIVES FOR PASSENGER OR FREIGHT SERVICE.</span></h3> + +<p class="center">CLASS 27½ C.<br> +<span class="smcap smaller">GENERAL DESIGN ILLUSTRATED BY PRINTS ON PAGES <a href="#img015">56</a> AND <a href="#img016">60</a>.</span></p> + +<p class="p2 center smcap">CYLINDERS.</p> + +<ul class="none"> +<li>Diameter of cylinders <span class="ralign20">16 inches.</span></li> +<li>Length of stroke <span class="ralign20">22 or 24 inches.</span></li> +</ul> + +<p class="center smcap">DRIVING-WHEELS.</p> + +<ul class="none"> +<li>Diameter of drivers <span class="ralign20">56 to 66 inches.</span></li> +</ul> + +<p class="center smcap">TRUCK.<br> +<span class="smaller">FOUR-WHEELED CENTRE-BEARING TRUCK, WITH SWING BOLSTER.</span></p> + +<ul class="none"> +<li>Diameter of wheels <span class="ralign20">24 to 30 inches.</span></li> +</ul> + +<p class="center smcap">WHEEL-BASE.</p> + +<ul class="none"> +<li>Total wheel-base <span class="ralign20">21 ft. 9 inches.</span></li> +<li>Rigid <span class="add2em">"</span> +<br><span class="add2em">(distance between driving-wheel-centres)</span> +<span class="ralign20">8 ft.</span></li> +</ul> + +<p class="center smcap">TENDER.<br> +<span class="smaller">ON TWO FOUR-WHEELED TRUCKS.</span></p> + +<ul class="none"> +<li>Capacity of tank <span class="ralign20">2000 gallons.</span></li> +</ul> + +<p class="center smcap">WEIGHT OF ENGINE IN WORKING ORDER.</p> + +<table class="table10" border="0" cellpadding="1" summary="Weight on engine."> +<colgroup> + <col width="50%"> + <col width="10%"> + <col width="20%"> + <col width="20%"> +</colgroup> +<tr> +<td colspan="2">On drivers</td> +<td class="right">42,000</td> +<td>pounds.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td colspan="2">On truck</td> +<td class="right">23,000</td> +<td><span class="add1em">"</span></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td colspan="2"> </td> +<td class="right">———</td> +<td> </td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="right">Total weight of engine, about</td> +<td> </td> +<td class="right">65,000</td> +<td><span class="add1em">"</span></td> +</tr> +</table> + +<p class="center smcap">LOAD.<br> +<span class="smaller">IN ADDITION TO ENGINE AND TENDER.</span></p> + +<table class="table10" border="0" cellpadding="1" summary="Load."> +<colgroup> + <col width="10%"> + <col width="10%"> + <col width="30%"> + <col width="20%"> + <col width="30%"> +</colgroup> +<tr> +<td>On a</td> +<td class="right">level</td> +<td> </td> +<td class="right">1000</td> +<td>gross tons.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><span class="add1em">"</span></td> +<td class="right">20</td> +<td>ft. grade</td> +<td class="right">460</td> +<td><span class="add1em">"</span> <span class="add2em">"</span></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><span class="add1em">"</span></td> +<td class="right">40</td> +<td><span class="add2em">"</span></td> +<td class="right">290</td> +<td><span class="add1em">"</span> <span class="add2em">"</span></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><span class="add1em">"</span></td> +<td class="right">60</td> +<td><span class="add2em">"</span></td> +<td class="right">205</td> +<td><span class="add1em">"</span> <span class="add2em">"</span></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><span class="add1em">"</span></td> +<td class="right">80</td> +<td><span class="add2em">"</span></td> +<td class="right">150</td> +<td><span class="add1em">"</span> <span class="add2em">"</span></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><span class="add1em">"</span></td> +<td class="right">100</td> +<td><span class="add2em">"</span></td> +<td class="right">120</td> +<td><span class="add1em">"</span> <span class="add2em">"</span></td> +</tr> +</table> + +<p>The distance between centres of drivers (rigid wheel-base) can be +made 8 ft. 6 in., if preferred to 8 ft. as given above. This greater +spread of wheels, throwing more weight on the drivers, gives the +engine greater adhesion, and thus adds to its efficiency for freight +service. Owing to the peculiar construction of the truck, the engine +is found to pass short curves without difficulty, even with this +greater distance between driving-wheel-centres.</p> +</div> + +<a id="img017" name="img017"></a> +<div class="figcenter"> +<img src="images/img017.jpg" width="600" height="372" alt="Locomotive." title=""></div> + +<div class="box"> +<h3><span class="pagenum"><a id="page65" name="page65"></a>(p. 65)</span> DIVISION I.<br> +<span class="smaller">ROAD LOCOMOTIVES FOR PASSENGER OR FREIGHT SERVICE.</span></h3> + +<p class="center">CLASS 28 C.<br> +<span class="smcap smaller">GENERAL DESIGN ILLUSTRATED BY PRINTS ON PAGES <a href="#img015">56</a>, <a href="#img016">60</a>, AND <a href="#img017">64</a>.</span></p> + +<p class="p2 center smcap">CYLINDERS.</p> + +<ul class="none"> +<li>Diameter of cylinders <span class="ralign20">17 inches.</span></li> +<li>Length of stroke <span class="ralign20">22 or 24 inches.</span></li> +</ul> + +<p class="center smcap">DRIVING-WHEELS.</p> + +<ul class="none"> +<li>Diameter of drivers <span class="ralign20">56 to 66 inches.</span></li> +</ul> + +<p class="center smcap">TRUCK.<br> +<span class="smaller">FOUR-WHEELED CENTRE-BEARING TRUCK, WITH SWING BOLSTER.</span></p> + +<ul class="none"> +<li>Diameter of wheels <span class="ralign20">24 to 30 inches.</span></li> +</ul> + +<p class="center smcap">WHEEL-BASE.</p> + +<ul class="none"> +<li>Total wheel-base <span class="ralign20">22 ft. 6¼ inches.</span></li> +<li>Rigid <span class="add2em">"</span> +<br><span class="add2em">(distance between driving-wheel-centres)</span> +<span class="ralign20">8 ft.</span></li> +</ul> + +<p class="center smcap">TENDER.<br> +<span class="smaller">ON TWO FOUR-WHEELED TRUCKS.</span></p> + +<ul class="none"> +<li>Capacity of tank <span class="ralign20">2200 gallons.</span></li> +</ul> + +<p class="center smcap">WEIGHT OF ENGINE IN WORKING ORDER.</p> + +<table class="table10" border="0" cellpadding="1" summary="Weight on engine."> +<colgroup> + <col width="50%"> + <col width="10%"> + <col width="20%"> + <col width="20%"> +</colgroup> +<tr> +<td colspan="2">On drivers</td> +<td class="right">45,000</td> +<td>pounds.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td colspan="2">On truck</td> +<td class="right">25,000</td> +<td><span class="add1em">"</span></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td colspan="2"> </td> +<td class="right">———</td> +<td> </td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="right">Total weight of engine, about</td> +<td> </td> +<td class="right">70,000</td> +<td><span class="add1em">"</span></td> +</tr> +</table> + +<p class="center smcap">LOAD.<br> +<span class="smaller">IN ADDITION TO ENGINE AND TENDER.</span></p> + +<table class="table10" border="0" cellpadding="1" summary="Load."> +<colgroup> + <col width="10%"> + <col width="10%"> + <col width="30%"> + <col width="20%"> + <col width="30%"> +</colgroup> +<tr> +<td>On a</td> +<td class="right">level</td> +<td> </td> +<td class="right">1075</td> +<td>gross tons.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><span class="add1em">"</span></td> +<td class="right">20</td> +<td>ft. grade</td> +<td class="right">495</td> +<td><span class="add1em">"</span> <span class="add2em">"</span></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><span class="add1em">"</span></td> +<td class="right">40</td> +<td><span class="add2em">"</span></td> +<td class="right">310</td> +<td><span class="add1em">"</span> <span class="add2em">"</span></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><span class="add1em">"</span></td> +<td class="right">60</td> +<td><span class="add2em">"</span></td> +<td class="right">220</td> +<td><span class="add1em">"</span> <span class="add2em">"</span></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><span class="add1em">"</span></td> +<td class="right">80</td> +<td><span class="add2em">"</span></td> +<td class="right">165</td> +<td><span class="add1em">"</span> <span class="add2em">"</span></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><span class="add1em">"</span></td> +<td class="right">100</td> +<td><span class="add2em">"</span></td> +<td class="right">130</td> +<td><span class="add1em">"</span> <span class="add2em">"</span></td> +</tr> +</table> + +<p>The distance between centres of drivers (rigid wheel-base) can be +made 8 ft. 6 in., if preferred to 8 ft. as given above. This greater +spread of wheels, throwing more weight on the drivers, gives the +engine greater adhesion, and thus adds to its efficiency for freight +service. Owing to the peculiar construction of the truck, the engine +is found to pass short curves without difficulty, even with this +greater distance between driving-wheel-centres.</p> +</div> + +<h3><span class="pagenum"><a id="page66" name="page66"></a>(p. 66)</span> ADDENDA.</h3> + +<h4>ADAPTATION FOR EITHER PASSENGER OR FREIGHT SERVICE.</h4> + +<p>The five preceding classes, embracing road locomotives with +cylinders from thirteen to seventeen inches in diameter, admit of +construction with either a twenty-two or a twenty-four inches +stroke, and with driving-wheels of any diameter from fifty-six to +sixty-six inches. Each class can, therefore, be adapted to either +passenger or freight service, by giving the shorter stroke and the +larger wheel for the former use, and the longer stroke and smaller +wheel for the latter. The same cylinder pattern is used for both the +twenty-two and the twenty-four inches stroke, the difference in +length being made by recessing the cylinder heads.</p> + + +<h4>ANTHRACITE COAL BURNERS.</h4> + +<p>The illustrations and figures given for engines in this Division are +all for soft coal or wood burners. For anthracite coal the form of +the furnace is changed, giving a longer grate and shallower +fire-box. The barrel of boiler, length of connecting-rods, number +and length of flues, etc., remain the same, so that no change in +principal patterns results. The change in shape and dimensions of +fire-box, however, alters the distribution of weight, throwing more +load on the drivers and less on the truck, while the total weight of +engine remains nearly the same. The hard coal burners, accordingly, +having from this cause somewhat more adhesion than the soft coal +burners of the same class, have proportionately more tractive power, +and will haul loads from ten to fifteen per cent. greater than those +given for the corresponding soft coal or wood burning engines.</p> + + +<h4>STRAIGHT AND WAGON-TOP BOILERS.</h4> + +<p>All the engines of this division are built with wagon-top boilers or +with straight boilers and two domes, as preferred. Where the latter +form is made, the throttle-valve is placed in the forward dome. The +wagon-top and straight boilers for the same class are so +proportioned as to give equal steam space and the same number of +flues in both forms of construction.</p> + +<a id="img018" name="img018"></a> +<div class="figcenter"> +<img src="images/img018.jpg" width="600" height="369" alt="Locomotive." title=""></div> + +<div class="box"> +<h3><span class="pagenum"><a id="page69" name="page69"></a>(p. 69)</span> DIVISION II.<br> +<span class="smaller">TEN-WHEELED FREIGHT LOCOMOTIVES.</span></h3> + +<p class="center">CLASS 24½ D.<br> +<span class="smcap smaller">GENERAL DESIGN ILLUSTRATED BY PRINT ON PAGE <a href="#img018">68</a>.</span></p> + +<p class="p2 center smcap">CYLINDERS.</p> + +<ul class="none"> +<li>Diameter of cylinders <span class="ralign20">16 inches.</span></li> +<li>Length of stroke <span class="ralign20">22 or 24 inches.</span></li> +</ul> + +<p class="center smcap">DRIVING-WHEELS.<br> +<span class="smaller">REAR AND FRONT PAIRS WITH FLANGED TIRES 5½ INCHES WIDE. MAIN PAIR +WITH PLAIN TIRES 6 INCHES WIDE.</span></p> + +<ul class="none"> +<li>Diameter of drivers <span class="ralign20">48 to 54 inches.</span></li> +</ul> + +<p class="center smcap">TRUCK.<br> +<span class="smaller">FOUR-WHEELED CENTRE-BEARING TRUCK, WITH SWING BOLSTER.</span></p> + +<ul class="none"> +<li>Diameter of wheels <span class="ralign20">24 to 26 inches.</span></li> +</ul> + +<p class="center smcap">WHEEL-BASE.</p> + +<ul class="none"> +<li>Total wheel-base <span class="ralign20">23 feet.</span></li> +<li>Rigid <span class="add2em">"</span> +<br><span class="add2em">(distance between centres of rear and front drivers)</span> +<span class="ralign20">12 ft. 1 inch.</span></li> +</ul> + +<p class="center smcap">TENDER.<br> +<span class="smaller">ON TWO FOUR-WHEELED TRUCKS.</span></p> + +<ul class="none"> +<li>Capacity of tank <span class="ralign20">1600 gallons.</span></li> +</ul> + +<p class="center smcap">WEIGHT OF ENGINE IN WORKING ORDER.</p> + +<table class="table10" border="0" cellpadding="1" summary="Weight on engine."> +<colgroup> + <col width="50%"> + <col width="10%"> + <col width="20%"> + <col width="20%"> +</colgroup> +<tr> +<td colspan="2">On drivers</td> +<td class="right">51,000</td> +<td>pounds.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td colspan="2">On truck</td> +<td class="right">16,000</td> +<td><span class="add1em">"</span></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td colspan="2"> </td> +<td class="right">———</td> +<td> </td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="right">Total weight of engine, about</td> +<td> </td> +<td class="right">67,000</td> +<td><span class="add1em">"</span></td> +</tr> +</table> + +<p class="center smcap">LOAD.<br> +<span class="smaller">IN ADDITION TO ENGINE AND TENDER.</span></p> + +<table class="table10" border="0" cellpadding="1" summary="Load."> +<colgroup> + <col width="10%"> + <col width="10%"> + <col width="30%"> + <col width="20%"> + <col width="30%"> +</colgroup> +<tr> +<td>On a</td> +<td class="right">level</td> +<td> </td> +<td class="right">1230</td> +<td>gross tons.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><span class="add1em">"</span></td> +<td class="right">20</td> +<td>ft. grade</td> +<td class="right">570</td> +<td><span class="add1em">"</span> <span class="add2em">"</span></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><span class="add1em">"</span></td> +<td class="right">40</td> +<td><span class="add2em">"</span></td> +<td class="right">360</td> +<td><span class="add1em">"</span> <span class="add2em">"</span></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><span class="add1em">"</span></td> +<td class="right">60</td> +<td><span class="add2em">"</span></td> +<td class="right">260</td> +<td><span class="add1em">"</span> <span class="add2em">"</span></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><span class="add1em">"</span></td> +<td class="right">80</td> +<td><span class="add2em">"</span></td> +<td class="right">195</td> +<td><span class="add1em">"</span> <span class="add2em">"</span></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><span class="add1em">"</span></td> +<td class="right">100</td> +<td><span class="add2em">"</span></td> +<td class="right">155</td> +<td><span class="add1em">"</span> <span class="add2em">"</span></td> +</tr> +</table> +</div> + +<div class="box"> +<h3><span class="pagenum"><a id="page70" name="page70"></a>(p. 70)</span> DIVISION II.<br> +<span class="smaller">TEN-WHEELED FREIGHT LOCOMOTIVES.</span></h3> + +<p class="center">CLASS 26½ D.<br> +<span class="smcap smaller">GENERAL DESIGN ILLUSTRATED BY PRINT ON PAGE <a href="#img018">68</a>.</span></p> + +<p class="p2 center smcap">CYLINDERS.</p> + +<ul class="none"> +<li>Diameter of cylinders <span class="ralign20">17 inches.</span></li> +<li>Length of stroke <span class="ralign20">22 or 24 inches.</span></li> +</ul> + +<p class="center smcap">DRIVING-WHEELS.<br> +<span class="smaller">REAR AND FRONT PAIRS WITH FLANGED TIRES 5½ INCHES WIDE. MAIN PAIR +WITH PLAIN TIRES 6 INCHES WIDE.</span></p> + +<ul class="none"> +<li>Diameter of drivers <span class="ralign20">48 to 54 inches.</span></li> +</ul> + +<p class="center smcap">TRUCK.<br> +<span class="smaller">FOUR-WHEELED CENTRE-BEARING TRUCK, WITH SWING BOLSTER.</span></p> + +<ul class="none"> +<li>Diameter of wheels <span class="ralign20">24 to 26 inches.</span></li> +</ul> + +<p class="center smcap">WHEEL-BASE.</p> + +<ul class="none"> +<li>Total wheel-base <span class="ralign20">23 ft. 2¾ inches.</span></li> +<li>Rigid <span class="add2em">"</span> +<br><span class="add2em">(distance between centres of rear and front drivers)</span> +<span class="ralign20">12 ft. 8 inches.</span></li> +</ul> + +<p class="center smcap">TENDER.<br> +<span class="smaller">ON TWO FOUR-WHEELED TRUCKS.</span></p> + +<ul class="none"> +<li>Capacity of tank <span class="ralign20">1800 gallons.</span></li> +</ul> + +<p class="center smcap">WEIGHT OF ENGINE IN WORKING ORDER.</p> + +<table class="table10" border="0" cellpadding="1" summary="Weight on engine."> +<colgroup> + <col width="50%"> + <col width="10%"> + <col width="20%"> + <col width="20%"> +</colgroup> +<tr> +<td colspan="2">On drivers</td> +<td class="right">54,000</td> +<td>pounds.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td colspan="2">On truck</td> +<td class="right">18,000</td> +<td><span class="add1em">"</span></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td colspan="2"> </td> +<td class="right">———</td> +<td> </td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="right">Total weight of engine, about</td> +<td> </td> +<td class="right">72,000</td> +<td><span class="add1em">"</span></td> +</tr> +</table> + +<p class="center smcap">LOAD.<br> +<span class="smaller">IN ADDITION TO ENGINE AND TENDER.</span></p> + +<table class="table10" border="0" cellpadding="1" summary="Load."> +<colgroup> + <col width="10%"> + <col width="10%"> + <col width="30%"> + <col width="20%"> + <col width="30%"> +</colgroup> +<tr> +<td>On a</td> +<td class="right">level</td> +<td> </td> +<td class="right">1300</td> +<td>gross tons.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><span class="add1em">"</span></td> +<td class="right">20</td> +<td>ft. grade</td> +<td class="right">600</td> +<td><span class="add1em">"</span> <span class="add2em">"</span></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><span class="add1em">"</span></td> +<td class="right">40</td> +<td><span class="add2em">"</span></td> +<td class="right">380</td> +<td><span class="add1em">"</span> <span class="add2em">"</span></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><span class="add1em">"</span></td> +<td class="right">60</td> +<td><span class="add2em">"</span></td> +<td class="right">270</td> +<td><span class="add1em">"</span> <span class="add2em">"</span></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><span class="add1em">"</span></td> +<td class="right">80</td> +<td><span class="add2em">"</span></td> +<td class="right">205</td> +<td><span class="add1em">"</span> <span class="add2em">"</span></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><span class="add1em">"</span></td> +<td class="right">100</td> +<td><span class="add2em">"</span></td> +<td class="right">160</td> +<td><span class="add1em">"</span> <span class="add2em">"</span></td> +</tr> +</table> +</div> + +<div class="box"> +<h3><span class="pagenum"><a id="page71" name="page71"></a>(p. 71)</span> DIVISION II.<br> +<span class="smaller">TEN-WHEELED FREIGHT LOCOMOTIVES.</span></h3> + +<p class="center">CLASS 28½ D.<br> +<span class="smcap smaller">GENERAL DESIGN ILLUSTRATED BY PRINT ON PAGE <a href="#img018">68</a>.</span></p> + +<p class="p2 center smcap">CYLINDERS.</p> + +<ul class="none"> +<li>Diameter of cylinders <span class="ralign20">18 inches.</span></li> +<li>Length of stroke <span class="ralign20">22 or 24 inches.</span></li> +</ul> + +<p class="center smcap">DRIVING-WHEELS.<br> +<span class="smaller">REAR AND FRONT PAIRS WITH FLANGED TIRES 5½ INCHES WIDE. MAIN PAIR +WITH PLAIN TIRES 6 INCHES WIDE.</span></p> + +<ul class="none"> +<li>Diameter of drivers <span class="ralign20">48 to 54 inches.</span></li> +</ul> + +<p class="center smcap">TRUCK.<br> +<span class="smaller">FOUR-WHEELED CENTRE-BEARING TRUCK, WITH SWING BOLSTER.</span></p> + +<ul class="none"> +<li>Diameter of wheels <span class="ralign20">24 to 26 inches.</span></li> +</ul> + +<p class="center smcap">WHEEL-BASE.</p> + +<ul class="none"> +<li>Total wheel-base <span class="ralign20">23 ft. 2¾ inches.</span></li> +<li>Rigid <span class="add2em">"</span> +<br><span class="add2em">(distance between centres of rear and front drivers)</span> +<span class="ralign20">12 ft. 8 inches.</span></li> +</ul> + +<p class="center smcap">TENDER.<br> +<span class="smaller">ON TWO FOUR-WHEELED TRUCKS.</span></p> + +<ul class="none"> +<li>Capacity of tank <span class="ralign20">2000 gallons.</span></li> +</ul> + +<p class="center smcap">WEIGHT OF ENGINE IN WORKING ORDER.</p> + +<table class="table10" border="0" cellpadding="1" summary="Weight on engine."> +<colgroup> + <col width="50%"> + <col width="10%"> + <col width="20%"> + <col width="20%"> +</colgroup> +<tr> +<td colspan="2">On drivers</td> +<td class="right">58,000</td> +<td>pounds.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td colspan="2">On truck</td> +<td class="right">19,000</td> +<td><span class="add1em">"</span></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td colspan="2"> </td> +<td class="right">———</td> +<td> </td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="right">Total weight of engine, about</td> +<td> </td> +<td class="right">77,000</td> +<td><span class="add1em">"</span></td> +</tr> +</table> + +<p class="center smcap">LOAD.<br> +<span class="smaller">IN ADDITION TO ENGINE AND TENDER.</span></p> + +<table class="table10" border="0" cellpadding="1" summary="Load."> +<colgroup> + <col width="10%"> + <col width="10%"> + <col width="30%"> + <col width="20%"> + <col width="30%"> +</colgroup> +<tr> +<td>On a</td> +<td class="right">level</td> +<td> </td> +<td class="right">1400</td> +<td>gross tons.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><span class="add1em">"</span></td> +<td class="right">20</td> +<td>ft. grade</td> +<td class="right">645</td> +<td><span class="add1em">"</span> <span class="add2em">"</span></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><span class="add1em">"</span></td> +<td class="right">40</td> +<td><span class="add2em">"</span></td> +<td class="right">410</td> +<td><span class="add1em">"</span> <span class="add2em">"</span></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><span class="add1em">"</span></td> +<td class="right">60</td> +<td><span class="add2em">"</span></td> +<td class="right">290</td> +<td><span class="add1em">"</span> <span class="add2em">"</span></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><span class="add1em">"</span></td> +<td class="right">80</td> +<td><span class="add2em">"</span></td> +<td class="right">220</td> +<td><span class="add1em">"</span> <span class="add2em">"</span></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><span class="add1em">"</span></td> +<td class="right">100</td> +<td><span class="add2em">"</span></td> +<td class="right">175</td> +<td><span class="add1em">"</span> <span class="add2em">"</span></td> +</tr> +</table> +</div> + +<h3><span class="pagenum"><a id="page72" name="page72"></a>(p. 72)</span> ADDENDA.</h3> + +<h4>HARD AND SOFT COAL BURNERS</h4> + +<p>In the three classes of engines of Division II. certain differences +occur between hard and soft coal burners. The print on page <a href="#img018">68</a> +illustrates the plan of the soft coal or wood burner. In the hard +coal burner the fire-box is made longer and shallower; the rear +drivers are brought farther forward, and the three pairs of drivers +are arranged so that the distance between centres of rear and main +drivers is the same as the distance between centres of main and +front drivers. The point of suspension of the back part of the +engine being thus brought forward, a greater proportion of the total +weight is carried on the drivers and rendered available for +adhesion, and the tractive power of the hard coal burner is +accordingly somewhat greater than that of the soft coal engine. The +rigid wheel-base of the hard coal burner is also lessened from 17 to +24 inches by the same modification.</p> + +<h4>CURVING.</h4> + +<p>All engines of this Division are built with a swing-bolster truck. +The middle pair of drivers have tires without flanges. The engine is +accordingly guided on the rails by the truck and the flanges of the +front driving-wheels, and is found to pass curves without +difficulty.</p> + +<p>If preferred, however, the front instead of the main pair of drivers +can have the plain tires. Both methods are in use.</p> + +<h4>STRAIGHT AND WAGON-TOP BOILERS.</h4> + +<p>All the engines of this Division are built with wagon-top boilers or +with straight boilers and two domes, as preferred. Where the latter +form is made, the throttle-valve is placed in the forward dome. The +wagon-top and straight boilers for the same class are so +proportioned as to give equal steam space and the same number of +flues in both forms of construction.</p> + +<a id="img019" name="img019"></a> +<div class="figcenter"> +<img src="images/img019.jpg" width="600" height="368" alt="Locomotive." title=""></div> + +<div class="box"> +<h3><span class="pagenum"><a id="page75" name="page75"></a>(p. 75)</span> DIVISION III.<br> +<span class="smaller">FREIGHT OR PUSHING ENGINES.—"MOGUL" PATTERN.</span></h3> + +<p class="center">CLASS 27½ D.<br> +<span class="smcap smaller">GENERAL DESIGN ILLUSTRATED BY PRINT ON PAGE <a href="#img019">74</a>.</span></p> + +<p class="p2 center smcap">CYLINDERS.</p> + +<ul class="none"> +<li>Diameter of cylinders <span class="ralign20">16 inches.</span></li> +<li>Length of stroke <span class="ralign20">22 or 24 inches.</span></li> +</ul> + +<p class="center smcap">DRIVING-WHEELS.<br> +<span class="smaller">REAR AND FRONT PAIRS WITH FLANGED TIRES 5½ INCHES WIDE. MAIN PAIR +WITH PLAIN TIRES 6 INCHES WIDE.</span></p> + +<ul class="none"> +<li>Diameter of drivers <span class="ralign20">48 to 54 inches.</span></li> +</ul> + +<p class="center smcap">TRUCK.<br> +<span class="smaller">ONE PAIR OF LEADING WHEELS, WITH SWING BOLSTER AND RADIUS-BAR, +EQUALIZED WITH FRONT DRIVERS.</span></p> + +<ul class="none"> +<li>Diameter of wheels <span class="ralign20">30 inches.</span></li> +</ul> + +<p class="center smcap">WHEEL-BASE.</p> + +<ul class="none"> +<li>Total wheel-base <span class="ralign20">21 ft. 4 inches.</span></li> +<li>Rigid <span class="add2em">"</span> +<br><span class="add2em">(distance between centres of rear and front drivers)</span> +<span class="ralign20">14 ft.</span></li> +</ul> + +<p class="center smcap">TENDER.<br> +<span class="smaller">ON TWO FOUR-WHEELED TRUCKS.</span></p> + +<ul class="none"> +<li>Capacity of tank <span class="ralign20">1600 gallons.</span></li> +</ul> + +<p class="center smcap">WEIGHT OF ENGINE IN WORKING ORDER.</p> + +<table class="table10" border="0" cellpadding="1" summary="Weight on engine."> +<colgroup> + <col width="50%"> + <col width="10%"> + <col width="20%"> + <col width="20%"> +</colgroup> +<tr> +<td colspan="2">On drivers</td> +<td class="right">57,000</td> +<td>pounds.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td colspan="2">On leading wheels</td> +<td class="right">9,000</td> +<td><span class="add1em">"</span></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td colspan="2"> </td> +<td class="right">———</td> +<td> </td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="right">Total weight of engine, about</td> +<td> </td> +<td class="right">66,000</td> +<td><span class="add1em">"</span></td> +</tr> +</table> + +<p class="center smcap">LOAD.<br> +<span class="smaller">IN ADDITION TO ENGINE AND TENDER.</span></p> + +<table class="table10" border="0" cellpadding="1" summary="Load."> +<colgroup> + <col width="10%"> + <col width="10%"> + <col width="30%"> + <col width="20%"> + <col width="30%"> +</colgroup> +<tr> +<td>On a</td> +<td class="right">level</td> +<td> </td> +<td class="right">1400</td> +<td>gross tons.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><span class="add1em">"</span></td> +<td class="right">20</td> +<td>ft. grade</td> +<td class="right">655</td> +<td><span class="add1em">"</span> <span class="add2em">"</span></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><span class="add1em">"</span></td> +<td class="right">40</td> +<td><span class="add2em">"</span></td> +<td class="right">415</td> +<td><span class="add1em">"</span> <span class="add2em">"</span></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><span class="add1em">"</span></td> +<td class="right">60</td> +<td><span class="add2em">"</span></td> +<td class="right">300</td> +<td><span class="add1em">"</span> <span class="add2em">"</span></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><span class="add1em">"</span></td> +<td class="right">80</td> +<td><span class="add2em">"</span></td> +<td class="right">230</td> +<td><span class="add1em">"</span> <span class="add2em">"</span></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><span class="add1em">"</span></td> +<td class="right">100</td> +<td><span class="add2em">"</span></td> +<td class="right">180</td> +<td><span class="add1em">"</span> <span class="add2em">"</span></td> +</tr> +</table> +</div> + +<div class="box"> +<h3><span class="pagenum"><a id="page76" name="page76"></a>(p. 76)</span> DIVISION III.<br> +<span class="smaller">FREIGHT OR PUSHING ENGINES—"MOGUL" PATTERN.</span></h3> + +<p class="center">CLASS 25½ D.<br> +<span class="smcap smaller">GENERAL DESIGN ILLUSTRATED BY PRINT ON PAGE <a href="#img019">74</a>.</span></p> + +<p class="p2 center smcap">CYLINDERS.</p> + +<ul class="none"> +<li>Diameter of cylinders <span class="ralign20">17 inches.</span></li> +<li>Length of stroke <span class="ralign20">22 or 24 inches.</span></li> +</ul> + +<p class="center smcap">DRIVING-WHEELS.<br> +<span class="smaller">REAR AND FRONT PAIRS WITH FLANGED TIRES 5½ INCHES WIDE. MAIN PAIR +WITH PLAIN TIRES 6 INCHES WIDE.</span></p> + +<ul class="none"> +<li>Diameter of drivers <span class="ralign20">48 to 54 inches.</span></li> +</ul> + +<p class="center smcap">TRUCK.<br> +<span class="smaller">ONE PAIR OF LEADING WHEELS, WITH SWING BOLSTER AND RADIUS-BAR, +EQUALIZED WITH FRONT DRIVERS.</span></p> + +<ul class="none"> +<li>Diameter of wheels <span class="ralign20">30 inches.</span></li> +</ul> + +<p class="center smcap">WHEEL-BASE.</p> + +<ul class="none"> +<li>Total wheel-base <span class="ralign20">21 ft. 10 inches.</span></li> +<li>Rigid <span class="add2em">"</span> +<br><span class="add2em">(distance between centres of rear and front drivers)</span> +<span class="ralign20">14 ft. 6 inches.</span></li> +</ul> + +<p class="center smcap">TENDER.<br> +<span class="smaller">ON TWO FOUR-WHEELED TRUCKS.</span></p> + +<ul class="none"> +<li>Capacity of tank <span class="ralign20">1800 gallons.</span></li> +</ul> + +<p class="center smcap">WEIGHT OF ENGINE IN WORKING ORDER.</p> + +<table class="table10" border="0" cellpadding="1" summary="Weight on engine."> +<colgroup> + <col width="50%"> + <col width="10%"> + <col width="20%"> + <col width="20%"> +</colgroup> +<tr> +<td colspan="2">On drivers</td> +<td class="right">62,000</td> +<td>pounds.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td colspan="2">On leading wheels</td> +<td class="right">9,000</td> +<td><span class="add1em">"</span></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td colspan="2"> </td> +<td class="right">———</td> +<td> </td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="right">Total weight of engine, about</td> +<td> </td> +<td class="right">71,000</td> +<td><span class="add1em">"</span></td> +</tr> +</table> + +<p class="center smcap">LOAD.<br> +<span class="smaller">IN ADDITION TO ENGINE AND TENDER.</span></p> + +<table class="table10" border="0" cellpadding="1" summary="Load."> +<colgroup> + <col width="10%"> + <col width="10%"> + <col width="30%"> + <col width="20%"> + <col width="30%"> +</colgroup> +<tr> +<td>On a</td> +<td class="right">level</td> +<td> </td> +<td class="right">1500</td> +<td>gross tons.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><span class="add1em">"</span></td> +<td class="right">20</td> +<td>ft. grade</td> +<td class="right">695</td> +<td><span class="add1em">"</span> <span class="add2em">"</span></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><span class="add1em">"</span></td> +<td class="right">40</td> +<td><span class="add2em">"</span></td> +<td class="right">445</td> +<td><span class="add1em">"</span> <span class="add2em">"</span></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><span class="add1em">"</span></td> +<td class="right">60</td> +<td><span class="add2em">"</span></td> +<td class="right">320</td> +<td><span class="add1em">"</span> <span class="add2em">"</span></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><span class="add1em">"</span></td> +<td class="right">80</td> +<td><span class="add2em">"</span></td> +<td class="right">245</td> +<td><span class="add1em">"</span> <span class="add2em">"</span></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><span class="add1em">"</span></td> +<td class="right">100</td> +<td><span class="add2em">"</span></td> +<td class="right">195</td> +<td><span class="add1em">"</span> <span class="add2em">"</span></td> +</tr> +</table> +</div> + +<div class="box"> +<h3><span class="pagenum"><a id="page77" name="page77"></a>(p. 77)</span> DIVISION III.<br> +<span class="smaller">FREIGHT OR PUSHING ENGINES—"MOGUL" PATTERN.</span></h3> + +<p class="center">CLASS 30 D.<br> +<span class="smcap smaller">GENERAL DESIGN ILLUSTRATED BY PRINT ON PAGE <a href="#img019">74</a>.</span></p> + +<p class="p2 center smcap">CYLINDERS.</p> + +<ul class="none"> +<li>Diameter of cylinders <span class="ralign20">18 inches.</span></li> +<li>Length of stroke <span class="ralign20">22 or 24 inches.</span></li> +</ul> + +<p class="center smcap">DRIVING-WHEELS.<br> +<span class="smaller">REAR AND FRONT PAIRS WITH FLANGED TIRES 5½ INCHES WIDE. MAIN PAIR +WITH PLAIN TIRES 6 INCHES WIDE.</span></p> + +<ul class="none"> +<li>Diameter of drivers <span class="ralign20">48 to 54 inches.</span></li> +</ul> + +<p class="center smcap">TRUCK.<br> +<span class="smaller">ONE PAIR OF LEADING WHEELS, WITH SWING BOLSTER AND RADIUS-BAR, +EQUALIZED WITH FRONT DRIVERS.</span></p> + +<ul class="none"> +<li>Diameter of wheels <span class="ralign20">30 inches.</span></li> +</ul> + +<p class="center smcap">WHEEL-BASE.</p> + +<ul class="none"> +<li>Total wheel-base <span class="ralign20">22 ft. 5 inches.</span></li> +<li>Rigid <span class="add2em">"</span> +<br><span class="add2em">(distance between centres of rear and front drivers)</span> +<span class="ralign20">15 ft.</span></li> +</ul> + +<p class="center smcap">TENDER.<br> +<span class="smaller">ON TWO FOUR-WHEELED TRUCKS.</span></p> + +<ul class="none"> +<li>Capacity of tank <span class="ralign20">2000 gallons.</span></li> +</ul> + +<p class="center smcap">WEIGHT OF ENGINE IN WORKING ORDER.</p> + +<table class="table10" border="0" cellpadding="1" summary="Weight on engine."> +<colgroup> + <col width="50%"> + <col width="10%"> + <col width="20%"> + <col width="20%"> +</colgroup> +<tr> +<td colspan="2">On drivers</td> +<td class="right">66,000</td> +<td>pounds.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td colspan="2">On leading wheels</td> +<td class="right">10,000</td> +<td><span class="add1em">"</span></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td colspan="2"> </td> +<td class="right">———</td> +<td> </td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="right">Total weight of engine, about</td> +<td> </td> +<td class="right">76,000</td> +<td><span class="add1em">"</span></td> +</tr> +</table> + +<p class="center smcap">LOAD.<br> +<span class="smaller">IN ADDITION TO ENGINE AND TENDER.</span></p> + +<table class="table10" border="0" cellpadding="1" summary="Load."> +<colgroup> + <col width="10%"> + <col width="10%"> + <col width="30%"> + <col width="20%"> + <col width="30%"> +</colgroup> +<tr> +<td>On a</td> +<td class="right">level</td> +<td> </td> +<td class="right">1600</td> +<td>gross tons.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><span class="add1em">"</span></td> +<td class="right">20</td> +<td>ft. grade</td> +<td class="right">740</td> +<td><span class="add1em">"</span> <span class="add2em">"</span></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><span class="add1em">"</span></td> +<td class="right">40</td> +<td><span class="add2em">"</span></td> +<td class="right">470</td> +<td><span class="add1em">"</span> <span class="add2em">"</span></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><span class="add1em">"</span></td> +<td class="right">60</td> +<td><span class="add2em">"</span></td> +<td class="right">340</td> +<td><span class="add1em">"</span> <span class="add2em">"</span></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><span class="add1em">"</span></td> +<td class="right">80</td> +<td><span class="add2em">"</span></td> +<td class="right">260</td> +<td><span class="add1em">"</span> <span class="add2em">"</span></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><span class="add1em">"</span></td> +<td class="right">100</td> +<td><span class="add2em">"</span></td> +<td class="right">205</td> +<td><span class="add1em">"</span> <span class="add2em">"</span></td> +</tr> +</table> +</div> + +<h3><span class="pagenum"><a id="page78" name="page78"></a>(p. 78)</span> ADDENDA.</h3> + +<h4>ANTHRACITE COAL BURNERS.</h4> + +<p>For anthracite coal, a long and shallow fire-box is constructed, and +the back driving-wheels are placed at the same distance from the +main pair as the latter are from the front drivers. This reduces the +rigid wheel-base to some extent, but retains the same weight on +drivers.</p> + +<h4>CURVING.</h4> + +<p>The leading wheels having a swing bolster, and the middle pair of +drivers having no flanges, the engine is guided by the truck and the +front drivers, and is found to pass short curves without difficulty.</p> + +<h4>TRACTIVE POWER.</h4> + +<p>It will be seen that in engines of this pattern nearly all the +weight of the machine is utilized for adhesion, only enough load +being thrown on the leading wheels to steady the engine on the +track. The tractive power of these engines is accordingly greater in +comparison with their total weight than that of either the +eight-wheeled C or the ten-wheeled D patterns, and they are, +therefore, especially suited to working steep grades and hauling +heavy loads at low speeds.</p> + +<h4>STRAIGHT AND WAGON-TOP BOILERS.</h4> + +<p>All the engines of this Division are built with wagon-top boilers or +with straight boilers and two domes, as preferred. Where the latter +form is made, the throttle-valve is placed in the forward dome. The +wagon-top and straight boilers for the same class are so +proportioned as to give equal steam space and the same number of +flues in both forms of construction.</p> + +<a id="img020" name="img020"></a> +<div class="figcenter"> +<img src="images/img020.jpg" width="600" height="369" alt="Locomotive." title=""></div> + +<div class="box"> +<h3><span class="pagenum"><a id="page81" name="page81"></a>(p. 81)</span> DIVISION IV.<br> +<span class="smaller">FREIGHT OR PUSHING ENGINES.—"CONSOLIDATION" PATTERN.</span></h3> + +<p class="center">CLASS 34 E.<br> +<span class="smcap smaller">ILLUSTRATED BY PRINT ON PAGE <a href="#img020">80</a>.</span></p> + +<p class="p2 center smcap">CYLINDERS.</p> + +<ul class="none"> +<li>Diameter of cylinders <span class="ralign20">20 inches.</span></li> +<li>Length of stroke <span class="ralign20">24 inches.</span></li> +</ul> + +<p class="center smcap">DRIVING-WHEELS.<br> +<span class="smaller">REAR AND SECOND PAIRS WITH FLANGED TIRES 5½ INCHES WIDE. FRONT +AND MAIN PAIRS WITH PLAIN TIRES 6 INCHES WIDE.</span></p> + +<ul class="none"> +<li>Diameter of drivers <span class="ralign20">48 inches.</span></li> +</ul> + +<p class="center smcap">TRUCK.<br> +<span class="smaller">ONE PAIR OF LEADING WHEELS, WITH SWING BOLSTER AND RADIUS-BAR, +EQUALIZED WITH FRONT DRIVERS.</span></p> + +<ul class="none"> +<li>Diameter of wheels <span class="ralign20">30 inches.</span></li> +</ul> + +<p class="center smcap">WHEEL-BASE.</p> + +<ul class="none"> +<li>Total wheel-base <span class="ralign20">21 ft. 10 inches.</span></li> +<li>Rigid <span class="add2em">"</span> +<br><span class="add2em">(distance between centres of rear and second pair of drivers)</span> +<span class="ralign20">9 ft. 10 inches.</span></li> +</ul> + +<p class="center smcap">TENDER.<br> +<span class="smaller">ON TWO FOUR-WHEELED TRUCKS.</span></p> + +<ul class="none"> +<li>Capacity of tank <span class="ralign20">2400 gallons.</span></li> +</ul> + +<p class="center smcap">WEIGHT OF ENGINE IN WORKING ORDER.</p> + +<table class="table10" border="0" cellpadding="1" summary="Weight on engine."> +<colgroup> + <col width="50%"> + <col width="10%"> + <col width="20%"> + <col width="20%"> +</colgroup> +<tr> +<td colspan="2">On drivers</td> +<td class="right">87,000</td> +<td>pounds.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td colspan="2">On leading wheels</td> +<td class="right">9,000</td> +<td><span class="add1em">"</span></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td colspan="2"> </td> +<td class="right">———</td> +<td> </td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="right">Total weight of engine, about</td> +<td> </td> +<td class="right">96,000</td> +<td><span class="add1em">"</span></td> +</tr> +</table> + +<p class="center smcap">LOAD.<br> +<span class="smaller">IN ADDITION TO ENGINE AND TENDER.</span></p> + +<table class="table10" border="0" cellpadding="1" summary="Load."> +<colgroup> + <col width="10%"> + <col width="10%"> + <col width="30%"> + <col width="20%"> + <col width="30%"> +</colgroup> +<tr> +<td>On a</td> +<td class="right">level</td> +<td> </td> +<td class="right">2000</td> +<td>gross tons.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><span class="add1em">"</span></td> +<td class="right">20</td> +<td>ft. grade</td> +<td class="right">990</td> +<td><span class="add1em">"</span> <span class="add2em">"</span></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><span class="add1em">"</span></td> +<td class="right">40</td> +<td><span class="add2em">"</span></td> +<td class="right">635</td> +<td><span class="add1em">"</span> <span class="add2em">"</span></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><span class="add1em">"</span></td> +<td class="right">60</td> +<td><span class="add2em">"</span></td> +<td class="right">460</td> +<td><span class="add1em">"</span> <span class="add2em">"</span></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><span class="add1em">"</span></td> +<td class="right">80</td> +<td><span class="add2em">"</span></td> +<td class="right">355</td> +<td><span class="add1em">"</span> <span class="add2em">"</span></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><span class="add1em">"</span></td> +<td class="right">100</td> +<td><span class="add2em">"</span></td> +<td class="right">285</td> +<td><span class="add1em">"</span> <span class="add2em">"</span></td> +</tr> +</table> +</div> + +<h3><span class="pagenum"><a id="page82" name="page82"></a>(p. 82)</span> ADDENDA.</h3> + +<h4>GENERAL DESIGN.</h4> + +<p>The plan of this engine admits of either straight or wagon-top +boiler, and of the use, with the proper form of grate, of either +anthracite or bituminous coal or of wood.</p> + +<h4>WHEEL-BASE.</h4> + +<p>The arrangement of the wheels is such as to permit the engine to +traverse curves with nearly as much facility as an engine of the +ordinary type with only four drivers. The leading wheels having a +swing bolster, and the front and main drivers having no flanges, the +engine is guided on the rails by the leading wheels and by the +flanges of the rear and second pairs of drivers. It is, therefore, +impossible for the wheels to bind on the rails. Engines of this +class are run around curves of 400 feet radius and less.</p> + +<h4>TRACTIVE POWER.</h4> + +<p>The distribution of the total weight of the engine gives about +twenty-two thousand pounds for each pair of drivers,—a weight no +greater than is carried on each pair of drivers of the larger sizes +of ordinary eight-wheeled C engines. The single pair of leading +wheels carries only nine thousand pounds. This arrangement renders +available for adhesion a total weight of 87,000 pounds. One of these +engines on a recent trial hauled one hundred and fifty gross tons of +cars and load up a grade of one hundred and forty-five feet with +sharp curves, and two hundred and sixty-eight gross tons of cars and +load up a grade of one hundred and sixteen feet to the mile. The +pressure in the first case was one hundred and ten pounds, and the +speed six minutes to the mile; in the second case, the pressure was +one hundred and twenty pounds, and the speed seven and one-half +minutes to the mile.</p> + +<p>These engines are especially adapted to the working of steep +gradients or where heavy loads are to be moved.</p> + +<a id="img021" name="img021"></a> +<div class="figcenter"> +<img src="images/img021.jpg" width="600" height="366" alt="Locomotive." title=""></div> + +<div class="box"> +<h3><span class="pagenum"><a id="page85" name="page85"></a>(p. 85)</span> DIVISION V.<br> +<span class="smaller">SWITCHING ENGINES WITH SEPARATE TENDERS.</span></h3> + +<p class="center">CLASS 8 C.<br> +<span class="smcap smaller">GENERAL DESIGN ILLUSTRATED BY PRINT ON PAGE <a href="#img021">84</a>.</span></p> + +<p class="p2 center smcap">CYLINDERS.</p> + +<ul class="none"> +<li>Diameter of cylinders <span class="ralign20">9 inches.</span></li> +<li>Length of stroke <span class="ralign20">16 inches.</span></li> +</ul> + +<p class="center smcap">DRIVING-WHEELS.</p> + +<ul class="none"> +<li>Diameter of drivers <span class="ralign20">36 inches.</span></li> +<li>Distance between centres <span class="ralign20">6 feet.</span></li> +</ul> + +<p class="center smcap">TENDER.<br> +<span class="smaller">ON FOUR WHEELS, 30 INCHES IN DIAMETER.</span></p> + +<ul class="none"> +<li>Capacity of tank <span class="ralign20">750 gallons.</span></li> +</ul> + +<p class="center smcap">WEIGHT OF ENGINE IN WORKING ORDER.</p> + +<ul class="none"> +<li>Total weight of engine, about <span class="ralign20">22,000 pounds.</span></li> +</ul> + +<p class="center smcap">LOAD.<br> +<span class="smaller">IN ADDITION TO ENGINE AND TENDER.</span></p> + +<table class="table10" border="0" cellpadding="1" summary="Load."> +<colgroup> + <col width="10%"> + <col width="10%"> + <col width="30%"> + <col width="20%"> + <col width="30%"> +</colgroup> +<tr> +<td>On a</td> +<td class="right">level</td> +<td> </td> +<td class="right">530</td> +<td>gross tons.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><span class="add1em">"</span></td> +<td class="right">20</td> +<td>ft. grade</td> +<td class="right">245</td> +<td><span class="add1em">"</span> <span class="add2em">"</span></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><span class="add1em">"</span></td> +<td class="right">40</td> +<td><span class="add2em">"</span></td> +<td class="right">155</td> +<td><span class="add1em">"</span> <span class="add2em">"</span></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><span class="add1em">"</span></td> +<td class="right">60</td> +<td><span class="add2em">"</span></td> +<td class="right">110</td> +<td><span class="add1em">"</span> <span class="add2em">"</span></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><span class="add1em">"</span></td> +<td class="right">80</td> +<td><span class="add2em">"</span></td> +<td class="right">85</td> +<td><span class="add1em">"</span> <span class="add2em">"</span></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><span class="add1em">"</span></td> +<td class="right">100</td> +<td><span class="add2em">"</span></td> +<td class="right">70</td> +<td><span class="add1em">"</span> <span class="add2em">"</span></td> +</tr> +</table> +</div> + +<div class="box"> +<h3><span class="pagenum"><a id="page86" name="page86"></a>(p. 86)</span> DIVISION V.<br> +<span class="smaller">SWITCHING ENGINES WITH SEPARATE TENDERS.</span></h3> + +<p class="center">CLASS 10½ C.<br> +<span class="smcap smaller">GENERAL DESIGN ILLUSTRATED BY PRINT ON PAGE <a href="#img021">84</a>.</span></p> + +<p class="p2 center smcap">CYLINDERS.</p> + +<ul class="none"> +<li>Diameter of cylinders <span class="ralign20">11 inches.</span></li> +<li>Length of stroke <span class="ralign20">16 inches.</span></li> +</ul> + +<p class="center smcap">DRIVING-WHEELS.</p> + +<ul class="none"> +<li>Diameter of drivers <span class="ralign20">36 inches.</span></li> +<li>Distance between centres <span class="ralign20">6 feet.</span></li> +</ul> + +<p class="center smcap">TENDER.<br> +<span class="smaller">ON FOUR WHEELS, 30 INCHES IN DIAMETER.</span></p> + +<ul class="none"> +<li>Capacity of tank <span class="ralign20">750 gallons.</span></li> +</ul> + +<p class="center">WEIGHT OF ENGINE IN WORKING ORDER.</p> + +<ul class="none"> +<li>Total weight of engine, about <span class="ralign20">34,000 pounds.</span></li> +</ul> + +<p class="center smcap">LOAD.<br> +<span class="smaller">IN ADDITION TO ENGINE AND TENDER.</span></p> + +<table class="table10" border="0" cellpadding="1" summary="Load."> +<colgroup> + <col width="10%"> + <col width="10%"> + <col width="30%"> + <col width="20%"> + <col width="30%"> +</colgroup> +<tr> +<td>On a</td> +<td class="right">level</td> +<td> </td> +<td class="right">825</td> +<td>gross tons.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><span class="add1em">"</span></td> +<td class="right">20</td> +<td>ft. grade</td> +<td class="right">385</td> +<td><span class="add1em">"</span> <span class="add2em">"</span></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><span class="add1em">"</span></td> +<td class="right">40</td> +<td><span class="add2em">"</span></td> +<td class="right">250</td> +<td><span class="add1em">"</span> <span class="add2em">"</span></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><span class="add1em">"</span></td> +<td class="right">60</td> +<td><span class="add2em">"</span></td> +<td class="right">180</td> +<td><span class="add1em">"</span> <span class="add2em">"</span></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><span class="add1em">"</span></td> +<td class="right">80</td> +<td><span class="add2em">"</span></td> +<td class="right">140</td> +<td><span class="add1em">"</span> <span class="add2em">"</span></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><span class="add1em">"</span></td> +<td class="right">100</td> +<td><span class="add2em">"</span></td> +<td class="right">110</td> +<td><span class="add1em">"</span> <span class="add2em">"</span></td> +</tr> +</table> +</div> + +<a id="img022" name="img022"></a> +<div class="figcenter"> +<img src="images/img022.jpg" width="600" height="375" alt="Locomotive." title=""></div> + +<div class="box"> +<h3><span class="pagenum"><a id="page89" name="page89"></a>(p. 89)</span> DIVISION V.<br> +<span class="smaller">SWITCHING ENGINES WITH SEPARATE TENDERS.</span></h3> + +<p class="center">CLASS 12 C.<br> +<span class="smcap smaller">GENERAL DESIGN ILLUSTRATED BY PRINT ON PAGE <a href="#img022">88</a>.</span></p> + +<p class="p2 center smcap">CYLINDERS.</p> + +<ul class="none"> +<li>Diameter of cylinders <span class="ralign20">12 inches.</span></li> +<li>Length of stroke <span class="ralign20">22 inches.</span></li> +</ul> + +<p class="center smcap">DRIVING-WHEELS.</p> + +<ul class="none"> +<li>Diameter of drivers <span class="ralign20">44 inches.</span></li> +<li>Distance between centres <span class="ralign20">7 feet.</span></li> +</ul> + +<p class="center smcap">TENDER.<br> +<span class="smaller">ON FOUR, SIX, OR EIGHT WHEELS, 30 INCHES IN DIAMETER.</span></p> + +<ul class="none"> +<li>Capacity of tank <span class="ralign20">900 to 1400 gallons.</span></li> +</ul> + +<p class="center smcap">WEIGHT OF ENGINE IN WORKING ORDER.</p> + +<ul class="none"> +<li>Total weight of engine, about <span class="ralign20">38,000 pounds.</span></li> +</ul> + +<p class="center smcap">LOAD.<br> +<span class="smaller">IN ADDITION TO ENGINE AND TENDER.</span></p> + +<table class="table10" border="0" cellpadding="1" summary="Load."> +<colgroup> + <col width="10%"> + <col width="10%"> + <col width="30%"> + <col width="20%"> + <col width="30%"> +</colgroup> +<tr> +<td>On a</td> +<td class="right">level</td> +<td> </td> +<td class="right">925</td> +<td>gross tons.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><span class="add1em">"</span></td> +<td class="right">20</td> +<td>ft. grade</td> +<td class="right">435</td> +<td><span class="add1em">"</span> <span class="add2em">"</span></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><span class="add1em">"</span></td> +<td class="right">40</td> +<td><span class="add2em">"</span></td> +<td class="right">280</td> +<td><span class="add1em">"</span> <span class="add2em">"</span></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><span class="add1em">"</span></td> +<td class="right">60</td> +<td><span class="add2em">"</span></td> +<td class="right">200</td> +<td><span class="add1em">"</span> <span class="add2em">"</span></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><span class="add1em">"</span></td> +<td class="right">80</td> +<td><span class="add2em">"</span></td> +<td class="right">155</td> +<td><span class="add1em">"</span> <span class="add2em">"</span></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><span class="add1em">"</span></td> +<td class="right">100</td> +<td><span class="add2em">"</span></td> +<td class="right">125</td> +<td><span class="add1em">"</span> <span class="add2em">"</span></td> +</tr> +</table> +</div> + +<div class="box"> +<h3><span class="pagenum"><a id="page90" name="page90"></a>(p. 90)</span> DIVISION V.<br> +<span class="smaller">SWITCHING ENGINES WITH SEPARATE TENDERS.</span></h3> + +<p class="center">CLASS 14 C.<br> +<span class="smcap smaller">GENERAL DESIGN ILLUSTRATED BY PRINT ON PAGE <a href="#img022">88</a>.</span> + +<p class="p2 center smcap">CYLINDERS.</p> + +<ul class="none"> +<li>Diameter of cylinders <span class="ralign20">14 inches.</span></li> +<li>Length of stroke <span class="ralign20">22 inches.</span></li> +</ul> + +<p class="center smcap">DRIVING-WHEELS.</p> + +<ul class="none"> +<li>Diameter of drivers <span class="ralign20">48 inches.</span></li> +<li>Distance between centres <span class="ralign20">7 feet.</span></li> +</ul> + +<p class="center smcap">TENDER.<br> +<span class="smaller">ON FOUR, SIX, OR EIGHT WHEELS, 30 INCHES IN DIAMETER.</span></p> + +<ul class="none"> +<li>Capacity of tank <span class="ralign20">900 to 1400 gallons.</span></li> +</ul> + +<p class="center smcap">WEIGHT OF ENGINE IN WORKING ORDER.</p> + +<ul class="none"> +<li>Total weight of engine, about <span class="ralign20">42,000 pounds.</span></li> +</ul> + +<p class="center smcap">LOAD.<br> +<span class="smaller">IN ADDITION TO ENGINE AND TENDER.</span></p> + +<table class="table10" border="0" cellpadding="1" summary="Load."> +<colgroup> + <col width="10%"> + <col width="10%"> + <col width="30%"> + <col width="20%"> + <col width="30%"> +</colgroup> +<tr> +<td>On a</td> +<td class="right">level</td> +<td> </td> +<td class="right">1020</td> +<td>gross tons.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><span class="add1em">"</span></td> +<td class="right">20</td> +<td>ft. grade</td> +<td class="right">480</td> +<td><span class="add1em">"</span> <span class="add2em">"</span></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><span class="add1em">"</span></td> +<td class="right">40</td> +<td><span class="add2em">"</span></td> +<td class="right">305</td> +<td><span class="add1em">"</span> <span class="add2em">"</span></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><span class="add1em">"</span></td> +<td class="right">60</td> +<td><span class="add2em">"</span></td> +<td class="right">225</td> +<td><span class="add1em">"</span> <span class="add2em">"</span></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><span class="add1em">"</span></td> +<td class="right">80</td> +<td><span class="add2em">"</span></td> +<td class="right">170</td> +<td><span class="add1em">"</span> <span class="add2em">"</span></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><span class="add1em">"</span></td> +<td class="right">100</td> +<td><span class="add2em">"</span></td> +<td class="right">135</td> +<td><span class="add1em">"</span> <span class="add2em">"</span></td> +</tr> +</table> +</div> + +<div class="box"> +<h3><span class="pagenum"><a id="page91" name="page91"></a>(p. 91)</span> DIVISION V.<br> +<span class="smaller">SWITCHING ENGINES WITH SEPARATE TENDERS.</span></h3> + +<p class="center">CLASS 18½ C.<br> +<span class="smcap smaller">GENERAL DESIGN ILLUSTRATED BY PRINT ON PAGE <a href="#img022">88</a>.</span></p> + +<p class="p2 center smcap">CYLINDERS.</p> + +<ul class="none"> +<li>Diameter of cylinders <span class="ralign20">15 inches.</span></li> +<li>Length of stroke <span class="ralign20">22 inches.</span></li> +</ul> + +<p class="center smcap">DRIVING-WHEELS.</p> + +<ul class="none"> +<li>Diameter of drivers <span class="ralign20">48 to 54 inches.</span></li> +<li>Distance between centres <span class="ralign20">7 feet.</span></li> +</ul> + +<p class="center smcap">TENDER.<br> +<span class="smaller">ON EIGHT WHEELS, 30 INCHES IN DIAMETER.</span></p> + +<ul class="none"> +<li>Capacity of tank <span class="ralign20">1600 gallons.</span></li> +</ul> + +<p class="center smcap">WEIGHT OF ENGINE IN WORKING ORDER.</p> + +<ul class="none"> +<li>Total weight of engine, about <span class="ralign20">49,000 pounds.</span></li> +</ul> + +<p class="center smcap">LOAD.<br> +<span class="smaller">IN ADDITION TO ENGINE AND TENDER.</span></p> + +<table class="table10" border="0" cellpadding="1" summary="Load."> +<colgroup> + <col width="10%"> + <col width="10%"> + <col width="30%"> + <col width="20%"> + <col width="30%"> +</colgroup> +<tr> +<td>On a</td> +<td class="right">level</td> +<td> </td> +<td class="right">1200</td> +<td>gross tons.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><span class="add1em">"</span></td> +<td class="right">20</td> +<td>ft. grade</td> +<td class="right">560</td> +<td><span class="add1em">"</span> <span class="add2em">"</span></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><span class="add1em">"</span></td> +<td class="right">40</td> +<td><span class="add2em">"</span></td> +<td class="right">360</td> +<td><span class="add1em">"</span> <span class="add2em">"</span></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><span class="add1em">"</span></td> +<td class="right">60</td> +<td><span class="add2em">"</span></td> +<td class="right">260</td> +<td><span class="add1em">"</span> <span class="add2em">"</span></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><span class="add1em">"</span></td> +<td class="right">80</td> +<td><span class="add2em">"</span></td> +<td class="right">200</td> +<td><span class="add1em">"</span> <span class="add2em">"</span></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><span class="add1em">"</span></td> +<td class="right">100</td> +<td><span class="add2em">"</span></td> +<td class="right">160</td> +<td><span class="add1em">"</span> <span class="add2em">"</span></td> +</tr> +</table> +</div> + +<div class="box"> +<h3><span class="pagenum"><a id="page92" name="page92"></a>(p. 92)</span> DIVISION V.<br> +<span class="smaller">SWITCHING ENGINES WITH SEPARATE TENDERS.</span></h3> + +<p class="center">CLASS 19½ C.<br> +<span class="smcap smaller">GENERAL DESIGN ILLUSTRATED BY PRINT ON PAGE <a href="#img022">88</a>.</span></p> + +<p class="p2 center smcap">CYLINDERS.</p> + +<ul class="none"> +<li>Diameter of cylinders <span class="ralign20">16 inches.</span></li> +<li>Length of stroke <span class="ralign20">22 inches.</span></li> +</ul> + +<p class="center smcap">DRIVING-WHEELS.</p> + +<ul class="none"> +<li>Diameter of drivers <span class="ralign20">48 to 54 inches.</span></li> +<li>Length of stroke <span class="ralign20">22 inches.</span></li> +</ul> + +<p class="center smcap">WHEEL-BASE.</p> + +<ul class="none"> +<li>Total wheel-base <span class="ralign20">7 ft. 6 inches.</span></li> +<li>Rigid <span class="add2em">"</span> +<span class="ralign20">7 ft. 6 inches.</span></li> +</ul> + +<p class="center smcap">TENDER.<br> +<span class="smaller">ON EIGHT WHEELS, 30 INCHES IN DIAMETER.</span></p> + +<ul class="none"> +<li>Capacity of tank <span class="ralign20">1600 gallons.</span></li> +</ul> + +<p class="center smcap">WEIGHT OF ENGINE IN WORKING ORDER.</p> + +<ul class="none"> +<li>Total weight of engine, about <span class="ralign20">56,000 pounds.</span></li> +</ul> + +<p class="center smcap">LOAD.<br> +<span class="smaller">IN ADDITION TO ENGINE AND TENDER.</span></p> + +<table class="table10" border="0" cellpadding="1" summary="Load."> +<colgroup> + <col width="10%"> + <col width="10%"> + <col width="30%"> + <col width="20%"> + <col width="30%"> +</colgroup> +<tr> +<td>On a</td> +<td class="right">level</td> +<td> </td> +<td class="right">1360</td> +<td>gross tons.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><span class="add1em">"</span></td> +<td class="right">20</td> +<td>ft. grade</td> +<td class="right">640</td> +<td><span class="add1em">"</span> <span class="add2em">"</span></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><span class="add1em">"</span></td> +<td class="right">40</td> +<td><span class="add2em">"</span></td> +<td class="right">410</td> +<td><span class="add1em">"</span> <span class="add2em">"</span></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><span class="add1em">"</span></td> +<td class="right">60</td> +<td><span class="add2em">"</span></td> +<td class="right">300</td> +<td><span class="add1em">"</span> <span class="add2em">"</span></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><span class="add1em">"</span></td> +<td class="right">80</td> +<td><span class="add2em">"</span></td> +<td class="right">230</td> +<td><span class="add1em">"</span> <span class="add2em">"</span></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><span class="add1em">"</span></td> +<td class="right">100</td> +<td><span class="add2em">"</span></td> +<td class="right">180</td> +<td><span class="add1em">"</span> <span class="add2em">"</span></td> +</tr> +</table> +</div> + +<a id="img023" name="img023"></a> +<div class="figcenter"> +<img src="images/img023.jpg" width="600" height="382" alt="Locomotive." title=""></div> + +<div class="box"> +<h3><span class="pagenum"><a id="page95" name="page95"></a>(p. 95)</span> DIVISION V.<br> +<span class="smaller">SWITCHING ENGINES WITH SEPARATE TENDERS.</span></h3> + +<p class="center">CLASS 11½ C<br> +<span class="smcap smaller">GENERAL DESIGN ILLUSTRATED BY PRINT ON PAGE <a href="#img023">94</a>.</span></p> + +<p class="p2 center smcap">CYLINDERS.</p> + +<ul class="none"> +<li>Diameter of cylinders <span class="ralign20">11 inches.</span></li> +<li>Length of stroke <span class="ralign20">16 inches.</span></li> +</ul> + +<p class="center smcap">DRIVING-WHEELS.</p> + +<ul class="none"> +<li>Diameter of drivers <span class="ralign20">36 inches.</span></li> +</ul> + +<p class="center smcap">TRUCK.<br> +<span class="smaller">TWO-WHEELED, WITH SWING BOLSTER AND RADIUS-BAR.</span></p> + +<ul class="none"> +<li>Diameter of wheels <span class="ralign20">24 inches.</span></li> +</ul> + +<p class="center smcap">WHEEL-BASE.</p> + +<ul class="none"> +<li>Total wheel-base <span class="ralign20">11 ft. 3 inches.</span></li> +<li>Rigid <span class="add2em">"</span> +<span class="ralign20">4 ft. 8 inches.</span></li> +</ul> + +<p class="center smcap">TENDER.<br> +<span class="smaller">ON FOUR WHEELS, 30 INCHES IN DIAMETER.</span></p> + +<ul class="none"> +<li>Capacity of tank <span class="ralign20">750 gallons.</span></li> +</ul> + +<p class="center smcap">WEIGHT OF ENGINE IN WORKING ORDER.</p> + +<table class="table10" border="0" cellpadding="1" summary="Weight on engine."> +<colgroup> + <col width="50%"> + <col width="10%"> + <col width="20%"> + <col width="20%"> +</colgroup> +<tr> +<td colspan="2">On drivers</td> +<td class="right">30,000</td> +<td>pounds.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td colspan="2">On truck</td> +<td class="right">5,000</td> +<td><span class="add1em">"</span></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td colspan="2"> </td> +<td class="right">———</td> +<td> </td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="right">Total weight of engine, about</td> +<td> </td> +<td class="right">35,000</td> +<td><span class="add1em">"</span></td> +</tr> +</table> + +<p class="center smcap">LOAD.<br> +<span class="smaller">IN ADDITION TO ENGINE AND TENDER.</span></p> + +<table class="table10" border="0" cellpadding="1" summary="Load."> +<colgroup> + <col width="10%"> + <col width="10%"> + <col width="30%"> + <col width="20%"> + <col width="30%"> +</colgroup> +<tr> +<td>On a</td> +<td class="right">level</td> +<td> </td> +<td class="right">725</td> +<td>gross tons.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><span class="add1em">"</span></td> +<td class="right">20</td> +<td>ft. grade</td> +<td class="right">335</td> +<td><span class="add1em">"</span> <span class="add2em">"</span></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><span class="add1em">"</span></td> +<td class="right">40</td> +<td><span class="add2em">"</span></td> +<td class="right">215</td> +<td><span class="add1em">"</span> <span class="add2em">"</span></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><span class="add1em">"</span></td> +<td class="right">60</td> +<td><span class="add2em">"</span></td> +<td class="right">155</td> +<td><span class="add1em">"</span> <span class="add2em">"</span></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><span class="add1em">"</span></td> +<td class="right">80</td> +<td><span class="add2em">"</span></td> +<td class="right">120</td> +<td><span class="add1em">"</span> <span class="add2em">"</span></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><span class="add1em">"</span></td> +<td class="right">100</td> +<td><span class="add2em">"</span></td> +<td class="right">95</td> +<td><span class="add1em">"</span> <span class="add2em">"</span></td> +</tr> +</table> +</div> + +<div class="box"> +<h3><span class="pagenum"><a id="page96" name="page96"></a>(p. 96)</span> DIVISION V.<br> +<span class="smaller">SWITCHING ENGINES WITH SEPARATE TENDERS.</span></h3> + +<p class="center">CLASS 14½ C.<br> +<span class="smcap smaller">GENERAL DESIGN ILLUSTRATED BY PRINT ON PAGE <a href="#img023">94</a>.</span></p> + +<p class="p2 center smcap">CYLINDERS.</p> + +<ul class="none"> +<li>Diameter of cylinders <span class="ralign20">14 inches.</span></li> +<li>Length of stroke <span class="ralign20">22 inches.</span></li> +</ul> + +<p class="center smcap">DRIVING-WHEELS.</p> + +<ul class="none"> +<li>Diameter of drivers <span class="ralign20">48 inches.</span></li> +</ul> + +<p class="center smcap">TRUCK.<br> +<span class="smaller">TWO-WHEELED, WITH SWING BOLSTER AND RADIUS-BAR.</span></p> + +<ul class="none"> +<li>Diameter of wheels <span class="ralign20">24 inches.</span></li> +</ul> + +<p class="center smcap">WHEEL-BASE.</p> + +<ul class="none"> +<li>Total wheel-base <span class="ralign20">13 ft. 8½ inches.</span></li> +<li>Rigid <span class="add2em">"</span> +<span class="ralign20">6 ft. 6 inches.</span></li> +</ul> + +<p class="center smcap">TENDER.<br> +<span class="smaller">ON FOUR WHEELS, OR TWO FOUR-WHEELED TRUCKS.</span></p> + +<ul class="none"> +<li>Capacity of tank <span class="ralign20">1200 to 1600 gallons.</span></li> +</ul> + +<p class="center smcap">WEIGHT OF ENGINE IN WORKING ORDER.</p> + +<table class="table10" border="0" cellpadding="1" summary="Weight on engine."> +<colgroup> + <col width="50%"> + <col width="10%"> + <col width="20%"> + <col width="20%"> +</colgroup> +<tr> +<td colspan="2">On drivers</td> +<td class="right">38,000</td> +<td>pounds.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td colspan="2">On truck</td> +<td class="right">6,000</td> +<td><span class="add1em">"</span></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td colspan="2"> </td> +<td class="right">———</td> +<td> </td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="right">Total weight of engine, about</td> +<td> </td> +<td class="right">44,000</td> +<td><span class="add1em">"</span></td> +</tr> +</table> + +<p class="center smcap">LOAD.<br> +<span class="smaller">IN ADDITION TO ENGINE AND TENDER.</span></p> + +<table class="table10" border="0" cellpadding="1" summary="Load."> +<colgroup> + <col width="10%"> + <col width="10%"> + <col width="30%"> + <col width="20%"> + <col width="30%"> +</colgroup> +<tr> +<td>On a</td> +<td class="right">level</td> +<td> </td> +<td class="right">865</td> +<td>gross tons.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><span class="add1em">"</span></td> +<td class="right">20</td> +<td>ft. grade</td> +<td class="right">400</td> +<td><span class="add1em">"</span> <span class="add2em">"</span></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><span class="add1em">"</span></td> +<td class="right">40</td> +<td><span class="add2em">"</span></td> +<td class="right">255</td> +<td><span class="add1em">"</span> <span class="add2em">"</span></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><span class="add1em">"</span></td> +<td class="right">60</td> +<td><span class="add2em">"</span></td> +<td class="right">180</td> +<td><span class="add1em">"</span> <span class="add2em">"</span></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><span class="add1em">"</span></td> +<td class="right">80</td> +<td><span class="add2em">"</span></td> +<td class="right">140</td> +<td><span class="add1em">"</span> <span class="add2em">"</span></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><span class="add1em">"</span></td> +<td class="right">100</td> +<td><span class="add2em">"</span></td> +<td class="right">110</td> +<td><span class="add1em">"</span> <span class="add2em">"</span></td> +</tr> +</table> +</div> + +<div class="box"> +<h3><span class="pagenum"><a id="page97" name="page97"></a>(p. 97)</span> DIVISION V.<br> +<span class="smaller">SWITCHING ENGINES WITH SEPARATE TENDERS.</span></h3> + +<p class="center">CLASS 15½ C.<br> +<span class="smcap smaller">GENERAL DESIGN ILLUSTRATED BY PRINT ON PAGE <a href="#img023">94</a>.</span></p> + +<p class="p2 center smcap">CYLINDERS.</p> + +<ul class="none"> +<li>Diameter of cylinders <span class="ralign20">15 inches.</span></li> +<li>Length of stroke <span class="ralign20">22 inches.</span></li> +</ul> + +<p class="center smcap">DRIVING-WHEELS.</p> + +<ul class="none"> +<li>Diameter of drivers <span class="ralign20">48 to 54 inches.</span></li> +</ul> + +<p class="center smcap">TRUCK.<br> +<span class="smaller">TWO-WHEELED, WITH SWING BOLSTER AND RADIUS-BAR.</span></p> + +<ul class="none"> +<li>Diameter of wheels <span class="ralign20">24 inches.</span></li> +</ul> + +<p class="center smcap">WHEEL-BASE.</p> + +<ul class="none"> +<li>Total wheel-base <span class="ralign20">14 ft. 9 inches.</span></li> +<li>Rigid <span class="add2em">"</span> +<br><span class="add2em">(distance between driving-wheel centres)</span> +<span class="ralign20">7 ft.</span></li> +</ul> + +<p class="center smcap">TENDER.<br> +<span class="smaller">ON TWO FOUR-WHEELED TRUCKS.</span></p> + +<ul class="none"> +<li>Capacity of tank <span class="ralign20">1600 gallons.</span></li> +</ul> + +<p class="center smcap">WEIGHT OF ENGINE IN WORKING ORDER.</p> + +<table class="table10" border="0" cellpadding="1" summary="Weight on engine."> +<colgroup> + <col width="50%"> + <col width="10%"> + <col width="20%"> + <col width="20%"> +</colgroup> +<tr> +<td colspan="2">On drivers</td> +<td class="right">44,000</td> +<td>pounds.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td colspan="2">On truck</td> +<td class="right">6,000</td> +<td><span class="add1em">"</span></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td colspan="2"> </td> +<td class="right">———</td> +<td> </td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="right">Total weight of engine, about</td> +<td> </td> +<td class="right">50,000</td> +<td><span class="add1em">"</span></td> +</tr> +</table> + +<p class="center smcap">LOAD.<br> +<span class="smaller">IN ADDITION TO ENGINE AND TENDER.</span></p> + +<table class="table10" border="0" cellpadding="1" summary="Load."> +<colgroup> + <col width="10%"> + <col width="10%"> + <col width="30%"> + <col width="20%"> + <col width="30%"> +</colgroup> +<tr> +<td>On a</td> +<td class="right">level</td> +<td> </td> +<td class="right">1060</td> +<td>gross tons.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><span class="add1em">"</span></td> +<td class="right">20</td> +<td>ft. grade</td> +<td class="right">495</td> +<td><span class="add1em">"</span> <span class="add2em">"</span></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><span class="add1em">"</span></td> +<td class="right">40</td> +<td><span class="add2em">"</span></td> +<td class="right">315</td> +<td><span class="add1em">"</span> <span class="add2em">"</span></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><span class="add1em">"</span></td> +<td class="right">60</td> +<td><span class="add2em">"</span></td> +<td class="right">230</td> +<td><span class="add1em">"</span> <span class="add2em">"</span></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><span class="add1em">"</span></td> +<td class="right">80</td> +<td><span class="add2em">"</span></td> +<td class="right">170</td> +<td><span class="add1em">"</span> <span class="add2em">"</span></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><span class="add1em">"</span></td> +<td class="right">100</td> +<td><span class="add2em">"</span></td> +<td class="right">135</td> +<td><span class="add1em">"</span> <span class="add2em">"</span></td> +</tr> +</table> +</div> + +<a id="img024" name="img024"></a> +<div class="figcenter"> +<img src="images/img024.jpg" width="600" height="373" alt="Locomotive." title=""></div> + +<div class="box"> +<h3><span class="pagenum"><a id="page101" name="page101"></a>(p. 101)</span> DIVISION V.<br> +<span class="smaller">SWITCHING ENGINES WITH SEPARATE TENDERS.</span></h3> + +<p class="center">CLASS 21 D.<br> +<span class="smcap smaller">GENERAL DESIGN ILLUSTRATED BY PRINT ON PAGE <a href="#img024">100</a>.</span> + +<p class="p2 center smcap">CYLINDERS.</p> + +<ul class="none"> +<li>Diameter of cylinders <span class="ralign20">15 inches.</span></li> +<li>Length of stroke <span class="ralign20">22 inches.</span></li> +</ul> + +<p class="center smcap">DRIVING-WHEELS.</p> + +<ul class="none"> +<li>Diameter of drivers <span class="ralign20">44 inches.</span></li> +</ul> + +<p class="center smcap">WHEEL-BASE.</p> + +<ul class="none"> +<li>Total wheel-base <span class="ralign20">9 ft. 9 inches.</span></li> +<li>Rigid <span class="add2em">"</span> +<span class="ralign20">9 ft. 9 inches.</span></li> +</ul> + +<p class="center smcap">TENDER.<br> +<span class="smaller">ON TWO FOUR-WHEELED TRUCKS.</span></p> + +<ul class="none"> +<li>Capacity of tank <span class="ralign20">1600 gallons.</span></li> +</ul> + +<p class="center smcap">WEIGHT OF ENGINE IN WORKING ORDER.</p> + +<ul class="none"> +<li>Total weight of engine, about <span class="ralign20">52,000 pounds.</span></li> +</ul> + +<p class="center smcap">LOAD.<br> +<span class="smaller">IN ADDITION TO ENGINE AND TENDER.</span></p> + +<table class="table10" border="0" cellpadding="1" summary="Load."> +<colgroup> + <col width="10%"> + <col width="10%"> + <col width="30%"> + <col width="20%"> + <col width="30%"> +</colgroup> +<tr> +<td>On a</td> +<td class="right">level</td> +<td> </td> +<td class="right">1260</td> +<td>gross tons.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><span class="add1em">"</span></td> +<td class="right">20</td> +<td>ft. grade</td> +<td class="right">590</td> +<td><span class="add1em">"</span> <span class="add2em">"</span></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><span class="add1em">"</span></td> +<td class="right">40</td> +<td><span class="add2em">"</span></td> +<td class="right">375</td> +<td><span class="add1em">"</span> <span class="add2em">"</span></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><span class="add1em">"</span></td> +<td class="right">60</td> +<td><span class="add2em">"</span></td> +<td class="right">270</td> +<td><span class="add1em">"</span> <span class="add2em">"</span></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><span class="add1em">"</span></td> +<td class="right">80</td> +<td><span class="add2em">"</span></td> +<td class="right">210</td> +<td><span class="add1em">"</span> <span class="add2em">"</span></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><span class="add1em">"</span></td> +<td class="right">100</td> +<td><span class="add2em">"</span></td> +<td class="right">165</td> +<td><span class="add1em">"</span> <span class="add2em">"</span></td> +</tr> +</table> +</div> + +<div class="box"> +<h3><span class="pagenum"><a id="page102" name="page102"></a>(p. 102)</span> DIVISION V.<br> +<span class="smaller">SWITCHING ENGINES WITH SEPARATE TENDERS.</span></h3> + +<p class="center">CLASS 27½ D.<br> +<span class="smcap smaller">GENERAL DESIGN ILLUSTRATED BY PRINT ON PAGE <a href="#img024">100</a>.</span></p> + +<p class="p2 center smcap">CYLINDERS.</p> + +<ul class="none"> +<li>Diameter of cylinders <span class="ralign20">16 inches.</span></li> +<li>Length of stroke <span class="ralign20">22 or 24 inches.</span></li> +</ul> + +<p class="center smcap">DRIVING-WHEELS.</p> + +<ul class="none"> +<li>Diameter of drivers <span class="ralign20">44 to 48 inches.</span></li> +</ul> + +<p class="center smcap">WHEEL-BASE.</p> + +<ul class="none"> +<li>Total wheel-base <span class="ralign20">10 feet.</span></li> +<li>Rigid <span class="add2em">"</span> +<span class="ralign20">10 feet.</span></li> +</ul> + +<p class="center smcap">TENDER.<br> +<span class="smaller">ON TWO FOUR-WHEELED TRUCKS.</span></p> + +<ul class="none"> +<li>Capacity of tank <span class="ralign20">1600 gallons.</span></li> +</ul> + +<p class="center smcap">WEIGHT OF ENGINE IN WORKING ORDER.</p> + +<ul class="none"> +<li>Total weight of engine, about <span class="ralign20">60,000 pounds.</span></li> +</ul> + +<p class="center smcap">LOAD.<br> +<span class="smaller">IN ADDITION TO ENGINE AND TENDER.</span></p> + +<table class="table10" border="0" cellpadding="1" summary="Load."> +<colgroup> + <col width="10%"> + <col width="10%"> + <col width="30%"> + <col width="20%"> + <col width="30%"> +</colgroup> +<tr> +<td>On a</td> +<td class="right">level</td> +<td> </td> +<td class="right">1460</td> +<td>gross tons.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><span class="add1em">"</span></td> +<td class="right">20</td> +<td>ft. grade</td> +<td class="right">685</td> +<td><span class="add1em">"</span> <span class="add2em">"</span></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><span class="add1em">"</span></td> +<td class="right">40</td> +<td><span class="add2em">"</span></td> +<td class="right">440</td> +<td><span class="add1em">"</span> <span class="add2em">"</span></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><span class="add1em">"</span></td> +<td class="right">60</td> +<td><span class="add2em">"</span></td> +<td class="right">320</td> +<td><span class="add1em">"</span> <span class="add2em">"</span></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><span class="add1em">"</span></td> +<td class="right">80</td> +<td><span class="add2em">"</span></td> +<td class="right">245</td> +<td><span class="add1em">"</span> <span class="add2em">"</span></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><span class="add1em">"</span></td> +<td class="right">100</td> +<td><span class="add2em">"</span></td> +<td class="right">200</td> +<td><span class="add1em">"</span> <span class="add2em">"</span></td> +</tr> +</table> +</div> + +<div class="box"> +<h3><span class="pagenum"><a id="page103" name="page103"></a>(p. 103)</span> DIVISION V.<br> +<span class="smaller">SWITCHING ENGINES WITH SEPARATE TENDERS.</span></h3> + +<p class="center">CLASS 25½ D.<br> +<span class="smcap smaller">GENERAL DESIGN ILLUSTRATED BY PRINT ON PAGE <a href="#img024">100</a>.</span></p> + +<p class="p2 center smcap">CYLINDERS.</p> + +<ul class="none"> +<li>Diameter of cylinders <span class="ralign20">17 inches.</span></li> +<li>Length of stroke <span class="ralign20">22 or 24 inches.</span></li> +</ul> + +<p class="center smcap">DRIVING-WHEELS.</p> + +<ul class="none"> +<li>Diameter of drivers <span class="ralign20">48 inches.</span></li> +</ul> + +<p class="center smcap">WHEEL-BASE.</p> + +<ul class="none"> +<li>Total wheel-base <span class="ralign20">10 feet.</span></li> +<li>Rigid <span class="add2em">"</span> +<span class="ralign20">10 feet.</span></li> +</ul> + +<p class="center smcap">TENDER.<br> +<span class="smaller">ON TWO FOUR-WHEELED TRUCKS.</span></p> + +<ul class="none"> +<li>Capacity of tank <span class="ralign20">1800 gallons.</span></li> +</ul> + +<p class="center smcap">WEIGHT OF ENGINE IN WORKING ORDER.</p> + +<ul class="none"> +<li>Total weight of engine, about <span class="ralign20">66,000 pounds.</span></li> +</ul> + +<p class="center smcap">LOAD.<br> +<span class="smaller">IN ADDITION TO ENGINE AND TENDER.</span></p> + +<table class="table10" border="0" cellpadding="1" summary="Load."> +<colgroup> + <col width="10%"> + <col width="10%"> + <col width="30%"> + <col width="20%"> + <col width="30%"> +</colgroup> +<tr> +<td>On a</td> +<td class="right">level</td> +<td> </td> +<td class="right">1600</td> +<td>gross tons.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><span class="add1em">"</span></td> +<td class="right">20</td> +<td>ft. grade</td> +<td class="right">755</td> +<td><span class="add1em">"</span> <span class="add2em">"</span></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><span class="add1em">"</span></td> +<td class="right">40</td> +<td><span class="add2em">"</span></td> +<td class="right">485</td> +<td><span class="add1em">"</span> <span class="add2em">"</span></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><span class="add1em">"</span></td> +<td class="right">60</td> +<td><span class="add2em">"</span></td> +<td class="right">350</td> +<td><span class="add1em">"</span> <span class="add2em">"</span></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><span class="add1em">"</span></td> +<td class="right">80</td> +<td><span class="add2em">"</span></td> +<td class="right">270</td> +<td><span class="add1em">"</span> <span class="add2em">"</span></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><span class="add1em">"</span></td> +<td class="right">100</td> +<td><span class="add2em">"</span></td> +<td class="right">215</td> +<td><span class="add1em">"</span> <span class="add2em">"</span></td> +</tr> +</table> +</div> + +<a id="img025" name="img025"></a> +<div class="figcenter"> +<img src="images/img025.jpg" width="600" height="370" alt="Locomotive." title=""></div> + +<div class="box"> +<h3><span class="pagenum"><a id="page107" name="page107"></a>(p. 107)</span> DIVISION VI.<br> +<span class="smaller">TANK SWITCHING ENGINES.</span></h3> + +<p class="center">CLASS 8 C.<br> +<span class="smcap smaller">GENERAL DESIGN ILLUSTRATED BY PRINT ON PAGE <a href="#img025">106</a>.</span></p> + +<p class="p2 center smcap">CYLINDERS.</p> + +<ul class="none"> +<li>Diameter of cylinders <span class="ralign20">9 inches.</span></li> +<li>Length of stroke <span class="ralign20">16 inches.</span></li> +</ul> + +<p class="center smcap">DRIVING-WHEELS.</p> + +<ul class="none"> +<li>Diameter of drivers <span class="ralign20">36 inches.</span></li> +</ul> + +<p class="center smcap">WHEEL-BASE.</p> + +<ul class="none"> +<li>Total wheel-base <span class="ralign20">6 ft. 6 inches.</span></li> +<li>Rigid <span class="add2em">"</span> +<span class="ralign20">6 ft. 6 inches.</span></li> +</ul> + +<p class="center smcap">TANK.</p> + +<ul class="none"> +<li>Capacity <span class="ralign20">250 gallons.</span></li> +</ul> + +<p class="center smcap">WEIGHT OF ENGINE IN WORKING ORDER.</p> + +<ul class="none"> +<li>Total weight of engine, about <span class="ralign20">25,000 pounds.</span></li> +</ul> + +<p class="center smcap">LOAD.<br> +<span class="smaller">IN ADDITION TO WEIGHT OF ENGINE.</span></p> + +<table class="table10" border="0" cellpadding="1" summary="Load."> +<colgroup> + <col width="10%"> + <col width="10%"> + <col width="30%"> + <col width="20%"> + <col width="30%"> +</colgroup> +<tr> +<td>On a</td> +<td class="right">level</td> +<td> </td> +<td class="right">565</td> +<td>gross tons.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><span class="add1em">"</span></td> +<td class="right">20</td> +<td>ft. grade</td> +<td class="right">265</td> +<td><span class="add1em">"</span> <span class="add2em">"</span></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><span class="add1em">"</span></td> +<td class="right">40</td> +<td><span class="add2em">"</span></td> +<td class="right">170</td> +<td><span class="add1em">"</span> <span class="add2em">"</span></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><span class="add1em">"</span></td> +<td class="right">60</td> +<td><span class="add2em">"</span></td> +<td class="right">125</td> +<td><span class="add1em">"</span> <span class="add2em">"</span></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><span class="add1em">"</span></td> +<td class="right">80</td> +<td><span class="add2em">"</span></td> +<td class="right">100</td> +<td><span class="add1em">"</span> <span class="add2em">"</span></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><span class="add1em">"</span></td> +<td class="right">100</td> +<td><span class="add2em">"</span></td> +<td class="right">80</td> +<td><span class="add1em">"</span> <span class="add2em">"</span></td> +</tr> +</table> +</div> + +<div class="box"> +<h3><span class="pagenum"><a id="page108" name="page108"></a>(p. 108)</span> DIVISION VI.<br> +<span class="smaller">TANK SWITCHING ENGINES.</span></h3> + +<p class="center">CLASS 10½ C.<br> +<span class="smcap smaller">GENERAL DESIGN ILLUSTRATED BY PRINT ON PAGE <a href="#img025">106</a>.</span></p> + +<p class="p2 center smcap">CYLINDERS</p> + +<ul class="none"> +<li>Diameter of cylinders <span class="ralign20">11 inches.</span></li> +<li>Length of stroke <span class="ralign20">16 inches.</span></li> +</ul> + +<p class="center smcap">DRIVING-WHEELS.</p> + +<ul class="none"> +<li>Diameter of drivers <span class="ralign20">36 inches.</span></li> +</ul> + +<p class="center smcap">WHEEL-BASE.</p> + +<ul class="none"> +<li>Total wheel-base <span class="ralign20">6 ft. 6 inches.</span></li> +<li>Rigid <span class="add2em">"</span> +<span class="ralign20">6 ft. 6 inches.</span></li> +</ul> + +<p class="center smcap">TANK.</p> + +<ul class="none"> +<li>Capacity <span class="ralign20">400 gallons.</span></li> +</ul> + +<p class="center smcap">WEIGHT OF ENGINE IN WORKING ORDER.</p> + +<ul class="none"> +<li>Total weight of engine, about <span class="ralign20">38,000 pounds.</span></li> +</ul> + +<p class="center smcap">LOAD.<br> +<span class="smaller">IN ADDITION TO WEIGHT OF ENGINE.</span></p> + +<table class="table10" border="0" cellpadding="1" summary="Load."> +<colgroup> + <col width="10%"> + <col width="10%"> + <col width="30%"> + <col width="20%"> + <col width="30%"> +</colgroup> +<tr> +<td>On a</td> +<td class="right">level</td> +<td> </td> +<td class="right">855</td> +<td>gross tons.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><span class="add1em">"</span></td> +<td class="right">20</td> +<td>ft. grade</td> +<td class="right">405</td> +<td><span class="add1em">"</span> <span class="add2em">"</span></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><span class="add1em">"</span></td> +<td class="right">40</td> +<td><span class="add2em">"</span></td> +<td class="right">265</td> +<td><span class="add1em">"</span> <span class="add2em">"</span></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><span class="add1em">"</span></td> +<td class="right">60</td> +<td><span class="add2em">"</span></td> +<td class="right">195</td> +<td><span class="add1em">"</span> <span class="add2em">"</span></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><span class="add1em">"</span></td> +<td class="right">80</td> +<td><span class="add2em">"</span></td> +<td class="right">150</td> +<td><span class="add1em">"</span> <span class="add2em">"</span></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><span class="add1em">"</span></td> +<td class="right">100</td> +<td><span class="add2em">"</span></td> +<td class="right">120</td> +<td><span class="add1em">"</span> <span class="add2em">"</span></td> +</tr> +</table> +</div> + +<div class="box"> +<h3><span class="pagenum"><a id="page109" name="page109"></a>(p. 109)</span> DIVISION VI.<br> +<span class="smaller">TANK SWITCHING ENGINES.</span></h3> + +<p class="center">CLASS 12 C.<br> +<span class="smcap smaller">GENERAL DESIGN ILLUSTRATED BY PRINT ON PAGE <a href="#img025">106</a>.</span></p> + +<p class="p2 center smcap">CYLINDERS.</p> + +<ul class="none"> +<li>Diameter of cylinders <span class="ralign20">12 inches.</span></li> +<li>Length of stroke <span class="ralign20">22 inches.</span></li> +</ul> + +<p class="center smcap">DRIVING-WHEELS.</p> + +<ul class="none"> +<li>Diameter of drivers <span class="ralign20">44 inches.</span></li> +</ul> + +<p class="center smcap">WHEEL-BASE.</p> + +<ul class="none"> +<li>Total wheel-base <span class="ralign20">7 feet.</span></li> +<li>Rigid <span class="add2em">"</span> +<span class="ralign20">7 feet.</span></li> +</ul> + +<p class="center smcap">TANK.</p> + +<ul class="none"> +<li>Capacity <span class="ralign20">500 gallons.</span></li> +</ul> + +<p class="center smcap">WEIGHT OF ENGINE IN WORKING ORDER.</p> + +<ul class="none"> +<li>Total weight of engine, about <span class="ralign20">43,000 pounds.</span></li> +</ul> + +<p class="center smcap">LOAD.<br> +<span class="smaller">IN ADDITION TO WEIGHT OF ENGINE.</span></p> + +<table class="table10" border="0" cellpadding="1" summary="Load."> +<colgroup> + <col width="10%"> + <col width="10%"> + <col width="30%"> + <col width="20%"> + <col width="30%"> +</colgroup> +<tr> +<td>On a</td> +<td class="right">level</td> +<td> </td> +<td class="right">960</td> +<td>gross tons.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><span class="add1em">"</span></td> +<td class="right">20</td> +<td>ft. grade</td> +<td class="right">455</td> +<td><span class="add1em">"</span> <span class="add2em">"</span></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><span class="add1em">"</span></td> +<td class="right">40</td> +<td><span class="add2em">"</span></td> +<td class="right">295</td> +<td><span class="add1em">"</span> <span class="add2em">"</span></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><span class="add1em">"</span></td> +<td class="right">60</td> +<td><span class="add2em">"</span></td> +<td class="right">215</td> +<td><span class="add1em">"</span> <span class="add2em">"</span></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><span class="add1em">"</span></td> +<td class="right">80</td> +<td><span class="add2em">"</span></td> +<td class="right">170</td> +<td><span class="add1em">"</span> <span class="add2em">"</span></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><span class="add1em">"</span></td> +<td class="right">100</td> +<td><span class="add2em">"</span></td> +<td class="right">135</td> +<td><span class="add1em">"</span> <span class="add2em">"</span></td> +</tr> +</table> +</div> + +<div class="box"> +<h3><span class="pagenum"><a id="page110" name="page110"></a>(p. 110)</span> DIVISION VI.<br> +<span class="smaller">TANK SWITCHING ENGINES.</span></h3> + +<p class="center">CLASS 14 C.<br> +<span class="smcap smaller">GENERAL DESIGN ILLUSTRATED BY PRINT ON PAGE <a href="#img025">106</a>.</span></p> + +<p class="p2 center smcap">CYLINDERS.</p> + +<ul class="none"> +<li>Diameter of cylinders <span class="ralign20">14 inches.</span></li> +<li>Length of stroke <span class="ralign20">22 inches.</span></li> +</ul> + +<p class="center smcap">DRIVING-WHEELS.</p> + +<ul class="none"> +<li>Diameter of drivers <span class="ralign20">48 inches.</span></li> +</ul> + +<p class="center smcap">WHEEL-BASE.</p> + +<ul class="none"> +<li>Total wheel-base <span class="ralign20">7 feet.</span></li> +<li>Rigid <span class="add2em">"</span> +<span class="ralign20">7 feet.</span></li> +</ul> + +<p class="center smcap">TANK.</p> + +<ul class="none"> +<li>Capacity <span class="ralign20">600 gallons.</span></li> +</ul> + +<p class="center smcap">WEIGHT OF ENGINE IN WORKING ORDER.</p> + +<ul class="none"> +<li>Total weight of engine, about <span class="ralign20">49,000 pounds.</span></li> +</ul> + +<p class="center smcap">LOAD.<br> +<span class="smaller">IN ADDITION TO WEIGHT OF ENGINE.</span></p> + +<table class="table10" border="0" cellpadding="1" summary="Load."> +<colgroup> + <col width="10%"> + <col width="10%"> + <col width="30%"> + <col width="20%"> + <col width="30%"> +</colgroup> +<tr> +<td>On a</td> +<td class="right">level</td> +<td> </td> +<td class="right">1100</td> +<td>gross tons.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><span class="add1em">"</span></td> +<td class="right">20</td> +<td>ft. grade</td> +<td class="right">525</td> +<td><span class="add1em">"</span> <span class="add2em">"</span></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><span class="add1em">"</span></td> +<td class="right">40</td> +<td><span class="add2em">"</span></td> +<td class="right">340</td> +<td><span class="add1em">"</span> <span class="add2em">"</span></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><span class="add1em">"</span></td> +<td class="right">60</td> +<td><span class="add2em">"</span></td> +<td class="right">250</td> +<td><span class="add1em">"</span> <span class="add2em">"</span></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><span class="add1em">"</span></td> +<td class="right">80</td> +<td><span class="add2em">"</span></td> +<td class="right">195</td> +<td><span class="add1em">"</span> <span class="add2em">"</span></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><span class="add1em">"</span></td> +<td class="right">100</td> +<td><span class="add2em">"</span></td> +<td class="right">155</td> +<td><span class="add1em">"</span> <span class="add2em">"</span></td> +</tr> +</table> +</div> + +<div class="box"> +<h3><span class="pagenum"><a id="page111" name="page111"></a>(p. 111)</span> DIVISION VI.<br> +<span class="smaller">TANK SWITCHING ENGINES.</span></h3> + +<p class="center">CLASS 18½ C.<br> +<span class="smcap smaller">GENERAL DESIGN ILLUSTRATED BY PRINT ON PAGE <a href="#img025">106</a>.</span></p> + +<p class="p2 center smcap">CYLINDERS.</p> + +<ul class="none"> +<li>Diameter of cylinders <span class="ralign20">15 inches.</span></li> +<li>Length of stroke <span class="ralign20">22 inches.</span></li> +</ul> + +<p class="center smcap">DRIVING-WHEELS.</p> + +<ul class="none"> +<li>Diameter of drivers <span class="ralign20">48 inches.</span></li> +</ul> + +<p class="center smcap">WHEEL-BASE.</p> + +<ul class="none"> +<li>Total wheel-base <span class="ralign20">7 feet.</span></li> +<li>Rigid <span class="add2em">"</span> +<span class="ralign20">7 feet.</span></li> +</ul> + +<p class="center smcap">TANK.</p> + +<ul class="none"> +<li>Capacity <span class="ralign20">700 gallons.</span></li> +</ul> + +<p class="center smcap">WEIGHT OF ENGINE IN WORKING ORDER.</p> + +<ul class="none"> +<li>Total weight of engine, about <span class="ralign20">56,000 pounds.</span></li> +</ul> + +<p class="center smcap">LOAD.<br> +<span class="smaller">IN ADDITION TO WEIGHT OF ENGINE.</span></p> + +<table class="table10" border="0" cellpadding="1" summary="Load."> +<colgroup> + <col width="10%"> + <col width="10%"> + <col width="30%"> + <col width="20%"> + <col width="30%"> +</colgroup> +<tr> +<td>On a</td> +<td class="right">level</td> +<td> </td> +<td class="right">1230</td> +<td>gross tons.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><span class="add1em">"</span></td> +<td class="right">20</td> +<td>ft. grade</td> +<td class="right">585</td> +<td><span class="add1em">"</span> <span class="add2em">"</span></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><span class="add1em">"</span></td> +<td class="right">40</td> +<td><span class="add2em">"</span></td> +<td class="right">380</td> +<td><span class="add1em">"</span> <span class="add2em">"</span></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><span class="add1em">"</span></td> +<td class="right">60</td> +<td><span class="add2em">"</span></td> +<td class="right">280</td> +<td><span class="add1em">"</span> <span class="add2em">"</span></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><span class="add1em">"</span></td> +<td class="right">80</td> +<td><span class="add2em">"</span></td> +<td class="right">215</td> +<td><span class="add1em">"</span> <span class="add2em">"</span></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><span class="add1em">"</span></td> +<td class="right">100</td> +<td><span class="add2em">"</span></td> +<td class="right">175</td> +<td><span class="add1em">"</span> <span class="add2em">"</span></td> +</tr> +</table> +</div> + +<a id="img026" name="img026"></a> +<div class="figcenter"> +<img src="images/img026.jpg" width="600" height="374" alt="Locomotive." title=""></div> + +<div class="box"> +<h3><span class="pagenum"><a id="page115" name="page115"></a>(p. 115)</span> DIVISION VI.<br> +<span class="smaller">TANK SWITCHING ENGINES.</span></h3> + +<p class="center">CLASS 11½ C.<br> +<span class="smcap smaller">GENERAL DESIGN ILLUSTRATED BY PRINT ON PAGE <a href="#img026">114</a>.</span></p> + +<p class="p2 center smcap">CYLINDERS.</p> + +<ul class="none"> +<li>Diameter of cylinders <span class="ralign20">11 inches.</span></li> +<li>Length of stroke <span class="ralign20">16 inches.</span></li> +</ul> + +<p class="center smcap">DRIVING-WHEELS.</p> + +<ul class="none"> +<li>Diameter of drivers <span class="ralign20">36 inches.</span></li> +</ul> + +<p class="center smcap">TRUCK.<br> +<span class="smaller">TWO-WHEELED, WITH SWING BOLSTER AND RADIUS-BAR.</span></p> + +<ul class="none"> +<li>Diameter of wheels <span class="ralign20">24 inches.</span></li> +</ul> + +<p class="center smcap">WHEEL-BASE.</p> + +<ul class="none"> +<li>Total wheel-base <span class="ralign20">11 ft. 3 inches.</span></li> +<li>Rigid <span class="add2em">"</span> +<span class="ralign20">4 ft. 8 inches.</span></li> +</ul> + +<p class="center smcap">TANK.</p> + +<ul class="none"> +<li>Capacity <span class="ralign20">400 gallons.</span></li> +</ul> + +<p class="center smcap">WEIGHT OF ENGINE IN WORKING ORDER.</p> + +<table class="table10" border="0" cellpadding="1" summary="Weight on engine."> +<colgroup> + <col width="50%"> + <col width="10%"> + <col width="20%"> + <col width="20%"> +</colgroup> +<tr> +<td colspan="2">On drivers</td> +<td class="right">35,000</td> +<td>pounds.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td colspan="2">On truck</td> +<td class="right">5,000</td> +<td><span class="add1em">"</span></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td colspan="2"> </td> +<td class="right">———</td> +<td> </td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="right">Total weight of engine, about</td> +<td> </td> +<td class="right">40,000</td> +<td><span class="add1em">"</span></td> +</tr> +</table> + +<p class="center smcap">LOAD.<br> +<span class="smaller">IN ADDITION TO WEIGHT OF ENGINE.</span></p> + +<table class="table10" border="0" cellpadding="1" summary="Load."> +<colgroup> + <col width="10%"> + <col width="10%"> + <col width="30%"> + <col width="20%"> + <col width="30%"> +</colgroup> +<tr> +<td>On a</td> +<td class="right">level</td> +<td> </td> +<td class="right">785</td> +<td>gross tons.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><span class="add1em">"</span></td> +<td class="right">20</td> +<td>ft. grade</td> +<td class="right">370</td> +<td><span class="add1em">"</span> <span class="add2em">"</span></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><span class="add1em">"</span></td> +<td class="right">40</td> +<td><span class="add2em">"</span></td> +<td class="right">240</td> +<td><span class="add1em">"</span> <span class="add2em">"</span></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><span class="add1em">"</span></td> +<td class="right">60</td> +<td><span class="add2em">"</span></td> +<td class="right">175</td> +<td><span class="add1em">"</span> <span class="add2em">"</span></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><span class="add1em">"</span></td> +<td class="right">80</td> +<td><span class="add2em">"</span></td> +<td class="right">135</td> +<td><span class="add1em">"</span> <span class="add2em">"</span></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><span class="add1em">"</span></td> +<td class="right">100</td> +<td><span class="add2em">"</span></td> +<td class="right">110</td> +<td><span class="add1em">"</span> <span class="add2em">"</span></td> +</tr> +</table> +</div> + +<div class="box"> +<h3><span class="pagenum"><a id="page116" name="page116"></a>(p. 116)</span> DIVISION VI.<br> +<span class="smaller">TANK SWITCHING ENGINES.</span></h3> + +<p class="center">CLASS 14½ C.<br> +<span class="smcap smaller">GENERAL DESIGN ILLUSTRATED BY PRINT ON PAGE <a href="#img026">114</a>.</span></p> + +<p class="p2 center smcap">CYLINDERS.</p> + +<ul class="none"> +<li>Diameter of cylinders <span class="ralign20">14 inches.</span></li> +<li>Length of stroke <span class="ralign20">22 inches.</span></li> +</ul> + +<p class="center smcap">DRIVING-WHEELS.</p> + +<ul class="none"> +<li>Diameter of drivers <span class="ralign20">48 inches.</span></li> +</ul> + +<p class="center smcap">TRUCK.<br> +<span class="smaller">TWO-WHEELED, WITH SWING BOLSTER AND RADIUS-BAR.</span></p> + +<ul class="none"> +<li>Diameter of wheels <span class="ralign20">24 inches.</span></li> +</ul> + +<p class="center smcap">WHEEL-BASE.</p> + +<ul class="none"> +<li>Total wheel-base <span class="ralign20">13 ft. 8½ inches.</span></li> +<li>Rigid <span class="add2em">"</span> +<span class="ralign20">6 ft. 6 inches.</span></li> +</ul> + +<p class="center smcap">TANK.</p> + +<ul class="none"> +<li>Capacity <span class="ralign20">600 gallons.</span></li> +</ul> + +<p class="center smcap">WEIGHT OF ENGINE IN WORKING ORDER.</p> + +<table class="table10" border="0" cellpadding="1" summary="Weight on engine."> +<colgroup> + <col width="50%"> + <col width="10%"> + <col width="20%"> + <col width="20%"> +</colgroup> +<tr> +<td colspan="2">On drivers</td> +<td class="right">44,000</td> +<td>pounds.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td colspan="2">On truck</td> +<td class="right">6,000</td> +<td><span class="add1em">"</span></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td colspan="2"> </td> +<td class="right">———</td> +<td> </td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="right">Total weight of engine, about</td> +<td> </td> +<td class="right">50,000</td> +<td><span class="add1em">"</span></td> +</tr> +</table> + +<p class="center smcap">LOAD.<br> +<span class="smaller">IN ADDITION TO WEIGHT OF ENGINE.</span></p> + +<table class="table10" border="0" cellpadding="1" summary="Load."> +<colgroup> + <col width="10%"> + <col width="10%"> + <col width="30%"> + <col width="20%"> + <col width="30%"> +</colgroup> +<tr> +<td>On a</td> +<td class="right">level</td> +<td> </td> +<td class="right">980</td> +<td>gross tons.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><span class="add1em">"</span></td> +<td class="right">20</td> +<td>ft. grade</td> +<td class="right">465</td> +<td><span class="add1em">"</span> <span class="add2em">"</span></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><span class="add1em">"</span></td> +<td class="right">40</td> +<td><span class="add2em">"</span></td> +<td class="right">300</td> +<td><span class="add1em">"</span> <span class="add2em">"</span></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><span class="add1em">"</span></td> +<td class="right">60</td> +<td><span class="add2em">"</span></td> +<td class="right">220</td> +<td><span class="add1em">"</span> <span class="add2em">"</span></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><span class="add1em">"</span></td> +<td class="right">80</td> +<td><span class="add2em">"</span></td> +<td class="right">170</td> +<td><span class="add1em">"</span> <span class="add2em">"</span></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><span class="add1em">"</span></td> +<td class="right">100</td> +<td><span class="add2em">"</span></td> +<td class="right">140</td> +<td><span class="add1em">"</span> <span class="add2em">"</span></td> +</tr> +</table> +</div> + +<div class="box"> +<h3><span class="pagenum"><a id="page117" name="page117"></a>(p. 117)</span> DIVISION VI.<br> +<span class="smaller">TANK SWITCHING ENGINES.</span></h3> + +<p class="center">CLASS 15½ C.<br> +<span class="smcap smaller">GENERAL DESIGN ILLUSTRATED BY PRINT ON PAGE <a href="#img026">114</a>.</span></p> + +<p class="p2 center smcap">CYLINDERS.</p> + +<ul class="none"> +<li>Diameter of cylinders <span class="ralign20">15 inches.</span></li> +<li>Length of stroke <span class="ralign20">22 inches.</span></li> +</ul> + +<p class="center smcap">DRIVING-WHEELS.</p> + +<ul class="none"> +<li>Diameter of drivers <span class="ralign20">48 to 54 inches.</span></li> +</ul> + +<p class="center smcap">TRUCK.<br> +<span class="smaller">TWO-WHEELED, WITH SWING BOLSTER AND RADIUS-BAR.</span></p> + +<ul class="none"> +<li>Diameter of wheels <span class="ralign20">24 inches.</span></li> +</ul> + +<p class="center smcap">WHEEL-BASE.</p> + +<ul class="none"> +<li>Total wheel-base <span class="ralign20">14 ft. 7½ inches.</span></li> +<li>Rigid <span class="add2em">"</span> +<span class="ralign20">7 ft.</span></li> +</ul> + +<p class="center smcap">TANK.</p> + +<ul class="none"> +<li>Capacity <span class="ralign20">700 gallons.</span></li> +</ul> + +<p class="center smcap">WEIGHT OF ENGINE IN WORKING ORDER.</p> + +<table class="table10" border="0" cellpadding="1" summary="Weight on engine."> +<colgroup> + <col width="50%"> + <col width="10%"> + <col width="20%"> + <col width="20%"> +</colgroup> +<tr> +<td colspan="2">On drivers</td> +<td class="right">50,000</td> +<td>pounds.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td colspan="2">On truck</td> +<td class="right">6,000</td> +<td><span class="add1em">"</span></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td colspan="2"> </td> +<td class="right">———</td> +<td> </td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="right">Total weight of engine, about</td> +<td> </td> +<td class="right">56,000</td> +<td><span class="add1em">"</span></td> +</tr> +</table> + +<p class="center smcap">LOAD.<br> +<span class="smaller">IN ADDITION TO WEIGHT OF ENGINE.</span></p> + +<table class="table10" border="0" cellpadding="1" summary="Load."> +<colgroup> + <col width="10%"> + <col width="10%"> + <col width="30%"> + <col width="20%"> + <col width="30%"> +</colgroup> +<tr> +<td>On a</td> +<td class="right">level</td> +<td> </td> +<td class="right">1120</td> +<td>gross tons.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><span class="add1em">"</span></td> +<td class="right">20</td> +<td>ft. grade</td> +<td class="right">535</td> +<td><span class="add1em">"</span> <span class="add2em">"</span></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><span class="add1em">"</span></td> +<td class="right">40</td> +<td><span class="add2em">"</span></td> +<td class="right">345</td> +<td><span class="add1em">"</span> <span class="add2em">"</span></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><span class="add1em">"</span></td> +<td class="right">60</td> +<td><span class="add2em">"</span></td> +<td class="right">255</td> +<td><span class="add1em">"</span> <span class="add2em">"</span></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><span class="add1em">"</span></td> +<td class="right">80</td> +<td><span class="add2em">"</span></td> +<td class="right">195</td> +<td><span class="add1em">"</span> <span class="add2em">"</span></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><span class="add1em">"</span></td> +<td class="right">100</td> +<td><span class="add2em">"</span></td> +<td class="right">160</td> +<td><span class="add1em">"</span> <span class="add2em">"</span></td> +</tr> +</table> +</div> + +<a id="img027" name="img027"></a> +<div class="figcenter"> +<img src="images/img027.jpg" width="600" height="370" alt="Locomotive." title=""></div> + +<div class="box"> +<h3><span class="pagenum"><a id="page121" name="page121"></a>(p. 121)</span> DIVISION VI.<br> +<span class="smaller">TANK SWITCHING ENGINES.</span></h3> + +<p class="center">CLASS 21 D.<br> +<span class="smcap smaller">GENERAL DESIGN ILLUSTRATED BY PRINT ON PAGE <a href="#img027">120</a>.</span></p> + +<p class="p2 center smcap">CYLINDERS.</p> + +<ul class="none"> +<li>Diameter of cylinders <span class="ralign20">15 inches.</span></li> +<li>Length of stroke <span class="ralign20">22 inches.</span></li> +</ul> + +<p class="center smcap">DRIVING-WHEELS.</p> + +<ul class="none"> +<li>Diameter of drivers <span class="ralign20">44 inches.</span></li> +</ul> + +<p class="center smcap">WHEEL-BASE.</p> + +<ul class="none"> +<li>Total wheel-base <span class="ralign20">9 ft. 9 inches.</span></li> +<li>Rigid <span class="add2em">"</span> +<span class="ralign20">9 ft. 9 inches.</span></li> +</ul> + +<p class="center smcap">TANK.</p> + +<ul class="none"> +<li>Capacity <span class="ralign20">750 gallons.</span></li> +</ul> + +<p class="center smcap">WEIGHT OF ENGINE IN WORKING ORDER.</p> + +<ul class="none"> +<li>Total weight of engine, about <span class="ralign20">60,000 pounds.</span></li> +</ul> + +<p class="center smcap">LOAD.<br> +<span class="smaller">IN ADDITION TO WEIGHT OF ENGINE.</span></p> + +<table class="table10" border="0" cellpadding="1" summary="Load."> +<colgroup> + <col width="10%"> + <col width="10%"> + <col width="30%"> + <col width="20%"> + <col width="30%"> +</colgroup> +<tr> +<td>On a</td> +<td class="right">level</td> +<td> </td> +<td class="right">1375</td> +<td>gross tons.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><span class="add1em">"</span></td> +<td class="right">20</td> +<td>ft. grade</td> +<td class="right">650</td> +<td><span class="add1em">"</span> <span class="add2em">"</span></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><span class="add1em">"</span></td> +<td class="right">40</td> +<td><span class="add2em">"</span></td> +<td class="right">420</td> +<td><span class="add1em">"</span> <span class="add2em">"</span></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><span class="add1em">"</span></td> +<td class="right">60</td> +<td><span class="add2em">"</span></td> +<td class="right">310</td> +<td><span class="add1em">"</span> <span class="add2em">"</span></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><span class="add1em">"</span></td> +<td class="right">80</td> +<td><span class="add2em">"</span></td> +<td class="right">240</td> +<td><span class="add1em">"</span> <span class="add2em">"</span></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><span class="add1em">"</span></td> +<td class="right">100</td> +<td><span class="add2em">"</span></td> +<td class="right">195</td> +<td><span class="add1em">"</span> <span class="add2em">"</span></td> +</tr> +</table> +</div> + +<div class="box"> +<h3><span class="pagenum"><a id="page122" name="page122"></a>(p. 122)</span> DIVISION VI.<br> +<span class="smaller">TANK SWITCHING ENGINES.</span></h3> + +<p class="center">CLASS 27½ D.<br> +<span class="smcap smaller">GENERAL DESIGN ILLUSTRATED BY PRINT ON PAGE <a href="#img027">120</a>.</span></p> + +<p class="p2 center smcap">CYLINDERS.</p> + +<ul class="none"> +<li>Diameter of cylinders <span class="ralign20">16 inches.</span></li> +<li>Length of stroke <span class="ralign20">22 inches.</span></li> +</ul> + +<p class="center smcap">DRIVING-WHEELS.</p> + +<ul class="none"> +<li>Diameter of drivers <span class="ralign20">44 to 48 inches.</span></li> +</ul> + +<p class="center smcap">WHEEL-BASE.</p> + +<ul class="none"> +<li>Total wheel-base <span class="ralign20">10 feet.</span></li> +<li>Rigid <span class="add2em">"</span> +<span class="ralign20">10 feet.</span></li> +</ul> + +<p class="center smcap">TANK.</p> + +<ul class="none"> +<li>Capacity <span class="ralign20">900 gallons.</span></li> +</ul> + +<p class="center smcap">WEIGHT OF ENGINE IN WORKING ORDER.</p> + +<ul class="none"> +<li>Total weight of engine, about <span class="ralign20">66,000 pounds.</span></li> +</ul> + +<p class="center smcap">LOAD.<br> +<span class="smaller">IN ADDITION TO WEIGHT OF ENGINE.</span></p> + +<table class="table10" border="0" cellpadding="1" summary="Load."> +<colgroup> + <col width="10%"> + <col width="10%"> + <col width="30%"> + <col width="20%"> + <col width="30%"> +</colgroup> +<tr> +<td>On a</td> +<td class="right">level</td> +<td> </td> +<td class="right">1470</td> +<td>gross tons.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><span class="add1em">"</span></td> +<td class="right">20</td> +<td>ft. grade</td> +<td class="right">700</td> +<td><span class="add1em">"</span> <span class="add2em">"</span></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><span class="add1em">"</span></td> +<td class="right">40</td> +<td><span class="add2em">"</span></td> +<td class="right">455</td> +<td><span class="add1em">"</span> <span class="add2em">"</span></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><span class="add1em">"</span></td> +<td class="right">60</td> +<td><span class="add2em">"</span></td> +<td class="right">335</td> +<td><span class="add1em">"</span> <span class="add2em">"</span></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><span class="add1em">"</span></td> +<td class="right">80</td> +<td><span class="add2em">"</span></td> +<td class="right">260</td> +<td><span class="add1em">"</span> <span class="add2em">"</span></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><span class="add1em">"</span></td> +<td class="right">100</td> +<td><span class="add2em">"</span></td> +<td class="right">210</td> +<td><span class="add1em">"</span> <span class="add2em">"</span></td> +</tr> +</table> +</div> + +<a id="img028" name="img028"></a> +<div class="figcenter"> +<img src="images/img028.jpg" width="600" height="372" alt="Locomotive." title=""></div> + +<div class="box"> +<h3><span class="pagenum"><a id="page125" name="page125"></a>(p. 125)</span> DIVISION VII.<br> +<span class="smaller">NARROW-GAUGE PASSENGER AND FREIGHT LOCOMOTIVES.</span></h3> + +<p class="center">CLASS 8½ C.<br> +<span class="smcap smaller">GENERAL DESIGN ILLUSTRATED BY PRINT ON PAGE <a href="#img028">124</a>.</span></p> + +<p class="p2 center smcap">CYLINDERS.</p> + +<ul class="none"> +<li>Diameter of cylinders <span class="ralign20">9 inches.</span></li> +<li>Length of stroke <span class="ralign20">16 inches.</span></li> +</ul> + +<p class="center smcap">DRIVING-WHEELS.</p> + +<ul class="none"> +<li>Diameter of drivers <span class="ralign20">36 to 40 inches.</span></li> +</ul> + +<p class="center smcap">TRUCK.<br> +<span class="smaller">TWO-WHEELED, WITH SWING BOLSTER AND RADIUS-BAR.</span></p> + +<ul class="none"> +<li>Diameter of wheels <span class="ralign20">24 inches.</span></li> +</ul> + +<p class="center smcap">WHEEL-BASE.</p> + +<ul class="none"> +<li>Total wheel-base <span class="ralign20">11 ft. 11½ inches.</span></li> +<li>Rigid <span class="add2em">"</span> +<span class="ralign20">6 ft. 3 inches.</span></li> +</ul> + +<p class="center smcap">TENDER.<br> +<span class="smaller">ON FOUR OR SIX WHEELS.</span></p> + +<ul class="none"> +<li>Capacity of tank <span class="ralign20">500 gallons.</span></li> +</ul> + +<p class="center smcap">WEIGHT OF ENGINE IN WORKING ORDER.</p> + +<table class="table10" border="0" cellpadding="1" summary="Weight on engine."> +<colgroup> + <col width="50%"> + <col width="10%"> + <col width="20%"> + <col width="20%"> +</colgroup> +<tr> +<td colspan="2">On drivers</td> +<td class="right">20,000</td> +<td>pounds.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td colspan="2">On truck</td> +<td class="right">5,000</td> +<td><span class="add1em">"</span></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td colspan="2"> </td> +<td class="right">———</td> +<td> </td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="right">Total weight of engine, about</td> +<td> </td> +<td class="right">25,000</td> +<td><span class="add1em">"</span></td> +</tr> +</table> + +<p class="center smcap">LOAD.<br> +<span class="smaller">IN ADDITION TO ENGINE AND TENDER.</span></p> + +<table class="table10" border="0" cellpadding="1" summary="Load."> +<colgroup> + <col width="10%"> + <col width="10%"> + <col width="30%"> + <col width="20%"> + <col width="30%"> +</colgroup> +<tr> +<td>On a</td> +<td class="right">level</td> +<td> </td> +<td class="right">480</td> +<td>gross tons.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><span class="add1em">"</span></td> +<td class="right">20</td> +<td>ft. grade</td> +<td class="right">225</td> +<td><span class="add1em">"</span> <span class="add2em">"</span></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><span class="add1em">"</span></td> +<td class="right">40</td> +<td><span class="add2em">"</span></td> +<td class="right">140</td> +<td><span class="add1em">"</span> <span class="add2em">"</span></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><span class="add1em">"</span></td> +<td class="right">60</td> +<td><span class="add2em">"</span></td> +<td class="right">105</td> +<td><span class="add1em">"</span> <span class="add2em">"</span></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><span class="add1em">"</span></td> +<td class="right">80</td> +<td><span class="add2em">"</span></td> +<td class="right">75</td> +<td><span class="add1em">"</span> <span class="add2em">"</span></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><span class="add1em">"</span></td> +<td class="right">100</td> +<td><span class="add2em">"</span></td> +<td class="right">60</td> +<td><span class="add1em">"</span> <span class="add2em">"</span></td> +</tr> +</table> + +<p>Engines of this class can be adapted to a gauge of 3 feet or upward.</p> +</div> + +<div class="box"> +<h3><span class="pagenum"><a id="page126" name="page126"></a>(p. 126)</span> DIVISION VII.<br> +<span class="smaller">NARROW-GAUGE PASSENGER AND FREIGHT LOCOMOTIVES.</span></h3> + +<p class="center">CLASS 9½ C.<br> +<span class="smcap smaller">GENERAL DESIGN ILLUSTRATED BY PRINT ON PAGE <a href="#img028">124</a>.</span></p> + +<p class="p2 center smcap">CYLINDERS.</p> + +<ul class="none"> +<li>Diameter of cylinders <span class="ralign20">10 inches.</span></li> +<li>Length of stroke <span class="ralign20">16 inches.</span></li> +</ul> + +<p class="center smcap">DRIVING-WHEELS.</p> + +<ul class="none"> +<li>Diameter of drivers <span class="ralign20">36 to 40 inches.</span></li> +</ul> + +<p class="center smcap">TRUCK.<br> +<span class="smaller">TWO-WHEELED-WITH SWING BOLSTER AND RADIUS-BAR.</span></p> + +<ul class="none"> +<li>Diameter of wheels <span class="ralign20">24 inches.</span></li> +</ul> + +<p class="center smcap">WHEEL-BASE.</p> + +<ul class="none"> +<li>Total wheel-base <span class="ralign20">12 ft. 4½ inches.</span></li> +<li>Rigid <span class="add2em">"</span> +<span class="ralign20">6 ft. 6 inches.</span></li> +</ul> + +<p class="center smcap">TENDER.<br> +<span class="smaller">ON FOUR OR SIX WHEELS.</span></p> + +<ul class="none"> +<li>Capacity of tank <span class="ralign20">600 gallons.</span></li> +</ul> + +<p class="center smcap">WEIGHT OF ENGINE IN WORKING ORDER.</p> + +<table class="table10" border="0" cellpadding="1" summary="Weight on engine."> +<colgroup> + <col width="50%"> + <col width="10%"> + <col width="20%"> + <col width="20%"> +</colgroup> +<tr> +<td colspan="2">On drivers</td> +<td class="right">25,000</td> +<td>pounds.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td colspan="2">On pony truck</td> +<td class="right">5,000</td> +<td><span class="add1em">"</span></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td colspan="2"> </td> +<td class="right">———</td> +<td> </td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="right">Total weight of engine, about</td> +<td> </td> +<td class="right">30,000</td> +<td><span class="add1em">"</span></td> +</tr> +</table> + +<p class="center smcap">LOAD.<br> +<span class="smaller">IN ADDITION TO ENGINE AND TENDER.</span></p> + +<table class="table10" border="0" cellpadding="1" summary="Load."> +<colgroup> + <col width="10%"> + <col width="10%"> + <col width="30%"> + <col width="20%"> + <col width="30%"> +</colgroup> +<tr> +<td>On a</td> +<td class="right">level</td> +<td> </td> +<td class="right">605</td> +<td>gross tons.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><span class="add1em">"</span></td> +<td class="right">20</td> +<td>ft. grade</td> +<td class="right">285</td> +<td><span class="add1em">"</span> <span class="add2em">"</span></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><span class="add1em">"</span></td> +<td class="right">40</td> +<td><span class="add2em">"</span></td> +<td class="right">175</td> +<td><span class="add1em">"</span> <span class="add2em">"</span></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><span class="add1em">"</span></td> +<td class="right">60</td> +<td><span class="add2em">"</span></td> +<td class="right">125</td> +<td><span class="add1em">"</span> <span class="add2em">"</span></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><span class="add1em">"</span></td> +<td class="right">80</td> +<td><span class="add2em">"</span></td> +<td class="right">95</td> +<td><span class="add1em">"</span> <span class="add2em">"</span></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><span class="add1em">"</span></td> +<td class="right">100</td> +<td><span class="add2em">"</span></td> +<td class="right">75</td> +<td><span class="add1em">"</span> <span class="add2em">"</span></td> +</tr> +</table> + +<p>Engines of this class can be adapted to a gauge of 3 feet or upward.</p> +</div> + +<a id="img029" name="img029"></a> +<div class="figcenter"> +<img src="images/img029.jpg" width="600" height="370" alt="Locomotive." title=""></div> + +<div class="box"> +<h3><span class="pagenum"><a id="page129" name="page129"></a>(p. 129)</span> DIVISION VIII.<br> +<span class="smaller">NARROW-GAUGE FREIGHT LOCOMOTIVES.</span></h3> + +<p class="center">CLASS 12 D.<br> +<span class="smcap smaller">GENERAL DESIGN ILLUSTRATED BY PRINT ON PAGE <a href="#img029">128</a>.</span></p> + +<p class="p2 center smcap">CYLINDERS.</p> + +<ul class="none"> +<li>Diameter of cylinders <span class="ralign20">11 inches.</span></li> +<li>Length of stroke <span class="ralign20">16 inches.</span></li> +</ul> + +<p class="center smcap">DRIVING-WHEELS.</p> + +<ul class="none"> +<li>Diameter of drivers <span class="ralign20">36 inches.</span></li> +</ul> + +<p class="center smcap">TRUCK.<br> +<span class="smaller">TWO-WHEELED, WITH SWING BOLSTER AND RADIUS-BAR.</span></p> + +<ul class="none"> +<li>Diameter of wheels <span class="ralign20">24 inches.</span></li> +</ul> + +<p class="center smcap">WHEEL-BASE.</p> + +<ul class="none"> +<li>Total wheel-base <span class="ralign20">14 ft. 3 inches.</span></li> +<li>Rigid <span class="add2em">"</span> +<span class="ralign20">8 ft. 7 inches.</span></li> +</ul> + +<p class="center smcap">TENDER.<br> +<span class="smaller">ON FOUR OR SIX WHEELS.</span></p> + +<ul class="none"> +<li>Capacity of tank <span class="ralign20">750 gallons.</span></li> +</ul> + +<p class="center smcap">WEIGHT OF ENGINE IN WORKING ORDER.</p> + +<table class="table10" border="0" cellpadding="1" summary="Weight on engine."> +<colgroup> + <col width="50%"> + <col width="10%"> + <col width="20%"> + <col width="20%"> +</colgroup> +<tr> +<td colspan="2">On drivers</td> +<td class="right">31,000</td> +<td>pounds.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td colspan="2">On truck</td> +<td class="right">4,000</td> +<td><span class="add1em">"</span></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td colspan="2"> </td> +<td class="right">———</td> +<td> </td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="right">Total weight of engine, about</td> +<td> </td> +<td class="right">35,000</td> +<td><span class="add1em">"</span></td> +</tr> +</table> + +<p class="center smcap">LOAD.<br> +<span class="smaller">IN ADDITION TO ENGINE AND TENDER.</span></p> + +<table class="table10" border="0" cellpadding="1" summary="Load."> +<colgroup> + <col width="10%"> + <col width="10%"> + <col width="30%"> + <col width="20%"> + <col width="30%"> +</colgroup> +<tr> +<td>On a</td> +<td class="right">level</td> +<td> </td> +<td class="right">730</td> +<td>gross tons.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><span class="add1em">"</span></td> +<td class="right">20</td> +<td>ft. grade</td> +<td class="right">340</td> +<td><span class="add1em">"</span> <span class="add2em">"</span></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><span class="add1em">"</span></td> +<td class="right">40</td> +<td><span class="add2em">"</span></td> +<td class="right">220</td> +<td><span class="add1em">"</span> <span class="add2em">"</span></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><span class="add1em">"</span></td> +<td class="right">60</td> +<td><span class="add2em">"</span></td> +<td class="right">160</td> +<td><span class="add1em">"</span> <span class="add2em">"</span></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><span class="add1em">"</span></td> +<td class="right">80</td> +<td><span class="add2em">"</span></td> +<td class="right">120</td> +<td><span class="add1em">"</span> <span class="add2em">"</span></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><span class="add1em">"</span></td> +<td class="right">100</td> +<td><span class="add2em">"</span></td> +<td class="right">100</td> +<td><span class="add1em">"</span> <span class="add2em">"</span></td> +</tr> +</table> + +<p>Engines of this class can be adapted to a gauge of 3 feet or upward.</p> +</div> + +<div class="box"> +<h3><span class="pagenum"><a id="page130" name="page130"></a>(p. 130)</span> DIVISION VIII.<br> +<span class="smaller">NARROW-GAUGE FREIGHT LOCOMOTIVES.</span></h3> + +<p class="center">CLASS 14 D.<br> +<span class="smcap smaller">GENERAL DESIGN ILLUSTRATED BY PRINT ON PAGE <a href="#img029">128</a>.</span></p> + +<p class="p2 center smcap">CYLINDERS.</p> + +<ul class="none"> +<li>Diameter of cylinders <span class="ralign20">12 inches.</span></li> +<li>Length of stroke <span class="ralign20">16 inches.</span></li> +</ul> + +<p class="center smcap">DRIVING-WHEELS.</p> + +<ul class="none"> +<li>Diameter of drivers <span class="ralign20">36 to 40 inches.</span></li> +</ul> + +<p class="center smcap">TRUCK.<br> +<span class="smaller">TWO-WHEELED, WITH SWING BOLSTER AND RADIUS-BAR.</span></p> + +<ul class="none"> +<li>Diameter of wheels <span class="ralign20">24 inches.</span></li> +</ul> + +<p class="center smcap">WHEEL-BASE.</p> + +<ul class="none"> +<li>Total wheel-base <span class="ralign20">15 ft. 4 inches.</span></li> +<li>Rigid <span class="add2em">"</span> +<span class="ralign20">9 ft. 4 inches.</span></li> +</ul> + +<p class="center smcap">TENDER.<br> +<span class="smaller">ON FOUR OR SIX WHEELS.</span></p> + +<ul class="none"> +<li>Capacity of tank <span class="ralign20">900 gallons.</span></li> +</ul> + +<p class="center smcap">WEIGHT OF ENGINE IN WORKING ORDER.</p> + +<table class="table10" border="0" cellpadding="1" summary="Weight on engine."> +<colgroup> + <col width="50%"> + <col width="10%"> + <col width="20%"> + <col width="20%"> +</colgroup> +<tr> +<td colspan="2">On drivers</td> +<td class="right">36,000</td> +<td>pounds.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td colspan="2">On truck</td> +<td class="right">4,000</td> +<td><span class="add1em">"</span></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td colspan="2"> </td> +<td class="right">———</td> +<td> </td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="right">Total weight of engine, about</td> +<td> </td> +<td class="right">40,000</td> +<td><span class="add1em">"</span></td> +</tr> +</table> + +<p class="center smcap">LOAD.<br> +<span class="smaller">IN ADDITION TO ENGINE AND TENDER.</span></p> + +<table class="table10" border="0" cellpadding="1" summary="Load."> +<colgroup> + <col width="10%"> + <col width="10%"> + <col width="30%"> + <col width="20%"> + <col width="30%"> +</colgroup> +<tr> +<td>On a</td> +<td class="right">level</td> +<td> </td> +<td class="right">870</td> +<td>gross tons.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><span class="add1em">"</span></td> +<td class="right">20</td> +<td>ft. grade</td> +<td class="right">405</td> +<td><span class="add1em">"</span> <span class="add2em">"</span></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><span class="add1em">"</span></td> +<td class="right">40</td> +<td><span class="add2em">"</span></td> +<td class="right">255</td> +<td><span class="add1em">"</span> <span class="add2em">"</span></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><span class="add1em">"</span></td> +<td class="right">60</td> +<td><span class="add2em">"</span></td> +<td class="right">185</td> +<td><span class="add1em">"</span> <span class="add2em">"</span></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><span class="add1em">"</span></td> +<td class="right">80</td> +<td><span class="add2em">"</span></td> +<td class="right">140</td> +<td><span class="add1em">"</span> <span class="add2em">"</span></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><span class="add1em">"</span></td> +<td class="right">100</td> +<td><span class="add2em">"</span></td> +<td class="right">110</td> +<td><span class="add1em">"</span> <span class="add2em">"</span></td> +</tr> +</table> + +<p>Engines of this class can be adapted to a gauge of 3 feet or upward.</p> +</div> + +<h3><span class="pagenum"><a id="page131" name="page131"></a>(p. 131)</span> GENERAL SPECIFICATION.</h3> + +<p>The following general specification of an ordinary freight or +passenger locomotive is given to show principal features of +construction.</p> + +<h4>BOILER.</h4> + +<p>Of the best Pennsylvania cold-blast charcoal iron, three-eighths +inch thick, or of best homogeneous cast-steel, five-sixteenths inch +thick; all horizontal seams and junction of waist and fire-box +double-riveted. Boiler well and thoroughly stayed in all its parts, +provided with cleaning holes, etc. Extra welt-pieces riveted to +inside of side-sheets, providing double thickness of metal for studs +of expansion braces. Iron sheets three-eighths inch thick riveted +with three-fourths inch rivets, placed two inches from centre to +centre. Steel sheets five-sixteenths inch thick riveted with +five-eighths inch rivets, placed one and seven-eighths inches from +centre to centre.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Waist</span> made straight, with two domes, steam being taken from the +forward dome; or with wagon-top and one dome.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Flues</span> of iron, lap-welded, with copper ferrules on fire-box ends; or +of seamless drawn copper or brass.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Fire-box</span> of best homogeneous cast-steel; side- and back-sheets +five-sixteenths inch thick; crown-sheet three-eighths inch thick; +flue-sheet one-half inch thick. Water space three inches sides and +back, four inches front. Stay bolts seven-eighths inch diameter, +screwed and riveted to sheets, and not over four and one-half inches +from centre to centre. Crown bars made of two pieces of +wrought-iron four and one-half inches by five-eighths inch, set one +and one-half inches above crown, bearing on side-sheets, placed not +over four and one-half inches from centre to centre, and secured by +bolts fitted to taper hole in crown-sheet, with head on under side +of bolt, and nut on top bearing on crown bars. Crown stayed by +braces to dome and outside shell of boiler. Fire-door opening formed +by flanging and riveting together the inner and outer sheets. +Blow-off cock in back or side of furnace operated from the +footboard.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Grates</span> of cast-iron, plain or rocking, for wood and soft coal; and +of water tubes, for hard coal.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Ash-pan</span>, with double dampers, operated from the footboard, for wood +and soft coal; and with hopper with slide in bottom, for hard coal.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Smoke-stack</span> of approved pattern suitable for the fuel.</p> + +<h4><span class="pagenum"><a id="page132" name="page132"></a>(p. 132)</span> CYLINDERS.</h4> + +<p>Placed horizontally; each cylinder cast in one piece with +half-saddle; right and left hand cylinders reversible and +interchangeable; accurately planed, fitted and bolted together in +the most approved manner. Oil valves to cylinders placed in cab and +connected to steam-chests by pipes running under jacket. Pipes +proved to two hundred pounds pressure.</p> + +<h4>PISTONS.</h4> + +<p>Heads and followers of cast-iron, fitted with two brass rings +babbited. Piston-rods of cold-rolled iron, fitted and keyed to +pistons and crossheads.</p> + +<h4>GUIDES.</h4> + +<p>Of steel, or iron case-hardened, fitted to guide-yoke extending +across, or secured to boiler and frames.</p> + +<h4>VALVE MOTION.</h4> + +<p>Most approved shifting link motion, graduated to cut off equally at +all points of the stroke. Links made of the best hammered iron well +case-hardened. Sliding block four and one-half inches long, with +flanges seven inches long. Rock shafts of wrought-iron. Reverse +shaft of wrought-iron, made with arms forged on.</p> + +<h4>THROTTLE-VALVE.</h4> + +<p>Balanced poppet throttle-valve of cast-iron, with double seats in +vertical arm of dry-pipe.</p> + +<h4>DRIVING-WHEELS.</h4> + +<p><span class="smcap">Centres</span> of cast-iron, with hollow spokes and rims.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Tires</span> of cast-steel, shrunk on wheel-centres. Flanged tires five and +one-half inches wide and two and three-eighths inches thick when +finished. Plain tires six inches wide and two and three-eighths +inches thick when finished.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Axles</span> of hammered iron.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Wrist-pins</span> of cast-steel, or iron case-hardened. <span class="smcap">Springs</span> of best +quality of cast-steel.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Connecting-Rods</span> of best hammered iron, furnished with all necessary +straps, keys, and brasses, well fitted and finished. <span class="smcap">Equalizing +Beams</span> of most approved arrangement, with steel bearings. +Driving-boxes of cast-iron with brass bearings babbited.</p> + +<h4><span class="pagenum"><a id="page133" name="page133"></a>(p. 133)</span> FRAMES.</h4> + +<p>Of hammered iron, forged solid, or with pedestals separate and +bolted and keyed to place. Pedestals cased with cast-iron gibs and +wedges to prevent wear by boxes. Braces bolted between pedestals, or +welded in.</p> + +<h4>FEED WATER.</h4> + +<p>Supplied by one injector and one pump, or two brass pumps, with +valves and cages of best hard metal accurately fitted. Plunger of +hollow iron. Cock in feed-pipe regulated from footboard.</p> + +<h4>ENGINE TRUCK.</h4> + +<p><span class="smcap">Square</span> wrought-iron frame, with centre-bearing swing bolster.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Wheels</span> of best spoke or plate pattern.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Axles</span> of best hammered iron, with inside journals.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Springs</span> of cast-steel, connected by equalizing beams.</p> + +<h4>HOUSE.</h4> + +<p>Of good pattern, substantially built of hard wood, fitted together +with joint-bolts. Roof finished to carlines in strips of ash and +walnut. Backboards with windows to raise and lower.</p> + +<h4>PILOT.</h4> + +<p>Of wood or iron.</p> + +<h4>FURNITURE.</h4> + +<p>Engine furnished with sand-box, alarm and signal bells, whistle, two +safety-valves, steam and water gauges, heater and gauge cocks, +oil-cans, etc. Also a complete set of tools, consisting of two +jack-screws, pinch-bar, monkey, packing, and flat wrenches, hammer, +chisels, etc.</p> + +<h4>FINISH.</h4> + +<p>Cylinders lagged with wood and cased with brass, or iron painted. +Heads of cast-iron polished, or of cast-brass.</p> + +<p>Steam-chests with cast-iron tops; bodies cased with brass, or iron +painted.</p> + +<p>Domes lagged with wood, with brass or iron casing on bodies, and +cast-iron top and bottom rings.</p> + +<p>Boiler lagged with wood and jacketed with Russia iron secured by +brass bands polished.</p> + +<h4><span class="pagenum"><a id="page134" name="page134"></a>(p. 134)</span> GENERAL FEATURES OF CONSTRUCTION.</h4> + +<p>All principal parts of engine accurately fitted to gauges and +thoroughly interchangeable. All movable bolts and nuts and all +wearing surfaces made of steel or iron case-hardened. All wearing +brasses made of ingot copper and tin, alloyed in the proportion of +seven parts of the former to one of the latter. All bolts and +threads to U. S. standard.</p> + +<h4>TENDER.</h4> + +<p>On two four-wheeled trucks. Wheels of best plate pattern, thirty +inches in diameter. Truck frames of square wrought-iron with +equalizers between springs, or of bar-iron with wooden bolsters. +Axles of best hammered iron. Oil-tight boxes with brass bearings. +Tank put together with angle iron corners and strongly braced. Top +and bottom plates of No. 6 iron; side plates of No. 8 iron. Tender +frame of wood or iron.</p> + +<h4>PAINTING.</h4> + +<p>Engine and tender to be well painted and varnished.</p> + + + + + + + + +<pre> + + + + + +End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of Illustrated Catalogue of Locomotives, by +Matthew Baird, George Burnham, Charles T. Parry, Edward H. Williams and William P. 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