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+Project Gutenberg's Old Flies in New Dresses, by Charles Edward Walker
+
+This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with
+almost no restrictions whatsoever.  You may copy it, give it away or
+re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included
+with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org
+
+
+Title: Old Flies in New Dresses
+       How to Dress Dry Flies with the Wings in the Natural
+       Position and Some New Wet Flies
+
+Author: Charles Edward Walker
+
+Release Date: April 1, 2012 [EBook #39321]
+
+Language: English
+
+Character set encoding: ASCII
+
+*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK OLD FLIES IN NEW DRESSES ***
+
+
+
+
+Produced by Pat McCoy and the Online Distributed
+Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net (This file was
+produced from images generously made available by The
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+
+
+TRANSCRIBER NOTES:
+
+    A letter preceded by a caret (^) indicate a superscript in
+    the original text.
+
+    Additional transcriber notes can be found at the end of this
+    project.
+
+
+
+
+OLD FLIES IN NEW DRESSES
+
+
+
+
+[Illustration:
+
+PLATE I
+
+NATURAL FLIES
+
+
+   1. ALDER-FLY. _Sialis lutaria_, Linn. (Slightly enlarged.)
+   2. CAPERER. _Halesus radiatus_, McLach.
+   3. RED SEDGE. _Anabolia nervosa_, Steph. (Slightly enlarged.)
+   4. WELSHMAN'S BUTTON. _Sericostoma collare_, Pict.
+   5. CINNAMON-FLY. _Mystacides longicornis_, Linn.
+   6. GRANNOM. _Brachycentrus subnubilus_, Curt.
+   7. WILLOW-FLY. _Leuctra geniculata_, Steph.
+   8. BLUE-BOTTLE. _Calliphora erythrocephala_, Mg.
+   9. GREEN-BOTTLE. _Lucilia caesar_, Linn.
+  10. HOUSE-FLY. _Musca corvina_, Fab.
+  11. OAK-FLY. _Leptis scolopacea_, Linn.
+  12. COW-DUNG-FLY. _Scatophaga stercoraria_, Linn.
+  13. HAWTHORN-FLY. _Bibio marci_, Linn.
+  14. _Corixa geoffroyi._
+  15. FRESH-WATER SHRIMP. _Gammarus pulex._
+
+Swan Electric Engraving C^o.]
+
+
+
+
+  OLD FLIES
+  IN NEW DRESSES
+
+  HOW TO DRESS DRY FLIES
+  WITH THE WINGS IN THE NATURAL POSITION
+  AND SOME NEW WET FLIES
+
+  BY
+
+  CHARLES EDWARD WALKER
+
+  _ILLUSTRATED BY THE AUTHOR AND EDWARD WILSON_
+
+  [Illustration]
+
+  LONDON: LAWRENCE AND BULLEN, LTD.
+  16 HENRIETTA STREET, COVENT GARDEN
+  MDCCCXCVIII
+
+
+
+
+  RICHARD CLAY AND SONS, LIMITED,
+  LONDON AND BUNGAY.
+
+
+
+
+PREFACE
+
+
+In the first part of this little work I do not wish my reader to suppose
+that I claim to be the first who has dealt with any particular imitation
+in the manner he will find that I have dealt with it. In the case of
+particular flies, others have frequently observed that the imitations
+generally used were inaccurate. The imitation of the Alder-fly has
+perhaps been most treated in this way, but it is not alone. One
+instance, however, of inaccuracies in imitations of natural flies having
+been observed, will I hope not be trespassing too much upon my reader's
+patience.
+
+Blaine, in his _Encyclopaedia of Rural Sports_ published in 1840, says
+when speaking of the Cow-dung fly:--"By some extraordinary mistake
+Bowlker describes this fly as having upright wings; and as many of the
+London fly-makers dress their flies by his directions, we need not
+wonder that they are often bought with their wings unnaturally glaring
+outwards."
+
+What I have tried to do, is to work out and bring down to a definite
+rule the position in which the wings of the imitations of the various
+kinds of flies should be placed.
+
+My reader therefore must not hope in this first part to meet with many
+imitations of creatures that have not been imitated before; but if he
+finds that the manner in which the flies are dealt with as a whole is
+any step forward, be it ever so small, I shall be satisfied in having
+attained the object at which I aim.
+
+My reader may be surprised at the order in which I have arranged the
+various flies; but it was necessary, or at any rate very much more
+convenient, to arrange them in the way I have, as entomological accuracy
+of arrangement in a work on fishing must not be the first consideration
+of the author. That the wings of the Alder and the Caddis flies are in
+practically the same position in relation to their bodies, was my reason
+for placing the descriptions of these flies next each other, and this
+instance is sufficient to suggest to those of my readers who are
+entomologists, reasons for the other cases in which I have not placed
+the descriptions of the various flies in their correct sequence.
+
+A disclaimer must also be my preface to the second part of my work, for
+I know that I am far from being the first in thinking that the wet fly
+of the fisherman is not taken by the fish for the natural fly it is
+supposed to represent.
+
+Here my hope is that my reader will find a definite theory which is
+sufficiently plausible to interest him, at least for the moment.
+
+I have to acknowledge the kind assistance of Dr. G. A. Buckmaster,
+Lecturer on Physiology at St. George's Hospital, of Mr. Ernest E.
+Austen, of the British Museum (Natural History), and of several other
+gentlemen.
+
+I must also thank the Editor of _Land and Water_ for allowing me to
+republish an article in the first part of my book, and the Editor of
+_The Field_ for a similar permission with regard to certain articles
+which appear in the second part.
+
+Mrs. J. R. Richardson, of Kingston-on-Thames, has also given me some
+hints as to improvements in the dressing of some of the flies described.
+
+CHARLES WALKER.
+
+
+
+
+CONTENTS
+
+
+  PART I
+
+  _DRY FLIES_
+
+  CHAPTER I                                                         PAGE
+      INTRODUCTORY                                                     3
+  CHAPTER II
+      COLOUR PERCEPTION IN FISH                                       14
+  CHAPTER III
+      HOW TO DRESS FLIES WITH THE WINGS IN THE NATURAL POSITION       29
+  CHAPTER IV
+      THE ALDER-FLY                                                   41
+  CHAPTER V
+      CADDIS-FLIES                                                    45
+  CHAPTER VI
+      PERLIDAE                                                         54
+  CHAPTER VII
+      DIPTERA                                                         58
+  CHAPTER VIII
+      WINGED ANTS                                                     72
+  CHAPTER IX
+      CATERPILLARS                                                    76
+
+  PART II
+
+  _WET FLIES_
+
+  CHAPTER I
+      A THEORY                                                        87
+  CHAPTER II
+      CORIXAE                                                          96
+  CHAPTER III
+      FRESH-WATER SHRIMP                                             107
+      LARVAE OF WATER-INSECTS                                         113
+
+  SOME HINTS ON DRY FLY-FISHING                                      115
+
+
+
+
+OLD FLIES IN NEW DRESSES
+
+
+
+
+PART I
+
+_DRY FLIES_
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER I
+
+Introductory
+
+
+Though it would not be true to say that hitherto writers on fly-dressing
+have shown any lack of power of observation, still it is unfortunately
+true that their energy seems, strangely enough, to have stopped short at
+observing the natural fly, and has not been sufficient to carry them on
+to making even passable imitations, except of Ephemeridae. With the
+exception of this family of flies, no one could possibly recognise the
+artificial through knowing the natural fly which it is supposed to
+represent. Yet the fisherman who knows the natural fly well by sight
+will go on using these imitations year after year unquestioningly; and
+though he himself would certainly not have known, unless he had been
+told, what natural fly the imitation he is using is meant to represent,
+he expects the trout to do so at once.
+
+There has been much discussion recently as to whether trout have the
+power of discriminating between different colours, but no one has ever
+cast a doubt on their power of discriminating between different shapes;
+yet in most of these imitations it is not the colour that is wrong, but
+the shape. The wings of a fly undoubtedly play a most important part in
+forming the outline, and consequently the general appearance of the fly.
+Therefore, if they are not put in the natural position, the whole
+contour of the imitation must be entirely different from that of the
+natural fly.
+
+It seems, however, judging by the standard works on the subject, that
+there is practically but one recognised position for the wings of the
+artificial fly, as the difference between the position of divided wings
+and wings dressed flat together is, after all, but slight. No one seems
+yet to have realised the fact that the wings of a May-fly do not lie in
+the same relative position to the body as do those of the Blue-bottle,
+whilst in the case of the Alder there is a further marked distinction
+from both.
+
+The wings, in the different families of flies upon which trout and
+grayling feed, lie when at rest in three distinct positions in relation
+to their bodies.
+
+In the Ephemeridae they lie in planes approaching the vertical, slightly
+diverging from each other towards their extremities. Fig. 1 gives a
+sketch of one of the Ephemeridae, and Fig. 2 a transverse section through
+the line [alpha] [beta] of Fig. 1. These drawings show the relation of
+the wings to the body. All flies have so far been treated by writers on
+fly-dressing as though their wings were in this position.
+
+In the Caddis-flies (_Trichoptera_) and the Alder-fly (_Sialis lutaria_)
+the wings lie on each side of the body, meeting at their upper edges in
+front, gradually diverging towards their lower edges and posterior
+extremities.
+
+Fig. 3 gives a sketch of an Alder, and Fig. 4 a transverse section
+through the fly, showing the position of the wings.
+
+In the Diptera (Blue-bottle, Cow-dung, &c.), and Perlidae (Stone-fly,
+Yellow Sally, &c.), the wings lie in a horizontal plane. In some Diptera
+the wings diverge from each other towards their extremities, as in the
+Blue-bottle, shown in Figs. 5 and 6. In some other Diptera and in the
+Perlidae, the wings lie over each other, as shown in Figs. 7 and 8. It
+will be seen that the wings in both these cases lie in a horizontal
+plane.
+
+In Figs. 2, 4, 6 and 8 [beta] represents the section of the body,
+[alpha] and [gamma] the section of the wings.
+
+I wish it to be thoroughly understood that these positions are the
+positions of the wings of the natural fly _when at rest_.
+
+Many flies when they fall on the water buzz round in circles
+periodically, apparently with the object of disengaging themselves from
+the surface. Between these efforts, however, their wings generally
+assume the normal position of rest. The only way to imitate the fly when
+it is buzzing is by dressing it without wings, and with extra hackle;
+and this is, after all, but a poor imitation. In most cases it is better
+to imitate the wings at rest; and if this is done accurately, it will
+present to the trout an accurate imitation of the natural fly as it
+appears to him when not trying to raise itself from the water.
+
+[Illustration:
+
+  FIG. 1.      FIG. 2.
+
+  FIG. 3.      FIG. 4.
+
+  FIG. 5.      FIG. 6.
+
+  FIG. 7.      FIG. 8.
+
+Sketches and diagrams showing the relative positions of the wings to the
+body in the various natural flies. Figs. 2, 4, 6 and 8 show sections
+through [alpha][beta] in Figs. 1, 3, 5 and 7. In Figs. 2, 4, 6 and 8
+[alpha] = anterior wings; [beta] = body; [gamma] = posterior wings.]
+
+I have on many occasions watched the behaviour of an Alder when it has
+fallen on the water. At first it moves its wings rapidly, but soon
+stops, to begin again, however, when it has rested. This is repeated
+time after time, but after each succeeding struggle, the interval of
+rest becomes longer. In many cases, however, the fly hardly struggles at
+all.
+
+In observing many other flies which had fallen on the water, I have seen
+the same sequence of events occur, though some flies struggle to raise
+themselves from the surface much more than others, as in the case of the
+Blue-bottle.
+
+The first trial that I made of a fly dressed with the wings in the
+natural position was with an Alder. To make this trial complete, I
+purchased some Alders, dressed according to the most approved patterns,
+from three well-known firms of tackle makers. When I got to the
+water-side the trout were rising freely, and the banks were literally
+swarming with Alders. I saw a trout take one which had fallen on the
+water, so it was evident that the Alder was the fly to use. I began with
+the flies I had purchased, and cast over a trout which was rising under
+a tree. He would not look at it, and the same happened with the flies of
+the other two makers when I cast over two other trout. I then tried one
+of my own, and got a fish at once. He did not take it in a half-hearted
+manner, but was hooked right in the back of the tongue. I then tried the
+other flies again without success. When, however, I went back to my own
+fly I hooked the first fish I cast over.
+
+Imitations of other flies made with the wings in the natural position
+have served me as well as did my imitation of the Alder, though I was
+not inclined to try the ordinary patterns so freely on every occasion as
+I was at the first trial. I have, however, several times caught a rising
+fish on one of my imitations when he had refused the ordinary imitation
+not two minutes before.
+
+My reader will of course think that these experiments, being carried
+out by myself, are hardly a conclusive proof of my theory, as, however
+impartial I might wish and believe myself to be, I must be naturally
+biased in my own favour. I quite realise that this is a natural doubt,
+but fortunately others besides myself have tried my flies.
+
+Mr. Herbert Ash put them to an even more severe test than I did myself,
+and has kindly permitted me to give his experience. I give an extract
+from a letter written by him and published in _Land and Water_ on
+October 23rd, 1897, as I think it is a very pertinent testimonial to the
+practical success of my theory.
+
+"I put up a cast of three Alders, two being the shop-tied patterns which
+I usually used, and the third, which I put on as a first dropper, being
+Mr. Walker's. I landed eight trout in about an hour and a half, and each
+of those fish took Mr. Walker's fly."
+
+"Now, although I used three flies, I was fishing up stream and dry, my
+object being to test the new mode of tying the Alder, and I found that
+while the fish rose boldly at the first dropper, not one took any
+notice of the other flies."
+
+Colonel Walker also had much greater success with flies dressed with the
+wings in the natural position than with any others. In fact, for several
+consecutive days, on different occasions he caught no fish except with
+my flies, though he did not use them more than flies dressed in the
+ordinary way.
+
+Several other fishermen have told me that their experiments with my
+imitations have produced similar results.
+
+Mr. H. H. Brown, of the Piscatorial Society, after I had read a paper to
+that Society on my theory of the right way to dress trout flies,
+described a very interesting experience which he had one day when out
+fishing, and which bears directly on this theory. While out fishing some
+time ago, he rested on a bridge over the river in which he was fishing.
+There were a great number of Alders about, and on observing some fish in
+the water some little distance below the bridge, he caught some Alders,
+pinched their heads slightly in order to either kill them outright or
+at any rate stop them struggling, and threw them on the water. He was in
+such a position that he could observe each fly individually until it
+either floated past or was taken by the fish. What he observed was, that
+when in killing the fly he had disturbed the natural position of the
+wings, not one of the fish would look at it; while, if the wings
+remained in the normal position of rest, the fly was always taken. This
+occurred time after time, and not once was the fly with the wings in an
+unnatural position taken, but, on the other hand, not a single fly with
+its wings in the natural position of rest was allowed to pass. He also
+observed that once or twice the fish came up to look at a fly whose
+wings had been disarranged, but on getting close to it they always drew
+back.
+
+This is, I think, an extremely strong argument in favour of my theory.
+
+I do not propose in this work to deal with Ephemeridae, as the wings in
+the imitations now sold are in the natural position. The families I do
+propose dealing with are the Sialidae, Trichoptera, Diptera, and
+Perlidae, as no one has yet, to my knowledge, described the position in
+which the wings of the imitations of these flies should be put.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER II
+
+COLOUR PERCEPTION IN FISH
+
+(_Rewritten from "Land and Water," November 6, 1897_)
+
+
+Many interesting problems constantly come before the fisherman, but
+certainly one of the most interesting which has recently attracted his
+attention is Sir Herbert Maxwell's theory on the power of fish to
+discriminate between various colours.
+
+His theory is, that though fish can undoubtedly discriminate between
+different shades of light and dark, they cannot distinguish one colour
+from another. The only conclusion that can be drawn from this theory is
+the conclusion at which Sir Herbert Maxwell has apparently arrived. This
+is, that if the same relations of light and shade be maintained in the
+artificial which exist in the natural fly, the colour of the imitation
+is quite immaterial.
+
+The facts upon which he based this theory were (1) that during the
+May-fly season he used several artificial May-flies, some of which were
+coloured scarlet, some bright blue, and some coloured to imitate the
+natural fly, all of them being similarly graduated with regard to the
+shade of their various component parts; (2) that he caught trout with
+all these flies, no particular one of them being decidedly more
+successful than the others.
+
+This experience of his no doubt would at first strike one as being very
+strongly in favour of his theory; but on going deeply into the matter,
+its bearing on the fish's powers of vision is not so great as it
+appears.
+
+To begin with, we must consider whether, judging from experience in the
+past, trout have been known to rise at things on the water which were
+not only unlike in colour to any flies on the water, but also unlike
+them in shape and gradations of shade. This we know they will sometimes
+do. I have on several occasions seen a trout which refused a fairly
+accurate imitation of the flies which were on the water rise at and take
+below the surface a swan's feather. There are also many other much more
+extraordinary but similar cases on record. Thus, the fact that these
+trout took an abnormally coloured fly is not a conclusive proof that
+they mistook it for the natural fly, particularly as this experiment was
+made during the May-fly season, when the trout sometimes appear to be
+quite mad, but are at any rate always much less shy than at any other
+time of the year.
+
+The experiment, too, was made upon a private water, and I think that
+there is great doubt that the same result would have occurred had it
+been made upon a well-fished water where the trout were more shy and
+better educated.
+
+We must then consider whether, in what we know of the natural history of
+fish, there are any facts which point towards the probability of their
+being able to discriminate between different colours. Here we find that
+there are cases in which in certain species the males are more
+brilliantly coloured than the females, either at the spawning season or
+always. This is probably a process in evolution which tends to make them
+more attractive to the female. We also know that fish sometimes assume a
+colour similar to their surroundings. This colour is, no doubt, evolved
+for their protection from enemies, and surely a very large proportion of
+these enemies are other and larger fish. Many of the larvae of water
+insects and other creatures upon which fish feed are also coloured
+according to their surroundings, in order to facilitate their
+concealment. These facts would naturally lead us to come to a conclusion
+opposed to that of Sir Herbert Maxwell, as the probabilities all point
+towards the power of fish to discern various colours.
+
+Another very important point is the structure of the fish's eye in
+comparison with that of man, who we know has the power of discriminating
+between colours. This power is, in the human eye, probably situated in
+the layer of rods and cones of the retina. Had the fish's retina not
+contained this layer, as is stated by Sir Herbert Maxwell, there would
+certainly have been most excellent grounds for supposing that his theory
+was true; but this layer _is_ contained in the fish's eye, though it is
+not the same as in man. If the fish's eye did not contain it, fish would
+have been totally blind.
+
+How far this difference in the retina of the fish bears on its sense of
+colour is, at present, a moot point, though I believe researches are
+being made in this direction. At present, our knowledge is too limited
+with regard to it for any definite statement to be made. The probability
+is, that fish have the power of distinguishing colour from colour. A
+probability, however, is not a certainty, though one is more inclined
+towards it than towards an improbability.
+
+Even should Sir Herbert Maxwell's theory prove true, in spite of
+probabilities to the contrary, I do not see that we should have
+progressed very much further with regard to facilities in imitating the
+natural fly. We know that the relative values of light and shade in
+various colours contiguous to each other, is not actually the same as
+the impression conveyed to our eyes. We have an example of this always
+with us in the photograph, where red and blue, in relation to each
+other, certainly do not produce the same effects on the plate as they do
+on the eye; and as we have no accurate knowledge as to the effect of
+contiguous colours upon a normally monochromatic eye, we could hardly be
+certain of producing an accurate monochromatic imitation of a
+multi-coloured object, which would deceive that eye.
+
+The case of a colour-blind human being is certainly not a normal case,
+so the shade value of the various colours to this eye could hardly be
+taken as a safe standard.
+
+Even if we assumed that all these difficulties had been surmounted, and
+that the exact relative shade values to this monochromatic eye of every
+colour were estimated, I think that there can be no doubt that it would
+be easier to imitate the colours, with the various shades in these
+colours, than to calculate out the relative shade values of the
+different colours, in one particular colour, and that the result of the
+former and easier, would be much more likely to be accurate than the
+latter and more difficult attempt.
+
+Besides this, possibly, as the eyes of some families of fish are more
+highly developed than those of others, the relative shade values of
+colour might be different to the different families, so that if we
+eliminate colours from our lures, we must have different shading for
+different fish.
+
+Having considered all these things carefully, I have come to the
+conclusion that it will be much safer and easier to keep on using
+colours in our imitations, even if we do present these imitations to a
+monochromatic eye.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+Since writing the above article, I have been able to collect some
+further information with regard to the probable power of the trout's eye
+to discriminate between colours.
+
+These researches, though I have not yet had time to carry them as far as
+I had hoped, have led me to believe more firmly than ever that I am
+right in recommending the use of colours in our imitation flies. I have
+prepared some sections of the retina of the trout, and examined them
+carefully in comparison with the retinae of several other fish. A short
+account of what is known at present of colour-vision is, I think,
+advisable to make my meaning clear to those of my readers who may not be
+sufficiently well versed in this particular subject.
+
+The sensation of an individual colour is produced by rays of light of a
+particular wave-length falling upon the retina. A sensation of "white"
+is produced by rays containing all the wave-lengths which are able to
+affect it. When, on looking at an object, we find that neither a colour
+nor white sensation is produced, this sensation is called "black."
+
+The white sensation may be mixed with the sensation of any colour of the
+spectrum, as also may the sensation of black, and when these two are
+mixed they produce a sensation of "grey." Some colours of the spectrum
+are probably produced by a mixture of various wave-lengths of different
+primary colours, and many colours in nature do not exist in the
+spectrum.
+
+The word "tone" expresses variations of wave-lengths within a named
+colour, and "brightness" is used to indicate the intensity of the
+sensation produced upon the retina.
+
+The enormous difficulty of working out into a monochrome the
+shade-values of a collection of colours, with several tones and shades
+of brightness in each of the variously coloured parts of the object we
+wish to imitate, can be imagined on considering these facts only; but
+there are more facts which lead me to believe that to do this is not
+only difficult, but impossible.
+
+Two theories have been propounded to explain the sensation of colour
+produced upon the retina.
+
+The Young-Helmholtz theory teaches that there are three primary
+sensations--red, green, and violet. Other colours are a mixture of these
+sensations; white is produced when all three sensations are excited
+together, and black is an absence of sensation.
+
+Hering's theory is that there are six primary sensations arranged in
+three pairs--white and black, red and green, and yellow and blue. He
+assumes the existence of three visual substances which undergo metabolic
+changes when subjected to the action of light. These are the red-green,
+the yellow-blue, and the white-black substances. The white-black
+substance is influenced by all the rays of the spectrum, while the
+red-green and yellow-blue substances are differently influenced by rays
+of different wave-lengths. When all the rays together fall upon the
+retina, no metabolism takes place in the red-green and yellow-blue
+substances, but only the white-black substance is affected. Thus the
+white-black substance is the most active.
+
+Any discussion as to the relative value of these theories would in this
+work be out of place and unnecessary.
+
+The ordinary form of colour-blindness in human beings is the inability
+to discriminate between red and green. This shows that the visual power
+of these people is dichromatic and not trichromatic, as their power is
+limited to two colours, or pairs of colours, and does not extend to
+three.
+
+The individuals who belong to this class of the colour-blind may be
+divided into two sub-classes--those who are red-blind and those who are
+green-blind.
+
+Those who are red-blind do not see the red end of the spectrum, and the
+blue-green appears grey, though they have distinct colour vision of the
+parts of the spectrum on either side of the blue-green. In matching red
+with a green, they put a bright red with a dark green.
+
+On the other hand, those who are green-blind see the red end of the
+spectrum, while the green appears to them as grey. In matching a red
+with a green they put a dark red with a bright green.
+
+No absolutely undoubted cases of blue-yellow blindness have been
+recorded, and only one of absolute colour-blindness; but one case is not
+sufficient to go upon.
+
+According to the Young-Helmholtz theory, a case in which only shades of
+black and white were visible would be impossible, as it would not be
+shades of black and white which would be seen, but shades of either red,
+green or blue. According to Hering's theory, of course, absolute
+colour-blindness would be possible.
+
+In the normal human eye, only the central parts of the retina are
+sensitive to colour, the peripheral parts are practically colour-blind.
+Anaemia of the retina, which may be produced by pressure on the eye-ball,
+will render the retina, first colour-blind and then insensitive to
+light. To me it appears that colours in relation to each other assume a
+grey tone, and the sensation of black and white disappears last.
+
+The great difference which I have been able to observe between the human
+retina and the retina of the trout is, that while the human retina
+contains a layer of rods and cones, the retina of the trout only
+contains cones, or if it does contain rods, contains very few, as I have
+not found any as yet. There exists also at the back of the retina of the
+trout a "tapetum," which extends over almost the whole of its posterior
+surface. This does not exist in the human eye, but is found in the eyes
+of some of the vertebrates. It consists of a layer of "guanin" crystals,
+and, presenting as it does a metallic appearance, and having great power
+of reflecting light, probably plays an important part in the visual
+power of the trout, particularly, I should think, in a dim light.
+
+The fact that the rods are absent from the trout's retina does not bear
+the important significance that one would imagine on first realising it.
+The fovea centralis of the human retina is the seat of most acute
+vision, and in the fovea centralis there are no rods. The cones in the
+retina of the trout are very closely arranged, so that they are
+practically in contact with each other, and their outer limbs are rather
+longer and finer than in the case of man. This layer of cones extends to
+the periphery of the retina, and the cones are just as closely arranged
+as far as they extend. These facts should lead us to believe that the
+vision of the trout is probably extremely acute, in fact, as we find in
+the retina of the trout, no material difference from the _fovea
+centralis_ of the human retina, we have no reason to suppose that the
+visual powers of the _whole_ of the retina of the trout, should differ
+in any way from the visual powers possessed by the _fovea centralis_,
+the seat of most acute vision both as to colour and light in the human
+retina. The retinae of other fishes which I have examined (none of them
+were _Salmonidae_) contained only cones; but these cones were some
+distance from each other.
+
+The layer of pigment epithelium which is present in the human eye, is
+present also in that of the trout. It occupies the same position between
+the layer of rods and cones, or cones only, and the choroid. As in the
+human eye, it adheres sometimes to the choroid and sometimes to the
+retina, when the retina is removed, though perhaps it most often adheres
+to the retina.
+
+My space is too limited to enter into any of the theories as to the
+possibility of the pigment cells playing a part in colour vision. It is
+quite sufficient to state that they undoubtedly do play some part in our
+sense of sight, and that they are contained in the eye of the trout.
+
+The retina of a colour-blind person does not show any organic difference
+from the normal eye, so we cannot say to what cause colour-blindness is
+due; but so far as our knowledge goes, there is no reason to suppose
+that the trout is normally colour-blind.
+
+As Michael Foster so ably put it, "No man can tell what are the
+sensations of his fellow-man," still less I think can man say what are
+the sensations of a trout. All we can do with regard to this question of
+colour vision, is to find out all the facts we can relating to it, and
+working on comparisons, arrive, not at conclusions, but at
+probabilities.
+
+The only thing of which I am sure is that we shall find it safe and
+comparatively easy to imitate flies in colours, but to make a
+monochromatic imitation of one, which would accurately represent it to a
+normally monochromatic eye (about which we know nothing), in a medium of
+which we know very little, is practically impossible.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER III
+
+HOW TO DRESS FLIES WITH THE WINGS IN THE NATURAL POSITION
+
+
+The generally accepted method of dressing a trout fly is to put on the
+wings first. This is perhaps the best plan when making an imitation of
+one of the Ephemeridae, but it is impossible to put the body on after the
+wings, if the wings are placed in the natural position in the case of
+any fly not belonging to this family. The hackle must also be put on
+before the wings, so it will be seen that putting on the wings is the
+last operation in dressing one of these imitations.
+
+I have never myself used a vice in fly-dressing, and think that it is a
+great advantage to be able to dress a fly without using one. Any one who
+can dress flies well without a vice will be able to dress them even
+better with a vice, and will be able to dress flies at all sorts of odd
+times and places where a vice could not be used; while he who has never
+dressed flies without using one, will find that the imitations he
+produces are anything but neat, when he first tries to make them without
+his vice.
+
+
+  _Alder and Caddis Flies._
+
+These flies, as I have already explained, have their wings in the
+position shown in Figs. 3 and 4.
+
+Give a few turns of the tying silk round the shank of the hook,
+beginning near the eye and leaving enough room to put on the hackle and
+wings. Carry it down the shank in the Alder, going just beyond the bend,
+and in the Caddis-flies generally stopping well short of it, so that the
+body may be perfectly straight.
+
+The material for the body and the tinsel, if used, should now be tied
+in. I find it best to tie the tinsel in first, not straight out from the
+hook, but diagonally, as, if put on in this way it lies much smoother
+in the first turn than if tied in quite straight.
+
+If the body is to be made of wool or hair, the tying silk should be
+waxed again at the part nearest the hook for about two or three inches,
+and the material spun on it.
+
+When I began fly-dressing I found this spinning on of the "dubbing" a
+great stumbling-block. In all the books I have read the directions on
+this point are simply, "Spin the 'dubbing' on the tying silk," and I had
+not the least idea how this should be done. As others who wish to make
+their own flies may also find this a difficulty, I will try to explain
+the method which I have found the easiest.
+
+If Berlin wool is used, a piece should be broken off and the strands
+separated from each other. The strands should then be laid together and
+pulled into short pieces until the whole is in one mass. This should
+then be teazed up with the nails of the thumbs and first fingers until
+it is of an even consistency. A small portion of this should then be
+taken to make the body of each fly. This should be teazed up again, and
+made to taper gradually to a point at one end, and applied to the tying
+silk with the taper end towards the hook, as shown in Fig. 9. All
+"dubbing" should be teazed up and applied in this way.
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 9.]
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 11. FIG. 10.]
+
+The wool must now be taken between the thumb and first finger of the
+right hand, and twisted round the tying silk by rubbing the thumb and
+finger together. The "dubbing" is now spun on, and should cover from
+about a quarter to three-quarters of an inch of the tying silk,
+according to the size of the hook. It should be wound round the shank to
+the head, leaving a small portion of the shank bare at the head for the
+hackle and wings. The tinsel or wire is then wound round in a spiral to
+the head, tied, and the surplus cut off. The hackle should now be
+applied. The longest fibres of the hackle must be of the same length as
+the hook. Clear off the flue with the nails of the thumb and first
+finger, and then holding the tip of the hackle in the left draw down
+its fibres by pressing the hackle between the thumb and first finger of
+the right hand and drawing them downwards. The hackle will now appear as
+shown in Fig. 10. Take the tip of the hackle thus prepared between the
+nails of the thumb and first finger of the left hand, and the butt of
+the hackle in the hackle pliers, so that the back or dull surface of the
+hackle faces towards you. Now, holding the hackle pliers in the palm of
+the right hand with the third and fourth fingers, put the first and
+second fingers behind the hackle, and by stroking them down with the
+thumb make the fibres of the hackle which point upwards point down in
+the same direction as the lower row. The hackle will now appear as shown
+in Fig. 11.
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 12.]
+
+Tie the point of the hackle in at the head as in Fig. 12, cut off
+projecting point, and wind it on with the pliers in close turns towards
+the head. Three or four turns will be found ample as a rule. Tie in the
+end with the tying silk and cut off the part which remains over. Now
+draw down the fibres of the hackle which project upwards, cutting off
+those which will not stay down. The fly should now appear as shown in
+Fig. 13.
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 13. FIG. 14.]
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 15.]
+
+The wings should be taken from corresponding quill feathers from
+opposite wings of the bird. These are split up the middle with scissors,
+and a piece from the side with the longest fibres taken. The piece of
+quill attached must now be cut at regular intervals, and each piece
+between these cuts will serve as a wing (see Fig. 15). Take two of these
+pieces, one from each feather, and place them together, with their
+concave surfaces toward each other. Place them, one on each side of the
+hook, with their lower margins a trifle lower than the body of the fly,
+tie them in at the head, cut off the projecting part with the quill, and
+finish off the head. The head should now be varnished, taking care to
+clear the eye of the hook, and the fly will appear as shown in the
+illustrations of imitation Alder and Caddis-flies.
+
+There is another way of preparing wings which is much better, as it
+makes the ends of the wings round, though it is more difficult. This was
+first shown me by Mrs. Richardson of Kingston-on-Thames.
+
+The feather is taken and the lower part of the fibres stripped off, till
+a part is come to suitable for making a wing. A portion of fibres
+sufficient for making a wing is then separated from the fibres above and
+bent carefully downwards. If the fibres are stroked very gently between
+the thumb and first finger, they will arrange themselves, so that their
+ends present a rounded edge instead of a point. This portion of fibres
+is then grasped firmly between the thumb and first finger near the
+quill, and detached therefrom by pulling it smartly downwards. The other
+wing is prepared in a similar manner from a feather of the opposite wing
+of the bird.
+
+
+_Diptera and Perlidae._
+
+In imitations of Diptera and Perlidae the body and hackle are put on in
+the same way, except that the hackle should be allowed to project
+sideways as well as downwards; for as the wings are horizontal in these
+flies, the fibres which project sideways will not interfere with the
+position of the wings, as they would do in the Alder and Caddis flies.
+The body and hackle, when put on, should therefore appear as shown in
+Fig. 14.
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 16.]
+
+The wings of these flies are perhaps the most difficult of any to put
+on. To put on wings which diverge from each other as in the Blue-bottle,
+two portions of the quill feathers from opposite sides, prepared as
+described for the Alder and Caddis flies, should be laid upon each
+other, as shown in Fig. 16. The hook should then be taken in the left
+hand, and held by the bend between the first and second fingers, with
+the head pointing towards the right. The wings are then laid flat on the
+body with the right hand, and held there firmly with the left thumb. The
+wings are now tied in, the quill and part of the fibres attached cut off
+close, and the head finished off. The illustration of the imitation
+Blue-bottle, etc., shows its appearance when finished.
+
+Those Diptera whose wings lie, when at rest, one over the other (as in
+the case of the Cow-dung), my reader will see that I have represented in
+my imitations, with their wings spread to a certain extent. This is
+because I have seen that, in the natural fly, when it falls on the
+water, the wings are most often in this position.
+
+In Perlidae, whose wings lie one over the other, the wings should be put
+in the position they occupy in the natural fly, instead of across each
+other, and the fly will appear when finished like the illustration of
+the imitation Yellow-Sally.
+
+The dressings which I have found most successful will be described with
+each fly. It will be noticed that I have put tinsel on many of the flies
+which have been dressed hitherto without. My reason for using it so
+freely is because this is the only way to produce a peculiar effect
+which is seen in certain flies when viewed from under the surface of the
+water; and as this is how they must appear to the trout, it is best to
+imitate this effect as nearly as possible.
+
+The bodies of many flies are covered with short hairs. When these flies
+fall on the water, an air bubble adheres to these hairs, and, seen from
+below the surface, produce a brilliant metallic effect, with the colour
+of the body showing through in places. Ribbing the body of the imitation
+with tinsel reproduces this effect accurately.
+
+The appearance of the natural fly on the water, when seen from below,
+may be observed by placing a small mirror at the bottom of a large bowl
+full of water. I have used one of those small round mirrors which were
+sent about some time ago as an advertisement for something, I forget
+what. If the fly be placed on the surface of the water over this mirror,
+its reflection will show what the fly looks like to the trout.
+
+Another, and perhaps a better, way to observe the appearance of the fly
+from below the surface is to put it on the water in a large glass
+aquarium. It can then be observed by looking up at it through one of the
+sides of the aquarium.
+
+It is better to use tinsel in dressing these flies than wire, as wire
+does not reproduce the metallic effect of the air bubble on the body of
+the natural fly.
+
+[Illustration:
+
+PLATE II
+
+ARTIFICIAL FLIES
+
+Drawn from flies tied by Mrs. J. R. Richardson, of Kingston-on-Thames
+(dressed from the Author's models).
+
+       1,  2. BLUE-BOTTLE.
+       3,  4. GREEN-BOTTLE.
+       5,  6. HOUSE-FLY (slightly enlarged).
+       7,  8. CURSE (BLACK).
+       9, 10. CURSE (DUN).
+          11. CURSE (BADGER).
+          12. BLACK GNAT.
+      13, 14. YELLOW SALLY.
+  15, 16, 17. WILLOW-FLY.
+          18. ALDER-FLY.
+          19. OAK-FLY.
+      20, 21. COW-DUNG-FLY.
+          22. HAWTHORN-FLY.
+
+Swan Electric Engraving C^o].
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER IV
+
+The Alder-fly (_Sialis lutaria_, Linn.).
+
+
+The Alder is a fly which hitherto has taken a position in the dry-fly
+fisherman's estimation very much inferior to that which is its due.
+Almost every writer on the subject says that it is but rarely found on
+the water. It is naturally not found there so often as the flies which
+are hatched out in the water, but I have notwithstanding frequently seen
+them on the water in fair numbers. The proportion of Alders which get on
+the water is probably very small if compared with those which do not;
+but as the fly is in some places extremely numerous, even this small
+proportion becomes in those places a large number.
+
+A practical proof that they do frequently fall on the water is the
+avidity with which the trout feed upon them, and I have almost always
+found them in the stomachs of trout when they have been numerous at the
+water-side. I have also often dropped a natural Alder on the water and
+seen it taken by a trout.
+
+Many will probably think that I have mistaken one of the Caddis-flies
+for the Alder, but I can assure them that this is not the case. I have
+always, with regard to the Alder especially, made a very careful
+examination of the flies at the water-side, and, as every one knows,
+even a cursory examination of the fly with a magnifying-glass puts an
+end to all doubt as to its being an Alder or Caddis-fly, even if the
+knowledge of entomology possessed by him who examines is but small. The
+peculiar hump-shape of the wings when at rest also makes an Alder easily
+recognisable.
+
+I believe that the great reason that the imitation Alder is not so
+successful as it should be, is because the wings are generally put in an
+absolutely impossible position. This is not the fault of the
+fly-dressers, as all writers on the subject have put the wings in this
+position, a position into which they could not get in the natural fly
+without the intervention of external violence.
+
+I have, in observing this fly when it has fallen on the water, seen its
+wings in the position of rest as often as not. In fact the only other
+condition in which I have seen it, is when it has been buzzing
+violently, apparently with the object of raising itself from the
+surface. Of course the easiest, and in fact the only possible position
+in which the wings can be accurately imitated, is the position of rest.
+
+Another mistake in the imitations usually sold, is in the materials used
+in the dressing. The body is made very fat, with peacock herle; while in
+the natural fly it is decidedly thin, and of a dark brown colour. The
+wings are made of brown speckled hen's quill feathers or bustard, which
+are of a very much richer brown than the wing of the natural fly, and
+lastly the hackle is much too profuse and goes all over the fly. The
+following dressing of the Alder I have found to be most successful,
+both in my hands and in those of other fishermen.
+
+_Body._ Very dark brown floss silk, carried well on to the bend of the
+hook, and there made a trifle thicker. I have at times found it very
+successful when ribbed with narrow gold tinsel (00 size).
+
+If the body be covered with thin india-rubber, it will be found to give
+the fly a most effective appearance.
+
+_Hackle._ Three or four turns of a black cock's hackle, put on as
+described in Chapter III.
+
+_Wings._ From quill feathers of woodcock's wings taken from opposite
+sides. The woodcock's feathers have a somewhat shiny appearance; and as
+they are also the nearest in colour to the general colour of the Alder's
+wings, I think they are the very best feathers to use. I have described
+the position in which to put the wings in Chapter III.
+
+_Hook._ No. 2--4, new size.
+
+(Plates I. and II. show the natural Alder and the imitation as it should
+appear when finished.)
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER V
+
+CADDIS-FLIES (Trichoptera).
+
+
+Every fisherman knows the Caddis-worm, which is the larval form of the
+Caddis-fly. As the number of different species of Trichoptera is very
+large, there are many different sorts of Caddis-worms. Some of these
+make cases which they fix to rocks; most of them however have cases
+which they drag about with them, and retire into it when any danger
+approaches. These cases vary much in shape and the materials of which
+they are made. Some species are however, as a rule to be found in almost
+every water. They are extremely interesting to watch, though, if they
+are accidentally introduced into a hatching trough containing trout ova,
+they will destroy the eggs. Caddis worms are taken freely by trout, and
+I have frequently found them, contained in their cases, in the stomachs
+of trout.
+
+The Caddis or Sedge flies, as I have pointed out, are a very numerous
+family, and most of them are taken very readily by the trout. These
+flies, when on the water, generally have their wings in the position of
+rest. Notwithstanding this fact, the wings of the imitation Sedges are
+always put in an upright position, while the position of the wings at
+rest in the natural flies is practically the same as in the case of the
+Alder, though the lower edges of the wings do not, as a rule, come quite
+so low in relation to their bodies.
+
+
+  THE GRANNOM (_Brachycentrus subnubilus_, Curt.).
+
+This fly is extremely numerous on many of the streams in the South, and
+is so well known to the fisherman that a description is almost needless.
+It appears about the middle of April, and lasts five or six weeks,
+though Ronalds says that he has found them in the stomachs of trout as
+late as August.
+
+The bunch of eggs which the female carries at the tail is best
+represented by winding on some bluish-green floss silk or wool at the
+end of the body, which should be carried well down on the bend of the
+hook, as shown in the illustration of the imitation fly.
+
+_Body._ Light coloured fur from hare's face, with green floss silk or
+wool at the tail. If ribbed with narrow gold tinsel is sometimes more
+successful.
+
+_Hackle._ Light ginger, or, better still, a hackle dark in the centre
+and light ginger at the ends.
+
+_Wings._ The lightest-coloured feathers from a partridge's wings.
+
+_Hook._ No. 1--3, new size.
+
+(Plates I. and III. give illustrations of the natural and artificial
+Grannom.)
+
+
+  THE SAND FLY (_Limnephilus flavus_, Steph.).
+
+Mr. Halford points out in his _Dry-Fly Entomology_, that Ronalds was
+mistaken in calling this fly the Sand-fly, as the true sand-fly is one
+of the Diptera. I take it, however, that in either case this is but a
+popular name; and as almost all former writers on the subject seem to
+have described the Sand-fly as being a common Caddis-fly, I think that
+in adhering to the old name I shall avoid confusing the fisherman.
+
+This fly is one of the most useful of all the Caddis-flies, as it is
+hatched out in April, and lasts almost all the season. There are several
+other Caddis-flies which come out later in the year, that resemble it
+very closely both in colour, shape, and size. The wings are of a yellow
+ochre colour, barred with brown, the body is covered with short hairs of
+a light fawn colour, and the fly is about the same size as, or a little
+larger than, the Grannom.
+
+The dressing given below, if slightly modified, will serve for several
+of the other Caddis-flies which come out later in the season.
+
+_Body._ Light-coloured fur from hare's face, ribbed with orange silk. If
+ribbed with narrow gold tinsel is sometimes more successful.
+
+_Hackle._ Light ginger.
+
+_Wings._ The part of quill feather of a hen pheasant's wing that is
+yellow, barred with brown, or a similarly barred part of the quill
+feather of a woodcock.
+
+_Hook_. No. 1--3, new size.
+
+(Illustrations of the natural and artificial fly are given in Plates I.
+and III.)
+
+
+  THE RED SEDGE (_Anabolia nervosa_, Steph.).
+
+There is a Caddis-fly which appears on the water about the beginning of
+June, and which I have seen in great numbers as late as the middle of
+October, that does not seem to have obtained a popular name among
+fishermen.
+
+Its wings are very much like those of the Alder in shape and veining,
+and the fly is nearly the same size, though perhaps it is, on an
+average, very slightly smaller. Here, however, the resemblance ends. Its
+anterior wings are of a light reddish-brown colour, and are more
+transparent than are those of the Alder. The body is also shorter in
+proportion to its wings, and is closely covered with light yellow hairs,
+which, on the darker background of the body, gives it a greyish-yellow
+appearance.
+
+This fly is taken freely by both trout and grayling, and I have seen
+dace feeding on it greedily.
+
+_Body._ Lightest yellow fur from the water-rat, spun on black silk.
+
+_Hackle._ Light red.
+
+_Wings._ The peculiar shape and colour of the wings are best represented
+by the tip of a feather covering the roots of the quill feathers in the
+wing of the landrail. These feathers are of a reddish brown colour, and
+are found near the upper edge on the outer surface of the wing. The most
+superficial and reddish feathers are the best. These feathers should be
+taken from opposite wings, and prepared by stripping off some of the
+fibres so that they may appear as shown in the illustration of the
+artificial fly on Plate III. Plate I. gives an illustration of the
+natural fly.
+
+_Hook._ No. 9--4, new size.
+
+
+  THE WELSHMAN'S BUTTON (_Sericostoma collare_, Pict.).
+
+This fly is very numerous in some places, and is taken readily by trout.
+The body of the imitation is generally made of peacock herle, but this
+makes it much too thick. The fly generally appears early in June.
+
+It is said that this fly is often mistaken for the Alder, but it should
+be easy to discriminate between them. In the Alder the anterior wings
+are smooth, broad and strong, in the Welshman's Button they are covered
+with hairs and narrow. This fly is usually smaller than the Alder.
+
+_Body._ Reddish brown wool, ribbed with narrow gold tinsel.
+
+_Hackle._ Yellow centre with black ends.
+
+_Wings._ From reddish quill feather of landrail.
+
+_Hook._ 2--4, new size.
+
+
+  THE CINNAMON FLY (_Mystacides longicornis_, Linn.).
+
+There are a large number of small Caddis-flies which are very much alike
+in appearance. The anterior wings are long and narrow, and are brown
+barred with dull yellow. They hover in great numbers by bushes and trees
+overhanging the water, and are taken readily enough by trout. I have
+chosen the _Mystacides longicornis_ as being one of the commonest and
+most typical. An illustration of the natural fly is given on Plate I.
+and of the artificial on Plate III.
+
+_Body._ Light fur from hare's face.
+
+_Hackle._ Ginger.
+
+_Wings._ Narrow piece from well barred quill feather of hen pheasant.
+
+_Hook._ No. 0--2, new size.
+
+
+  THE CAPERER (_Halesus radiatus_, McLach.).
+
+This fly, which is well known to fishermen and appears as a rule in
+August, is one of the largest Sedge-flies. Its wings are mottled brown
+and covered with hairs. Several other Sedges somewhat resemble it.
+(Illustrations of the natural and artificial flies are given on Plates
+I. and III. respectively.)
+
+_Body._ Brown fur from hare's face.
+
+_Hackle._ A badger hackle, the light parts of which are of a pale dull
+yellow colour.
+
+_Wings._ From the dullest mottled quill feather of a hen pheasant.
+
+_Hook._ No. 3--5, new size.
+
+There are many other Caddis-flies, but the following dressings, perhaps
+slightly modified to imitate certain flies more closely, will be found
+to cover most of them.
+
+  1. _Body._ White wool, ribbed with narrow silver tinsel.
+     _Hackle._ Pale ginger.
+     _Wings._ Brown quill feather of landrail.
+     _Hook._ No. 0--3.
+
+  2. _Body._ Hare's face, ribbed with narrow gold tinsel.
+     _Hackle._ Brown ginger.
+     _Wings and Hook_ as No. 1.
+
+  3. _Body._ Pale yellow wool, ribbed with narrow gold tinsel.
+     _Hackle._ Coch-y-bondu.
+     _Wings._ Speckled quill feathers of pheasant's wing.
+     _Hook_ as No. 1.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER VI
+
+PERLIDAE
+
+
+Imitation Perlidae, or Stone-flies, are more used in the North in wet-fly
+fishing than by the dry-fly fisherman of the South.
+
+The best known species is the Stone-fly proper, but this fly does not
+seem to abound in the South, though I have found isolated specimens at
+Heathfield in Sussex on two occasions.
+
+This fly is therefore omitted, and the Willow-fly and the Yellow-Sally
+only are described.
+
+Perlidae, unlike _Diptera_, have four wings. As, however, the anterior
+wings cover the posterior when at rest, it is as a rule only necessary
+to make the imitation with one pair of wings.
+
+This posterior pair of wings in the Perlidae often materially changes
+the colour of the anterior pair when they are at rest. Thus in the
+Willow-fly, though the anterior pair of wings are of a brownish colour,
+they appear of a dark slaty hue when the fly is seen crawling about. An
+illustration of natural fly is given on Plate I.
+
+
+  WILLOW-FLY (_Leuctra geniculata_, Steph.).
+
+This fly comes on late in the season. In September and October it is
+taken freely by the trout and grayling. It is similar in shape to the
+Stone-fly of the North.
+
+This fly has almost always been made buzz. Ronalds mentions in his _Fly
+Fisher's Entomology_ that it may be made with wings, but does not say
+anything about their position. I do not think that the hackle fly is a
+really good imitation of the natural insect, and it is quite possible to
+put the wings of the imitation in the same position as those of the
+natural fly.
+
+It will be seen that there are on Plate II. three illustrations of the
+imitation Willow-fly. One of these has its wings in the position of
+rest, the manner of dressing which I have described in a previous
+chapter.
+
+The other, which has its wings partially spread, I owe to a suggestion
+from Mr. G. E. M. Skues.
+
+The posterior pair of wings are put on first, and the anterior
+afterwards. As the mode of procedure is practically the same as in the
+Blue-bottle, with the addition of another pair of wings, I need not
+enter into further detail.
+
+The Willow-fly, when it falls on the water, has its wings sometimes in
+one and sometimes in the other of these positions.
+
+_Body._ Light brown fur from water-rat, ribbed with narrow gold tinsel.
+
+_Hackle._ Ginger.
+
+_Wings._ Darkest starling's quill feathers. The wings should be made
+narrow.
+
+_Hook._ Nos. 00--1, new size.
+
+(Illustrated, Plate II.)
+
+
+  THE YELLOW SALLY (_Chloroperla grammatica_, Poda).
+
+This fly appears in May and June, and though it is said to be
+occasionally taken by trout, does not seem to be relished to any great
+extent by them. The wings should be placed one over the other as in the
+illustrations of the imitation fly given on Plate II.
+
+_Body._ Light brown water-rat's fur, ribbed with yellow silk.
+
+_Tail._ Two brown fibres from pheasant's wing.
+
+_Hackle._ Partridge hackle, dyed olive.
+
+_Wings._ Quill feather of white hen, dyed olive.
+
+_Hook._ Nos. 1--2, new size.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER VII
+
+DIPTERA
+
+
+The order Diptera, or two-winged flies, includes more species which at
+times serve as food for trout and grayling, than any other order which
+includes species of so-called flies.
+
+Though naturally many other species than those whose imitations I
+describe here will be found on the water, I have tried to include those
+which are most commonly found, without burdening my reader with too
+many.
+
+The several patterns of imitations of small Diptera (curses) will, I
+believe, be found to represent most of the commoner species found on the
+water, at least sufficiently accurately to deceive the trout sometimes,
+though when the fish are feeding upon these tiny flies, it is very
+probable that they will refuse all imitations, for many species which
+serve them as food are too small to imitate.
+
+
+  BLUE-BOTTLE AND GREEN-BOTTLE
+
+The Blue-bottle and Green-bottle, though perhaps some of the commonest
+of flies, are but little used by the fly-fisherman. The success met with
+in using the natural fly is very small. The reason for this want of
+success is the position in which the wings of the imitation are put by
+the fly-dresser. In this case, like that of the Alder, the fault does
+not lie with the fly-dresser, as the writers on fly-dressing direct that
+the wings should be put on in the same position as those of every other
+fly--that is, in an upright position. Any one, as I have said before, on
+the most casual observation must realise that the wings of a Blue-bottle
+and the wings of a May-fly do not lie in quite the same position in
+relation to the body.
+
+There are many Diptera which come under the names of Blue- and
+Green-bottles, but as they are very similar in appearance it is only
+necessary to vary the size, as the trout are probably not sufficiently
+scientifically educated to discriminate between the different species.
+The commonest species of Diptera which are included under the popular
+names of Blue- and Green-bottles, are the _Calliphora erythrocephala_,
+Mg., and _Lucilia caesar_, Linn., of which illustrations are given on the
+Plate of Natural Flies.
+
+August and September are the best months for these flies, though they
+come out much earlier. They seem, however, to fall upon the water much
+more frequently later in the season. They are also very good flies for
+grayling in October. As I have already said, of the many different
+species which I have ventured to include under the name Blue-bottle, the
+commonest at the water side is _Calliphora erythrocephala_. This fly is
+also found in towns. The Green-bottle, however, which I have chosen to
+represent all the others as being the commonest at the water side is a
+country fly, _Lucilia Caesar_. Some species of _Lucilia_, the bodies of
+which are generally green, are found in towns.
+
+
+_Blue-bottle_--
+
+   _Body._ Fine dark blue chenille or dark blue Berlin wool, ribbed with
+   silver tinsel. (I have found the fly very successful when ribbed with
+   light blue silk as well as the tinsel.)
+   _Hackle._ Black.
+   _Wings._ Transparent wing feather of starling.
+   _Hook._ Nos. 2--4, new size. (No. 3 best all round.)
+
+_Green-bottle_--
+
+   _Body._ Bright green peacock herle, ribbed with silver tinsel.
+   _Hackle_, _Wings_ and _Hook._ Same as Blue-bottle. (Illustrated
+   Plate II.)
+
+
+  HOUSE-FLY
+
+There are many small Diptera which frequent the water side, which to the
+ordinary eye are apparently House-flies. They resemble them so closely,
+in fact, that many could not be discriminated from them except by an
+entomologist.
+
+I have, therefore, ventured to put them all under the heading of
+"House-fly." The only difference which will ever have to be made in the
+dressing given below is in the body, and very rarely in the hackle; but
+these modifications must be left to the fisherman, who must judge for
+himself according to the flies he finds by the water.
+
+I do not remember ever having met a fisherman who had used an artificial
+House-fly for trout. Trout however do feed on them; and in this case I
+can bring other evidence than my own.
+
+Ronalds describes an experiment he made in order to test the trout's
+power of taste; and in this experiment he used House-flies, to which he
+applied various condiments, including red pepper. Though his object was
+not to prove that trout fed readily on House-flies, I think he proved
+that they did so.
+
+Probably the commonest of these small Diptera which is to be found by
+the water is _Musca corvina_, Fab., which is the country cousin of our
+well-known House-fly, though, indeed, many of the flies which frequent
+our houses are not the true House-fly (_Musca domestica_). The male
+_Musca corvina_, whose portrait is given on Plate I., has a body which
+appears to consist of alternate stripes of yellow and brown. The female,
+however, has a uniformly dark body. Of the other flies, very similar in
+appearance to House-flies, the bodies vary in colour; but if made of a
+yellowish or dull brown, sometimes ribbed, it will generally prove like
+enough to nature, to deceive the trout.
+
+_Body._ Yellow ochre-coloured Berlin wool, spun on black silk. Ribbed
+with silver tinsel and dark brown according to circumstances. (The exact
+shade is easy to see on the under surface of the natural fly. The under
+surface of the fly is the surface seen by the trout.)
+
+_Hackle._ Coch-y-bondhu.
+
+_Wings._ Transparent quill feather of starling.
+
+_Hook._ Nos. 00--1, new size.
+
+(Illustrations of imitation, Plate II.)
+
+
+  COW-DUNG FLY (_Scatophaga stercoraria_, Linn.).
+
+This fly appears as a rule in February, but I have seen it on warm days
+in January, in fairly large numbers. It lasts all the year till the
+frosts set in. Those cow-dungs which appear early in the year are not so
+large as those which appear later. The body is covered with short hairs
+which gives it a velvety appearance. The thorax is large and also has a
+number of hairs upon it. In order to imitate this large thorax, it is
+necessary to have more room on the hook above the hackle and wings than
+in other flies to leave room for a turn of the chenille, of which the
+body is made, just below the head of the fly. This will be seen in the
+illustrations of the artificial fly on Plate II.
+
+The body of the male is a bright yellow colour, that of the female is
+greenish. The male is rather larger than the female. These flies, which
+on windy days particularly, frequently fall on the water, are often
+taken very freely by the trout.
+
+Though when at rest the wings are flat upon each other, as shown in the
+illustration of the natural fly in Plate I., they often, when the fly
+falls on the water, are spread out slightly; so in the imitation it is
+best to put them in the position shown in the illustration of the
+artificial fly.
+
+_Body._ Yellow or greenish yellow chenille ribbed with gold tinsel.
+
+_Hackle._ Ginger.
+
+_Wings._ Light landrail, or brownish starling.
+
+_Hook._ 0--2, new size.
+
+
+  BLACK GNAT (_Bibio johannis_, Linn.).
+
+The black Gnat is found on almost all waters. It is extremely numerous
+in some places, and is taken very readily by the trout.
+
+These flies are not really Gnats; but as they are commonly called Gnats
+by the fishermen, I have kept to the old name.
+
+_Bibio johannis_ comes out in June. The body is black in both the male
+and female, the wings in the male are almost colourless, while the wings
+of the female are dark. The head of the male is also larger than the
+head of the female. Both the male and female have a dark oval-shaped
+patch about the middle of the anterior margin of the front wing.
+
+Both these flies are taken greedily by the trout when they fall upon the
+water.
+
+I have found the following dressing the best:--
+
+_Body._ Peacock quill dyed black, or black silk.
+
+_Hackle._ Cock starling's hackle, stripped on one side.
+
+_Wings._ (_Male_) From most transparent part of quill feather of
+starling. (_Female_) From brown tipped starling's tail feather.
+
+_Hook._ No. 000--0, new size.
+
+An illustration of the imitation fly is given on Plate II.
+
+
+  HAWTHORN FLY (_Bibio marci_, Linn.).
+
+_Bibio marci_ is commonly called the Hawthorn-fly, and was described
+under this name by Ronalds. It is, speaking broadly, first cousin to the
+Black Gnat, though it is very much larger. It appears at the end of
+April or the beginning of May. The body is black, and the wings show
+the oval patch in the _B. johannis_; but as the fly is larger, in the
+_B. marci_ it is more noticeable. As only the male seems to rove about
+to any extent, it is just as well to imitate the male only.
+
+_Body._ Black Berlin wool, ribbed with silver tinsel.
+
+_Hackle._ Black.
+
+_Wings._ (_Male_) Transparent part of quill feather of starling.
+
+_Hook._ No. 1--3, new size.
+
+An illustration of the natural fly is given on Plate I., and one of the
+imitations on Plate II.
+
+
+  _Curses_
+
+There are several other small Diptera which at times appear on the water
+in swarms. These are known to the fishermen as Curses or Smuts. They are
+often so small that there is no hook made small enough upon which to tie
+imitations of them. However, as every fisherman knows, when the trout or
+grayling are feeding on these flies, it is generally impossible to get
+them to take the imitation of any other fly, it is worth while trying
+to imitate them on the smallest hook made. This is an 000, with a short
+shank. As it is extremely difficult to put wings on these flies, hackle
+patterns may be tried, but the winged patterns are the best.
+
+Once, when out fishing, I had a very aggravating experience with some
+tiny Curses. I had been fishing all the morning and had caught nothing.
+At about two o'clock I saw several good fish rising, but they would not
+look at my fly. I observed a fair number of light Olive Duns on the
+water, but both the imitation of this fly and several fancy patterns I
+tried proved equally useless.
+
+At last I seated myself on a fence close to a clump of willows, lighted
+a pipe, and began watching a fish which was rising a few yards higher
+up, not far from the bank on my side of the river. The water was
+perfectly clear, and when the fish rose I could see him distinctly. He
+was a grayling of between half and three-quarters of a pound, and rose
+four or five times in the minute. There were a lot of Smuts on the
+water, which from where I was, looked very dark if not black. These the
+fish rose at regularly, but he let several Olive Duns pass by unnoticed.
+
+The only Curses I had in my fly-box were black; and as those he was
+feeding upon appeared to be black, I put one on my cast and floated it
+over him several times. But though he once took a natural Smut floating
+within an inch of my fly, my fly he would not take.
+
+I then went further down the bank and caught some of the Smuts that were
+on the water. They were of a mottled dun colour, and the black effect
+was only produced by their shadow or reflection (which I could not
+determine) when they were on the water.
+
+Of the flies in my box that which came nearest in general effect to
+these Curses was a green insect (dun hackle and peacock herle body) tied
+on an 000 hook. This I put on my cast and floated over him. He rose to
+it, and as he rose I could see him distinctly. When within a few inches
+of my fly, however, he stopped short, turned aside, and took a natural
+Smut that was floating past. I tried him then with an olive quill, a
+Wickham, and a red tag; but he would have none of them. I had to give
+him up in despair, though I believe if I had had a dun-coloured Smut he
+would have taken it.
+
+The dressings of Curses given here will, I think, be sufficient to
+include the commoner Curses so numerous on most waters, especially
+during the hottest part of summer and autumn.
+
+The number of different small Diptera which are found on the water is so
+great that any attempt to classify them in a work which is meant only
+for fishermen would be out of place. I have therefore limited myself to
+giving these imitations--
+
+
+_Curse No. 1_ (Black):--
+
+   _Body._ Black silk or black quill, with a turn of the narrowest
+   silver tinsel at the tail.
+   _Hackle._ Black.
+   _Wings._ Most transparent part of starling's quill feather.
+   _Hook._ 000 short shank.
+
+(Illustrated, Plate II.)
+
+_Curse No. 2_ (Dun):--
+
+   _Body._ Thinnest part of natural brown ostrich.
+   _Hackle._ Dun (hen's)
+   _Wings_ and _hook_ as No. 1.
+
+(Illustrated, Plate II.)
+
+_Curse No. 3_ (Badger):--
+
+   _Body_, _wings_ and _hook_ as No. 2.
+   _Hackle._ Cock's badger hackle.
+
+(Illustrated, Plate II.)
+
+
+_Curse No. 4_ (Red):--
+
+   _Body._ Peacock quill dyed to a crimson lake colour.
+   _Hackle._ Black.
+   _Wings_ and _hook_ as No. 1.
+
+Nos. 2 and 3 should be made also without the fluff being stripped off
+the quill, which in this case should be used just as peacock herle is
+used.
+
+
+  THE OAK-FLY (_Leptis scolopacea_, Linn.)
+
+This fly, notwithstanding its popular name, is found on many other
+trees, and I have seen it in places where there were no oak-trees near.
+It kills very well, and is in season from April to July. The body is
+long and tapered, and the segments of the abdomen are, in the male, of a
+brilliant orange colour, with black markings upon them, as shown in the
+illustration of the natural fly on Plate I. The wings are brown.
+
+   _Body._ Reddish orange Berlin wool, ribbed with black silk, and
+   narrow gold tinsel.
+   _Hackle._ Coch-y-bondhu.
+   _Wings._ From sixth or seventh quill feathers of landrail wings.
+   _Hook._ New size, No. 2--3.
+
+(Imitation illustrated on Plate II., Figs. 3 and 4.)
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER VIII
+
+WINGED ANTS
+
+
+The Winged Ants, which are the newly hatched insects, appear about the
+middle of July. The time at which they appear, however, varies very
+much. They appear in swarms, and when one of these swarms gets near or
+on the water, the fish feed greedily upon them. They have four wings,
+the anterior pair being somewhat longer than the body. These wings, when
+at rest, do not fold neatly over each other, and as the insect is clumsy
+in its flight, even a slight breeze is sufficient to drive many of them
+out to the water.
+
+The Ant I have seen most frequently on the water is a large Red Ant, but
+smaller Red Ants and winged Black Ants are also frequently seen. The
+position of the wings in relation to the body easiest to imitate is
+shown in the illustration of the imitation of the Willow-fly, which has
+four wings.
+
+The Red Ant is frequently used early in June, though the natural insect
+is not seen so early. The imitation, however, frequently meets with
+success, though it is improbable that the trout takes the imitation for
+the natural insect, especially as the wings are always put on in a
+vertical position.
+
+The bodies of all the Ants should be made fat towards the bend of the
+hook, and carried well on to the bend.
+
+As the body of the Ant is very shiny, parts of it, when the light falls
+upon it, have a very brilliant appearance; therefore I have recommended
+the use of tinsel.
+
+_Red Ant_--
+
+   _Body._ Red-brown (burnt sienna) silk, thin on the shank and fat
+   towards and on the bend of the hook, ribbed with gold tinsel.
+   _Hackle._ Red.
+   _Wings._ Transparent part of a starling's quill feather.
+   _Hook._ 0--2.
+
+_Black Ant_--
+
+   _Body._ Black silk, ribbed with silver tinsel.
+   _Hackle._ Black.
+   _Wings._ As Red Ant.
+   _Hook._ 0--1.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER IX
+
+CATERPILLARS
+
+
+"Of the caterpillars, spiders, and other creatures which are supposed to
+fall from the trees into the water, and into the trout's mouth, and of
+the consequent advantage of trees projecting over a stream; of the
+sapient advice, both verbal and written, to cultivate vegetation
+overhanging the river, because it increases the supply of natural food;
+of the statement that fish under trees are invariably in the best
+condition, anglers have heard from time immemorial. My advice is,
+cultivate your trees, because they are of advantage as giving shelter to
+the fish. Not a single example of these tree windfalls has been found in
+the hundreds of autopsies which I have made, and all the caterpillars
+and spiders that fall from the trees in a mile of water would not
+suffice to feed a single pound trout for a single day. They may
+therefore be discarded from consideration."--HALFORD'S _Dry-fly
+Entomology_, page 138.
+
+I read this passage with extreme surprise, as it absolutely contradicts
+my personal experience. After thinking the matter over carefully, and
+trying to make out how it was that Mr. Halford, in the hundreds of
+autopsies he has made, has never come across a caterpillar, I realised
+how dangerous it is to make a dogmatic and sweeping statement with the
+evidence of personal experience only to fall back upon.
+
+As recently as June, 1897, when fishing with Dr. Charles R. Watson and
+Mr. A. D. Home, I made with them a series of six autopsies of trout
+caught consecutively in one morning. The smallest number of caterpillars
+found in one of these six autopsies was five, and the greatest, twelve.
+These trout were all caught under oak trees overhanging the water, which
+were at that time swarming with small caterpillars, most of these
+caterpillars being of a brilliant emerald green colour.
+
+In the afternoon of the day on which I am writing this, Colonel Walker
+showed me a peculiar sort of knife which he carries when out fishing,
+for the purpose of making autopsies on trout. I naturally took advantage
+of this occasion to increase my evidence, and asked him if he had ever
+found caterpillars in the trout he caught. He told me that in certain
+places, in the early part of the summer, he almost always found
+caterpillars in the stomachs of the trout he caught under trees
+overhanging the water.
+
+This experience of his exactly coincides with my own, though the six
+consecutive autopsies described above without my other similar
+experiences is a fairly strong piece of evidence. I am therefore
+inclined to believe that there is some good to be gained in following
+the sapient advice, verbal and written, to cultivate vegetation
+overhanging the river, beyond its advantage as giving shelter to the
+fish.
+
+I will narrate the circumstances which first led me to use the
+caterpillar as a dry fly, as they may, I think, interest my reader.
+
+I was lying on the bank by a large pool on a stream, and saw a little
+green caterpillar hanging from the branch of an oak tree, apparently
+trying in vain to pull himself up the thread by which he had so
+foolishly lowered himself, till he was uncomfortably near the surface of
+the water. I watched him, lazily thinking in a dreamy manner how very
+unkind it was of the trout to keep on rising, and yet not look at my
+fly. They were evidently feeding on something, but what it was I could
+not make out. The little green caterpillar was getting gradually nearer
+to the water, and I was beginning to think that the poor little chap
+would meet with a watery grave, when just as he touched the water a
+trout came up and grabbed him.
+
+Little green caterpillars were evidently what the trout were feeding
+upon, and that was the reason that I could not catch one with a fly. I
+watched the branches of the oak tree overhanging the water for some
+time, and saw several caterpillars fall in and meet with the same fate.
+The next thing I did was to catch a caterpillar, scrape the fly dressing
+off my hook, and put him on it instead. I caught several trout in this
+way, but found that it was almost impossible to cast any distance
+without shaking off the caterpillar. After much trouble caused by this
+difficulty, which was very trying to the temper, as the caterpillars
+always seemed to come off the hook at the most critical moment, and
+having got a fairly good basket, I found it was time to return. That
+night I managed to make some fairly good imitations of the little green
+caterpillar to use on the morrow, instead of the natural ones. These
+imitations met with success, and since that time I have been able to
+improve on the dressings then used.
+
+I have found many different kinds of caterpillars in the stomachs of
+trout, but small green ones of various sorts were decidedly the most
+numerous. The species I have most frequently found is, I believe, the
+larval form of the _Tortrix viridana_. I have never found a large
+caterpillar in a trout, though I have caught trout with imitations of
+them used as dry flies. I give the exact dressing of the green
+caterpillar; but the other dressings must be left to the discretion of
+the fisherman for alterations, as there are so many sorts of small
+caterpillars, some of them being extremely rare in one place and common
+in another.
+
+Should the fisherman wish to see the sort of caterpillar commonest where
+he is fishing, he must seek them himself. Those only are useful which
+are on the trees overhanging the water. If there are oak trees the
+caterpillars will probably be green, and many kinds of caterpillars will
+be found which have rolled themselves up in the leaves of the tree upon
+which they live. I have no doubt that this imitation caterpillar will be
+looked upon as a poaching implement, but it is or should be used as a
+dry fly, and to use it successfully requires as much skill and power of
+observation as does the use of any imitation of a fly used in a similar
+manner.
+
+_How to make an Artificial Caterpillar._--A small piece of cork 1/32 of
+an inch thick, or less, and nearly twice the length of the hook, must
+be cut into the shape shown in Fig. 17. Next take a piece of quill
+rather longer than, and about the thickness of a large pin, from a tail
+or wing feather of a starling. This quill makes the foundation of the
+body. Split the thick end of the quill far enough to embrace two-thirds
+of the shank of the hook, and then tie it on the hook as shown in Fig.
+18. Now fold the piece of cork, with the broad end towards the eye of
+the hook, over the shank of the hook and the quill, tying it in as shown
+in Fig. 19.
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 18. FIG. 17. FIG. 19.]
+
+This foundation serves for any caterpillar. Tie it at the tail whatever
+is to be used for ribbing the body, and the body material if it is not
+to be spun on the tying silk. Then wind on the body material, tie it in,
+wind on the ribbing, finish off at the head, and cut off the projecting
+piece of quill.
+
+The caterpillar when finished should appear as shown in the
+illustrations on Plate III.
+
+_Green Caterpillar._--1. Emerald green wool spun on tying-silk, ribbed
+with light yellow silk.
+
+2. Emerald green wool spun on tying-silk, ribbed with scarlet silk.
+
+3. Yellowish green wool spun on tying-silk, ribbed with narrow gold
+tinsel.
+
+4. Olive green wool spun on tying-silk, ribbed with narrow gold tinsel.
+
+(I have found Nos. 1 and 2 very successful when ribbed also with narrow
+gold tinsel, and Nos. 3 and 4 when ribbed with light yellow silk.)
+
+_Other Caterpillars_ made with a reddish-brown body, and ribbed with
+yellow or red, are also sometimes very successful, as are those also
+ribbed with red or Coch-y-bondhu hackles.
+
+[Illustration:
+
+PLATE III
+
+ARTIFICIAL FLIES
+
+Drawn from flies tied by Mrs. J. R. RICHARDSON, of Kingston-on-Thames
+(dressed from the Author's models).
+
+       1. SAND-FLY.
+       2. GRANNOM.
+       3. CINNAMON-FLY.
+       4. WELSHMAN'S BUTTON.
+       5. CAPERER.
+       6. RED SEDGE.
+    7, 8. GREEN CATERPILLAR.
+   9, 10. CORIXA.
+  11, 12. FRESH-WATER SHRIMP.
+
+Swan Electric Engraving C^o.]
+
+
+
+
+PART II
+
+_WET FLIES_
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER I
+
+A THEORY[1]
+
+[1] Rewritten from an article in _The Field_ under the heading of "An
+Unorthodox View of Wet Fly Fishing."
+
+
+That a trout or any other fish could possibly mistake a wet fly used in
+the regular wet fly way for the natural fly of which it is supposed to
+be an imitation, was always to my mind a very doubtful question; but now
+it is so no longer. I am sure the fish takes it for something else.
+
+If we consider what would happen to a natural fly which had by some
+mishap become submerged, we can come to no other conclusion than that it
+would be carried along by the current, without any power of its own of
+altering the direction in which it was being moved by the water. Does
+this ever happen to the sunk fly? I think not. In fishing across and
+down stream it certainly does not; and even in up stream fishing, in
+order to keep his line straight, the fisherman must keep a certain
+amount of tension on it, and very probably draws it through the water
+with much the same sort of movement he would give it if not fishing up
+stream.
+
+This movement through the water which is given to the artificial must be
+absolutely unlike any movement of the natural fly when under the
+surface; for in the natural fly, if it were not already drowned, the
+only possible movement would be that of its legs and wings, which, not
+being intended as a means of progression through the water, and being
+absolutely unsuitable for that object, would be most unlikely to enable
+it to do so.
+
+But here a very natural question arises as to what, if not the natural
+fly, the fish takes the imitation to be? In a communication to the
+_Field_ in June, 1897, I described, under the heading of "A New Trout
+Fly," the imitations of two Corixae. This seems to be a key to the whole
+question. The number of insects living in fresh waters, and possessing
+the power of moving through it, is enormous.
+
+There are between 220 and 230 different species of Water Beetles in our
+waters. There are also very many different sorts of Heteroptera,
+including the numerous family Notonectidae. When we add to these the
+larvae of flies and water beetles, the Crustaceans, Hydrae and Water
+Spiders, we must begin to realise that there are other things than a
+drowned natural fly for which the fish might mistake its imitation, with
+the materials of which it is made soaked in and drawn through the water.
+
+The movement of many of these creatures through the water is fairly
+represented by the movement of the artificial fly in wet fly-fishing;
+and, when the shade and colour and size of the fly is the same as one of
+these aquatic creatures, I am sure that the fish takes it, not for a
+fly, but for one of them. Again, when the enormous number of these
+aquatic creatures is considered, it is most probable that one or other
+of the flies tried on any water by the fisherman will come very near in
+shade, colour, and movement through the water, at any rate, to one of
+them.
+
+If this conclusion at which I have arrived is correct, as I believe it
+to be, would it not be wiser to try to imitate, not the natural fly, but
+some of these numerous aquatic creatures? They are numerous enough, and
+a large number of them are easy to imitate; but as yet but little has
+been done, except with regard to the spiders, in this direction. I am
+also sure that the success of the so-called spider patterns used in wet
+fly-fishing has been due to quite a different cause to that which those
+who first used them and those who use them now believe, as these
+imitations are made from the insect as it appears when out of the water.
+The spider goes from its nest to the surface of the water and back again
+by a thread stretched between, and so would hardly move through the
+water, as its imitation is made to do by the fisherman. Those of the
+so-called spider-flies which are supposed to represent some of the
+Ephemeridae, are, for the reasons I have given before in speaking of
+flies in general, most unlikely to be mistaken for the natural insect by
+the trout.
+
+A trout will undoubtedly sometimes take anything moving through the
+water which simulates life, if it be of a suitable size. This is shown
+by the manner in which they take the fancy flies; although here again,
+as one particular pattern of a fancy fly kills better than any other on
+one particular water, I think that very often this fancy fly is taken by
+the fish for some creature which is particularly numerous there. At any
+rate, if the fish only takes the artificial fly because it is apparently
+something alive and moving, I am sure that he would seize it with much
+more avidity if it represented one of his aquatic neighbours on which he
+has been feeding, and if its appearance reminded him of many previous
+pleasant meals. (Jan. 15, 1898.)[2]
+
+[2] Since this article appeared in _The Field_, some correspondence on
+the subject has taken place in _The Fishing Gazette_ and _St. James's
+Gazette_. Many of the arguments brought forward by some of the
+correspondents have led me to believe that I cannot have made myself
+sufficiently clear in the above article, so I have added some further
+explanations.
+
+My readers must not suppose that I intend to apply these remarks to any
+particular circumstances; I am only speaking of wet-flies in general.
+While it is probable that the natural fly does often sink under the
+surface, and may then be taken by the trout, the wet-fly of the
+fisherman does not as a rule behave as does the natural fly when under
+water. That the trout takes the wet-fly fished up stream, which is
+allowed to come down with the current without any drag and close to the
+surface, for the natural fly it represents, is also very probable; but
+these facts do not in any way tend to disprove my theory. This manner of
+wet-fly fishing is very much like dry-fly fishing, and is certainly not
+the way in which wet-fly fishing is practised in lakes, and is hardly
+the most general way in which it is practised on many rivers.
+
+In dealing with this subject fully and to carry my theory to its
+necessary conclusion, it is of course necessary to find a probable
+explanation of what every form of wet-fly, fancy or supposed imitation
+of a natural fly, is taken for by the fish. This naturally leads us to
+believe that such a theory, if it approaches the truth, should include
+an explanation of why the salmon takes the fly.
+
+We know but little of the world as it appears to the eye of the fish,
+but from the little that is known something may be deduced which carries
+this theory a little further. In the sea many and very various effects
+may be produced upon objects moving through the water when passing
+between the eye and the surface, by light, by the reflecting powers of
+the bottom of the water, and by the relative clearness of the water, all
+of which factors of the effect produced vary to an almost incalculable
+extent.
+
+Given a bright sun, a light sandy bottom and clear water, a small
+crustacean swimming between the eye of the observer and the surface
+often will not appear to be like the creature when it is seen out of the
+water. The outline will be indistinct, and the whole will frequently
+appear to be brilliantly coloured. Not only is the body thus brilliantly
+coloured, but equally gaudy rays will be seen round it, probably
+produced by the moving legs and by refraction.
+
+In this case the circumstances are all in favour of the production of an
+effect of brilliant colouration; but going to the other extreme, with a
+dull light, a dark bottom and cloudy water, we have the dullest-coloured
+fly accounted for, as the first conditions accounted for that which was
+most gaudy. This also explains the fact that the flies which go in
+various gradations of colour between these extremes are most suitable
+for various conditions of the weather, water, and locality.
+
+In the case of the Salmon-fly, probably the salmon remembers, when he
+has reached fresh water, many an appetising morsel in the shape of a
+crustacean or small fish, and takes the fly for one of these.
+
+In the case of the trout we know that crustaceans are very acceptable to
+them, and though probably fresh water will not produce the brilliant
+effect which is produced by salt water as I have described above, still,
+as fancy Trout-flies do not run to such gaudy colours as do
+Salmon-flies, still the effect should be sufficient to account for a
+fair amount of brilliant colour under similar conditions. No doubt some
+of the fancy Trout-flies are also taken for small fish.
+
+In many waters, however, the effect could hardly be made brilliant, as
+shallow water, shade produced by weeds, &c., and muddy or dark bottoms
+would all militate against its being so, and in these waters probably
+only lures that imitate the actual colours of the object they represent
+would be of any use.
+
+In fresh water and in the case of trout, as I have pointed out, there
+are many aquatic creatures which serve as food which have the power of
+swimming through the water.
+
+My theory, stated briefly and more explicitly, I hope, than was the case
+in my article in _The Field_, is that under circumstances in which the
+wet-fly behaves more as does some creature having the power of swimming
+through the water, it is better to imitate this creature than any
+natural fly on the water, which cannot in any case behave in such a
+manner; and what I wish to advocate is, that imitations of these aquatic
+creatures should be made and used.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER II
+
+CORIXAE[3]
+
+[3] Rewritten from an article in _The Field_ under the heading of "A New
+Trout Fly."
+
+
+While fishing in a water where the trout are very numerous in the spring
+of 1897, I found that I could hardly catch a single trout in the day
+with the fly. The weather was cold and windy, and showed no signs of
+mending. At last, one day, I opened a trout, one of the few that I had
+caught during my visit, and found the stomach full of some insects
+belonging to the family of Corixae. These insects are very commonly
+called Water Beetles, or Water Boatmen. They, however, are not beetles
+but bugs (Heteroptera), and are not the same as the true water-boatmen,
+the _Notonecta glauca_, though they somewhat resemble it in appearance.
+
+On finding these insects in the trout I took some of them home, and made
+imitations of them. With these the next day I caught a number of trout,
+though the weather was just as unfavourable. Since then I have improved
+somewhat upon the imitations I then used, and in waters which are
+inhabited by Corixae. These imitations have met, both in my hands and in
+the hands of others, with greater success than any other form of wet
+fly.
+
+It is an extraordinary thing, considering the number of men who have
+written on trout fishing, that it has apparently never occurred to one
+of them to describe an imitation of one of this large family of insects.
+Mr. Halford, in his _Dry-fly Entomology_, indeed states that he has
+frequently found them in the stomachs of trout, but he does not even
+suggest that an imitation of them might be made.
+
+There are many species of Corixae which inhabit our waters, but the
+commoner sorts are so similar in appearance that many of the species are
+very difficult to distinguish even by an expert, and but little work has
+been done with regard to them. Therefore I have come to the conclusion
+that a similar dressing on different sized hooks will be quite
+sufficient to deceive the unscientific eye of the trout. This conclusion
+is corroborated by the fact that I have several times had an imitation
+Corixa seized by a trout when it was sinking, and before I began to draw
+it through the water, which is, I take it, a fairly severe test as to
+the accuracy of the imitation. Colonel Walker and Mr. Herbert Ash have
+also had the same thing happen to them when fishing with my imitation
+Corixae.
+
+Corixae vary much in size, the largest and one of the commonest species
+being the _Corixa geoffroyi_, which is about half an inch long. In all
+Corixae, the head is wide and is attached but slightly to the body. It is
+convex in front and concave behind, so as to fit the end of the thorax,
+and is as wide as the wings when folded and at rest. These insects
+possess four wings, which they frequently use, though they are somewhat
+clumsy in starting from the surface of the water. I have sometimes,
+however, seen them fly considerable distances. The anterior wings
+resemble the wing-cases of a beetle; they are hard and shiny, brown in
+colour, with dark mottled markings upon them. The posterior pair are
+transparent. The abdomen is light yellow and fringed with hairs, and
+there are transverse lines on the dorsal surface of the thorax. As,
+however, these markings on the thorax and wings are hardly visible to
+the naked eye, they give the Corixa a generally brownish and shiny
+appearance. Of the legs, six in number, the hind pair are most used in
+swimming. They are somewhat flattened at their extremities to a paddle
+shape, and are fringed with hairs. I have seen the hind legs of the
+Corixae when the insects have been suspended motionless in mid-water,
+standing out at right angles on each side of the body; and as in the
+imitation I am about to describe, the legs take this position when the
+fly is at rest or sinking in the water; this explains the fact of the
+trout taking them in the way I have mentioned above.
+
+The _Corixa sahlbergi_, which is almost as common as the _Corixa
+geoffroyi_, is about half its size, but is otherwise very similar in
+appearance, as are nearly all the other smaller species.
+
+The Corixa frequently comes to the surface to breathe, and a number of
+small air bubbles attach themselves to its body. These, when the insect
+is swimming under water, give its body a brilliant silvery appearance,
+with the yellow showing through in places. This effect is accurately
+reproduced by ribbing the body with silver tinsel.
+
+The size of the hooks used must depend upon the size of the species of
+Corixae inhabiting the water to be fished, and varies from No. 1 to 3,
+new size.
+
+The Corixae in any particular water may easily be found in order to
+observe the size. They congregate in great numbers among the weeds, &c.,
+on the bottom of the water. They are very numerous in most millponds,
+pools, back-waters, sluggish waters and ponds.
+
+The body is made with light yellow Berlin wool, teazed up with fur from
+the hare's face, and ribbed with silver tinsel. A good space of shank
+should be left above the body.
+
+The only legs which make any show in the water are the hind legs, and
+they are the only ones it is absolutely necessary to imitate; should,
+however, the fisherman wish to imitate the others, one turn of a ginger
+hackle may be used.
+
+When I described the Corixa in the _Field_ I directed that the hind legs
+should be made with a strand of peacock herle. I have however found a
+better imitation of these legs since then, in the end of a quill feather
+from a starling's wing. This keeps up its spring even when soaked for a
+long period in the water, while the peacock herle legs after a time
+adhered to the body of the fly, and did not stand out on each side when
+the fly was at rest. The tip of the feather should be completely cleared
+of fibres on one side, and nearly so on the other, leaving however a few
+short stumps at the end, as shown in illustrations of imitation in Plate
+III., to represent the paddle-shape of the legs. These legs are then
+tied in at right angles to the body. I have found the best way of
+accomplishing this is to tie the legs in straight to the side, with the
+buts pointing towards the tail of the fly. Then bend them down, and put
+enough turns of the tying silk round the shank of the hook to keep them
+in the position shown in the illustration of the imitation.
+
+The wings are made from the quill feathers of the woodcock, laid flat on
+the body one over the other, as described in the directions for tying
+Perlidae, which have their wings lying one over the other. The head must
+be made large, and the whole fly when finished appear as shown in the
+illustration.
+
+When used, this fly should be allowed to sink. The depth to which it
+must sink varying according to circumstances, and then drawn through the
+water in little jerks. Each of these movements through the water causes
+the legs, which stand out on each side of the body, to bend back; but at
+the end of the jerk, when the fly is momentarily stationary, these legs
+resume their original position. Thus the movement of the legs of the
+natural insect when swimming is accurately imitated. (June 12, 1897.)
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+This imitation _Corixa_ has met with a very general condemnation as not
+being a lure which should be allowed on waters where the use of the fly
+only is permitted. As this child of my fancy has cost me many hours of
+careful thought and labour, I am inclined, with all due deference to
+these opinions, expressed by men of much greater experience than mine,
+to say a few words in its defence.
+
+_Corixae_ are insects which live in the water and are eaten by trout.
+They possess wings which they use frequently, sometimes flying a
+considerable distance, and I have seen trout take them just as they were
+trying to leave the surface of the water. The efficacy of the imitation,
+therefore, depends upon the skill of the fisherman, who must make it
+simulate in its movements the movements of the natural insect. Mr. G. A.
+B. Dewar, in his _Book of the Dry Fly_, in speaking of "tailing" trout,
+which are probably feeding on "food of the shrimp and snail order,"
+advises that they should be fished for "with a long line down stream,
+and the fly worked with a series of little jerks, somewhat as in
+salmon-fishing. The fly should be cast just above where the head of the
+trout is adjudged to be, and worked into the angler's bank, and it must
+never be kept still, otherwise the fish will at once perceive the
+deception and at once decline it." Mr. Dewar then mentions a dry-fly
+angler of great skill who is very successful in fishing in this manner
+with a big Alder. It is more than probable that in these cases the Alder
+is taken for a _Corixa_, or something very like it, as the colour, size,
+and movements are somewhat similar.
+
+The Marquis of Granby, in the preface to Mr. Dewar's book, also speaks
+highly of a sunk alder for "tailing" trout.
+
+"To kill 'tailers' in broad daylight and in low water is quite an art in
+itself," is another quotation from _The Book of the Dry Fly_ upon this
+mode of fishing, and though the author points out that this is not true
+dry-fly fishing, still if the fisherman's conscience allows him to use a
+sunk Alder down stream and worked in this manner, I think it should also
+allow him to use an imitation _Corixa_ under similar circumstances.
+
+I should not have dragged the writings of others into such a question
+as this, had not the criticisms upon my flies been an indirect attack
+upon myself, as what has been said about them practically means that
+they ought not to be used by any one who calls himself a sportsman. If
+this is true of the flies, what could not be said of their inventor? For
+this reason I take the best means I can find to defend myself, and what
+better defence could there be than the published practices of two men
+whose sportsmanlike qualities have never been doubted?
+
+What is legitimate trout-fly has, I believe, never been clearly defined;
+but I hope I shall not be presuming too much in saying, that if the lure
+in question is the imitation of an insect which can and does fly, made
+of the ordinary materials used in fly-making upon one hook, this lure
+has a perfect right to be called a _legitimate trout-fly_.
+
+It will be found that my _Corixa_ fulfils these conditions.
+
+There is one thing that I wish particularly to impress upon my reader,
+and this is that, in using the imitations of _Corixae_ and Fresh-water
+Shrimps, he should find out whether these creatures inhabit the water he
+is fishing. If he does not do this and fishes with the imitations of
+either of them where they do not exist, he will probably meet with
+failure and disappointment.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER III
+
+FRESH-WATER SHRIMP (_Gammarus pulex_)[4]
+
+[4] Rewritten from an article in _The Field_, April 16, 1898, under the
+heading of "The Fresh-water Shrimp as a Wet Fly."
+
+
+Of all the forms of food partaken of by the trout the Crustacea are the
+best. When I say the best, I mean that trout fed upon Crustacea seem to
+thrive better than trout fed on anything else. In this case, at any
+rate, the most wholesome form of food seems also to be the most welcome;
+for though I have tried feeding trout with almost every form of food, I
+have never come across another form which they have taken with anything
+approaching the voracity with which they take Crustacea.
+
+Fortunately, I can bring forward a case to show how trout thrive when
+fed upon Crustacea. In April, 1897, Colonel Walker presented some trout
+to the Brighton Aquarium. I myself caught some of these trout, which
+were put in a rearing pond to await their being transferred by rail to
+the Aquarium. As I also assisted in the operation of taking them from
+the rearing pond and putting them into the tanks in which they were to
+travel, I can vouch for their size at that time. They were all in rather
+bad condition, and, even had the largest been in good condition, it
+could not have weighed more than three-quarters of a pound. These trout
+have been fed entirely on Crustacea since they were introduced into the
+tank they now occupy; and at the time I am writing (January, 1898), the
+largest of these trout must be quite two pounds or more in weight, and
+there are others which are nearly as large.
+
+The voracity with which these trout seize the Sandhoppers and Shrimps
+upon which they are fed is a perfect revelation. I have seen them leap
+out of the water to catch the Shrimps thrown to them before they reached
+the surface.
+
+I have also found that young trout in rearing ponds take Fresh-water
+Shrimps with the same greediness; and on considering these facts, I am
+surprised that there have not been more attempts to imitate the
+Fresh-water Shrimp.
+
+The _Gammarus pulex_ may be found in almost all streams, especially
+where there is much vegetation. An illustration of it is given on
+Plate I. I have however found them abundant in streams where there were
+no weeds. They hide under stones at the bottom of the water and among
+the weeds, especially among watercress and starwort. Though they will
+live in still water, I have found them most numerous in streams; and
+notwithstanding that they are generally supposed only to inhabit
+somewhat sluggish streams, I have found them in fairly rapid ones, with
+a stony bed. The Shrimp is very prolific, and if protected increase very
+rapidly; thus it is a most excellent plan for those who breed and rear
+trout to cultivate them, as they are one of the most valuable forms of
+food.
+
+These animals are very similar in shape to their well-known relation,
+the common Sandhopper. In colour they vary very much according to the
+water they inhabit. I have seen them a pale yellow colour in some
+streams, while in others they are almost black. The commonest colour is
+however a reddish-yellow.
+
+I find that the general idea is that these Shrimps travel through the
+water in quick leaps by bending up their bodies and straightening them
+out again. I have however never seen them do this, though I have kept
+them in an aquarium and watched them very carefully.
+
+What I have seen is, that they use their legs to swim with, moving them
+as though they were walking very rapidly. They cannot, however, walk
+when they are taken out of the water, but lie perfectly helpless upon
+their sides. In a stream where the Fresh-water Shrimp swims, it seems
+unable to progress up stream, or at any rate, if it does it moves very
+slowly; when they wish to go up stream they crawl along the bottom. They
+can, however, as a rule, maintain the same position against the current.
+
+I have found the following to be the best way to dress an imitation of
+the Fresh-water Shrimp:--Choose a light ginger tackle, cut the tip off,
+and tie the tip on a hook (No. 1 or 2, new size), so that the fibres
+will project for between 1/8 and 1/4 of an inch at the tail. Tie in a
+thin strip of india-rubber and a piece of narrow silver tinsel.
+
+The strip of india-rubber must be taken from a piece of the natural
+rubber, and cut so thin that when stretched it is transparent. When
+stretched it should be quite a sixteenth of an inch broad. A little
+piece of india-rubber tapered at each end and half as long as the shank
+of the hook, must now be fastened to the shank near the head of the fly,
+placing the piece of rubber on the shank and tying it in with the tying
+silk. Now bring back the tying silk to the tail of the fly, and spin the
+wool, of which the body is to be made, on to the tying silk and wind it
+on the shank. The wool may vary in colour, according to the colour of
+the Shrimps in the stream to be fished, from light yellow or
+reddish-yellow to a very dark brown. When the wool body is finished off,
+wind on the strip of india-rubber, so that the edge of one lap meets the
+edge of the other, thus covering the body entirely; tie in and cut off
+the remainder, and then rib the body with the tinsel.
+
+In putting on the hackle, which is light ginger, it is necessary that
+some of the fibres should be made to project forwards, so the tying silk
+should be finished off behind these. When the fly is complete it should
+appear as shown in illustrations of imitation on Plate III.
+
+In fishing this fly must be allowed to sink to mid-water, and then
+allowed to travel across and down stream in short stages; but should not
+be drawn towards the fisherman in any marked way, or it will not
+represent the movements of the natural Shrimp.
+
+Whether any particular stream is inhabited by these Crustacea may be
+easily discovered. If the stream has a stony bottom they will be found
+under almost every large stone which is turned over. If, however, there
+be _debris_ or mud at the bottom, they may easily be captured with a
+stout gauze net, mounted on a strong ring and handle. If this net be
+passed along the bottom, and some of the weeds and _debris_ brought up,
+the Shrimps will be found among the contents of the net. I should
+strongly advise any one possessing a trout stream which is not inhabited
+by the Fresh-water Shrimp to introduce them, for they are, as I have
+pointed out, one of the very best forms of trout food. I have been very
+successful with the imitation shrimp on waters which contain the
+fresh-water shrimp.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+This imitation has also met with general condemnation of an even more
+decided character than that of the Corixa. In neither case, however,
+have any reasons been given for the condemnation.
+
+As undoubtedly some of the hackle flies used wet must be very like a
+shrimp, and if the imitation shrimp is condemned, so also should these
+hackle flies.
+
+LARVAE OF WATER-INSECTS, which have the power of swimming in the water,
+are best imitated by making a very taper body, with a large head. They
+are many of them small, and these should not be tied on a hook larger
+than No. 1, new size. There are, however, many larvae which are larger,
+but not many of these swim about much in the water. Some are
+brownish-yellow, and some nearly black. Some should have a tail made of
+two or three strands of hackle the same colour as the body. Some have
+appendages on the sides of the body, and in the imitations of these the
+hackle must be tied in at the tail, carried up over the body, and a
+couple of turns given at the shoulder. They may be made in various
+shades, from brownish-yellow to black. I have not yet had time to work
+out any proper scheme of imitations, but only write this as a
+suggestion.
+
+
+
+
+SOME HINTS ON DRY FLY-FISHING
+
+  _On Casting_
+
+
+The fly must not be thrown directly on to the water, but should be
+allowed to drop there by gravitation. Thus the line should extend itself
+in a perfectly straight line in the air, at least a foot above the
+surface of the water, and then the fly will drop naturally upon it.
+
+
+  _On Keeping the Line Floating_
+
+Unless the line be floating it is almost impossible to avoid a "drag,"
+which is, as a rule, absolutely fatal. The best way to make the line
+float is to rub the last twenty-five yards with vaseline, then go over
+the line with a lump of beeswax, and finish up by rubbing very gently
+with a rag with vaseline upon it. A rag should be carried when out
+fishing, with a small piece of beeswax in it. A small tin of vaseline
+must also be taken and then, when the line shows any signs of sinking,
+it must be rubbed with the rag which has been previously dipped in the
+vaseline. The small piece of beeswax should touch the line as it is
+being rubbed with the rag, and the wax will become soft on the surface
+as it mixes with the vaseline.
+
+
+  _On Making the Fly Float_
+
+Many fishermen use odourless paraffin; but it takes some time for the
+paraffin to float off, and when a quick change of flies is necessary,
+this is a great disadvantage. If the finger be dipped very slightly in
+the tin of vaseline, so that there is just a suspicion of it on the
+skin, and the hackle of the fly be rubbed with it, the fly will float as
+well as it does with the odourless paraffin, and the vaseline will not
+float off. Personally I prefer not to use anything. This entails a small
+amount of extra labour in drying the fly; but the tints of the fly are
+not altered, as they often are if any form of grease is used to make the
+fly float.
+
+
+RICHARD CLAY AND SONS, LIMITED, LONDON AND BUNGAY.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+TRANSCRIBER NOTES:
+
+    Punctuation has been normalized without note.
+
+    Footnotes have been moved closer to their reference point in
+    the text.
+
+    Page 10: "biassed" changed to "biased" (I must be naturally biased).
+
+    Page 100: "teased" changed to "teazed" for consistency (teazed up
+    with fur).
+
+
+
+
+
+End of Project Gutenberg's Old Flies in New Dresses, by Charles Edward Walker
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